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A 


CLASSICAL DICTIONARY ; 


CONTAINING 


A COPIOUS ACCOUNT 

OF ALL THE PROPER NAMES 

MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS ^ 


WITH 

THE VALUE OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES, 

USED AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS; 

ANQ 


A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


t. 


BY J, LEMPRIERE, D. D, £ 


THE SEVENTH EDITION, CORRECTED. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED FOR. T.CADELL AND W. DAVIES, IN THE STRAND. 

1809. 





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Strahan and F*dtbn, 
Fiinwrs-Street, Loudon. 


I 




TO 

THE RIGHT WORSHIPFUL THE MAYOR, 

TO 

THE PRESIDENT AND TRUSTEES OF 
ST. JOHN’S HOSPITAL, 

IN THE CITY OF EXETER, 

PATRONS OF THE FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL, 

THIS SEVENTH EDITION, 

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, 

BY THE AUTHOR. 

tJF.TKK, 

JULY 1809 . 

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PREFACE. 


J N the following pages it has been the wilh of the Author t-e give the 
mod accurate and fatisfa&ory account of all the proper names which 
Occur in 'reading the ClalHcs, and by a judicious collection of anec¬ 
dotes and hiiioncal fn&s to draw a picture of ancient times, not lefs 
inllruCtive than entertaining. Such a work, it is hoped, will not be deemed 
an ufeiefs acquifition in the hands of the public ; and while the ftudent is 
initiated in the knowledge of hiltory and mythology, and familiarized 
with the ancient fituation and extent of kingdoms and cities that no longer 
exift, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it not a contemptible com¬ 
panion, from which he may receive information, and be made, a fecond 
time, acquainted with many important particulars which time, or more 
laborious occupations, may have erafed from his memory. In the profe- 
cution of his plan, the author has been obliged to tread in the Heps of 
many learned men, whofe lludies have been directed, and not without fuc- 
cefs, to facilitate the attainment of clafiical knowledge, and of the ancient 
languages. Their compofitions have been to him a fource of information, 
and hetrufts that their labors have now found new elucidation in his own, 
and that, by a due confidcration of every fubjeCt, he has been enabled to 
imitate their excellences, without copying their faults. Many compofi¬ 
tions of the fame nature have iffued from the prels, but they are partial 
and unfatisfa&ory. The attempts to be concife, have rendered the labors 
of one barren and uninltruCtive, while long and unconnected quotations of 
pafiages from Greek and Latin writers, disfigure the page of the other, 
and render the whole inlipid and difgufting. It cannot, therefore, be a 
difeouraging employment now, to endeavour to finilh what others have left 
imperfect, and with the concifenefs of Stephens, to add the diffufe re- 
fearches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, &c. After paying due attention 
to the ancient poets and hillorians, from whom the moll authentic informa¬ 
tion can be received, the labors of more modern authors have been con¬ 
futed, and every compofition, dillinguilhed for the clearnefs and .perfpi- 
cuity of hiftorical narration, or geographical deferiptions, has been.care¬ 
fully examined. Truly fenfible of what he owes to modern Latin and 
Englilh writers and commentators, the author mull not forget to make a 
public acknowledgement of the abidance he has likewife received from the 
labors of the French. In the Siecles Payens of l’Abbe Sabatier de 

A 3 Ca(lres> 






he has found all the information which judicious criticifm, and a 
p^rfea knowledge of heathen mythology, could precure. The composi¬ 
tions of PAbb6 Banier, have alfo been ufeful; and in the Diftionaire 
Hiftorique, of a literary fociety, printed at Caen, a treafure of original 
anecdote^, and a candid fele£tion and arrangement of hillorical fa&s, have 
been difeovered. 

It was the original defign of the author of this Diftionary to give a 
minute explanation pf all the names of which Pliny, and other ancient geo¬ 
graphers, make mention ; but, upiori a fecond consideration of the fubje&, 
he was convinced, that it would have increafed his volume in bulk, and 
pot in value. The learned reader will be fenfibleof the propriety of this 
remark, when he recolle&s, that the names of many places mentioned by 
.Pliny and Paufanias, occur no where elfe in ancient authors, and that to 
'find the true fit'uaticrf bf an imignificant village mentioned by Strabo, no 
other writer but Strabo is to be confulted. 

This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the ufe of 
fchools, it has been thought proper to mark the quantity of the penultimate 
of every word, and to aiTift the ftudent who can receive no fixed and po~ 
fitive rules for pronunciation. In this the authority of Sraethius has been 
followed, as alfo Leedes’s edition of Labbe’s Catholici Indices. 

As every publication fhould be calculated to facilitate literature, and to 
be ferviccable to the advancement of the fciences, the author of this 
Dictionary did not prefume to intrude fiimfelf upon the public, before 
he was fenfible that his humble labors would be of fome fervice to the 
lovers of the ancient languages. The undertaking was for the ufe of 
fchools, therefore he thought none fo capable of judging of its merit, and, 
of afeertaining its utility, as thofe who prefide over the education of youth 
With this view, he took the liberty to communicate his intentions to 
feveral gentlemen in that line, not lefs diftinguifhed for purity of criticifm, 
than for their claffiqal abilities, and from them he received all the encou¬ 
ragement which the defire of contributing to the advancement of learning 
can expert. To them, therefore, for their approbatiou and friendly com¬ 
munications, he publicly returns his thanks, and hopes, that, now his 
labors are completed, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage, 
and that fupport, to which, in their opinion, the fpecimen of the work 
feemed to be entitled. He has paid due attention to their remarks, he 
has received with gratitude their judicious obfervations, and cannot pafs 
over in filence their obliging recommendations, and particularly the 
friendly advice he has received from the Rev. R» Val.py, mailer of 
Reading fchool. 

For the account of the Roman laws, .and for the fellivals celebrated by 
the ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularlv indebted to 
the ufefal collections of Archbihiop Potter, of Godwyn, and Rennet. In 
the tablp* of ancient coins, weights, and meafures, which he has annexed 
to the body of the Di&kmary, he has followed the leamedcalculations of 

f A- ‘ ‘Dr. 


Dr Arbuthnot., The quoted authorities have (seen carefuUy .expmified, 
and frequently reviled: and, it is hoped, the opinions of mythoiogii U will 
appear without confufibn, and be. found divefled of all obfcurity. s ^ 

Therefore, with all the confidence which an earned defire of being ufe- 
ful can command, the author offers the following pages to the public, 
confcious that they may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A 
.Dictionary, the candid reader is well aware, cannot be made perfeCl all at 
onqe ; it mull dill have its faults and omiffions, however cautious and vi¬ 
gilant the author may have been, and in every page there may be found, 
in the opinion of fome, room for improvement, and for addition. Before 
the candid, therefore, and the impartial, he lays his publication, and for 
whatever obfervations the friendly critic may make, he will fhew himfelf 
grateful, and take advantage of the remarks of every judicious reader, 
fhould the favors and the indulgence of the public demand a fecond 
edition. 

PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD, 

NOVEMBER, I 788- 


THE very favorable reception which the fird edition of the .ClajSiea! 
Dictionary has met from the public, fully evinces the utility of tlie perform¬ 
ance. From the confcioufnefs of this, the author has fpared no pains to 
render this fecond edition more deferving of the fame liberal patronage. 
The hints of friends, and the animadverfions of critics, have been carefully 
adopted, and almod every article has been corrected and improved. Not 
only new names have been introduced, but the date of events has been mojre 
exaCtly afcertained ; and, therefore, to fuch as compare the two editions, 
the improvements will appear numerous and important in every page. 

In anfwer to thofe Gentlemen who have objected againd the fmallnefs 
of the print, and have recommended a larger type, the author begs leave 
to obferve, that it has been found impracticable to remove the inconve¬ 
nience : fo much matter could not have been well compreffed in one oCtavo: 
and it mud be remembered, that the book is intended as a volume of oc« 
cafional reference, and, therefore, that it cannot long fatigue the eye* 

It will be found not an unneceflary addition, to have an account of the 
bed editions of each clafiic at the end of the refpeCtive character of the 
authors. Dr. Harwood’s plan has in general been attended to, but the 
price has not been inferted from its great fluctuation, which often depends 
more upon the caprice of opinion than upon real value.. 

:: A 4 The 



PREFACE, 


viii 

The chronological table prefixed to the Di&ionary will, it is h6ped,- be 
acknowledged univerfally ufeful. It has been compiled with great accu¬ 
racy, and chiefly extracted from “ The Chronology and Hiftory of the 
World, by Dr. J. Blair, folio edition, 1754;” and from Archbifhop 
TJfher’s “ Annales Veteris et Novi Tefl:amenti/ , printed at Geneva, 
folio, 1724. 

LONDON, 

JULY, 1792 = 


THE improvements introduced into this third edition will be difeo* 
vered to be numerous and eflential. The author would hav^ recommended 
his work to the fame liberal patronage which the public have already ex¬ 
tended to the two preceding imprefiions, without apology, did he not 
conceive that fome anfwer is due to the preface of the Bibliotheca Clafficai 
publifhed at Daventer in Holland, in the year 1794. The anonymous 
editor, whofe language proves his abilities as a fcholar, after reflecting 
with unbecoming feverity upon the firft: edition of this work, has not only 
been guided by the fame plan, he has not only literally tranflated and 
adopted as his own, verbatim, almofl every article, but he has followed 
the original fo clofely, as even faithfully to copy fome of the errors which 
the fecond edition, publifhed in 1792, corrected, and which, in a com- 
pofition fo voluminous and fo complex, it is not pofiible for the moft 
minute attention to avoid. Such an attack mufl, therefore, be deemed 
as illiberal as it is unfriendly ; but, however, far from wifhing to detract 
from the merit of judgment and perfeverance in the tranfiator, the author 
eonfiders himfelf indebted to him for the elegance and the corre&nefs of 
the language in which he has made the Dictionary appear in a Latin 
drefs, and confequently for the recommendation which he has given to 
his labors among the learned on the Continent. 

FEBRUARY, 1797, 




CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 


fROM t rt E 


CREATION OF THE WORLD 


TO THE 

FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 

IN THE WEST, AND IN THE EAST. 


Before fcbrilt* 


HF'HE world created in the 710th year of the Julian period 
JL The deluge — — 

The tower of Babel built, and the confufion of languages 
Celeftial obfervations are firft made at Babylon 
The kingdom of Egypt is fuppefed to have begun under Mifraim, 
. the fon- of Ham, and to have continued 1663 years, to the Con- 
queft of Cambyfes . — — — 

The kingdom of Sicyon eftabliftied — — 

The kingdom of Aflyria begins — — 

The birth of Abraham •. — — — 

The kingdom of Argos eftabliftied under Inachus — 

Memnon the Egyptian, laid to invent letters, 15 years before the 
reign of Phoroneus — — 

The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained wafte above 
200 years, till the coming of Cecrops —- 

Jofeph fold into Egypt by his brethren — 

The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins about this 
time, fixing here the arrival of Cecrops in Attica, an epoch 
which other writers have placed later by 26 years — 


1 


1 


4004 

234^ 

2247 

2 2 34 
218$ 

2089 

2059 

lcjcji, 

1856 

1822 

>7*5+ 

1728 

1582 


* In the following table, I have confined myfelf to the more eafy and convenient eras 
of before, (B. C.) and after, (A. D.) Chrift. For the fake of thofe, however, that do 
not wifh the exclyfion of the Julian period, it is neceflary to obl'erve, that, as the firft year 
of the Chriftian era always falls on the 4714th of the Julian years, the number required 
either before or after'Chrift, will eafily be dilcovered by the application of the rules of' 
fubtra<Ricn or addition. The era from the foundation of Rome (A. U. C.) will be found 
with the fame facility, by recolle&ing that the city was built 753 years before Chrift ; and 
the Olympiads can likewife be recurred to by the confideration, that the conqueft of Corae- 
bus (B. C. 776,) forms the firft Olympiad, and thac the Olympic games were celebrated 
after the revolution of four years. 

Mofes 


X 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


} 


B. C. 
1571 


Mofes born — — — — 

The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from 

Egypt with a colony of Saites. This happened about 780 years ^1556 
before the firft Olympiad — —• 

Scamander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of 
Troy — — — J 

The deluge of Deucalion in ThefTaly — — 

The Papathenaea firft celebrated at Athens — 

Cadmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes 
The firft Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the Idsei Da&yli 
The five books of Mofes written in the land of Moab, where he 7 
r dies the following year, aged no — f 

Minos florifhes in Crete, and iron is found by the Da&yli by the 7 
accidental burning of the woods of Ida in Crete — J 

The Eleufinian myfteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus 
©The Ifthmian games firft inftituted by Sifyphus, king of 7 


1546 

1503 

1495 

1493 

I 453 

H5 2 


Corinth 


1406 

1356 

13Z6 


The Argonautic expedition. The firft Pythian games celebrated 7 , 

*" by Adraftus, king of Argos — — J 2 $ 


vGideon floriihes in Ifrael 
The Theban war of the feven heroes againft Eteocles — 

.Olympic games celebrated by Hercules — 

The rape of Helen by Thefeus, and, 15 years after, by Paris 
Troy taken after a fiege of 10 years. iEneas fails to Italy 
Alba Longa built by Afcanius — 

Migration of the iEolian colonies — — 

The return of the Heraclidae into Peloponnefus, 80 years after 1 
;. the taking of Troy. Two years after, they divide the Pelo-1 
ponnefus among themfelves; and here, therefore, begins the f 
4 ^kingdom of Lacedaemon under Euryfthenes and Procles J 
$aul made king over Ifrael — — 

The kingdom of Sicyon ended — —» 

The kingdom of Athens ends in the death of Codrus — 
•The migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece, and their 
« Tettlement -in Afia Minor — w— — 

Dedication of Solomon’s temple — _ 

Samos built — — _ 

Divifion of the kingdom of Judah and Ifrael _ 

Homer and Hefiod florifiied about this time, according to the 7 

"Marbles — — _ _ | 

^J£lias the prophet taken up into heaven — 

LycurguSj ^z years old, eftablilhed his laws at Lacedaemon, and, ^ 
" together with Iphitus and Cleofthenes, reftores the Olympic ( 
£; v games at Elis about 108 years before the era, which is com- f 

monly called the firft Olympiad _ _ J 

Phidon, king of Argos, is fuppofed to have invented feales and i 
meafures, and coined filver at iEgina. Carthage built by > 
Dido — _ __ 'l 

Fall of the Affyrian empire by the death of Sardanapalus, an era 7* 
placed 80 years earlier by Juftin — r 

dinar T ^ -* 1 - 


1247 

1225 

1222 

I 2 IZ 

I184 

II52 

II24 

I IO4 

IO97 

1088 

IO7O 

IO44 

IOO4 

986 

975 

907 

896 

884 


869 

820 

The 


CHRONOLOGICAL TASLE. 


XI 


B. C. 

rears; till \ 


The kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues 646 rears; till 7 
the battle of Pydna — J JH? 

The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years :h 

'1 he triremes firft invented by the Corinthians ’ L-d 7 

The monarchical government aboliflied at Corinth, and the Pry- 1 ) 
tanes ele&ed — — — y 

Corcebus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the 7 
• inftitution of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the firft Olym- > 
piad, about 23 years before the foundation of Rome 3 

The Ephori introduced into the government of Lacedaemon by I 

Theopompus —• — _ 3 

Ifaiah begins to prophefy — _ 

The decennial archons begin at Athens, of which Charops is the firft 754 
Rome built on the 20th of April, according to Varro, in the ) 
year 3961 of the Julian period — — 3 

The rape of the Sabines — — 

The era of Nabonaflar king of Babylon begins — 

T he firft Meflenian war begins, and "continues 19 years, to the 7 
taking of Ithome — — — 3 

Syracufe built by a Corinthian colony — — 

'1 he kingdom of Ifrael finiffledby the taking of Samaria by Sal- 7 
manafar king of Aflyria. The: firft eclipfe of the moon on > 
record March 19th, according to Ptolemy — J 

Candaules murdered by Gyges, who fucceeds to the Lydian throne 718 
Tarentum built by the Parthenians — — 707 

Corcyra built by the Corinthians 703 


*797 

86 

779 


776 

76® 

757 


753 

750 

747 

743 

73* 

7*1 


The fecond MefTeuian war begins* and continues 14 years, to the 7 
taking of Ira, after a liege of 11 years. About this time > 
florifhed the poets Tyrtreusand Archilochus — 3 

The government of Athens intrufted to annual archons 
Alba deftroyed — — 

Cypi'elus ui'urps the government of Corinth, and keeps it for 30 7 


68$ 


684 

665 

6 S9 

658 

63O 


. years — -*-* ’3 

Byzantium built by a. colony of Argives or Athenians —* 

Cyrene built by Battus — •— 

the Scythians jnvade Afia Minor, of which they keep poffelfipn 7 : ^ 

. for 28 years — — — 

Draco eftablifhed his laws at-Athens —- -— 

1 he canal between the Nile and the Red Sea begun by king 7 
Necho — — — j 

v Nineveh taken and deftroyed by Cyaxares and his allies 
The Phoenicians fail round Africa, by order of Necho. About this 7 
time florifhed j rion, Pittacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, See. } 

'The Scythians are expelled from ^fia Minor by Cyaxares 
The Pythian games firft eftablifhed at Delphi. About this 7 
time florifhed Chilo, Anacharfis, Thales, Epimenides, Solon, > 39 J 
the prophet Ezekiel, iEfop, Sterfichorus — j 

Jerufalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 9th of June, after a fiege 7 
of 18 months — — — J 

The Ifthmian games reftored. and celebrated every ift and 3d year 7 
?n iof the Olympiads — — — j 

4 Death 


623 

Cio 

606 

604 

j 9 6 


587 

‘5** 


XU 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


B. C. 

577 

568 

562 

560 

559 

j 4 8 

539 

53* 

53<* 

535 

526 

5 2 5 

522 

521 

5 IG 

5 e 9 


Death of Jeremiah the prophet — —- 

The Nemaean games reftored . — 

The firft comedy a£ted at Athens by Sufarion and Dolon 
Pififtratus firft ufurped the Sovereignty at Athens — 

Cyrus begins to reign. About this time fiorifhed Anaximenes,? 

Bias, Anaximander, Phalaris, and Cleobulus — j 

Croefus conquered by Cyrus. .About this time fiorifhed 7 heognis ) 
and Pherecydes — — j 

Marfeilles built by the Phocseans. The age of Pythagoras, Si- \ 
monides, hefpis, Xenophanes and Anacreon — S 

Babylon taken by Cyrus — —* , 

7 he return of the Jews by the edi<ft of Cyrus, and the rebuilding 1 
of the teihple — — — . S 

The firft tragedy a&ed at Athens on the waggon of Thefpis 
Learning encouraged at Athens, and a public library built 
Egypt conquered by Cambyfes — 

Polycrates, of Samos, put to death — — . 

Darius Hyftafpes chofen king of Periia. About this time fio- ? 

* rifhed Confucius, the celebrated Chinefe- philofopher j 

The tyranny of the Pififtratidae aboiifhed at Athens — 

The confular government begins at R.ome after the expulfion of ? 
the i arquins, and continues independent, 461 years, till the > 
battle of Pharfalia — — J. 

Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became after- j 
wards the caufe of the invafion of Greece by the Perfians. I 
About this time fiorifhed Pleraclitus, Parmenides, Milo the | 
wreftler, Ariftagoras, &c* — — J 

The firft dictator, Lartius, created at Rome — 

The Roman populace retire to mount Sacer — 

7 he battle of Marathon — — 

The battles of Thermopylae, Auguft 7th, and Salamis, Odlober ? 

20th. About this time fiorifhed iEfchylus, Pindar, Charon, > 
Anaxagoras, Zeuxis, riftides, &c. — j 

The Perfians defeated at Platjea and Mycale on the famt day 
22d September — — 

The 300 Fabii killed at Cremera, July 17th — 

Themiftocles, accufed of confpiracy, flies to Xerxes — 

The Perfians defeated at Cyprus, and near the Eurymedon 
The third Meffenian war begins, and continues 10 years 
Egypt revolts from the Perfians under Inarus, affifted by the? 

Athenians — — — $ 

The Romans fend to Athens for Solon’s laws. About this} 
time fiorifhed Sophocles, Nehemiah the prophet, Plato the f 
comic poet, Ariftarchus the tragic, Leocrates, Tdirafybulus, f 
Pericles, Zaleucus, &o. — .. j 

The firft facred war concerning the temple of Delphi — 

The Athenians defeated at Chseronea by the Boeotians 
Herodotus reads his hiftory to the council of Athens, and receives 7 
public honors in the 39th year of his age. About this time ( 
fiorifhed Empedocles, Hellanieus, Euripides, Herodicus, Phi- £ 445 
Artemones, Charondas, &c. —* ) 

A colony 


5 04 

498 

495 

490 

480 


}47 


479 

477 

47* 

470 

465 

463 


454 

448 

447 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


xm 


A .colony lent to Thurium by the Athenians -w 

Comedies prohibited at Athens, a reftraint which remained in 
force for three years / -— — 

A war between Corinth and Corcyra — 

Meton begins here his 19 years’ cycle of the moon *— 

The Peloponnelian war begins, May the 7th, and continues about 
27 years. About this time fiorilhed Cratinus, Eupoiis, Arif- 
tophanes, Meton, Eudlemon, Malachi the lait of the prophets, 
Democritus, Gorgias, Thucydides, Hippocrates, See. 

The hiftory of the Old Teftament finilhes about this time. A ? 


plague at Athens for five- years 


i 


■1 


A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and Lacedae¬ 
monians, which is kept only during fix years and ten months 
though each continued at war with the other’s allies 
The fcene of the Pcloponnefian war changed to Sicily. The! 

Agrarian law firft moved at Rome — j 

Egypt revolts from the Perfians, and Amyrtaeus is appointed king 
The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they deftroy Selinus and / 
Himera, but they are repull'ed by Hermocrates J 

The battle of jEgofpotamos. The ufurpation of Dionyfius 
Athens taken by Lyfander, 24th of April, the end of the Pelopon- 
ncfian war, and the appointment of 30 tyrants over the con¬ 
quered city. About this time fiorilhed Parrliafiue, Protagoras, 
Lyiias, Agathon, Euclid, Cebes, Teleftes, &c. 
pyrus the Younger killed at Cunaxa. The glorious retreat of 'i 
the 10,000 Greeks, and the expulfion of the 30 tyrants from p 
Athens by Thrafybulus — — J 

Socrates put to death — — 

Agefilaus, of Lacedaemon’s, expedition into Afia again!! the Per-1 
fians. The age of Xenophon, Ctefias, Zeuxis, Antillhenes, > 
Evagoras, Ariftippus of Cyrene, and Archytas — J 

The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians, 1 
Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, again!! Lacedaemon 
The Lacedaemonians, under Pifander, defeated by Conon at' 
'Cnidus ; and, a few days after, the allies are defeated at Co- * 
ronaea, by Agefilaus — — 

The battle of Allia, July 17th, and the taking of Rome by the 
Gauls — — 1 — .1 

Dionyfius befieges Rhegium and takes it after 11 months. About 
this time fiorilhed Plato, Philoxcnus, Damon, Pythias, Iphi- 
erates, &c. — — — 

The Greek cities of Afia tributary to Perfia, by the peace of 
Antalcidas, between the Lacedaemonians and Perfians 
'J’he war of Cyprus finifhed by a treaty, after it had continued 4 
two years — — 

The Lacedaemonians defeated in a fea fight at Naxos, September"' 1 
20th, by Chabrias. About this time fiorilhed Philiftus, Ifaeus, 
Ifocrates, Arete, Philolaus, Diogenes the cynic, See. 
Artaxerxes fends an army under Pharnabazus, with 20, coo 
Greeks, commanded by Iphicrates — 


B. C. 
444 
440 

439 

43? 

43 1 

430 

421 

41$ 

414 

409 

405 

40$. 

401 

400 

396 

395 

394. 

390 

388- 

a 8 ?' 

3?5 
. 877 ". 

■m 

-The 




X*v 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE: 


B. c. 


37* 

370 

367 

3^3 


7 be battle of Leu&ra, July 8th, where the Lacedxmonians are 7 
defeated by Epaminondas, the general of the Thebans ) 

The Meffenians, after a banifliment of 300 years, return to Pe* ? 

loponnefus - — — } 

One of the eonfuls at Rome ele&e.d from the Plebeians 
The battle of Mantinea gained by Epamiondas, a ye?r after the 7 
death of Pelopidas — — ) 

Agefilaus afiiftsTach®s, king of Egypt. Some of the governors 7 *62 
of Letter Aha revolt from Periia — — f 

The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the firft battle that \ 
Philip of Macedon ever won in Greece — J ^ 

Dionyttus the Younger is expelled from Syracufe by Dion. The } 
fecond Sacred War begins, on the temple of Delphi being at- > 
tacked by the Phoeians — — » 

Dion put to death, and Syracufe governed feven years by tyrants. 7 
About this time ilorifhed Eudoxus, Lycurgus, Ibis, Theo- /- 
pompus, Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus, &c. — J 

The Phoeians, under Onomarchus, are defeated in Thettaly by 7 
. Philip - — — i 

Egypt is conquered by Ochus — — 

The Sacred War is finifhed by Philip taking all the cities of the 7 
Phoeians — - — $ 

Dionyttus recovers the tyranny of Syracufe, after 10 years’ ba -7 
: nifhment — — — 3 

Timoleon recovers Syracufe and banifhes the tyrant — 

The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum .7 
About this time fiorittied Speuttppus, Protogenes, Ariftotle, I 
jEfchines, Xenocrates, Demofthenes, Phocion, Mamercus, | 
Icetas, Stilpo, Demades — — / 

The battle of Cheronsea, Auguft 2, where Philip defeats the 7 
., Athenians and Thebans — — 3 

Philip of Macedon killed by Paufanias. His fon Alexander, onl 
• the following year, enters Greece, dettroys Thebes, See. j 
The battle of the Granicus, 22(1 of May — 

The battle of IfFus in O&ober — — 


357 

354 

353 

35° 

348 

347 

343 

34° 

338 

336 


Tyre and Egypt conquered by the Macedonian prince, and Alex -7 
andria built — — — 

The battle of Arbela, O&ober 2d, — —- 

Alexander’s expedition againft Poms. About this time florifhed ^ 
Apelles, Callifthenes, Bagoas, Parmenio, Philotas, Memnon, I 
Dinocrates, Calippus, Hypcridcs, Philetus, Lyttppus, Mene- | 

demus, &c. — _ _ 

Alexander dies on the 2rtt of April. His empire is divided into 
four kingdoms. The Samian war, and the reign of the Pto* 

lemies in Egypt — _ _ 

Polyperchon publishes a general liberty to all the Greek cities, t 
The age of Praxiteles, Crates, Theophrattus, Menander,. Den | 
metrius, Dinarchus, Polemon, Neoptolemus, Perdiccas, Le- ( 
ofthenes — __ ___ \ 

Syracufe and Sicily ufurped by A gathocLs Demetrius.Phidereus 
. ^governs Athens for 10 ye?rs 4 — / 


334 

333 


33 2 

33 1 

327 

323 

3 20 

3*7 


Eumenes 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


xv 


B. C. 
3*5 


312 

309 

307 

306 


$oi 

296 

2 93 

v 291 


287 

286 


284 


Eumenes delivered to Antigonus by his army —. 

Seleucus takes Babylon, and here the beginning of the era of the \ 
Seleucidre •— — — J 

The conquefts of Agathocles in Africa — — 

Democracy eftablilhed at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes 
The title of kings firft affumed by the fucceffors of Alexander 
The battle of Ipfus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed by ) 
Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lyfimachus, and Callander. About this f 
time florilhed Zeno, Pyrrho, Philemon, Megafthenes, Cran- f 
tor, See. — — — — ) 

Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year’s fiege 
The firfb fun-dial ere&ed at Rome by Papirius Curfor, and the} 
time firft divided into hours — — j 

Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Afia, which he 
peopled with different nations. The age of Euclid the ma- 
. thematician, Arcefilaus Epicurus, Bion, Timocharis, Era- 
fiftratus, Ariftyllus, Strato, Zenodotus, Arfinoe, Lachares, 

&c. — — — — 

The Athenians revolt from Demetrius 

Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lyfimachus *— 

The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint fuppofed to be > 

‘ v tvanflated about this time — — f 

Lyfimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine ) 
war begins, and continues 10 years. The Achaean leagued 281 
begins — — — — j 

Pyrrhus, of Epirus, goes to Italy to afiift the Tarentines 280 

JThe Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the temple of 
Delphi. About this time florilhed Dionyfius the aftronomer, 
Softratus, Theocritus, Dionyfius, Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, 
JLycophron, Perfseus, &c. — — 

Pyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus — 

The firft coming of filver at Rome — — 

Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years 
T,he firft Pun'c war begins, and continues for 23 years. Thechro-'V 
nology of the Arundelian Marbles compofed. About this f 
time florilhed Lycon, Crates, Berofus, Hermachus, Helenus, I 
Clinias, Ariftotimus, &c. J 

Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes at Pergamus 262 
The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius. — 260 

Reguius defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is reftored to liberty \ 
by Antigonus — — — J 

Aratus perfuades the people of Sicyon to join the Achaean league. 

About this time florilhed Clcanthes, Homer junior, Manetho, 
Timaeus, Callimachus, Zoilus, Duris, Neanthes, Ctefibius, 
Sollbius, Hieronymus, Hanno, Laodice, Lyfias, Ariobar- 


) 


* 7 * 


2 74 

269 

26$ 


2 % 


256 


251 


zanes 


The Parthians under Arfaces, and the Ba&rians under Theodotus-, 
revolt from the Macedonians — — 

The fea fight of Drepanum — — 

The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus, 12th of Auguft 


250 

249 

243 



X*i CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

AgiSj, king of Sparta, pat to death for attempting to fettle an 
'Agrarian law. About this period ftorilhed Antigonus Caryi- 
tfus, Conon of Samo$, Eratofthenes, Apollonius cf Perga 
Lacydes, Amilcar, Agefilaus the ephor, &c. 

Plays firft a&ed at Rome, being thcfe of Livius Andronicus 
Amilcar pafles with an army to Spain, with Annibal his fon 
The temple of Janus (hut at Rome, the firft time fince Numa 
The Sardinian war begins, and continues three years — 
Original manufcripts of iEfchylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, ? 

lent by the Athenians to Ptolemy for a pledge cf 15 talents . \ 
The firft divorce known at Rome, by Sp. Caryilius. Sardinia 7 
and Corfica conquered — — — j 

Thp Roman air.banadors firft appeared at Athens and Corinth 
The war between Cleomenes and,Aratus begins, and continues 7 
for five years. — — — ) 

The coloftus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake The") 
Romans firft crofs the Po, purfuing the Gauls, who haden- I 
tered Italy About this time ftorilhed Chryfippus, Polyftra- j 
tus, Euphorion, Archimedes, Valerius Meffalgi, C. Nsevius, 
Ariftarchus, Apollonius, Philocorus, Arifto Ceus, Fabius 


Pi&or, the firft Roman hiftorian, Phylarchus, J^yfiades 
Agro, &e. J 

The battle of Sellafia — — 

The Social War between the JEtolians ancLAchasans, affifted by 7 
Philip — —-r — j 

Saguntum-taken by Annibal — — 

The fecond Punic war begins, and continues 17 years — 

The battle of the lake Thrafy menus, and next year, that of 7 
Cannae, May 21 — — — ( 

The Romans begin the auxiliary war again!! Philip in Epirus, 7 
/ which is continued by intervals for 14 years — — 

Syracufe taken by Marcellus, after a fiege of three years 
Phiiopcemen defeats Machanidas at Man tinea — 

Afdrubal is defeated. About this time fioriftied Plautus, A 
gathus, Evander, Teleclus, Hermippus, Zeno, Sotion 
nius, Hieronymus of Syracufe, Tlepolcmus, Epicydes 
Th e battle of Zama — — — — 

The firft Macedonian war begins and continues near 4 years 
The battle of Panins, where Antiochus defeats Scopas' — 

Th'e battle of Cynofcephale, where Philip is defeated — 

The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three 
years — — — — J 

Lacedaemon joined to the Achaean league by Philopoemen 
The luxuries of Afia brought to Rome in the fpoils of Antiochus 
The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta by Jphilo-1 
pcemen — — — — J 

Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About this 
time fioriftied Ariftophanes of Byzantium, Afclepiades, Te~ 


\ rcha- ] 
1, En-V 


B. C. 

24 ? 

240 

237 

2 35 

?34 

2 3J 

23 1 

228 

227 


224 


222 

220 

219 

218 

217 

214 

212 

208 


207 

202 

200 

198 

197 

192 

191 

189 

188 


rula. 


C. Laelius, Ariftonymus, Elegefinus, Diogenes the ftoic, f 187 


Mtolaus, MafmiiTa, the Scipios, the Gracchi, Thoas, &c. 


;j 

•]' ■ 
A war 


^n^uiNULUlal LAL i A JL E. -xni 


A war, which continues for one year, between Eumenes and") 

Prulias, till the death of Annibal — _ | 

Philopuemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates — 

Numa’s books found in a ftone-cofrin at Rome — 

Perfeus lends his ainbafladors to Carthage — — 

Ptolemy’s generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle between") 
Pelufium and-mount Caflius. The fecond Macedonian war J 
The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian cmpire.T 
About this period florifhed Attalus the aftronomer, Metrodo- 
rus, Terence, Crates, Polybius, Pacuvius, Hipparchus, Hera- I 
elides, Carneades, Ariftarchus, See. — J 

The firlt library erected at Rome, with books obtained from the / 
plunder of Macedonia — — j 

Terence’s Andria firft acled at Rome — 

r i ime meafured out at Rome by a water machine, invented by \ 
Scipio Nalica, 134 years after the introduction of fun-dials j 
Andrifcus, the Pfeudophilip, affumes the royalty in Macedonia 
Demetrius, king of Syria, defeated and killed bv Alexander 
r Balas — — _ ' — 

The third Punic war begins. Prulias, king of Bithynia, put to 
death by his fon Nicomedes — — 

The Romans make war againll the Aclueans, which is finiftied the 
next year by Mummius — - — 

Carthage is deflroyed by Scipie> and Corinth by Mummius 
Viriathus is defeated by Lxlius, in Spain — 

The war of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years 
The Roman army of 50,000, under Mancinus, is defeated by") 
4000 Numantines — — — J 

Reftoration of learning at Alexandria, and univerfal patronage^ 
offered to aU learned men by Ptolemy Phyfcon. The age of | 
Satyrus, Ariftobulus, Lucius Accius, Mnafeas, Antipater, > 
Diodorus the peripatetic, Nicander, Ctelibius, Sarpedon, | 
Micipfa, &c. — — — j 

The famous embaffy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and Panx- 
tius, into Egypt, Syria, and Greece — — 

The hi (lory of the Apocrypha ends. The Servile War in Sicily 
begins, and continues for three years — — 

Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire 
Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Ariftonicus defeated by") 
Perpenna — — — 3 

Demetrius Nicator;.defeated at Damafcus by Alexander Zcbina 
The Romans make war again ft the pirates of the Baleares. Car -7 
thage is rebuilt by order of the Roman fenate — j 

C. Gracchus killed — — —* 

Dalmatia conquered by Metellus — — 

Cleopatra affumes the government of Egypt. The age of Erym- -j 
incus, Atheuion, Artem.ifiorus, Clitoinachus, Apollonius, He- l 
rodiwus, L. C^hus, Caftor, Menecrates, Lucilius, See. ) 

The Jugurthine war begins, and continues for five years — 
The famous fumptuary law at Rome, which limited the expences") 
of eating every day *— — -*■ 3 


B. C. 
184 

183 

1/9 

*75 

171 

168 

167 

166 

159 

152 

150 

1 49 

148 

147 

146 

141 

138 

137 

13$ 

'3 $ 
133 
130 
127 
123 

121 

11$ 

Il6 

IXX 

no 

The 


Jlvm 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


i 


The Teutones and Cirnbri begin the war agairift Rome, and 7 
continue it for eight years — —■ 3 

The Teutones defeat 80,000 Romans on the banks of the Rhone 
The Teutones defeated by C. Marius at Aquse Scxtiae — 

The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus — — 

Dolabella conquers Luiitania — — — 

Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans — -— 

The Social war begins, and continues three years, till finifliedl 
by Sylla — — — J 

The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years — 

The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin and continue fix years 
Sylla conquers Athens, and fends its valuable libraries to Rome 
Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator 
The death of Sylla. About this time florifhed Philo, Charrm- 
das, Afclepiades, Apcllicon, L. Sifenna, Alexander Polyhif- 
tor, Plotius Gallus, Diotimus, Zeno, Hortenfius, Archias, 
Pofidonius, Geminus, &c. — — 

Bithynia left by Nicomedes to the Tomans — — 

The Servile war, under Spartacus, begins, and, two years after, 7 
the rebel general is defeated and kilted by Pompey and Craflus £ 
Mithridates and Tigranes defeated by Lucullus •— 

Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is 1 
fubdued by Metellus, after a war of two years — y 

The reign of the Seleucidae ends in Syria on the conquefl of the 7 
country by Pompey — — — -— y 

Catiline’s confpiracy dete&ed by Cicero. Mithridates kills 7 
himfelf t — .— — — \ 

The firlt triumvirate in the perfons of J. Caefar, Pompey, and I 
Craflus. About this time florifhed Apollonius of Rhodes, 
Terentius Varro, Tyranniort, Ariflodemus of Nyfa, Lucretius, 
Dionyfius the grammarian, Cicero, Antiochus, Spurinus, An- | 
dronicus,-Catullus, Salluft, Timagenes, Cratippus, &c, J 

Cicero banifhed from Rome, and recalled the next year — 
Caefar pafles the Rhine, defeats the Germans and invades Britain 
Craflus is killed by Surena in June — — 

Civil war between Caelar and Pompey — — 

The battle of Pharfalia about May 12th —* , - 

Alexandria taken by Caefar — — — 

The war of Africa. Cato kills himfelf. This year is called 3 
the year of Confufion, begaufe the calendar Was corrected by I 
Soligenes, and the year made to confift of 15 months, or 445 | 
days — — .— J 

The battle of Munda — — _ 

Caefar murdered — _ _ 

The battle of Mutina. The fecond triumvirate in O&avius, 
Antony, and Lepidus. Cicero put to death. 1 he age of 
Sofigenes, C. Nepos, Diodorus Siculus, Trogus Pompey, 
Didymus the fcholiaft, Varro the poet, &c. 

The battle of Philippi — _ _. 

Pacofus, general of Parthia, defeated by Ventidius, I4year3 af- || 


1 


te? the difgrace of Craflus, and on the fame day 


B. C. 
109 

rc>5 

1C2 

IOI 

99 

97 

9 l 

89 

88 

86 

82 


7 8 

75 

73 

69 

66 

65 

63 

60 


5 * 

55 

53 

5P 

48 

47 

46 

45 

44 

4$ 

4 2 

39 


Pompey 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


xix 


Pompey the Younger defeated in Sicily by O&avius — 
O&avius and Antony prepare for war — — 

The battle of A&ium 2d September. The aera of the Roman em* 7 
perors prdperly begins here — — 3 

Alexandria taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province 
The title of Auguitus given to O&avius — .— 

The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time floriflied J 
Virgil, Manilius, Diofcorides, Afinius Pollio, Maecenas, Agrip- I 
pa, Strabo, Horace, Macer, Propertius, Livy, Mufa, Tibullus, j 
Ovid, Pylades, Bathyllus, Varius, Tucca, Vitruvius, &c. J 
The confpiracy of Muraena againft- Auguftus — 

Augultus vilits Greece and . ’lia — — 

The Roman enfigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius 
The lecular games celebrated at Rome — — 

Lollius defeated by the Germans — — 

The Rhaeti and Vindelici defeated by Drufus — 

The Pannonians Conquered by Tiberius — — 

Some of the German nations conquered by Drufus 
Auguftus correds the calendar, by ordering the 12 enfuing years" 
to be without intercalation. About this time florilhed ^ 
mafcenus, Hyginus, Flaccus the grammarian, Dionyfu 
Halicarnafius, and Dionyfius the geographer 
Tiberius retires to Rhodes for feven years — — 

Our Saviour is born, four years before the vulgar era, in the 7 
year 4709 of the Julian period, A. U. C. 749, and the fourth > 
of the 193 d Olympiad —- — 3 


B 


fuing years') 
rilhed Da- ( 
lonyfius of C 


C. 

3 ^ 

3 * 

3 1 

30 

27 


2 S 

22 

21 

20 

17 

16 

*5 

12 

it 


Tiberius returns to Rome — — — 

The leap year correded, having formerly been every 3d year 
Ovid bapilhed to Tomos — — — 

Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius — 

Auguftus dies at Nola, Auguft 19th, and is fucceeded by Tibe¬ 
rius. The age of Phaedrus, Afinius Gallus, Velleius Pater¬ 
culus, Gertoanicus, Cornel. Celfus, &c. — 

Twelve cities in Alia deftroyed by an earthquake — 

Germanicus, poifoned by Pifo, dies at Antioch —- 

Tiberius goes to Caprese — — — 

Sejanus difgraced — — — 

Our SAVIOUR crucified, Friday April 3d. This is put four ‘ 
ytars earlier ly fome chronologifts — — .1 

Tiberius dies at Mifenum nearBaite, March 16th, and is fucceeded 
by Caligula. About this time fiorifhed Valerius Maximus, 
Columella, Pomponius Mela, Appion, Philo Judseus, Arta- 
banus, and Agrippina — — — 

St. Paul converted to Chriftianity — — 

St Matthew writes, his Gofpel — — 

The name of Chriftians firft given, at Antioch, to the followers") 
# of our Saviour — — — J 

Caligula murdered by Chaere*s, and fucceeded by Claudius 
The expedition of Claudius into Britain ■— 

&U Mark writes his Gofpel — — 


} 


A.D. 

2 

4 

9 

10 

*4 

17 

26 

3 1 

33 


a 2 


37 

3 ^ 
39 

4 ° 

4 1 

43 

44 

Becular 



XX 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


Secular games celebrated at Rome — *— 

Caractacus carried in chains to Rome — — 

Claudius fucceeded by Nero — — — 

Agrippina put to death by her fon Nero — -— 

Firft perfecution agatfift the Chrillians ■— — 

Seneca, Lucan, and others put to death — *— 

Nero vifits Greece. The Jewifh war begins. The age of Per- ) 
fius, Q. Curtius, Pliny the Elder, Jofephus, Frontinus, Burrhus,- V 
Corbulo, Thrafea, Boadicea, &c. — — ) 

St. Peter and St Paul put to death — — 

Nero dies, and is fucceeded by Galba — — 

Galba put to death. Otho, defeated' by Vitellius, kills himfelf. ^ 
Vitellius is defeated by Vefpafian’s army — J 

Jerufalem taken -and dfeftroyed by Titus — 

.The Parthians-revolt — — — 

Death of Vefpafian, and fucceffion of Titus.. Herculaneum and 1 
Pompeii deltroyed by an eruption of Mount Vefuvius, No-k 
vember ill — — — ) 

Death of Titus, and fucceffion of Domitian. The age of Sil. T 
Italic us. Martial, Apollon. Tyanaeus, Valerius Flaccus, Soli- > 
nus, Epiftetus, Quintilian, Lupus, Agricola, &c. 3 

Capitoline games inftituted by Domitian, and celebrated every 1 
fourth year — — — y 

Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins and con -\ 
tinucs 15-years — — — y 

Second perfecution of the Chriftians 

Domitian put to death by Stephanu3, &c. and fucceeded 
Nerva. The age of Juvenal, Tacitus, Statius, &c* 

Nerva dies, and is fucceeded by Trajan 
Pliny, proconful of Bithynia, fends Trajan 

Chrillians — — — 

Dacia reduced to a Roman province — — 

Trajan’s expedition againft Parthia. About this time florilhed 
Flora?, Suetonius, Pliny junior, Philo Byblius, Dion, Prufaeus, 
Plutarch,* &c. — — * — 

Third perfecution of the Chriftians — — 

Trajan’s column erected at Rome — — 

Trajan dies, and is fucveeded by Adrian — 

Fourth perfecution of the Chrillians — — 

Adrian builds a wall in Britain — _ 

Adrian vifits Afia and Egypt for feven years —— 

He rebuilds Jerufalem, and raifes there a temple to Jupiter 
The Jews rebel, and are defeated after a war of ftve years, andl 

all ban i{bed — _ _r 

Adrian dies, and is fucceeded by Antoninus Pius. In the reign ^ 
Adrian florilhed Teon, Phavorinus, Phlegon, Trallian, 


A. IX 

47 

7 * 

54 

59 

64 

• 6* 

66 


led by | 


an account of the 


of 


Ariftides, Aquila, Salyius Julian, Poly carp, Arrian, Ptolemy, 

See, — _ ___ _ 

Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, ap 4 Dacian* _ 

1 he worlhip of Serapis brought to Rome' —. _ 


67 

68 

69 

70 

77 

7 $ 


81 


86 

88 “ 

95 

96 

9 $ 

102 

io$ 

io(7 

107 

1 r 4 
117 
nt 

121 

126 

13a 

1 3 l 


* 3 * 


145 

146. 


Antoninus. 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


X 2 U 


A. D. 


Mgn 1 
[1US, > 


Antoninus dies, and is fucceedcd by M. Aurelius and L. Verus, ' 
the laft of whom reigned nine years. In the reign of Anto¬ 
ninus florifhed Maximus Tyrius, Paufanias, Diophantus, Lu¬ 
cian, Hermogenes, Polyaenus, Appian, Artemidorus, Juilin 
the martyr, Apuleius, Sec. - — 

A war with Parthia, which continues three years — 

A war agarinft the Marcomanni, which continues five years 
Another which continues three years — — 

M. r-urelius dies, and Commodus fucceeds. In the laft reign 
florifhed Galen, Athenagoras, Tatian, Athenaeus, Montanus 
Diogenes Laertius — — 

Commodus makes peace with the Germans 

Commodus put to death by Martia and Lsetus. He is fucceeded A 
for a few months by Pertinax, who is murdered, 193, and/ 
four rivals arife, Didius Julianus, Pefcennius Niger, Severus, > 

• and Albir.us. Under Commodus florifhed J. Pollux, Theo- L 
dotion, St. Irenaeus, &c. — — J 

Niger is defeated by Severus at Ulus — — 

Albums defeated in Gaul, and killed at Lyons, February 19th 
Severus conquers the Parthians —- — 

. Fifth perfecution againft the Chriftians — — 

Severus vifits Britain, and two years after builds a wall there } 
acrofs from the Frith of Forth — — £ 

Scvcfus dies at York, and is fucceeded by Caracalla and Geta. 

In his reign florifhed Tcrtullian, Minutius Felix, Papinianus 
Clemens of Alexandria, Philoftratus, Plotianus, and Bulas 
Geta killed by his brother Caracalla — — 

The feptuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered by Macrinus. 1 
Florifiied Oppian — — — J 

Opilius Macrinus, killed by the foldiers, and fucceeded by He -4 
liogabalus — — — j 

Alexander Severus fucceeds Heliogabalus. The Goths then ex- ) 
a<fted an annual payment not to invade or moleft the Roman > 222 
empire; The age of Julius Africanus — ) 

The Arfacidae of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes, king of ) 
Media, and their empire deftroyed 3 

Alexander defeats the Pei bans — — 

The fixfh perfecution againft the Chriftians — 

Alexander killed, and fucceeded by Maximinus. At that time 1 
florifhed Dion Caffius, Qrigen, and Ammonius — ] 

The two Gordians fucceed Maximinus, and are put to death by 




161 


162 

169 

177 

180. 

i8x, 


192' 


194 

198 

200 

202' 

207 


211 


212 


217 

218 


229 

234 

235 

23.5 


23.6 

240 

242 


he two Lxoraians iucceea xviaximinus, ana are put to aeatn oy *1 
Pupienus, who foon after is deflroyed, with Balbinus, by the V 
foldiers of the younger Gordian — J 

Sabinianus defeated jn Africa — —* 

Gordian marches againft the Perfians — — 

He is put to death by Philip, who fucceeds, and makes peace I 
with^Sapor the next year. About this time florifhed Cenfo- > 244 
rips, and Gregory Thaumaturgus 3 

Philip "killed, and fucceeded by Decius. Herodian florifhed 249 

The feventh perfecution againft the Chriftians — 250 

•Decius fucceeded by Galius — — 251 

a 3 A great 



xxn 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


A. TV 
252 


A great peftilence over the empire — — 

Gallus dies, and is fupceeded by uEmilianus, Valerianns, and 7 
Gallienus. In the reign of Gallus florifhed St. Cyprian and s 
Plotinus — — — 3 

The eighth perfecution againfl: the Chriftians — 

The empire is harraffed by 30 tyrants fuccefiively — 

Valerian is taken by Sapor and flayed alive — 

Odenatus governs the eaft for Gallienus — 

The Scythians and Goths defeated by Cleodamus and Athenaeus 
Gallienus killed, and fucceeded by Claudius. In this reign fio- ? 

rifhed Longinus, Paulus Samofatenus, &c. — S 

Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of them. Zeoo -7 
bia takes poflefiion of Egypt — — J 

Aurelian fucceeds — — — 

The ninth perfecution againfl; the Chriftians — , 

Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edefla — — 

Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor — 

Aurelian killed, and fucceeded by Tacitus, who died after a reign 7 
of fix months, and was fupceeded by Florianus, and, two > 
months after, by Probus — — 3 

Probus makes an expedition into Gaul — — 

He defeats the Perfians in the eaft — — 

Probus is put to death, and fucceeded by Carus, and his fons Ca-T 
rinus and Numerianus —■ — J 

Diocleflan fucceeds — — — 

The empire attacked by the Barbarians of the north. Diocleflan 
takes Maximianus as his imperial colleague — 

Britain recovered, after a tyrant’s ufurpation of ten years. Alex¬ 
andria taken by Diocleflan — — 

The tenth perfecution againfl; the Chriftians, whiph continues ten 
years — —- — 

Diocleflan and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in retire- "j 
ment, fucceeded by Conftantius Chlorus and Galeriqs Maxi- I 
mianus, the two Csefars About this period florifhed J. Capi- J> 
tolinus,Arnobius, Gregory and Hermogenes,thelawyers,y£lius j 
Spartianus, Hierocles, Flavius Vopifcus, Trebellius Eollio, &c. J 
Conftantius dies, and is fucceeded by his fon — 

At this time there were four emperors^ Conftantine, Licinius, 7 
Maximianus, and Maxentius — — 

Maxentius defeated and killed by Conftantine — 

The emperor Conftantine begins to favor the Chriftian religion 
Licinius defeated and banifhed by Conftantine — 

The firft general Council of Nice, compofed of 318 bifhops, who 7 
fit from June 19 to Auguft2y — - ' J 

The feat of the empire removed'from Rome to Conftantinople 
Conftantinople folemnly dedicated by the emperor on the eleventh | 
of May — — ‘ — j 

Conftantine orders all the heathen temples to be deftroyed 
The death of Conftantine, and fucceiflon of his three ions. Con- } 
ftantinus, Conftans, and Conftantius. In the reign of Con- > 337 
ftantine fioriihed La&antius, Athanafms, Arius, and Eufebius J 

Conftantine 


2 54 

257 

258 
260 
264. 

267 

268 

269 

270 

272 

273 

274 

275 

277 

280 

282 

284 

286 

296 

303 


304 

3°6 

308 

3 1 * 

3 l 9 

324 

325 

328 

33 ° 

33i 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


xxm 


nftans at J 


A. D. 


he I 


Conflantine the Younger defeated and killed by Conftans 
Aquileia — — : 

Conllan* killed irr Spain by Magnentius ■— 

Gallus put to death by Conllantius — — 

One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Alia ruined by an 1 
earthquake — — — — f 

Conllantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war ; but the 
former dies the next year, and leaves the latter foie emperor 
: About this period florilhed iElius Donatus, Eutropius, Liba- 
nius, Ammian. Marceljinus, Jamblicus, St. Hilary, &c. 

Julian dies, and is fucceeded by Jovian. In Julian’s reign flo -7 
riflied Gregory Nazienzen, Themillius, Aurelius Vidtor, &c, j 
Upon the death of Jovian, and the fucceflion of Valens and Va- ) 
lentinian, the empire is divided, the former being emperor of > ^64 
the eaft, and the other of the weft — — J 

Gratian taken as partner in the weftern empire by Valentinian 
Firmus, tyrant of Africa, defeated — — 

Valentinian the Second fucceeds Valentinian the Firft — 

The Goths permitted to fettle in Thrace, 011 being expelled by ] 
the Huns — — — — J 

Theodofius the Great fucceeds Valens in the eallern empire. The / 
Lombards firlt leave Scandinavia and defeat the Vandals J 
Gratian defeated and killed by Andragathius — 

The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodofius 
Eugenius ufurps the weftern empire, and is two years after de -7 
feated by Theodofius — — — 1 

Theodofius dies, and is fucceeded by his fone, Arcadius in the * 
eall, and Honorius in the well. In the reign of Theodofius I 
florilhed Aufonius, Runapius, Pappus, Tfieon, Prudeptius, St. f 
Aullin, St. Jerome, St. Artibrofe, &c. J 

Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himfelf 
Stilicho defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fefulae — 

The Vandals, Alani, and Sueyi, permitted tp fettle ip Spain and 7 

France by Honorius — - — I 

Theodofius the Younger fucceeds Arcadius in the eaft, having i 
Ifdegerdes, king of Perlia, as his guardian, appointed by his > 40S 
father — — — } 

Rome plundered by Alaric, king of the Viligoths, Auguft 24th 
The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain ~ 

The kingdom of the Burgundians is begun in ARace 
The Viligoths found a kingdom at Touloufe — 

The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths — 

The kingdom of the French begins on the Lower Rhine 
The death of Honorius, and fuccelfion of Valentinian tfie Third. 1 
Under Honorius florilhed Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius, Ani- / 
anus, Panodorus, Stobasus, Servius the commentator, Hypa- f 
tia, Pelagius, Synefius, Cyrill, Orolius, Socrates, Sac. \ 

Theodofius eftablilhes public fchools at Conllantinople, and at- ? 

tempts the relloration of learning — — J 

The Romans take leave of Britain and never return 


340 

350 

354 

358 

360 

363 


3^7 

373 

375 

376 
379 

383 

3*8 

392 

395 

39 s 

405 

406 


410 

412 

4 1 3 

415 
417 

420 

4*3 

425 

426 

Pannonia 


XX17 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


The Vau- J 


1 


Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Van* 
dais pafs into Africa .— — 

The French defeated by riEtius — — 

The Theodofian Code publifhed — —^ 

Genferic, the Vandal, takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom ? 

of the Vandals in Africa — — 3 

The Britonfe, abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated J 
complaint to iEtius againft the Pidls and Scots, and three years I 
after the Saxons fettle in Britain, upon the invitation of Vor- J 
tigerfi — — —- — J 

Attila, king of the Huns, ravages Europe 
TheOdofius the Second dies, and is fucceeded by Marcianus 
About this time florifbed Zozimus, Neftorius, Theodoret, So 
zdmen, Olympiodorus, &c. — 

The cit;y of Venice firft began to be known 
Deatli of Valentinian the Third, who is fucceeded by Maximus ^ 
for two months, by Avitus for ten, and, after an inter-regnum > 
often months, by Majorianus — — 3 

Rome taken by Genferic in July. The kingdom of Rent firft 
eftablifhed — — — — 

The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro — 

Mardianus dies, and is fucceeded by Leo, furnamed the Thracian. 

Vbrtimer defeated by Hengift at Crayford, in Kent 
Severus fucceeds in the weftern empire — 

The pafchal cycle of 532 years invented by Vi&orius of 
Aquitain* — — —* — — 

Anthemius fucceeds in the weftern empire, after an inter-regnum 
of two years — — — — 

Olybrius fucceeds Anthemius, and is fucceeded, the next year, 
by Glycerius, and Glycerius by Nepos — 

Nepos is fucceeded by Auguftulus. Leo junior, fon of Ariadne, 
though an infant, fucceeds his grandfather Leo in the eallern 
empire, and fome months after, is fucceeded by his father 
Zeno — — — — — 

The weftern empire is deftroyed by Odoacer, king of the Heruli ,'} 
who aflumes the title of king of Italy. About that time flo- J > 
rifhed Eutyches, Profper, Vi&orius, Sidonius Apollinaris 
Conftantinople partly deftroyed by an earthquake, which lafted 1 
40 days at intervals — — — — f 

The' battle of Soifions and vi&ory of Clovis over Siagrius the / 
Roman general — — — \ 

After the death of Zeno in the eaft, Ariadne married Anaftaftus, ) 
furnamed the Silentiary, who afeends the vacant throne \ 

Theodoric, king of the Oftrogoths, revolts about this time, and ] 
conquers Italy from the Heruli. About this time florilhed > 
Boethius an 4 Symmachus — J 

Chriftianity embraced in France by the baptifm of Clovis 

The Burgundian laws publifhed by king Gondebaud _ 

Alaric defeated by Clovis at the battle of Vorcille near Poitiers 
Paris made the capital of the French dominions 


A. D. 
427- 
428 
435 
439 


44 6 

447 
4 50 
452 

454 

455 
4>6 
457 
461 

463 

467 

472 

474 

476 

480 
485. 
49 1 

m 

496 
sot 
5° 7 
5 10 


Conflaatinople 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


xxr 


Conftantinople befieged by Vitalianus, wbofe fleet, is burned with } 
a brazen fpeculum by Proclus — — 3 

The computing of time by the Chriftian era, introduced firft by ) 

Dionyhus — - — _ f 

Juftin the Firft, a peafant of Dalmatia, makes hlmfelf emperor 
Juftinian the Firft, nephew of Juftin, fucceeds. Under his glo¬ 
rious reign florilhed Belifarius, Jornandes, Paul the Silentiar 
Simplicius, Dionyfnis, Procopius, Proclus, Narfes, &c- 
Juftinian publifties his celebrated code of laws, and four years 


gloO 
uary, V 


A.D. 

5*4 

516 

S'* 


5 2 7 


5 2 9 


after his digeft 

Conqueft of Africa by Belifarius, and that of Rome, two years after 
Italy is invaded by the Franks — — 

The Roman confullhip fupprefled by Juftinian — 

A great plague which arofe in Africa, and defolated Afia and 7 
Europe — .— _ — j 

The beginning of the Turkifti empire in Afia ~ 

Rome taken and pillaged by Totila — — 

The manufa&ure of liik introduced from India into Europe, by 7 
monks — — — — 3 

Defeat and death of Totila, the Gothic king of Italy 
A dreadful plague over Africa, Alia, and Europe, which conti- 7 
nues for 50 years — — — 3 

Juftin the Second, fon of Vigilantia, the filter of Juftinian, / 
fucceeds * — — — — y 

Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards from Pannonia, who £ 
form a kingdom there — — — { 

Tiberius the Second, an officer of the imperial guards, is adopted, ) 
and, foon after, fucceeds — — — $ 

Latin ceafes to be the language of Italy about this time — 

Maurice, the Cappadocian, fon-in-law of Tiberius, fucceeds 
Gregory the Firft, fumamed the Great, fills St. Peter’s chair at") 

Rome. The few men of learning who florilhed the latter end | 
of this century, were Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of Tours }» 
the father of French hiftory, Evagrius, and St. rvuguftin the J 
Monk — — — — J 

Auguftin the Monk, with 40 others, comes to preach Chriftiani- \ 
tyin England — — — — J 

About this time the Saxon Heptarchy began in England 
Phocas, a limple centurion, is elected emperor, after the revolt of 7 
the foldiers, and the murder of Maurice and of his children f 
The pdwer of the Popes begins to be eftablilhed by the concef- 7 
fions of Phocas — — — — 3 

Heraclius, an officer in Africa, fucceeds, after the murder of the l 
ufurper Phocas — - — — * 

The conquefts of Chofroes, king of Perfia, in Syria, Egypt, 7 
Afia Minor, and, afterwards, his fiege of Rome t 

The Perfians take Jerufalem with the (laughter of 90,000 men, 1 
and the next year they over-run Africa — — ) 

Mahomet, in his 53d year, flies from Mecca to Medina, on Fri- I 
day July 16th, which forms the firft year of the Hegira, the > 
era of the Mahometans — — — 

Conftantinople 


53+ 

53* 

5+2 

543 

545 

547 

55 i 

553 

553 

565- 

568 

5/S 

581 

5*>2 

590 

597 

600 

602 

606 

610 

6x1 

614 

622 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 


afejFwi 


Conftantinople is befieged by the Perfians and Arabs — 

Heath of Mahomet — — — 

Jeruialem taken by the Saracens, and three years after Alexan¬ 
dria and its famous library deftroyf d 
Gonftantine the Third, fon of Heraclius, in partnerfhip with He- 
racleonas, his brother by the fame father, affumes the imperial 
purple. Conftantine reigns 103 days, and after his death, his 
Ion. Conftantine’s fon Conftans is declared emperor, though 
Heracleonas, with his mother Martina, wiihed to continue in 
poflefiion of the fupreme power — — 

Cyprus taken by the Saracens ■*— ; — 

The Saracens take Rhodes, and doftroy tlie Coloffus — 

Conftantine the Fourth, furnamed Pogonatus, fucceeds, on the 7 
murder of his father in Sicily — } 

The Saracens ravage Sicily — —- 

Conftantinople bclieged by die Saracens, whofe fleet is deftroyed 
by the Greek lire — — — 

Juftinian the Second fucceeds his father Conftantine. In his 
exile of 10 years, the purple was ufurped by Leontius and 
Abfimerus Tiberius. His reftoration happened 704. The 
only men of learning in this century were Secundus, ifidorus, [ 
Theophyla&us, Gfeo. Pifides, Callinicus, and the venerable I 
Bede ; — ■*— — J 

Pepin engrolfes the power of the whole French monarchy 
Africa finally conquered by the Saracens — 

JBardanes, furnamed Philippicus, fucceeds at ConRantinople, on 7 
the murder of Juftinian ■*— — f 

Spain is conquered by the Saracens. Accefiipn of Artemius, or 7 
Anaftafius the Second, to the throne — j 

Atiaftaftus abdicates, and is fucceeded by Theodofius the Third, i 
who, two years after, yields to the fuperior influence of Leo > 
the Third, the firft of the Ifaurian dynafty — J 

Second, but unfuccefsful liege of Conftantinople by the Saracens 
Tax called Peterpence begun by Ina king of YVeflex, to l'upport 7 
a college at Rome — — £ 

Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and Poitiers') 
in October — — — j 

Conftantine the Fifth, furnamed Copronymus, fucceeds his father J 
Leo — — — r 

Dreadful peftilence for three years over Europe and Afia 
The computation of years from the birth of Chrift firft ufed in”) 

hiftorical writings — — _ f 

Learning encouraged by the race of Abbas Caliph of the Sara¬ 


cens 


:he bara- | 


The Merovingian race of kings ends in France 
Bagdad built, and made the capital of the Caliphs of the houfe of 7 
Abbas — — — } 

A violent froft for 150 days from O&ober to February 

Monatteries diffolved in the eaft by Conftantine _ 

Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the kingdom of the 7 
Lombards, after a duration of 206 years — fc 


A> D. 
626 
632 

637 


641 


648 

6 53 

668 

669 

C73 


68 $ 

69O 

709 

7 M 

7 1 ? 

7 i 5 

717 

727 

732 

74 * 

74*5 

748 

749 
75a 
762 

"63 

77 Q 

774 

Leo 




CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


XXV11 


Leo the Fourth, fon of Conftantine, fucceeds, and five years after, 7 
is fucceeded by his wife Irene and his fon Conftantine the Sixth J 
Irene murders her fon and reigns alone. The only men of learn- i 
ing in this century were Johannes Damafcenus, Fredegcfire, > 
Alcuinus, Paulus Diaconus, and George the monk ) 

Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of Rome and of the weftem ) 
empire. About this time the Popes feparate themfelves from > 
the princes of Conftantinople — ) 

Egbert afcends the throne of England, but the total reduction! 

. of the Saxon heptarchy is not effected till 26 years after j 
Nicephorus the Firft, great treafurer of the empire, fucceeds 
Stauracius, fon of Nicephorus, and Michael the Firft, furnamed ) 
Rhangabe the hufband of Prpcopia, filler of Stauracius, afliime > 
the purple — — \ 

Leo tne fifth, the Armenian, though but an officer of the palace,! 

afcends the throne of Conftantinople — j 

Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almamon, who! 

made obfervations on the fun, &c, — j 

Michael the Second, the Thracian, furnamed the Stammerer,! 

fucceeds, after the murder of Leo — — j 

The Saracens o£ Spain take Crete, which they call Candia 
The Almageft of Ptolemy tranflated into Arabic by order of Al- 7 
mamon — — — J 

Theophilus fucceeds his father Michael — 

Origin of the Rullian Monarchy — — 

Michael the Third fuepeeds Ills father Theophilus with his mo -7 
ther Theodora — — — J 

The Normans get poffeffion of fome cities in France 
Michael is murdered, and fucceeded by Bafil the Firft, the Mace-*^ 
donian — — J 

Clocks firft brought to Conftantinople from Venice 
Bafil is fucceeded by his fon Leo the Sixth, the philofopher. In 
this century florifhed Mefue, the Arabian phyfician, Eginhard, j 
Rabanus, Albumafar, Godefcalchus, Hincmarus, Odo, Pho- > 
tius, John Scotus, Anaftalius the librarian, Alfraganus, Alba- 
tegni, Reginon, John Alfer — J 

Paris befieged by the Normans, and bravely defended by Bilhop 7 
Gofiin — — — J 

Death of Alfred, king of England, after a reign of 30 years 
Alexander, brother of Leo, fucceeds with his nephew Conftantine^ 
the Seventh, furnamed Porphyrogenitus — J 

The Normans eftablilh themfelves in France under Rollo 
Romanus the Firft, furnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet, ) 
ufurps the throne, with his three fons, Chriftopher, Stephen, 5 919 
and Conftantine the Eighth — j 

Fiefs eftablilhed in France — — 

JSaracen empire divided by ufurpation into feven kingdoms 
Naples feized by the Eaftern emperors — 

he fons of Romanus confpire againft their father, and the tu- *7 
mults this occafioned produced the reftoration of Porphyroge- > 
pitus — — ~ i 

Ko.nanue 


A. D. 

775 

797 

800 

801 

802 

811 

Si3 

816 

821 

823 

827 

829 

839 

842 

853 

867 

87* 

83d 

887 

900 

911 

912 


9 2 3 

936 

942 

945 


xxvm 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 


Romanusthe Second* fon of Conflantine the Seventh,by Helena,*^ 
the daughter of Lecapenus, fucceeds J 

Romanus, poifoned by his wife Theophano, is fucceeded by Ni- j 
cephorus Phocas the Second, whom the emprefs, unable to ( 
reign alone under the title of prote&refs of her young children, j 
had married — — , % * 

Italy conquered by Otho, and united to the German empire 
Nicephorus, at the inftigation of Theophano, is murdered by John I 
Zimifces, who affumes the purplfe — } 

Eafilthe Second, and Conflantine the Ninth, the two Tons of Ro -7 
man us by Theophano, fucceed on the death of Zitnilces j 
The third or Capetian race of king6 in France begins July 3d 
Arithmetical figures brought into Europe from Arabia by the 7 
Saracens — — j 

The empire of Germany firfl made elective by Otho III. The ) 
learned men of this century were Eudes de Chrni, A zophi, Luit- > 
prand, Alfarabius, Rhazes, Gebcr, Abbo, Aimoin, Gerbert j 
A general maffacre of the Danes in England, Nov. 13th 
All old churches about this time rebuilt in a new maimer of ar -7 
. chite&ure — — — } 

Flanders inundated in confequence of a violent Horm 
Conflantine becomes foie emperor on the death of his brother 
Romanus- the Third, furnamed Argyrus, a patrician, fucceeds 7 
by marrying Zoe, the daughter of the late monarch j 

Zoe ? after proilituting herfelf to a Paphlagonian money lender, 
caufes her hufband Romanus to be poiforjed, and, c * 
marries her favorite,who afeends the throne under 
Michael the Fourth — 

The kingdoms of Caflile and Aragon begin — 

Zoe adopts for her fon Michael the Fifth, the trade of whofe father 7 
(careening vefiels) had procured him the furname of Calaphates j 
Zoe, and her filler Theodora, are made foie emprefies by they>o- 
pulace, but after two months, Zoe, though 6o years old, takes, 

: for her third hufband, Conflantine the Tenth, who fucceeds 
The Turks invade the Roman empire — 

After the death of Conflantine, Theodora recovers the fovereign-1 
ty, and, 19 months after, adopts, as her fuccefibr, Michael the > 
Sixth, furnamed Stratioticus — J 

Ifaac Commenus the Firfl, chofen emperor by the foldiers 
Ifaac abdicates, and when his brother refufes to fucceed him, he 7 
appoints his friend Conflantine the Eleventh, furnamed Ducas J 
Jerufalem conquered by the Turks from the Saracens 
The crown of England is transferred from the head of Harold by" 
the battle of Haflings, October the 14th, to William the Con- j ► 
queror, duke of Normandy — 

On the death of Ducas, his wife Eudocia, inftead of protecting 
his three fons, Michael, Andronicus, and Conflantine, ufurps 
the fovereignty, and marries Romanus the Third, furnamed 
Diogenes — 

Romanus being taken prifoner by the Turks, the three young 
princes afeend the throne, under the name of Michael Parapi- 
naces the Seventh, Andronicus the Firfl, and Conllantine the 
, Twelfth — 


:rcn 3 

i©ney lender, | 
l, afterwards, ( 

• the name of f 


A. ft. 

959' 

963 

964 
969 

97; 

987 

991 

996 

1002 

1005 

J074 

1025 

102S 

1034 

1035 

1041 

1042 

1050 

1054; 

1057 

1059 

1065 

1066 

1067 

107 * 



The general Nicephorus B’otaniates the Third, aflumes the purple 
Doomlday-book begun to be compiled from a general furvey of' 
the ellates of England, and iiniflied in fix vears i' 

Alexius Commenus the Firft, nephew of Ifaac the Firft, afcends 
the throne. His reign is rendered illuftrious by the pen of his 
daughter, the princcis Anna Cofnmena. The Normans, under 
Robert of Apulia, invade the ealtern empire — 

Afia Minor finally conquered by the Turks — 

Acceffion of William the Second to the Englifh throne 
The firft crnfade — — 

Jerufalem taken by the erufadcrs 15th July. The only learned men ‘ 
of this century were Avicenna, Guy d* Arezzo, Glaber, Her- 
mannus, Franco, Peter Damiani, Michael Celularius, Geo. 
Cedrenus, Berenger, Pfellus Marianus, Scotus, Arzachel, 
William of Spires, Suidas, Peter the Hermit, Sigebert 
Henry the Firft iucceeds to the throne of England 
Teaming revived at Cambridge — — 

John* or Calojohannes, fon of Alexius, fucceeds at Conftantihople 
Order of Knights Templars inllituted — 

Acceffion of Stephen to the Englifh crown — 

M anuel, fon of John, fucceeds at Conftantinople — 

The fecond crufade — — — 

The canon law compofed by Gratian, after 24 years* labor 
The party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines begin m Italy 
Henry the Second fucceeds in England — —- 

The Teutonic order begins — — 

The conqueft of Egypt by the Turks — 

The famous council of Clarendon irt England, January 25th. ] 
Conqueft of Ireland by Henry II. — j 

Difpenfing of juftice by circuits firft eftablifhcd in England 
Alexrtis the Second fucceeds his father Manuel —• 

Englifli laws digefted by Glanville — — 

From the diforders of the government, on account of the minori¬ 
ty of Alexius, Audronicus, the grandfon of the great Alexius, 
is named guardian, but he murders Alexius, and afcends the 
throne — — — 

Audronicus is cruelly put to death, and Ifaac Angelus, a de- 
fcendant of the great Alexius by the female line, fucceeds 
The third crufade, and liege of Acre — — 

Richard the Firft fucceeds his father Henry in England 
Saladin defeated by Richard of England in the battle of Afcalon 
Alexius Angelus, brother of Ifaac, revolts-, and ufurp3 the fove- 
.reignty, by putting out the eyes of the emperor 
John fucceeds to the Englilh throne. The learned men of this' 
century were, Peter Abelard, Anna Comment, St. Bernard, 
Averroes, William of Malmelbury, Peter Lombard, OthoTri- 
fingieufis, Maimonides, Humenus, Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffry 
of Monmouth, Tzetzes, Euftathius, John of Salifbury, Simeon 
of Durham, Henry of Huntingdon, Peter Comeftor, Peter of 
Blois, Ranulph Glanville, Roger Hoveden, Campanus, William 
of Newburgh —• — — — 

Conftantinople is befieged and taken by the Latins, and Ifaac is 
taken from his dungeon and replaced on the throne with his 
fon Alexius. This year is remarkable for the fourth crufade 


A. D. 
107$ 

1080 


1081 

1084 

1087 

1096 


1099 


I TOO 
I I lO 
i T 18 
ibid, 
11 35 
J1 43 
1147 
1151 

11 5 + 
ibid. 
1164 
1169 

ll'jZ 

tij6 

1180 

1181 


1183 


u8y 

m88 

1189 

119® 

U 95 


1199 


1203 

The 





3 XX 


CHRONOLOGICA'L TABLE. 


A. D. 

The father and fon are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle, and' 
Conftantinople is again befieged and taken by the French and 
Venetians, who ele<£t Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor of 
the eaft. In the mean time, Theodore Lafcaris makes him- 
felf emperor of Nice ; Alexius, grandfon of the tyrant Andro- 
tiicus, becomes emperor of Trebizond } and Michael an illegi¬ 
timate child of the Angeli, founds an empire in Epirus 
The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and* next 
year, is fucceeded by his brother Henry — 

Reign and conqueits of the great Zingis Khan, firft emperor of 
the Moguls and Tartars, till the time of his death 1227 
Ariftotle’s works imported from Conftantinople are condemned 
by the council of Paris — — 

Magna Charta granted to the Englilh barons by king John 
Henry the Third fucceeds his father John on the Englilh throne 
Peter of Courtenay, the hulband of Yolanda, filler of the two J 
lad emperors, Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor by the >1217 
Latins — — — 3 

Robert, fon of Peter Courtenay, fucceeds — 

Theodore Lafcaris is fucceeded on the throne of Nice by his fon- 
in-law, John Ducas Vataces — 

John of Brienne, and Baldwin the Second, fon of Peter, fuc- ) 
ceeded on the throne of Conftantinople — ) 

The inquifition which had been begun 1204 is now trufted to the / 
Dominicans — — — J 

Baldwin alone — — —. — 

Origin of the Ottomans — — — 

The fifth crufade — — — 

Aftronomical tables compofed by Alphonfo the Eleventh of Caf- J 
tile — — — — \ 

Ducas Vataces is fucceeded on the throne of Nice by his fon 1 
Theodore Lafcaris the Second — — j 

Lafcaris iucceeded by his fon J0J10 Lafcaris, a minor — 

Michael Palteologus, fon of the filler of the queen of Theodore y 
Lalcaris, aicend3 the throne, after the murder of the young l 1260 
prince’s guardian — — — y 

Conftantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek emperors 1 J 

of Nice _ _ _ _ . / ] 

Edward the Firft fucceeds on the Englifii throne — 1272 

The-famous Mortmain a£l palfes in England —■ 12,79 

Eight thoufand French murdered during the Sicilian vefpers toth 1 ' 

of MarrVi _ __ V * ° S’ 128* 


1204 


1205 

1206 


nog 

\2l$ 

1216 


1221 

1222 

I228 

*233 

*237 

1246 

1248 

12 53 

1 255 

I2 59 




1283 


Wales conquered by Edward and annexed to England 
Michael'Palaeologus dies, and his fon Andronicus, who had al-' 
ready reigned nine years conjointly with his father, afcends the 
throne. The learned men of this century are, Gervafe, Di- 
ceto, Saxo, Walter of Coventry, Accurfius, Antony of Padua, 
Alexander Halenfis, William of Paris, Peter de Vignes, Ma->i2 oi 
thew Paris, Grolfetelle, Albertus, Thomas Aquinas, Bona- 
ventura, John Joinville, Roger Bacon, Cimabue, Durandus, 

Henry of Ghent, Raymond Lulli, Jacob Voragine, Albertet. 

Duns Scotus, Thebit — 


H 


A regular 





C H R O NO LOGICAL TABLE. 


xngci 


A. D. 

I2 93 

129$ 

1302 

* 3°7 

ibid. 


308 


A 3 2 7 
1 33 7 

1 339 


A regular fuccelfion of Englilh parliaments from this time 
The Purkilh empire begins in Bithynia —* — 

The mariner’s compais invented or improved by Flavio 
The Swifs Cantons begin — —- 

Edward the Second fucceeds to the Englifh crown — 

Tranilation of the holy fee to Avignon, which alienation conti -7 
nues 68 years, till the return of Gregory the Eleventh £ 

Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel, and his grandfon, 7 
the younger Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus revolts >1320 
again ithis grandfather, who abdicates — j 

Edward the Third fucceeds in England — — 

Firlt comet obferved, whofe courfe is defcribed with exa&nefs, 7 
in June — — — j 

About this time florilhed Leo Pilatus, a Greek profeffor at Flo- 1 
rence, Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel Chryfoloras, I 
where may be fixed the era of the revival of Greek literature | 
in Italy — — — J 

Andronicus is fucceeded by his fon John Palaeologus in the ninth 1 
year of his age. John Cantacuzeue, who had been left guar- / 
dian of the young prince, affumes the purple. Firlt pafiage of f x 34 r 
the Turks into Europe — — J 

The knights and burgefles of Parliament firlt fit in the fame houfe 
The battle of Crecy, Augull 26 — — 4 — 

Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the tribunelhip 
Order of the Garter in England eftablilhed April 23d 
The Turks firlt enter Europe — —- — 

Gautacuzene abdicates the purple -— — 

The battle of Poidtiers, September 19th — 

Law pleadings altered from French into Englilh as a favor from! - 
Edward III. to his people, in his 50th year — j r 3 2 

Rife of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand, and 7 
his extenfive conquelts till his death, after a reign of 35 years j J 37 ° 
Accelfion of Richard the Second to the Englilh throne 1377 

Manuel fucceeds his father John Palaeologus — 1391 

Accelfion of Henry the Fourth in England. The learned men') 
of this century were Peter Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoldus | 

* Villa, Nicholas Lyra, William Occam, Nicephoras Gregoras, 1399 
Leontius Pilatus, Matthew of Weltminlter, Wickliff, FroilTart, f 
Nicholas Flamel, &c. — — J 

Henry the Fourth is fucceeded by his fon Henry the Fifth I 4 T 3 

Battle of Agincourt, October 25th — ■*-«■ * 4*5 

The illund of Madeira difeovered by the Portuguefe — 1420 

Henry the Sixth fucceeds to the throne of England. Conltanti- 7 
nople is belieged by Amurath the Second, the Turkilh em- >1422 
peror — — — — —) 

John Palaeologus the Second fucceeds his father Manuel 1424 

Cofmo de Medici recalled from banilhment, and rife of that fa- 7 
mily at Florence — - — j 434 

The famous pragmatic fandtion fettled in France —- 1439 

Printing difeovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in 22 years 1440 
Conftantine, one of the fans of Manuel, afeends the throne after 7 
. ^brother John - — — T‘ H 

f Mahoir.df! 


* 34 2 
* 34 ^ 
r 347 
*349 
* 35 2 
*3 55 
x 35<5 


XXXlt 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


Mahomet the Second, emperor of the Turks, beficges and takes 
Conftantinople on the 29th of May. Fall of the eaftern em¬ 
pire. The captivity of the Greeks, and the extin&ion of the 
imperial families of the Commeni and Palceologi. About this 
time, the Houfe of York in England began to afpire to the 
crown, and, by their ambitious views, to deluge the whole 
kingdom in blood. The learned men of the 15th century were 
Chaucer, Leonard Aretin, John Hufs, Jerome of Prague, 
Poggio, Flavius Blondus, Theodore Gaza, Frank Philelphus, 
Geo. Trapezuntius, Gemiftus Pletho, Laurentius Valla, Ulugh 
Beigh, John Guttemburg, John Faultus, Peter Schoeffer, 
Weffelus, Peurbachius, ^Eneas Sylvius, Beflarion, Thomas a 
JCempis, Argyropulus, Regiomontanus, Platina, Agricola, 
PcSqtanus, Ficinus, Lafcaris, Tipheruas, Annius of Viterbo, 
Merula, Savonarola, Picus, Politian, Hermolaus, Grocyn, 
Mantuanus, John Colet, Reuchlin, Lynacre, Alexander ab 
i^lexandrp, Demetrius Chalcondyles, &c. — 


A.D. 


HS% 




u 



A GLA& 





■4HT" 


A 

CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, 

&c. &c. &c. 


AB AB 


A BA & Abac, a town of Phocis, 
famous for an oracle of Apollo, 
furnamed Abacus. The inhabitants, 
called Ahantes, were of Thracian 
origin. After the ruin of their country by 
Xerxes', they migrated to Euboea, which from 
them was called Abantis. Some of them 
pa(Ted afterwards from Euboea into Ionia. 

Herodot. 8, c. 33.— Pa u f- 10, C. 55.-A city 

of Caria.-Another of Arabia Felix.-A 

mountain near Smyrna.— Plin. 5, c. 24.— 
Strab . 10. 

Abackne, a country of Sicily near Mel'- 
fana. Diod. 14. 

Abalus, an ifland in the German ocean, 
where, as the ancients fu^ppoled, the amber 
dropped from the trees. If a man was 
drowned there, and his body never appeared 
above the water, propitiatory facrifices were 
offered to his manes during a hundred years. 
Plin. 37 , C. 2 

AbAna, a place of Capua. Cie. contra 
Rutt. 

Ahantes, a warlike people of Pelopon- 
nelus, who built a town in Phocis called 
Aba, after -their leader Abas, whence allb 
their name originated: they afterwards went 
to Eubcea. \Vid. Abantis.] Herodot , I, c. 
146. 

Abantias, & Abantiades, a patronymic- 
given to the defendants of Abas king of 
Argos, fuch as Acrilms, Danae; Perfeus,Ata- 
hanta.&c. Ovid. 

Abantidas made himfelf mailer of Si- 
cvon, alter he had murdered Clinias ’he father 
of Aratus. He was himfelf foon alter alklfi- 
nated, B C. 251. Plut. in Arat. 

Abantis, or Abantias, an ancient name of 
the ifiand of Euboea, received from the Aban- 
tes, who fettled in it from Phocis. Plin. 
4, c. 12. —Alfo a country of Epirus. Pauf. 3, 
C. 22 . 

Abaubarea, one of the Naiades, mother 
©f ./Elepus and Pedafus by Bucolion, Laome- 
sion’s eldeft lbn. Homer. II. 6, v. 


AbarTmon, a country of Scythia, near 
mount Imaus. The inhabitants vveie laid to 
have their toes hehind their heels, and to 
breathe no air but that of their native Country. 
Plin. 7, c. 2. 

Abaris, a man killed by Perfeus. Ovid. 

Met. 5, v. 86.-A Rutulian killed by 

Euryalus. Virg J&n. 9, v. 344.-A Scy¬ 

thian, fon of Seuthes, in the age of Croeias, 
or the Trojan war, who received a flying ar¬ 
row fr®m Apollo, with which hr gave ora¬ 
cles, and tranlported himfelf wherever he 
pleafed. He is laid to have returned to the 
Hyperborean couhtries from Athens without 
eating, and to have made the Trojan Palla¬ 
dium with the bones of Pelons. Somefup- 
pofe that he wrote treatifes in Greek j and it 
is reported, that there is a Greek manufcript 
of his epillles to Piialaris in the library of 
Auglburg. there were probably two per- 
Tons of that name. Herodot. 4, c. 36.-— 
Strab. 7.— Pouf. 3, C. 13. 

Abarus, an Arabian prince, who perfi- 
dioully deferted CrafTus in his expedition 
againll Parthia. Appian. in Partb. —He is 
called Mezeres by Flor. 3. c 11. and Ariam- 
nes by Plut in Crajf. 

Abas, a mountain in Syria, where the 
Euphrates rifes-A river of Armenia Ma¬ 

jor, where ompey routed the Alb ni Plut. 

in Pomp. -A lbn of Metanira,or Melaninia, 

changed into a lizard for laughing at Ceres. 

Ovid. Met. 5. p.ib. 7.-The nth king of 

Argos, fon «f Belus, fome fay of LynceuS 
and Hypermneilra, was famous for his ge-. 
nius and valor. He was father to Proctua 
and Acriftus, by Ocalea, and built Abz. 
He reigned 23 years, B. C. 1384. Pauf. 2, 
c. 16. L 10, c. 35. — Hy.in 170, &c.— 
Apollod. t, c. 2 -One of Aineas’s compa¬ 

nions, killed in Italy Virg JEn. 10, v. 170. 

-Another lolt in the liorm which drove 

iEneas to Carthage Virg. JEn. I, v. 115. 

-A Latian chief, who aflhled iEneasagainft 

Turnus, and was killed by JUiwlus. Virg. 

B A&n. 













AB 


AB 


,J 2 .n. JO, v. T70, &c.——A Greek, Ton of 
Turydamas, killed by /Eneas during the 
Trojan war. Virg . JEn. 3, v. 286.— Homer. 

Jl. 5, v. 150.-A centaur, famous for his (kill 

in hunting. Ovid. Met. 12, v.306.-A footh- 

fayer, to whom the Spartans erected a ftatue 
in the temple of Apollo, for his fervices to 
Lyfander, Paif 10, c. 9.-A fon of Nep¬ 
tune. ' Hygin. Fab. 15 7.-A fophift who 

■wrote two treaties, one on hiftory, the other 
on rhetoric : the time in which he lived is un¬ 
known.-A man who wrote an account of* 

Troy. He is quoted by Servius in Virg. 
JEn. 9. 

AbAsa, an ifiand in the Red Sea, near 
./Ethiopia. Pauf. 6, c.26. 

AbasItis, a part of Myfia in Ada. Si>ak. 

Abassena or Abafiinia. Vtd. Abyffinia. 

Abassus, a town of Phrygia. Liv. 38, 

c. 15. 

ABAST0R,one of Pluto’s horles. 

Abatos, an illand in the lake near Mem¬ 
phis in Egypt, abounding with flax and pa¬ 
pyrus. Ofiris was buried there. Lucan. 10, 
v. 32J. 

AbdalokTmus, one of the defendants of 
the kings of Sidon, fo poor, that to maintain 
himfelf, he worked in a garden. When 
Alexander took Sidon, he made him king, in 
the room of Strato the depofed monarch, and 
enlarged his pofTeffions on account of the great 
difinterefcednefs of his conduct. JuJlin , 11, c. 
IO.— Curt. 4, C. I.— Died. 17. 

Abdera, a town of Hifpania ’ Baetica, 
built by the Carthaginians. Steak. 3.—A 
maritime city of Thrace, 'built by Hercules, 
in memory of Abderus, one of his favorites. 
’The Clazomenians and Teians beautified it. 
Some fnppofe that Abdera, the filler of Dio- 
jnedes, built it. The air was fo unwhole- 
fome, and the inhabitants of iuch a fluggifh 
difpofidon, that ftupidity was commonly called 
Abdetitica mens. It gave birth, however, to 
Democritus, Protagoras, Anaxarchus, and He- 
eat«eus. Mela , 2, c. 2.— Cic. ad Attic. 4. 
«p. 16.— Herodot. I, c. 186.— Mart. 10, 
ep. 25._ 

Asdkria, a town of Spain. Apollod. 2, 

t.S- 

A^bdxrItes, a people of Paeonia, obliged 
le leave their country on account of the great 
number of rats and frogs which infefted it.— 
JuJlin. 15, c. 2. 

Abdbrus, a man of Opus in Locris, arm- 
bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by the mares 
of Diomedes, which the hero had entrusted to 
his care when going to war againft the Biltones. 
Hercules built a city, which, in honor of his 
friend, he called Abdera.— Apollod. 2, c. 5,— 
Philojlrat. 2, C. 25. 

Abeat jE, a people of Achaia, probably the 
inhabitants of Abb. Pauf. 4, e. 30— PI in. 4, 
e. 6. 

Abella, a town of Campania, ivhofe in¬ 
habitants ware called Abeliani. Its nuts, 


called avellanc. r, and alfo its apples, were fa¬ 
mous. V'vg. JEn. 7, V. 740. — JuJlin. 20, 
q. 5.— Sil. 8. v. 544. 

Abelux, a noble of Saguntum, who favor¬ 
ed the party of the Romans againft Carthage. 

Liv. 22 , C. 22 . 

Abend a, a town of Cnria, whofe inhabi¬ 
tants were the firft who railed temples to the 
city of Rome. Liv. 45, c. 6. 

Abia. formerly Ire , a maritime town of 
Meflenia, one of the feven cities promifed 
to Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after 
Abia, daughter of Hercules, and nurfe of 
Hyllus. Pauf. 4, c. 30.— Strab. 8 .— Homer. 
II. 9. v. 292. 

Abu, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. 
They lived upon milk, were fond of celibacy* 
and enemies to war. Homer . II. 13, v. 6. 
According to Curt. 7, c. 6, they iurrendered to 
Alexander, after they* had been independent 
fince the reign of Cyrus. 

Abie a, or Abyla, a mountain of Africa, 
in that part which is near eft to the oppofite 
mountain called Calpe, on the coaft of Spain, 
only eighteen miles diftant. Thele two moun¬ 
tains are called the columns of Hercules, and 
were faid formerly to be united, till the hero 
feparated them, and made a communication 
between the Mediterranean and Atlantic 
feas, Strab. 3.— Mela y I, C. 5, 1 . 2, c. 6.— 
Plin. 3. 

AbisXrf.s, an Indian prince, who offered 
to furrender to Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 12. 

Abisaris, a country beyond the Hydafpes 
in India. Arrian. 

Abisontes, fome inhabitants of the Alps. 
Plin . 3, c. 20. 

Abeetes, a people near Troy. Strab 

Abnoba,u mountain of Germany. Tacit. 

G. 1. 

Abobrica, a towqof Lufitania.— Plin. 4, 
c. 20.-Another in Spain. 

Abcecritus, a Boeotian general, killed 
with a thouland men, in a battle at Chaeronea, 
againft the /Etolians. Plut. in Arat. 

Abolani, a people of Latium, near Alba. 
Plin. 5, c. 5. 

Aeolus, a river of Sicily. Plut. in Ti~ 
mol. 

Abonitetciios, a town of Galatia. Ar¬ 
rian in Peripl. 

Aboraca, a town of -Sarmatia. 

Aborigines, the original inhabitants of 
Italy ; or, according to others, a nation con¬ 
duced by Saturn into Latium, where they 
taught the ufe of letters to Evander the king 
of the country. Their pollerky was called 

Latini, from Latinus one of their kings.-- 

They a (filled /Eneas againft Turnus. Rome 
was built in their country. The word figni- 
fies ’without origin , or whofe origin is not 
known y and is generally applied to the origi¬ 
nal inhabitants of any country. Liv. 1, c. r, 
&c.— Dionyf. Hal. I, c. 10.— JuJlin. 43,c. I. 

—Plin. 3.C. 5.— Strab. S* 

Aborras, 







AC 


AB 

Aborras, a river of Mefopotamia.— 
Sirab. 16. 

AbradAtes, a king of Sufa, who, when 
his wife Panthea had been taken prifoner by 
Cyrus, and humanely treated, iurrendered 
hioilelf and his troops to the conqueror. He 
>vas killed in the firlt battle he undertook in 
the caufe of Cyrus, and his life dabbed her- 
ielf on his corpfe. Cyrus railed a monument 
on their tomb. Xenopb. Cyrop. 5,6, &c. 

Abrentius, was made governor of Ta- 
rentum by Annibal He betrayed his trull 
to the enemy to gain the favors of a beautiful 
woman, whole brother was in the Roman ar¬ 
my. Polyxn. 8. 

Abrocomas, foil of Darius, was in the 
army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. 
He was killed at Thermooylx. Hcrodot. 7, 
C. 224. — Plut.in Cleom. 

Abrodijetus, a name given to Parrhafius 
the painter, on account of the fumptuous man¬ 
ner of his living. Vid. Parrhafius. 

Amron, an Athenian, who wrote fome 
treatifes on the religious feftivals ard facrifices 
of the Greeks. Only the titles ol his works 
are preierved. Suidas. —A grammarian of 

Rhodes, who taught rhetoric at Rome.- 

Another who wrote a treadle on Theocritus. 

-A Spartan, fon of Lycurgus the orator — 

Plut. in IO. Or at.—— A native of Argos, fa¬ 
mous for his debauchery, 

Abronius, Silo, a Latin poet in the 
Auguflan age. He wrote fome fables. Sente. 

Abronycus, an Athenian, very ferviceable 
to Themiltodes in his embafTy to Sparta.— 
Thucyd. I, C. 91.— Herodot. 8, C. 21 . 

Abrota, the wife of Nifus, the voungefl 
of the ions of iEgeus. As a monument to 
her chaftity, Nifus, after her death, ordered 
the garments which fhe wore to become the 
models of fafhion in Megara. Plut. Quajl. 
*Grac. 

Abrotonum, the mother of Themiftocles. 

Plut. in Them. -A town of Africa, hear 

the Syrtes. PI in. 5, c. 4.-A lurlot of 

Thrace. Plut in Aral. 

ABRUs,a city of the Sapaei. Pauf. 7, c. to. 

Abryfolis, an ally of Rome, driven from 
his pofTcffions by Perleus, the laltking of Ma¬ 
cedonia. Liv. 42, c. 13 & 41. 

ABsios,agiant, fon of Tartarus and Terra. 
Hygin. Praf. fab. 

Absinthjj, a people on the coafts of 
Pontus, where there is alfo a mountain of the 
t ame name. Herodot. 6, c. 34. 

Absorus, Abfyrtis, Abfyrtides, iflands in 
the Adriatic, or near Iftra, where Abl'yrtus 
was killed, whence their name. Strab. 7. — 
Apolled. I, C. 9.— Lucan y 3, v. 190. 

Absyrt 4 os, a river falling into the Adriatic 
fea, near which Abl'yrtus was murdered.— 
Lucan. 3, V. 190. 

Absyrtus, a fon of iEetes king of Col¬ 
chis and Hypfea. His filter Medea, as fhe 
fled away with Jafcn, tore his body to pieces, 


and ftrewed his limbs in her father’s way, to 
ftop his purfuit. Some fay that Ihe murdered 
him in Colchis, others, near Ulria It is faid, 
by others, that he was not murdered, but that 
he arrived 1 ale in Illyr.cum. The place where 
he was killed has been .called Tonics, and the 
river adjoining to it, Abfyrtos. Lucan. 3, 
V. 190— St-ab. 7.— Hygin. Fab. 23.— Apollod. 
I. c. y .—Place 8, v. 261 -— Ovid. Trijl. 3. 
el 9.— Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 19.— Pan. 3, 
c. 21 Sc 26. 

AbulTtfs, governor of Sufa, betrayed his 
trull to Alexander, and was rewarded with a 
province Curt. 5, c. •>.— Diod. 17. 

Abydknus, a dilciple of Arillotle, too 
much indulged by his mailer. He wrote 
lome historical treatifes on Cvprus, Delos, 
Arabia, and Aflyria. Phil. jud. — Jofepb . 
contr. Ap. 

Abydos, a town of Egypt, where was 
the famous temple of OlHs. Plut. de Ifid,. 

iff Ojir. -A city of Alia, oppufite Seltos 

in Europe, with which, from the narrow- 
neft of the Hellefpont, it l'eemed, to thofe 
who approached it by fea, to form only one 
Lown. It was built by the Milelians, by 
permirfion' of king Gyges. It is famous for 
the amours of Hero and Leander, and for 
j the bridge of boats which Xerxes built there 
acrofs the Hellefpont. The inhabitants be¬ 
ing befieged by Philip, the father of Per¬ 
leus, devoted themfelves to death With their 
families, rather than fall into the hands of the 
enemy. Liv. 31, c. 18.— Lucan. 2, v. 674.—- 
JuJlin. 2 , C. 13.— Mufeus in Her. Iff Leand. 
— Place. I, v. 285. . 

’ . Abyla. Vid. Abila. 

Aby lon, a city of Egypt. 

Abyssinia,-.! large kingdom of Africa, 
in Upper ./Ethiopia, where the Nile takes 
its rile. The inhabitants are faid to be of 
Arabian origin, and were little known to the 
ancients. 

Acacallis, a nymph, mother of Phi¬ 
lander and Phylacis by Apollo. Thefe chil¬ 
dren were expofed to the wild beafts in 
Crete; but a goat gave them her milk, and 

preierved their life. Pauf. 10, c. 16.-A 

daughter of‘Minos, mother of Cydon, by 
Mercury, and of Amphithemis by Apollo.— 
Pauf. 8,C. 53.— Apollon. 4, v. 1493. 

Acacesium, a town of Arcadia, built by 
Acacus fon of Lycaon. Mercury, iurnaraed 
Acacelius, becaule brought up by Acacus as 
his fofter-fathcr, was worihipped there. , fc Pauf. 
8,c. 3,36, See. 

Acacius a rhetorician in the age of the 
emperor Ju.tan. 

Academia, a place near Athens fur- 
rounded witn high trees, and adorned with 
fpacious covered walks, belonging^ to Acade- 
mus, from who n the name is derived,— 
Some derive the void from exae Sr,/toe> 
removed from the people. Here Plato opened 
I his fchool of phiiofophy, and from this, 
B 4 every 





AC 


AC 


every place facred to learning has ever fince 
been tailed Academia. To exclude, from it 
profanenefs and difHpation, it was even for¬ 
bidden to laugh there. It was called Aca¬ 
demia vetus, to diftinguilh it from the fconct 
Academy , founded by Arcefilaus, -who made 
fome few alterations in the Platonic phtlofo- 
phy, and from the third which was eftablilhed 
by Carneades. Cic. de Din. i,c. 3.— Diog. 3. 
—JElian V. H. 3. C. 35. 

Academus, an Athenian, who difeovered 
to Caftor and Pollux where Theteus had con¬ 
cealed their filler Helen, for which they amply 
rewarded him. Flat, in The/. 

Acalandrus, or Acalyndrus, a river fall¬ 
ing into the bay of Tarentum, Plin. 3, c. 11. 

Ac a lee, a daughter of Minos and Pafiphae. 
Apdlod. 3, C I. 

Acamarchis, one of the Oceanides. 

AcXMAS,fon of Theleus and Phjedra, went 
with Diomedes to demand Helen from the 
Trojans after her elopement from Menelaus. 
In his embaffy he had a foil called Munitus, 
by Laodice the daughter of Priam. He was 
concerned in the Trojan war, and afterwards 
built the town of Acamantium in Phrvgia, 
and on his return to Greece called a tribe 
after his own name at Athens. Pauf. 10. c. 

0 . 6 .— 0 . Calab. 12.— Hygin. 108.-A fon 

©f Antenor in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 

II, v. 60, &c.-A Thracian auxiliary of 

l'riam irrthe Trojan war. Homer. II. 11. 

Acampsis, a river of Colchis. Arrian. 

Acantha, a nymph loved by Apollo, and 
changed into the flower Acanthus. 

Acanthus,.. a town near mount Athos, 
belonging to Macedonia, ,or, according to 
others, to Thrace. It was founded by a colo¬ 
ny from Andros. Thucyd. 4, c. £4. — 

Mela, 2, c. Z.-Another in Egypt, near 

the Nile, called alio Dulopolis. Plin. 5, 

c. z8.-An ifland mentioned by Plin. 5, 

c. 32. 

Acara, a town of Pannonia-Another 

in Italy. 

Ac aria, a fountain of Corinth, where 
lobs cut off the head of Euryftheus. Strab. 

%. 

Acarnania, (anciently Curetis,) a country 
of Epirus, at the north of the Ionian lea, divid¬ 
ed from iEtolia by the Achelous. The inha¬ 
bitants reckoned only fix months in the year; 
they were luxurious, and addi&ed to pleafure, 
fo that porcus Acarnas became proverbial.— 
Their horfes were famous. It received its 
name from Acarnas. Plin. z, c. 90. — Mela , 
2, c. 3.— Strab . 7, & 9.— Pauf. 8, C. 24.— 
Lucian in Dial. Meretr. 

Acarnas & Amphoterus, Tons of Ale- 
mason & Callirhoe. Alcrrueon being murder¬ 
ed by the brothers of Alphefibma his former 
wife, Callirhoe obtained from Jupiter, that her 
children, who were Hill in the cradle, might, 
by a fupernatural power, luddenly grow up to 
-puniih their father’s murderers. This was 


granted. Vid. Alcmteon. Pauf. 8, c. 24.— 
Ovid. Met. <).ftib. IO. 

Acarnas & Acarnan, a ftony mountain 
of Attica. Senet. in Hippo/. V. 20. 

Ac a st A one of the Oceanides. Hefod. 
Theory. 356 * . 

Acastus, fon of Pelias. king of Thef- 
faly, by Anixibia, married Aftydamia or Hip- 
polyte, who fell in love with Peleus, fon of 
iEacus, when in banilhment at her hufband’s 
court. Peleus, rejecting the addrefles of Hip- 
polyte, was acculed before Acaftus of at¬ 
tempts upon her virtue, and foon after, at a 
chace, expofed to wild beads. Vulcan, by 
order of Jupiter, delivered Peleus, who re¬ 
turned to Theffaly, and put to death Acattu* 
and his wife. Vid. Peleus & Aftydamia.— 
Ovid. Met. 8, v. 306, Heroid. 13, v. 25.— 

Apollod. i. c. 9, &c.-Thefecond nrchon at 

Athens. 

Acatiiantus, a bay in the Red Sea.— 

Strab. 16. 

Acca Laurentia, the wife of Fauftulus, 
fhepherd of king Numkor’s flocks, who 
brought up Romulus and Remus, who had 
been expofed on the banks of the Tiber.—* 
From her waritonnefs, Ihe was called Lupa y 
(a proftitute,) whence the fable that Romu¬ 
lus was fuckled by a fhe-wolf. Dionyf. Hal . 

I, c. 18.— Liv. 1, c. 4.— Aul. Gell. 6, c. 7. 

- The Romans yearly celebrated certain 

feftivals [vid. Laurcntalia~\ in honor of ano¬ 
ther proftitute of the fame name, which arofe 
from .this cucumftance : the keeper of the 
temple of Hercules, one day playing at dice, 
made the god one of the number, on condi¬ 
tion that if Hercules was defeated, he fhould 
make him a prefent, but if he conquered, be 
fhould be entertained with an elegant fea(I r 
and fhare his bed will a beautiful female — 
Hercules was victorious, and accordingly 
Acca was conduced to the bed of Hercules, 
who in reality came to lee her, and told her 
in the morning to go into the ftreets, and 
ialute with, a kifs the firft man lhe met.— 
This was Tarrutius, an old unmarried man, 

, who, not difpleal'ed with Acca’s liberty, 
loved her, and made her the heirefs of all his 
pofieflions. Thefe, at her death, Ihe gave to 
the Roman people, whence the honors paid to 
her memory. Plut. Queef. Rom. in Rotnut. 
-A companion of Camilla. Virg. JEn. 

II, v. 820. 

Accia or Atia, daughter of Julia & M. 
Atius Balbus, was the mother of Augufhis, 
and died about forty years B. C. Dio.—Suet. 

in Aug. 4 .- Variola, an illuftrious female, 

whole caufe was elegantly pleaded by Pliny.— 
Plin. 6, ep. 33; 

Accila, a town of Sicily. Liv. 24. c. 35. 

L. Accius, a Roman tragic poet, whofc 
roughnefs of ftyle Quintilian has imputed to 
the unpolilhed age in which he lived. Ho 
tranflated fome of the tragedies of Sophocles, 
but of his numerous pieces only fome of the 

name 









AC 


AC 


frames arc known; and among thefb his 
Nujfcko* Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phcenice, 
Medea, Atreus, &c. The great marks of 
honor which he received at Rome may be 
colie&ed from this circumftance: that a man 
whs leverely reprimanded by a mngiftrate for 
mentioning his name withoift reverence.— 
Some few of his verles are preterved in Ci¬ 
cero and other writers. He died about 180 
years JB. C. Horat. 2, ep. i, v. 56. — Ovid. 
Am. I, cl. 15, v. 19.— Quintil. 10, c. I.-y 
Cic. ad Att. & in Br. de Or at. 3, c. 16.— — A 
famous orator of Pifaurum in Cicero’s age. 
——I.aben, a foolilh poet mentioned. Per/. 1, 

v. 50.-Pullius, a prince of the Volei, very 

inimical to the Rouians. Coriol.mus, when 
haniflied by his countrymen, fled to him, and 
led his armies againit Rome. Liv. 2, c. 37. 
— Pint.'in Coriol. 

Acco, a general of the Senones in Gaul. 
£*£/• belL Gail. 6, c. 4- & 44.—-An old wo¬ 

man who fell mad on feeing her deformity 
in a looking-glafs. Hefych. 

A ecu a, a town in Italy. Liv. 24,0. 20. 

Ace, a town in Phoenicia, called alfo 
Ptolemais, now Acre. C. Nrp. in Datum. 

c. 5.-A place of Arcadia near Megalopolis. 

where Oreftes was cured from the perfecntion 
of the furies, who had a temple there. Pauf. 
S,v. 34 ._ 

Aceratus, a foothfayer, who remained 
alone at Delphi when the approach of 
Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants. He - 
redot. 8 ,c. 37. 

Acereas, a prieft of Hercules at Tyre, 
who married Dido. Vid. Sicharos.— 'da ft in. 

18,0.4. 

AcerIna, a colony of the Brutii in Mag¬ 
na Graecia taken by Alexander of Epirus.— 
Liv. 8, c. 24. 

Acerra:, an ancient town of Campania, 
near the river Clanius. It ftill fubfifts, and 
the frequent inundations from the river which 
terrified its ancient inhabitants, are now pre¬ 
vented by the large drains dug there. Virg. 
G. 2 , v. 225.— -Liv. 8. c. 17. 

Acersecomes, a-lumame of Apollo, 
which fignifies un/horu. fav.- 8, v. 128. 

Aces, a river of Afia. Herodot. 3,0. 1 1 7. 

Acpsia, part of the ifland of Lenv os, 
which received this name from Philodfetes, 
whole wound was cured there. Pbilojlr. 

AcesTnes, a rivfft ©f Sicily. Tbucyd. 4, 
c. a5. 

Acesxnus or AcesTves, t rTver of Pqrfia 
falling into the Indus. Its banks produce reeds 
of fuch an uncommon fize, that a piece of 
them, particularly between two knots, can 
ferve as a boat'to crofs the water. JuJlin. 12, 
c. 9.— P/in. 4, c. 12. 

Acesius, a lurnarne of Apollo, in Elis and 
Attica, as god of medicine. Pauf 6,c; 24. 

Acesta, a town of Sicily, called after king 
^Aceftus, and known alfo by the name 6f Segel- 
la. I| was built by JEr.eas, who left here gart 


of Ids crew, as lie was going to Italy. Virg. 
An. 5, v. 746, &c. 

Acestes, fon of Crinifus and Egefta, was 
king of the country near Drepanum in Sicily. 
He a'iifted l’riam in the Trojan. war, and 
ricindly entertained iEneas during his voyage, 
and helped him to bury his father on mount 
Eryx. In commemoration of this, ./Eneas built 
a city there, called Aierta, from Aceltes. 
Hrg. An. 5, v. 746. 

Acestium, a woman who faw all her 
relations inverted with the lacred office of 
torch-bearer in the ieftivals of Ceres, Pauf, 
i> c - 37 * 

AcestodoRus, a Greek hiftorian, who 
mentions the review which Xerxes made of his 
t rees before the battle of Salamis. Plat, in 
Tbcmijl. ,l 

Aci:RTORiDEs,an Athenian archon.-A 

Corinthian governor of Syracule Died. 19. 

Acktes, one of Evander’s attendants.— 
Virg. An. ll,v. 30. 

Acijabv ros, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, 
where Jupiter had a temple. 

Achat a, a furname of Pallas, whofe tem¬ 
ple in D.iunin ^as defended by dogs who 
fawned upon the (ireeks, but fiercely attack¬ 
ed all other perfqns. Arifot. de Mirab — 
Ceres was called Achaea,from her lamentations 
(at the lofis of Proferpine. Plut. in Ifd. 
& Ofir. 

Achjei, the defeendants of Achaeus, at 
firlt inhabited the country near Argos, but 
being 'driven by the Ileraclidat 80 years af¬ 
ter tire Trojan war, they retired among the 
lonians, whofe 12 cities they feized and kept. 
The name$ of thefe cities are Pelena, ASgira, 
JE’es, Bura, Tritaea, ./Egion, Rhypa?, Ole- 
nos, Helice, Patrae, Dyme, and Phane.—■ 
The inhabitants of thefe three laft began a 
famous confederacy, 284 years B. C. which 
continued formidable upwards of 130 years, 
under the name of the Acbeean league , and 
was moft illuftrious whilft lupported by the 
fplendid virtues and abilities of Aratus and 
Philopcemqn. Their arms were directed 
againit the ./Etolians for three years, with 
the aflifrance of Philip of Mace ion, and 
they grew powerful by the acceffion of 
neighbouring rtates, and freed their country 
from foreign flavery, till at laft they were at<» 
tacked by the Romans, and, after one year’s 
holiilities, the Achzean league totally 

deftroyed, B. C. 147. The Achaeans ex¬ 
tended the borders of their country by con- 
queft, and even planted colonies in Magna 

Grxcia.-The name of Acbcei is generally 

applied to all the Greeks indilcriminately, by 
the poets. Vid. Acliaia. Herodot. i,c 145* 

1 . 8, C. 36. - Stat Th<b 2 , V. 164.— Polyb.— 

Liv. 1 . 27, 32, &C — Plut. in Philo — Plin, 
4, c. J. — Ovid. Met. 4 , v. 605 — Pauf. 7, 
c. i,&c.--Alfo a people of Afia on the bor¬ 

ders of the Euxine. Ovid, de Pont. 4l el. io # 
v.27. 

B 3 Achjeiuw, 







AC 


AC 

Achieium, a place of Troas oppofite Te- 
jiedos. Strab. 8. 

Achjemeneb, a king of Perfia, among 
the progenitors of Cyrus the Great; vvhol'e 
defendants were called Achamenides, and 
formed a feparate tribe irl Perfia, of which the [ 
kings were members. Cambvfes, fon of 
Cyrus, on his death-bed, charged his nobles, : 
and particularly the Achaemenides, not to fiuf- 
fer the Medes to recover their former power, 
and abolifh the empire of Perfia. Herodot. 
i,’c. 125, 1 3 > c. 65,1. 7, c. 11.— Herat. 2, 

cd. 12, v. 21.-A Perfian, made governor 

of Egypt by Xerxes, B C. 484. 

Achiemenia, part of Perfia, called after 
Achaenienes. Hence Achaemenius, Horat. 
JEpod. 13,v. 12. 

Achjemenides, a native of Ithada, fon of 
Adramadus, and one of the companions of 
Ulyfies, abandoned on the coalt of Sicily, 
where ./Eneas, on his voyage to Italy, found 

him. Virg ■ JEn. 3, v. 624 - Ovid. Ib. 

41 . 7 - 

AcniEORUM littus, a harbour in Cyprus. 

Strab.— - In Troas,-in ./Eolia.-in Pe- 

loponnefus,——on the Euxine Pouf. 4, c. 34. 

Achjf.orum statio, a place on the coall 
of the Thracian Cherforiefus, where Polyxena 
was lacrificed to the fhades of Achiiles, and 
where Htcuba killed Polymneftor, who had 
muidered her fon Po ydorus. 

Achjeus, a king of L)dia, hung by his 

fubjects f«r his extortion. Ovid, in Ib. -A 

foil of Xuthus of Theflaly. He fled, after 
the accidental murder of a man, to Pelo- 
ponneius; where the inhabitants were called 
from'him, Achaei. He afterwards returned 

to Theflaly. Strab. 8.— Pauf. 7, c. I.*- 

A tragic poet of Eretria, who wrote 43 tra¬ 
gedies, of which l'ome of the titles are pre- 
ferved, fuch as Adraflus, Linus, Cycnus, 
Eumenides, Philodetes, Pirithous, Thefeus, 
CEdipus, &c.; of thefe only one obtained the 
prize. He lived fome time after Sophocles. 

1 nother of Syracufe, author of 10 tra¬ 
gedies. A river which falls into the Eux¬ 
ine. Arrian in Peripl. -A relation of An- 

tiochus the Great, appointed governQr of all 
the king’s provinces beyond Taurus. He 
afpired to fovereign power, which he dif- 
puted’for 8 years with Antiochus, and was 
at laft betrayed by a Cretan. His, limbs 
were cut off, and his body, fewed in the 
fkin of an afs, was expofed on a gibbet.-— 
Polyb. 8. 

Achaia, called alfo Hellas , a country of 
Pelopinnefus at the north of Elis on the bay 
of Corinth, which is now part ol Livadia. It 
was originally called iEgialus (Jkorc) from its 
fituation. 1 he Ionians called it Ionia, when 
they fettled it there; and it received the name 
of Achaia, from the Ach&i, who difpoflefied 

the Ionians. Vid. Acbai -A fmall part of 

Phthiotis was alio called Achaia, of which Alos 
was the capital. 


Achaicum BEttuM. Fid. Ach*L 
AcHARA.a town near Sardis. Strab. 14. 
Acharen sis, a people of Sicily near Sy- s 
racufe. Cic. in Ver. 3. 

Acuarnie, a village of Attica. Thucyd 


2,019. 

Achates, a friend of ./Eneas, whofe fide¬ 
lity was lb exemplary that Fidus Achates be¬ 
came a proverb. Virg. JEn. I, v. 316.-A 

river of Sicily. 

AcHELOiDEs, a patronymic given to the 
Sirens as daughters of Achelous. Ovid. JVLet. 


5, fab. 15. 

Achei.oriom, a 


river of Theflaly. 


Po¬ 


ly cen. 8., 

Achelous, the fon of Oceanus or Sol by 
Terra or Tethys, god of the river of the fame 
name in Epirus. As one of the numerous 
fuitors of Dejanira, daughter of CBneus, he 
entered the lilts againft Hercules, and being 
inferior, changed himlelf into a lerpent, and 
afterwards into an ox. Hercules broke off 
one of his horns, and Achelous being defeat¬ 
ed, retired in dii grace into his bed or waters. 
The broken horn w'as taken up by the 
nymphs, and filled with fruits and flowers; 
and after it had for fome time adorned the 
hand of the conqueror, it was preiented to 
the goddefs of plenty. Some fay that he 
was changed into a river after the victory of 
Hercules. This river is in Epirus, and riles 
in mount Hindus, and alter dividing Acar- 
nania from Aitolia, falls into the Ionian lea. 
The fand and mud which it carries dow'n, 
have formed fome iflands at its mouth. This 
river is laid by fome to have fprung from the 
earth after the deluge Herodot. 2, c. 10.— 
Strab. IQ. — Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 5, L 9. fab. 
1. Amor. 3, el. 6, v. $$.—Apollod. 1, c. 3 and 

7 ,1 2, c. 7.— Hygin.proof, fab .- A river of 

Arcadia falling into the Aipheus.-Another 

flowing from mount Sipylus. Pauf. 8,c. 38. 

Acherdus, a tribe of Attica; hence 
Acherdufs , in JDemufb. 

Acherimi, a people of Sicily, tie 1 in 
Very 


Acheron, a river of Thelprotia, in 
Epirus, falling into the bay of Ambracia. 
Homer called it, from the dead appearance 
of its waters, one of the rivers of hell, and 
I the fable has been adopted by all fucceeding 
j poets, who make the god of the dream to 
be the fon of Ceres without a father, and 
fay that he concealed himlelf in hell for fear 
of the Titans, and was changed into a bit¬ 
ter dream, over which the fouls of the dead 
are at full conveyed. It receives, fay they, 
the fouls of the dead, becaufe a deadly lan¬ 
guor feizes them at the hour of diflolution_ 

Some make him fon of Titan, and fuppofe 
that he was plunged into hell by Jupiter, for 
fupplying the Phans with water. r ihe word 
■ Acheron is olten taken for hell itfelf. He¬ 
rat. i, od. 3, v. 36 —Virg. G. 2, v. 292, 

j M n% 2, V. 295, &C .—Strafi. 7- Luc. 3, 

3> v, 3, 













AC 


3, v. r6.— Sil. a. Silv. 6, v. 80.— Liv. 8, 

c. 24.-A river of Elis in Peloponnefus. 

— — Another on the Riphsean mountains. 

Orpheus. -Alfo a river in the country of the 

Brutii in Italy. Jufin. 12, c. a. 

Acherontja, a town of Apulia on a 
mountain, thence called Nidus by Horat. 3, 
od. 4, v. 14. 

Acherusia, a lake of Egypt near Mem¬ 
phis, over which, as Diodorus, lib. 1. men¬ 
tions, the bodies of the dead were conveyed, 
and received fentence according to the nations 
of their life. The boat was called Baris, and 
the ferryman Charon. Hence arofe the fable 
of Charon and the Styx, &e. afterwards im¬ 
ported into Greece by Orpheus, and adopted 
in the religion of the country.- ■ There was a 
river of the fame name in Epirus, and another 
in Italy in Calabria. 

Acherusias, a place or cave in Cherfo- 
nefus Taurica, where Hercules, as is report¬ 
ed, dragged Cerberus out of hell. Xenopb. 
A nab. 6. 

Achktus, a river of Sicily. Sil. 14. 

Achillas, a general of Ptolemy, who 
murdered Pompey the Great. Plut. in Pomp. 
—Lucan. 8, v.538. 

Achillea, a peninfula near the mouth of 
the Borylthenes. Mela, 2, c. 1. — Herodot. 4, 

c. J5 & 76.-An ifland at the mouth of the 

lfter, where was the tomb of Achilles, over 
which it is faid that birds never flew. Pltn. 10, 

c. 29-A fountain of Miletus, whofe waters 

rile l'alted from the earth, and afterwards 
l'weeten in their courfe. Atben. 2, c. 2. 

Achilleus or Aquileus, a Roman ge¬ 
neral in Egypt, in the reign of Dioclefian, 
who rebelled, and lor 5 years maintained the 
imperial dignity at Alexandria. Dioclefian at 
laft marched againft him ; and becaufe he had 
fupported a long fiege, the emperor ordered 
him to be devoured by lions. 

Achilleienses, a people near Macedo¬ 
nia. Xenopb. Hijl. Grac . 3. 

Achilleis, a poem of Statius, in which 
.he delcribes the education and memorable 
actions of Achilles. This compofition is im¬ 
perfect. The poet’s immature death deprived 
the world of a valuable hiftory of the life 
and exploits of this famous hero.— Fid. Sta¬ 
tius. 

Achilles, the fon of Peleus and Thetis, 
was the braveft of all the Greeks in the 
Trojan war. During his infancy, Thetis 
plunged him in the Styx, and made every 
part of his body invulnerable, except the 
heel, by which fhe held him. His education 
was entrufted to the centaur Chiron, who 
taught him the art of war, and made him 
maker of mufic, and by feeding him with 
the marrow of wild beafts, rendered him vi¬ 
gorous and active. He was taught eloquence 
by Phoenix, whom he ever after loved and 
rel'pedted. Thetis, to prevent him from 
going to the Trojan war, where fhe knew he 


Afi 

was to perifh, privately fent him to the court 
of Lycomedes, where he was diiguifgd in 9 
female drefs, and, by his familiarity with the 
king’s daughters, made Deidamia mother 
of Neoptolemus. As Troy could not be 
taken without the aid of Achilles, Ulyfle* 
went to the courLof Lycomedes, in the ha¬ 
bit of a merchant, and expofed jewels and 
arms to iale. Achilles, chufing the arm*, 
difcovered his fex, and went to the war* Vul¬ 
can, at the entreaties of Thetis, made him a 
Krong luit of armour, which was proof againft 
all weapons. He was deprived by Agamem¬ 
non of his favorite miftrefs, Brifeis, who had 
fallen to his lot at the divifion of the booty 
of Lymefius. For this affront, he refufed 
to appear in the field till the death of his 
friend Patroclus recalled him to action, and 
to revenge. [Fid. Patroclus.] He fleW 
Heitor, the bulwark of Troy, tied the corpfe 
by the heels to his chariot, and dragged it thre® 
times round the walls of Troy. After 
thus appealing the fhades of his friend, he 
yielded to the tears and entreaties of Priam, 
and permitted the aged father to ranl'om and 
to carry away Heitor’s body. In the 10th 
year of the war, Achilles was charmed with 
Polyxena; and as he folicited her hand in the 
temple of Minerva, it is Lid that Paris aimed 
an arrow at his vulnerable heel, of which wound 
he died. His body was buried at Sigaeum, 
and divine honors were paid to him, and 
temples railed to his memory. It is faid, that 
after the taking of Troy, the ghoft of Achil¬ 
les appeared to the Greeks, and demanded 
of them Polyxena, who.accordingly was fa- 
ciificed on his tomb by his fon Neoptolemus. 
Some fay that this facrifice was voluntary, 
and that Polyxena was i'o grieved at his death 
that fhe k lied htrfelf on his tomb. The 
ThefTalians yearly facrificed a black and a 
white bull on his tomb. It is reported that 
he married Helen after the fiege of Troy; 
but others maintain, that this marriage hap¬ 
pened after his death, in the ifiand of Leuce, 
where many of the ancient heroes lived, a* 
in a feparate elyfium. [ Fid. Leuce.] When 
Achilles was young, his mother alked him, 
whether he preferred a long life, ipent in 
obfeurity and retirement, or a few years of 
military fame and glory ? and that, to his ho¬ 
nor, he made choice of the latter. Some age* 
after the Trojan war, Alexander, going to the 
conquell of Perfia, offered facrifices on the 
tomb of Achilles, and admired the hero who 
had found a Homer to publilh his fame to 
pofterity. Xenopb. de venal. — Plut. in Alex. 
De facie in Orbe Lttn. De mufic. De amic. 
mult. Quajl. Grcec.— Pauf. 3 » c * &C.—’* 
Diod. 17.— Slat. Acbill.—Ovid. Met. 12, 
fab. 3, &c. Trijl. 3, el. 5, V. 37, &c.— Firg. 
JEn. i, v. 472, 488, 1. 2, v. 275, b 6, v. 
58, &C. — Apollod. 3, C. 13.— Hygin. fab. 
96 & HO. — Strab. 14.— Plirt. 35, C. IJ.— 
Max* Tyr. Orat. i"]. — Horat. 8, X, od. 1. 2 . 

E 4 oL 





AC 


a£ 

•d. 4 & 16, i 4 » rd. 6 , 2 ep. 2 , v. 42.— 
Hotti II. 8c Od.—~Dlclys Cret. I, 2, 3, &C. 
Dares Pbryg.——yuv. 7, V. 210 . Apollon. 4, 

Argon v. 869--There were other per ions 

of the lame name. The moil known were 
———a man who received Juno when Hie fled 

from Jupiter’s courtfliip-the preceptor of 

Chiron the centaur-a ion of Jupiter and 

Lamia, declared by Pan to be fairer than 
Venus— -a man .who inftitutpd ofliracifm at 

Athens.- - Tatius. a native of Alexandria, in 

the «ge of the emperor Claudius, but ori¬ 
ginally a pagan, converted to chriftianity, 
and made a bilhop. He wrote a mixed hif- 
tory of great men. a treatile on the fphere, 
tatties, a romance on the loves of Clitophon 
and Leucippe, &c. Some manuferipts of his 
■works are preferved in the Vatican and Pa¬ 
latinate libraries. The heft edition of his 
works is that in nmo. L. Bat. 1640. 

AchiLleum, a town of Troas near the 
tomb of Achilles, built by the Mityleneans. 
Dlin. 5, c. 30. 

AchIvi, the name of the inhabitants of 
Argos and Lacedaemon before the return of 
the Heraclidae, by whom they were expelled 
from their poffeffions 80 years after the Tro 
jan war. Being without a home, they drove 
the Ionians from ./Egialus, feized their 12 
cities, and called the country Achaia. The. 
Ionians were received by the Athenians. The 
appellation of Achivi is indiferiminately ap¬ 
plied by the ancient poets to all the Greeks.— 
JPaif.7, c. I, &c. Vid. Achaia. 

Achladjeus, a Corinthian general, killed 
By Ariftomenes Pauf. 4, c. 19. 

AcHOLOE,one of the Harpies Hygin. 14. 

Achjcuorius, a general with Brennus in 
the expedition which the Gauls undertook 
againft Paeonia. Pcnf. 10, c. 10. 

Achidalia, a liirname of Venus, from a 
fountain of the fame name in Btcotia, facred to 
her. The Graces bathed in the fountain.— 
Virg. JEn . I, V. 720.— Ovid. Fnjl. v. 4, 468. 

Achidasa, a river of Peloponnefus, for¬ 
merly called Jardanu*. Pauf. 5, c. 5. 

Acilja, a plebeian family at Rome, which 

traced its pedigree up to the Trojans.-The 

mother of Lucan. 

Acilia lex was enafted, A. U. C. 556, 
hy Acilius the' tribune, for the plantation ol 

Jive colonies in Italy. Liv. 32,. c. 29.- 

Another called alfo Calpurnia, A. U. C. 
684, which enafted, that no perfon convidied 
of ambitus , or tiling bribes at elections, Ihould 

admittecTin the fenate, or hold an office.— 
Another concerning fuch a $ were guilty of 
extortion in the provinces. 

M. Acilius Balbus, was conful with 
JPortius Cato, A. U 640. It is laid, that 
during his confulfl ip, milk and blood tell 

from heaven. Plin. 2, c. 56.--Glabrio, 

2 tribune of tbe people, who with a legion 
quelled the infurgent Haves in Etruria. Be¬ 
ing eenful with P, Corn. Scipio Nalica, 


A. U. C. 563, he conquered Antioches at 
Thermopylae, for which he obtained a tri¬ 
umph, and three days were appointed for 
public thankfgiving. He flood for the cen- 
forthip againit Cato, but defifled on account 
of the falfe meafures uled by' his competitor. 
JuJlin. 2 1, C. 6.— Liv. 30. c. 40 - 1 3 r » c * 
50, 1 - 35j c. 10, &c.——The fon of the 
preceding erected a temple to Piety, which 
his father had vowed to this goddefs when 
fighting againft Antiochus. He railed a 
golden ftatue to his father, the firft that 
appeared in Italy. The temple of piety was 
built on the.fpot where once a woman had 
fed with her milk her aged father, whom 
the fenate had imprifoned, and excluded 

from all aliments. Val. Max. 2, c. 5.- 

1 he enadlor of a law againft bribery.-A 

pretor in the time that Verges was acculld 

by Cicero-A man accufed of extortion, 

and twice defended by Cicero. He was 
proconful of Sicily, and lieutenant to Cafar 
in the civil wars. Bell. Civ. 3, c. 15. 

-A conful, whole ion was killed by Do- 

mitian, becaule he fought with wild beafts. 
The true caufe of this murder was, that 
young Glabrio was ftronger than the ehaperor, 
and therefore envied. fuv. 4, v. 94. 

Acilla, a town of Africa, near Adrume- 
tum (fome read Acolla). Caf. Aft. c. 33. 

Acis, a fhepberd of Sicily, fon of Faunus 
and the nymph Simaethis. Galattea paffion- 
ately loved him ; upon which his rival Poly¬ 
phemus, thro* jealoufy, cruihed him tv death 
with a piece of a broken rock. Tbe gods 
changed Acis into a ftream which rifes from 
mount ./Etna. Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 8. 

Acmon, a native of Lyrnrftus, who ac¬ 
companied ./Eneas into Italy. His father’s 
name was Clytus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 128. 

Acmonides, one of the Cyclops. Ovid. 
Fajl. 4, v. 288.- 

Accetes, the pilot of the fhip whofe crew 
found Bacch f s afteep, and carried him away. 
As they ridiculed the god,ihey were changed 
into fea'monfters, but Accetes was preferved. 
Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 8, &c. Vid. Acetes. 

Acontes, one of Lycaon’s 50 Ions. - — 

ApolloJ. 3, c. 8. 

Aconteus, a famous hunter, changed 
into a ftone by the head of Medufa, at the 
nuptials of Perieus and Andromeda. Ovid. 

Met. 5, v. 201.-A perfon killed in the 

wars of iEneas and Turnus, in Italy. Virg . 
JEn. II, v. 615. 

Acontil'3, a youth of Cea, who, when 
he went to Delos to fee the iacrifice of Di¬ 
ana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful 
virgin, and being unable to obtain her, on 
account of the obfeurity of his origin, wrote 
thele verfes on an apple, which he threw into 
her bofom; 


faro tibi finfta per myfiica facra Diana;, 
Me tibi venturam iemilem x fponfam^ue fiu 
turam , - v ♦ i 

Cydipj$ 








AC 


AC 


t^ydippe read the verfes, and be'ng compelled 
by the oath (he had inadverien Iv made, mar¬ 
ried Acontius. Ovid, Her. ep. 20.-A 

mountain of Boeotia. Pith 4, c. 7. 

Acontobulus, a place of Cappadocia, 
under Htppolyte queen of the Amazons. 
jljjollon a g 2 . 

Ac6kis, a king of Egypt, who afifted 
Evagoras king of Cyprus againft Perlia. Diod. 

Acr a, a town in Italy,-Euboea, ■ Cy- 

yrvs -Acarnania,-Sicily,-Africa,— 

Sarmatia, &c.-A promontory of Calabria, 

row Cape di Leuca. 

Acradina, the citadel of Syracufe, taken 
'by Marcellus the Roman conful. Plut. in 
Matcel.—Cic. in Verr . 4. 

Acr.€, a mountain in Peloponnefus. Pauf 

2, c. 34. 

AcftiA, a diughter of the river Afterion. 
— — A furname of Dima, from a temple built 
to her by Melampus, on a mountain near 
Argos. - -A furname of Juno, Pauf 2, 

C. 17 . 

AcRjEPhnia, a town in Boeotia ; whence 
Apollo is called Acrtephnius. Hero Jut. 8, 

<• *35 • 

AcracallTdh, a dilhoneft nation living 
anciently near Athens. JEfcb. contra Ctcjipb. 

AcrXgas. ft id. Agrngas. 

AcRA rus, a freed man of Nero, fent into 
Alia to plunder the temples of the gods. Tec. 
An. 15, c. 45.I. 16,0.23. 

AcRiAs,oneof .ippodsmia’sfuitors. Pauf. 
6, c. 21.——He built Acrix, a town of La¬ 
conia Jd. 3,C2I. 

Acridopmac.j, an .^Ethiopian nation, who 
fed upon locufts, and lived not beyond their 
4Cth year. At the approach of old age, 
fwarms of winged lice attacked them, and 
gnawed their belly and bread, till the patient, 
by rubbing himlelf, drew blood, which in created 
their number,and ended in his death. Diod. 3. 
■— Plin. II, C 29 — Strab. 16. 

AcrIon, a Pythagorean philofopher ofLo- 
cris. Cic. deJin.y, c. 29 

Acrkioneus, ji patronymic applied to the 
Argives, from Acrifrus, one of their ancient 
kings, or from Acrifione a town of Argolis, 
called after a daughter of Acrifius of the fame 
name. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 4 to. 

Acrisio \i ades, a patronymic of Perfeus, 
from his grandfather Acrifius Ovid. Met. j, 
v 70. 

Acrisius, fon of Abas, king of Argos, by 
Ocalea, daughter of Mantineus. He was born 
at the fame birth as Prcettis, with whom it is 
laid that he quarrelkd even in his mother’s 
womb. After many difft-nfions Pnetus was 
driven from-Argo*. Aerifies had Danae by 
Eurydice daughter of Lacedaemon ; and being 
told by an oracle, that his daughter’s fon Would 
put him to death, he confined Danae in a 
brazen tower, to prevent her becoming a mo¬ 
ther, She however became pregnant, by Ju¬ 


piter changed into a golden ftiotver ; and 
tlii 1’ Acrifius ordered her and her infant call¬ 
ed PetiVus, to be expolcd on the lea, yet they 
were laved; and perfeus loon after became fio 
f a ' us tor his nrtiofi?, that Acrifius, anxious 
to fee ib renowned a grandl'on, went to I^iriffii. 
Here Perfeus, wilhing to (how his (kill in 
throwing a quoit, killed an old man who proved 
to be his grandfather, whom he knew’not, and 
thus the oracle was unhappily fulfilled.' Acri¬ 
fius reigned about 31 years. HyAn. fah. 63. —«*■ 
Ovid. Met. 4. fah. 16 —Hot at. 3, od. 16. — 
Apoiidd. 2, C. 2. ' i tC.—Paif. 2, C l6, &c— 
Vid. Danae, Perleus, Polydeiies. 

Acritas, a pro oontory of Mcffenh, in 
Peloponn ius Plin. 4, c. 5.— Mela, 2. c. 3. 

AcRGAriioN or Acrothoos, a town on' 
the top of mount .Athus, whole inhabitants 
lived to an uncommon old age. Mela , 2, c. 2. 
—Plin 8, c. IO. 

Acroch raunium, a promontory of EpTrns, 
with mountains called Acroceraujiia, which 
project betw een the Ionian and Adriatic leas/ 
The word comes from high, and 

xicauv 1 ®-, thunder becaulb, on account of 
their great height, they were often (truck with 
thunder. Lucret. 6, v. 420.— Plin. 4, c. r.— 
Vir r . JEn. 3, v. 306 .—Shah. 6 ,-—Horat. I, 
od. 3, v. 20. 

Ac r oco rtnt n it 3, a lofty mountain on the 
illhmiis of Corinth, taken by Aratus, B. C. 
243. There is a temple of Venus on the top, 
and Corinth is built at the bottom. Sira!/. 8. 
— Pauf. 2, c. 4.— Plut. in Arat. — S/at. Tbeb. 
7, v. 106. 

Ac ron, a king of Ceninn, killed by Ro¬ 
mulus in (ingle combat, after the rape of the 
Sabines. Pis fpoils were dedicated to Jupiter 

Feretrius. Pint, in Romul. -A phyfician of 

Agrigentum, B. C. 439, educated at Athenfc 
with Empedocles. He wrotephyficaftreatifes 
in the Doric dialect, and cured the Athenians 
ot a plague by lighting a fire near the houfes ot 
the infeiled. Plin. 29, c. 1.— Plut. in If d.— 
One of the friends of TEneas, killed by Me- 
zentius. Pirg. JEn. IO, V. 719. " 

Acropatos, one of Alexander’s officers, 
wdro obtained part of Media after the king’s 
death, jifin. 13,0.4. 

Acropolis, the citadel of Athens, built 
on a rock, and acceftible only on one fide.' 
Minerva had a temple at the bottom, Pauf. 
in Attic. 

Acrotatoj, fon of Cleomenes, king of 
S rarta, died before his father, leaving a ion, cal¬ 
led Aveus. Pa fi. c 13, 1 . 3, c. 6.-A fon 

of Arens, who was greatly loved by Chelidoni*, 
wife of Cleonymus- This amour difpleafeit 
h£r hufband, who called Pyrrhus the Epirot. 
to aVenge his wrongs When Sparta was be* 
fieged by Pyrrhus, Acrotatus was lean bravely, 
fighting in the middle of the^ enemy, and com¬ 
mended by the multitude, who congratulated* 
Cbehdonis on *eing miftref9 Co fuch a warlike 
Plu t. in Py frls ' 


Acro- 





AC 


AD 


Acrothoos. Fid. Acroathon. 

Acta or Acte, a country of Attica. This 
word fignjfies Jhore y and is applied to Attica, as 
being near the lea. It is derived by iome 
writers, from Actaeus a king, from whom the 
Athenians have been called Adisei. Ovid. 
Met. I, v. 312.— Firg. Eel. 2, v. 23. 

Acta, a place near mount Athos, on the 
Aegean Sea. Thticyd. 4*c. 109. 

AcTiEA, one of the Nereides. Hefod. Th. 

230.— Hamer.il. 18, v. 41.-a furname of 

Ceres.-A daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 2, 

c. 1. 

Action, a famo.is huntfman, fon of Arif- 
taeus and Autonoe daughter of Cadmus, 
whence he is called Autoneius hero*. He law 
Diana and her attendants bathing near Gar- 
gaphia, for which lie was changed into a flag, 
and devoured by his own dogs. Pouf. 9, c. 2. 

— Ovid. Met. 3. fab. 3.-A beautiful youth, 

l'on of Melitliis of Corinth, whom Archias, 
one of the Heraclidae, endeavoured to debauch 
and carry away. He was killed in the druggie 
\yhich in consequence of this happened be¬ 
tween,his father a ( nd ravifher. Meliffus com¬ 
plained of the infult, and drowned himfelf; 
and Icon after, the country being vifited by a 
pedilenee, Archias wa ; expelled. Plut. in Amat. 

Actjeus, a powerful perfon w r ho made 
himielf mailer of a part of Greece, which he 
called Attica. _ Mis daughter Agraulos married 
Cecrops, whom the Athenians called their firft 
king, though Ablaeus reigned before him. 
Puuf. 1, c. 2 & 14.——The word is of the fame 
fignificaiion as Atticus an inhabitant of Attic a. 

Acte, a miftrefs of Nero, delcended from 

Attains. Suet on. in Her. 28.-One of the 

Horse. Hygin APti. 183 

Actia, the mother of Auguftus. As Ihe 
flept in the temple of Apollo, lhe dreamt that 
a dragon had lain with her. Nine months 
after lhe brought forth, having previoufly 
dreamt that her bowels were lcattered all over 

the world. Suet, in A::g. 94.-Games facred 

to Apollo, in commemoration of the victory 
of Auguftus over M. Antony at Adlium. 
They weie celebrated every third, fometimes 
fifth year, with great pomp, and the Lacedae¬ 
monians had the care of them. Plut. in Apmt. 
— Strab. 7.— Firg. JEn. 3, v. 480. 1 . 8, V. 
6]S- -A filter of Julius Caefar. Plut. in Cic. 

Actis, fon of Sol, went from Greece into 
Egypt, where he taught altrology, and founded 
Heliopolis. Diod. 5. 

Actjsanes, a king of ./Ethiopia, who con¬ 
quered Egypt, and expelled king Amafis. He. 
•was famous for his equity, and his fevere 
punifhment of robbers, vvhofcs nofes he cut off,, 
and whom he banilhed to a dd'art place, where 
they were in want of all aliment, and li/ed 
only upon crows. Diod. 1. 

Actium, now Azio, a town and promon¬ 
tory of Epirus, famous for the naval victory 
which Auguftus obtained over Antony and 
Cleopatra, the id of September, B. C, 31, in 


! honor of which the conqueror built there the 
town of Nicopolis, and inltituted games. Fid. . ■ 
Adia. — PIut. in Anton. Suet, in Aug. — —A.’’ 
promontory of Corcyra. Cic. ad Att. 7. ep. 2. 

Actius, a furname of Apollo, from Ac¬ 
tium where he had a temple. Firg. JEn. 8, 

v. 704.- A poet. Fid. Accius . ■■ - — A prince 

of the Volfci. Fid. Accius. 

Actius Navius, an augur who cut a 
loadftone in two with a razor, before Tarquin. 
and the Roman people, to convince them of 
his fidill as an augur. Flor. I, c.5.— Liv. I, 
c. 36.-Labeo. Fid. Labeo. 

Actor, a companion of Hercules in his 
expedition againft the Amazons.-The la¬ 

ther of Menostius by JEgina, whence Patro- « 
clus is called Adorides Ovid. Trijl. I, el. 8. 

-A man called alio Aruncus. Fi g. JEn. 12, 

v.93.-One of the friends of ./Eneas. Id. 9, 

v. 500.-A fon of Neptune by Agameda. 

Hygin. fab. 14.-A fon of Deion and Dio¬ 
mede. Apollod. i,c. 9.-The father of Eu-. 

rytus, and brother of Augeas. Apollod. 2,c. 7. 

-A fon of Acaftus, one of the Argonauts. 

Hygin. fab. 14.-r-The father of AYtyoclie. 

Homer. 11.1 .— Puuf. 9, c. 37. - A king of 

Lemnos. Hygin. 102. 

Actouides, a patronymic given to Patro- 
clus, grandfonof Actor. Ovid. Met . 13, fab. 

1.-Alio to Erithus, fon of Actor. Id. Met. 

5, fab. 3.-Two brothers fo fond of each 

other, rhat in driving a chariot, one generally 
held the reins, and the other the whip,; 
wnence they are reprelented with two heads, 
four feet, and one body. Hercules conquered 
them. Pindar. 

Actoris, a maid of Ulyfles. Homer. Od 23. 

M. Actorius Naso, a Roman hiftorhn. 

Sueton. in Jul.g. 

C. Aculeo, a Roman lawyer celebrated as 
much for the extent of his undemanding, as 
for his knowledge of law. He was uncle 
to Cicero. Cic.in Orat. I, c. 43. 

A cur ms, an ambafiador from India to 
Alexander. Plut. in Alex. 

Acusilaus andDAMAGETUS,twobrothers 
of Rhodes, conquerors at the Olympic g-ames. 
The Greeks ftrewed flowers upon Diagoras 
their father, and called him happy in- having 

luch worthy Ions. Patf.6,c. 7.-An hiltorian 

of Argos, often quoted by Jofephus. He wrote 
on genealogies in a llyle fimple and deftitute 
of all ornament. Cic. de Orat. 2, c. 29 — Sui- 

das. -An Athenian who taught rhetoric at 

Rome under Galba. 

Ad. Acuticus, an ancient comic writer, 
whole plays were known under the names of 
Leones, Gemini, Anus, Bceotia,&c. 

Ada, a filler of queen Artemifia, who 
married Hidricus. After her hulband’s death, 
lhe fucceeded to the throne of Caria; but 
being expelled by her younger brother, fhe re¬ 
tired to Alindae, which lhe delivered to Alex¬ 
ander after adopting him as her fon. Curt. 2, 
c. 8.— Strab. 14, 

Adau, 







AD 


AD 


Ad ad, a deity among the Aflyrians, fup- 
*af ed to be the fun. 

Adjeus, a native of Mitylene, who wrote 
a Greek treatile on ftatuaries Athen. 13. 

Adamantjea, Jupiter’s nurfe in Crete, 
who l'ufpended him in his cradle to a tree, 
that he might be found neither in the earth, 
the lea, nor in heaven. To drown the in¬ 
fant’s cries, (lie had drums beat, and cymbals 
loundqd, around the tree Hyvin fab. 139. 

Adamas, a Trojan prince, killed by Me- 

rion. Homer. 11 . 13, v. 360.-A youth who 

railed a rebellion on being emalculated by 
Cotysking of Thiace. Arif. Pol. 5, c. 10. 

Adamastus, a native of Ithaca, father of 
Aciuemenides. Virg. JEn. 3. v. 614. 

Adaspu, a people at the foot of mount 
Caucafus. Jif in. 12, c. 5. 

Addethagia, a goddefs of the Sicilians. 
JEliaa. 1. V. H. c.'l'J. 

Addua, now Adda, a river of Cifalpine 
Gaul, falling into the Po near Cremona. Plin. 
2, c. 103 

Adelphjus, a friend of M. Antonirius, 
whom he accompanied in his expedition into 
Parthia, of which he wrote the hiftory. 

Strab. 11. 

Ademon, raifed a fedition in Mauritima 
to avenge his mafter Ptolemy, whom Caligula 
had put to death. Sutton, in Calig. 35. 

Ades, or Hades, the god of hell among 
the Greeks, the fame as the Pluto of the La¬ 
tins* The word is derived from a & t/Bs/v, 

non videre] becaufe hell is deprived of light. 

t is often ufed for hell itfelf by the antient 
poets. 

Adgandestrius, a prince of Gaul who 
fe>t to Rome for poifon todeftrov Arminius, 
and was anfwered by the fenate, that the Ro 
mans fought their enemies openly, and never 
yl'ed perfidious meafures. Tacit. An 2,c. 88. 

* Ad herbal, Ion of Micipla, and grandfon 
of Mafinifla, was befic-ged at Cirta, and put 
to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring 
the aid of Rome, B. C. 112. Sallujj. in Jug. 

Adherbas, the hufband of Dido. Vid. 
Sichseus. 

Adjante, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 

2, C II. 

Adiatorix, a governor of Galatia, who, 
to gain Antony’s favor, flaughtered, in one 
flight, all the inhabitants of the Roman colony 
of Heradea, in Pontus. he was taken at 
Adium, led in triumph by Augullus, and 
ftrangled in prifon. Strab. 12. 

Abimantus, a commander of the Athe¬ 
nian fleet, taken by the Spartans. All the 
nflen of the fleet were put to death, except 
Adimantus, becaufe he had oppoled the de- 
ligns of his countrymen, who intended to mu¬ 
tilate all the Spartans. Xenoph. Hifl. Grac. 
Paufanias fays, 4, c. 17, 1 . 10, c. 9. that the 

Spartans had bribed him.-A brother ol 

Plato. Laert. 3.-A 1 orinthian general, 

who reproached Themiftocles with his exile.— 


A king ftruck with thunder,for laying that Ju¬ 
piter deferved no facriflces. Ovid, inlbin . 337. 

Ad met a, daughter of Euryltheus, was 
prieiteis of Juno’s temple at Argos. She ex- 
prefled a with to poflels the girdle of the 
queen of the Amazons, and Hercules obtained 

it for her. Apollod 2, c. 23.-One of the 

Oceanides. Hefiod. Tbeog. v. 349. 

Admetus, Ion of Pheres and Clymene, 
king of Pherae in Theflaly, married Theone 
daughter of Theltor, and after her death, 
Alcelte daughter of Pelias. Apollo, when 
banilhed from heaven, is laid to have tended 
his flocks for nine years, aud to have obtained 
from the Parca;, that Admetus Ihould never 
die, if another perfon laid down his life for 
him ; a proof of unbounded affection, which 
his wife Alcefte cheerfully exhibited by 
devoting herfelf voluntarily to death. Admetus 
was one of the Argonauts, and was at the hunt 
of the Calydonian boar. Pelias promifed his 
daughter in marriage only to him who could 
bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and a 
wild boar; and Admetus effected this by the 
aid of Apollo, and obtained Alcette’s band. 
Some fay that Hercules brought Irina back 
Alcefte from hell. Sente, in Medea. — Hygin. 
fab. 50, 51, & 243 .—Ovid, dt Art. Am. 3 — 
Apollod. 1, c. 8 & 9, &c.— Tib id. 2, el. 3.— 

Panf. 5, c. 17.-A king of the Mololli, to 

whom Themiftocles fled for protection. C. 

Nep. in Them. 8.-An officer of Alexander, 

killed at the liege of 'l yre. Diod j 7. - 

Adonia, feftivals in honor of Adonis, firlt 
celebrated, at Byblos in Phoenicia. 1 hey 
laltcd two days, the firlt of which was (pent 
in bowlings and lamentations, j.he fecond in 
joyful clamors, as if Adonis was returned to 
liie. In ibme towns of Greece and Egypt 
they lafted eight days ; the one half of which 
was fpent in iamentations, and the other in 
rejoicings. Only women were admitted, and 
fuch as did not appear were compelled to prof- 
titute themlelvesfor one day; and the money 
obtained by this lhameful cuftom was devoted 
to the fervice of Adonis, i he time of the 
celebration was fuppclcd to be very unlucky, 
l he fleet of Nicias failed from Athens to 
Sicily on that day, v'hence many unfortunate 
omens were drawn. Pint, in Nicia. — Arnmian . 
22, C. 9. 

Adonis, fan of Cinyras, by his daughter 
Myrrha, [vid. Myrria] was the favorite of 
Venus He was fond of hunting, and was 
often cautioned by his miftrels not to hunt 
wild beafts, for fear of being killed in the at¬ 
tempt. This advice he flighted, and at laft 
received a mortal bite from a wild boar which 
he had wounded, and Venus, after lhedding 
many tears at his death changed him into a 
flow er called anemony. Proferpine is laid to 
have reltored him to life, on condition that he 
Ihould fpend lix months with her, and the reft 
of the year with Venus. This implies the 
.alternate return of fummer and winter. Ado¬ 
nis 




AD 


AD 


risis often taken for 0 fir is, hecnufe the fefti- 
vals of both were often begun with mournful 
lamentations, and finilhed with a revival of joy, 
as : fthey were returning to life again. Ado¬ 
nis had temples railed to his memory, and is 
laid by tome to have been beloved by Apollo 
and Bacchus— Apdllod. 3, c. 14.— Propert. 2, 
*1.13, v - 53-— Eel. IO, v. 18 .—Bion in 
A don. — Hygin. 58, 164, 248, &c — Ovid. Met. 
10 . fab. 10 . — Mi-feus dc Her. — P'avJ. 2, C. 20 , 

I.9, c. 41.*-A river of Phoenicia, which 

falls into t ;e Mediterranean below ByMus. 

Adramyttium, an Athenian colony on 
the lea coaft of Myfia, near the Caycus. 
Siruli. 13.— Thvcyd , 5. c. Z. 

Aorana, a liver in Germany. Tac.Ann. 

1, c. 56. 

Adranum, a town of Sicily near JEtna, 
With a river of the fame name. The chief 
deity of the place was called Adranus, and his 
temple was guarded by rdco dazs.Plut.inTitnol. 

An rasta, one of the Oceanrtbes who nurf- 
ed Jupiter. Hygin. fib. 182. 

Adrastta, a fountain of Sicyon. Peru/. 

2, c. 15.--A mountain. Pint, in f,utul. 

- - A country near Troy, called after Adraf 

tus, who built there a temple to- Nemefis. 

Here Apollo had an oracle. Strnb. 13- 

A daughter of Jupiter and Necefirty. She is 
called by 1'omc Nemefis, and is the punilher of 
injuftice. The Egyptians placed her above the 
moon,whence fhe looked down upon thea&idns 

ef men. Strab: 13.-—A daughter of Melif- 

feus, to whom Come attribute the nurfing of Ju¬ 
piter. She is the fame as Adrafta. Apol. 1, c z. 

'■Adrastii Campi',* plain near the Grani- 
cus, where Alexander firft: defeated Darius. 
Jujfjn. ii, c. 6. 

Adrastus, fon of Tslaus and Lyfimache, 
was king of Argos, Polynices, being banifhed 
from Thebes by his brother Eteodes, fled to 
Argos, where he married Argia, daugh¬ 
ter of Adraltus. The king afiilted his Ion-in¬ 
law, and maiched againlt Thebes with an 
army headed by leven of his moll famous 
generals. All perilled in the war except 
Adraflus, who, with a few men faved from 
daughter, fled to Athens, and implored the aid 
of Thefeus againll the Thebans, who oppoled 
the burying of the Argives llaili in battle. 
Thefeus went to his afiiltance, and was vic¬ 
torious.-Adraltus, after a long reign, died 

through grief, occafioned by the death of his 
fon iEgialeus. A temple was railed to his 
memory at Sicyon, where afolemn feltival was 
anually celebrated. Homer. 11 . 5.— Virg. 
AEn. 6, V. 480.— A polled. I, c. 9, 1 . 3, c. 7.— 
Stat. Tilth. 4 & 5.— Hygin. fab. 68, 69, & 70. 
—Petuf. I, C. 39, 1 . 8, c. 2 5, 1 . IO, C. 90 — 

JHercdot. 5, c. 67, &c.-A peripatetic phi- 

lofophcr, ditciple to Aiiftotle. It is luppoled 
that a copy of his treatil'e on harmonics is pre- 

ferved in the Vatican-A Phrygian prince, 

who having inadvertently killed his brother, 
fled to Crccfus, where he was humanely re- 


| ceived, and entrufied with the care of his fon 
: Atys. In hunting a wild boar, Adraltus fie# 1 
j the young prince, and in his defpair Irilh d him- 
j felt* on his grave. Herodot 1, c. 35 > &c. ■■ — — 
A Lydian, who afiilted the Greeks agair.ft the 

Pcrfians, Pauf. 7. c. 5.-A foothfayer in 

the Trojan war, fon of Merops. Homer II 
2 & 6.— I he father of Eurydice, who married 

this the Trojan. Ap llod. 2, c. 12.-A king 

of Sicyon, who reigned 4 years B. C. 1215. 
- A fon of Herculd. Hygin. 242. 

Adria, AdriAnum, or Adriaiicum 
mare, a fea lying between Ilfyricum and 
Italy, now called the gulph of Venice, firft 
made known to the Greeks by the dilcoveries 
of the Phocaeans. He odot. 1.— Horat. I, od. 
33, 1 . 3. od 3 & 9.— Catull. 4, 6- 

Adrianopoi is, a town of : hrace on the 

Hebrus.-Another in ^Etolia,—in Pifidia, 

and Rithynia. 

AdriAnus, or Hadrianus, the ijtb em¬ 
peror of Rome. He is reprefented as an active, 
learned, warlike, and auftere general. He, 
came to Biitain, where he built a wall be¬ 
tween the modern towns of Carlifie and New- 
cafile 80 miles long, ro protect the Britons 
from the incurfions of the Caledonians. He 
killed in battle 500,000 Jews who had re¬ 
belled, and built a city on the ruins of Jeru- 
falem, which he called ./Elia. Hfc memory 
was lb retentive, that he remembered every 
incident of his life, and knew all the foldiets 
of his army by name. He was the firft em¬ 
peror who wore a long beard, and this he eid 
to hide the warts on his face. Kis fucceficrs 
followed his example not through neceffity-, 
but for ornament. Adrian went always bare¬ 
headed, and in long marches generally travel¬ 
led on foot. In the beginning of his reign, he 
followed the virtues of his adopted father and 
predecefTor Trajan ; he remitted all arrears-- 
due to his trealury for 16 years, and publicly 
burnt the account books, that his word might 
not be Cufpe&ed. His peace with the Par*, 
thians proceeded from a vvifh of punifhing the 
other enemies of Rome, more than from the 
effects of fear The travels of Adrian were 
not for the difplay 0fimperi.1l pride, but to fee 
whether jultice was diftributed impartially 4. 
and public favor was courted by a condefcend- 
ing behaviour, and the meaner familiarity of 
bathing with the common people. It is laid 
that he wilhedto enrol Chrift among the gods 
of Rome ; but his apparent lenity towards the 
Chriftians was difproved, by the ere&ion of a 
ftatue to Jupiter on the fpot where Jefusrofe 
from the dead, and one to Venus on mount 
Calvary. ) he weight of dileafes became in¬ 
tolerable. Adrian attempted to deftroy him* 
felf; and when prevented, he exclaimed, that 
the lives of others were in his hands, but not 
his own. He wrote an account of his life, 
and publilhed it under the name of oae of his 
domeliics. He died of a dyfentry at Bake, 
July 10, A. D. 138, in the 72ft year of his 
6 







M A 


JED 


age, afcfcr a reign of 2t yens. Dio. —— An 

oiricer of Lucullus. Pit. t. in Luc. -A rhe- 

t?fricun of Tyre in the age of M. Antoninus, 
who wrofCfe l’even books of metamorphofes, 
befides atner treatiies now loft. 

Admmetum, a town of Africa, on the 
Mediterranean, built by the Phoenicians. Sal- 
tujl. in Jag. 

Aduataca, a town of Belgic Gaul, now 
Tongres, on the Maele. 

Adula, a mountain aniong the Rha?tian 
Alps, near which the Rhine takes its rile, 
now St. Qothard. 

AnoLis, a town of Upper Egypt. 
AdyrmachToje, a maritime people of 
Africa, near Egypt. Herodot. 4, c.168. 

JEa, a huntrels changed into an ifland of 
the fame name by the gods, to refcue her 
from the purluit of her lover, the river Phafis 
It liad a town called ^ia,«hich was the capital 

of Colchis. Place. 5, v. 420.-A town of 

Thdihly.-Of Africa.-A fountain of 

Macedonia near Amydon. 

/Eacea, games at iEgina, in honor of 
JEacus. 

./Eacidas, a king of Fpirus, fon of Neo- 
ptolemus, and brother to Olympias. lie was 
expelled by his lubjeils for his continual wars 
with Macedonia. He left a fon, Pyrrhus,, 
only two years old, whom Chaucus king of 
Illyricum educated. Pan/. 1, c. 11. 

./Eacides, a patronymic of the delcendnnts 
•f JEacus, fuch as Achilles, Peleus, Te¬ 
lamon, Pyrrhus, &c. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 103, 
kc. 

./EXcu3,fon of Jupiter by/Egina daughter 
•f Al'opus, was king of the ifland of CEnopia, 
which he called by his mother’s name. A 
peftilence having deftroyed all his fubje&s, he 
entreated Jupiter to re-people his kingdom ; 
and according to his delire, all the ants which 
were in an old oak were changed into men, 
and called by /Eacus myrmidons, from f.cvgftu% 
in ant. — iEacus married Endeis, by whom he 
bad Telamon and Peleus. He afterwards had 
Phocus by Pfamathe, one of the Nereids. He 
was a man of fuch integrity that the antients 
have made him one of the judges of hell, with 
Minos and Rhadamanthus. Horat. 2, od. 13, 
1 . 4, od. 8•—/Wi I, c. 44* 1 . 2,c. 29.— Ovid. 
Met. 7, fab. 2 5, J. 13, v. 25.— P'operi. 4, el. 
IX.— Plut. de confol. ad Apoll. — Apollod. 3, C. 
12 .— Diod. 4. 

JEs., /Ea, oriEaea, an ifland of Colchis, in 
the Phafis. Vi d. /Ea. Slpollon. 3. 

JEitAy a name given to Circe, becaufe born 
St JEz. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 386. 

/Eantkum, a city of Troas, where Ajax 

was buried. Plin. 5,c. 30-An ifland near 

the Thracian Cherfonefus. Id. 4,c. 12. 

ASaktides, a tyrant of Lampfacus, inti¬ 
mate with Darius. He married a daughter of 
Hippias, tyrant of Athens. Tbueyi. 6. c. 59. 
——One of the 7 poets, called Pleiades. 

./Santis, an Athenian tribe. Plut.Symp. 2. 

JR as, a liver of Epirus falling into the 


Ionian fen* In the fable of lo, Ovid defends 
it as falling into the Peneus, and meeting 
other rivers atTempe. 'Phis lome have lup- 
poledto be a geographical miftake of the poet. 

Lucan 6, V. 361 - O-jiJ. Met. I, v. 380. 

/Eatus, Ion of Philip, add brother of Po- 
lyclea, was defeeude'd from Hercules. An 
oracle having laid that whoever of the two 
touched the land after crofting the Achelous 
lhould obtain the kingdom, Polyclea pretended 
to be lame, and prevailed upon her brother to 
carry her acrofs on his (boulders. When they 
came near the oppofite fide, Polyclcn leaped 
alhore from her brother’s back, exclaiming 
that the kingdom was her own. /Eatus joined 
her in her exclamation, and afterwards mar¬ 
ried her, and reigned conjointly with her. 
Their fon Theflalus gave his name to Thef- 
laly. Pofyctn. 8. 

/Eclxmacoras, a fon of Hercules, by 
Phyllone, daugnter of Alcimedon. When the 
father heard that his daughter had had a child, 
he expofed her and the infant in the woods to 
wild beafts, where Hercules, conduced by the 
noife of a magpye which imitated the cries of 
a child, found and delivered them. Pan/. 8, 
c. 12. 

IE c n m 1 s fucceeded his father Polymneftor 
on the throne of Arcadia, in the reign of i heo- 
pompus, of Sparta. Pau/. 8. c. 5. 

/Edepsum, a town ofEubcea. Plin. 4, 
c. IX.— Strab. 10. 

Odessa, or EdefTa, a town near Pella. 
Car an os king of Macedonia took it by follow¬ 
ing goats that fought fhelter from the rain, 
and called it from that circumfta.uce ( ouya.; t 
capras) /Egeas. It was the burying-plaoe’ of 
the Macedonian kings ; and an orade had 
faid, that as long as the kings were buried 
there, fo long would their kingdom fubfift. 
Alexander was buried in a different place; 
and on that account, fome authors have faid 
that the kingdom became extin&. JuJiin. 7,c.i. 

/Edicula Ridiculi, a temple railed to the 
god of mirth, from the following circumftance 1 
after the battle of Canute, Hannibal marched to 
Rome, whence he w;s driven back by the 
inclemency of the weather; which cabled fo 
much joy in Rome, that the Romans raifed a 
temple to the god of mirth. This deity was 
worihipped at Sparta. Plut. in Lyc. Acrid. 
Iff Cleom .—Pauianias alio mentions a Si§>* 

yiAur'&’. 

/EdIles, Roman magiftrates, that had the 
care of all buildings, baths and aquedudls, and 
examined the weights and measures, that no¬ 
thing might be fold without its due value, 
j here were three different forts ; the /Ediles 
Plebeii , or Minores ; the Majorcs /Ediles, and 
tl>e /Ediles Cersales .—The plebeian ediles 
were two, firft created with the tribunes; they 
prefided over the more minute affairs of the 
date, good order, and the reparation of the 
ftreets. They procured all the provifions ot 
the ,city» and executed the decrees of the 
people. The Majorcs and Cereales had greater 

privileges' 





JE G 


JEG 


privileges, though they at firft (hared in the , 
labor of the plebeian ediles ; they appeared ; 
with-more pomp, and were allowed to fit pub¬ 
licly in ivory chairs. The office of an edile 
was honorable, and was always the primary 
(lep to greater honors in the republic. The 
ediles were chofen from the plebeians for 127 
years, till A. U. C. 338. Farro de L. L. 4. 
c. 14. — Cic. Legib. 3. 

JEdipsus, a town in Euboea, no“w Dipfo, 
abounding in hot-baths. 

Val. ./Edituus, a Roman poet before the 
age of Cicero, luccefsful in amorous poetry 
and epigrams. 

./Edon, daughter of Pandarus, married 
Zethui brother to Amphion, by whom fhe 
had a fon called Itylus. She was fo jealous of 
her filler Niobe, becaufe ihe had more chil¬ 
dren than herfelf, that (lie rel'olved to mur¬ 
der the elder, who was educated with Itylus. 
She by mi (lake killed her own fon, and was 
changed into a goldfinch as (he attempted to 
kill herfelf. Homer . Od K) y v. 518. 

AiDui, or Hedui, a powerful nation of 
Celtic Gaul known for their valor in the wars 
of Caelar. When their country was invaded 
by this celebrated general, they were at the 
head of a faclion in oppofition to the Sequani 
and their partifans, and they had eftablilhed 
their fuperiority in frequent battles. To fup- 
port their caufe, however the Sequani obtained 
the aftiftance of Arioviftus king of Germany, 
and loon defeated their opponents. ! he ar¬ 
rival of Caefar changed the face of affairs, the 
uEdui were reibored to the l'overeignty of the 
country, and the artful Roman, by employing 
one faction againft the other was enabled to 
conquer them all, though the infurrec.tion of 
Ambiorix, and that more powerfully fupported 
by Vercingetorix, (hook for a while the domi ¬ 
nion of Rome in Gaul, and checked the career 
of the conqueror. Caf. in bell . G. 

JEeta, or TEetes, king of Colchis, fon of 
Sol, and Perfeis daughter of Oceanus, was 
father of Medea, Ablyrtus and Chalciope, by 
ldya,one of the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus 
fon of Athamas, who had fled to his court on 
a golden ram. This murder he committed to 
obtain the fleece of the golden ram. The 
Argonauts came againft Colchis, and recover¬ 
ed the golden fleece by means of Medea, 
though it was guarded by bulls that breathed 
fire, and by a venomous dragon. Their expe¬ 
dition has been celebrated by all the ant’ent 
poets. [Fid. yafon, Medea, & Phryxus.] 
Apollod. I, C. 9.— Ovid. Met. 7, fab. I, &c.— 
Pavf. 2,c. 3.— JuJlin. 42, c. 2.— Place. & Or¬ 
pheus in Argon. 

TEetias, a patronymic given to Medea, 
as daughter of iEetes. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 9. 

JRca, an ifland of the iEgean fea between 
Tenedos and Chios. 

TEgeas, a town whofe inhabitants are 
called TEgeates. [Fid. JR defla.] 

iEGiE, a city of Macedonia, the fame as 
ISdcdfa. Some writers make them different. 


, but Juftin proves this to be erroneous, 7, c. 1. 

— Plin. 4. c. 10.-A town of Euboea, 

whence Neptune is call-d TEgasus. Strab. 9- 

7 Egs:.?e, a town and fea port of Cilicia, 
Lucan. 3, v. 227. 

JEga'ON, one of Lycaon’s 50 Tons. Apol - 

lod. 3, c. 8.-The fon of Ccelus, or cf 

Pontus and Terra, the fame as Briareus. 
[Fid. Briareus.'] It is fuppofed that he was 
a notorious pirate chiefly refiding at JRga, 
whence his name ; and that the fable about 
his 100 hands arifes'from his having TOO 
fnen to manage his oars in his piratical excur- 
fions. Firg. JEn. 10, v. 565— Heftod. Th. 
149.— Homer. II. 10, v. 404.— Ovid. Met. 2, 
v. IO. 

JEgxvm mare (now Archipelago), part 
cf the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from 
Afia Minor. It is full of illanas, fome of 
which are called Cyclades, others Sporades, 
See. The word iEgasum is derived by fome 
from JEgx, a town of Euboea ; or from the 
number of ifiands which it contains, that ap¬ 
pear above the fea, as uiya, goats ; or from, 
the promontory iEga, or from AEgea,a queen 
of the Amazons ; or from JEgeus, who is / 
fuppofed to have drowned himfelf there. Plin « ' 
4,c. 11— Strab. 7. 

JEgajus, a furname of Neptune, from 

JRgx in Eubcca. Strab. 9.-A river of 

Corcyra.-A plain in Phocis. 

JEgaleos, jor . 7 Eg*aleum, a mountain of 
Attica oppofite Salamis, on which‘Xerxes fat 
during the engagement of his fleet with the 
Grecian (hips in the adjacent fea. Herodot. 8, 
C. 9c— Tbucyd. 2 , C. 1 9. 

TEgan, [ Grac. aiyetv or a/yet&v j the JR- 
gean lea. Stat. Tbeb. 5, v.56. 

TEgas, a place of Euboea-another near 

Daunia in Italy. Polyb. 3. 

AEgates, a promontory of TEolia. 

Three ifiands oppofite Carthage, called Arae 
by Firg. JEn. 1. near which the Romans un¬ 
der Catulus, in the firft Punic war, defeated 
the Carthaginian fleet under Hanno, 242. 
B. C. Liv. 21, c. 10. & 41,1. 22, c.34.— 
Mela, 2, C. 7.— Sil. I, v. 61. 

TEgeleon, a town of Macedonia taken by 
king Attalus. Liv. 31, c. 46. 

JEgeria, Fid. Egeria. 

./Rgesta, the daughter of Hippotes, and 
mother of iEgeftus called Aceftes-. Firg. 

JEn. 1, v, 554.-An ancient town of Sicily 

near mount Eryx, deftroyed by Agathocles. 
It was fometimes called begefta and Acefta. 
Died. 10. 

iEGEus, king of Athens, fon of Pandion, 
being defirous of having children, went to con- 
fult the oracle, and in his return, flopped at 
the court of Pittheus king of ! roezene, who 
gave him his daughter iEthra in marriage. 
Heleft her pregnant, and told her, that if (he 
bad a fon, to fend him to Athens as foori as 
he could lift a (lone under which he had con¬ 
cealed his fwerd. By this fword he was to be 
known to iEgeus, who did not wi(h to make 

any 






any public difcovery of a fon, for fear of his 
nephews, the Pallantides, who expe&ed his 
crown. Athra became mother of Theleus, 
whom fhe accordingly lent to Athens with his 
father’s fword. At the time Ageus lived 
with Medea, the divorced wife of Jafon. 
When Theleus came to Athens, Medea at¬ 
tempted to poifon him ; but he el'caped, and 
upon fhewing Ageus the' fword he wore, dif- 
covered himfelf to be his fon. When The- 
feus returhed from Crete after the death of 
the Minotaur, he forgot agreeable to the en¬ 
gagement made with his father, to hoift up 
white tails as a fignal of his fuecefs ; and Ageus, 
at the fight of black fails, concluding that his 
fon was dead, threw himfelf from a high rock 
into the lea; which, from him, as fome fup- 
pofe, has been called the Aegean. Ageus 
reigned 48 years, and died B. C. 1135. He 
is luppofed to have firft introduced into Greece 
the worfhip of Venus Urania, to render the 
goddefs propitious to his wilhes in having a 
Con. [ Vid. Tbefeus , Minotaur us, Iff Medea.} 
Apollod. I, c. 8, 9. 1 . 3, C. 15.— Pauf. I c. 5, 
22, 38, 1 . 4, c. 2. — Flat, in Tbef. — Hygin. fpb. 

37 > 43 > 79 > a:,c * * 73 * 

J&giXle, one of Phaeton’s fillers changed 
into poplars, and their tears into amber. They 

are called HeliadesT-a daughter of Adral- 

, tus, by Amphitea daughter of Pronax. She 
married D’romedes, in whofe abfence, during 
the Trojan war, the prolbituted herlelf to her 
ferva'nts, and chiefly to Cometes, whom the 
king had left mailer of his houfe. At his re¬ 
turn, Diomedes being told of his wife’s wan 
tonnefs, went to fettle in Daunia. Some lay 
that Venus implanted thole vicious and lullful 
p openfities in Agiale, to revenge herlelf on 
Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Tro- 
j.m war. Ovid, in Jb. v. 350.— Homer. II. 5. 
v. 412.—A polled* I,C. 9.— Stat. 3, Sylv. 5, 
V. 48. 

Agiaiea, an iflandnear Peloponnefus, in 

fhe Cretan fea.-Another in the Ionian fea, 

near the Echinades. Plin. 4,c. 12 .— Hsrodot. 
4. c . 107.-The ancient name of Pelopon¬ 

nefus. Strab. 12 . —Mela , 2,c. 7. 

Agialeus, lbn of Adraftus by Amphitea 
or Dcmoanafla, was one of the Epigoni, i. e. 
one of the fans of thole generals who were 
killed in the firft Theban war. They went 
againft the Thebans, who had refufed to give 
burial to their fathers, and were victorious. 
They all returned home late, except Agialeus, 
who was killed. That expedition is called the 
war of the Epigoni. Pauf. 1,0.43,44.1.2, 

c. 20. 1 . 9, c. 5.— Apollod. 1, c. 9. 1 . 3. 7 -- 

The fame as Ablyrtus brother to Medea. 
JuJUn. 42, c. 3.— Cie* de Nat. D. 3 —Diod. 4. 

Agialus, fon of Phoroneus, was en- 
trufted with the kingdom of Achaia by king 
Apis going to Egypt. Peleponnel'us was called 

Agiaiea from him-A man who founded 

the kingdom of Sicyon 2091 before the chril- 
tian era, and reigned 52 years. 

Agialus, a name given to part of Pelo- 
% 


ponnefus. [Vid. Achaia.] Pauf. 5.C. T, 1 . 7i 

c. 1 • ». An inconfiderable town of Pontus. 

-A city of Alia Minor.-A city of 

Thrace near the Strymon.-A mountain of 

Galatia.-A city of Pontus.-Another in 

./Ethiopia. 

AgTdes, a patronymic of Thefeus, Hem 
mcr. II. l,v. 265. 

AgTla, a place in Laconia, where Arifto- 
menes was taken prifoner by a crowd of reli¬ 
gious women whom he had attacked. Pauf. 
4, c. 17 

Agilta, an ifland between Crete and Pe- 

loponneiuS.-A place in Euboea. Herodot.6 , 

c. IOI. 

Agtmius, an old man who lived, according 

to Anacreon, 200 years Plin. 7 c 48.-- 

A king of Doris, whom Hercules alfifted to 
conquer the Lapithre. Apollod. 2, c 7. 

jEgimorus or Agimuros, an ifland near 
Libya, luppofed by l'ome to be the lame which 
Virgil mentions under the name of Arte. 
Plin. y, c . 7. 

Agina, daughter of Afopus, had Aacus 
by Jupiter changed into a flame ot fire. She 
afterwards married Actor, fon of Myrmidon, 
by whom fhe had fome children, who con- 
1 pi red ngainft their father. Some fay that fhe 
was changed by Jupiter into the ifland which 
bears her name. Plin 4, c, 12 — Strab. 8 — 
Mela, 2,0.7-— Apollod. I, c. 9 1 . 3, C 12 — 

Pauf. 2 , c 5 & 29. - ‘An ifland formerly 

called CEnopia and now En ;i i, in a parr, of the 
Aegean fea, called Saronieus Sinus, abont 22 
miles in circumference. The inhabitants were 
onefe deftroyed by a peftilence, and tire coun¬ 
try was re-peopled by ants changed into men 
by Jupiter, at the prayer of king Aacus. They 
were once a very powerful nation by lea, but 
they cowardly gave themfelves up to Darius 
when he demanded fu!>million from all the 
Greeks. The Athenians under Pericles made 
war ag.’inft them ; and after taking 70 of their 
lliips in a naval battle, they expelled them 
fro n Agina The fugitives fettled in Pelo- 
ponncfus, and after the ruin of Athens by Ly- 
lander, they returned to their country, but 
never after rofe to their former power or con- 
lequence Ilerodot. 5, 6 & 7 .—Pauf 2, c. 29. 
1 . 8 , C. 44.— Strab. 8.— JEliatt. V. H. 12, 
C. IO. 

TEginkta Paui.us, a phyfician born in 
Agina. He florilhed in the 3d, or, according 
to others, the 7th century, and firft deferved 
to be called man-midwife. He wrote De Re 
Me died, in 7 books. 

Aginetes, a king of Arcadia, in whofe 
age Lycurgus inftituted his famous laws. Pauf* 
i,c. 5- w 

Agiochus, a furnnme of Jupiter, from hr* 
being brought up by the goat Amalthaia, and 
ufing her flcin inftead of a fhield, in the war 
of the Titans. Diod. 5. 

Acipan, a name of Pan, becaufe he had 
goat’s feet. 

AgIRA, a to vn between Atolia and Pelo* 

ponnefus. 









JEG 


JEG 


yonnefu?-A town of Afihra* Pauf.'j, c„ 

a6. — Herodot. I, C. 145. 

JEgiroessa, a town of JEtolia. Herodot. 

1, K -*49- - 

JSgis, the (Meld of Jupiter, atoms ary©' , 
« goat's (kin . This was the goat Amaithaea, 
with whole (kin he covered his Afield. The 
goat was placed among the constellations. Ju¬ 
piter gave this fhield to Pallas, who placed 
upon it Medula’s head, which turned into 
ftoues all thole who fixed thek eyes upon it. 
Virg . JEn 8. v. 351 & 435* 

JEgistkus, king of Argos, was foil of 
Thyeftes by his daughter Pelopea. Thyeftes 
being at variance with his brother Atreus, was 
told by the oracle, that his wrongs could . be 
revenged only by a ion born ot himlelf and 
his daughter. To avoid iuch an inceft, Pe¬ 
lopea had been conlecrated to the fervice of 
Minerva-by her father, who iome time after 
met her in a wood, and raviftied her, without 
knowing who (he was. Pelopea kept the 
{word of her ravUher, and finding it to be her 
father’s, expofed the child (lie had brought 
forth. The child was preferved, aijd when 
grown up, prefetited with the (word o( his 
mother’s iavilher. Pelopea foon after this 
meiaacholy adventure, had married her uncle 
Atreus, who received into his houie her na¬ 
tural Con. As Thyeftes had debauched the 
firft wife of Atreus/ Atreus lent iEgifthus to 
put him to death; but Thyeftes knowing the 
affafiin’s (word, difcovered that he was his own 
fon, and fully to revenge his wrongs, fent 
him back to murder Atreus. After this mur¬ 
der Thyeftes afcended the throne, and banifti- 
ed Agamemnon and Menelaus, the fons, or 
as others fay, the grandfons ot Atreus. Thefe 
children fled to Polyphidus of Sicyon ; hut as 
he dreaded the power of their peri ecu tors, he 
remitted the protection of them to CEneus, 
king of iEtolia. By their marriage with the 
daughters of Tyndarus, king of Sparta, they 
were impovvered to recover the kingdom ot 
Argos, to which Agamemnon fucceeded, while 
Menelaus reigned in Ids father-in-law’s place. 
iEgifthus had been reconciled to the fons of 
Atreus ; and when they went to the Trojan 
war, he was left guardian of Agamemnon’s 
kingdom, and of his wife Clytemneftra. iE¬ 
gifthus fell in love with Clytemneftra, and 
lived with her. On Agamemnon’s return, 
thele two adulterers murdered him, and, by a 
public marriage (lengthened themfelves on 
the throne of Argos. Oreftes, Agamemnon’s 
fon, would have (hared his father’s fate, had 
not his lifter EleClra privately lent him to his 
uncle Strophius, king of Phocis, where he 
contracted the moft intimate friendflup with 
his coufin Pylades. Some time alter, Oreftes 
came to Mycen*e, the refidence of iEgifthus, 
and relolved to punilh the murderers of his 
father, in conjunction with EleCtra, who lived 
in difguii'e in the tyrant’s family. To effeCt 
this more effectually, EleCtra publicly declared 
that her brother Oreftes was dead; upon which 


iEgifthus and Clytemneftra went to the temple 
of Apollo to return thinks to the god for his 
death. Oreftes, who had iecretly concealed 
himlelf in the temple, attacked them, and put 
them both to death, after a reign of feven 
years. They were buried without the city 
walls. [ Vid. Agamemnon, Tbyejles. Orrjies , Cly- 
temtiejlra, Pylades , iff EUa>a.] Ovid, de Rem. 
Am. 161. Trijl. 2. v. 396 .—Hygin. fab. 
87 & 88— Mian. P. H. 12, C. 42 -~ 
Pauf. 2. c. 16, &c.— Sopbocl. in Electrd — 
JEfcbyl. Iff Senec. in Agam — Homer. Od. 3 
Sc II ,— L aft ant. in Tbeb. £- V. 684 —— Pom- 
pey ul'ed to call J. Caefar iEgifthus, on ac¬ 
count of his adultery with his wife Mutia, 
whom he repudiated after (lie had borne him 
three children. Suet, in C<rf. 50. 

JEgItl'm, a town of iEolia, on a moun¬ 
tain eight miles from the fea. Tbucyd. 3, c. 97. 

iEdUM, a town on the Corinthian ilth- 
mus, where Jupiter was faid to have been 
fed by a goat, whence the name. Strab 8, 
— Liv. 2.8. c. 7. 

iSGLE, the youngeft daughter of iEfcu- 

lapius and Lampetie.-A nymph, daughter 

cf Sol and Nea?ra. Pirg. Ec. 6, v. 20 . - 

A nymph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved by 
Theleus after he had left Ariadne. Plut.in 

Thef. -One cf the Helperides-One of 

the Graces.—A proftitute. Martial. I, ep. 

95 ' 

.JEgles, a §amian wreftler, born dumb. 
Seeing iome unlawful meafures purified in a 
conteft, he broke the firing which held his 
tongue, through the defire of fpeaking, and 
ever after (poke with eale. Pal. Max. 1, c. 8. 

jEgletes, a lfirr.ame of Apollo. 

iEcLOGE, a aurle of Nero. Sueton. in 
Her. 50. 

iEoo bolus, a furname of Bacchus at Pot- 

map in Bceotia. 

ASgoceros, or Capricornus, an animal 
into which Pan transformed himfelf when 
flying before Typhon in the war with the 
giants. Jupiter made him a conftellation. 
Li c et. i,v. 613. 

JEgon, a (hepherd, Pirg. Ecl.—Theocr'tt. 

Idyl. -A promontory of Lemnos. - - — A 

name of the ^Egean > cz.-Place. I, v M 628. 

--A boxer of Zacynthus; who dragged a 

large bull by the heel from a mountain int® 
the city. Theurit. Idyll. 4. 

jEgos l’OTAMOS, i. e. the goat's river , a 
town in the Thracian Cherlonefus, with a 
river of the fame name, where, the Athenian 
fleet, confiding of 180 fhips, was defeated by 
Lyfander, on the 13th Dec. B. C. 405, in the 
lait year of the Peloponnelian war. Mela 2 , 
C. Z.— Plin. 2 , C. 58.— PauJ. 3, C. 8 & II. 

Aigosagje, an Aliatic nation under Atta- 
lus, with whom he conquered Alia, an^l to 
whom he gave a fettle.cent 1 ear the Hellei- 
pont_ Polyfr. 5. 

i£.Gus and Roscillus, two brothers 
anungft the Allobroges, who deferted from 
Caftar to Poropey. Caf. bell, civ, 3, c.59. 









/EG 


/Ecus A, the middle ifland of the /Egates 
Hear Sicily. 

/Egy, a town near Sparta, deftroycd be- 
canfe its inhabitants were i'ulpedted by the 
Spartans of favoring the Arcadians. Pauf 
3, c. 2. 

/Egypanes, a nation in the middle of 
Africa, whofe body is human above the waift, 
and that of a goat below. Mela, r, c. 4 & 8. 

/Egyp 9U3, a town of the Getas, near the 
Danube. Ovid, ex Pont. 1, ep. 8 . 1 . 4, ep. 7. 

/Egy pta, a freed man of Cicero, <7/ Attic. 8 . 

/Egyptii, the inhabitants of Egypt. [Kid. 
-/Egyptus.] 

/Egyptium mare, that part of the Medi¬ 
terranean tea which is on the coaft cf Egypt. 

./Egypt us, ton of Belus, and brother to 
Danaus, gave his 50 fons in marriage to the 
50 daughters of his brother. Danaus, who 
had eftablilhed himfelf at Argos, and was jea¬ 
lous of his brother, who, by following him 
from Egypt into Greece, feemed envious of 
his profperity, obliged all his daughters to 
murder their hufbands the firft night of their 
nuptials. This was executed ; but Hyperm- 
«eftra alone fp.ired her hutband Lynceus. 
Even /Egyptus was killed hy his niece Po-. 
lyxena. Pid. Danaus, Danaides, Lynceus. — 
/Egyptus was king, after his father, of a 
part of Africa, which from him has been cal¬ 
led /Egyptus. Hygin. fab. 168, 170.— Apollod. 
2 , c. I.— Ovid. Heroid. 14.— Pauf.'], C. 21 .— 
—An extenfive country of Africa watered by 
the Nile, bounded on the eaft by Arabia, and 
on the weft by Libya. Its name is derived 
from /Egyptus brother to Danaus. Its extent, 
according to modern calculation,is i8oleagues 
from north to fouth, and it meafures 120 
leagues on the Ihore of the Mediterranean; 
but at the diftance of 50 leagues from the lea, 
it diminilhes fo much as lcarce to meaiure 7 
or 8 leagues between the mountains on the 
eaft and weft. It is divided into lower, which 
lies near the Mediterranean, and upper, 
which is towards the fouth. Upper Egypt 
was famous for the town of Thebes, but Lower 
Egypt was the molt peopled, and contained 
the Delta, a number of large iflands, which, 
from their form, have been called after the 
fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. This 
country has been the mother of arts and fei- 
ences. The greateft part of Lower Egypt 
has been formed by the mud and fand carried 
down by the Nile. The Egyptians reckoned 
themfelves the merit ancient nation in the uni- 
verfe, ( Fid. Pfammtticbus,) but fome authors 
make them of ./Ethiopian origin. They are 
remarkable for their fuperftition; they paid as 
much honor to the cat, the crocodile, the bull, 
and even to onions, as to Ifis. Rain never 
or feldom falls in this country ; the fertility of 
the foil originates in the yearly inundations of 
the Nile, which rifes about 25 feet above the 
furface of the earth, and exhibits a large plain 
•i waters, in which are fcattered here and 


JE L 

there, the towns and villages, as the Cyclades 
in the /Egean fea. The air is not wholefomc, 
but the population is great, and the cattle very 
prolific. Tt is faid that Egypt once contained 
20,000 cities, the moll remarkable of which 
were Thebes, Memphis, Alexandria, Pelu- 
fium, Coptos, Arfinoe, See. It was governed 
by kings who have immortaliled themfelves by 
the pyramids they have railed and the canals 
they have opened. The priefts traced the 
exiltence of the country for many thoufand 
years, and fondly imagined that the gods were 
their firft lovereigns, and that their monarchy 
had lafted 11,340 years according to Hero¬ 
dotus. Acccording to the calculation of Coil- 
ftantine ManafTes the kingdom of Egypt lafted 
1663 years from its beginning under Mi.raitn. 
the fon of Ram, 2188 B. C. to the conquelt 
ofCarobyfes 525 B. C. Egypt revolted after¬ 
wards from the Perfian power, B C. 414, and 
Amyrtzeus then became king. After him 
fucceeded Pfammetichus, whole reign began 
408 B. C.: Nepherens 396 : Acoris, 389 : 
Piammuthis, 376 : Nepherites 4 months, and 
Nedtanebis, 375 : Tachos, or Teos, 363 ; 
Nedtanebus, 361. It was conquered by Ochus, 
350 B. C.; and after the conqueft of Perfia 
by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the king¬ 
dom, and began to reign 3I3 B. C.; Phila- 
delphus, 284: Evergetes, 246 : Pbilopater, 
221 : Epiphanes, 204: Philomator, 180 and. 
169, conjointly with Evergetes II. or Phyfcon, 
for 6 years: Evergetes II. 145 : Lathurus 
Soter, and his mother Cleopatra, 116: Alex¬ 
ander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra, 106 : La¬ 
thurus Soter reftored, 88 : Cleopatra II. 6 
months, with Alexander the lecond 19 days, 
81: Ptolemy, lurnamed Alexander III. 80 ; 
Dionyfius, furnpmed Auletes, 65.: DionyfuiS 
II. with Cleopatra III. 51 : Cleopatra III. 
with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B. C. it 
was reduced by Auguftus into a Roman pro¬ 
vince. The hiltory of Egypt, therefore, can 
be divided into three epochas; the firft be¬ 
ginning with the foundation of the empire, to 
the conqueft of Cambyfes; the fecond ends at 
the death of Alexander ; and the third com¬ 
prehends the reign of the Ptolemies, and ends 
at the death of Cleopatra, in the age of Au- 
guftus.— JuJiin. I.— Hirtius in Alex. 24.-— 
Macrob. in fomn. Scip. I, C. 19 & 21— He- 
rodian 4, c. 9 .—Strab. 17.— Herodot. 2, 3 & 7» 
— Tbeocrit. Id. 17^.79 .—Polyb 15.— Diod. I* 
Plin. 5, C. I. 1 . 14, C. 7 — Alarcell. ZZ,C. 40.— 
JuJiin. I.— C. Nep. in Pauf. 3, in Ipbic. in 
Datam. 3.— Curt. 4, c. I —Juv IJ, v. 175.— 
Pauf. 1,0.14. —Pint de Facie in 0 b Lun.de 
Ijtd. OJir.in Ptol. in Alex. — Mela , I, c. 9* 

— Apollod. 2, c. I & 5.-A minilter of Mau- 

i'olus king of Caria. Polycen. 6.-—The ancient 

name of the Nile. Homer. Od. v. 258 — 
Pauf 9,0.40- 

/Egys. Fid. /Egy. 

/Egysthus. Fid. /Egifthus. 

/Elia, the wife of bylla. Plut. in SyU . 

C p—The 





MU 


Ml 

* — .The name of fome towns built or re¬ 
paired by the emperor Adrian. 

ASlia lex, enabled by Ailius Tubero the 
tribune, A. U. C. 559, to fend two colonies 
into the country of the Brutii. Liv. 34, c. 

53.-Another A. U. C. 568, ordaining that, 

in public affairs, the augurs fhould obferve the 
appearance of the iky, and the magiftrates be 
empowered to poftpone the bufinels.-Ano¬ 

ther called Ailia Sexta, by ~j£lius Sextus , 
A. U. C. 756, which enadled, that all flaves 
v/ho bore any marks of puniftiment received 
from their mailers, or who had been imprifon- 
ed, fhould be fet at liberty, but not rank as 
Roman citizens. 

ALlia PetIna, of the family of Tubero, 
married Claudius Ciefar, by whom fhe had a 
ipn. The emperor divorced her, to marry 
Meffalina. Sueton. in Claud . 26. 

ALlianus Claudus, a Roman fophift of 
Prtsnefte, in the reign of Adrian. He firft 
taught rhetoric at Rome ; but being difgufted 
with his profeffion, he became author, and 
publifhed treatifes on animals in 17 books, on 
various hiftory'*in 14 books, &c. in Greek, a 
language which he preferred to Latin. In his 
writings he fhews himfelf very fond of the 
marvellous, and relates many flories which are 
often devoid of elegance and purity of flyle ; 
though Philoftratus has commended his lan¬ 
guage as fuperioir to what could be expelled 
from a perfon who was neither born nor edu¬ 
cated in Greece. Ailian died in the 60th 
year of his age, A D, 140. The beft editions 
of his works colledled together are that of 
Conrad Gefner, folio, printed Tiguri, 1556, 
though now feldom to be met with, and that 
of Kuenius, 2 vol. 8vo. Lipf. 1780. Some 
attribute the treatife on the tactics of the 
Greeks to another JElian. 

ALlius & JElia, a family in Rome, fo 
poor that 16 lived in a fmall houfe, and were 
maintained by the produce of a little field. 
Their poverty continued till Paulus conquered 
Perfeus king of Macedonia, and gave his fon- 
in-law ALL Tubero five pounds of gold from 
the booty. Val. Max. 4, c. 4. 

ALlius Adrianus, an African, grand¬ 
father to the emperor Adrian.-Gallus, a 

Roman knight, the firft who invaded Arabia 
Telix. He was very intimate with Strabo the 
geographer, and failed on the Nile with him 
to take a view of the country. Flin. 6, c.28. 
- ■ Publius, one of the firft queftors chofen 
from the plebeians at Rome. Liv. 4, c. 54. 
Q. JE. Paetus, fon of Sextus or Publius. As 
he fat in the fenate houfe, a wood-pecker 
perched on his head ; upon which a footh 
layer exclaimed, that if he preferved the bird, 
his houfe would florifh,and Rome decay; and 
if he killed it, the contrary muft happen. 
Hearing this, AElius, in the prefence of the 
fenate, bit off the head of the bird. All the 
youths of his family were killed at Canna a , and 
the Roman arms were i'oon attended with 


fuccefs, Val. Max. 5, c, 6.-Saturninus, a 

fatyrift, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock 

for writing verfesagainft Tiberius.-Sejanus, 

Vid. Sejanus .•-Sextusatus, cenfor with 

M. Cethegus. He feparated the fenatorsfrom 
the people in the public fpedlacles. During 
his conlulfhip, the ambaffadors of the Aitolians 
found him feafting in earthen difhes, and of¬ 
fered him fiiver veffels, which he refufed, fa- 
tisfied with the earthen cups, &c. which, for 
his virtues, he had -received from his fa¬ 
ther-in law, L. Paulus, after the conqueft of 
Macedonia. Flin. 33, c. 11.— Cic. de Orat. 
1. -Spartianus, wrote the lives of the empe¬ 

rors Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and M. Aure¬ 
lius. He florilhed A. D. 240.--Tubero* 

grandfon of L. Paulus, was auftere in his mo¬ 
rals, and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. 
His grandfon was accufed before Caefar, and 
ably defended by Cicero. Cic. ep. ad Brut . 

-Verus Ca?lar, the name of L. C. Corn- 

modus Verus, after Adrian had adopted him. 
He was made pretor and conful by the em¬ 
peror, who was loon convinced of his inca¬ 
pacity in the difeharge of public duty. Ho 
killed himfelf by drinking an antidote; and 
Antoninus furnamed Pius, was adopted in his 
place. ASlius was father to Antoninus Verus, 

: whom Pius adopted. - -A phyfician men¬ 
tioned by Galen.-L. Gallus, a lawyer, who 

wrote 12 books concerning the fignification of 

all law words.-‘Sextus Paetus, a lawyer, 

conful at Rome A. U. C. 566. He is greatly 
commended by Cicero for his learning, and 
called cordaius homo by Ennius for his know¬ 
ledge of law. Cic. de Orat. 1. c. 48. in Brut. 

20. -Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, mafter 

to ML Ter. Varro, and author of fome treatifes. 
—Lamia, Vid. Lamia. 

Aei.l<?, one of the Harpies (from iXcurtz 
aXko, alienum taliens, or cciWa,, tempeflas ). 
Flue. 4, v. 450.— Hefiod. Tb, 267.— Ovid. 
Met. 13, v. 710.—One of Adlteon’s dogs.— 
Ovid.Met. 3,v. 220. 

AElurus, (a cat,) a deity worfhipped by the 
Egyptians; and after death, embalmed, and 
buried in the city of Bubaftis. Hercdot. 2, c. 
66 , &c.— Died. I.— Cic. de ]Vat. D. I. — A. 
Gell. 20. c. 7*— Plut. in Fr. 

ALmathion,& JEmathia. Vid. Ema- 
thion. 

Asmilia lex, was enadted by the didlator 
jEmilius, A. U. C. 309. It ordained that' 
the cenforfhip, which was before quinquenqial, 
fhould be limited to one year and a half. Liv. 

9 > c - 33 ‘-Another in rhefecond eonfulibip 

of ASmilius Mamercus, A. U. C. 391. It gave 
power to the eldeft pretor to drive a nail in 
the capitol on the ides of September. Liv. 7, 

c. 3--The driving of a nail was a fuper- 

ftitious ceremony, by which the Romans lup- , 
pofed that a peftilence could be flopped, or am 
impending calamity averted. 

ALmilianus (C. Julius), a native of Mau¬ 
ritania, proclaimed emjperor after the death of 

JDecius. 







Dencius. He marched againfl Gallus and Va¬ 
lerian, but was informed that they had been 
murdered by their own troops. He foon after 

Shared their fate.-One of the thirty tyrants 

who rebelled in the reign of Gallienus. 

./Emilius, J'jV. iEmylius 

./Emnestus, tyrant of Enna, was depofed 
by Dionyfius the elder. Diod. 14. 

./Emon. Fid. Hsemon. 

/Emon a, a large city of Afia, Cic, pro 
Place. 

/Emonia, a country of Greece, which re¬ 
ceived its name from /Emon, or /Emus, and 
was afterwards called Theflaly. Achilles is 
Called JEmonius , as being born there. Ovid. 
Triji. 3, el. 11,1. 4, el. ! —Horat I. od. 37. 
It was alfo called Pyrrha,from Pyrrha, Deu¬ 
calion’s wife, who reigrted there.-—The word 
has been indifcrimlnately applied to all Greece 
by l'ome writers. Plin. 4,c 7. 

/Emonides, a pried of Apollo in Italy, 
killed by ./Eneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 537 

./Emus, an a&orin Domitian'sreign. Juv. 
6, v. 197. 

./Em v lia, a noble family in Rome, de* 
fcendea from Mamercus, fon of Pythagoras, 
who, for his humanity, was called Aipukos, 

blardus. -A veftal who rekindled the fire 

of Vefta, which was extinguilhed, by putting 
her veil over it. Val. Max, I, c I — 'Dionyf. 

Hal. 2.—-The wife of Africanus the elder, 

famous for her behaviour to her hufband, 
when ful'pedded of infidelity. Val. Max. 6, 
c. 7.-Lepida, daughter of Lepidus, mar¬ 

ried Drulus the younger, whom fhe difgraced 
by her wantonnefs. She killed herfelf when 
acculed of adultery with a flave. Tacit. 6, c. 

40.-A part of Italy, called nlfo Flaminia. 

Martial. 6, ep. 85.-A public road leading 

from Placentia to Ariminum ; called after the 
coni'ul /Emylius, who is fuppofedto have made 
it. Martial. 3, ep. 4. 

JE myliAnUs, a name of Africanus the 
younger, fon of P. /Emylius. In him the fa¬ 
milies of the Scipios and /Emylii were united. 
Many of that family bore the fame name. 
Juv. 8, v. 2. 

JEmtlii, a noble family in Rome, defend¬ 
ed from /Emylius the fbn of Afcanius.— 
Plutarch fays, that they are delcended from 
Mamercus, the lbn of Pythagoras, furnamed 
/Emilius from the fweetnefs of his voice, in 
Num. Iff J&my /.— fhe family wasdiltinguifh- 
ed in the various branches of the Lepidi. Ma- 
merci Mamercini, Barbulic, Pauli, and Scauri. 

/Em vlius. a beautiful youth of Sybaris, 
whole wife met with the fame late as Procris. 

Fid Procris.-CertforTnus, a cruel tyrant 

of Sicily, who liberally rewarded thole who 
invented new ways of torturing. Paterculus 
gave him a brazen hoife for this purpole, and 
the tyrant made the firft experiment upon the 
donor. Plut. de Fort. Rom. —Lepidus, a youth 
who had a llatue in the capitol, for faving the 
Kfe of a citizen in a battle. Va!. Alan, 4, 


I c. 1.—A triumvir with Q&avius. Vid. 

■ pidus.-Macer, a poet of Veprona in the 

| Auguftan age. He wrote fome oems upon 
| ferpents, birds, and, as fome luppofe, on bee$. 

Vid. Macer. -Marcus Scaurus, a Roman 

who floriihed about 100 years B.C. and wrote 
three books concerning his own life. Cic. in 

Brut. -a poet in the age of Tiberius, who 

wrote a tragedy called Atheus, and deftroyed 
himfelf.——Sura, another writer on the Ro¬ 
man year.-Mamercus, three times dic¬ 

tator, conquered the Fidenates, and took their 
city. He limited to one year and a half, the 
cenforfhip, which before his time was exer- 
cifed during five years. Liv. 4, c. 17, 19, 

See. -iP.ipinunus a fon,of FJoftilius Papini- 

anus, was in favor with the emperor Severus, 
and was made governor to his l'ons Geta and 
Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, - 
and Papinianus for upbraiding him, was mur¬ 
dered by his lbldiers. From his fchool the 
Romans have had many able lawyers, who 

were called Papinianifts.--Pappus, a cen- 

for, who banlfhed from the fenate, P. Corn. 
Ruffinus* who had been twice conful, becaufe 
he had at his table ten pounds of filver plate, 

A. U. C. 478. Liv. 14-Porcina,an elegant 

orator Cic. in Brut. --Retius, a ievere 

governor of Egypt, under Tiberius. Dio. - * 

Regillus, conquered the general of Antiochus 
at lea, and obtained a naval triumph. Liv 
37,c. 31.-Scaurus, a noble, but poor citi¬ 

zen of Rome. His father, to maintain him¬ 
felf, was a coal-merchant. He was edile, and 
afterwards pretor, and fought againft Jugur- 
tha. His fon Marcus was fon-in law to .Sylht, 
and in his edilefhip he built a very magnifi¬ 
cent theatre. Plin. 36. c. 15.-A bridge 

at Rome, called alfo Sublicius. Juv. 6, v. 
3 2 - 

JEn aria, an ifisnd in the bay of Puteoli, 
abounding with cyprefs trees. It received its 
name from ./Eneas who is luppofed to have 
landed there on his way to Latium. It is 
called Pithecula by the Greeks, and now* 
Ifchia, a"d was famous once for its mineral 
waters. Liv 8, c. 22,— Plin. 3, c. 6. 1 . 31. 

C. 2 — Stal 3 Sylv. 5, v. 104 

JEnaRIUM, a foreft near Olefios^n Achaia, 
tacred to Jupiter. 

/Enasius, one of the Ephori at Sparta, 
Thucyd. 9, c. 2. 

JE nea or /Eneia, a town of Macedonia, 
15 miles from Theffalonica, founded by 
/Eneas. Liv. 40. c. 4. 1 . 44. c. 10. 

/EneXdes, a town of nherlbnefus, built 
by /Eneas. CafTander deftroyed it, and car¬ 
ried the inhabitants to Theffalonica, lately 
built Dionyf. Hal. I. 

/EneXd;e, a name given to the friends 
and companions of ./Eneas, by Virg. JEn. 1, 
v. 161. 

/Eneas,, a Trojan prince, fon of Anchifes 
and the goddefs Venus. The opinions of 
authors concerning his character are different. 
C 2 











JEN 


JEN 


1-5 is infancy was intrufted to the care of a 
nymph, and at the age of 5 he was recalled to 
Troy. He afterwards improved himfelf in 
Theflaly under Chiron, a venerable fage, whofe 
houfe was frequented by the young princes 
and heroes of the age. Soon after his return 
home he married Creufa, Priam’s daughter, by 
whom he had a l'on called Aicanius. During 
the Trojan war he behaved with great valor, 
in defence of his country, and came to an en¬ 
gagement with Diomedes and Achilles. Yet 
Strabo, Di&ys of Crete, Dionyfius of Hali- 
cfarnaflus, and Dares of Phrygia, accule him of 
betraying his country to the Greeks, with 
Antenor, and of preferving his life and fortune 
by this treacherous meafure. He lived 
at, variance with Priam, becaule he received 
not fufficient marks of diftindion from the 
king and his family, as Homer. II. 13, fays. 
This might have provoked him to feek re¬ 
venge by perfidy —Authors of credit report, 
that when Troy was in flames, he carried 
away upon his (boulders, his father Anchifes, 
and the ftatues of his houlhold gods, leading in 
his hand his fon Afcanius, and leaving his 
wife to follow behind. Some fay that he re¬ 
tired to mount Ida, where he built a fleet ©f 
20 fhips, and fet fail in quell of a lettlement. 
Strabo and others maintain that /Eneas never 
left his country, but rebuilt Troy, where he 
reigned, and his pofterity after him. Even 
Homer, who lived 400 years after the Trojan 
war, fays, II. 20, v. 30, &c. that the gods def¬ 
ined /Eneas and his pofterity to reign over 
the Trojans. This paflage Dionyf. Hal, ex¬ 
plained, by faying that Homer meant the 
Trojans who had gone over to Italy with 
/Eneas, and not the actual inhabitants of Troy. 
According to Virgil and other Latin authors, 
who, to make their court to the Roman em¬ 
perors, traced their origin up to /Eneas, and 
defcribed his arrival into Italy as indubitable, 
he with his fleet firft came to the Thracian 
Cherfonefus, where Polymneftor, one of his 
allies, reigned. After viliting Delos, the Stro- 
phades, and Crete, where he expected to find 
the empire promifed him by the oracle, as in 
the place where his progenitors were born, he 
landed in Epirus and Drepanum, the court of 
king Aceftes, in Sicily, where he buried his 
father. From Sicily he failed for Italy, hut 
was driven on the coafts of Africa, and kindly 
received by Dido queen of Carthage, to whom, 
cn his firft interview, he gave one of the gar¬ 
ments of the beautiful Helen. Dido being ena¬ 
moured of him, wilhed to marry him ; but he 
left Carthage by order of the gods. In his voy¬ 
age he was driven to Sicily, and from thence 
he pafled to Cumae, where the Sybil con¬ 
ducted him. to hell, that he might hear from 
his father the fates which attended him and 
all his pofterity. After a voyage of leven 
years, and the l'ofs of 13 fhips, he same to 
the Tyber. Latinus, the- king of the coun¬ 
try, received him with bolpitajity, and pro¬ 


mifed him his daughter Lavinia, whohadbecil 
before betrothed to king Turnus by her mo¬ 
ther Amata. To prevent this marriage, Tur- 
nus made war againft /Eneas ; and after many 
battles, the war was decided by a combat be¬ 
tween the two rivals, in which Turnus w^s 
killed. ./Eneas married Lavinia, in whole ho¬ 
nor he built the town of Lavinium, and fuc- 
ceeded his father-in-law. After a Ihort reign, 
-/Eneas was killed in a battle againft the Etru¬ 
rians. Some fay that he was drowned in the 
Numicus, and his body weighed down by his 
armour; upon which the Latins, not finding 
their king, fuppofed that he had been taken- 
up to heaven, and therefore offered him fa- 
crifices as to a god. Dionyf. Hal. fixes the ar¬ 
rival of ./Eneas in Italy in the 54th olymp. 
Some authors fuppofe that ./Eneas, after the 
liege of Troy, fell to the (hare of Neoptole- 
mus, together with Andromache, and that he 
was carried to Theflaly, whence he efcaped 
to Italy. Others fay, that after he had come- 
to Italy, he returnedtoTroy, leaving Afcanius 
king ofLatium. /Eneas has been praifed for 
his piety, and fubmiflion to the will of the 
gods. Homer. II. 13 & 20. Hymn, in Vener. 
— Apollod. 3, c. 12.— Diod. 3. — Pauf. 2. c. 33. 
1 . 3, C. 22 . 1 . 10 , C. 25.— Flat, in Romul. 55 * 
Carol. Qtiajl. Rom. — Val. Max. 1, c. 8.— 
Fler. I, c. I.—20. c. I. 1 . 31, c. 8. 
1 . 43, c. I.— Diflys Cret. 5 — Dares Fhry. 6 . — 
Dionyf. Hal. I, c. IX.— Strab. 13.— Liv. X, 
c. 1.— Virg. JEn .— Aur. Vitlor. — JElian . 
V. II 8,c. 22.— Prdpert. 4, el. I, v. 42,— 
Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 3, &c. Trif. 4, v. 798.— 
—A fon of /Eneas and Lavinia, called Syl- 
vius, becaule his mother retired with him into 
the woods after his father’s death. He fuc- 
ceeded Aicanius in- Latium, tho’ oppoled by 
J ulius the fon of his predeceffor. Virg. JEn. 

6, v. 770.— Liv. 1, c. 3.-An ambaflador 

lent by the Lacedemonians to Athens, to 
treat of peace, in the 8th year of the Pelo- 
ponnefian war —An ancient author who wrote 
on ta/lics, befides other treatifes, which, ac¬ 
cording to /Elian, were epitomifed by Cineas 
the friend of Pyrrhus.—A native of Gaza, 
who, from a Platonic philofopher, became a 
chriftian, A. D. 485, and wrote a dialogue 
called Theophrajlus , on the imrhortality of the 
foul, and the refurre/lion. 

/Eneia, or /Enia, a place near Rome, 

afterwards called Janicuhim.-A city of 

Troas. Strab. 17.-——A city of Macedonia. 
Dionyf. Hal. 1 . 

ZEneide.s, a patronymic given to Afca* 
nius, as fon of IE neas. Virg.'IEn. 9, v. 653. 

ZEneis, a poem of Virgil, which has for; 
its fubjeft the fettlement of /Eneas in Italy. 
The great merit of this poem is well known. 
The author has imitated Homer, and, as fome 
fay, Homer is fuperior to him only becaufe 
he is more ancient, and is an original. Vir¬ 
gil died before he had corretted it, and at his 
death defirei it might be burnt. This was- 

happily 





JEN 


JE O 


happily difobeycd, and Auguftus faved from 
the flames, a poem which proved his family 
-to be defcended from the kings of Troy. 
The /Eneid had engaged the attention of the 
poet for n years, and in the firft fix books it 
feems that it was Virgil’s defign to imitate 
Homer’s Odyfley, and in the lad the Iliad. 
The adlion of the jfoem comprehends eight 
years, one of which only, the laft, is really 
taken up by adiion, as the feven firft are 
merely epifodes, fuch as Juno’s attepipts to 
deftroy the Trojans, the loves of /Eneas and 
Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c — 
In the firft book of the /Eneid, the hero is in¬ 
troduced, in the feventh year of his expedi¬ 
tion, failing in the Mediterranean, and lliip- 
wrecked on the African coaft, where he is re¬ 
ceived by Dido. In the fecond /Eneas, at 
the defire of the Phoenician queen, relates 
the fall of Troy, and his flight through the 
general conflagration to mount Ida. In the 
third, the hero continues his narration, by a 
minute account of the voyage through the 
Cyclades, the places where he landed, and 
the dreadful ftorm with the defeription of 
which the poem opened. Dido, in the fourth 
book, makes public her partiality to /Eneas, 
which is'flighted by the failing of the Tro¬ 
jans from Carthage, and the book clofes with . 
the fuicide of.the difappointed queen. In the 
fifth book, /Eneas fails to Sicily, where he 
celebrates the anniverlary of his father’s 
death, and thence purfues his voyage to Italy. 
In the fixth, he vifits the Elyfian fields, and 
learns from his father the fate which attends 
him and his defeendants the Romans. In the 
feventh book, the hero reaches the deflined 
land of Latium, and concludes a treaty with 
the king of the country, which is foon broken 
by the interference of Juno, who ftimulates 
Turnus to war. The auxiliaries of the enemy 
.are enumerated; and in the eighth book,/Eneas 
is aflifted by Evander, and receives from Ve¬ 
nus a ftiield wrought by Vulcan, on which 
are reprelented the future glory and triumphs 
of the Roman nation. The reader is pleafed, 
in the ninth book, with the account of battles 
between the rival armies, and the immortal 
friendfhip of Nifus and Euryalus. Jupiter 
m the tenth, attempts a reconciliation between 
Venus and Juno, who patronized the oppofite 
parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed, 
and Turnus faved from the avenging hand of 
/Eneas, by the interpofition of Juno. The 
eleventh book gives an account of the funeral 
of Pallas, and of the meditated reconciliation 
between /Eneas and Latinus, which the fud- 
den appearance of the enemy defeats. Ca¬ 
milla is flain, and the combatants feparated by 
the night. In the laft book, Juno prevents 
the Angle combat agreed upon by Turnus and 
./Eneas. The Trojans are defeated in the ab- 
lence of their king; but on the reiurn of 
./Eneas, the battle afTumcs a different turn, a 
ingle combat is fought by the rival leaders, and 


the poem is concluded by the death of king 
Turnus. Plin..j,c. 30, &c. 

/Enesidkmus, a brave general o c Argos. 
Liv. 32, c. 25.—A Cretan philofopher, who 
wrote 8 books on the dottrine of his mailer 
Pyrrho. Diog. in Pyr . 

-Enesius, a furname of Jupiter, from 
mount /Enum. 

/Enetus, nvidtor at Olympia, who, in the 
moment of vidlory, died through excefs of joy. 
Pauf.3,c. 18. 

/Enia. Fid. /Eneia. 

/Enicus, a comic writer at Athens. 

/Eniochi, a people of Afiatic Sarmatia. 
Lucan . 2, v. 591. 

JEnobArbus, or Ahenabarbus, the fur- 
name of Domitius. When Caftor and Pollux 
acquainted him with a victory, he diferedited 
them; upon which they touched his chin and 
beard, which inftantly became of a brazen color, 
whence the furname given to himfelf and his 
defeendants. 

/Enocles, a writer of Rhodes. Athen. 

./Enos, now Eno , an independent city of 
Thrace, at the eaftern mouth of the Hebrus, 
canfounded with ./Eneia, of which /Eneas was 
the founder. Mela, 2, c. 2. 

JEnum, a town of Thrace—of ThefTaly.— 

A mountain in Cephallenia. Strab. 7.-A 

river and village near Ofia. - - A city of 
Crete built by /Eneas. ‘ 

/EnItra, a toivn of Thafos. Herodot. 6, 


c. 47. 

/Eolia, a name given to Arne. Sappho 
is called JEol'm puella , and lyric poetry 
JEolium carmen , becaufe of Alcaeus and 
Sappho, natives of Lefbos in /Eolia. Horat. 

4, od. 3. v. 1 2. and od. 9,v. 12. 

/Eolia, or ZEolis, a country of Afia Minor, 
near the /Egean fea. It has Troas at the 
north, and Ionia at the fouth The inhabi • 
tants were of Grecian origin, and were mas¬ 
ters of many of the neighbouring iflands.— 
They had twelve, others fay thirty, confiderable 
cities, of which Cumae and Lefbos were the 
moft famous. They received their name from 
/Eolus fon of Hellenus. They migrated from 
Greece about 1124 B. C. 80 years before the 
migration of the Ionian tribes. Herodot. I, 
C. 26, &C,— Strab. 1,2 & 6.— Plin. 5, C 30. — 
Mela , I, c. 2 & 18.-ThefTaly has been an¬ 

ciently called /Eolia. Bceotus, fon of Neptune, 
having fettled there, called his followers Boeo¬ 
tians, and their country Boeotia. 

/Eolije and /Solides, feven iflands be¬ 
tween Sicily and Italy; called Lipara, Hiera, 
Strongyle, Didyme, Ericufa, Phcenicufa, and 
Euonymos. They were the retreat of the 
winds; and Virg. .LEn. 1, v. 56, calls them 
/Eolia, and the kingdom of .ffiolus the god of 
ftorms and winds. They fometimes bear the 
name of Fulcanue and HepbaJUades , and are 
known now among the moderns under the 
general appellation of 1 ipari iflands. Lucan. 

5, v. 609— Jrfin. 4 > c. x- w 

C 3 /Eolida 





JES 


JEQ 


A^olida, a city of Tenedo?.*-Another 

near 1 hermopylae. Herodot. 8, c. 35. 

ASolides, a patronytr.ic of Ulyfles, from 
AEolus; becaufe Antidea, his mother, was 
pregnant by Sifyphus, the fon of Aiolus, 
when the married Laertes. It is alio given 
to Athamas and Mifenus, as fons of Aiolus 

Ovid. Met. 4, v. 511, 1 . 13, v. 31.-- Virg. 

JEn. 6, v.164 & 529. 

AEotus, the king of ftorms and winds, 
was the fon of Hippotas. He reigned over 
AEolia; and becaufe he was the inventor of 
fails, and a great aitronomer, the poets have 
called him the god of the wind. It is faid 
that he confined in a bag, and gave UlyfTes 
all the winds that could blow againft his vel- 
fel, when he returned to Ithaca. 1 he com¬ 
panions of Ulyfles untied the bag, and gave 
the winds their liberty. iEolus was indebted 
to Juno for his royal dignity, according to 
Virgil. The name feems to be derived from 
aioXoi, variusy becaufe the winds over which 

he prefided are ever varying.-Ther'e were 

two others, a king of Etruria, father to Ma- 
careus and Canace, and a fon of Hellenus, 
often confounded with the god of the winds. 
This laft married Enaretta, by whom he had 
feven fons and five daughters. Apollod. 1 , c. 
7.— Homer. Od. IO, v. 1.— Ovid. Met. II, v. 
478. 1 . 14, v. 224.— Apollon. 4, Argon. — 
I lace. 1, v.556.— Died. 4 & $.—Virg. JEn. 
I, V. 56, &c. 

AEora, a feftival in Athens, in honor ©f 
Erigone. 

ASfalius, a king of Greece, reftored to 
his kingdom by Hercules, vvhofe fon Hyllushe 
adopted. Strab. 9, 

AEpea, a town of Crete, called Solis, in 
honor of Solon. Pint, in Solon. 

JEpulo, a general of the Ifirians, who 
drank to excefs, after he had (formed the 
camp of A. Manlius, the Roman general. 
Being attacked by. a foldier, he fled to a 
neighbouring town, which the Romans took, 
and killed himlelf for fear of being taken. 
plor. 2, c. IO. 

ABpy, a town of Elis, under the dominion 
ofNeftor. Stat. 4. Thcb. v. 180. 

AEpytus, king of Mycenae, fon of Chref- 
phontes and Merope, was educated in Ar¬ 
cadia with Cyplelus, his mother’s father. To 
recover his kingdom, he killed Polyphontes, 
vyhio had married his mother againft her will. 

and ufurped the crown. Apollod. 2 , c. 6 _ 

Pauf. 4,c. 8-A king oi Arcadia, fon of 

Elatus.'-A fon of h'ippcthous, who forci¬ 

bly entered the temple of Neptune, near 
Mantinea, and was (truck blind by the l’udden 
eruption of fait water from the altar. He was 
killed by a ferpent in hunting. Pauf. 8, c. 4 

JEqui or iF.QuicoLi, a pe©ple of Latium, 
near Tibur; they were great enemies to 
Rome in its infant ftate, and were conquered 
with much difficulty. Plor. i,c. 11.— Liv.i, 


C. 32.1. 2, c. 30. I. 3, c. 2 , kc.—Plin. 3, C. 4* 
— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 747- 1 * 9, v. 684.— Ovid. 
Eajl. 3, v. 9 3.— Diotiyf. Hal. 2, C. 19. 

iEguiMELiuM, a place in Rome where 
the houle of Melius ltood, who afpired to 
fovereign power, for which crime his habitation 
was levelled to the ground, Liv. 4, c. 16. 

AErias, an ancient king of Cyprus, who 
built the temple of Paphos. Tacit. Hijl. 2, 
c- 3 - 

JErope, wife of Atreus, committed adul 
tery with Thyeftes, her brother-in-law, and 
had by him twins, who were placed as food 

before Atreus. Ovid. Trijl. 2, v. 391.-A 

daughter of Cepheus, ravilhed by Mars. She 
died in child-bed : her child was preferved, 
and called ASropus. Pauf. 8, c. 4 4. 

AEropus, a general of Epirus, in the reign 

of Pyrrhus.-A perfon appointed regent to 

Oreltes, the infant fon of Archelaus king of 

Macedonia.-An officer of king Philip, 

banilhed for bringing a linger into his camp. 

Poly an. 4, c. 2. -A mountain of Chaonia. 

Liv. 31, c. 5. 

AisXcus, a river of Troy, near Ida.- 

A fon of Priam by Alexirhoe ; or according 
to others by Arilba. He became enamoured 
of Hefperia, whom he purfued into the woods. 
The nymph threw herfelf into the fea, and 
was changed into a bird. Ailacus followed 
her example, and was changed into a cormo¬ 
rant by Tet'nys. Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 11. 

Assapus, a river of Myfta, in Afia, falling 
into the Hellefpont. Pi in. 5, c. 32. 

A£sar, or AEsaras, a river of Magna 
Graccia, falling into the fea near Crotona. 
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 28. 

Aiscui NJES, atr Athenian orator, who flo- 
riihed about 342 B. C. and diftinguilhed him¬ 
lelf by his rivaKhip with Demoftheues. His 
father’s name was Atrometos, and he boafted 
of his delcent from a noble family, though 
Demcfthenes reproached him as being the fon 
of a courtezan. 7 he firft open figns of en¬ 
tity between tire rival orators appeared, at 
the court of Philip, where they were lent as 
ambafladors; but the character of AEfcnines 
was tarnilhed by the acceptance of a bribe 
from the Macedonian prince, whofe tyranny 
had hitherto been the general lubjeft of his 
declamation. When the Athenians wifhed to 
reward the patriotic labors of Demoftheues 
with a golden crown, ATchines impeached 
Ctefiphon, who propoied it; and to their lub* 
:equent dil'pute we are indebted for the two 
celebrated orations de co<ond Ail chines was 
defeated by his rival’s luperior eloquence, and 
banifhed to Rhodes; but as he retired from 
Athens, Demofthencs ran after him, and no¬ 
bly forced him to accept a preient of lilver.- 
In his banilhment, the orator repeated to the 
Rhodians, what he had delivered againft De- 
mofthenes; and after receiving much applaufe, 
he was delired to read the anfwer of his an- 
tagontft. It was received with greater mark; 

' Of' 







of approbation; but, exclaimed JElchines, 
how much more would your admiration have 
been railed, had you heard Demofthenes him- 
i'elf fpeak it! iEl'chines died in the 75th year 
of his age, at Rhodes, or, as l'ome fuppofe, 
at Samos. He wrote three orations, and nine 
epiftles, which, from their number, received 
the name, the firlt of the graces, and the 
lalt of the mules. The orations alone are 
extant generally found collected with thole 
of Lyfias. An oration which bears the name 
of Deliaca lex , is laid not to -be his produc¬ 
tion, but that of chines, another orator of 
that age. Cic. de Or at. i,c. 24, 1 2. c. 53 
in Brut. c. 17.— Plut. in Demojlh .— Diog. 2. 
& 3 •— Plin. 7, c. 30. Diogenes mentions 

feven more of the lame name.-A phi- 

lofopher, difciple of Socrates, who wrote ie- 
veral dialogues, l'ome of which bore the fol¬ 
lowing titles: Al'pafia, Phaedon, Alcibiades, 
Draco, Erycia, Polyaenus,Telauges, &c. The 
dialogue intituled Axiochus, and al’cribed to 
Plato, is fuppoled to be his compofition. The 
hell editions are that of Leovard, 1718, with 
the notes of Horraeus, in 8vo and that of 

Eifeher, 8vo. Lipf. 1766.-A man who 

wrote on oratory-An Arcadian.-A 

Mitylenean.-A difciple of Melanthius.- 

A Milefian writer.-A llatuary. 

./Esc 11 Rio n, a Mitylenean poet, intimate 
with Ariftotle. He accompanied Alexander 
in his Afiatic expedition—An Iambic poet of 
Samos. Atben .—A phylician commended by 
Galen. A treatife ol his on hulbandrv has 
been quoted by Pliny. —A lieutenant of Ar- 
chagathus, killed by Hanno. Diod. 20. 

/EschylIdes, a man who wrote a book 
on agriculture. JEltan. H. An 15. 

/Eschylus, an excellent foldier and poet 
of Athens, fon of Euphorion, and brother to 
Cynaegirus. He was in the Athenian army at 
the battles of Marathon, Salamis, and Plattea. 
But the moft folid fame he has obtained, js 
the offspring lefs of his valor in the field of 
battle than of his writings. Of ninety trage¬ 
dies, however, the fruit of his ingenious la¬ 
bors, 40 of which were rewarded with the 
public prize, only feven have come lafe to us: 
Prometheus vincius , Sept cm duces apud Tbebas, 
Perfa, Agamemnon, Cba-pbori , Eumenides , Sup¬ 
plies* . iEfchylus is the firlt who introduced 
two a£lors on the ftage, and clothed them 
with d relies luitable to their charadler. He 
likewil'e removed murder from the ltage. It 
is faid, that when he compofed, his counte¬ 
nance betrayed the greateft ferocity ; and. ac¬ 
cording to one of his fcholiafls, when his Eu¬ 
menides were reprelented, many children 
died through fear, and feveral pregnant women 
actually mifcarried in the houle, at the fight 
of the horrible mafks that were introduced. 
'The imagination of the poet was ftrong and 
comprehenfive, but diforderly and wild : fruit¬ 
ful in prodigies, but dil'daining probabilities. 
Hisftyleis obfeure, and the labors of an ex¬ 


cellent modern critic, have pronounced him 
the mod difficult of all the Greek claffics. 
A few expreffions of impious tendency in one 
of his plays, nearly proved fatal to .Efchylus ; 
he was condemned to death ; but his brother 
Amynias, it is reported, reverted the fentence, 
by uncovering an arm, of which the hand 
had been cut off at the battle of Salamis in 
the fer-vice of his country, and the poet was 
pardone^. /Efchylus has been accufed of 
drinking to excels, and of never compofing 
except when in a date of intoxication. In his 
old age he retired to the court of Hiero in 
Sicily. Being informed that he was to die by 
the fall of a houie, he became-diffatisfi^d with 
the ficklenefs of his countrymen, and with¬ 
drew from the city into the fields, where he 
fat down. An eagle, with a tortoife in hex 
bill, flew over his bald head, and fuppofing it 
to be a done, dropped her prey upon it to 
break the fhell, and /Efchylus indantly died 
of the blow, in the 69th year of his age, 456 
B. C. It is faid that he wrote an account of 
the battle of Marathon, in elegiac verfes. The 
bed editions of his works are that of Stanley, 
fol. London, 1663, that of Glafg. 2 vols. in 
l2mo, 1746, and that of Schulz, 2 vols. 8voc 
Hals, 1782.— Herat. Art. Poet. 278.— Quin- 
til. IO, c. I. — Ptin. 10, c. 3.— Val. Max. 9, 

c. 12.-The 12th perpetual archon of 

Athens.-A Corinthian, brother-in-law to 

Timophanes, intimate with Timoleon. Plut. 

in Timol. -A Rhodian fet over Egypt with 

Peuceltes of Macedonia. Curt. 4, c. 8.—A 
native of Cnidus, teacher of rhetoric to Cicero, 
Cic. in Brut. 

/Esculapius, fon of Apollo, by Coronis, 
or as iome lay, by Larilfa, daughter of Phle- 
gias, was god of medicine. After his union with 
Coronis, Apollo fet a crow to watch her, and 
was foon informed that-fhe admitted the ca¬ 
lefies of Ifchys, of /Emonia. The god, in a 
fit of anger, deftroyed Coronis with lightning, 
but laved the infant from her womb, and gave 
him to be educated to Chiron, who taught 
him the art of medicine. Some authors lay, 
that Coronis left her father to avoid the dif- 
covery of her pregnancy, and that Ihe expofed 
her child near Epidaurus. A goat of the 
flocks of Arefthanas gave him her milk, and 
the dog who kept the flock flood by him to 
Ihelter him from injury. He was found by 
the mafier of the flock, who went in learch of 
his llray goat, and law his head furrounded' 
with relplendent rays of light. /Eiculapius 
w as phylician to the Argonauts, and canfidercd 
fo fkilled in the medicinal powder of plants,' 
that he was called the inventor as well as the 
god of medicine. He reftored many toTife, 
of which Pluto complained to Jupiter, who 
ftruck /Eiculapius with thunder, But Apollo, 
angry at the death of his fon, killed the Cy¬ 
clops who made the thunderbolts. — /Efculapius 
received divine honors after death, chiefly at 
EpidaufUs, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna, &o, 

‘ C 4 Goals* 








JET 


JE S 

\ 

Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs, were fa orifice d 
on his altars, and the cock and the ferpeut 
were facred to him. Rome, A. U. C. 462, 
was delivered of a plague, and built a temple 
to the god of medicine, who, as was fuppofed, 
had come there in the form of a ferpent, and 
hid himfelf among the reeds in an ifland of 
the Tyber. JEiculapius was reprelented with 
a large beard, holding in his hand a ftaff, 
round which was wreathed a ferpent ; his 
other hand was fupported on the head of a 
ferpent. Serpents are more particularly fa¬ 
cred to him, not only as the ancient phyficians 
ufed them in their prescriptions; but becayffe 
they were the fymbols of prudence and fore¬ 
fight, fo neceflary m the medical profeflion. 
I-!e married Epione,^by whom he had two 
fons, famous for their fkill in medicine, Ma- 
chaon and Podalirus ; and four daughters, of 
whom Hygiea, goddefs of health, is the moll 
celebrated. Some have Tuppofed that he lived 
a fhort time after the Trojan war. Hefiod 
makes no mention of him. Homer. //. '4, v. 
193. Hymn, in JEfcul. — Apollod. 3, c IO. — 
Apollon. 4, Argon. — Hygin. fab. 49.— Ovid. 
Met. 2, fab. 8.— Pauf. 2, c. II & 27. 1 . 7, 
C. 23, &c.— Diod. 4 — Pindar. Pytb. 3-— Lu¬ 
cian Dial, de Saltat. — Hal. Max I, c. 8.— 
Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 22, fays there were 
three of this name; the ill, a fon of Apollo, 
worlhipped in Arcadia; ad, a brother of Mer¬ 
cury ; 3d, a man who firlt taught medicine. 

./Esepus, a fon of Bucolion. Homer. II. 6, 
v. 21.—A river. Hid. iElapus. 

.TEsernia, a city of the Samnites, in Italy. 
Liv. 27, C. 12.— Sil. 8^.567. 

A£sToN,an Athenian, known for his refpedt 
for the talents of Demofthenes. Plut. in 
Demojl. 

iEsis, a river of Italy, which feparates 
Umbria from Picenum. 

-/Eson, fon of Cretheus, was born at the 
fame birth as Pelias. He lucceeded his fa¬ 
ther in the kingdom of Iolchos, but was loon 
exiled by his brother. He married Alcimeda, 
by whom he had Jafon, whofe education he 
entrufted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. 
When Jafon was grown up, he demanded his 
father's kingdom from his uncle, who gave 
him evafive anfwers, and periuaded him to go 
in quell of the golden fleece. [Hid Jafon."] 
At his return, Jafon found his father very in¬ 
firm ; and Medea [Hid. Medea.], at his re¬ 
quell, drew the blood from iElon’s veins, and 
refilled them with the juice of certain herbs 
which lhe had gathered, and immediately the 
old man recovered the vigor and bloom of 
youth. Some fay that iEfon killed himfelf 
by drinking bull's blood, to avoid the perfecu- 
~ lion of Pelias. Diod. 4. — Apollod. 1, c. 9.— 

Ovid. Met. 7, v. 285— Hygin. fab. 12.- 

A river of Theflaly, with a town of the fame 
name. 

jEsonides. a patronymic of Jafon, as being 
descended from Ail on. 


AEsopus, a Phrygian philofopher, who, 
though originally a Have, procured his liberty 
by the fallies of his genius. He travelled over 
the greatell part of Greece and Egypt, hue 
chiefly relided at the court of Crocfus, king of 
Lydia, by whom he was fent to confult the 
oracle of Delphi. In this commiflion iEfop 
behaved with great feverity, and fatirically 
compared the Deiphians to floating Hicks, 
which appear large at a dillance, but are no¬ 
thing when brought near. The Deiphians, 
offended with his farcaflic remarks, accufcd 
'him of having fecreted one of the lacred 
veffels of Apollo’s temple* and threw him 
down from a rock, 561 B. C. Maximus Pla- 
nudes has written his life in Greek; but no 
credit is to be given to the biographer, who 
falfely aflerts that the myfchologift was fhort 
and deformed. AEfop dedicated his fables to 
his patron Crocfus; but what appears now- 
under his name, is no doubt a compilation of 
all the fables and apologues of wits before and 
after the age of iEfop, conjointly with his 
own. Pint, in Solon. — Pheed. I, fab. 2, 1 . 2, 

fab. 9.-Claudus, an adtor on the Roman 

flage, very intimate with Cicero. He amaflecl 
an immenfe fortune. His fo’n, to be more 
expenfive, melted precious Hones to drink at 
his entertainments. Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 239, 
— Hal. Max. 8, c. IO, 1 . ,9, c. I.— Plin. 9, 

c. 35, 1 . io. c. 51. - -An orator. Diog .■■ - 

An hiflorian in the time of Anaximenes. Plut. 

in Solon. -A river of Pontus. Strab. 12. 

-An attendant of Mithridates, who wrote 1 

a treatile on Helen, and a panegyric on his 
royal mafler. 

Austria, an ifland in the Adriatic. Mela , 
2, c. 7.^ 

JEsula, a town on a mountain between 
Tibur and Pramefle. Horat. 3, od. 29. 

AEsyetes a man from whole tomb Po- 
lites ipied what the Greeks did in their 
(hips during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2, 
v * 793 -' 

iEsvMNETEs, afurname of Bacchus. Pauf. 
7, c 21. 

JEsymnus, a perfon of Megara, who con- 
fulted Apollo to know the bell method of 
governing his country. Pauf. 1, c. 4-?. 

JEthalia, or jEtheria, now Elba, an 
ifland between Etruria ancj Corfica. Plin. 3, 
c. 6,1. 6,0.30. 

./Ethalides, a herald, fon of Mercury, 
to whom it was granted to be amongft the 
dead and the living at Hated tinges. Apollon. 
Argon. 1, v. 641. 

AIthion, a man {lain at the nuptials of 
Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 146. 

./Ethiopia, an extenfive country of 
Africa, at the foutli of Egypt, divided into 
eaH and well by the ancients, the former di¬ 
vision lying near Meroe, and the latter near 
the Mauri. The country, properly now call¬ 
ed Abyllinia, as well as the inhabitants, were 
little known to the ancients, though Homer 

has 










JET 


AF 


has Riled them the jufteft of men, and the 
favorites of the gods. Died. 4, fays, that the 
Ethiopians were the firft inhabitants of the 
earth. They were the firft who woriliipped 
-the gods, for which, as fome ,fuppoie, their 
country has never been invaded •'y a foreign 
enemy. The inhabitants are of a dark com¬ 
plexion. The country is inundated for five 
months every year, and their days and nidus 
are almoft of an equal length. The ancients 
have given the name of Ethiopia to every 
country whofe inhabitants are of a black color. 
Lucan. 3, v. 253. 1 . 9,v. 651.— Juv. 2, v. 23. 
•— Virg. eel. 6, V. 68.— Plin. 6, c. 29. Pauf. 1 , 
c. 33.— Homer. Od. I, v. 22. II. I, V. 423. 

Ethlius, fon of Jupiter by Protogenia, 
was father of Endymion. Apollod. 1, c. 7. 

Ethon, a horfe of the fun. Ovid. Met . 

2, fab. 1-A horfe of Pallas, reprefented 

as lhedding tears at the death of his mafter, 

by Virg. JEn 11, v. 89.-A horfe of 

Hetftor. Homer. 11. 8, v. 185. 

Etiira, daughter of Pittheus, king of 
Trcezene, had Thefeus by Egeus. ' [ Vid. 
JEgeus ] She was carried away by Caftor 
and Pollux, when they recovered their fifter 
Helen, whom Thefeus had ftolen, and in¬ 
truded to her care. [ Fid. Helen.'] She went 
to Troy with Helen. Homer II. 3, v. 144.— 
Pauf. 2,c. 31. 1 . 5, c. 19.— Hygin. fab. 37 and 
79. — Plut. in Tbef. — Ovid Her. 10, V. 131.— 
One of the Oceanides, wife to Atlas. She is 
more generally called Pleione. 

Ethusa, a daughter ot Neptune by Am- 
phitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo of 

Eleuthere and two fons. Pauf 9,0.20.- 

An ifland near Lilybasum. Plin. 3, c. 8. 

Etia, a poem of Callimachus, in which 
he lpeaks of facrifices, and of the manner in 
which they were offered. Mart . 10, ep. 4. 

Etion, or Eetjon, the father of An¬ 
dromache, He&or’s wife. He was killed at 
Thebes, with his feven fons, by the Greeks. 
—A famous painter. He drew a painting of 
Alexander going to celebrate his nuptials with 
Roxane. This piece was much valued, and 
was expofed to public view at the Olympic 
games, where it gained fo much applaufe that 
the prefident of the games gave the painter his 
daughter in marriage. Cic. Br. 18. 

Etna, a mountain of Sicily, now called 
Gibello, famous for its volcano, which, fer 
about 3000 years, has thrown out fire at inter¬ 
vals. It is two miles in perpendicular height, 
and meafures 100 miles round at the bafe, 
with an afeent of 30 miles. Its crater forms a 
circle about 3f miles in circumference, and 
its top is covered with fnow and fmoke at the 
fame time, vvhilft the fides of the mountain, 
from the great fertility of the foil, exhibit a 
rich feenery of cultivated fields and blooming 
vineyards. Pindar is the firft who mentions an 
eruption of Etna ; and the filence of Homer 
on the fubjett is confidered as a proof that the 
£res of the mountain were unknown in his age. 


| From the time of Pythagoras, the fuppofed date 
! of the firft volcanic appearance, to the battle 
1 of Pharfalia, it is computed that Etna has had 
100 eruptions. The po_-ts fuppofed that Ju¬ 
piter had confined the giants under this moun¬ 
tain, and it was reprefented ' as the forge of 
Vulcan, where hisfervnnts the Cyclops fabri¬ 
cated thunderbolts, &c. Hefiod. Theog. v. 860. 
— Virg. JEn 3, v. 570— Ovid. Met. 5. fab. 6. 
1. 15. v. 340.— Ital. 14, v. 59. 

Etolia, a country bounded by Epirus, 
Acarnania, and Locvis fup. ofed to be about 
the middle of Greece. It 1 eceived its name 
from Etolus. 1 he inhabitants were covetous 
and illiberal, and were little known in Greece, 
till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they 
affumed a coni'equence in the country, and af¬ 
terward made themielves formidable as the 
allies of Rome, and as its enemies, till they 
were conquered by Fulvius. Liv. 26, c. 24, 
&C.— Flor. 2, C. 9.— Strab. 8 & IO.— Mela. 2, 
c. 3. — Plin. 4, c. 2.— Pauf IO, c. 18.— Plut. 
in Flam. 

Etolus, fon of Endymion of Elis and 
Iphianaffa, married Pronoe, by whom he had 
Pleuron and Calydoi). Having accidentally 
killed Apis, fon of ''horoneus, he left his 
country, and came to fettle in that-part of 
Greece which has been called from him, 

Etolia. Apollod. ij c. 7 & 9.- Pauf. 5, 

c. 1. 

Ex, a rocky ifiand between Tenedos and 

Chios. Plin. 4, c. 11.-A city in the 

country of the Marfi.-The nurfe of Jupi¬ 

ter Changed into a conftellation. 

Afer, an inhabitant of Africa.-An in¬ 

former under Tiberius and his fucceffors. He 
became alio known as an orator, and as the 
preceptor of Quintilian, and was made conful 
by Domitian. He died A. D. 59. 

Afrania, a Roman matron, who frequent¬ 
ed the forum, forgetful of female decency. 
Val. Max. 8, c. 3. 

Luc. Afkanjus, a Latin comic poet in the 
age of Terence, often compared to Menander, 
whofe Hyle he imitated. He is blamed for the 
unnatural gratifications which he mentions in 
his writings, fome fragments of which are to be 
found in the Corpus Poetarum. Quint. IO, c. I. 
— Sueton. Ner. II. — Horat. 2, ep. I, V. 57.— 
Cic . deJin. I, c. 3*— A. Gell. 13, c. 8.—A 
general of Pompey, conquered by Casfar in 
Spain. Sueton. in C<tf 34.— Plut. in Pomp. — 
Q. a rhan who wrote a fevere fatyre againft 
Nero, for which he was put to death in the 
Pifonian confpiracy. Tacit. —Potitus, a ple¬ 
beian, who faid before Caligula, that he would 
willingly die if the emperor could recover from 
the diftemper he labored under. Caligula re¬ 
covered, and Afranius was put to death that 
he might not forfeit his word. Dio. 

Africa, called Libya by the Greeks, one 
of the three parts of the ancient world, and 
the greateft peninfula ot the univerfe, was 
bounded on the call by Arabia and the Red 

Sea, 











AG 


AG 


Sea, on the north by the Mediterranean, Couth 
and weft by the ocean. In its greateft length 
it extends 43CO miles, an8 in its greateft 
breadth it is 3500 miles. It is joined on the 
eaft to Alia, by an ifthmus 60 miles long, 
which Come of the Ptolemies endeavoured to 
cut, in vain, to join the Red and Mediterranean 
feas. It is Co immediately fituate under the 
fun, that only the maritime parts are inhabit¬ 
ed, and the inland country is moftly barren 
and fandy, and infefted with wild beafts. 
The ancients, through ignorance, peopled the 
fouthern parts of Africa with monfters, eh- 
chanters, and chimeras; errors which begin 
to be corrected by modern travellers. Vid. 
Libya. Mela, I,c. 4, &c.— Diod. 3, 4, Se 20. 
Hercdot. 2, c. 17, 26, & 32. 1 . 4, c. 41, Sec. 

Plin. 5, c. 1, &c.-There is a part of Africa 

called Propria , which lies about the middle, 
on the Mediterranean, and has Carthage for 
jts capital. 

Africanus, a blind poet, commended by 

Ennius.-A chriftian writer, who floriihed 

A. D. 222. In his chronicle, which was uni- 
verially efteemed, he reckoned 5500 years 
from the creation of the world to the age of 
Julius Caefar. Nothing remains of this work, 
but what Eufebius has preferved. In a letter 
to Origen, Africanus proved, that the hiftory 
of Sufanna is iuppofitious; and in another to 
Ariftides, ftill extant, he endeavours to recon¬ 
cile the leeming contradidlions that appear in 
the genealogies of Chrift in St. Matthew and 
Luke. He is fuppofed to be the fame who 
wrote nine books, in which he treats of phyfic, 
agriculture, &c.—A lawyer, difciple to Papi- 
nian, and intimate with-the emperor Alex¬ 
ander.-An orator, mentioned by Quinti¬ 
lian.-The furname of the Scipios, from the 

conqueft of Africa. Vid. Scipio. 

Africum mare, is that part of*the Me¬ 
diterranean which is on the coaft of Africa. 

Agagrjane portae, gates at Syracufe, 

near which the dead were buried.—- Cic. in 

Tufc. 

Agalasses, a nation of India, conquered 
by Alexander. Diod. 17. 

Agalla, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote 
a treatile upon grammar. Athen. 1. 

Agamedes and Trophonius, two ar¬ 
chitects who made the entrance of the tem¬ 
ple of Delphi, for which they demanded of 
the god, whatever gift was moll advantageous 
for a man to receive. Eight days after they 
were found dead in their bed. Pint, de conf 
ad Apol. — Cic. Tufc. I, C. 47.— Pauf. 9, C. II 
& 37, gives a different account. 

Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and Ar¬ 
gos, was brother to Menelaus, and foil of 
Plifthenes, the Ion of Atreus. Elomer calls 
them fens of Atreus, which is falfe, upon the 
authority of Hefiod, Apollodorus, Sec. [Vid. 
Plifbenes.') When Atreus was dead, his bro¬ 
ther Thyeftes feized the kingdom of Argos, 
and removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who 


fled to Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and hence 
to CEneus, king of iEtolia, where they were 
educated. Agamemnon married Clytem- 
ueftra, and Menelaus Helen, both daughters 
of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who aflifted them 
to recover their father’s kingdom. After the 
baniihment of the ufurper to Cythera, Aga¬ 
memnon eftablifhed himfelf at Mycena;, whilft 
Menelaus fucceeded his father-in-law at 
Sparta. When Helen was ftolen by Paris, 
Agamemnon was ele&ed commander in chief 
of the Grecian forces going againft Troy ; 
and he fhowed his zeal in the caufe by fur- 
nifhing iop fhips, and lending 60 more to the 
-people of Arcadia. The fleet w'as detained at 
Aulis, where Agamemnon facrificed his daugh¬ 
ter to appeafe Diana. [ Vid. Iphigenia. ] Dur¬ 
ing the Trojan war, Agamemnon behaved 
with much valor; but his quarrel with 
Achilles, whofe miftrefs-he took by force, was 
fatal to the Greeks. [Vid. Erifeis,] After the 
ruin of Troy, Caffandra fell to his ftiare, and 
foretold him that his wife would put him to 
death. He gave no credit to this, and re¬ 
turned to Argos with Caffandra. Clytem- 
neftra, with her adulterer iEgifthus, [ Vid. 
JEgiflhus,] prepared to murder him ; and as he 
came from the bath, to embarrals him, lhe 
gave him a tunic, •whofe fleeves were fewed to¬ 
gether, and while he attempted to put it on, fhe 
brought him to the ground with a ftroke of a 
hatchet, and ^Egifthus leconded her blows.— 
His death was revenged by his fon Oreftes. 
[Vid. Clytemneftra, Menelaus, Sc Oreftes.] 
Homer. II. I, 2, &C. Od. 4, ScC.-r-Ovid. de 
Rem. Am.v. 777. Met. 12, v. 30.— Hygin. 
fab. 88 & 9 7 *— Strab. 8 .— Tbucyd. 1, c. 9 ,_ —r 
JElian. V. H. 4, c. 26.— Diftys Cret. I, 

See.—Dares Pbryg. — Sopbocl. in Ele6l. — Eu- 
ripid. in Orejl. — Settee., in Agam. — Pauf 2, C. 
6, 1 . 9, c. 40, See ^-Virg. JEn. 6, v. 838.— 
Mela, 2, c. 3. 

.Agamemnonius, an epithet applied to 
Oreftes, as fon of Agamemnon. Vit a. JEn. 
4 ,v. 47 l-„ 

Agametor, an athlete of Mantinea.—* 
Pauf. 6, c. IO. 

Agamnkstor, a king of Athens. 

Aganippe, a celebrated fountain of Bceotia 
at the foot of mount Helicon. If flows into 
the Permeffus, and is i'acred to the mufes, 
who, from it, were called Aganippedes.—? 
Pp r f 9 > c * 29 —Ptopcrt. 2, el. 3— Ovid. 
Met. 5, v 3.2 — Plin. 4, c. 7. 

Agape nor, the commander of Agametn- 
non s fleet. Homer. II. 2 .-—The ion of Ancteus, 
and grandfon ot Lycurgus, who, after the ruiq 
of Troy, was carried by a ftorm into Cyprus, 

where he built Paphos. Pauf. 8, c. 5.- 

Homer. 11. 2. 

Agar, a town of Africa. Hitt. bell. Afr. 
76. _ J 

Agakeni, a people of Arabia. Trajan 
deftroyed their oity, failed Agar urn. Strab . 
16. 

Agarista, 







AG 


AG 


Aoarista, daughter of Clifthenes, was 
courted by all the princes of Greece. She 
married Megacles. JE.ian. V . H 12,1. 24. 

Herodot. 6, c. ia6, &c.-A daughter of 

Hippocrates, who married Xantippus. She 
dreamed that lhe had brought forth a lion, and 
fome time after became mother of Pericles.— 
Plut. in Pericl. — Herodot. 6, c. 131. 

AgasIcles, king of bj.arta, was fon of 
Archidamus, and one of the Proclidie. He 
ufed to lay that a king ought to govern his 

fubjedts as a father governs his children.- 

Pauf. 3, c. 7.— Plot, in Apopb. 

Agassje, a city of Thelfaly. Liv. 45, 

C. 27. 

Agasthenes, father to Polyxenus, was, 
as one of Helen’s fuitors, concerned in the 
Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. — Apoltod. 3, c. n. 
—A fon of Augeas, who fucceeded as king of 
Elis. Pauf.s, c. 3. 

Agastrophus, a Trojan, wounded by 
Diomedes. Homer. II. 11, v. 338. 

Agasthus, an archon of Athens. 

Agasus, a harbour on the coalt of Apulia. 
Plin. 3, c. II. 

Agatha, a town of France near Agde , in 
Languedoc. Mela , 2, c. 5. 

Agatharchidas, a general of Corinth 
in the Peloponnelian war. Tbucyd. 2, c. 83 
—A Samian philofopher and hiitorian, who 
wrote a treatiie on rtones, and a hiftory ol 
Perfia and Phcenice, befides an account of 
the Red Sea, of Europe and Afia. Some 
make him a native of Cnidus, and add that 
he florilhed about 177 B. C. Jofepb cunt. 
Af. 

Agatharchus, an officer in the Syra- 

cufan fleet. Tbucyd. 7, c. 27.-A painter 

in the age of Zeuxis. Piut. in Pericl. 

Agathias, a Greek hiitorian ofiEolia.— 
A poet and hiitorian in the age of Jultinian, of 
whole reign he publifhed the hiftory in five 
books. Several of his epigrams are found in 
the Anthologia. His hiftory is a lequelofthat 
of Procopius. The belt edition is that of 
Paris, fol. 1660. 

Agatho, a Samian hiitorian, who wrote 

«n account of Scythia.-A tragic poet, who 

florilhed 406 B. C. The name of lome of his 
tragedies are preferved, fuch as Telephus, 
Thyeltes,&c.—A comic poet who lived in the 
fame age. Pint, in Pa'all.-*-A. fon of Priam. 

Homer. II. 24.-A governor of Babylon. 

Curt. 5, c. 1. - -A Pythagorean philofopher. 

JElian. V. H. 13, c. 4.-A learned and 

melodious mufician, who firft introduced longs 

m tragedy. Arijlot. in Poet. -A youth ol 

Athens, loved by Plato. T>iog. Laert. 3, 
c. 32. 

Agathoclea, a beautiful courtezan of 
F.gypt. One of the Ptolemies deftroyed his 
wife Eurydice to marry her. She, with her 
brother, long governed the kingdom, and at¬ 
tempted to murder the king’s (on. Pint, in 
Cleon. — JnJUn. 30, C. I. 


Agathocles, a lafeivious and ignoble 
youth, fon of a potter, who, by entering in 
the Sicilian army, arrived to the greateft; 
honors, and made himlelf matter of Syracufe. 
He reduced all Sicily under his power, but 
being defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, 
he carried the war into Africa, where, for 
four years, ne extended his conquefts over 
his enemy. He afterwards patted into Italy, 
and made himlelf matter of Crotona. He 
died in hie 7 2d year, B. C. 289, after a reign 
of 28 years of mingled prolperity and adverfity. 
Plut. in Ap°ptb. — JuJUn. 22 & 23.— Polyb. 

15.— Diod. 18, &c.-A l'on of Lyfimachus, 

taken prifoner by the Geta?. He was ran- 
l'omed, and married Lyfandra, daughter of 
Pwolemy Lagus. his lather, in his old age, 
married Arfinoe, the fitter of Lyfandra. After 
her hulband’s death, Arfinoe, fearful for her 
children, attempted to murder A gathocles.— 
oome lay that lhe fell in love with him, and 
killed him becaufe he flighted her. When 
Agathocles was dead, 283 B. C. Lyfandra 
fled to Seleucus. Strab. 13.— Plut. in Pyrrb. 
Iff Demetr.—Pauf. i,c 9 & io.——A Grecian 
hiitorian of Babylon, who wrote an account of 

Cyzicus. Cic. de div. 1, c. 24.-A Chian 

who wrote on hulbandry Varro. —A Samian 
writer.—A phyfician.—An Athenian archon, 

Agathon, vid. Agatho. 

Agathonymus wrote an hiftory of Per¬ 
fia. Plut K . de Plum. 

Agathosthenes, a poet, &c. 

Agathyllus, an elegiac poet of Arcadia, 
Dyonf. Hal. I. 

Agathyrnum, a town of Sicily. 

Agathyrsi, an effeminate nation of Scy¬ 
thia, who had their wives in common. They 
received their name from Agathyifus, fon of 
Hercules. Herodot. 4, c. lO.—Tirg. Ain. 4, 
v. 146. 

Acave, daughter of Cadmus and Her- 
mione, mairied Echion, by whom lhe had 
Pentheus, who was torn to piecesby the Bac¬ 
chanals. [ Vid.Pentbeuil\ She is laid to have 
killed her hulband in celebrating the orgies of 
Bacchus. She received divine honors after 
death, bccaui'e Die had contributed to the 
education of Bacchus. Tbeooii. 26.— 0 -viJ. 
Aid. 3, v. 725.— Lucan. I, v. 574.— Slat. 

Tbeb. 11, v. 318.— Apoilod. 3, c. 4,-One 

of the Nereides. Apoilod. 1.-A tragedy of 

Statins. Juv. 7, v. 87, &c. 

Acaui, a northern nation who lived upon 
milk. Homer. II. 13. 

Agavus, a fon of Priam. Homer. II. 24. 

Agues ns, a mountain ©f Phrygia, where 
Atys was buried. Pauf.i , c. 4.—A lurname 
of Cybele. 

Agei.ades, a ftatuary of Argos. Pan/. 6 , 
c. 8,1. 7,c. 23. 

Agelastus, a furname of Craffus, the 
grandfather of the rich Craflus. He only 
laughed once in his life, and this, it is faio, 
was upon feeing an ais eat thiftles. Cic . dc 















AG 


AG 


Jan. 5.— Plitt. 7, c. 19.—The word is alfo -ap¬ 
plied to Pluto, from the fuUen and melancholy 
appearance of his countenance. 

Agelaus, a king of Corinth, fon of 

Ixion.-One of Penelope’s fuitors. Homer. 

CJ. 20.-A fon of Hercules, and Om- 

phale, from whom Croefus was descended.— 

Apollod. 2, c. 7.-A fervant of Priam, 

who preserved Paris when expofed on mount 
Ida. Id. 3, c. 12. 

AgendTcum, now Sens, a town of Gaul, 
the capital of the Senones. Caf. bell. Gall. 6 , 
c. 44. _ 

Age nor, king of Phoenicia, was fon ofo 
-Neptune and Libya, and brother to Belus.' 
He married TelephafTa, by whom he had 
Cadmus, Phoenix, Cilix, and Eurepa. Hygin. 
fab. 6.— Ital. 1, v. 15, 1 . I 7 > v. 58.— Apol- 

lod. 2, c. I, 1 . 3. c. 1.-A fon of Jafus and 

father of Argus.- Apollod. 2, c. 10.-A 

fon of jEgyptus, Id. 2, c. 1.-A fon of 

Phlegeus. * Id. 3, c. 7.—A fon of Pleuron, 

father to Phineus. Id. t, c. 7.-A fon of 

Amphion and Niobe. Id. 3, c. 4.—A king of 
Argos, father to Crotopus.—A fon of Antenor. 
Homer.il. 21, v. 579.—A Mitylenean, who 
wrote a treatifc on mufic. 

AgEnoridks, a patronymic applied to 
Cadmus, an?! the other defcendants ofAgenor.. 
Ovid. Met. 3, v. 8. 

AgerTnus, a freed man of Agrippina, ac- 
cufed’ of attempting Nero’s life. Tacit. Ann. 
14, c. 16. 

Ages and er, a fculptor of Rhodes under 
Vefpafian, who made a reprefentation of Lao- 
■coon’s hiftory, which now pafles for the bell 
relidt of all ancient foulpture. 

AcEsiAS,a Platonic philofopher who taught- 
the immortality of the foul. One of the Pto¬ 
lemies forbade him to continue his lectures, 
becaufe his dodhine was fo prevalent that many 
of his auditors committed iliicide. 

Agesit.aus, king of Sparta, of the family 
of the Agidse, was fon ofDoryffus, and father 
ef Archelaus. During his reign, Lycurgus 
iuilituted his famous laws. Herodot. 7, c. 204. 
— Pauf. 3, c. 2.—A fon of Archidamus of the 
family of the Proclida?, made king in prefe¬ 
rence to his nephew Leotycbides. He made 
war againll Artaxerxes king of Perfia with fuc- 
oeis ; but in the midfl of his conquefts in Afia, 
he was recalled home to oppofe the Athenians 
and Boeotians, who defolated his country ; and 
bis return was fo expeditious that he palled, in 
thirty days, over that trait of country which 
had taken up a whole year of Xerxes’ expedi 
tion. He defeated his enemies at Coronea; 
but flcknels prevented the progrefs of his con- 
<juefts, and the Spartans were beat in every 
engagement, efpecially at Leudtra, till he ap¬ 
peared it their head. Though deformed, fmall- 
of ftature, and lame, he was brave, and a 
greatnel's of loul compenfated all the imper¬ 
fections of nature. He was a? fond of fo- 
briety as of military dilciplins; and when he 


went,- in his 80th year, to aflift Tachus king 
of Egypt, the fervants of the monarch could 
hardly be perfuaded that the Lacedaemonian 
general was eating with his foldiers on the 
ground, bare-headed, and without any covering 
to repofe upon. Agefilaus died on his return 
from Egypt, after a reign of 36 years, 362 B. C. 
and his remains were embalmed and brought 
to Lacedaemon. JuJlin. 6,c. I.— Pint, iff C. 
Nep. in vit .— Pan/. 3, C. 9.— Xenoph. Orat. 
pro Agef. —A brother of Themiftocles, who 
was font as a fpy into the Perfian camp, where 
he ftabbed Mardonius inftead of Xerxes.— 
Pint, in Parall. —A lurname of Pluto.—A 
Greek who wrote a hiftory of Italy. 

Agesipolis, ift, king ofLacedaemon, fon 
of Paufanias, obtained a great victory over the 
Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and was 
lucceeded by his brother Cleombrotus, B. C. 
380. Pauf . 3, c. 5, 1 . 8, C. 8. ; — Xenoph. 3, 
Hijl. Gr<ec. —2d, fon of Cleombrotus, king of 
Sparta, was fucceeded by Cleomenes, 2d. 
B. C. 370. Pauf. 1, c. 13, 1 . 3, c. 5. 

Agesistrata, the mother ©f king Agis, 
Pint, in Agid. " 

Agesistratus, a man who wrote a trea- 
tife intitled, Dearte machinali. 

Aggrammes, a cruel king of the Ganga-* 
rides. His father was a hair-drefler, of whom 
the queen became enamoured, and whom (lie 
made 'governor to the king’s children, to gra¬ 
tify her paffion. He killed them, to raile Ag- 
grammes, his fon, by the queen, to the throne. 
Curt. 9, c. 2. 

AggrInje, a people near mount Rhodope, 
Cic. in L. Pif 37. 

Agida;, the defcendants of Euryfthenes, 
who (hared the throne of Sparta with the Pro¬ 
clida:. The name is derived from Agis fon of 
Euryfthenes. The family became extin 61 in 
the perfon of Cleomenes fon of Leonidas.—- 
Virg.JEn. 8, v. 682. 

Agilaus, king of Corinth, reigned 36 
years.—One of the Ephori, almoft murdered 
by the partizans of Cleomenes. Pint, in 
Cleom. 

■ Agis, king of Sparta, fucceeded his father, 
Euryfthenes, and,’after a reign of one year, was 
fucceeded by his fon Echeftratus, B. C. 1058. 
Pauf. 3, c. 2.—Another king of Sparta, who 
waged bloody wars agajnft Athens, and re- 
ftored liberty to many Greek cities. He at¬ 
tempted to reftore the laws of Lycurgus at 
Sparta, but in vain; the perfidy of friends, 
who pretended to fecond his views, brought 
him to difficulties, and he was at laft dragged 
from a temple, where he had taken refuge, to 
a prifon, where he was ftrangled by order of 
the Ephori. Pint, in Agid. —Another, fon of 
Archidapius, who fignalized himfelf in the 
war which the Spartans waged againft Epi- 
daurus. He obtained a victory at Mantinea, 
and was fuccefsful in the Peloponnefian war. 
He reigned 27 years. Thucyd. 3 & ^.-—Pauf. 
3, c. 8 & 10.— Another, fon of Archidamus, 

king; 







A G 


A G 


king of Sparta, who endeavoured to deliver 
Greece from the empire of Macedonia, with 
the affiftance of the Perfians. He was con¬ 
quered in the attempt, and flain by Antipater 
Alexander’s general, and 5,300 Lacedaemo¬ 
nians per idled with him. Curt. 6, c. i.— Diod. 
17.— Juflin. 12, c. I, &c.—Another, fon of 
Eudamidas, killed in a battle againft the Man- 
tineans. Pauf. 8,c. 10—An Arcadian in the 
expedition of Cyrus againft his father Arta- 
xerxes. Poly am. 7, c. 18.—A poet of Argos, 
who accompanied Alexander into Alia, and 
laid that Bacchus and the ions of Leda would 
give way to his hero, when a god. Curt. 8, 
c. 5.—A Lycian who followed iEneas into 
Italy, where he was killed. Virg. JEn. 10, 
v. 7 J 1 * 

Aglaia, one of the Graces, called fome- 
times Pafiphae. Her lifters wereJEuphrofyne 
and Thalia, and they were all daughters of Ju¬ 
piter and Eurynome. Pauf. 9, c. 35. 

AglaonIce, daughter of Hegemon, was 
acquainted with aftronomy and ecliples, whence 
ihe boafted of her power to draw die moon 
from heaven, Plut. de Orac. defeSl . 

Aglaope, one of the Sirens. 

Aglaophon, an excellent Greek painter. 
Pl'in. 35, c. 8. ^ 

Aglaosthenes, wrote a hiftory of Naxos. 
Strab. 6. 

Aglauro 3 or Agraulos, daughter of 
Erechtheus, the oldeft king of Athens, was 
changed into a (tone by Mercury. Some make 
her daughter of Cecrops. Vid. Herfe. — Ovid. 
Met. 2, fab. 12 . 

Aglaus, the pooreft man of Arcadia, pro¬ 
nounced by the oracle more happy than Gyges 
king of Lydia. PI in. 7, c. 46.— Pal. Max. 
7,c r. 

Agn a, a woman in the age of Horace, who, 
though deformed, had many admirers. Horat. 
l,Sat 3, v. 40. 

Agno, one of the nymphs who nurfed Ju¬ 
piter. She gave her name to a fountain on 
mount Lycaeus. When the prieft of Jupiter, 
after a prayer, ftirred the waters of this foun¬ 
tain with a bough, a thick vapor arofe, which 
was foon diflolved into a plentiful Ihower.— 
Pauf. 8, c. 31, &c. 

Ag nodice, an Athenian virgin, who dil- 
guil'ed her fex to learn medicine. She was 
taught by Hierophilus the art of midwifery, 
and when employed, always dilcovered her fex 
to her patients. This brought her into fo 
much pra&ice, that the males of her profeftion, 
who were now out of employment, accufed her, 
before the Areopagus, of corruption. She con- 
fefted her fex to the judges,_ahd a law was im¬ 
mediately made to impower all free-born wo¬ 
men to learn midwifery. Hygin. fab. 274 

Agnon, fon of Nicias, was prefent at the 
taking of Samos by Pericles. In the Pelepon- 
nefian war he went againft Potidzea, but aban¬ 
doned his expedition through dileafe. He 
built Amphipolis, whofe inhabitants rebelled to 


Erafidas, whom they regarded as their founded, 
forgetful of Agnou. Thucyd 2, 3, &c.—A 
writer* Quintil. 2,0.17.—One of Alexan¬ 
der’s officers. Plin 33, c. 3. 

Agnonides, a rhetorician of Athens, who 
accufed Phocion of betraying the Piraeus t<r 
Nicanor. When the people recollefted what 
fcrvices Phocion had rendered them, they 
railed him ftatues, an d put to death his ac- 
cufer. Plut. fcJ* Nep in Phocion. 

AgonXlja& Agonia, feftivals in Rome, 
celebrated three times a year, in honor of 
Janus, or Agonius. They were inftituted by 
Numa,andon the feftive days the chief prielt 
uled t® offer a ram, Ovid. Fuji. i,v. 317.— 
Varro de L L . 5. 

Agones CapiiolIni, games celebrated 
every fifth year upon the Capitoline hill. 
Prizes were propofed for agility and ftrength, 
as well as for poetical and literary compofitions- 
The poet Statius publicly recited there his 
Thebaid, which was not received with much 
applaufe. 

Agonis, a women in the temple of Venus, 
on mount Eryx. Cic. Vert. 1. 

Agonius, a Roman deity, who patronized 
over the adfions ofmen. Vid. Agonalia. 

Agoracr?tus, a fculptor of Pharos, who 
made a ftatue of Venus for the people of 
Athens, B. C. 150. 

Acoranomi, ten magiftrates at Athens, 
who watched over the city and port, and in- 
fpedied whatever was expofed to fale. 

Agoranis, a river falling into the Ganges. 
Arrian, de Ind. 

Agorjea, a name of Minerva at Sparta.— 
Pauf 3, c. 11. 

Agoreus, a furname of Mercury among 
the Athenians, from his prefiding over the 
markets. Pauf. 1, c. 15. 

Agra, a. place of Boeotia where the IliffuS 
rifes. Diana was called Agrsa, becaufe (he 
hunted there.—A city of Sufa—of Arcadia, 
and Arabi®. 

Agr/ei and Agrenses, a people of 
Arabia. Plin. 6, c. 28.—Of iEtolia. Liv . 
42,0.34. 

Aoragas or Acragas, a river, town, 
and mountain of Sicily ; called alfo, Agri- 
gentum. The town was built by the people of 
Gela, who were a Rhodian colony. Virg . 
JEn. 3, v. 703.— Diod. 11. 

Agraria lex was enatted to diftribute 
among the Roman people all the lands which 
they had gained by conqueft. It was firft pro¬ 
pofed A. U. C. 268, by the conful Sp Caffius 
Vicellinus, and reje&ed by the fenate. This 
produced diffenfions between the fenate and 
the people, and Caffius, upon feeing the ill 
fuccefs of the new regulations he propofed, of¬ 
fered to diftribute among the people, the mo¬ 
ney which was produced from the corn of Si¬ 
cily, after it had b- en brought and fold in 
Rome. This a£l of liberality the people re- 
fufel, and tranquility was foon after re-efta- 

bliffied 



AG 


AG 


blifhed in (he ftate. It was propofed a fecond 
time A U. C. 269, by the tribune Licinius 
Stolo; but with no better fuccefs; and fo great 
were the tumults which followed, that one of 
the tribunes of the people was killed, and many 
ofthe fenators fined for their oppofition. Mu- 
tius Scjevola, A. U. C. 620, perfuaded the 
tribune Tiberius Gracchus to propofe it a third 
time ; and though Octavius, his colleague in 
the triouneftiip, oppoled it, yet I iberius made 
it pals into a law, after much altercation, and 
commiflioners were author lied to make a divi- 
fion of the lands.—This law at laft proved fatal 
to the freedom of Rome under J. Cteiar. FLor. 
3, C. 3 & 13.— Cic. pro Leg. Agr. — Liv. 2, 
C. 41. 

Agraule, a tribe of Athens. Plut. in 
Them. , 

Agraulta, a feftival at Athens in honor 
of Agraulos. The Cyprians alfo obferved thefe 
feftivals, by offering human vi&ims. 

Agraulos, a daughte of Cecrops. Vid. 
Aglauros.—A furname of Miverva. 

AgrauonItje, a people of Illyria. Liv. 
45,c. 26. 

Agre, one ofAbbeon’s dogs. Ovid. Met. 

3» v -213. 

AGRiANEs,a river of Thrace. Herodot. 4, 
c. 9.—A people that dwelt in the neighbour¬ 
hood of that river. Id. 5, c. 16. 

Agricola, the father-in-law of the hifto- 
rian Tacitus, who wrote his life. He was 
eminent for his public and private virtues. He 
was governor of Britain, and firft difcovered it 
to be an ifland. Domitian envied his virtues; 
he recalled him from the province he had go¬ 
verned with equity and moderation, and or¬ 
dered him to enter Rome in thenight, that no 
triumph might be granted him. Agricola 
obeyed, and without betraying any rel'ent- 
ment, he retired to a peaceful folitude, and 
the enjoyment of the fociety of a few friends. 
He died in .his 56th year, A.D. 93. Tacit, 
in Agric. 

Agrigentum, now Girgenti, a town of 
Sicily, 18 ftadia from the fea, on mount Agra- 
gas. It was founded by a Rhodian, or, ac 
cording to fome, by an Ionian colony. The 
inhabitants were famous for their hofpitality 
and for their luxurious manner of living. 
In its florifiiine fituation Agrigentum contained 
200,000 inhabitants, who fubmitted with re¬ 
luctance to the fuperior power of Syraeufe. 
The government was monarchical, but after¬ 
wards a democracy was ellablifhed. The fa¬ 
mous Phalaris ufurped the l'overeignty which 
was tillo for fome time in the hands of the Car¬ 
thaginians. Agrigentum can now boaft of 
more venerable remains of antiquity than any 
other town in Sicily. Polyb. 9.— Strab. 6.— 
Liod. 13.— Virg. TEn.3, v. 707.— Sil. It. 14, 
v. 211. 

Acrinium, a city of Acarnania. Polyb. 6 
Agrionia, annual feftivals in honor of 
Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night. 


They were inftituted, as fome fuppofe, becaufe 
the god was attended with wild beafts. 

Agriopas, a man who wrote the hiftory 
of all thofe who had obtained the public prize 
at Olympia. Plin. 8, c. 22. 

Agr 16 pe, the wife of Agenor, king of 
Phoenicia. 

M. Agrippa Vipsanius, a celebrated 
Roman, who obtained a vidtory over S. Pom- 
pey, and favored the caufe of Auguftus at the 
battles of Actium and Philippi, where he be¬ 
haved with great valor. He advifed his impe¬ 
rial friend to re-eftablilh the republican gb- 
vernment at Rome, but he was over-ruled by 
Mecaenas. In his expeditions in Gaul and 
Germany he obtained feveral victories, but re- 
fufed the honors of a triumph, and turned his 
liberality towards the embellilhing of Rome, 
and the railing of magnificent buildings, one of 
which, the Pantheon, ftill exifts. After he 
had retired fo> - two years to Mitylene, in con- 
fequence of a quarrel with Marcellus, Auguf¬ 
tus recalled him, and as a proof of his regard, 
gave him his daughter Julia in marriage, and 
left him the care of the empire during an ab- 
fence of two years employed in vifiting the 
Roman provinces of Greece and /Alia. He 
died univerfally lamented at Rome in the 
<;ilt year of his age, 12 B. C. and his body was 
placed in the tomb which Auguftus had pre¬ 
pared for himfelf. He had been married three 
times, to Pomponia daughter of Atticus, to 
Marcella daughter of Octavia, and to Julia, by 
whom he had five children, Caius, and Lucius 
Carfares, Pofthumus Agrippa, Agrjppina, and 
Julia. Hi§ fon, C. Ctefar Agrippa, was 
adopted by Auguftus, and made conful, by the 
flattery of the Roman people, at the age of 14 
or 15. This promifing youth went to Armenia, 
on an expedition againft the Perfians, where 
he received a fatal, blow from the treacherous 
hand of Lollius, the governor of one of the 
neighbouring cities. He languUhed for a little 
time and died in Lycia. His younger bro¬ 
ther, L. Catar Agrippa, was likewife adopted 
by his grandfather Auguftus; but he was foort 
after baniihed to Campania, for tiling feditiouS 
language againft his benefactor. In the 7 th 
year of his exile he would have been recalled, 
lad not Livia and Tiberius, jealou3 of the par¬ 
tiality of Auguftus for him, ordered him to be 
aftaflinated in his 26th year. He has been 
called ferocious and lavage ; and he gave him¬ 
felf the name of Neptune, becaufe he was fond 
of filhing. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 682.— Horat. I, 
od. 6.—Sylvius, a fon of Tiberius Sylvius, 
king of Latium. He reigned 33 years, and 
was fucceeded by his fon Romulus Sylvius.— 
Dionyf. Hal. i, c. 8—One ofthe fervantsof 
the murdered prince aftumed his name and 
railed commotions. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 39.—; 

A conful who conquered the iEqui.—A philo- 
iopher. Diog. —Herodcs, a fon of Arifto- 
bulus, grandl'on of the Great Herod, who be¬ 
came tutor to the grand-child of Tiberius, and 
3 vur 





AG 


A J 


Was foon after imprifoned by the fufpicious ty¬ 
rant. When Caligula afcended the throne 
his favorite \vas releafed, prefented with a 
chain of gold as heavy as that which had lately 
confined him, and made king of Judasa. He 
was a popular character with the Jews ; and it 
isfaid, that while they were flattering him with 
the appellation of god, an angel of God Itruck 
him with the loui’y difeafe, of which he died, 
A. D. 43. His fon, of the fame name, was 
the laft king of the Jews, deprived of his king¬ 
dom by Claudius, in exchange for other pro¬ 
vinces. He was with Titus at the celebrated 
fiege of Jerulalem, and died A. D. 94. It 
was before him that St. Paul pleaded, and 
made mention of his inceftuous commerce 
with his lifter Berenice. Juv. 6, v. 156.— 
Tacit. 2, Hijl. c. 81.—Menenius, a Roman 
general, who obtained a triumph over the Sa¬ 
bines, appealed the populace of Rome by the 
well-known fable of the belly and the limbs, 
and erected the new office of tribunes of the, 
people, A. U. C. 261. He died poor, but 
univerfally regretted ; his funeral was at the 
expence of the public, from which alfo his 
daughters received dowries. Liv. 2, c. 32. 
Flor. I, c. 23.—A mathematician in the reign 
of Domitian ; he was a native of Bithynia. 

Agrippina, a wife of Tiberius. The em¬ 
peror repudiated her to marry Julia. Sueton. 
-in Tib .'}.—A daughter to M. Agrippa, and 
grand-daughter to Auguftus. She married 
Germanicus, whom Ihe accompanied in Syria ; 
and when Pifa poifoned him, Ihe carried his 
afhes to Italy, and accufed his murderer, who 
ftabbed'himfelf. She fell under the difpleafure 
of Tiberius, who exiled her in an ifland, where 
Ihe died, A. D. 26, for want of bread. She 
left nine children, and was univerfally diftin- 
guifhed for intrepidity and conjugal affe&ion. 
Tacit. I, Ann. C. 2, &c.— -Sucton. in Tib. 52.— 
Julia, daughter ofGermanicus and Agrippina, 
married-Domitius ^Enobarbus, by whom Ihe 
had Nero. Alter her hulband’s death Ihe 
married her uncle the emperor Claudius, 
whom Ihe deftroyed to make Nero fucceed to 
the throne. After many cruelties, and much 
licentioufnefs, Ihe was affaffinated by order of 
her fon, and as Ihe expired, Ihe exclaimed, 
“ ftrike the belly which could give birth to 
fuch a monfter.” She died A.D. 59, after a 
life of proftitution and inceftuous gratifications. 
It is faid that her fon viewed her dead body 
with' all the raptures of admiration, faying, 
he never could have believed his mother was 
fo beautiful a woman. She left memoirs which 
affifted Tacitus in the compofition of his annals. 
The town which (he built, where Ihe was born, 
on the borders of the Rhine, and called Agrip¬ 
pina Colonia , is the modern Cologne. Tacit. 
Ann. 4> c. 75. 1 . 12, c. 7, 22, &c. 

Agrisius. Vid. Acrifius. 

Agrisope, the mother of Cadmus. Hy- 
gin. fab. 6. 

Acrius, fon of Parthaon, drove his bro¬ 


ther CEneus from the throne. He was af¬ 
terwards expelled by Diomedes, the grand- 
fon of CEneus, upon which he killed himfelf. 

Hygin. fab. 175 & 242.— Apollo J. I, c. 7,_ 

Homer. II. 14, v. II 7.— A giant.—A centaur 
killed by Hercules. Apollod. 2,c.j—A fon 
of Ulyffes by Circe. Heftoi. Tbeog. v. 1013. 
—The father of Therfites.— Ovid, cx P on t 2 
el- 9 > v. 9* 

Agrolas, furrounded the citadel of Athens 
with walls, except that part which afterwards 
was repaired by Cimon. Pauf. 1, c. 28. 

Agron, king of Illyria, who, after con¬ 
quering the Auolians, drank to fuch excefs 
that he died inftantly, B. C. 231. Polyb.% 
c., 4 . 

Agrotas, a Greek orator of Marfeilles. 

Ag rot era, an anniverfary facrifice of 
goats offered to Diana at Athens. It was in- 
ftituted by Callimachus the Polemarch, who 
vowed to facrifice to the goddefs fo many goats 
as there might be enemies killed in a battle 
which he was going to fight againft the troops 
of Darius, who had invaded Attica. The 
quantity of the flain was fo great, that a fuffi- 
cient number of goats could not be procured; 
therefore they were limited to 500 every year, 
till they equalled the number of Perfians flain 
in battle.—A temple of iEgira in Pelopon- 
nefus ere&ed to the goddefs under this name, 
Pauf. 7, c. 26. 

Agyleus and Aoyieus, from uyvix a 
ftreet , a furname of Apollo, becaufe lacrifices 
were offered to him in the public ftreets ot 
Athens. PIorat.^od. 6 . 

Agylla, a town of Etruria, founded by a 
colony of Pelafgians, and governed by Me- 
zentius when ./Eneas came to Italy. It was 
afterwards called Ca;re, by the Lydians, who 
took poITeffion of it. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 692, 
1. 8, v. 479. 

Agylljeus, a gigantic wreftler of Cleonar, 
fcarce inferior to Hercules in ftrength. , Slat. 
Tbeb. 6, v. 837. 

Agyrus, a tyrant of Sicily, affifted by Dio- 
nyfius againft the Carthaginians. Died. 14. 

Agyrium, a town of Sicily, where Dio¬ 
dorus the hiftorian was born. The inhabitants 
were called Agyrinenfes. Diod. 14.— Cic. in 
Verr. 2, C. 65. 

Agyrius, an Athenian general who fue- 
ceeded Thrafybulus. Diod. 14. 

Agyrtes, a man who killed his father.— 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 148.—A piper. Sit. 2, 
Acb. v. 50. 

Ah a la, the furname of the Servilii at 
Rome. 

AhenORarbus. Vid. iEnobarbus. 

Ajax, fon of Telamon by Peribcea or 
Eriboea daughter of Alcathous, was next to. 
Achilles the braveft of all the Greeks in the. 
Trojan war. He engaged Hedfor, with whom 
at parting he exchanged arms. After the 
death of Achilles, Ajax and Uiyffes difputed 
their claim to the arms of the dead hero. 

When 



AI 


When they were given to the latter, Ajax 
was fo , enraged, that he flaughtered a whole 
flock of ftieep, fuppofing them to be the fons 
of Atreus, who had given the preference to 
Ulyfles, and ftabbed hinrfelf with his fword. 
The blood which ran to the ground from the 
wound, was changed into the flower hyacinth. 
Some fay that he was killed by Paris in battle, 
ethers, that he was murdered by UlyfTes. 
His body was buried at Sigaeum, fome lay on 
mount Rhoetus, and his tomb was vifited and 
honored by Alexander. Hercules, according 
to fome authors, prayed to the gods that his 
friend Telamon, who was childlefs, .might have 
a fonj with a fkin as impenetrable as the fkin 
of the Nemsan lion which he then wore. 
His prayers were heard. Jupiter, under the 
form of an eagle, promifed to grant the peti¬ 
tion and when Ajax was born, Hercules 
wrapped him up in the lion’s fkin, which ren¬ 
dered his body invulnerable, except that part 
which was left uncovered by a hole in the fkin, 
.through which Hercules hung his quiver. This 
vulnerable part was in his breafl, or as fome 
fay behind the neck. Q. Calab. i & 4 .—Afol 
lod. 3, c. 10 & 13.— Philojlr. in Heroic, c. 

12 . — Pindar . IJlbm. 6.— Homer. II. I, &c. 
Od. II.— Didiys Cret. J. Dares Phry. 9.— 
Ovid. Met. 13.— Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 197.— 
IIygin. fab. 107 & 242.— Pauf. I, C. 35. 1 . 5, 
e. ip.-^-The fon of Oileusking of Locris, was 
fiirnamed Locrion , in contradiftindlion to the 
fon of Telamon. He went with 40 ihips to 
the Trejan war, as being one of Helen’s 
fuitors. The night that 1 roy vs as taken, he 
offered violence to Caflandra, who fled into 
Minerva’s temple; and for this offence as he 
returned home, the goddefs, who had ob¬ 
tained the thunders of Jupiter, ar.d the power 
of tempefts from Neptune, deftroyed his Ihip 
in a ftorm. Ajax l'wam to a rock, and laid 
that he was lafe in fpite of all the gods. Such 
impiety offended Neptune, who ftruck the rock 
with his trident, and Ajax tumbled into the 
fea with part of the rock and was drowned. 
His body was afterwards found by the Greeks, 
and black flieep offered on his tomb. Ac¬ 
cording to Virgil’s account, Minerva feized 
him in a whirlwind, and dalhed him againlt a 
rock, where he expired confumed by thun¬ 
der. Virg. JRn. 1 v. 43, &c.— Homer. II. 2, 

13, Iffc. Od. 4 .— Hygin. fab. 116 & 273 . — 
Philojlr. Ico. 2, C. 13 — Senec. in Agam. — 
Horat. epod. IO, V. 13 .— Pauf. IO,c. 26 & 31 .— 
The two Ajaces were, as fomefuppofe, placed 
after death in the illand of Leuce, afeparate 
place referved only for the braveft heroes of 
antiquity. 

Aidoneus, a furname of Pluto.—A king 
of the Molofti, who imprifoned Thefeus, be- 
caufe he and Pirithous attempted to ravifh his 
daughter Proferpine, near the Acheron ; 
whence aroie the well-known fable of the de¬ 
cent of Thefeus and Pirithous into hell.— 


AL 

Plut. in The /.—A river near Troy. Pauf. id 
c. 12. 

Aimylus, fon of Afcanius, was, according 1 
to fome, the progenitor of the noble family of 
the iEmylii in Rome. 

Aius Locutius, a deity to whom the Ro¬ 
mans erected an altar, from the following cir- 
cumftance : one of the common people, called 
Ceditius, informed the tribunes, that as he 
paired one night through one of the ftreets of 
the city, a voice more than human, ifluing 
from above Vefta’s temple told him that Rome 
would foon be attacked by the Gauls. His in¬ 
formation was negle&ed, but his veracity was 
proved by the event; and Camillus, after the 
conqueft of the Gauls, built a temple to that 
fupernatural voice which had given Rome 
warning of the approaching calamity, under the 
name of Aius Locutius. 

Alabanda, or arum , an inland town 
of Caria, abounding with fcorpions. The name 
is derived from Alabandus, a deity worfhipped 
there. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 16.— Herodot. 7, 
c. 195.— Strab. 14. 

Alabastrvm, a town of Egypt. Plin. 
c. 7. 1 | 

A lab us, a river in Sicily. 

Aljea, a furname of Minerva in Pelepon- 
nefus. Her feflivals are alfo called Al^ea.-— 
Pauf. 8, c. 4, 7. 

Ala:i, a number of iflands in the Perfian 
gulf, abounding in tortoifes. Arrian in Perip. 

AlbssA, a city on a mountain ofSicily. 

Al-Zeus, the father of Auge, who married 

Hercules. 

Alagonia, a city of Laconia. Pauf. 3, 
c. 21 & 26. 

Alala, the goddefs of war, filler to Mars. 
Plut. de glor. Athen ., 

Alalcomenie, a city of Bceotia, where 
fome fuppofe that Minerva was born. Plut . 
Qucejl. G,— Stat. Theb. 7, v. 33O. 

Alalia, a town ofCorfica, built by a co¬ 
lony of Phocasans, deftroyed by Scipio, 262 
B. C. and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. Hero- 
dot. 1, c. 165.— Flor. 2,c.2. 

Alamanes, a ftatuary at Athens, difciple 
of Phidias. 

Alamanni or Alemanni, a people of 
Germany, near the Hercynian foreft. They 
were very powerful, and inimical to Rome. 

AlAni, a people of Sarmatia, near the 
Palus Moeotis, who were find to have 26 dif¬ 
ferent languages. Plin. 4, c. 12.— Strab. 

Alares, a people of Pannonia. Tac. 15. 
Ann. C. IO. 

AlarTcus, a famous king of the Goths, 
who plundered Rome in the reign of Hono- 
rius. He was greatly refpefted for his mili¬ 
tary valor, and during his reign he kept the 
Roman empire in continual alarms. He died 
after a reign of 13 years, A. D. 410. 

Alarodii, a nation near Pontus. Hero - 

dot. 3, C. 94. 


14 


Alastor, 




AL 


a;l 


Alastor, a fon of Neleus and Chlovis. 
A polled. i,c. 9. —An arm-bearer to Sarpedon, 
king of Lycia, killed by Ulyfies. Horn. II. 5, 

v. 677 :-*-i)vicL Met. 13, v. 257.-One of 

Pluto’s horfes when he carried away Pofer- 
pine. Claud, de Rapt. Prof. I, v. 286. 

Alaudje, foldiers of one of CiEiar’s legions 
in Gaul. Suetcn. in Jul. 24. 

Alazon, a river flowing from mount Cau- 
■cafus into the Cyrus, and teparating Albania 
from Iberia. Flac. 6, v. ioi- 

Alba Sylvius, fon of Latinus Sylvius, fuc- 
ceeded his father in the kingdom of Latiurn, 
and reigned 36 years. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 612. 

-Longa,a city of Latiurn, built by Al'canius, 

B. C. 1152, on the fpot where ./Eneas found, 
according to the prophecy of Helenus, (Firg. 
JEn. 3, v. 390, &c.), and of the god of the 
liver, (Ain. 8. v. 43), a white low with 30 
young ones. It was called longa becaufe it ex¬ 
tended along the hill Albanus. The del'cen- 
danrs of /Eneas reigned there in the following 
order : 1. Al'canius, fon of ./Eneas, with little 
jntermiffion, 8 years. 2. Sylvius Pofthumus, 
39 years. 3. AEneas Sylvius, 31 years. 4. 
Latinus, 5 years. 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atys 
or Capetus, t6 years. 7. Capys, 28 years. 
H. Calpetus, 13 years. 9.Tiberinus, 8 years. 
10. Agrippa, 33 years. 11. Remulus, 19 
years. 12. Aventinus, 37 years. 13. Procas, 
13 years. 14. Numitor and Amulius. Alba, 
which had long been the powerful rival ®f 
Rome, was deltroyed by the Romans 663 
B. C. and the inhabitants were carried to 

Rome. Liv .-—Flor.——Jujlin. See. - A city of 

the Marfi in Italy.--Pompeia, a city of Li¬ 

guria. PI in. 3, c. 5. 

Albani and Albenses, names applied to 
the inhabitants of the two cities of Alba. Cic. 
ed Her. 2, c. 28. 

Albania, a country of Alia, between the 
Calpian fea and Iberia. The inhabitants are 
faid to have their eyes all blue. Some main¬ 
tain that they followed Hercules from mount 
Albanus in Italy, when he returned from the 
conqueft of Gerycn. Dicnyf. Hal. 1, c. 15. 
*•— JuJlin . 42, C. 3.— rStrab. II. — Plin. 8, C. 

40.— Mela ) 3, c. 5--The Cafpian lea is 

called Albar.un , as being' near Albania. Plin. 


6, c. 13. 

Albanus, a mountain with a lake in Italy, 


16 miles from Rome, near Alba. It was on 
this mountain that the Latinaferiee were cele¬ 
brated with great folemnity. Herat. 2, ep. 1. 
v. 27. The word taken adjeiVively, is applied 
to fuch as are natives of, or belong to, the 


town of Alba. 

Albia Terentia the mother of Cthu. 
Suet. 

AlbIci, a people of Gallia Aquitsna. Caf. 
Bell. Civ. I, c. 34- 

Alb iEt.£, a people of Latiurn. Dionyf. 
Hal 

Albigaukum. a town of Liguria. Mela , 
3,* 4. 


Albini, two Roman orators of great merit, 
mentioned by Cicero in Brut . This name is 
common to many tribunes of the people. 
Liv. 2, C. 33. 1 . 6, C. 30.— Sallujl. de Jug. 
Bell.' 

Albinovanus Celsus Fid Celfus.- 

Pedo, a poet contemporary with Ovid He 
wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in 
a Ityle l'o elegant that he merited the epithet of 
divine. Ovid, ex Pent. 4, ep. IO.— Quint il. IO, 
c - S' 

AlbintemHlium, a town of Liguria.— 
Tacit. 2. Hiji. c. 13. 

Albinus, was born at Adrumetum in 
Africa, and made governor of Britain, by 
Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, 
he was •ledfed emperor by the foldiers in Bri¬ 
tain. Severus had all'o been invelted with the 
imperial dignity by his own army; and thele 
tWo rivals, with about 50,000 men each, came 
into Gaul to decide the fate of the empire. 
Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the 
head of Albinus to be cut off, and his body to 
be thrown into the Rhone, A. D. 198. Al¬ 
binas, according to the exaggerated account of 
a certain writer called Codrus, was famous for 
his voracious appetite, and fometimes eat for 
breakfaft no lei's than 500 figs, 100 peaches, 
20 pounds of dry raifins,- 10 melons, and 400 

oyfters.-A pretorianfent toSylla,as ambal- 

fador from the fenate during the civil wars. 
He was put to death by Sylla’s foldiers. Piut. 
in Syl. - ■ An ul'urer. Horat . — —A Roman 
plebeian who received the veHals into his cha¬ 
riot in preference to his family, when they 
fled from Rome, which the Gauls had lacked. 
Fal.Max.l, c. I. — Liv. 5, t. 40.— Flor. I, 

c. 13.-A Pofthumus, conl'ul with Lucullus, 

A. U. C. 603, wrote an hilt cry of Rome in 
Greek. 

Albion, fon of Neptune by Amphitrite, 
came into Britain, where he eftablilhed a king¬ 
dom, and firft introduced aftrology and the art 
of building Ihips. He was killed at the mouth 
of the Rhone, with ftones thrown by Jupiter, 
becaufe he oppefed the palfage of Hercules. 

Mela , 2, c. 5.--Thegreateftiftand of Europe, 

new called Great-Britain. I: is called after 
Albion, who is faid to have reigned there; or 
from its chalky white (alias') rocks, which ap¬ 
pear at a great diftance. Piir.. 4,0. 16.—* 
Tacit, in Agric. The ancients compared its 
figure to a long buckler, or to the iron of 2 
hatchet. 

Albis, a river of Germany falling into the 
German ocean, and now called the Elbe. 
Lucan. 2, v. 52. 

Albius, a man, father to a famous fpend- 
thrift. Horat. I. Sat. 4. ——A name of the 
poet Tibullus. Horat. 1. Od. 33, v. 1. 

'Albucii,la, an immodeft woman. Tacit. 
An.t, c. 47. 

Albijla, the ancient rams of the ri¬ 
ver Tiber. Ftrg. JEn. 8, v. 332,-— Liv. 
c.3. 

X> 


Albvmea, 









A L ,A L 


Alb&sea, a wood near Tibur and the 
river Anio, facred to the mufes. It received 
its name from a Sibyl, called alfo Albunea, 
worshipped as a goddefsat Tibur, whofe tem¬ 
ple (till remains. Near Albunea there was a 
Small lake of the fame narse, whofe waters 
were of a fulphureous fmell, and poffeffed fome 
medicinal properties This lake fell, by a 
fmall (tream called Albula, into the river 
Anio, with which it i'oon loft itfelf in the 
Tiber. Horat . I. Od. 7, v. 12.— Virg. JEn. 
1, v, 83. 

Ai.burnus, a lofty mountain of Lucania, 
where the Tanager takes its rift. Virg G. 
3> v x 47‘ 

Albus Pagus, a place near Sidon, where 
Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra. 

Albutius, a prince of Celtiberia, to whom 

Scipio reftored his wife. Arrian. -A fordid 

man, father to Canidia. He beat his fervants 
before they were guilty of any offence, left, 
faid he, 1 fhould have no time to punilh them 
,when they offend. Horat. 2. Sat. 2.—•—A 

rhetorician in theage of Seneca-Anancient 

fatyrift Cie. in Bruts -Titus, an epicurean 

-pkilofopher, born at Rome; fo fond of Greece 
and Grecian manners, that he vvilhed not to 
pafs for a Roman. He was made governor of 
Sardinia ; but he grew offenfive to the fenate, 
and was banifhed. It is fuppofed that he died 
at Athens. 

Alcxus, a celebrated lyric poet, of Mi- 
tylenein Lefbos, about 6oo years before the 
chriftian a?ra. He fled from a battle, and his 
enemies hung up) in the temple of Minerva, 
the armour which he left in the field, as a 
monument of his dilgrace. He is the inventor 
of alcaic verfes. He was contemporary to 
the famous Sappho, to whom he paid his ad- 
dreffes. Of all his works nothing but a few 
fragments remain, found in Athenaeus.— 
Quintil. 10, C. I.— Herodot. 5, c. 95. — Hor, 

4 od. 9.— Cic. 4. Ttfc.c. 33 --A poet of 

Athens, faid by Suidas to be the inventor of 
tragedy,-A writer of epigrams.-A co¬ 
mic poet.-A Ion of Androgeus, who went 

with HerculesintoThrace, and was made king 

of part of the country. Apollod. 2. c. 5.' - A 

fon of Hercules by a maid of Omphale.—*—A 
fon of Perfeus, father of Amphitryon and 
Anaxo. From him Hercules has been called 
Akides. Agol 2, c. 4.-— PauJ'. 8, c. 14. 

Alcamenes, one of the-^gkfe, king of 
Sparta, known by his apophthegms. He luc- 
ceeded his father Teleclus, and reigned 37 
ytars The Helots rebelled in his reign. 

Pauf 3, c. 2. 1 . 4, c.4 & 5.-A general of the 

Admans. Pauf. 7, c. 15.-A ftatuary, who 

lived 448 B. C. and was diftinguifhed lor his 
fiatues of Venus and Vulcan. Pauf 5, c. 

ip.—-The commander of a Spartan fleet, 

put to death by the Athenians. Thucyti. 4, 
c. 5, &c. 

\Alcander, an attendant of Sarpedon, 
killed by Ulyfles. Qvid. Met. 13, v. 257.— 


A Lacedemonian youth, who accidentally put 
out one of the eyes of LycurgUs, and was ge- 
nerouily forgiven by the fage. Pint, in Lye. 

— Pauf. 3, c. 18-A Trojan killed by i ui*- 

nus, Virg. JEn. 9,v. 767. 

Alcand-re, the w ife of Polybius, a rich 
Theban. Homer. Od 4, v. 67 1. 

Alcan or, a Trojan of mount Ida, whofe 
fons Pdndarus and Bitias followed iEneas inn* 
Italy. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 672.—*—A ion of Pho- 
rus, killed by ./Eneas. Ibid. 10, v. 338. 

Alcatiioe, a name of Megara in Attica, 
becaufe rebuilt by Alcathous fon of Pclops. 
Ovid. Met. 8,v. 8. 

Alcathous, a fon of Pelops, who, being 
fufpedted of murdering his brother Chryfippus, 
came to Megara, where he killed a> lion, 
which had deftroyed the king’s;fon. He fuc- 
ceeded to the kingdom of Megara, and, in 
commemoration of his fervices, feftivals, called 
Akathoia, were inftituted at Megara, Pauf. 

i,c 42, &c.-ATrojan who married Hippc- 

damia, daughter of Anchiles. He was killed 
in the Trojan war, by Idomeneus. Homer II. 

12, v. 93.-A fon of Parthaon, killed by 

Tydeus. Apollod. 1, c. 7, &c.-A friend of 

./Eneas killed in the Rutulian war. Virg. 
JEn. 10, v. 747. 

Alce, one of A 61 aeon’s dogs. Ovid. —A 
town of Spain, which iurrendered to Gracchus, 
now Alcazar , a little above Toledo. Liv. 40, 
c. 47 - 

Alcex®r, an Argive, who along with 
Chromius lurvived the battle between 300.of 
his countrymen and 300 Lacedaemonians* 
H’exodot. 1, c. 82. 

Alceste, or Alcestis, daughter of Pe- 
lias and Anaxibia, married Admetus. She, 
with her filters, put to death her father, that 
he might be reltored to youth and vigor by 
M edea, who, however, refuted to perform her 
promile. Upon this, the filters fled to Ad¬ 
metus, wno married Alcefte. They were 
toon purfued by an army headed by their 
brother Acaftus ; and Admetus being taken 
priloner, was redeemed from death, by the 
generous offer of his wife, who was facrificed 
in his (lead to anpeafe the lhades of her father. 
Some fay that Alcefte, with an umifual dftplay 
of conjugal affection,laid down her life for her 
hutband, when the had b.en told by an oracle, 
that he could never recover from a dileafe ex¬ 
cept iome oqe of his friends died in his ftead. 
According to fome authors, Hercules brought 
her back from hell. She had many fuitors 
while the lived with her father. Vid. Ad¬ 
metus. Juv. 6, v. 651— Apollod % 1, c. 9-—~* 
P‘ 7u f 5 > c » I — HyginAab. 251.— ’Eurip. in 
Alcejl. ... 

Alcetas, a king of the Molofli, defeended 
from Pyrrbu$, the fon of Achilles. Pauf. 1, 
c. 11.——A general of Alexander’s army, bro¬ 
ther toPerdiccas. — — The eighth kingof Mace¬ 
donia, who reigned 29 years.--An hiftorian, 

'who wiqu an aceoyot of erery thing that had 

been 














AL 


been dedicated in the temple of Delphi. 

Atbm . - A fon of Arybas, king of Epirus. 

Par/ I,C. H. 

AlchIdas, a Rhodian, who heenme ena¬ 
moured of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. Plin • 

Alchimacmos, a celebrated painter. PI in. 
3d A-II. 

AlcibiXdes, an Athenian general, famous 
for his enterpriiing lpirit, verfatile genius and 
natural foibles. He was difciple to Socrates, 
whole leirons and example checked, for a 
while, his vicious propenlities. In the Pelo- 
ponnefian war he encouraged the Athenians 
to m :ke an expedition againft Syracufe. He 
was chol'en general in that war, and in his ab- 
fence, his enemies acculed him of impiety, 
and confilcated his goods- Upon this he tied, 
and ftirred up the Spartans to make war againft 
Athens, and when this did not fucceed, he re¬ 
tired to Tiflaphernes, the Perfian general. 
Being recalled by the Athenians, he obliged 
the Lacedaemonians to fue for peace, made le¬ 
vers! comjuefts in Alia, and was received in 
triumph at Athens. His popularity was of 
lhort duration; the failure of an expedition 
againft Cyme, expofed him again to the re- 
fentment of the people, and he fled to Phar- 
nabazus, whom he almoft induced to make 
war upon Lacedaemon. This was told to Ly- 
fander, the Spartan general, who prevailed 
upon Pharnabazus to murder Alcibiades. Two 
fervants were fent for that purpofe, and they 
fet on fire the cottage where he was, and killed 
him with darts as he attempted to make his 
elcape. He died in the 46th year of his age, 
404 B. C. after a life of perpetual difficulties. 
If the fickle nets of his countrymen had known 
how to retain among them the talents of a 
man who diltinguiihed himfelf, and was ad¬ 
mired. wherever he went, they might have 
rileii to greater fplendor, and to the l'overeignty 
of Greece. His character has been cleared from 
the alperfions of malevolence, by the writings 
of 1 huevdides, T'imaeus, and Theopompus; 
and he is known to us as a hero, who, to the 
principles of the debauchee, added the intelli¬ 
gence and fagacity of the ftatefroan, the cool 
intrepidity of the general, and the humanity of 
the philofopher. Plat. 15 ? C Nep. in Alcil .— 
Tbucyd. 5, 6 & 7.— Xcrrcpb. Hijl. Grcec. I, 
&C-— Diod. 12. 

Alcidamas, of Cos, father to Ctefilla, 
who was changed into a dove. Ovid. JSAet 7. 

fab. 12-A celebrated wreftler. Stat. Tlcb. 

' jo, v. 500.-A philofopher and orator, who 

wrote a treatife on death. He was pupil to 
Gorgias, and florilhed B. C. 424. Quintil. 3, 
C.I. 

Alcidamea, was mother of Bunus by 
Mercury. 

Alcidamidas, a general of the Meflehi- 
ans, who retired to Rhegium, after the 
taking of Ithome by the Spartans, B. C. 723. 

St tab. 


AL 

Ai.cidXmus, an Athenian rhetorician, 
who wrote an eulogy on death, &c. Cic. 1. 
Tufc. c. 48.— Pint, de Orat. 

AlcIdas, a Lacedemonian, fent with 23 
galleys againft Corcyra, in the Peloponnefian 
war. Tbucyd. 3,c. 16, &c. 

Al«ides, a name of Hercules, from his 
Jlrengthy a\>cos, or from his grandfather Al- 
ceus -— -A furname of Minerva in Mace¬ 
donia. Liv. 42, c. 51. 

Alcidice, the mother of Tyro, by Sal- 
moneus. Apollod. 1, c. 9. 

Alcimachus an eminent painter. Pirn. 
35.c.ii. ^ 

ALciMEDE.the mother of Jafon, by iEfon« 
Place. 1, v. 296. 

Alcimedon, a plain of Arcadia, with a 
cave, the reffdence of Alcirrtedoii, whofe 
daughter Phillo was ravifhed by Hercules. 

Par//. 8, c. 12.-An excellent carver. Virg. 

Eel. 3.'-A tailor, &c. Ovid. Met. 4, 

fab. 10. 

Alcimenes, a tragic poet of Megara. 
-A comic writer of Athens.-An at¬ 
tendant of Demetrius. Plut. in Dem. -A 

man killed by his brother Bellerophon. Apol- 
lod. 2 , c. 3. 

Alcimus, an hiftorian of Sicily, who 
wrote an account of Italy. — —An orator. 
Diog. 

Alcinoe, a daughter of Sthenelus fon of 
Perfeus. Apollod. 2, c. 4. 

Alcinok. Vid. Alcenor. 

Ai.ci nous, fon of Naufithous and Perihoca, 
was king of Phaeacia, and is praifed for his love 
of agriculture. He married his niece Arete, 
by whom he had feveral fon* and a daughter 
Naulicaa. He kindly entertained Ulyfles, 
who had been fliipwrecked on his coaft, and 
heard the recital of his adventures ; whence 
arofe the proverb of the ftories of Aleinous, to 
denote improbability. Homer. Od. y.—Orpb. 
in Argon. — Virg. G. 2, V. 87 .—Stat. X. 
Syl. 3, v. 8l — Juv. 5 > v> 151-— Ovid. Am. 
I, el. IO, V. 56.— Plato dc Rep. IO.— Apol¬ 
lod. I, c. 9.-A fon of Hippocoon, Apollod. 

3,c. 10.-A man of Elis. Par/. -A phi¬ 

lofopher in the fecond century, who wrote a 
book De doflrind Platonis , the beft edition of 
which is the i2mo. printed Oxon 1667. 

AkCioNEUs, a man killed by Perfeus 
Ovid- Met. 5. fab. 4. 

Alciphron, a philofopher of Magneto, 
in the age of Alexander. There are fome 
epiftles in Greek, that hear his name, and 
contain a very perfect picture of the cuftoms 
and manners of the Greeks. They are by 
fome luppofed to be the production of a 
writer of the 4th century. The only editiort 
is that of Leipf. i2mo, 1715, cum notis Ber- 
gleri. 

Alcitpe, a daughter of the god Mars, by 
Agraulos. She was ravifhed by Halirrhotius. 

AfWod. 3, c. 14.-The- wife of Metion, 

and mother to Eupalamus. Id. 3, c. 16. 

D i - - The 


t 







AL 


AL 


- ---The daughter of CEnomaus, and wife of 

Evenus, by whom (he had Marpefta.'-A 

woman who brought forth an elephant. Plin. 
7.——A countrywoman. Virg. Eel. 7. 

Alcip.pus, a reputed citizen of Sparta, ba- 
nifhed by his enemies. He married Demo- 
crite, of whom Plul. in Erat. 

Ai.cis, a daughter of iEgyptus. Apollod. 

Alcithoe, a Theban woman who ridi¬ 
culed the orgies of Bacchus. She was changed 
into a bat, and the fpindle and yarn with 
which Hie worked, into a vine and ivy. Ovid. 
Met. 4.fab. 1. 

Alcmjeon, was fon of the prophet Am- 
phiaraus and Eriphyk* His father going to 
the Theban war, where, according to an 
oracle, he «pjs to perillr, charged him to re¬ 
venge his deqth upon Eriphyle, who had be¬ 
trayed him. r f'id. Eriphyle.] As loon as 
he heard of his father’s death, he murdered 
his mother, for which crime the Furies per- 
fecurted him till Phlegeus purified him and 
gave him. his daughter Alphefibcea in mar¬ 
riage. Alcmaeon gave her the fatal collar 
which his mother had received to betray his 
father, and afterwards divorced her, and mar¬ 
ried Callirhoe the daughter of Achelous, to 
whom he promiled the necklace he had given 
to Alphefibcea. When he attempted to re¬ 
cover it, Alpheliboca’s brothers murdered hint 
on account of - the treatment which he had 
fhewn their After, and left his body a prey 
to dogs and wild beafts. Alcmaeon’s chil¬ 
dren by Callirhoe revenged their lather’s 
death by killing his murderers. \Vid. Al- 
phejibsa, ylmphiarausi] Pai/f.p, C. 17. 1 . 6 . 
C. 18., 1 . 8 . C. 24.-— Pint, de Exil. — Apollod. 
3, C. 7. — Nygin. fab. 73 & 245.— St at. 

Theb. 2 Sc 4.— Ovid. Fajl. 2, v. 44. Met. 9, 

fab. io.--A Ion of Aigvptus, the hufband 

of Hippomedufa. Apollod. —■—A philolo- 
pher, dilciple to Pythagoras, born in Croto- 
na. He wrote on phyfic, and he was the 
firft who dilfe&ed animals to examine into 
the ftruchire of the human frame. Cic. de 

Nat. D. 6, c. 27.-A fon of the poet JE f- 

chylus, the 13th archon of Athens.-A fon 

of Syllus, driven from Meflenia wich the reft 
of Neftor’s family, by the Heraclidte. He 
came to Athens, and from him the Alcmte- 
onidas are de/cended. Pan/. 1. c. 18. 

ALCMfliONiDjE, a noble family of Athens, 
defeended from Alcrmeon. They undertook 
forjeo talents to rebuild the temple of Del¬ 
phi, which had been burnt, and they finifhed 
the work in a more fplendid manner than 
was required, in confequence of which they 
gained popularity, and by their influence the 
Pythia prevailed upon the Lacedaemonians to 
deliver their country from the tyranny of the 
Pififtratidse. Herodot. 5 & 6.— Thucyd. 6, 
' C. 59 — Plut. in Solon. 

Alcman, a very ancient lyric poet, born 
in Sardinia, and not at Lacedtemon, as fome 
fuppefe. He wrote, in the Doric dialed!, 6 


books of verfes. bolides a play called Colym- 
bofas. He florilhed B. C. 670, and died of 
the loufy difeafe. Some of his verfes are j>re- 
ferved by Athenseus and others. Pl"‘- * *» 
c. 33.— -Pauf. 1, c. 41. I- 3 > c. 1 
Hiji. Anim.5, C. 31. o _ 

Alcmena, was daughter of Elearyon 
king of Argos, by Anaxo, whom Plut. de 
Reb. Grac. calls Lyfidice, and Dtod. 1 . 
Eurymede. Her father pronufed his crown 
and his daughter to Amphitryon, if he would 
revenge the death of his fons, who had been 
all killed, except Licymnins, bv the Telebo- 
ans, a people of Aitolia. While Amp utr) 
on was gone againft the Astolians, Jupiter, 
who was enamoured of Alcmena, refolvrd to 
introduce himfelf into her bed. The more 
efledually to infure luccels in his amour, he 
a (Turned the form of Amphitryon, declared 
that he had obtained a victory over Alcme- 
na’s enemies, and even preiented her with a 
Clip, which he (aid he had preferved from 
the lpoils for her fake Alcmena yielded to 
her lover what fhe had promifed to her fu¬ 
ture hufband; and Jupiter to'delay the re¬ 
turn of Amphitryon, ordered his mefienger. 
Mercury, to (top the riling of Phtrbus, or the 
fun, lo that the night he p'afted with Alcmena 
was prolonged to three long nights. Am¬ 
phitryon returned the next day; and after 
complaining of the coldneis with which he 
was received, Alcmena acquainted him with 
the reception of a falfe lover the preceding 
night, and even fhovved him the cup which 
(he had received. Amphitryon was per¬ 
plexed at the relation, and more fo upon 
miffing the cup from among his lpoils. He 
went to the prophet Tirefias, who told him 
of Jupiter’s intrigue; and he returned to his 
wife, proud of the- dignity of his rival. Alc¬ 
mena became pregnant by Jupiter, and af¬ 
terwards by her hufband; and when fhe was 
going to bring forth, Jupiter boafted in hea¬ 
ven, that a child was to be born that day, to 
whom he would give abfoitite power over his 
neighbours, and even ov.er all the children of 
his own blood. Juno, who was jealous of 
Jupiter’s amours with Alcmena, . made him 
iwear by the Styx, and immediately;, pro* 
longed the travails of Alcmena, and haftened 
the bringing forth of the wife of Sthenelus.. 
king of Argos, who, after a pregnancy of 
leven months, had a fon called Euryftheus. 
Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 5, Sec. fays, that Juno 
was affifted by Lucina to put off the bring¬ 
ing forth of Alcmena, and that Lucina, in the 
form of an old woman, fat before the door 
of Amphitryon with her legs and arms crofted. 

'1 his pofture was the caule of infinite tor¬ 
ment to Alcmena, till her fervant, Galanthis, 
luppofing the old woman to be a witch, and 
to be the caufe of the pains of her miftrefs, 
told her that Ihe had* brought forth. Lucina 
retired from her pofture, and immediately 
Alcmena brought forth twins, Hercules con-. 

reived 






AL 

eerved by Jupiter, and Iphiclus by Amphi- 
tryon. Euryitheus was already born, and 
therefore Hercules was fubje&ed to his power. 
After Amphitryon’s death, Alcmena married 
Rhadamanthus, and retired to Ocalea, in Boe- 
otia. This marriage, according to lome au¬ 
thors, was celebrated in the ifland of I.euce. 
The people of Megara laid that lhe died in 
her way from Argos to Thebes, and that Hie 
was buried in the temple of Jupiter Olympius. 
Pauf. i, c. 41. 1 . 3, c. 18. L 9, c. 16.— 
Plut. in The/. IS? Romul. — Homer. Od. 11 II. 

Pindar. Pyth. 9.— Lucian. Dial. Dear. 
»— Diod. 4,-— Hygin. fab. 19.— Apoliod. 2, c. 
4? 7 * h 3 > I.— Plaut. in Amp bit .— Hero- 

dot. 2, c. 43 & 45.- Vid. Amphitryon, 

Hercules, Euryftheus. 

Alcon, a famous archer, who one day 
faw his fon attacked by a lerpent, and aimed 
at him fo dexteroully that he killed the bead 

without hurting his fon.-A filverl'mith. 

Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 3.-A l’on'of fjippo- 

coon. Pauf. 3, c. 14.-A furgeon under 

Claudius, who gained much money by his 
profefiion, in curing hernias and fra^ures.—*— 

A fon of Mars.-A fon of Amycus. Thefe 

two laft were at the chace of the Calydonian 
boar. Hygin. fab 173. 

Alcyone or Halcyone, daughter of 
Aldus, married teyx, who was drowned as 
he was going to Claros to confult the oracle. 
The gods apprifed Alcyone, in a dream, of 
her hulband’s fate; and when lhe found, on 
the morrow, his body wafhed on ttye lea- 
fhore, lhe threar herlelf into the fea, and was 
with her hulband changed into birds of the 
fame name, who keep the waters calm and 
ferene while they build, and fit on their nefts 
on the furface of the lea, for the fpace of 7, 
II, or 14 days. Virg. G. 1, v. 399.— Apol- 
lod. I,c. 7.— Ovid. Met. II, fab. 10.— Hygin. 

fab. 63.-One of the Pleiades, daughter of 

Atlas. She had Arethufa by Neptuye, and 
Plleuthera by Apollo. She, with her lifters, 
was changed into a conftellntion. Vid. Plei¬ 
ades. Pauf. 2,C. 30. 1 . 3 , C. 18.— Apoliod. 3, 

c. 10.— Hygin. fab. 157.-The daughter of 

Evenus, carried away by Apollo after her 
marriage. Her hulband purlueJ the ravilher 
with bows and arrows, but was not able to 
recover her. Upon this, her parents called 
her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that 
cf the wife of Ceyx. Homer. II. 9, v. 538. 

--l he wife of Meleager. Hygin. fab. 174. 

--A town of 1 helfaly, where Philip, Alex- 

ander’s father, loft one of his eyes. 

Alcyoneus, a youth of exemplary* vir¬ 
tue, foil to Antigonus. Hut. in Pyrrb.-— 

Dlog. 4<-A giant, brother to Porphyrion. 

He was killed by Hercules. His daughters, 
mourning his death, threw themfelves into the 
lea, and were changed into Alcyons, by Am- 
phitrite. Claudian. de Rap. Prof — Apoliod. I, 
C. 6. 

AlcyonA; a pool of Greece, whofe depth 


AL 

the emperor Nero attempted in vain to find. 
Pauf. a,c»37. 

Aldescus, a river of European Sarmatia, 
riling from the Riphsran mountains, and fall¬ 
ing into the northern fea. Dionyf Per . 

Alduabis. Vid. Dubis. 

Alfa, a furname of Minerva, from her 
temple, built by Aleus, fon of Aphidas at Te- 
gtea in Ar cadia The ftatue of the goddels 
made of ivory was carried by Auguftus to 
Rome. Pauf 8,c. 4 & 46 ■ - - A town of Ar¬ 

cadia, built by Aleus. It had three famous 
temples, that of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana 
the Ephefian. When the feftivals of Barchus 
were celebrated, the women were whipped in 
the temple. Pauf 8, e. 23. 

Alebas, a tyrant of Larifia, killed by his 
own guards for his cruelties. Ovid, in lb. 323. 

Alebion and Dercynus, fous of Nep¬ 
tune, were killed by Hercules, for Healing his 
oxen in Africa. Apoliod. 2,c. 3. 

Alecto, one of the Furies, («, 'knyu.non 
dtfno), is reprelented with flaming torches, 
her head covered with ferpents, and breath¬ 
ing vengeance, war, and pettilence. Vid. Eu- 
menides. Virg. ASn. 7. v. 324,Src. 1 .10, v. 41. 

Alector, lucceeded his father Anaxago¬ 
ras in the kingdom of Argos, and was father 
to Iphis and Capaneus. Pauf. 2, c. 18.— 
Apoliod. 3, c. 6. 

Alectrton, a youth whom Mars, during 
his amours with Venus, Rationed at the door 
to watch againft the approach of the fun. He 
fell alleep, and Apollo came and difeovered 
the lovers, who were expofed by Vulcan, in 
each other’s arms, before all the gods. Mars 
was lb incenfed that he changed Alettryon 
into a cock, which Hill mindful of his negledb, 
early announces the approach of the fun. 
Lucian, in ALU. 

Alfctus, a tyrant of Britain, in Diocle- 
fian’s reign, &c. He died 296, A. D. 

Aleius Campus, a place in Lycia, where 
Bellerophon fell from the horfe Pegalus, and 
wandered over the country till the time of his 
death. Homer. II. 6. v. 201.— Dionyf. Pc - 
rieg. 872.— Ovid, in Ibid. 2 $J. 

Aumanni, or Alamanni, a people of 
Germany. They are firft mentioned in the 
reign of Caracalla, who was honored with 
the furname of Alemannicus t for a vi&ory over 
them. 

Alemon, the father of Myfcellus. He 
built Crotona in Magna Grcecia. Myfcellus 
is often called AlemonideS. Ovid. Met. 13, 
v.19 & 26. 

Alemusii, inhabitants of Attica, in whofe 
country there was a temple of Ceres and of 
Prolerpine, Pauf in Attic. 

Alp ns, a place in the ifland of Cos. 

Aleon, or Ales, a river of Ionia, near Co¬ 
lophon. Pauf. 7, c. 3. 1 . 8, c. 28. 

.Alese, a town of Sicily, called afterwards 
Achronidion, after the founder. The Ro¬ 
mans made it an independent city. 

D 3 Ailsiaj 






AL 

Alesta, or Alexia, now Alfe y a famous 
city of the Mandubri in Gaul, founded by 
Hercules as he returned from Iberia, on a 
high hill. J. Ctcfar conquered it. Blsr. 3, 
c. 10 .~C<rf Bell. Gall. 7, c. 68. 

Alesium, a town and mountain of Pelo- 
ponnelus. Bauf. 8, c. 10. 

Aletes, a fon of ./Egifthus, murdered by 
Oreftes. Hygin. fab. 122. 

Alethes, the firft of the Heraclida?, who 
was king of Corinth. He was fon ofHip- 

putas. Bauf 2, c. 4. - A companion of 

./Eneas, defcribed as a prudent and venerable 
old man. Virg.JEn. l,v. 125. 1 . 9, v. 246. 

Alethia, one of Apollo’s nurfes. 

Aletidas, (from ecXao/u.ai, to •wander), 
certain facrifices at Athens, in remembrance 
of Erigone, who wandered with a dog after 
her father Icarus. 

Aletrium, a town of 1 atium, whofe in¬ 
habitants are called Aletrinates. Liv. 9, c. 42. 

Aletum, a tomb near the harbour of 
Carthage in Spain. Bolyb. 10. 

Aleuada:, a royal family of Larifia in 
Theflaly, defcended from Ale uas king of that 
country. They betrayed their country to 
Xerxes. The name is often applied to the 
Theffalians without diftin&ion. Diod. 16 — 
Herodot. 7, c. 6. 172.-— Bauf. 3, C. 8. 1. 7, c. 
10.— JElian. Anitn. 8, c. H. 

Aleus, a fon of Aphidas king of Arcadia, 
famous for his (kill in building temples. Bauf. 

8,c. 4 & 53*. 

Alex, a river in the country of the Brutii. 
Diony f. Berieg. 

Alexamenus, an JEtolian, who killed 
Nabis, tyrant of Laceda?mon, and was foon 
after murdered by the people. Liv. 35, c. 34. 

Alexander 1 ft, fon of Amyntas, was the 
tenth king of Macedonia. He killed the Per- 
fian ambafladors for their immodeft behaviour 
to the women of his father’s court, and was 
the firft who raifed the reputation of the Ma¬ 
cedonians. He reigned 43 years, and died 
451 B. C. Jufin. 7,c. 3.— Herodot. 5, 7, 8 
&9. 

Alexander id, fon of Amyntas 2d, king 
of Macedonia, was treacheroufly murdered, 
B. C. 370, by his younger brother Ptolemy, 
who held the kingdom for four years, and 
made way for Perdiccas and Philip. Jufin. 
7, c. 5, fays Eurydice, the wife of Amyntas, 
w as the catiie of his murder. 

Alexander 3d, furnamed the Great, 
wr$ fon of Philip and Olympias. He was 
born B. C. 355, that night on which the fa¬ 
mous temple of Diana at Ephefus was burnt 
by Eroftratu?. This event, according to the 
magicians, was an early prognoftic of his fu ¬ 
ture greatnefs, as well as the taming of Bu¬ 
cephalus, a horfe which none of the king’s 
courtiers could manage; upon which Philip 
laid with tears in his eyes, that his fon muft 
feek another kingdom, as that of Macedonia 
would not be fufnciently large for the dilplay 


AL 

of his greatnefs. Olympias during her preg¬ 
nancy declared, that Ihe Was with child by a 
dragon ; and the day- that Alexander was 
born, two eagles perched for lome timfe on 
the houfe of Philip, as if foretelling that his 
fon would become matter of Europe and Alia. 
Me was pupil to Arittotle during five years, 
and he received his learned preceptor’s inllruc- 
tions with becoming deference and pleafure, 
and ever refpedfed his abilities. When Phi¬ 
lip went to war, Alexander, in his 15th year, 
was left governor of Macedonia, where hq 
quelled a dangerous ledition and foon alter 
followed his father to the field, and faved hi? 
life in a battle. He was highly pffended when 
Philip divorced Olympias to marry Cleopatra, 
and he even cauled the death of Attalus, the 
new queen’s brother. After this he retired 
from court to his mother Olympias, but was 
recalled ; and when Philip was affaflinated, he 
punifhed his murderers ; and by his prudence 
and moderation, gained the affection of his 
i'ubjetts. He conquered Thrace and Illyricum, 
and deftroyed Thebes; and after he had been 
cholen chief commander of all the forces of 
Greece, he declared war againft the Perfians, 
who under Darius and Xerxes had laid watte 
and plundered the nobleft of the Greciajq 
cities. With 32,000 foot and 5000 horle, he 
invaded Alia, and after the defeat of Darius at 
the Granicus, he conquered all the provinces 
of Alia Minor. Hq obtained f:wo other cele¬ 
brated vidtories over Darius at Ifius and Ar- 
bela, took Tyre after an obftinate liege of 
feven months, and the (laughter of 2000 of 
the inhabitants in cold blood, and made him- 
felf matter of Egypt, Media, Syria, and Per- 
fia. From Egypt he vifited the temple cf 
Jupiter Ammon, and bribed the priefts, who 
fainted him as the fon of their god, and en¬ 
joined his army to pay him divine honors. 
He built a town which he called Alexandria, 
on the weftern fide of the Nile, near the coaft: 
of the Mediterranean, an eligible fituaticn 
which his penetrating eye marked as beft en- 
titled to .become the future capital of his im- 
menle dominions, and to extend the com¬ 
merce of his fubjedts Bom the Mediterranean 
to the Ganges. His conquefts were fpread 
over India, where, he fought with Porus, a 
powerful king of the country ; ami after he 
had invaded Scythia, and vifited the Indian 
ocean, he retired to Babylon, loaded with 
the fpoils of the eaft. His entering the city 
was foretold by the magicians as fatal, and 
their prediction was fulfilled. He died at 
Babylon the 21ft' of April, \n the 32d year of 
his age, after a reign of 12 years and 8 months 
ofbrilli.mt and continued fuccefs, 323 B. C. 
His death was lb premature that fome have 
attributed it to the c-ffedls of poifon, and ex- 
cefs of drinking. Antipater has been acculed 
ofcaufing the fatal poifon to be given him at a 
feaft; and perhaps the refentmeht of the Ma¬ 
cedonians, whole iervices he feemed to forget, 

bv 



AL 


AL 


by entrufting the giutfd of his body to the 
Perfians, was the caul'e of his death. He was 
fo univerfally regretted, that Babylon was 
filled with tears and lamentations;" and the 
Medes and Macedonians declared, that no one 
was able or worthy to fucceed him. Many 
confpiracies were formed againft him by the 
officers of his army, but they were all ieafon- 
ably fupprefled. His tender treatment of the 
wife and mother of king Darius, who were 
taken prifoneTs, has been greatly prailed; and 
the latter, who had furvived the death of her 
fon, killed herielf when (he heard that Alex¬ 
ander was dead. His great intrepidity more 
than once endangered his life; he always 
fought as if lure of victory, and the terror of 
his name was often more powerfully effectual 
than his arms. He was always forward in 
every engagement, and bore the labors of the 
field as well as the meanell of his loldiers. 
During his conqueft in Alia, he founded many 
cities, which he called Alexandria, after his 
own name. When he had conquered DariuS, 
he ordered himielf to be worlhipped as a god ; 
and Callifthenes, who refuted to do it, was 
thamefully put todearh. He murdered, at a 
banquet, i.is friend Clitus, who had once 
faved his life in a battle, becaufe he enlarged 
upon the virtues and exploits of Philip, and 
preferred them to thofe of his fon. His 
victories and fuccefs encrealed his pride ; he 
drelfed himielf in the Pertian manner, and 
gave himfelf up to pleafure and diftipation. 
He fet on fire the town of Perfepolis, in a fit 
of madnefs and intoxication, encouraged by 
the courtezan Thais. Yet among all his ex¬ 
travagancies, he was fond of candor and of 
truth ; and when one of his officers read to 
him, as he failed on the Hydafpes, an hiftory 
which he had compofed of the wars with 
Torus, and in which he had too liberally pa¬ 
negyrized him, Alexander fnatched the book 
from his hand, and threw it into the river, 
faying, “what need is there ofluch flattery ? 
are not the exploits of Alexander fufliciently 
meritorious in themfelves, without the co¬ 
lorings of fallehood.” He in like manner 
rejected a llatuary, who offered to cut mount 
Athos like him, and rcprelent him as hold¬ 
ing a town in one hand, and pouring a river 
from the other. He forbade any ftatuary to 
make his ilatue except I.yfippus, and any 
painter to draw his picture except Apelles. 
On his death-bed he gave his ring to Perdic- 
cas, and it was luppofed that by this Angular 
prefent, he wifhed to make him his fuccefior. 
Some time before his death, his officers allied 
him whom he appointed to fucceed him on 
the throne ? and he anfvvered, the worthielt 
among you ; but I am afraid, added he, my 
belt friends will perform my funeral obl’e- 
quies with bloody hands. Alexander, with 
all his pride, was humane and liberal, eafy 
and familiar with his friends, a great patron 
of .learning, as may be colleiled from his 


affifting Ariftotle with a purfe of money to 
effect the completion of his natural hiliory. 
He was brave often to raflmefs ; he frequently 
lamented that his father conquered every 
thing, and left him nothing to do; and ex¬ 
claimed in all the pride of regal dignity. 
Give me kings for competitors, and I will eii 
ter the lifts at Olympia. All his family and 
infant children were put to death by Caflander. 
The firft deliberation that was made after his 
deceafe, among his generals, was to appoint his 
brother Philip Arid;eus lucceflor, until Rox- 
ane, who was then pregnant by him, brought 
into the world a legitimate heir. Perdiccas 
wiihed to be lupreme regent, as Aridaeus 
wanted capacity ; and, more llrongly to efta- 
blifh himfelf, he married Cleopafn, Alex¬ 
ander’s filter, and made alliance with Eumenes. 
As he endeavoured to deprive Ptolemy of 
Egypt, he was defeated in a battle by Seieu- 
cus and Antigonus, on the banks of thb river 
Nile, and aflalfinated by his own cavalry. 
Perdiccas was the firft of Alexander’s generals 
who took up arms againft his fellow foldiers,- 
and he was the firft who fell a facrifice to his 
rafhneis and cruelty. To defend himfelf 
againft him, Ptolemy made a treaty of alliance 
with lbrne generals, among whom was Anti¬ 
pater, who had llrengthened himielf by giving 
his daughter Phila, an ambitious and afpiring 
woman, in marriage to Craterus, another of 
the generals of Alexander. After many dif- 
fenfions and bloody wars among themfelves, 
the generals of Alexander laid the foundation 
of feveral great empires in the three quarters 
of the globe. Ptolemy l'eized Egypt, where he 
firmly eftablifhed himielf, and where his luc- 
cefibrs were, called Ptolemies, in honor of 
the founder of their empire, which fubfifted 
till the time of Auguftus. Seleucus and his 
pofteritv reigned in Babylon and Syria. An¬ 
tigonus at firft eftabliihcd himfelf in Afia Mi¬ 
nor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The del- 
cendants of Antipat^r were conquered by 
the fucceflbrs of Antigonus, who reigned in’ 
Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans 
in the time of king Perieus. Eyfimachus 
made himfelf mailer of Thrace; and Eeonatus, 
who had taken pofTeflion of Phrygia, meditated 
for a while to drive Antipater lrom Mace¬ 
donia. Eumenes eftabliihed,himielf in Cappa¬ 
docia, hut was loon overpowered by the com¬ 
binations of his rival Antigonus, and ftarved 
to death. During his life-time, Eumenes ap¬ 
peared ib formidable to the luccefibrs of Alex¬ 
ander, that none of them dared to aftume the 
title of king. Curt. A'rian. & Flat, have 
written an account of Alexander’s life. Diod, 
17 fc 18.— Pauf. 1,7, 8, 9.— JuJlin. II & I»- 

—Fal. Max.—Sirab. I, &C.-A fon of 

Alexander the Great, by Roxane,putto death, 
with his mother, by Caflander. 'JuJHn. 15* 

c. 2. -A man, who, after the expulfion of 

Teleftes, reigned in Corinth. Twenty-five 
years after, 1 eleftes difpoflefled him, and put 
D 4 him 






AL 


him to death.-A Ton of Callander, king of 

Macedonia, who reigned two years conjointly 
with his brother Antipater, and was prevented 
by Lyfimaches from revenging his mother 
Theflalonica, whom his brother had murdered. 
Demetrius, the l'on of Antigonus, put him to 
death. Juft in. 16, c. i.— Pauf. 9, c. 7.—A 
king of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and fuc- 
cefTor to Arybas. He banifhed Timolaus to 
Peloponneius, and made war in Italy againft 
the Romans, and obiervedthat he fought with 
men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, 
was fighting with an army of women (mean¬ 
ing the Per fiuns.) He was fur named MplofTus. 
Juftin. 17, C. 3.— Diod. 16.— Lh. 8, c. 17 & 

37 .-^—Strab. 16. - A fon of Pyrrhus, was 

king of Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, 
from which he was expelled by Demetrius. 
He recovered it by,the affiftance of the Acar- 
nanians. Juftin. 26, c. 3.— Plut. in Pytrh. 
——A king of Syria, driven from his.king¬ 
dom by Nicanor, fon of Demetrius Soter, and 
hisfather-in-law Ptolemy Phiiometor. Juftin. 
35 , C. I & 2 . — Jofteph. 13. Ant. Jud. — Strab. 

17.-A king of Syria, firix called Bala, was 

a merchant, and fucceeded Demetrius. He 
conquered Nicanor by means of Ptolemy Phyf- 
con, and w*as afterwards killed by Antiochus 
Gryphus, fon of Nicanor. Jofteph. Ant. Jud. 
13, c. 18,—Ptolemy was one of the Ptole- 
mean kings in Egypt. |His mother, Cleopatra, 
raifed him to the throne, in preference to his 
brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned con¬ 
jointly with him. Cleopatra, however, ex¬ 
pelled him, and loon after recalled him ; and 
Alexander, to prevent being expelled a fecond 
time, put her to death, and for this unnatural 
action was himl'elf mprdered by one of his 
fubjefts. Jofteph. 13. Ant. Jud. c. 20, &c.— 

Juftin. 39, c. 3 & 4.— Pauf. I, c. 9.- 

Ptolemy 2d, king of Egypt, was fon of the 
preceding. He was educated in the ifland of 
Cos, and falling into the hands of Mithridates, 
efcaped to Sylla, who rellored him to his king¬ 
dom. He was murdered*’ by. his fubjetts a 
lew days after his reftoration. Appiatu 1. 
Bell. Civ.T -%—-Ptolemy 3d, was king of Egypt, 
after his brother Alexander the laft mentioned. 
Alter a peaceful reign, he was banifhed by 
his lubjedls, and died at Tyre, B. C. 65, 
leaving jus kingdom to the Roman people. 
Bid. ASgyptus . Ptolernaus. Cic. pro Rull. 

--A youth, ordered by Alexander the 

Great to climb the rock Aornus, with thirty 
other youths. He was killed in the attempt. 

Curt . 8, c. 11.-An hiftorian mentioned 

by Plut. Mario.- -An Epicurean philo¬ 
sopher. Plut. - A governor of Aiolia, 

who aflembled a multitude on pretence of 
(hewing them an uncommon lpedtacle, and 
confined them till they had each bought their 
liberty with a fum of money. Polya-n. 6, c. 
10.— — A -name given to Paris, fon of Priam. 

Bid. Paris--Janmeus, a king of Judea, fon 

of Hyrcanus, and brother of Arjftobuhtf, who 


AL 

reigned as a tyrant, and died through excefs of. 
drinking, B. C. 79 ’ after maffacring 8cx* of 
his fubjefts for the entertainment of his con¬ 
cubines.-A Paphlagonian, who gained di¬ 

vine honors by his magical tricks ,nd im po¬ 
ll t ions, and likewile procured the friend hup oi 
Marcus Aurelius. He died 70 years old 
A native of Caria, in the 3d century, who 
wrote a commentary on the writings °fJv “~ 
totle, part of which is (till extant. V* 

anus, a phyfician and philofopher of the 4th 
century, fome of whole works in Greek are 

ftill extant.-A poet of iStolia, in the age 

of Ptolemy Philadelpbus.-A peripatetic 

philofcpher, faid to have been preceptor to 

Nero.-An hiftorian, called alfo Poly hn lor, 

who wiote five books on the Roman repu > ic, 
in which he faid that the Jews had received- 
their laws, not from God, but from a woman 
he called Mofo. He alfo wrote treaties on 
the Pythagorean philofophy, B. C. 88. —-A 

poet of Ephefus, who wrote a poem on a “ ro 

nomy and geography.-A writer of Myn- 

dus, quoted bv Athen. and JElian .- • -—A to-- 
phift of Seleucia, in the age ol Antoninus. -- 
A phyfician in the age of Juftinian. A 
Theflalian, who, as he was going to engage in 
a naval battle, gave to his loldiers a great num¬ 
ber of miffile weapons, and ordered them to 
dart them continually upon the enemy, to 
render their numbers ufelels. Polya:n. 6, c. 

27,-A fon of Xylimachus. Poly an. 6, c. 

12.-A governor of Lycia, who brought a 

reinforcement of troops to Alexander the 

Great. Curt. 7, c. 10.-A fon .of Poly- 

perchon, killed in Alia by the Dyrmeans. 

Diod. 18 & 19.-A poet of Pleuron, ion 

of Satyrus and Stratoclea, who faid that 
Theieus had a daughter called Iphigenia, by 

Helen. Pauf 2, c. 22.-A Spartan, killed 

with two hundred of his loldiers by the Ar- 
gives, when he endeavoured to prevent their 
palling through the country ofTegea. Dtod. 

15. -.-A cruel tyrant of Pheras, in I hei- 

i'aly, who made war againft the Macedonians, 
and took Pelopidas priloner. He was mur¬ 
dered, B. C. 357, by his wife called 1 hebe, 
whoferoom he carefully guarded by a 1 hracian 
fentinel, and fearched every night, fear!ul of 
fome dagger that might be concealed to tike 
away his life. Cic. de I/rv.Z, c. 49. de Oft. Z% 
C. 9 —Val. Mux. 9, c. 13.— Plut. b C. 
Nep. in Pclop.—Pauf 6, C. y ~—Diod. I j & 

16. — Ovid, in lb. v. 321.--Sever us, a Ro¬ 

man emperor. Bid. Severus. 

Alexandra, the name of fome queens of 

Judsea, mentioned by Jofteph. . A nurie of 

Nero. Suet, in Ncr. 50 --A name of «. ai- 

fandra, becaufe ihe aflifted mankind by her 
prophecies. Lycophr. 

Alexandra ar^;, the boundaries, ac¬ 
cording to fome, of Alexander’s victories, 
near the Tanais. Plin. 6, c. 16. 

Alexandria, the name of feveral cities 
which were founded by Alexander, during 

m 











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AL 


his conquers in Afia^ the moil famous are I 
- —A grand and extenfive city, built Bs C. 332, 
by Alexander, on the weitern fide of the 
Delta. The illuUriotis founder intended it 
net only for the capital of Egypt, but of 
hh immenl'e conquetis, and the commercial 
advantage, which its Ikuatioa commanded 
continued to improve from the time of Alex¬ 
ander till the invafion of the baracens in the 
7th century. The commodities of India v\eie 
brought there, and thence diiperted to the 
different countries around the Mediterranean. 
Alexmdria is famous, among other curiofities, 
for the large library which the pride or learn¬ 
ing of the Ptolemies had collected tjiere, at a 
vaft expence, from all parts of the earth. 
This valuable repofitory was burnt by the or¬ 
ders of the caliph Omar, A. D. 642 ; and it is 
ibid, that during 6 months, the numerous vo¬ 
lumes fupplied fuel for the 4000 baths, which 
contributed to the health and convenience of 
the populous capital of Egypt. Alexandria 
has like wife been dutinguiflied for its l’chools, 
not only of theology and philosophy, but of 
phyfie, where once to have ltudied, was a fuf 
heient recommendation to dillant countries. 
The agronomical fchool, founded by Phila- 
delj aus, mainlaiijed its fuperior reputation for 
xo centuries, till the time of the Saracens. 
The modern town of Scanderoon has been 
eredted upon the ruins of Alexandria, and, as 
if it were an inl'ult to its former ..reatnefs, it 
Icarce comaim 6000 inhabitants. Curt. 4, c. 

8,— Strab. 17.— Plin.Sy c. io.-Another 

in Albania, at the foot of mount Gaucafus. 

-Another in Arachofia, in India.-The 

capital of Aria, between Kecatompylon and 
Baitra-Ac other of Carmania.-Ano¬ 
ther in Cilicia, on the confines of byria.- 

Another, the capital of Margiana.-Ano¬ 

ther of Treas, &c. Curt. 7.— Plin. 6, c. x6, 
23 > 2 5 - 

Ab ex and rides, a I.acedxmonian, who 
married his filler’s daughter, by whom he 
had Dorycus, Leonidas, and (Jleombrotns. 

.-A native of Delphi, of which he wrote an 

fciftory. 

AlexandrTna aqua, baths in Rome, 
built by the emperor Alexander Severus. 

Alexandropolis, a city of Parthia, built 
by Alexander the Great. Plin. 6,c. 25. 

Alexanor, a Ion of Machaon, who built 
in Sicyon a temple to his grandfather Asl'cu- 
lapius^ and received divine honors alter death. 
Pauf. 2, c. II* m 

AlexaRCHus, a Greek hiftorian. 

Alexas, of Laodicea, was recommended 
to M. Antony by Tinvgenes. He was the 
caufe that Antony repudiated Octavia to 
marry Cleopatra. Auguitus punilhed him 
feverely after the defeat of Antony. Plut. in 
jinton. 

Alexia, or Alefia. Fid. Alefia. 

Alexicacus, a fumame given to Apollo 
by the Athenians* becaule he delivered them 


1 from the plague during the Peloponnefian 
war. 

AlexInus, a difciple of Eubulides the 
Milefian, famous for the acutenels of his * 
genius and judgment, and for his fondnels 
for contention and argumentation. He died 
of a wound which he had received from a fharp- 
pointed reed, as he fwam acrofs the rivet 
Alpheus. Diog. in Euclid. 

Alex ion, a phylician, intimate with Ci¬ 
cero. Cic. ad. Att. 13, ep. 25. 

Alexippus, a phyfician of Alexander. 
Plut. in Alex. 

Alexiraes, a fon of Hercules by Hebe. 

Apollod. 2, c. 7.-A place of Besot ia, where 

Alexiraes was born, bears alfo this name. 
Pauf. 9, c. 25. 

Alexirhoe, a daughter of the river Gra- 
nicus. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 763. 

Alexis, a man of Samos, who endeavoured 
to alcertain, by his writings, the borders-of 

his country-A comic poet, 336 B. C. of 

Thurium, who wrote 245 comedies, of which 

fome few fragments remain.-A lervant of 

Afinius Pollio.-An ungrateful youth of 

whom a Ihepherd is deeply enamoured, in 

Virgil’s Ed. 2.-A llatuary, difciple to 

Poiydetes, 87 Olym. Plin. 34, c. 8-A 

fchool-fellow of Atticus. Cic. ad Attic. 7, 
ep. 2. 

Alexon, a native of Myndos, who wrote 
fables. Diog. 

Alfaterna, a town of Campania, beyond 
mount Vefuvius. 

P. Aleenus Varus, a native of Cremona, 
who, by the force of his genius and his appli¬ 
cation, railed himfelf from his original pro- 
felfion of a cobler, to offices ef truft at Rome, 
and at lalt became conful. Horat. x, Sat. 3, 
v. 130. 

Ai gidum 1 , a town of Latium near Tuf- 
culum, about 12 miles from Rome. Th-re 
is a mountain of the fame name in die neigli- 
bourhood. Horat. 1. od. 21. 

Aliacmon & Haliacmon, a river 
ol' Macedonia, feparating it from Thelfalv. 
It Hows into the Aegean lea. Plin. 4, 
c. IO. 

Aliartus or oh, & Haliartus, » 
town of Bccotia, near the river Penneflus, 
taken by M/Lucretius. Liv. 42, c. 63-An¬ 

other in Peloponnefus, on the coalt of Mel- 
fenin. Stat. Thcb. 7,v. 274. 

Ali cis, a town of Laconia-A tribe of 

Athens. 

Alienus CiEClNA, a queftor in BcEotui, 
appointed, for his fervices, commander of a 
legion in Germany, by Galba. The em¬ 
peror dilgraced him for his bad conduit, for 
which he railed commotions in die empire. 
Tacit, i, Hijl. c. 52. 

AlIfje, Alifa, or Alipha, a town of Italy, 
near the Vaiturnus, famous for the making 

of cups. Horat. 2* Stat, 8, v. 39. - -Liv. 

8, c. aj, 


Alil.^i, 










AL 


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-Auljki, a people of Arabia Felix. 

Alimentus, C. an hiltorian in thefecond 
Punic war, who wrote in Greek an account of 
Annibal, befides a treatife on military affairs. 
Liv. 21 & 30. 

Alin Die, a town of C’aria, Arrian. 

Alifheria, a town of Arcadia, fituate on 
a hill. Polyb. 4,c. 77. 

Alirrothws, a fon of Neptune. Hear¬ 
ing that his father had been defeated by Mi¬ 
nerva, in his difpute about giving a name to 
Athens, he went to the citadel, and endea¬ 
voured to cut down the olive, which had lprung 
from the ground, and given the victory to 
Minerva; but in the attempt he miffed his 
aim, and cut his own legs fo leverely that he 
inftantly expired. 

T. Alledius Severus, a Roman knight, 
who married his brother’s daughter to pleafe 

Agrippina.-A noted glutton in Domitian’s 

reign. Juv. 5, v. 118. 

Allia, a river of Italy, falling into the 
Tiber. The Romans were defeated on its 
hanks by Brennus and the Gauls, who were 
going to plunder Rome, 17th July, B. C. 
390. Pint, in Camil. — Liv. 5, c. 37 — Plor. 
I, C. 13.— Virg. AEn. 7, v. 717.— Ovid. Art. 
Am. I, v. 413. 

Allienos, a pretor of Sicily, under Caeiar. 
Jiirt. Afric. 2. 

Allobroces, a warlike nation of Gaul 
near the Rhone, in that part of the country 
now called Savoy, Dauphine, and Vivarais. 
The Romans deftroyed their city, becaufe 
they had aflifted Annibal. Their ambaffadors 
were allured by great promiles to join in 
Catiline’s conipiracy ngainft his country ; but 
they loomed the offers, and dilcovered the 
plot. Dio .— Strab. 4.— Tacit. I. Hif. C. 66. 
— Sallujl. in Jug. bell. 

Allobryges, a people of Gaul, fuppofed 
to be the fame as the Allobroges. Polyb. 30, 
c. 56. 

Allotriges, a nation on the fouthern 
parts of .'pain. Strab. 2. 

Allutius, or Albutius, a prince of the 
Celtiberi, to whom Scipio reffored the beau¬ 
tiful princefswhom he had taken in battle. 

Ai.mo, a lmall river near Rome, falling 
into the Tiber. Ovid. Fajl. 4, v. 387.— Lu- 
tan l , v. 600. 

Almon, the eldeft of .the Tons of Tyr- 
jrhus.- He was the firft Rutulian killed by 
the Trojans; and from the fkirmifh which 
happened before and after his death, arofe 
the enmities which ended in the fall of Tur- 
nus, Virg. JEn. 7, v. 532. 

Aloa, festivals at Athens in honor of 
Bacchus and Ceres, by whole beneficence the 
hufbandmen received the .recompence of then- 
labors. The oblations were the fruits of the 
earth. Ceres has been called, from this, 
Aloas and Alois. 

Aloeus, a giant, fon of Titan and Terra. 
He married Iphimedia, by whom Neptune 


had the twins, Othus and Ephialtm. Aloeus 
educated them as his own, and t from that 
circumftance they have been called AJoides. 
T hey made war againft the gods* and were 
killed by Apollo and Diana. They grew up 
nine inches every month, and were only nine 
years old when they undertook their war. 
They built the town of Afcra, at the foot of 
mount Helicon. Pauf. 9, c. 29. — Virg.JEn. 

6, V. 582'— Homer. II. 5, Od. II. 

Alojoes & Aloidje, the ions of Aloeirs. 

Vid. Aloeus. 

At ope, daughter cf Cercyon, king of 
Eleufis, had a child by Neptune, whom lhe 
expofed in the woods, covered with a piece 
of her gown. The child was prelerved, and 
carried to A lope’s father, who, upon know¬ 
ing the gown, ordered his daughter to be put 
to death. Neptune, who could not fave his 
miftrefs, changed her into a fountain. The 
child called Hippothoon was preferved by fome 
fhepherds, and placed by Thefeus upon his 
grandfather's ihrone. Pauf. 1, c. 5 & 39. — 
Hygiti. fab. 187.—One of the Harpies. Hygin , 
fab. 14.-A town of Theflhly. PI in. 4, c* 

7. — Horner. II. 2, v. 682. 

Alopece, an ifland in the Pains Maeotis. 

Strab. -Another in the Cimmerian Bof- 

phorus. Plin. 4, c. 12.-Another in the 

Aegean fea, oppofite Smyrna. Id. $,c. 31. 

Alopeces, a fmall village of Attica, where 
was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom the 
Spartans had fent to deliver Athens from the 
tyranny of the Pififtraticlae. Socrates and 
Ariftides were born there. Mfchin. contra 
7 imarcb — Herodot. 5, c. 64. 

Alopius, a fon of Hercules and Antiope. 
Apollod. 2, C. 35. 

ALos,a town of Achaia. Strab. 9.— Plin. 
4, c. 7. 

Alotia, feftivals in Arcadia, in comme¬ 
moration of a vidiory gained over Lagedxmon 
by the Arcadians. 

A1. pen us, the capital of I.ocris, at the 
north of T hermopylae. Herodct. 7, c. 176, be. 

Alpes, mountains that feparate Italy from 
Spain, Gaul, Rhaetia, and Germany; confider- 
ed as the higheft ground in Europe. From 
them arife feveral 'rivers, which, after watering 
the neighbouring countries, difeharge them-, 
felves into the German, Mediterranean, and 
Euxine feas. The Alps are covered with 
perpetual fnows, and diftinguifhed, according 
to their fituation by the different names of 
Cottia, Carnica. Grata, Norica, Julia, MarU 
iima, Pannonia, Pennina, Pana, Rbatica, 
Tridentina, Vend a. A traveller is generally 
hve days in reaching the top in fome parts; 
I hey w ere fuppofed for a long time to be im- 
pafiable. Hannibal marched his army over 
them, and made his way through rocks, by 
foitening and breaking them with vinegar.. 
T hey were inhabited by fierce uncivilized na¬ 
tions, who were unfubdued till the age of 
Auguftus, who, to eternize the vidtory h* 






AL 


had obtained over them, ere$ed a pillar in their 
territory. St tab. 4 & 5.— Liv. 21, c. 35.— 
io, v. 151.— Ho. at. 2, Saf. 5, v. 41.— 
Lucan. I, v. 183.— Tacit. ////?. 3, c, 53. 

Alpueia, a lurname of Diana in Elis. 
It was given her when the river Alpheus en¬ 
deavoured to ravifh her without l'uccefs.- 

A lurname of the nymph Arethufa, becaufc 
loved by the Alpheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 487. 

Alphknor, one of.Niobe’s Ions. Ovid. 
Met. 6, fab. 6. 

Alp hen us. Vid. Alfenus. 

Alphesibcea, daughter of the river Phle- 
geus, married Akm*on, Ion of Amphiaraus, 
■who had fled to her father’s court after the 
murder of his mother. [Fid. Alcmceon.) She 
received as a bridal prelent, the famous neck¬ 
lace which Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to 
ipduce her to betray herhulband ^mphiaraus. 
Alcmaeon, being persecuted by the means of 
his mother, left his wife by order of the 
oracle, and retired near the Achelous, whole 
daughter Callirhoe had two Tons by him, and 
begged of him, as a prefent, the necklace 
which was then in the hands of Alpheflboca. 
He endeavoured to obtain it, and was killed 
by Temenus and Axion, Alpheflhira’s bro¬ 
thers, who thus revenged their filler, who 
had been fo innocently abandoned. Hyg"*- 
fab. 244.— Piopcrt. 8, el. IJ, v. 15.— Pauf. 8, 
C. 24. 

Alphesibceus, a fheph.rd, often men¬ 
tioned in Virgil’s eclogues. 

Alphkus, now Alpbeo , a famous river of 
Peloponnelus, which riles in Arcadia, and after 
paffing through Elis falls into the lea. The 
god of this river fell in love with the nymph 
Arethufa, and purfued her till fhe was changed 
into a fountain by Diana. The fountain Are¬ 
thufa is in Ortygia, a fmall ifland near Syra¬ 
cuse ; and the ancients affirm, that the river 
Alpheus pafles under the fca from Pelopon- 
nefus, and without mingling itfelf with the fidt 
waters, rifes ag«in in Ortygia, and joins the 
ftream of Arethufa. If any thing is thro’vn 
into the Alpheus in EHs, according- to tiieir 
traditions, k will re-apppar, after fome time, 
Jwimmiqg on the waters of Arethula, near 
Sicily. Hercules made ufe of the Alpheus to 
clean the ftables of Augeas. Strab. 6 — 

JEn. 3, V. 694.- — Ovid. Met. 5, fab. IO. — 
Lucan. 3, V- 176. — Stat. Theb. I & 4— Mela , 
2 , C. 7.— Pavf. 5, c. 7, L 6, C. 21.— Marcel/in. 
2 5 -— Plin. 2, C. IO3. 

Alpiuits, or Alfeus, acelebrated ufurer, 
ridiculed in Hoi at F.poi. 2. 

Alphius Avitus, a writer in the age of 
Severus, who gave an account of illullrious 
jnen, and an hjftory of the Carthaginian war. 

AlvInus, belonging to the Alps. Firg - 1 
JEn. 4, v. 442. 

AlpInus (Cornelius) a contemptible 
poet, whom Horace ridicules for the aukward 
manner in which he introduces the death of 
Memnou ia a tragedy, and the pitiful ltyle 


AL 

with which he defcri’ues the Rhine, in an epic 
poem which he had altemi'.ejl on the wars in 

Germany. Ho> at. 1. Sat. 10, v. 36.-J ulius 

one of the chiefs of the Helvet*i. Tacit. Hifi. 
i, c.68. 

Al pi s, a fmall river falling into the Danube. 

Alsium, a maritime town at the well of 
the Tiber, now Statua. Sil. 8. 

Alsus, a rivet of Achaia in Peloponnefus, 
flowing from mount Sipylus, Pauf. 7, c. 27. 

-A Ihepherd during the Ruvulian wars. 

Firg. JEn. 12, V. 304. 

Althaea, daughter of Theffius and Eu* 
rythemis, married CEneus, king of Calydon, 
by whom lhe had many children, among 
whom was Meleager. When Altfitea brought 
forth Meleager, the Parc* placed a log of 
wood i < the tire, and laid, that as long as it 
was preferved, fo long would the life of the 
child juft born be prolonged. The mother 
laved the wood from the flames, and kept it 
very carefully ; but when Meleager killed bis 
two uncles, Althvea’s brothels, Althaea, to re- 
vehge their death, threw the log into the 
fire, and as foon as it was burnt, Meleager 
ejepir^d. She was afterwards fo lorry for the 
death which lhe had caufed, that fhe killed 
herlelf, unable to lurvive her Ion. Fid. Ale- 
leager. — Ovid. Met. 8 , fab, 4.— Homer. II. 9. 
— Pauf. 8, c. 45, 1 . IO, C. 31.— Apo lod. 1, 
C. 8. 

Althjemenes, a fon of Creteus king of 
Crete. Hearing that either he or his bro¬ 
thers were to be their father’s murderers, he 
fled to Rhodes, where he made a lettlement, 
to avoid becoming a parricide. After the 
death of all his other Ions, Creteus went 
after his fon Althanncnes; when he landed 
in Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him, 
luppofing him to be nn enemy, and he was 
killed by tire hand of his own fon. When 
Altha'menes knew that he had killed his fa¬ 
ther, he entreated the gods to remove him, 
and the earth immediately opened, and iwal- 
lowed him up. ApolloJ. 5, c. 2. 

AltInum, a floriihing city of Italy near 
Aquileia, famous for its wool. Martial. 14, 
ep. 25.— Plin. 3, c. 18. „ 

Altis, a l'aered grove round Jupiter’s 
temple at Olympia, where the llatues of the 
Olympic conquerors were placed. Pauf. 5, 
t. 20, &c. 

Altus, a city of Peloponnefus. Xemph . 
Hif. Gra-c. 

Alunti-jm, a town of Sicily. Plin. 5, 
c. 8.— Cic. in Fen . 4. 

Alus, Aluus, Sc Halus, a village of 
Arcadia, called alfo the temple of Ailculapius. 
Pauf 8, c. 25. 

Alvattes I. a king of Lydia, defeended 

from the Heraclid*. He reigned57 years- 

II. king of Lydia, of the family g r t h e Merm- 
nad*, was father to Crccfus. He drove the 
Cimmerians from Afia, and made war againlt 
the Medes. He died when gaged in a war 

again ft 








AM 


agamlt Miletus, aft^r a reign of 35 years. A 
moiiurnem was railed on his grave, with the 
money which the women of Lydia had ob¬ 
tained by proftitution. An eclrple of the fun 
terminated a battle between him and Cyaxares. 
Herodot. I,c. l6, 17, &C.— Strab. 13. 

Alyba, a country nearMyfia. Homer.II. 2. 

Alycjea, a town of Arcadia. Puuf. 8 , 
c. 27. 

Alyc.WS, fon of Sciron, was killed by 
Thel'eus. A place in Megara received its 
name from him. Pint, in The/. 

Alymon, the huiband of Circe. 

Alyssus, a fountain of Arcadia, whofe 
waters could cure the bite of a mad dog. Pauf. 
2, c. 19. 

Alyxotjeoe, or Alexirtioe, daughter of 
Dvmus, was mother of /ILfacus by Priam. 
Ovid. Met. it, v. 763. 

Alyzja, a town of Acarnania on the 
w’eftern mouth of the Achelous, oppofite to 
the Echtnades. Cic. ad Fam. 16, ep. 2. 

Amadocus, a king of Ihrace, defeated 
by his arttagonifl. Seuthes. Arijiot. 5. Polit. 
10 . 

Amage, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable 
for her juftice and fortitude. Poly an. 8 

«• 

Amaltiiia, daughter of Melifius king of 
Crete, fed Jupiter with goat’s milk. Hence 
fome authors have called her a goat, and have 
maintained that Jupiter, to reward her kind- 
neffes, placed her in heaven as a conliellation, 
and gave one of her horns to the nymphs 
who had taken care of his infant years. This 
horn was called the horn of plenty, and had 
the power to give the nymphs whatever they 
defired. JDiod. 3, 4, & 5 — Ovid Fafl. 5, v. 

113.— Strab. IO. — Hygin. fab. 139— Pauf. 

7, c. 26.-A Sibyl of Cumae, called alfo 

Hlerophile and Demophile. She is fuppofed 
to be the fame who brought nine books of 
prophecies to Tar quin king of Rome, See. 
Par ro. — 7 ibul. 2, el. 5 > v - ^ 7 * [ Pid. Sibylla.] 

Amaltiikum, a public place which At- 
ticus had opened in his country-houfe, cabled 
Amakhca in Epirus, and provided with every 
.thing which could fi.rnilh entertainment and 
convey inllvuClIon. Cic. ad. Attic. 1, ep. 13. 

Amana or Amanus, part of mount Tau¬ 
rus in Cilicia. Lucan. 3, v. 244. 

Cn. Sal. Amandus, a rebel general un¬ 
der Dioclefian, who aflumed imperial honors, 
and was at lalt conquered by Diocletian's col¬ 
league. 

Amantes or Amantint, a people of II- 
IvYicum defeended from the Abantes of Plio- 
cis. Calliindch. 

Amanus, one of the deities \vorfhipped 
in Armenia and 1 Cappadocia. Str-ab. n.— 
A mountain in Cilicia. 

AmaraCus, an ofHcer of Cinyras, changed 
into marjoram. 

' Amardt, a nation near the Cafpinn fea. 

MAi, t. C . 3. 


A M 

AmaRtus, a city of Greece. Homer. 

Hymn, in ApolL 

Amaryllis, the ii3me of a country wo¬ 
man in Virgil’s eclogues. Some commentators 
have fuppofed, that the poet fpoke of Roma 
under this fictitious appellation. 

Amarvnceus, a king of the Epeans, 
buried at Buprafium. Strab. 8.— Pauf. 8, 
c. 1. 

Am Alt YN thus, a village of Euboea whence 
Diana is called Amaiyjia, and her feftivals in 

that town Amarynthia,-Juibcra is fome- 

times called' Amaryntlfuj. Pavf.'t, c. 31. 

Am as, a mountain ol Laconia. Pauf 3. 
Amasexus, a fraall river of Latiuin fall¬ 
ing into the Tyrrhene lea. Pirg. JEn. 7, 
v. 685. 

Am asia, a city of Pontus, where Mithri- 
dates the great, and Strabo the geographer, 
were born. Strab. 12.— Plin. 6, c. 3. 

Amasis, a man who, from a common fol- 
dier, became king of Egypt. He made war 
again!! Arabia, and died before the inva' : on 
of his country by Cambyfes king of Perfia. 
He made a law, that every one of his lub- 
jects fbould yearly give an account to the 
public magiltrates, of the manner in which he 
lupported himlelf. He refufed to continue 
in alliance with Polycrates the tyrant of Sa¬ 
mos, on account of his uncommon profperity. 
When Cambyfes came into Egypt, he ordered 
the body of Ama'is to be dug up, and to be 
intuited and burnt ; an action which was very 
offctifive to the religious notions of the Egyp¬ 
tians. Herodot. 1, 2, 3.-r-A man who led 

the Pcrlians againft the inhabitants of Barce, 1 
Herodot. 4 , C. 201, &C. 

Amastris, the wife of Diotiyfius the ty¬ 
rant of Sicily, was fitter to Darius, whom 

Alexander conquered. Strab. -Alfo, the 

wife of Xerxes, king of Perfia. ( Pid. Amc* ■ 

fris.] - —A city of Paphlagonia, on the Eux- 

ine fea. Catull. 

Amastrus, one of the auxiliaries of Per- 
fes, again!! JEe tes king of Colchis, killed by 
Argus, ion of Phryxm. Place. 6, v. 544.— 

A friend of /Eneas, killed by Camilla in the 
Rutulian war. V'vg.JEn. n,v. 673. 

Am at a, the wife of king Datum's. She 
had betrothed her daughter Lavinia to Tur- 
nus, before the arrival of iEneas in Italy. 
She zealoufly favored the intereft of Turnus ; 
and when her daughter was given in marriage ■- 
to iEneas, (he hung herfelf to avoid the fight 
of her fon-in-law. Pirg. JEtu 7, &c. 

Amatuus, (gen. untis) now Idmifo, a city 
on the fouthern fide of the ifland of Cyprus, 
particularly dedicated to Venus. The ifland 
is fometimes called 'Amathufia, a name not 
unlrequently applied to the goddefs of the 
place. Pi>g JEu. xo, v.51.— Ptol.y, c. 14. 

Amaxampeus, a fountain of Scythia, whofe 
waters imbitter the ltream of the river Hy . 
pan is. Herodot. 4, c. 52. 

Amaxia or Amaxh aj an ancient town i 
. of 










AM 


AM 


of Troas.--A place of Cilicia abounding 

with wood h: for building lhips. Pi in, 5, c. 9. 
—St rub. 14 . 

A m a z i n k s or Ma z k n es, a prince of the 
ifland OaraCtus, who failed for iome time with 
the Macedonians and Nearchus in Alexander’s 
expedition to the eait. Art inn in Indie. 

A M a z 0 nb s or Am a z oni o e s, a nation of 
famous women who lived near the river Ther- 
tnodon in Cappadocia. All their life was 
employed in wars and manly exercifes. They 
never-had any commerce with the other fex ; 
but, only for the lake of propagation, they 
vilited the inhabitants of the neighbouring 
country for a few days, and the male children 
which they brought forth were given to the 
fathers. According to Jullin, thffy were 
ftrangled as loon as horn, and Diodorus fays 
that they maimed them and diftorted their 
limbs. The females were carefully educated 
with their mothers, in the labors of the field; 
their right breail was burnt off, that they 
■light hurl a javelin with more force, and 
make a better ul’e of the bow; from that 
circumftance, therefore, their name is derived 
U 2- non, mamma). They founded an ex- 

tenfive empire in Afu Minor, along the thores 
®f the Euxine, and near the Thermodon, 
They were defeated in a battle near the 
Thermodon, by the Greeks ; and tome of 
them migrated beyond the Tanais, and ex¬ 
tended their territories as far as the Cafpian 
fea. Themyfcyra was the molt capital of their 
towns ; and Smyrna, Magnefia, Thyatira, and 
Ephel'us, according toibme authors, were built 
by them. Diodorus 1 . 3, mentions a nation of 
Amazons in Africa, more ancient than thofe 
of Alia. Some authors, among whom is Strabo, 
deny the exiltence of the Amazons, and of a 
republic lupported and governed by women, 
who banifhed or extirpated all their males; 
but Juftin and Diodorus particularly luppqrt 
it; and the latter fays, that Penthefilea, one 
of their queens, came to the Trojan war on 
the fide ot i'riam, and that lhe was killed by 
Achilles, and from that time the glory and 
character of the Amazons gradually decayed, 
and was totally forgotten. The Amazons of 
Africa florilhed long before the Trojan war, 
and many of their actions have been attri¬ 
buted to thofe of Alia. It is laid, that after 
they had fubdued almoft all Afia, they invaded 
Attica, and were conquered by Theleus. 
Their molt famous actions w ere their expe¬ 
dition againlt Priam, and afterwards the af« 
Cltance they gave him during the Trojan war i 
and their inv?-*on of Attica, to puoilh The- 
feus, who had carried awayAntiope, one of 
their queens. They were alio conquered by 
Bellerophpn and Hercules. Among their 
queens, Hippolyte, Antiope, Ipunpcto, Mnr- 
pefia, &c. are famous. Cnruus lays, that 
Thaleftris, one of their queens, came to Alex¬ 
ander, whilft he waspurliting bis conqueftsin 
A£a, for the lake of jaifmg -tdnldren from a 

*4 


man of fuch military reputation; and that 
after Hie had remained 13 days with him, lhe 
retired into her country. The Amazous 
were fuch expert archers, that, to denote the 
goodnels of a bow or quiver, it was ulual to 
call it Amazonian. Virg. JEn. 5. v. 3x1.—■ 
Jornand. da RJ>. Get. c 7.— Philojir. Icon. Z, 
c, 5. — JuJiin. 2, c. 4. — Curt. 6 , C. 5. — Pi in. 
6, C. 7. 1 . 14, c. 8. 1 . 36, c. 5.— Herodut. 4, 
C. IIO. — Strab. II. — Diod. Z.—Dionyf. Hal. 
4— Pauf. 7, C. 2. — Plut. in Tbef. — Ajiollod. 2, 
C. 3 & 5.— Hygin. fab. 14 & 163. 

Amazonia, a celebrated miftrefs of the 
emperor Commodus.— 1 —The country of die 
Amazons, near the Cafpian lea. 

Amazonium, a place in Attica, where 
Thsfeus obtained a vidtory over the Ama¬ 
zons. 

Amazonzus, a furname of Apollo at La¬ 
cedaemon. 

Amrarri, a people of Gallia Celtica, on 
the Arar, related to the iEdui. Caf. bell. G. 
IjC. 11. 

Ambarvalia, a joyful procofiion round 
the ploughed fields, in honor of Ceres the 
goddefs of corn. There were turn feflivals of 
that name celebrated by the Romans, one 
about the month of April, the other in July. 
They went three times round their fields 
crowned with oak leaves, finging hvmns to 
Ceres, and entreating her to preferve their 
corn. The word is derived ab ambiendis arms, 
going round the fields. A low, a fheep, and 
a bull, called ambarvalia bojiia , were after¬ 
wards immolated, and the facrifice has fome- 
times been called furvetaurilia , from fus, avis, 
and taurus. Virg. G. I,V. 339 &: 345.— Tib. 
2 , el. 1, v. 19.— Cato de R. R. c. 141. 

Ambenus, a mountain of European Sar- 
matia. Place. 6, c. 85. 

AmbialItes, a people of Gallia Celtica. 
Caf. bell. G. 3. c. 9. 

Ambiand.vi, a town of Belgium, now 
Amiens. Its inhabitants confpired againlt J. 
Ciel'ar. Caf. 2, bell G. c. 4. 

AmbiatInum, a village of Germany, 
where the emperor Caligula was born. Sue- 
ton. in Cal. 8. 

Ambigatus, a king of the Celts, in the 
time of Tarquinius Priicus. Seeing the great 
population of his country, he fent his two 
nephews, Sigovefus and Eelloveiiis, with two 
colonies, in quell of new fettlements; the for¬ 
mer towards the Hercynian woods, and the, 
other towards Italy. Liv. 5, c. 34,&c. 

Ambioiux, a king of the Eburones in 
Gaul. He was a great euemy to Rome, and 
was killed in a battle with J. Cslar, in which 
60,000 of his countrymen were flam. - Caf. 
bell. G. j, C. II, 26 1 . 6, C. 30, 

Ambivius, a man mentioned by Cicero Jt 
Sensei. ■ 

Ambi.ada, a town of Pifidia. Strab. 

Ambrama, a city of Epirus, near the 
Acheron, the refidence ot king Pyrrhus. 

Ausuftus, 




AM 


AM 


Anguftus, after the battle of Aftium, called 
it Nicopolis. Mela, 2, c. 3 — Plin. 4, c. I. 
'■— P»!yb. 4jC. 63 — Strab. to. 

AmbRacjus Sinus, a bay of the Ionian 
fea, near Ambracia, about 300 ftadia deep, 
narrow at the entrance, but Within near too 
ftadia in breadth, and now called the gulph of 
Lam. Polyb. 4, c. 63 — Mela, 2, c. 3.— 
Plor. 4,c. II. — Strab. IO. 

Ambhi, an Indian nation. *JuJiin. 12, 
e 9. 

Ambkones, certain nations of Gaul, who 
loft their pofleftions by the inundation of the 
fea, and lived upon rapine and plunder, whence 
the word Ambrtnes implied a dilhonorable 
meaning. They were conquered by Marius. 
Pluf. in Mario. 

Ai j’ rosi a , feftivals obferved in honor of 
Bacchus, in fome cities in Greece. They 
were the fame as the Brumaliatif the Romans. 

- - One of the daughters of Atlas, changed 

into a conftellation after death.-The food 

of the gods was called arnbrofia, and their drink 
nedlar. The word fignifies immortal. It had 
the power of giving immortality to all thofe 
who eat it. It was fweeter than honey, and 
of a molt odoriferous fmell; and it is fnid, that 
Berenice the wife of Ptolemy Soter, was Hived 
from death by eating arnbrofia given her by 
Venus. Titonus was made immortal by Au¬ 
rora, by eating arnbrofia ; and in like manner 
Tantalus and Pelops, who, on account of their 
impiety had been driven from heaven, and 
compelled to die upon earth. It had the 
power of healing wounds, and therefore Apollo, 
in Homer’s Iliad, laves Sarpedon’s body, from 
putrefaction, by rubbing it with arnbrofia; 
and Venus alio heals the wounds of her Ion, in 
Virgil’s AEneid, with it. The gods uled ge¬ 
nerally to perfume their hair with arnbrofia, 
as Juno when fiie adorned herfelfto captivate 
Jupiter, and Venus when lhe appeared to 
iEneas. Homer. II. I, 14 , 16 & 24 . — Lu- 
cian. de dea Syria .— Catull.e p. 100.— Tbeocrit. 

Id. 15. - Virg. JEn. J, V. 407, 1 . 12 , V. 419. — 

Ovid. Met. 2. — Pj/idar. I, Olyvip. 

Ambrosius, biiliop of Milan, obliged the 
emperor Theodofius to make penance for the 
murder of the people of r l heflalonica, and dif- 
tinguifhed himfelf by his writings, efpecially 
againft the Arians. His 3 books de ojjiciis are 
ftill extant, befides 8 hymns on the creation. 
His ftyle isnot inelegant, but hisdiClion is fen- 
tentious, his opinions eccentric, though his 
lubjeCt is diverfified by copioufnefs of thought. 
He died A. D 397. ' The heft edition of his 
works is that of the Benedi&ines, 2 vols. foi. 
Paris 1686. 

Ambrvon, a man who wrote the life of 
Theocritus of Chios. Diog. 

Ambryssus, a city of Phocis, which re¬ 
ceives its name from a hero ©f the lame name. 
Pauf. 10, c. 35. 

Ambubajje, Syrian women of immoral 
lives, who in the dilfolute period of Rome, 


attended feflivals and aflemblies as minftrels. 
The name is derived by fome from Syrian 
words, which lignify a flute. Horat. 1. Sat. 2d 
— Suet, in Ner. 27. 

Ambulli, afurnameof Caftor and Pollux, 
in Sparta. 

Ameles, a river of hell, whofe waters no 
veil'd could contain. Plut. 10. de Rep. 

Amenanus, a river of Sicily, near mount 
iEtna, now Guidicello. Strab. 5. 

AmenTdes, a lecretary of Darius the laft 
king of Perfia. Alexander let him over the 
Arimafpi. Curt. 7, c. 3. 

Amenocles, a Corinthian, faid to he the 
firft Grecian who built a three-oared galley at 
Samos and Corinth. Thucyd. I, c 13. 

Amf.ru, a city of Umbria, whofe ofiers 
( ’amerinee fa(ices) were famous for the binding 
of vines to the elm trees. Plin. 3, c. 14 — 
Virg. G. 1, v. 265. 

Amestratus, a town of Sicily, near'the 
Halelus. The Romans befieged it for ieven 
months, and it ^yielded at laft after a third 
fiege, and the inhabitants were fold as Haves. 
Polyb. 1, c. 24. 

Amestris, queen of Perfia, was wife to 
Xerxes. She cruelly treated the mother of 
Artiante, her hulband’s miftrefs, and cut off 
her nofe, ears, lips, breaft, tongue, and eye 
brows. She alfo buried alive 14 noble Perfian 
youths, to appeafe the deities under the earth. 
Hercdot. 7, c. 61. 1 . 9, c. III. -A daugh¬ 

ter of Oxyartes, wife to Lyfimachus. Diod. 

20 . 

AmTda a city of Mefopotamia, befieged 
qnd taken by Sapor, king of Perfia, Am- 
tnian. 19 . 

Amilcar, a Carthaginian general of great 
eloquence and cunning, furnamed Rhodanus. 
When the Athenians were afraid of Alexan¬ 
der, Amilcar went to his camp, gained his 
confidence, and lecretlv transmitted an account 
of all his fchemes to Athens. Trogys, 21, c. 6. 

-A Carthaginian, whom the Syraculans 

called to their alliftance againft the tyrant Aga- 
thocles, who befieged their city. Amilcar 
loon after favored the intereft of Agathocles, 
for which he was acculed at Carthage. He 
died in Syjracufe, B. C. ^09. Diod. 20.—* 

JuJlm. 22, c. 2 8c 3.-A Carthaginian, fur- 

named Barcas, father to the celebrated An¬ 
nual. He was general in Sicily during the 
firft Punic war; and after a peace had been 
made with the Romans, he quelled a rebellion 
of Haves, who had befieged Carthage, and 
taket^ many towns of Africa, and rendered 
themlelves fo formidable to the Carthaginians 
that they begged and obtained afiiftance from 
Rome. After this, he palled into Spain with 
his fon Aunibal, who was but nine* years of 
age, and laid the foundation of the town of 
Barcelona. He was killed in a battle againft;' 
the Vettones . B. C. 237 - He had formed 
the plan of an invafion of Italy, by crofTing the 
Alps, which his lion afterwards carried into 

execution 








AM 


AM 


execution. His great enmity to the Romans 
was the caul'e of the fecond Punic war. He 
uled to lay of his three ions, that he kept three 
lions to devour the Roman power. C. Nep. 
in Hit. — Lint. 21, C. I.— Polyb. 2. — Pint, in 

Annib. -A Carthaginian general, who ai- 

iifted the Imubres againft Rome, and was 
taken by Cn. Cornelius. Liv. 32, c. 30, 

1 . 33, c. 8-A l'on of Hanno, defeated in 

Sicily by Gelon, the fame day that Xerxes 
was defeated at Salamis by Themiftoclefi. He 
burnt himlelf, that his body might not be 
found among the ilain. Sacrifices were offered 
to him. Herodot. 7, c. 165, Sec. 

Amilos, or Amilus, a river of Mauri¬ 
tania, where the elephants go to waih them- 

felves by moonihine. Plin. 8, c. I. - A 

town of Arcadia. Pauf.in A'eadic. 

Amimone, or Amvmone, a daughter of 
Danaus, changed into a fountain which is near 
Argos, and flows into the lake Lerna. Ovid. 
Met. 2, V. 24O. 

Aminea, or Amminea, a part of Cam¬ 
pania, where the inhabitants are great huf- 
bandmen. Its wine was highly elteemed. 
Virg. G. 2, v. 97.-A place of Theflaly. 

Aminias, a famous pirate, whom Anti- 
fonus employed againft Apollodorus tyrant of 
Caffandrea. Polyan. 4, c. l8. 

Aminius, a river of Arcadia. Pavf. 8, 
c. 30. 

Amin 6ci.es, a native of Corinth, who 
florifhed 705 B. C. &c. 

Amisena, a country of Cappadocia. Stral. 

12 . 

Amisias, a comic poet, whom Ariftophanes 
ridiculed for his infipid verfes. 

Amissas, an otficer of Megalopolis in 
Alexander’s army. Curt. 10, c. 8. 

Amiternum, a town of Italy, where Sal- 
luft was born, 'l'he inhabitants aflitted Turnus 
againft ./Eneas. Hirg. JEn. 7, v. 710.-— Plin. 
3, c. 5.— Lin). 28, c. a S' 

Amitiiaon, or Amtthaon, was father 
to Melampus the famous prophet. St at. 
Tbeb. 3, v. 451. 

Ammalo, a feftival ia honor of Jupiter in 
Greece. 

Ammianus. Hid. Marcelfinus. 

Ammom & Hammon, a name of Jupiter, 
worshipped in Libya. He appeared under 
the form of a ram to Hercules, or. according to 
others, to Bacchus, who, with his army, iuf- 
fered the greatelt extremities for want of 
water, in the deferts of Africa, and Ihewed 
him a fountain. Upon this Bacchus ereded 
a temple to his father, under the name of Ju¬ 
piter Ammon, i. e fandy , with the horns ol a 
ram. The ram, according to feme, was made 
a conftellation. The temple of Jupiter Am¬ 
mon was in the deferts of Libya, nine day* 
journey from Alexandria. It had a famous 
oracle, which, according to ancient tradition 
was eftablilhed about 18 centuries before the 
time qf Auguftus, by two doves, which flew 


awny from Thebais in Egypt, and came, one 
to Dodona,and the other to Libya, where the 
people were loon informed of their divine mif- 
iion. The oracle of Hammon was coniulted 
by Hercules, Perfeus, and others; but when 
it pronounced Alexander to be the fon of Ju¬ 
piter, luch flattery deltroyed its long eitablilhed 
reputation, and in the age ot Plutarch it was 
l'carce known. The fuuation of the templo 
was plealant; and according to Ovid. Met. 15. 
v. 31O. — Lucret. 6 , v. 847. — Herodot.in Mel - 
pom. — Cuti. 4, c. 7. there was near it a foun¬ 
tain whole w aters were cold at noon and mid¬ 
night, and warm in the morning and evening. 
There were above ico priefts in the temple, 
but only the elders delivered oracles. There 
was alfo an oracle of Jupiter Ammon in 
./Ethiopia. Plin . 6, c. 29.— Strab. 1. n St 
17.— Pint, cur orac. edi defier in t, in Ifid.— 
Curt . 6, C. 10. 1 . 10, C. 5.— Herodot. I, c. 6, 

1 . 2 , C. 32 & 55 , 1 - 4 , c. 44 .—Pauf. 3, c. 18. 

1 . 4, c. 23.— Hygin. fab. 133. Poet. ajlr. 7, 

C. 20 .— JuJiin'.l, c. 9, 1 . II, C. II. -A 

king of Libya, father to Bacchus. He gave- 
his name to the temple of Hammon, accord¬ 
ing to Diod. 8. 

Ammon & Brothas, two brothers fa¬ 
mous for their (kill in boxing. Ovid. Met . 5, 
v. 107. 

Ammonia, a name of Juno in Elis, as 
being the wife of Jupiter Ammon. Pauf. 5, 
c. 15. 

Ammonii, 3 nation of Africa, w-ho derived 
their origin from the Egyptians and ./Ethiopi¬ 
ans. Their language was a mixture of that of 
the two people from whom they were de- 
lcended. Herodot. 2, 3 & 4 * 

Ammonius, a Chriltian philofopher, who 
opened a fchool of Platonic philofophy at Alex¬ 
andria, 232 A. D. and had among his pupils 
Origen and Plotinus. His treatife 
0 /u.oicuy was publilhed in 4to. by Valckenaer , 
L. Bat. 1739.-A writer who gave an ac¬ 

count of facrifices, as alio a treatife on the 
harlots of Athens. A then. 13.. - An Athe¬ 

nian general furnamed Barcas. Polyb. 3. 

Ammothea, one of the Nereides. He - 
Jtod. Tbeog. 

Amniaj, a river ofBkhynia. Appian.de 
bell. Mitbr. 

AmnIsus, a port of Gnoffus, at the north 
of Crete, with a l'mal 1 river of the fame name, 
near which Lucina had a temple. The nymphs 
of the place were called * Amnifiades. Cat- 
lim. 

Amosbjeus, an Athenian player of great 
reputation, who fang at the nuptials of De¬ 
metrius and Nica?a. Polyeen. 4, c. 6. 

Amomeius, a Greek hiftorian. Plin. 6, 
c. 17. 

Amor, the fon of Venus, was the God of 
Love. Hid. Cupido. 

Amokges, a Per fan general, killed in 
Caria in the reign cf Xerxes. Herodot. 5, 
. IZU 


A m or go s, 





AM 


AM 


Aihorgos, an ifland among the Cyclades, 
where Simonides was born- St tab. IO. 

Amx’EI-us, a promontory of Samos.-A 

town of Crete,—Macedonia—Liguria,— Sc 

Cyreiie.-A favorite of Bacchus, fon of a 

fatyr and a nymph, made a conftellation after 
death. Ovid. Fajl. 3, v. 407. 

Ampelusia, a promontory of Africa, in 
Mauritania. Mela, 1, c. 5 & 6. 

Ampiika, a city of Meflenia, taken by the 
Lacedaemonians, Patf 4, c. 5. 

AmphialJus, a famous dancer in the 
iiland of the Pharacians. Homer. Od. 8 

Amphianax, a king ofLycia in the time 
of AcrifiuS' and Procure. A polled. 2, c. 2. 

Amphiaraus, fon of Oicleus, or according 
to others, of Apollo, by Hypennneftra, was at 
the chace of the Calydonian boar, and accom¬ 
panied the Argonauts in their expedition. He 
was famous for his knowledge of futurity, and 
thence he is called by fome ion of Apollo. He 
married Eriphyle, the filter of Adraftus king 
of Argos, by whom he had two fons, Alcmteon 
and Amphilochus. When Adraftus, at the 
requeft of Polynices, declared w?r again!!: 
Thebes, Amphiaraus fetreted himl'elf, not to 
accompany his brother-in-law in an expedition 
in which he knew he was to perilh. But Eri¬ 
phyle, who knew where he had concealed 
himl'elf, was prevailed upon to betray him by 
Polynices,' who gave her as a reward for her 
perfidy, a famous golden necklace fet with 
diamonds Amphiaraus being thus dilcovered, 
•went to the war, but previoufly charged his 
fon Alcmacon to put to death his mother Eri¬ 
phyle, as loon as he was informed that he was 
killed. The Theban war was fatal to the 
Argives, and Amphiaraus was fwallowed up 
in his chariot by the earth as he attempted to 
retire from the battle. T he news of his death 
was brought to Alcmteort, who immediately 
executed his father’s command, and murdered 
Eriphyle. Amphiaraus received divine honors 
after death, and had a celebrated temple and 
•racle at Oropos in Attica. His ftatue was 
made of white marble, and near his temple 
was a fountain, whole waters were ever held 
facred. They only who had conlulted his 
oracle, or had been delivered from a dileafe, 
were permitted to bathe in it, after which thev 
threw pieces of gold and filver into the ftream. 
Thole who confultedfhe oracle of Amphiaraus, 
firft purified themfelves, and abllained from 
food for 24 hours, and three days,from wine, 
after which they lacrificed a ram to the pro¬ 
phet, andfpread the Ikin upon the ground, upon 
which they flept in expectation of receiving in 
a dream the anlwer of the oracle. Plutarch 
'dt orat. defe£i. mentions, that the oracle of 
Amphiaraus was once Confulted in the time of 
Xerxes, by one of the fervants of Mardonius, 
for his mailer, who was then with an army in 
Greece ; ajnd that the lervant, when afleep, 
faw in. a dream the prieft of the temple, who 
V£br;.iJed him, and drove him away, and even 


threw (tones at his head when he refufed to 
comply. This oracle was verified in the death 
of Mardonius, who was aCtpally killed by the 
blow of a ftone which he received on the head. 
Cic. deDlv.l , C. 40.— Pbilojlr. in vit. Apollon. 2» 
c. II.— Homer. Od. 15, v. 243, &c —Hygin* 
fab. 70, 73, 128 & IJO. — Diod. 4.— Ovid. 9, 
fab. 10 ,—Pauf. I, c. 34, 1. 2, c.37, 1. 9, c. 8 
& 19 .—JEfchyl. Sept, ante Thcb.-—Apollod. I, 
G. 8 & 9 .I 3 c 6 , ScC. —Strab . 8 . 

AMPHiARAiDEs,a patronymic of Alcmaeon, 
as being fon of Amphiaraus. Ovid. Fajl. 2, 
v. 43 - 

Amp me rates, an hiftorian who wrote the 
lives of illuftrious men. Htcg. 

Ampiiictyon, fon of Deucalion and Pyr- 
rha, reigned at Athens after Cranaus, and 
firft attempted to give the interpretation of 
dreams, .and to draw omens. Some fay, that 
the deluge happened in his age. Jujlin. 2, 

c. 6.-The fon of Helenus, who firft efta- 

blifhed the celebrated council of the Amphie- 
tyons, compofed of the wifeft and mod virtuous 
men of fome cities of Greece. This auguft 
aflembly confided of 12 perlons, originally fent 
by the following Hates; the Ionians, Doriansj 
Perhtebians, Boeotians, Magnelians, Phthiam, 
Locrians, Malians, Phocians, 'I hefTalians, Do- 
lopes, and the people of CEta. Other cities in 
pre-eel's of time fent alio fome of their citizens 
to the council of the AmphiCtyons, and in the 
age ot Antoninus Pius, they were increafed 
to the number of 30. They generally met 
twice every year at Delphi, and fometimes fat 
at Thermopylte. They took into confideration 
all matters of difference which might exid be¬ 
tween the different dates of Greece. When 
the Phocians plundered the. temple of Delphi, 
the Amphidbyons declared war agaiftft them, 
and this war was fupported by all the dates of 
Greece, and lafted 10 years. The Phocians 
with tjieir allies, the Lacedaemonians, were 
deprived of the privilege of fitting in the coun¬ 
cil of the Amphidtyoqs, and the Macedonians 
were admitted in their place, for their fervicee 
in fupport of the war. About 60 years after, 
when Brennus, with the Gauls, invaded 
Greece, the Phocians behaved with fuch cou¬ 
rage, that they were reinftated in all their 
former privileges. Before they proceeded to 
bufineis, the Amphi&yons lacrificed an ox to 
the god of Delphi, and cut his flefli into fmall 
pieces, intimating that union and unanimity 
prevailed in the feveral cities which they re- 
prelented. Their decifions were held facred 
and inviolable, and even arms were taken up 
to inforce them. Pauf in Phocic. tff Acbatc. 
— Strab. 8. — Suidas.-—Hefych — JEfcbin. 

Amphiclea, a town uf Phocis, where 
Bacchus had a temple. 

Amfuidamus, a fon of Aleus, brother to 
Lycurgus. He was of the family of the Ina- 
chirtze. Pauf 8,c. 4-One of the Argo¬ 
nauts. Flac. 1, v. 376.-A fon .ofBufiris, 

killed by Hercules, Apollod. 2, c, 5. 

AMPtirDROMIA* 






AM 


Amphibromia, a feftival obferved by pri¬ 
vate families at Athens, the fifth day after the 
birth of every child. It was cuftomary to run 
round the fire with a child in their arms; 
whence the name of the feftivals. 

Ampuigenxa, a town of Meflenia in Pe- 
loponnefus. Seat. 4. Tbeb v. 178. 

Avipmieochus, a fon of Amphiaraus and 
Enphyle. After the Trojan war, he left 
Argos his native country, and built Amphi 
lochus, a town of Epirus. Strab. 7.— Pauf. 

2, c. 18.-An Athenian philofopher who 

wrote upon agriculture. Varro de R. R. x. 

A.viL'iULVTUS, a foothfayer of Acarna- 
nia, who encouraged Pififtratus to feize the 
fovereign power of Athens. Herodot. i, 
c. 62. 

Amhumache, a daughter of Amphida- 
mus, wife of Euryftheus. Apollad. 2. 

Ampuimacuus, one of Helen’s fuitcrs, 
fon of CteatUs. I-Ie went to the Trojan war. 

Apollod. 3, c. XO.— Hygin . fab 97.-A fon 

of A it or and Theronice. Pauf. 5, c. 3. 

Ampiiijvxkdon, a Libyan killed by Perfeus 
in the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 73. 

-One of Penelope’s fuitors killed by Te- 

lemachus. Homer. OJ. 22, v. 283. 

Ampuinome, the name of one of the at¬ 
tendants of Thetis. Homer. II. 18, v. 44. 

Am phi no mu 3, one of Penelope’s fuitors, 
killed oy Telejmachus. Homer. OJ. 16 & 22. 

Amphinomus Sc Anapius, two brothers, 
who, when Cafana and the neighbouring cities 
were in flames, by an eruption from mount 
yEtna, faved their parents upon their (boul¬ 
ders. The fire, as it is laid, (pared them while 
it coiftumed others by tbeir fide ^ and Pluto, 
to reward their uncommon piety, placed 
them after death in the ifland of Leuce, and 
they received divine honors in Sicily. Va . 
'Man. 5, c. 4 — Strab. 6.— Ital. 14, v. 197.— 
Seneca, de Benef. 

Amphion, was foil of Jupiter, by An- 
tiope daughter of Nydeus, who had married 
£,ycus, and had been repudiated by him vyhen 
he married Dirce. Amphion was born at the 
fame birth as Zethus, on mount Citheron, 
where Antiope had fled to avoid the refent- 
/r.ent of Dirce; and the two children were 
expofed in the woods, but preferved by a (hep- 
herd. [Vid. Antiope.] When Amphion gre*v 
jfip, he cultivated poetry, and made fuch an 
uncommon progress in mufic, that he is faid 
to have been the inventor of it,'and to have 
built the Walls of Thebes at the found of his 
lyre. Mercury taught him mufic, and gave 
him the lyre. He was the firft who raifed an 
altar to this god. Zethus and Amphion united 
to avenge the wrongs which their mother had 
fuftcred from the cruelties of Dirce. They 
befieged and took Thebes, put Lycus to death, 
and tied his wife to the tail of a wild hull, who 
dragged her through precipices till fi e expired. 
The fable of Amphion’s moving Hones and 
jaifing the walls of Thebes at the found of h ; s 


; AM 

lyre,'has been explained by fuppofing thfct he 
periuaded) by his eloquence, a wild and urwi- 
vilized peopfe^to unitw, together and build a 
town to protpp: tl^emlelves againlt the attacks 
of their enemies. - Hornet. OJ. 11.— Apollod. 
3 , C. 5 Sc lOr^-Pqtrf. 6, C. 6, 1. 6, C. 20. 1. 9 , 
c. 5 & 17.— Propert. 3, el. 1 Ovid.de Art. 
Am., 3, v. 323.— Horat. 3, od. 11. Art. 

Poet.v. 394.— Stat.fTbeb. I, V. IO.-A fon 

of Jafus king of Orchomenos, by Perlephone 
daughter of Mids. He rparried Niobe, daugh¬ 
ter of Tantalus, by whom he had many chil¬ 
dren, among whoni was Chloris the wife of 
Neleus. He lyxs been confounded by mytho¬ 
logies with the ionbf Antiope, though Homer 
in his Odyfley /peaks of them both, and diltin- 
guilhes them beyond contradiction. The num¬ 
ber of Amphion’s children, according to Ho¬ 
mer, was 12, fix of each fex ; according to 
JElian, 20; and according to Ovid, 14, feven 
males and feven females. When Niobe 
boalted herfelf greater, and more delerving of 
immortality than Latofia, all her children, ex¬ 
cept Chloris, were deftroyed by the arrows of 
Apollo and Diana; Niobe herlelf was changed 
into a Hone, and Amphion killed himfelf in a 
fitofdefpair. Homer. OJ. it,v. 261 Sc 282.— 
JEl'tan. V. H.-.l 2, V. 36.— Ovid, Met. 6, fab. 

5.-—One of the Argonauts. Hygin , fab. 

14.-A famous painter and ftatuary, fon of 

Aceftor of Gnoflus. Plin. 36, c. 10.--One 

of the Greek., generals in the Trojan war. 
Homer. Jl. iff v. 692. 

Amfhipoles, magiftrates appointed at Sy- 
racufe, by Timoleon, after the expulfion of 
Dipnyfius the younger. The office exifted 
for above 300 yedfs. Diod. 16. 

AmphipoiTs, a-town on the Strymon, ber 
tween Macedonia and Thrace. An Athenian 
colony under Ac non, fon of Nicias, drove the 
ancient inhabitant:-, called Edor.ians, from the 
country, and tfciit a city ? which they called 
Amphipolis, i. o. a town furrounded on all fides, 
becaule the Strymon flowed all around it. 1 If 
has been alio called Acra, Strymon, Africa, 
Eion, and the town of A lars. It was the caufe 
of many wars between the Athenians and 
Spartans. Tbixyd. 4, c. 102, Sec. — H.rcdot,. 
5, c. 126. 1 . 7, c. 114.— Diod. 11, 12, See. — 
C. Hep. in Cim. 

Ampiupvros, a furname of Diana, be*' 
caule (he carries a torch in both her hands. 

- Sophocles in Tracb. 

Ampkirktps, a man of Acanthus, who 
artfully efcaped from pirates who had made 
him pri loner. Poly an. 6. 

Amphiroe, one of the Qceanides. He- 
Jiod. Theog. V. 361. 

Amph is, a Greek comic poet of Athens, 
fon of Amphicrates, contemporary with Plato:' 
Bcfides his comedies, he wrote other piece*, 
which are now loft. Saidas. — Diog. 

Amphisua:na, a two-headed terpent ia 
the de erts of Libya, whoie bite was venomous 
and deadly. Lucan. 9, v. 719. 

E 


AmPHI3SA| 






AM 


AM 


Amphissa, or Issa, a daughter of Ma- 
Careus, beloved by Apollo. She gave her 
narge to a city of Loom near Pliocis, in which 
was a temple of Minerva. Ms/, 37 * c. 5. 
—Ovid. Met. 15, V. 763.— Lucan , 3, V. 

172.-A town of the Brutii on the ealt 

coaft. 

Amphissene, a country of Armenia,, 

Ami'hissus, a fon of Dryope. Ovid. Met. 
9, fab. 10. 

Amphisthknes, a Lacedaemonian, who 
fell delirious in iaerificing to Diana. Pauf. 3, 

c. 16. 

Amphistides, a man fo naturally deftitute 
of intellects, that he feldom remembered that 
he ever had a father. He wished to learn 
arithmetic, but never could comprehend be¬ 
yond the figure 4. Arijlot. prsbl. 4. 

Ampiiistratus & Rhecas, two men of 
Laconia, charioteers to Caltor and Pollux. 
Strab. II.- — JuJIin. 42, c. 3. 

Amphitea, the mother of JEgialeus, by 
Cyanippus, and of three daughters, Argira, 
Deipyle, and iEgialea, by Adraltus king of 
Argos. She was daughter to Pronax. A pol¬ 
led. 1.-The wife of Autolycus, by whom 

Ihe had Anticlea, the wife of Laertes. Ho¬ 
mer. Od. 19, v. 416. 

AmpiiitjieAtrujw, a large round or oval 
building at Rome, where the people affembled 
to fee the combats of gladiators, of wild beads, 
and other exhibitions. The amphitheatres of 
Rome were generally bnilt with wood; Stati- 
lius Taurus was the firft who made one with 
Hones, under Auguftus. 

Amphtthemis, a Theban generat, who 
involved the Lacedaemonians into a war with 
his country. Plut. in Lyf. — Pauf. 3, c. 9. 

Amphjthoe, one of the Nereides. 

Amphitrite, daughter of Oceanus and 
Tethys, married Neptune, though Ihe had 
made a vow of perpetual celibacy. She had 
by him Triton, one of the tea dieties. She 
had a ftatue at Corinth in the temple of Nep¬ 
tune. She is fometinres called Salatia, and is 
often taken for the fea itfelf. Varro de L. L. 
4 • — Heftod. Theog. 930. — Apollod. 3.— Clau¬ 
dia n de Rapt. Prof. I, v. 104. — Ovid. Met. 1, 
v. 14-One of the Nereides. 

Amphitryon, a Theban prince, fon of 
Alca-us and Hipponome. His filter Anaxo 
had married Eledtryon king of Mycenae, whofe 
tons were killed in a bartfe by the Teleboans. 
Eledtryon prormfed hlb crown, and daughter 
Alcmena, to him who- could revenge the death 
of his ions upon the Teleboans ; and Amphi¬ 
tryon offered himfelf, anti was received, on 
condition that he fhould not approach Alcmena 
before he had obtained a vidtorv. Jupiter, 
who was captivated with the charms of Alc- 
uicna, borrowed the features of Amphitryon, 
when he was gone to the war, and introduced 
himfelf to Eledtryon’s daughter, as her hut- 
band returned victorious. Alcmena became 
pregnant of Hercules, by Jupiter, and of 


1 Tphiclus by Amphitryon, after his return, 
[ Vid. Alcmena ] When Amphitryon returned 
from the war, he brought back to Eledtryon, 
the herds which the Teleboans had taken from 
him. One of the cows having ffrayed from 
the reft, Amphitryon, to bring them together, 
threw a ftick, which ftruck th'e horns of the 
cmv, and rebounded with fuch violence upon 
Eledtryon that he died on the ipot. After 
this accidental murder, Sthenelus, Eledtryon’s 
brother, feized the kingdom of Mycena:, and 
obliged Amphitryon to leave Argolis, and re¬ 
tire to Thebes with Alcmena. Creon, king 
of Thebes, purified him of the murder. Apol¬ 
lod. 2, c. 4 .—Virg. JEn. 8, V. 213 j—Propcrt. 
4, el. IO, V. I.— Hefted, in Scut. Hcrcul .— 
Hygin. fab. 29.— Pauf. 8 , c. 14. 

Amphitryoniades, a iurname of Her¬ 
cules, as the fuppofed Ion of Amphitryon. 
Virg. JEn. 8, v. 103. 

Amphitus, a prieft of .Ceres, at the court 
of Cepheu's. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 5. 

Amphoterus was appointed commander 
of a fleet in the Helleipont by Alexander. 
Curt. 3, c. 1.-A fon of Akmseon. 

Ampiirysus, a river of Tbeflfaly, near 
which Apollo, when baniflied from heaven, 
fed the flocks of king Admetus. From this 
circumftance the god has been called Am* 
pbrvjfu), and his prieftefs AmphryJJth . Ovid. 
Met. I, v. 580.— Lucan. 6, v. 367.— Virg. 

G. 3, v. 2. JEn. 6, v. 398.-A river of 

Phrygia, whofe waters rendered women liable 
to barrennefs. Plin. 32, c. 2. 

Am pi a Labi ena Lex was enadted by 
T. Ampius and A. Labienus, tribunes of the 
people, A. JLL C. 693. It gave Pompey tl’.er 
Great the privilege of appearing in triumphal 
robes and with a golden crown at the Circenfian 
games, and with a pnetexta and golden crown 
at theatrical plays. 

Ampracia. [ Vid. Ambraeia.} 

AmpysIoes, a patronymic of Mopfus,fon 
of Ampyx. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 316. 

Ampyx, a Ion of Pelins. pauf. 7, c. l8_ 

-A man mentioned by Ovid. Met. 5, v. 

384.-The father of Mopfus. Orpb. itt 

Argon .— Pauf. 5, c. 17* 

Amsactus, a lake in the country of the 
Hirpini, at the ealt of Capua, whofe water* 
are fo fulphureous that they infedt and deftroy 
whatever animals come near the place. It was 
through this place that Virgil made the fury 
Atedto delcend into hell, after her vifit to the 
upper regions Virg. JEn. 7, v. 565 .—Giu 
de J)iv. I, c. 36. 

Amulius, king of Alba, was fon of Procas, 
and youngeft brother to Numitor. The 
crown belonged to Numitor by right of birth j 
but Amulius dilpoflelled him of it, and even 
put to death hi3 fon Laitfus, and confecrated 
his daughter Rhea Sylvia to the lervice of 
Vefta, to prevent her ever becoming i mo¬ 
ther. Yet, in, fpite of all thefe precaiftions, 
Rhea became pregnant by the god Mars, and 

brought 





AM 


AM 


brought forth twins, Romulus ahd Remus. 
Amulius, who was informed of this, ordered 
the mother to be buried alive for violating the 
laws ofVefta, which enjoined perpetual chaf- 
tity, and the two children to be thrown >nto 
the river. ' r hey were providentially faved by 
fome flienherL, or as others lay, by a Ihe- 
wolf; and when they had attained the years 
of manhood, they put to death the ufurper, 
Amulius, and reftored the crown to their 
grandfather. Ovid. Fajl. 3, v. 67.— Liv. 1, 
C. 3 & 4.— Pint, in Rom ft! — Flo r . 1, c. I — 

J)io»yf. Hal -A celebrated painter, b".-. 

35. c. 10. 

Amtci Tortus, a place in Pontus, fa¬ 
mous for the death of Amycus king of the 
Bebryces.^ His tomb was covered with lau¬ 
rels, whole boughs, as is reported, when car¬ 
ried on board a fhip, caufed bneo nm r; n diT 
lentions among the luiiors. Pun. 5, c. 32.— 
Arrian. 

AmycLa, a daughter of Niobe, who, with 
her filter Melibcca, was lpared by Diana, 
when her mother boafted herlelf greater than 

Diana. Rauf. 2, c. 22.-Homer fays that 

all the daughters perifhed. II. 24. \Vtd. 
Nioke."]-The nurfe of Alcibiades. 

Amyc i-st, a town of Italy between Caieta 
and Tarracina, built by the companions of 
Caftor and Pollux. The inhabitants were 
firi< 5 t followers of the precepts of Pythagoras, 
and therefore abftained from flelh. They 
were killed by ferpents, which they thought 
impious to deltroy, though in their own de¬ 
fence. Plin. 8, c. 29. Once a report pre¬ 
vailed in Amyclie, that the enemies were 
doming to ftorm it; upon which the inhabitants 
made a law, that forbade luch a report to be 
credited, and when the enemy really arrived, 
no one mentioned it, or took up arms in his 
own defence, and the town was eafily taken. 
From this circumftance the epithet of tacitat 
has been given to Amyche. Virg. JEn. 10, 

v. 564.— 5 / 7 . 8, v. 529.-A city of Pelo- 

ponnefus, built by Amyclas. Caftor and Pol 
lux were born there. The country was fa¬ 
mous for dogs. Apollo, called Amyclaeus, 
had a rich and magnificent temple there, fur- 
rounded with delightful groves. pau f- 3 . 
C. 18.— Stat. Theb. 4, V. 223.— Strab. 8 — 
Virg. G. 3, V. 345.— Ovid, de Art. Am. 2, 
V. £ . 

Amyclsus, a ftatmry. Pauf 10, c. 13. 
--A fur name of Apollo. 

Amyclas, fon of Lacedaemon and Sparta, 
built the city of Amyclae. His lifter Eurydice 
married Acrifius king of Argos, by whom Ihe 

had Danae. Pauf. 3, c. I. 1 . 7, c. 18.- 

The mafter of a (hip in which Ctefar em¬ 
barked in difguiie. \Then Amyclas wilhed 
to put back to avoid a violent ftorm, Caefir 
unvejling his head, difcovered himfelf, and 
bidding the pilot purfue his voyage, exclaimed, 
C afar cm vebis, Cajctrifque far tun am. Lucan. 
5, v. 520. 


Amycus, fon of Neptune, by Melia, or 
Bithynis according to others, was king of the 
BebryceS ■ He was farhous for his (kill in the 
management*^ the ceftus, and he challenged 
all ftrangers to a trial of ftrength. When the 
Argonauts, in their expedition, Hopped on 
his coafts, he treated them with great kindnefs, 
and Pollux accepted his challenge, and killed 
him when he attempted to overcome him by 
fraud. Apollon. 2. Argon.- — Tbeocrit. Id. 22. 
— Apollon. 1, c. 9.-One of the compa¬ 

nions of TF.neas, who almoft perilhed in a 
ftor m on the cruft of Africa. He was killed 
by Turnus. Vbg. JEn. r, v. 225. 1 . 9, v. 

772.-Another likewile killed by Turnus. 

Ib. 12, v. 509.-A fon of Ixion and the 

cloud. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 245. 

Amydon, a city of Paeoniain Macedonia, 
which fent auxiliaries to Priam during the 
Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. 

Amymone, daughter of Danaus and Eu- 
ropa, married Enceladus, fon of iEgyptus, 
whom lhe murdered the firft night of her nup¬ 
tials. She wounded a fatyr with an arrow 
which lhe had aimed at a ftag. The fatyr 
purfued her, and even offered her violence, 
but Neptune delivered her. It was faid, that 
fhe was the only one of the 50 lifters whp 
was not condemned to fill a leaky tub with 
water in hell, becaufe lhe had been continually 
employed, by order of her father, in fupplying 
the city of Anms with water, in a great 
drought. Neptune f«nv her in this employ¬ 
ment, and was enamoured of her'. He car¬ 
ried her way, and in the place where lhe 
ftood, he railed a fountain, by ftriking a rock. 
The fountain has been called Amymone. 
She had Nauplius fiy Neptune. Propert. 2. 
eL 26, V. 46.— Ap'jllad. 2. — Strab. 8.- — Pauf 
2, C. 37 - — Ovid. Amor. 1, V. 515.— Hygin. 

fab. 169.-A fountain and rivulet of Pelo- 

ponnefus, flowing through Argolis into the lake 
of Lerna. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 24c. 

Amyntas ift, was king of Macedonia after 
his father Alcetas. His fon Alexander mur¬ 
dered the amhafTadors of Megabyzus, for their 
wanton and infolent behaviour to the ladies of 
his father’s court. Bubares,a Perlian general, 
was fent with an army to revenge the death 
of the' ambaffitdors; but inftead of making 
war, he married the king’s daughter, and de¬ 
fended his pofTelfions. "JuJiin. 7, c. 3. — He - 

rodot. 5, 7 & S.-The lecond of that name 

was ion of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia, 
after his murder of Paufanias. He was ex- 
peiled by the Illyrians, and reftored by tire 
fthelTdians and Spartans. He made war 
againft the Illyrians and Olynthians, and lived 
to a great age. His wife, Eurydice. confpired 
againft his life ; but her l’nares were- feafonably 
dilcovered by one of his daughters by a former 
wife. He had Alexander, Perdiccas, and 
Philip, Alexander the Great’s father, by his 
firft wife; and by the other he r.id Arcnelaus, 
Aridftus, and Menelaus. He reigned 24 
£ % years 





AN 


AN 


years and Toon after his death, his fon Philip 
murdered all his brothers* and afeended the 
throne. Jujlin. 7, c. 4 & 9. — Diod. 14, tffc .— 
C. Hep. is? Pint, in Pelapid. --There is an¬ 

other king of Macedonia of the fame name, 
but of his life few particulars are recorded in 

hiftory.-A man who fucceeded Dejotarus, 

in the kingdom of Gallograccia. After his 
death it became a Roman province under 

Auguftus, Strab, 12.-One of Alexander’s 

officers.-Another officer who deferted to 

Darius, and was killed as he attempted tofeize 
Egypt. Curt. 3, c. 9.——A fon of Antiochus, 
who withdrew himfelffrom Macedonia,becaule 
he hated Alexander.-An officer in Alex¬ 

ander’s cavalry. He had two brothers called 
Simmas and Polemon. He was accufed of 
confpiracy again*! the king, on account of his 
great intimacy with Philotas, and acquitted. 

Curt. 4, c. 15. 1 . 6 , c. 9. 1 . 8, c. 12.-A 

ihepherd’s name in Virgil’s Eclog. -A 

Greek writer who compofed feveral works 
quoted by Athenseus 10 & 12. 

Amyntzanus, an hiftorian in the age of 
Antoninus, who, wrote a treatife in com¬ 
mendation of Philip, Olympias, and Alexan¬ 
der. 

Amyntor, a king of Argos, fon of Phraf- 
tor. He deprived his fon Phoenix of his eyes, 
to punifh him for the violence he had offered 
to Clytia his concubine. Hygin. fab. 173.— 
Ovid. Met. 8, v. 307.— Apollod. 3.— Homer. 

I 1 . ,9. - A general of the Dolopes. Ovid. 

Xvlet. 12, v, 364.-A fon of iEgyptus, kil¬ 

led by Damone the firft night of his marriage. 
Hygin. fab, 170.; 

Amyris, a man of Syharis, who confulted 
the oracle of Delphi concerning the probable 
duration of his country’s prolperity, &c. 

- Amyricus Camhus, a plain of Theffaly. 
PAyb. 3. 

Am.yrius, a king by whom Cyrus was 
killed'in a battle. Ctefias. 

•A'Myiuv, a town of Theffaly.-A river 

mentioned by Hal. Flacc. 2, v. it. 

Amystis, a river of India falling into the 
•Ganges, _ Arriah in Indie. 

Amytiiaon, a fon of Cretheus king of 
Iolchos w jiy.Tyro. He married Idomene, by 
whom he had Bias and Melampus. After 
his father’s death, he eflabliffied himfelf in 
"Mefienia, with his brother Neleus, and re- 
eflabliiiied or regulated the Olympic games. 
Melampus is called Amytbaonius , from 

his father Amythaon. Virg.G. 3, v.559._ 

Diod. A.—Apol od. I.— Homer. Od. II.-A 

fon 01 Bippafus, who affifted Priam in the 
Ir ;jr,n war, ai]d was killed by Lycomedes. 
Homer. II. 17. 

Amytis, a daughter of Aftyages, whom 

Cyrus married. Ciejias. -A daughter ©f 

Xerxes, who married Megabyzus, and dif- 
graced herfelf by her debaucheries. 

Anacks or Anactes, a name given to 
Oaftoi and Pollux among the Athenians. 


Their feftivals were called Anaceia. Plut . in 
Tbef. — Cie. N. D. 3, C. 21. 

ANACHARSis,a Scythian philofiopher, 592 f 
B. C. who, on account of his wifdorn, tem¬ 
perance, and extenfive knowledge, has been 
called one of the feven wife men. Like his 
countrymen, he made ufe of a cart inftead of 
a houfe He was wont to compare laws to 
cobwebs, which can Hop only fmall files, and 
are unable to refill the fuperior force of large 
infe&s. When he returned to Scythia, froni 
Athens, where he had lpent fome time in 
ftudy, and in the friendfhip of Solon, he at¬ 
tempted to introduce there the laws of the 
Athenians, which fo irritated his brother, whd 
was then on the throne, that he killed hint 
with .an arrow. Anacharfis has rendered 
himfelf famous among the ancients by his 
writings, and his poems on war, the laws of 
Scythia, &c. Two of his letters to Crcefus 
and Hanno are ftill extant. Later authors 
have attributed to him the invention of tinder, 
of anchors, and of the potter’s wheel. The 
name of Anacharfis is become very familiar to 
modern ears, by that elegant, valuable, and 
truly claffical work of Barthelemi, called the 
travels of Anacharfis. Herodot. 4, c. 46, 47 
& 48.— Plut. in Conviv. — Clc.'Tufc. 5, c. 32. 
— Strab. 7 . 

Anacium, a mountain with a temple fa- 
cred to the Anaces in Peloponnelus. Poly an. 
I, c. 21. 

Anacreon, a famous lyric poet of Teos, 
in Ionia, highly favored by Polycrates and 
Hipparchus fon of Pififtratus. He was of 
a lafeivious and intemperate difpofition, much 
given to drinking, and deeply enamoured of a 
youth called Bathyllus. His odes are ftill ex- 
tant, and the uncommon fweetnefs and ele¬ 
gance of his poetry have been the admhation 
of every ?ge and country. He lived to his 
85th year, and after every excels of pleafure 
and debauchery, choaked himfelf with a grape 
fton£ and expired. Plato fays, that he was 
defeended from an illuftrious family, and that 
Codrus, the laft king of Athens, was one of 
his progenitors. His ftatue was placed in.the 
citadel of Athens, reprefenting him as an old 
drunken man, finging, with every mark of 
diffipatton and intemperance. Anacreon flo- 
rilhed 532 B. C. All that he wrote is not 
extant; his odes were firft publifhed by H. 
Stephens, with an elegant tranflation. "The 
beft editions of Anacreon ar?, that of Mait- 
taire, 4to. London, 17^5, of which only one 
hundred copies were printed, and the very 
corredl one of Barnes, i2mo. Cantab. 1721, 
to which may be added that of Brunck, i2mo. 
Argentor. 1778. Pauf. I, c. 2, 2 5.—Strab. 
14. — Milan. V. H. 9, c. 4. — Cie. in Tufc. 4, 
c * 33 -— Herat, epod. 14, v. 20 .—r PI in. 7,0 7. 
— Herodot. 3,c. I2i. 

Anactoria Sc Anactorium, a town 
of Epirus, in a peninfula towards the gulph of 
Ambracia. It was founded by a Corinthian 

colony* 













AN 


colony, and was the caufe of many quarrels 
between the Corcyreans and Corinthians. 
Auguitus carried the inhabitants to the 
city of Nicopolis, after the battle of A£lium. 
Strab. IO.— Thucyd. I, c. 55.— P/in. 4, 

«. i. 1. 5, c. 29.-An ancient name of 

Miletus. 

Anactorie, a woman of Lefbos, wan¬ 
tonly loved by Sappho. Ovid. Her. 15, v. 17. 

Anadyomenk, a valuable painting of 
Venus, represented as riling from the fea, 
by Apelles. Augullus bought it, and placed 
it in the temple of J. Caelar. The lower 
part of it was a little defaced, and there were 
found no painters in Rome able to repair it. 
P/in. 3J, C. IC. 

Anagnia, now Anagni , a city of the 
Hernici in Latium, where Antony llruck a 
medal when he divorced Odtavia and married 
Cleopatra. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 6^4.— Strab. 5. 
— Ital. 8, v. 392. 

Anacosi.v, a feftival, celebrated by the 
people of Eryx in Sicily, in honor of Venus. 
JElian V. H. I, c. 15. H. A. 4, c. 2. 

Anagyrontum, a fmall village of Attica. 
Hrrodot. 

AnaTtis, a goddefs of Armenia. The 
virgins win? were confecrated to her fervice, 
efteemed themlelves more dignified by public 
proftitution. The feftivals of the deity were 
called Sacarum Fella ; and when they were 
celebrated, buth fexes aflifted at the ceremony, 
and inebriated themlelves to fueh a degree, 
that the whole was concluded by a lcene 
of the grestell lalcivioufnefs and intem¬ 
perance. They were firft inftituted by Cy¬ 
rus, when he marched againft the Saar, 
and covered tables, with the molt exquilite 
dainties, that he might detain the enemy by 
the novelty and lweetnefs ,of food to which 
they were unaccultomed, and thus eafily de- 

ftroy them. Strab. -Diana is alfo wor- 

Ciipped under this name by the Lydians. 
Plin. 33, C. 4. 

Ananias, an Iambic poet. Alien. 

An a PH e, an illand that rofe out of the 
Cretan fea, and received this name from the 
Argonauts, who, in the middle of a ftorrn, 
fuddenly law the new moon. Apollo was 
worfiiipped there, and called Anaphseus. 
Apollonius. 

Anaphlystus, a fmall village of Attica 
near the fea, called after an ancient hero of 

the fame name, who was fon of Troezen.- 

A fmall village near Athens. 

Anapus, a river of Epirus. Thucyd. 2, 

e. 82.-Of Sicily, near Syracul'e. Id. 6, 

C. 96. 

Anartes, a people of lower Pannonia. 
Cof. bell. G. c. 25. 

' Anas, a river of Spain, now called Gua- 
diana. Strab. 3. 

' Anatole, one of the Horae. Hygin. fab. 
183.—— a mountain near the Ganges, where 
Apollo ravilhed a nymph called Anawbia. 


AN 

Anaucuiuas, a Samian wrefller. Pa:./. 
5 > c- *7- 

Anaurus, a river of Theflaly, near the 
foot of mount Pelion, where Jafon loft one of 

his landals. Callim. in Dixn. -A river of 

Troas near Ida. Qoluth. 

Anausis, one of Medea’s fuitors, killed 
by Styrus. Val. Place. 6, v. 43. 

Anax, a fon of Ccelus and Terra, father 
to Afterius, from whom Miletus has been 
called Anadloria. Pauf 1, c. 36,1. 7, c. 2. 

Anaxagoras fucceeded his father Me- 1 
gapenthes on the throne of Argos. He fhared 
the fovereign power with Bias and Melam- 
pus, who had cured the women of Argos of 

madnefs. Pauf. 2, c. 18.-A Clazome- 

nian philofopher, fon of Hegefibulus, diiciple 
to Anaximenes, and preceptor to Socrates, 
and Euripides. He difregarded wealth and 
houors, to indulge his fondnefs for medita¬ 
tion and philofophy. He applied himfelf to 
aftronomy, was acquainted with ecliples, and 
predi&ed that one day a (lone would fall 
from the fun, which it is faid really fell 
into the river iEgos. Anaxagoras travelled 
into Egypt for improvement, and uled to fay 
that he preferred a grain of wifdom to heaps 
of gold. Pericles was in the number of his 
pupils, and often confulted him in matters of 
llate ; and once dillliaded him from llarving 
himfelf to death. The ideas of Anaxagoras, 
concerning the heavens, were wild and ex¬ 
travagant. He luppofed that the fun was in¬ 
flammable matter, about the bignels of Pelo- 
ponnefus ; and that the moon was inhabited. 
The heavens he believed to be of Hone, and 
the earth of fimilar materials. He was ac- 
cufed of impiety, and condemned to die; but 
he ridiculed the fentence, and faid it had 
long been pronounced upon him by nature. 
Being alked whether his body Ihould be car¬ 
ried into his own country, he anfwered, no, 
as the road that led to the other fide of the 
grave was as long from one place as the 
other. His fcholar Pericles pleaded elo¬ 
quently and fuccelsfully for him, and ti e 
fentence of death was exchanged for banilh- 
ment. Tn prifon, the philofopher is faid ta 
have attempted to fquare the circle, Or de¬ 
termine exadtly the proportion of its diame¬ 
ter to the circumference. When, the people 
of Lampfacus afked him before his death, 
whether he wifhed any thing to be done in 
commemoration of him,-—Yes, fays he, let 
the boys be allowed to play on the anniver- 
fary of my death. This was carefully ob- 
ferved, and that time-dedicated to relaxa¬ 
tion, was called Anaxagoreia. Fie died ?.t 
Lampfacus in his 72d year, 428 B. C. His 
writings were not much efleemed by his 
pupil Socrates. Diog. in Pilu.- t —Plut. in Ni - 
cia 15* Pericl. — Cic. Acad. Q. 4, r. 23. Tvfc. 

I, c . 4 V,-A ftatuary of iEgina. Pauf. 

5, c. 23.- A grammarian, dilciple to 7 L&- 

aotiotus. Air - orator, difciple 

£ 3 £oarat®s. 







AN 


AN 


Socrates. Dhg.~ -A fon of Echeatiax, vjlio, 

with his brothers Codrus and l)iodcrus, de- 
Hroyed Hegefias, tyrant of Epheius. 

Anaxandek, of the family of the He- 
raclidae, was fon of Eurynrates, and king of 
Sparta. The fecond Meflenian war began 
in his reign, in which Ariftomenes fo egregi- 
oufly fignalized himfelf. Bis fon was called 
Eurycrates. Herodot. 2, c. 204.— Plut. in 

Apoph. — Pauf 3, c. 3. 1 . 4-> c. 15 & 16.-- 

A general of Megalopolis, taken by the The¬ 
bans. 

Anaxandiudes, fon of Leon, and father 
to Cleomenes ift, and Leonidas, was king of 
Sparta. By the order of the Ephori, he di¬ 
vorced his wife, of whom he was extremely 
fond, on account of her barrennefs; and he 
was the firfi Lacedaemonian who had two 
wives. Herodot. 1,5 & J.-^Plui. in Apoph. I. 

— Pauf. 3, c. 3, life. -A fon of Theopom- 

pus. Herodot. 8, c. 131.-A comic poet of 

Rhodes in the age of Philip and Alexander. 
He was the firft poet who introduced intrigues 
and rapes upon the llage. He was of fuch a 
paffionate difpofition, that he tore to pieces all 
his compofitions which met with ne fuccefs. 
He compofed about 3 hundred plays, of which 
ten obtained the prize. Some fragments of 
his poetry Remain in Athenaeus. He was 
Hal ved to death by order of the Athenians, 
for fatirizing their government. Arijlot. 3, 
Met. 

Anaxarchus, a philolopher of Abdera, 
one of the followers of Democritus, and the 
friend of Alexander. When the monarch had 
been wounded in a battle, the philofopher 
pointed to the place, adding, that is human 
blood, and not the blood of a god. The free¬ 
dom of Anaxarchus offended Nicocreon, and af¬ 
ter Alexander’s death, the tyrant, in revenge, 
leized the philofopher, and pounded him in a 
Hone mortar with iron hammers. He bore 
this with much refignation, and exclaimed, 
“ Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou 
doll not pound his foul.” Upon this, Nico- 
ereon threatened to cut his tongue, and Anax 
archus bit it off with his teeth, and i'pit it out 
into the tyrant’s face. Quid, in lb. v. 571. — 
Plut. in Symp. 7.— Dio?, in Vita. — Cic. in 
Tuft. 2, c. 22.——A Theban general. Tbu- 

tyd. 8 , C. IOO. 

An ax arete, a girl of Salamis, who fo 
arrogantly defpiled the addreffes of Iphis, a 
youth of ignoble birth, that the lover hung 
himfelf at her door. She law this fad fpec- 
tacle without emotion or pity, and was chang¬ 
ed into a Hone. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 748. 

An axe nor, a mufician, whom M. An¬ 
tony greatly honored, and prefented with the 
tribute of four cities. Strab. 14. 

Anaxias, a Theban general. Pauf. 2, c. 22. 

Anaxibia, a filter of Agamemnon, mo¬ 
ther of feven fons and two daughters by 

JSfeftor. Pauf. 2, c. 29.-A daughter of 

JBias, brother to the phylician Mclampus. 


She married Pelias, king of Iolchos, by whom 
fhe had Acafius, and four daughters, Pifidice, 
Pelopea, Hippothoe.and Alcefte. Apollod. I, 
c. 9.— — She is called daughter of Dymas, by 
Hygin. fab. 14. 

'Anaxicrates, an Athenian archon. Pauf. 

10, c. 23. 

An axjdXmus, fucceeded hi$ father Zeuxi- 
damus on the throne of Sparta. Pauf 3, c. 7 * 

1* 4> c. 15. 

Anaxii.as & Anaxilaus, a Meffenian, 
tyrant of Rhegium. He took Zancle, and 
was fo mild and popular during his reign, 
that when he died, 476 B. C. he left his in¬ 
fant fons to the care of one of h ; s lervants, 
and the citizens chofe rather to obey a fiavo 
than revolt from their benevolent fovereign’s 
children, fujlin. 3, c. 2.— Pauf 4, c. 23. 1 . 
5 , C. 27. — Tbucyd. 6, C. 5. — Herod A. 6, C. 23, 

1 . 7,c. 167.-A magician of Tariffs, banifh- 

ed from Italy by, Auguftus.-A Pytha¬ 
gorean philofopher. -A phyfician, Pint. 19, 

c. 1.-An hiftorian, who began his hiftory, 

with bitter inveftives againft former writers. 
Dionyf. Hal .——A Lacedaemonian. Plut. 

Alcib. -A comic writer, about the 100th 

olympiad. 

Anaxiiades, wrote fome treatifesconcern¬ 
ing philolophers, and mentioned that Plato’s 
mother became pregnant by a phantom of the 
god Apollo, from which circumfiance her fon 
was called the prince of wifdom. Diog. in 
Plut. 

Anaximander, a Milefian philofopher, 
the companion and dilciple of Thales. He 
was the firil who confirudled fpheres, afferted 
that the earth was of a cylindrical form, and 
taught that men were born of earth and water 
mixed together, and heated by the beams of the 
fun ; that the earth moved, and that the moon 
received light from the fun, which he confi- 
dered as a circle of fire like a wheel about 28 
times bigger than the earth. He made the 
firfi geographical maps and fun dials. He died 
in the 64th year of his age, B. C. 547. Cic. 
Acad. Qjuafl. 4 c. 37.— Diog. in vit.—Plin. 2, 
c. 79 .—Plut. Pb. He lud a fon who bore hi$ 
name. Strab. 1. 

Anaximenes, a philofopher, fon of Era- 
fiifratus, and dilciple of Anaximander, whom 
he fucceeded in his fchool. He faid that the 
air was the caule of every created being, and 
a ielf-exifient divinity, and that the fun, the 
moon, and the liars, had been made from the 
earth. He confidered the earth as a plain, 
and the heavens as a folid concave figure, on 
which the Hars were fixed like nails, an opi¬ 
nion prevalent at that time, and from which 
originated the proverb, n u ovpav&> if/,oruroi t 
ip the heavens Jhculdfall? to which Horace 
has alluded, 3 Od. 3,v. 7. He died 504 years 
B. C. Cic. Acad. Quaf. 4, c. 37, de Nat. D. 
I, c. 10.—. Plut. Pb.—Plin. 2, c‘76.-A na¬ 

tive of Lampfacus, fon of Arifiocles. He was 
pupil to Diogenes the Cynic, and preceptor 

to 










AN 


AN 


to Alexander the Great, of whofe life, and 
that of Philip, he wrote the hiftory. When 
Alexander, in a fit of anger, threatened to 
put to death all the inhabitants of Lamplacus, 
becaufe they had maintained a long fiege 
againft him, Anaximenes was fent by his 
countrymen to appealfethe king, who, as loon 
as he law hitu, fwore he would not grant the 
favor lie was going to alk. Upon this, Anaxi¬ 
menes begged the king to deftroy the city 
and eaflave the inhabitants, and by this artful 
requeft the city of Lamplacus was laved from 
dellruttion. Befides the life of Philip and his 
fon, he wrote an hiftory of Greece in 12 
books, all now loll. His nephew bore the 
lame name, and wrote an account of ancient 
paintings. Pauf. 6, c. l8——Val. Max, 7, c. 
&~—Diog. in Vit. 

Anaxipolis, a comic poet ofThafos. Plin. 

X4»c. 14.- A writer on agriculture, like- 

wile of Thafos. 

Anaxippus, a comic writer, in the age of 
Demetrius. He uled to lay, that philol'ophers 
were wile only in their fpeeches, but fools in 
their actions. Atben. 

Anaxirriioe, a daughter ofCoronus, who 
married Epeus. Pauf. 5, c. 1. 

An axis, a Boeotian hillorian, who wrote 
an hiftory down to the age of Philip fon of 

Amyntas. J)iod. 25.-A fon of Caftor and 

Hilaira. 

Anaxo, a virgin of Trcezene carried away 

by Thefeus. Pint, in Tbef. -A daughter of 

Aleeus, mother 'of Alcmene by Eleilryon. 

Ancjeus, the fon of Lycurgus and An- 
tinoe, was in the expedition of the Argonauts. 
He was at the chace of the Calydonian boar, 
in which he perilled. Hygin . fah. 173 & 248. 

— Ovid. Met. 8-The fon of Neptune and 

Aftypalaea. He went with the Argonauts, 
and fucceeded Tiphis as pilot of the fhip A*gp» 
He reigned in Ionia, where htr married Samia, 
daughter of the Maeander, by whom he had 
four Tons, Perilas, Enudus, Samus, AHlherius, 
and one daughter called Parthenope. Orpheus 
Argon. He was once told by one of his ler- 
vants, whom he prefled with hard liborin his 
vineyard, that he never would tafte of the 
produce of his vines. He had already the 
cup in his hand, and called the prophet to 
convince him of his falfehood ; when the fer 
vant, yet firm in his'prediction, uttered this 
well known proverb, 

IIaXA* anku kki 

ettpou. 

Mult a cadunt inter caticem Jupremaque lalra. 
At that very moment Ancseus was told that 
a wild boar had entered his vineyard; upon 
which~he threw down the cup, and ran.to 
drive away the wild bealti He was killed in 
the attempt. 

AncalTtes, a people of Britain near the 
Trinobantes. Caf. Bell. €. 5,c. 21. 

Ancarius, a god of the Jews, V*d. An- 
tl talus. 


Ahcharia, a family of Rome.- — -The 
name of Oilavia’s mother. Plut. in Anton. 

Ancharius, an. ble Roman killed by the 
partisans of Marius during the civil wars wifh 
Sylla. Plut. in Mario. 

Anchemolus, fon of Rhcetus, king of the 
Marrubii in Italy, ravilhed his mother-in-law, 
Cafperia, for which he was expelled by his 
father. He fled to Turnus, and was killed by 
Pallas, fon of Evander, in the wars of Aineas 
againft the Latins. Virg. JEn. xo, v. 389. 

AnchesItes, a wind which blows from 
Anchifh a harbour of Epirus. Cic. ad Attic. 
7, ep. l.—Dion\f. dial. 

Anchesmus, a mountain of Attica, where 
Jupiter Ancbefmius had a ftafue. 

Ancuiale & Anchiai.a, a city on the 
fea coaft of Cilicia. Sardanapalus, the laft king 
of Affyria, built it, with Tarfusin its neigh¬ 
bourhood, in one day. Strab. 14.— Plin.$ t 
c. 27. The founder was buried there, and 
had a ftatue, und<_r which was a famous in- 
lcription in the Syrian language, denoting the 
great intemperance and diftip&tion which dif- 
cinguilhed all his life. There’ was a city of 
the fame name in hrace, called by Ovid the 
city of Apollo. There was another in Epirus. 
Ovid. Trijl. I, el. 10, v. 36.— plin. 4,c. II.— 
Mela , 2. C. 2. 

Anchjai.us, a famous aflrologcr.-A 

great warrior, father of Meates.—One of 
the Phtcacians. Homer. Od .——A god of 
the Jews, as fome luppofe, in Martial's epi¬ 
grams, 11 ep.95. 

Anchimolius, a Spartan general lent 
againft the Pififtratidte, and killed in the ex¬ 
pedition. Herodot. 5, c. 63.——A fon of Rhoe- 
Uis. Vid. An ch emolus. 

Anchinoe, a daughter of Nilus, and wife 
of Belus. ApolloJ. 2, c. 1. 

Anchion. Vid. Chion. 

AnchTse, a city of Italy. JDienyf. Hut. 

AncuIses, a Ion of Capys by Themis, 
daughter ofllus. He was of fuch a beautiful 
complexion, that Venus came down from heaw 
ven on mount Ida, in the form of a nymph, 
to enjoy his company. The goddefs became 
pfegnant, and forbade Anchiles ever to men¬ 
tion the favors he had received, on pain of 
being ftruck with thunder. The child which 
Venus brought forth*, was called ./Eneas; he 
was educated as loon as born by the nymph* 
of Ida, and, when of a proper age, was en- 
trufted to the care of Chiron the centaui. 
When Troy was taken, Anchifes was become 
fo infirm that /Eneas, to whom the Greeks 
permitted to take away whatever he efteemed 
moll, carried him through the flames upon his 
ihoulders, and thusfaved his life. He accom¬ 
panied his ion in his voyage towards Italy, and 
died in Sicily in the 80th year of his age. He 
was buried on mount Eryx, by ./Eneas and 
Aceftes, king of the country, and the anni- 
verfary of his death was afterwards celebrated 
by his fon, and the Trojans ou his tomb. Some 
E 4 author* 






AN 


•AN 


authors have maintained, that Ahehifss had 
forgot the injunctions r*f Venus, and boafted 
at "a feaft, that he enjoyed her favors on mount 
Ida, upon which he was killed with thunder. 
Others fay, that the wounds lie received from 
the thunder were roc mortal, and that they 
.only weakened and disfigured his body. Virgil, 
in the 6th book of the ./Kneid, introduces him 
in the Elylk.n fields, relating to his Ion the 
fates that were to attend r im, and the fortune 
of his defendants the Romans. [ Fid. JEneas.] 
Firg.t TEn. I, 2. &c.— Hygiti. fab. 94, 254, 
260, 270.— Hefijd. Tbeog. V. ioio.— Apollod. 
3.— Ovid. Fajl. 4, v. 34.— Homer. H. 20. 
Hymn, in Fcner. — Xenoph. Cyneg. c. !.■ — Dio- 
nyf. Hal. I de Antiq. Rom.—Pavfanias , 8, C. 
12, lays, that Anchiles was buried on a moun¬ 
tain in Arcadia, which, from him, has been 
called Anchifia.———An Athenian archon. 
Dio nyf. -Hal. 8. 

AnchTsi a, a mountain of Arcadia, at the 
bottom of which was a monument of Anchifes. 
Daif. 8, c. 12 & 13. 

AnchIsiajies, a patronymic ofl/Eneas, as 
being the ion of Anchifes. Fir?. JEn. 6, v. 
348 , **<?.. 

- Anckoe, a place near the mouth of the 
Cephifus, where there is a- lake of the fame 
name. Strab. 

Anchor a, a fortified place in Galatia. 

_ Anchurus, a fon of Midas, king of Phry¬ 
gia, who lacrificed himfelf for the good of his 
country when the earth had opened and l'vval- 
lowed up many buildings. The oracle had been 
coniul'ted, and gave for aniwer, that the gulf 
would never dole, if Midas did not throw into 
it whatever he had rnoft precious. Though 
the king had parted with many things of im- 
menie value, yet the gulf continued,open, till 
Anchurus thinking himfelf the moll precious 
of his father’s pofleffionS, took a tender leave 
of his wife and family, and leaped into the 
earth, which clofed immediately over his head. 
Midas ereCted there an altar of ftones to 
Jupiter, and that altar was the firft objeCt 
•which he turned to gold, when he had re 
ceived his fatal'gift from the gods. This un- 
polifhed lump of gold exifted ftill in the age of 
Plutarch. Pint, in Parall. 

Ancile & Ancyee, a facred fhield, 
which, according to the Roman authors, fell 
from heaven in the reign of Numa, when the 
Roman people labored under a peftilence. 
Upon the preservation of this fhield depended 
the fate of the Roman empire, and therefore 
.Numa ordered n of the fame lize and form 
to be made, that if ever any attempt was 
made to carry them awav, the plunderer 
mignt find it difficult to diftinguiffi the 'true 
one. They were made with luch exa&nefs, 
that the lung promifed Veterius Mamurius. 
the ar rift, whatever reward he defired. f Fid. 
Mamurius.] They were kept in the temple 
of Vella, and an order of priefts was chofen to 
watch over their fafety. Thefe prieits were 


caTlod Salii, 2nd were 12 in number ; they 
carried eyery year, oi> the firft of March, ther 
fhields in a folemn proceftion round the walls 
of Rome, dancing and firiging praifes to the 
god Mars. This facred feftival continued three 
days, during which every important bufinefs 
was flopped. It was deemed unfortunate to 
be married on thofe days, or to undertake any 
expedition, and Tacitus in I Hijl. has attri¬ 
buted the unfuccefsful campaign of the em¬ 
peror Otho againft Vitellius, to his leaving 
Rome during the celebration of the Ancyli- 
orum feftum. Thefe two verfes of Ovid ex¬ 
plain the origin of the word Aricyle, which is 
applied to thefe fhields : 

Jdque ancyle vocat , quod ab omni parte re~ 
cifum ejl , 

Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abejl. 

3> v. 377, tsfe. 

Farro de L. L. 5, c. b.— Fal. Max . I, c. I. 
— Juv. 2, v. 124.— Pint, in Num.—Firg. 
JEn. 8, V. 664.— Dionyf. Hal. 2.— Liv. I, 
C. 20 . 

Ancon St Ancona, a town of Picenum, 
built by the Sicilians, with a harbour in the 
form of a crefcent or elbow, (ayxuv) on the 
fhores of the Adriatic. Near this place is the 
famous chapel of Toretto, fuppofed by monk- 
ilh hiftorians to have been brought through 
the air by angels, Auguft 10, A. D..K91, 
from Judaea, where it was a cottage, inhabited 
by the virgin Mary. The reputed fandlity of 
the place has often brought 100,000 pilgrims 
in one day to Loretto. P/in. 3, c. 13.— 
Lucan. 2, v. 402.— Ital. 8,v.437. 

Ancus Martius, the 4th king of Rome, 
was grandfon to Numa, by his daughter. He 
waged a luccelsful war againft the Latins, 
Veientes, Fidenates, Volfci, and Sabines, and 
joined mount Janiculum to the city by a 
blSdge, and inclofed mount Martius and the 
Aventine within the walls of the city. He^ 
extended the confines of the Roman*territo* 
ries to the fea, where he built the town of 
Oftia, at the mouth of the Tiber. He in¬ 
herited the valor of Romulus with the mode¬ 
ration of Numa. He died B. C. 616, af^r a 
reign of 24 years, and was fueceeded by 

Tarquin the elder. Dionyf. Hal. 3, c. 9_ 

Liv. I,c. 32, ISc.—Flor. 1, c. 4.— JXirr. fEn. 
6, v. 815. 0 

Ancyrje, a town of Sicilv.-A town of 

Phrygia. Pauf.j. 

Anda, a city of Africa. Polyb. 

Andabatje, certain gladiators who fought 
blindfolded, whence the proverb, Andabatarum 
tnore to denote rafh and inconfiderate mea- 
fures. Cic. 6, ad Pamil. ep. 10. 

A ndania, a city of Arcadia, where Arif* 
tomenes was educated. Pauf 4, c. 1, tfc. 
It received its name from a gulph of the fame 
name. Id. 4,0. 33. 

Andeqavia, a country of‘Gaul, near the 
1 urones and the ocean. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 41. 

And era, a town of Phrygia. 


Andes, 




AN 


AN 


Andes, a nation among the Celts? now I 
Anjou. Ccpf 2. Bell, Gall. c.'35.-A vil¬ 

lage of Italy, near Mantua, where Virgil was 
bbrn, hence Andinus. Ital. 8, v. 595. 

Andocides, an Athenian orator, fon of 
Leogoras. He lived in the age of Socrates 
the philofopher, and was intimate with the 
moft illuftrious men of his age. He was often 
banifhed, but his dexterity always reftored him 
to favor. Plut. h s written his life in 10 01 at. 
Four of his orations are extant. 

t‘. ndom atis, a river in India, falling into 
the Ganges- Arrian. 

A nd rjemo n , the father of Thoas. Ply gin ^ 

fab. 97.-The fon-in law and lucceffor of 

CEneus. Apollod. 1. 

Andragatuius, a tyrant, defeated by 
Gratian, A. 1 ). 383, &c. 

Andragatiius, a mm bribed by I.yfi- 
machus to betray his country, &c. Polyten. 4, 
c. 12. 

' Andragoras, a man who died a fudden 
death. - Martial. 6, ep. 53. 

Andramyles, a king of Lydia, who caf- 
trated women, and made ule of them as 
eunuchs. At ben. 

Andreas, a ftatuary of Argos. Par/. 6, 

c. 16.-A man of PanormUm, who wrote 

an account of all the remarkable events that 

had happened.in Sicily. Atben. - A ion of 

the Peneus. Part of Boeotia, efpecially where 
Orchomenos was bui't, was catled Andreis after 
him. Pavf. 9 ,c. 34 » &c. 

Andriclus, a mountain of Cilicia. St ab. 

14.-A river of Troas, falling into the 

Scamander. Plin. 5, c. 27. 

Andriscus, a man who wrote an hiftory 

of Naxos. Atben. 1.-A worthlefs perfon 

called P/eudopbiliprpus, on account of the like- 
nefs of his features to king Philip. He incited 
the Macedonians to revolt againft Rome, and 
was conquered and led in triumph by Metel- 
lus, 15* B. C. Flcr. 2, c. 14. 

Androuius, a famous painter, Plin. 35, 
c. 11. 

Androclea, a daughther of Antipirnus of 
Thebes. She, with her filter Alcida, facrificed 
herfelf in the lervice of her country, when 
the oracle had promrfed the victory to her 
countrymen, who were engaged in a war 
againft Orchomenos; if anyone of noble birth 
devoted himfelf for the glory of his nation. 
Antipcenus refilled to do it, and his daughters 
cheerfully accepted it, and received great ho¬ 
nors after death. Hercules, who fought on 
the fide of Thebes, dedicated to them the 
inrage of a lion in the temple of Diana. Pai.f. 
9, c. 17. 

Anor6ci.es, a -fon of Phintas who reigned 

jn Meftenia. Pan/. 4, c. 5, &c.-A man, 

who wrote an hiftory of Cyprus. 

Andr( cciDF.fj a noble Theban who de¬ 
fended the democratical, againft the encroach¬ 
ments of the oligarchical, power. He was 

killed by one of his enemies. - A fophift in 

. u* 8 


the age of Aurelian, who gave an account of 
philolophers. 

ANdroclus, a fon of Codrus, who reigned 
in Ionia, and took Epheius and Samos. Pan/.' 
7,c. 2. 

Androcydes, a phyfician, who wrote the 
following letter to Alexander: —Fhuim fata- 
turns , Rex, memento tc bibere fanguinem terra y 
Jicuti venerium ejl homini cicuta,jic' el vinum. 
Plin. 14, c. 5. 

AndrodXmds. Fid. Andromadas. 
Androdds, a Have known and protected 
in the Roman circus, by a lion wholer foot he 
had cured. Gell. 5, c. 15. 

Androgeos, a Greek, killed by iEncas 
and his friends, whom he took to be his 
countrymen. Virg.JEn. 2, v. 371. 

Andrgceus, fon of Minos and Pafiphae, 
was famous for his Ikill in wreftiiug. He 
overcame every amagonilt at Athens, and be¬ 
came luch a favorite of the people, that 
JEgeus, king of the country, grew jealous of 
his popularity, and caulc-d him to be aflafli- 
nated as he was going to Thebes. Some lay 
that he was killed by the wild bull of Mara¬ 
thon. Minos declared war agains thens to 
revenge the death of his fon, and peace was at 
laft re-eftablilhed on condition that JEgeus 
lent yearly leven boys and l'even girls from 
Athens to Crete to i>6 devoured 6y the miuo- 
taur. [Fid. Minotaurus.J The Athenians 
eflahlifhed feftivrils by order of Minos, in ho¬ 
nor of his lbn, and called them Androgeia. 
Hygin , fab. 41.— Diod. 4.— Fir. JSn. 6, v. 20. 
— Pa:/. I, c. I & 27 .— Apollod. 2, C. 5, 1 . 3. 
C. t & 15.— Plut. in To/. 

Androcynje, a fab'ulous nation of Africa, 
beyond the Nalamones. Every one of them 
bore the chara&eriftics of die male and female 
lex; and one of their breads was that of a 
man, and the other that of a woman. Lucret. 
5, v. 837.—P/h;. 7, c. 2. 

Andromache, a daughter of Eetion, king 
of Thebes in Cilicia, married Heitor fon of 
Priam king of I roy, by whom (he had Af- 
tvanax. She was fo fond of her hufbahd, 
that fhe even fed his horfes with her own 
hand. During the I rojan war (he remained 
at heme employed in her domeftic concerns. 
Her parting with Heitor, who was going to 
a battle, in which he perifhed, has always’been 
deemed the belt, moft tender and pathetic of 
all the pafiages in Homer’s' Iliad. She re¬ 
ceived the news of h$r hulbancTs death with 
extreme forrow ; and after die taking of Troy, 
Ihe had the misfortune to lee her only fen 
Ally.max, after ihe had laved him from the 
Hanies, thrown headlong from the walls of the 
city, by the hands of the man wHole. father had 
killed her hulband. (Sa.ee. 'in 71 dad.) An¬ 
dromache, in the division of fhe priloners by 
■thef'Greeks, fell to the fhare of Neoptolemus, 
who treated her as His wlfe' v and carried her to 
Epirus. He had Hy'her three Ions, Molbltus, 
Piciu»< & Pergimus, and afterwards'repudiated 

her. 










AN 


- AN 


her. After this divorce Ihe married Helenas 
fan of Priam, who, as herfelf, was a captive of 
Pyrrhus. She reigned with him over part of 
the country, and became mother by him of 
Ceftrinus. Some fay that Aftyanax was killed 
hy UlyfTes, and Euripides fays that Menelaus 
put him to death. Horner. II. 6,22 Sc 24 -— 
Q. Calab. I.— First. JEn. 3, v. 486.— Hygin. 
fab. 123 — Hares Pbryg. — Ovid. Am. I, el. 9, 
v. 35. Trijl. 5, el. 6, v. 43.— Apollod. 3, c. 12. 
— Pauf. I, C. II. 

Ardromachidje, a nation who prelented 
to their king all the vhrgins who were of nu¬ 
bile years, and permitted him to ufe them as he 
pleated. 

Andromachus, an opulent perfon of Si¬ 
cily, father to the hiftorian Timams. Diod. 16. 
He affided Timoleon in recovering the liberty 

of the Syracufans.-A general of Alexander, 

to whom Parmenio gave the government of 
Syria. He was burnt alive by the Samaritans. 

Curt. 4, c. 5 & 8. - An officer ol Seleucus 

the younger. Poly an. 4.-A poet of By¬ 
zantium -A phyhcian of Crete in the age 

of Nero.-——A fophiit of Naples, in the age of 
Diodefian. 

Akdromadas or Androdamus, a na¬ 
tive ofRhegium, who made laws for the Thra¬ 
cians concerning the pumlhment of homicide, 
ScC. Arjlot 

Andromeda, a daughter ofCepheus, king 
of ^Ethiopia, by Calliope. She was promifed 
in marriage to Phineus, her uncle, when Nep¬ 
tune drowned the kingdom, and fent a fea 
mmiller to ravage the country, becaufe Calli¬ 
ope had boailed herfelf fairer than J uno and 
the Nereides. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon 
was conlulted, and nothing could Hop the re- 
fentment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not 
expofed to the fea monlfer. She was accord¬ 
ingly tied naked *11 a rock, and at the moment 
that the monlfer was going to devour her, 
Perfeus, who returned through the air from 
the conqueft of the Gorgous, law her, and was 
captivated with her beauty. He promifed to 
deliver her and deftroy the monlter, if he re¬ 
ceived her in marriage as a reward for his 
trouble. Cepheus contented, and Perfeus 
changed the fea monlfer into a rock, by Ihew- 
xng him Med ufa’s head, and untied Andromeda 
and married her. He had by her many chil¬ 
dren, among whom were Sthenelus, Ancaus, 
and Eleftryon. The marriage of Andromeda 
with Perfeus was oppofed by Phine'us, who 
after a bloody battle was changed into a Hone 
by Perfeus. Some fay that Minerva made 
Andromeda a conftellation in heaven after her 
death. Fid. Medufa, Perfeus. Hygin. fab. 
tA-'—Ctc. de Nat. D. 2, c. 43.— -Apollod. 

<- 4*— Manil. 5, v. ^.—Propert. 3, el. 

21.*-According to Pliny, 1 .5,0.31, it was 

at Joppa in Judaea that Andromeda was tied-pn 
a rock. He mentions that the lkcleton of the 
huge fea monlfer, to which Ihe had been ex- 
jefed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus and 


carefully preferved. The fable of Andro¬ 
meda and the lea monlfer has been explained, 
by l'uppoling that Ihe was courted by the cap¬ 
tain of a (liip, who attempted to carry her 
away, but was prevented by the interpolition 
of another more faithful lover. 

A nitron, an Argive, who travelled all over 
the del'erts of Libya without drink. Ariftot. 

I dc Ebriet. -A man fet over the citadel of 

Syracuie by Dionyfius. Hermocrates advifed 
him to leize it and revolt from the tyrant, 
which he refilled to do. 'Eire tyrant put him 
to death for not difeovering that Hermocrates 
had incited him to rebellion- Poly an. 5,0. 2. 

-A man of Halicaniallus who compofed 

foine hifforitiU works. Pint, in Thef. -A 

native of Ephetus, who wrote an account of 

the feven wife men of Greece. JDiog. --A 

man of Argos.-Another of Alexandria, 

&C. Apollon. H-iJl. Mirab. C. 25 -—At ben . 

AndronIcus Eivius. Fid. I.ivius. 

AndronIcus, a peripatetic philofopher of 
Rhodes, who floriffied J9years B. C. He was 
the full who puMiflied and revifed the woiksof 
Arillotle and Theophraftus. His periphralis is 
extant, the bell edition of which is that of 
Heinfius, 8yo.L. Bat. 1617. Pfut. in Syll .— — 
A Latin poet in the age of C&'far.---A La¬ 

tin grammarian, whofe life Suetonius has 

written.-A king of Lydia, far named AL 

pyus.-One of Alexander’s officers. - - 

One of the officers of Antiochus Epiphanes, 

-An aftronomer of Athens, who built a 

marble octagonal tower in honor of the eight 
principal winds, on the top of which was placed 
a 7 ’riton with a Hick in his hand, pointing al¬ 
ways to the lide whence the wind blew. 

Anbrophagi, a lavage nation of Euro¬ 
pean Scythia. Herodot. 4, c. 18, 102. 

Andjlopompus, a Theban who killed Xan- 
thus in Cngle combat by fraud.— Pauf. 2, 
c. 18. 

Andros, an ifland in the iEgeyi fea, 
known by the different names of Epagrys, 
Antandros, Lalia, Cauros, Hydrufla, Nona- 
gria. Its chief town was called Andros. It 
had a harbour, near which Bacchus had a tem¬ 
ple, with a fountain, whole waters during the- 
ides of January tailed like win9. It received 
the name of Andros from Andros fon of 
Anius, one of its kings, who lived in the time 
of the Tiojan war. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 648.— 
Firg. JEv. 3, v. 80.— Juv. 3, v. 70.— Plin. 2, 
C. 103.— Mela. I & 2 .. 

A ndrosthenes, one of Alexander’s ge¬ 
nerals, lent with a fliip on the coall of Arabia. 
Arrian, 7, e. jo.—Strab 16.—■—A governor 
of 'JTielfaly, who favored the interell of 
Pompey. He was conquered by J. Cafar. 
Oaf. 3, B 41 . Civ. c. 80. A lfatuary of 

Thebes. Pauf. 10, c. 19.-A geographer 

in the age of Alexander. 

Andrqtrion, a Greek, who wrote a hif- 
tory of Attica, and a treatife-on agriculture. 
Ptins—Pauf. io, c. $, 


Anelonjis 





AN 


AN 


/{nelontis, a river near Colophon. Pauf. 
8.c. 28. 

Anerastus, a king of Gaul. 

Anemolia, a city of bhocis, afterwards 
called Hyampolis. Strab. 

Anemosa, a village of Arcadia, Pauf. 8, 
c. 3 J* 

Anfinomus and Anafius, rather Am - 
phinomusy which Vid. 

Angelia, a daughter of Mercury. 
A.NGELioN,a ltatuary, who made Apollo’s 
ftatue at Delphi. Pan/. 2, c. 32. 

Angelas, a foil of Neptune, born in Chios, 
of a nymph whole name is unknown. Pauf. 
7 » c * 4 * 

AngTtes, a river of Thrace, falling into 
the Strymon. Herodot. 7, c. 113. 

ANGLi,a people of Germany, at the north 
of the Elbe, from whom, as being a branch of 
the Saxons, the Engliih have derived their name. 
Tacit , G. 40, 

Angrus, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a 
northern diredtion, Herodot. 4,c. 49. 

Anguitia, a wood in the country of the 
Marli, between the lake Fucinus and Alba. 
Serpents it is laid could not injure the inhabi¬ 
tants, becaufe they were del'cended from Circe, 
whole power over thel'e venomous creatures 
has been much celebrated. Sil. 8.— Virg.JEn. 
7 *v* 759 * 

Am a, a Roman widow, celebrated for her 
beauty. One of her friends advifed her to 
marry again. No, laid lhe, if I marry a man 
as aflfedtionate as my tint hulband, I lhall be 
apprehenlive for his death; and if he is bad, 
why have him, after fuch a kind and indulgent 
one? 

ANicETUs,a fon of Hercules,by Hebe the 
goddels of youth. Apollod. 2 .—A freedqjan 
who diredfed the education of Nero, and be¬ 
came the itwlrument of his crimes. Suet, in 
Ner. 

Anicia, a family at Rome, which, in the 
florilhing times of the republic, produced ma¬ 
ny brave and illuftrious citizens.-A re¬ 

lation of Atticus, C. Nip os. 

ANiciUM,a town of Gaul. Caf.Bell. Gal. 7. 
Anicius Gallus triumphed over the Il¬ 
lyrians and their king Gentius, and was pro¬ 
praetor of Rome, A. U. C. 585.-A conl'ul 

with Corn. Cethegus, A. U. C.J 94 --Pro¬ 

bus, a Roman conful in the fourth century, 
famous for his humanity. 

Anigrus, a river ofTheflaly, where the 
Centaurs wallied the wounds which they had 
received from Hercules, and made the waters 
unwbolelome. Ovid. Met. 15* v. 281. The 
nymphs of this river are called Anigriades. 
P c. 6. 

Anio and Anien, now Taveronc , a r # iver 
of Italy, flowing through the country of Tibur, 
and falling into the river Tiber, about five 
miles at the north of Rome. It receives its 
name, as fome fuppofe, from Anius, a king of 
Etruria, who drowned himlelf there when be 


could not recover his daughter, who had beta 
carried away. St at. 1. Sylv. 3, v. 20.— 

JEn. 7, v. 683.— Strab. 5.— Herat. I. od. 7, 
v. 13.— Plut. de Fort. Pom. 

Anitorgis, a city of Spain, near which a 
batrie was fought between Afdrubai aud the 
Scipios. Liv. 25, c. 33. 

Anius, the fon of Apollo and Rhea, was 
king of Delos, and father of Andrus. He had 
by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, 
and Elais, to whom Baqchus had given the 
power of changing whatever they plealed into 
wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went 
to the Trojan war, he wiihed to carry them 
with him to fupply his army with provifions ; 
but they complained to Bacchus, who changed 
them into doves. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 642.—. 
Dionyf Hal. I.— Died. 5.— Virg. JEn. 3, 
v. 80. 

Anna, a goddefs, in whofe honor the Ro¬ 
mans inftituted feltivals. She was, according 
to fome, Anna the daughter of Belusand filter 
of Dido, who after her filter' 1 s death, fled from 
Carthage, which Jarbas had befieged, and came 
to Italy, where ./Eneas met her, as he walked 
on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an 
honorable reception, for the Iciudnefles lhe 
had lhewn him when he was at Carthage. 
Lavinia, the wife of iEneas, was jealous of the 
tender treatment which was lhewn to Anna* 
and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprized 
of this by her filter in a dream, and Ihe fled to 
the river Numicus, of which fhe became a deity* 
and ordered the inhabitants of the country te 
call her Anna Perenna, becaufe lhe would re¬ 
main for ever under the waters. Her feltivals 
were performed with many rejoicings, and the 
females-often, in the midft of their cheerfiil- 
nefs, forgot their natural decency. They 
were introduced into Rome, and celebrated the 
15th of March. The Romans generally fa- 
crificed 10 her, to obtain a long and happy life ; 
and hence the words Annare & Pcrennartm 
Some have fuppofed Anna to be* the moon* 
quia men Jib us impleat annum ; others call her 
f hemis, or Io, the daughter of rnachus, and 
fometimes Maia. Another more received 
opinion maintains, that Anna was an old in- 
duftrious wpman of Bovillae, who, when the 
Roman populace had fled from the city to 
mount Sacer, brought them cakes every day 5 
for which kind treatment the Romans, when 
peace was re-eftabli(hed, decreed immortal 
honors to her whom they called Perenna, 
ab perennitate cult us , and who, as they lup- 
poied, was become one of their deities. Ovid , 
PaJ. 3» v. 653, &c,— -Sil. 8, v. 79.— Virg. 
An. 4, v. 9, 20, 421, & 5£>0. 

Anna Commena, a princefs of Conftan- ' 
tinople, known to the world for the Greek 
hiftory, which lhe wrote, of her father Alexin* 
emperor of the eaft. The charatter of this 
hiftory is not very high for authenticity or 
beauty of compofition : the hiftorian is loft in 
the daughter : and inftead of fimplicity of llyle . 

and 


1 





AN 


AN 

and narrative, as Gibbon lays, an elaborate 
affe&atidn of rhetoric and fcience betrays in 
every page the vanity of a female author. 
The heft edition of Anna Commena, is that 
of Paris, folio, 1651. 

Annkus, a Roman family which was fub- 
dividedinto the Lucani, Senecse, Fieri, &c. 

' Ann ales, a chronological hiftory which 
gives an account of all the important events 
of every year in a Hate, without entering into 
the caufes which produced them. The anrials 
of Tacitus m3y be conrtdered in this light. In 
the firft: ages of Rome, the writing of the an¬ 
nals was one of the duties and privileges of 
the high-pried; whence they have been called 
Annales Maxi mi, from the prielt Pontifex 
Mnxinuu , wh<> r confecrated them, and gave 
them as truly genuine and authentic. 

, Annalis lex fettled the age at which, 
among the Romans, a citizen could be ad¬ 
mitted to exercife the offices of the ^tate. 
"1 his law originated in Athens, and was in¬ 
troduced in Rome. No man could be a knight 
before 18 years of age, nor be inveded with 
the confular power before he had arrived to his 
Sjth year. 

Annianus, a poet in the age of Trajan. 

An-ntbal, a celebrated Carthaginian ge¬ 
neral, for. of Amilcar. H e was educated in 
his father’s camp, and inured from his early 
years to the labors of the field. Ke parted 
into Spain when nine years old, and at the 
reqtvdl of his father, took a folemn oath that 
he never would be at peace with the Romans. 
After his father’s death, he was appointed 
over the cavalry in Spain ; and lome time 
after, upon the death of Afdrubal, he was in¬ 
verted with the command of all the armies 
of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th 
year of his age. In three yearfc of continual 
ficcefs, he iubdued all the nations of Spain 
which oppofed the Carthaginian power, and 
took Saguntum after a fiege of eight months. 
This city was in alliance with the Romans 
and its fall was the caule of the fecond Punic 
war, which Annibal prepared to fupport 
with- all the courage and prudence of a 
«oufurumate general. He levied three large 
armies, one of which he fent to Africa, he 
left another in Spain, and marched at the 
head of the third towards Italy. 1 his army 
fome have calculated at 20,000 foot and 
6,oco horle; others lay that it confiftcd of 
100,000 foot and 20,000 horle. Liu. 21, 
c! 38- He came to the Alps which were 
deemed alraoft inacteflible, and had never 
been parted over before him but by Hercu¬ 
les,.and .after much trouble gained the top in 
nine days. He conquered the uncivilized 
inhabitants that oppoled his pafiage, and after* 
tfte amazing lofs of 30,000 men, made his 
Waf fo eafy, by foftening the rocks with fire 
and vinegar, that even his armed elephants 
descended the mountains without danger or 
difficulty, where a man difiucumbered of 


his arms, could not walk before in fafety. He 
was oppofed by the Romans as foon as ha en¬ 
tered Italy; a;.d after he had defeated P. Corn. 
.Scipio and Sempronius, near the Rhone, the 
Fo, and the Irebia, he crofted the Apen¬ 
nines and invaded Etruria. He defeated the 
army of the conful Flaminius near the lake 
Trafimenus, and foon after met the two con- 
fuls C. Terentius and L. /Emilius at Cannae. 
His army confided of 40,000 foot and 10,000 
horfe, when he engaged the Romans at the 
celebrated battle of Cannae. The flaughter 
was fo great, that no lefs than 40,000 Romans 
were killed, and the conqueror made a bridge 
with the dead carcales; and as a fignofhis 
vidory, he fent to Carthage three burtiels 
of gold rings which had been taken from 
5630 Roman knights flain in the battle. 
Had Annibal, immediately after the battle, 
marched his army to the gates of Rome, it 
mud have yielded amidft: the general con¬ 
firmation, if we believe the opinions of fome 
writers ; but his delay gave the enemy fpirit 
and boldnels, and when at laft he approached 
the walls, he was informed ‘that the piece of 
ground on which his army then flood, was 
felling at a high price in the Roman forum. 
After hovering for fome time round the city, 
he retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian 
loldiers loon forgot to conquer in the plealures 
and riot of this luxurious city. From that 
circumftance it has been laid, and with pro¬ 
priety, that Capua was a Cannae to Annibal. 
After the battle of Cannae the Romans be¬ 
came more cautious, and when the dictator 
Fabius Maximus had defied the artifice as well 
as the valor of Annibal, they began to look 
for better times. Marcellus, who fucceeded 
Fabius ift the field, firft taught the Romans 
that Annibal was not invincible, ^iter many 
important debates in the fenate, it was decreed, 
that war fhould be carried into Africa, to 
remove Annibal from the gates of Rome ; and 
Scipio, who was the firft; propofer of the plan, 
was empowered to put it into execution. 
When Carthage faw the enemy on her coafts, 
fhe recalled Annibal from Italy ; and that great 
general is laid to have left, with tears in his 
eyes, a country, which during lixteen years 
he had kept under continvial alarms, and 
which he could almoft call his. o\vn. He and 
Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, 
in which neither would give the preference 
to his enemy, they determined to come to 
a general engagement. The battle was fought 
near Zama: Scipio made a great flaughter of 
the ei emy, 20,000 were killed, and tfie fame 
number made prifoners. Annibal, after he 
had loll the day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon 
after this decilive battle, the Romans granted 
peace to Carthage, on hard conditions ; and( 
afterwards Annibal, who was jealous and ap- 
prehenfive o* the Roman power, fled to Syria, 
to king Antiochus, whom he advife^ to mak$ 
war againft Rome, and lead’ an army into the 

heart 



AN 


AN 


heart of Italy. Antiochus diftrufted the fide¬ 
lity of Annibal, and was conquered by the 
Romans, who granted him peace on the con¬ 
dition of his delivering their mortal enemy 
into their hands. Annibal, who was apprized 
of this, left the court of Antiochus, and fled 
to Prufias, king of Bithynia. He encouraged 
him to declare war ngainft Rome, and even 
a Tided him in weakening the power of Cume¬ 
nes, king of Pergamus, who \ra$ in alliance 
with the Romans. The fenate received intel¬ 
ligence that Annibal was in Bithyqia, and im¬ 
mediately fent ambafiadors, amongft whom 
was L. Q. Flaminius, to demand him of Pro- 
Gas. The'king was unwilling to bt-tray An¬ 
nibal and violate t:ie laws of hofpitality, but 
at the lame time he dreaded the power of 
Rome. Annibal extricated him from his em- 
barraiTInent,. and when he heard that his 
houfe was befieged on every fide, and all means 
of efcape fruitlels, he took a dofe of poifon, 
which he always carried with him in a ring on 
his finger, and as he breathed his laft, he ex¬ 
claimed, Solvamuj diulurna cur a populum Ro- 
manuftiy fjtiando mortem fenis expcblare longum 
cenfet . He died in his 70th year, according to 
fome, about 182 years B. C. ’1 hat year was 
famous for the death of the three greateft ge¬ 
nerals, of the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Phi- 
lopoemen. The death of (p formidable a rival 
was the caufe of great rejoicings in Rome ; he 
had always been a profeffed enemy to the Ro¬ 
man name, and ever endeavoured .to deftroy 
Its power. If he (hone in the field, he alfo 
diftinguilhed himfelf by his (Indies. He was 
taught Greek by Sofilus a Lacedaemonian, 
and he even wrote fome books in that language 
on different Tubje£ts. It is remarkable, that 
the life of Annibal, whom the Romans vvifhed 
fo many times to deilroy by perfidy, was never 
attempted by any of his folaiers or country¬ 
men. He made himfelf as conipicuous in the 
government of the (late, as at the head of ar¬ 
mies, and though his enemies reproached him 
with the rudenefs of laughing in the Cartha¬ 
ginian fenate, while every i'enator was bathed 
in tears for the misfortunes of the country, 
Annibal defended himfelf by faying, that he, 
who had been bred all his life in a camp, 
ought to be difpenfed with all the raore polithed 
feelings of a capital. He was fo apprehen- 
five for his lafety, that when he was in Bi¬ 
thynia, his houfe was fortified like a cable, 
and on everv fide there were fecret doors 
which could give immediate efcape if his life 
was ever attempted. When he quitted Italy, 
and embarked on board a vefTel for Africa, he 
fo ftrongly fufpe&ed the fidelity of his pilot, 
who told him that the lofty mountain whiih 
appeared at a didance was a promontory of Si- 
cilyithathe killed him on thelpot; and when 
he was convinced of his fatal error, he gave a 
magnificent burial to the man whom he had fo 
fall'ely murdered, and called the promontory 
by his name. 1 he labors which he (uftamed 


and the inclemency of the weather to which 
he expofed himfelf. in eroding the Alps, (o 
weakened one of his eyes, that he ever after 
loll the ufie of it. The Romans have cele¬ 
brated the humanity of Annibal, who, after. 
the-battle of Cannae fought the body of the 
fallen conlul amidft the heaps of (lain, and ho¬ 
nored it with a funeral becoming the dignity 
of Rome. He performed the lame friendly 
, offices 30 the remains of Marcellus and I ib. 

! Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He often 
• blamed t;he unfettled meafures of his country; 
and when the enemy had thrown into his 
camp the head of his brother Afdrubal, who 
> had been conquered as he came from Spain 
‘ with a reinforcement into Italy, Annibal faid 
that the Carthaginian arms would no longer 
meet with their ufual ibccels. Juvenal, m 
fpeaking of Annibal, obferves, that the ring 
which cauled his death made a due atonement 
to the Romans for the many thoufand rings 
which had been fent to Carthage from the 
battle of Cannae. Annibal, when in Spain, 
married a woman of Caftulo. The Romans 
entertained fuch a high opinion of him as a 
commander, that Scipio who conquered him, 
calls him the greateft general that ever lived, 
and gives the lecond rank to Pvrrhus the 
Epirot, and places himfelf the next to thele in 
merit and abilities. It is plain that the failure 
of AnnibaFs expedition m Italy, did not arife 
from his neglecT, but from that of his country¬ 
men, who gave him no abidance; far from 
imitating their enemies of Rome, who even 
railed in one year 18 legions to oppofe the 
formidable Carthaginian. Livy has painted 
' the character of Annihal like an enemy, and it is 
mych to be lamented .that this celebrated hifto- 
rian has withheld the tribute due to the merits 
and virtues of the greateft of generals. G. N*p. 
in vita. —LiVf 21, 32 , See. — Pint. in Fiamin. 
Sec. — Ji.flin. 32, c. 4.'—S/ 7 . Ital. 1, fee .— 
Appiajt*—Floras % Sc 3 .— Polyb. — Dicd .~— 
yuv. 10, V, 159* Xal. Max .— Horat. 4 , 

Od. 4, F.pod. 16.-The fon of the great 

Annibal, was lent by Himilco to Lilybaeum,' 
which was befieged by the Romans, to keep 

the Sicilians in their duty. Polyb. 1_a. 

Carthagieinian reneial, fon of Afdrubal, com¬ 
monly called of Rlwdes, above 160 years be¬ 
fore the birth of the great Annibal. JuJfin. 

19, c. 2.— Xertobh. Hi ft. G<sc. -A fon of 

Gifcon, and grandfon of Amilcar, lent by the 
Carthaginians to the affiftance of ASgifta, a 
town of Sicily. lie was overpowered by Her- 
mocrates, an exiled Syratufan. yvftin y & 

23.--A Carthaginian, furnamed Senior. He 

was conquered by the conCi.il, C. Sulpit. Pater¬ 
culus, in Sardinia, and hung on a crofs by his 
countrymen for his ill fuccefs. 

A n xicerj s, an excellent charioteer of Cy- 
rene, who exhibited his (kill in driving a cha- 
ridt before PLito and the academy. When 
the philosopher was wantonly fold by Diony- 
fius, Annieeris ranforaed his friend, and 1 .^ 

fliewee 









AN 


* AN 


ftiewed further his- refpeft for learning, hy 
eftablilhing a i'eift at Cyrene, called after his 
name, which fupported that all good confifted 
in plealure. Cic. <h Off. 3.—— Diog. in Flat. Sc 
Arif. — JElian.V. H. 2, C. 27. 

Annius Scapula, a Roman of great dig¬ 
nity, put to death for confpiring againft Cal- 
fius. Hirt. Alex. 55. 

Annton or Hanno, a Carthaginian ge¬ 
neral conquered in Spain by Scipio, and lent 
to Rome. He was fon of Bomilcar, whom 
Annibal fent privately over the Rhone to 

conquer the Gauls. Liv. 21, c. 27.-A 

Carthaginian who taught birds to fing “ Annon 
is a god,” after which he reftored them to 
their native liberty ; but the birds loft with 
their flavery what they had been taught 

TElian . V. H. ult. tib. c. 30.-A Cartha - 

ginian who wrote, in the Punic language, the 
account of a voyage he had made round A- 
frica. This book was tranflated into Greek, 

and is ftill extant. Vofliusde Hf. Gr. 4. - 

Another banilhed from Carthage for taming a 
lion for his own amufement, which was inter¬ 
preted as if he wilhed to afpire to fovereign 
power. Plin. 8, c. 16—This name has been 
common to many Carthaginians who have fig- 
nalized themlelves among their countrymen 
during the Punic wars againft Rome, and in 
their wars againft the Sicilians. Liv. 26, 27, 
&c. 

Anopia, a mountain and road near the 
liver Afopus. Herodot. 7, c. 216. 

Anser, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, Trijl. 
3, el. 1, v. 425, calls bold and impertinent. 
Virgil and Propertius are laid to have played 
upon his name with feme degree of feverity. 

Ansibarij, a people of Germany. Tacit. 
Ann. 13, c.55. 

An i aea, the wife of Proteus, called alfo 

Stenobrea. Home'. II. -A goddels wor- 

fhipped by the inhabitants of Antium. 

Antaeas, a king of Scythia, who faid that 
the neighing of a horle was far preferable to 
the mufic of llmenias, a famous mufician who 
had been taken captive. Pint. 

Antaeus, a giant of Libya, fon of Terra 
and Neptune. He was fo ftrong in wreftling, 
that he boafted that he would ere£t a temple 
to his father with the lkulls of his conquered 
antagonifts. Hercules attacked him, and as he 
received new ftrehgth from his mother as often 
as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him 
tip in the air, and fqueeaed him to death in 
his arms. Lucan. 4, v. 598.— Stat. 6. Tbeb. 
v. 893*— Jw. 3 > v- 88.——A fervant of At- 

ticus. Cic. ad Attic. 13, ep. 44.-A friend 

ofTurnus, killed by Aiueas. Virg. JEn. 10, 
v. 561. 

Antagoras, a man of Cos. Pauf. 3, 
C.5. -— A Rhodian poet, much admired by 
Antigonus, Id. 1, c. 2. One day as he was 
cooking fome flfti, the king alked him whether 
Homer ever drefled any meals when he was 
recording the adtions of Agamemnon ? And 
XI 


do you think, replied the poet, that he 0* Xx)i 
<t' tTirirgattfareii xxt rotrea /u-i/xnkt, ever in¬ 
quired whether any individual drefled fifh in 
his army ? Plut. Symp. & Apopb. 

Antalcioas of Sparta, fon of Leon, was 
fent into Perfia, where he made a peace with 
Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his coun¬ 
try, by which B. C< 387, the Greek cities of 
Alia became tributary to the Perfian mo¬ 
narch. Pauf. 9, c. I, Sec.—Diod. 14— Plut. in 
Artax. 

An pander, a general of MefTenia, againft 

the Spartans. Pauf. 4, c. 7.-A brother 

of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. Juflin. 22, 
c. 7 - 

Antandros, now St. Dimitri , a city of 
Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near which 
./Eneas built his fleet after the deftrudlion of 
Troy. It has been called Edon s, Cimmeris, 
Aflos, 3nd Apollonia. There is a hill in its 
neighbourhood called Alexandreia, where Pa¬ 
ris Cat, as fome luppofe, when the three rival 
goddefles appeared before him when contend¬ 
ing for the prize of beauty. Strab. 13.— Virg. 
Ain. 3,v. 6.— Mela , I, C- 18. 

Anterbrogius, an ambaflador to Csefar 
from the Rhemi, a nation of Gaul. Caf. 
Bell. Gall. 2, c. 3. 

Anteius Publius was appointed over 
Syria by Nero. He was accul'ed of fedition 
and confpiracy, and drank poifon, which ope¬ 
rating flowly, obliged him to open his veins. 
Tacit. An. 13, &c. 

Antemnje, a city of the Sabines between 
Rome and the Anio, whence the name (ante 
amnem). Virg. JEn. 7, v. 631.— Dionyf. Hal. 

Antenor, a Trojan prince related to 
Priam. It is laid that during the Trojan war, 
he always kept a fecret correfpondence with 
the Greeks, and chiefly with Menelaus and 
Ulyfles. In the council of Priam, Homer in¬ 
troduces him as advifing the Trojans to reltore 
Helen, and conclude the war. He advifed 
Ulyfles to carry away the Trojan palladium, 
and encouraged the Greeks to make the 
wooden horle, which at his perfuafi.on, was 
brought into the city of Troy by a breach made 
in the walls. ./Eneas has been accul'ed of be¬ 
ing a partner of his guilt; and the night that 
Troy was taken, they had a number of Greeks 
ftationed at the doors of their houles to protect 
them from harm. After the deftrudtion of 
his country, Antenor migrated to Italy near 
the Adriatic, where he built the town of Pa¬ 
dua. His children were alfo concerned in the 
I rojan war, and difplayed much valor againft 
the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, - 
Acamas, Agenor, and according to others, 
Polydamas & Helicaon. Liv. 1, c. 1.— Plin. 

3, C. 13 - Virg. JEn. I, v. 24a. — Tacit. 16, 

c. 21. Homer. II. 3, 7, 8, II.— -Ovid. Met. 
13 .—Di£lys Cret. 5 .—Darex Pbryg. 6.— 
Strab. 13.— Dionyf. Hal. I.— Pauf. 10, C. 27. 

A ftatuary. Pauf.--—A Cretan who 
wrote a hiftory of his country. JElian. 

Ants- 









AN 


AN 


AntenorTdes, a patronymic given to the 
three fons of Antenor all killed during the 
Trojan war. Firg. JEn. 6. v. 484. 

ANTER.OS, (ay n againji love,) a fon 

of Mars and Venus. He was nor, as the deri¬ 
vation of his name implies, a deity that pre¬ 
sided over an oppofition to. love, but he was 
the god of mutual love and of mutual tender- 
nefs. Venns had Complained to Themis, that 
her fou Cupid always continued a child, and 
was told, that if he had another brother, he 
would grow ur in a (hort (pace of time. As 
toon as Anteros was born, Cupid felthisftrength 
increafe, and his wings enlarge ; but if ever his 
brother was at a diltance from him, he found 
himfelf reduced to his ancient thape. From 
this circumttance it is feen, that return of paf- 
fion gives vigor to love. Anteros had a tem¬ 
ple at Athens raifed to his honor, when Meles 
had experienced the cold nets and dii'dain of 
Timagoras, whom he paifionately efteemed, and 
for whom he had killed himfelf. [Fid. Meles.] 
Cnpid and Anteros are often reprefented 
ftriviwg to feize a palm-tree from one another, 
to teach us that true love alu ay’s endeavours 
to overcome by kindnefs and gratitude. They 
were always painted in the Greek academies, 
to inform the icholars that it is their immediate 
duty to be grateful to their teachers, and to 
reward their trouble with love and reverence. 
Cic. de Nat. D . 3, c. 23.— Pauf. I, c. 30. 1 . 

6, c. 23.-A grammarian of Alexandria, in 

the age of the emperor Claudius.-A free¬ 

man of Atticus. Cic. ad Attic. 9, ep. 14. 

Anthha, a town of Achaia. Pauf. 7, c. 

t 8.-Of Mefienia. Id. 4, c. 31-Of 

Troezene. Id. 2. c. 30. 

Antheas, a fon of Eumelus, killed in 
attempting to fow torn from the chariot of 
Triptolemus drawn by dragons. Pauf. 7, c. 
18. 

Anthedon, a city of Bccotia, which re¬ 
ceives its name from the flowery plains that 
furronnd'it, or from Anthedon a certain nymph. 
Bacchus and Ceres had there temples. Pauf. 

7, c. 10. 1 . 9, c. 22 . —It was formerly inha¬ 
bited by Thracians. Homer. 11 . 2. — Ovid. 

Met. 13, v. 905.-A port cf Peloponnelus. 

PI in. 4, c. 5 —8 tat. 9, v. 291. 

Antuei.a, a town near the Afopus, near 
which Ceres and Amphidiyon had a temple. 
Herodot 7i C* 176. 

AnthEmis, an ifland in the Mediterra¬ 
nean, the fame as the Ionian Samos. Steal. 10. 

Anthemon, a Trojan. Homer. II. 4. 

Anhiemus, a city of Macedonia at Ther¬ 
mo.-A city of Syria. Steal. 

Anthemusia, the lame as Samos.-—A citv 
of Mefopotamia. Steal. 

Anthene, a town of Peloponnelus. Th 'cyd. 

c. 41. 

Anthermcj, a Chian fculptor, fon of 
Micciades, and grandfen to Malas. He and 
his brother Bupalus made a flarue of the poet 
Hipponax, whi<;h caufed umverfsl laughter, on 


account of the deformity of its countenance. 
The poet was fo incerifed upon this, and in¬ 
veighed with l'o much bitternefs agdinft the 
ftjtuaries, that they hung themfelves, accorci- 
ing to the opinion of fome authors. Plin. 
36, c. 5. 

Anthf-s, a native of Anthedon, who firft 

invented hymns. Plut. de Muf -A fon of 

Neptune. 

Anthesphoria, feftivalscelebrated in Si¬ 
cily in honor of Prcferpine, who was carried 
away by Pluto as fine was gathering flowers. 
Claudian de Rapt. Prof —Feftivals of th* 
fame name w r ere alfo obferved at Argos in ho¬ 
nor of Juno, who was called Antheia. Pauf. 
Corinth. — Pollux. Onom. I, c. I. 

Anthfsteria, feftivak in honor of Bac¬ 
chus among the Greeks. They were cele¬ 
brated in the month of February, called An - 
thefterion, whence the name is derived, and 
continued three> days. The firft was called 
lTtSoryuc, aoro tov v&ovs oiysn, becaufe 
they tapped their barrels of liquor. The (e- 
cond day Was called Xosf, from the meafure 
becaufe every individual drank of hi? 
own veflel, in commemoration of the arrival of 
Oreftes, who, after the murder of his mother, 
came without being purified, 10 Demophoou, 
or Pandion, king of Athens, and was obliged 
with all the Athenians, to drink by himlelf, foe 
fear of polluting the people by uriuking with, 
them before he was purified of the parricide- 
It was uftial on that day, to ride out in cha¬ 
riots, and ridicule thole that pnfled by. The 
heft drinker was rewarded with a crown of 
leaves, or rather of gold, and with a calk of 
wine '1 he third day was called from 

Xvrgx a vell’el brought out full of all forts of 
feed and Herbs,/deemed lacred to Mercury, 
and therefore not touched. The flaves had the 
permiflion of being merry and free during 
thefe feftivals; and at the end of the folem- 
nity a herald proclaimed, Ouga^s, Kxk?, 
ouk st Av 3 ’$rrripicc, i. e. Depart, ye Carian 
flaves, the feftivals are at an end. JElian. 
F. H. 2, c. 41. 

Antheus, a fon of Anteitor, much ef¬ 
teemed by Paris.-One of the companions 

of ./Eneas. Firg. JEn. i,v. 514, 

AntiiTa, a lifter of Priam, feized by the 
Greeks She compelled the people of Pa lien e 
to burn their fhips, and build Scione. Poly<en. 

7, C. 47. - A town. Fid. Anihea. - —A 

daughter of Thelpivs, mi Are Is to Hercules. 
Apollod. 2, c. 7. 

Antiiias, Fid. Antbefls. 

Ant hip pe, a dm.ghter of Theftiu*. 

Anthivm, a town of Thrace, afterwirds 

called Apollunia. Plin. 4. c. 1 1.-A city 

of Italy. 

Anthius, (JJou'ery,) ?. name ofBvrchus 
worfhipped at Athens. He had alfo a uatue 
at Patrae. 

Antho, a daughter of Amilius king of 
Alba. 

AntuoRes, 










AN 


AN 


A if Tiro res, a companion of Hercules, who 
followed Evander, and fettled in Italy. He 
was killed in the war ofTurnus againft ./Eneas. 
Virg. JEn. io, v. 7 7 S'. 

Anthracia, a nymph. Panf. 8, c. 31. 

Anthropinus, Tilarchus a'nd Diodes, 
three perfons who laid fnares for Agathocles 
tyrant of Sicilv. Polyan. 5, c. 3. 

Anthropophagi, a people of Scythia that 
fed en human flefh. They lived near the 
country of the MeiTagetae. Plin. 4, c. 12. 
1 . 6 , c. 30.— Mela, 2 , c. I. 

Anthuia, a city of Egypt on the Ca¬ 
nopic mouth of the Nile. It maintained the 
queens of the country in ihges, or accord¬ 
ing to At'hcnaus I, in girdles. Herodot. 2 , c. 
98. - • 

Antia.lex was made for the fupprefiion 
of luxury at Rome. Its particulars are not 
known. The enador wasAntius Reftio, 
who afterwards never flipped abroad for fear 
of being himlelf a witnefs of the profufion 
and extravagance which his law meant to 
deflroy, but without effect. Mac tab. 3, c. 
1 "* • 

A nttanir a, the mother of Echion. 

Anti as, the goddels of forture, chiefly 

wor'.hipped at Antium.-»-A poet. Fid. 

Furius. 

Anticlea, a daughter of Autplycus and 
Amphithea. Her father, wh- was a famous 
robber, permitted Sifyphus, fon cf ./Solus, to 
enjoy the favors of his daughter, and Anti- 
elea was really pregnant of UlyfTes when fhe 
married Laertes king of Ithaca. I.aertes was 
ncverthelfcls the reputed father of UlyfTes. 
UlyfTes is reproached by A jax in Ovid. Met. 
as being the fon of Sifyphus. It is faid that 

it idea killed herfelf when ihe beard a falfe 
report ofher ion’s death. Hvr.'sr. Of 11,19.— 
Hygin. fab. 201, 243.— Pauf. 10, (. 2(). — 
•— \ woman vvho had Penphetes h^Vulcan, 

A poll-oil. 3.- \ daughter of Diodes, who 

married Machaon the fon of iEfculapiys, by 
whom fhe had Nicomachus and Gorgafus. 
Pauf. 4, c. 30. 

>\nt*clks, an Athenian archon.--’A 

man who confpired againft Alexander with 

Hermolatis. Curt. 8, c. 6.-An Athenian 

vidtor at Olympia. 

AmticlIoes, a Greek liiftorian, whofe 
works are now loft. \ hey are often quoted 
by Athenaus Iff Plat, in A ’ -. 

AntxcrXgus,' a mountain of Lycia, oppo- 
fite mount Cragus. Strab. 4. 

Anticrates a v partan, who dabbed Epa- 
mmondas, the Theban general, at the battle of 
Mantinea. Pint, in Agef. 

An ricye.i, two towns of Greece, the one 
in Phoris, and the. other near mount.Qeta, 
both famous for the ellehore which.they .pro¬ 
duced. This plant was of infinite fervice to 
cure difeafes, and particularly infinity ; hence 
the proverb IPaviget Anti cyr.im. The Anti- 
dyra of Phoc-is was anciently called Cyparifla. 


It had a temple of Neptune, who was repre- 
fented holding a trident in one hand and reft- 
ingthe other on his fide, with one of his feet 
on a dolphin. Some writers, efpecially Ho¬ 
race (Art. P. 300;, fpeak of three iflands of 
this nanr . but this teems to be a miftake. 
Pauf. 10, C. 36 .—HoraU 2, Sat. 3, V. 166. 
De Art. Pdet. v. 300.— Perfius , 4, V. l6.-~ 
Strab. 9 .’— Mela. 2 , C. 3 . — Ovid. Pont. 4, ep. 

3. v. 53.-A miftrefs of Demetrius. Plut.in 

Demetr. 

Antidomus, a warlike foldier of king 
Philip at the fiegeof Perinthus. 

Antidotus, an excellent painter, pupil 
of Euphrnnor. Plin. 35, c. II. 

ANTiGENES, one of Alexander’s generals, 
publicly rewarded for Ids valor. Curt. 5. c. 
14. 

Antigenipas, a famous mufician of 
Thebes, difciple to Philoxenus. He taught 
his pupil Ifmenias to defpife the judgment of 
the populace. Cic.in Brut. 97. 

Anticona, daughter of Berenice, was 
wife to king Pyrrhus. Plut. in Pyrrb. 

Antigone, a daughter of CEdipus, king of 
I hebes, by his mother Jocafta, .she buried 
by night her brother Polynices, againft the 
pofitive orders of Creoh, who, when he heard 
of it, ordered her to be buried alive. She 
however killed herfelf before the fentence was 
executed ; and Haemon, the king’s ion, who 
was paftionately fond of her, and had not beeu 
able to obtain her pardon, killed hiiinfelf on 
her grave. The death of Antigone is thefub.* 
je£t of one of the tragedies of Sophocles. The 
Athenians were fo pleated with it at the firft 
representation, that they prefented the author 
with the government of Samos. Thus tragedy 
was represented 3a times at Athens without 
interruption. Sophocl. in Antig. — Hygin. fab. 
67, 12, 243/254 .—Apoilod. 3, c. 5.— Ovid. 
Trijl. 3, el. 3 .—Philoftrat. 2 , C. 29.— Si at. 

Tbeb. 12, v. 350.- \ daughter of Euryt'109 

king, of Phthia in Thefialy. Apoilod. -A 

daughter of Laomedon. She was the filler of 
Priam, and was changed into a ftork for com¬ 
paring herfelf to Juno. Ovid. Met. 6, v, 93. 

Antigonia, an inland town of Epirus. 

Plin. 4, c. 1.-One of Macedonia, founded 

by Antigonus, fon of Gonatas. Id. 4, c. 10, 

-One in Syria, on the borders of the, 

Orontes. Strab. 16.-Another in Bithynia, 

called alfo Niccea. Id. 12. -Another in Ar¬ 

cadia, anciently called Mantinea. Pauf. 8. c, 
8.-OneofTroasin Alia Minor. Strab. 13. 

Antigonus, one of Alexander’s generals, 
umverfally luppofed to he the illegitimate fop 
of Philip, Alexander’s father. In the divifion of 
the provinces after the king’s death, he receiv-, 
ed Pumphyha,. Lycia, and Phrygia. He united 
with Antipater and Ptolemy, to deftroy Perdic- 
c.is and Eumenes; and after the death of Per- 
diccas, he made continual war againft Eumenes 
whom, after three years of various fortune, he. 
took prifoner, and ordered to be ftarved. He 

•afterwards 










AN 


AN 


afterwards declared war againft CnfTander, 
whom he conquered, and had feveral engage¬ 
ments by his generals with Lyfimathus. He 
obliged Seleucus to retire from Syria, and fiv 
. tor refuge and- iafety to Egvpt. Ptolemy, 
who haif eftahlilhed himfelf in Egvptf promii'ed 
to defend Seleucus. and from that tim* all 
fri-ndhip ceafed between Ptolemv and Ami 
gon s, and a new war was begun, in which 
Demetrius, the fon of Antigonus, conquered 
the fleet of Ptolemv near the ifland of yprus 
and took i6,coo men prifoners and funk 20> 
Ihips. Afre- this famous naval battle, which 
happened *6 years after Alexander’s death 
Antigonus and his fon affinmed the trie r 
kings, and their example was followed by all 
the reft of Alexander's generals. 1 he power ol 
Antigonus was now become fo formidable, that 
Ptolemy. Seleucus, CafTander, and Lyfitnnchus 
combined together to rieftroy him ; vet Ann- 
fotns defpifed them, laying that he would 
difpeife them as birds. He attempted to enter 
Egynt in vain, though he gained feveral victo¬ 
ries over his opponents, and he at Inti received 
fo many wounds in a battle that he could nor 
furt ive them and died in the 89th year of his 
age, 301 13 . C. During his fife. he.was mailer 
of all Afia Minor, as far as Syria; but after 
his death, his fon Demetrius loft Alia, and ef 
tablifVed himfelf in Macedonia after the death 
of Caflander, and fome time after attempted to 
recover his former poflblfions, but died in ca] » 
tivitv, in the court of his l'on-in law. Seleucus. 
Antigonus was concerned in the different in¬ 
trigues of the Greeks. He made a treaty of 
alliance with the ./Etolians, and was highly re- 
fpedfed bv the Athenians, to whom he fhewed 
himfelf very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus 
dilcharged fome of his officers hecaufe they 
fpent their time in taverns, and he gave their 
commiflions to common foldiers, whd perform¬ 
ed their duty with puncf unlit". A certain poet 
called him divine ; but the king defpifed his 
flattery, and bade him go and inquire of his 
fervahts whether he was really what he fup- 
poled him. Strab. 13.*— Diod. 17, Iffc. — Panf. 
I, C. 6, life. — Juftin. 13, 14, 15-— C. Nep 

in Eurnm.-—Plut. in Demetr. Eumen 15 * Arat. 
— - — Gonatas, fon of Demetrius, and grandfon 
to Antigonus,* was king of Macedonia. He 
reftored the Armenians to liberty, conquered 
the Gauls, and at lad was expelled by Pyrrhus, 
who feized his kingdom. After the death of 
•Pyrrhus, he recovered Macedonia, and died 
after .rreign of 34 years, leaving his fon De¬ 
metrius to fuccecd, B. C. 243. *Jufin. 21 & 
3 ,$.~—Pol\b.—Ph,t.?f7 Demetr. -The guar¬ 

dian of his nephew, Philip, the fon of Deme¬ 
trius, who married the widow of Demetrius, 
and ulurped the kingdom. He was called Vc- 
fo/i, from his promifing much, and giving no¬ 
thing. He conquered Cleomenes king of 
Sparta, and obliged him to retire into Egypt, 
becaufe he favored the JEtolians again)! the 
Greeks. He dic-tf B. C. 231, after a reign of 


l 


II years, leaving his crown to the lawful 
poffefTor. Philip, who diftingui'hed himfelf by 
his cruelties, and the war he made ag.iinft' 
the Romans. JuJHn. 28 & 2) — P-dyb. 2 — 
Pint in jCitnm. - —A fon of Ariftohulus k ng 
of. Judaea, who obtained an army from the king 
of Parthia, by promifing him io~o talents and 
i iOO women. With thefe foreign troops he 
attacked his country, and cut the ears of Hyr- 
emus to make him unfit for the pri eft hood, 
er d, with the aid of the Romans, took him 
rii'oner, and he was put to death by ntony. 

'Jofeph. r4.— l)i n. Iff Plut. in Anton. -■ 

Caryftius. an hiftorian in the age of Philadel- 
-bus, who.wrote the lives.of lome of the an- 
,.i--nt philotophers. Diog. —- AtLen .—*—A wri¬ 
ter on agriculture.——A ltatuary, who wrote 
on his profeffion. 

antilco, a tyrant of Chaleis After his 
death, oligarchy prevailed in that city. Arif « 
5, Pol’it. 

A ntiubanus, a mountain of Syria oppO- 
fi e mount Libanus; near which the Orontes 
flows. Strab. — Plin. 5, c. 20. 

Antilochus, a king of MefTenia.—The 
eldeft ion of Nellor by Eurydice. He went 
to the Trojan war with his father, and was 
killed by Memnon.the fon of Aurora. Homer. 
Od. 4.— Ovid, Heroid. lays he was killed by 

Hedfor.-A poet who wrote a panegyric 

upon Lyfinder, and received a hat filled with 
filver. Plut. in L\f. - -..n hiftorian com¬ 

mended by Dionyf. Hal. 

Antimachus, a lafeivious perfon.-An 

hiftorian.-A Greek poet and mufician of 

Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a trea¬ 
tise on the age and genealogy of Homer, and 
proved him to be a native of Colophon. He 
repeated one of his comDofiticns before a large 
audience, but his diition was fo obfeure and 
unintelligible that all retired except Plato ; 
upon which he laid, Legam nibilomir.us , Plato 
tnim mihi ejl utius injlar omnium. He was 
reckoned the next to Homer in excellence, 
and the emperor Adrian was fo fond of his 
poetry that he preferred him to Homer. He 
wrote a poem upon the Theban war ; and be¬ 
fore he had brought his heroes to the city of 
Thebes, he had filled 24 volumes. He was 
furname-d Cla<ius from Claros.a mountain near 
Colophon, where he was born. Pauf 9,0.35. 
— Plut . in Lyfand. iff TimoL—Prop ft. 2, el. 

34, v. 45 — Q, in til. 10, c. i.-another poet 

of the lame name, fur named Pfecas, becaufe he 
praii'ed himfelf. Suidas.—— * Trojan whom 
Paris bribed to oppofe the reftoring of Helen 
to Menelaus and Ulyffes, who had come as 
ambafladors to recover he'. His Tons Hip- 
polochus and Pifander, were killed by Aga¬ 
memnon. Homer. II. II.v. 123. I 23, v 188. 

-- fon ol'Hercules by a daughter of Thef- 

tius. Apollod . 2 & 3.-t native of Heli¬ 

opolis, who wrote a poem on the creation of the 
world, in 3780 verfes. 

ANTiM«.v£s,afonofDeiphon, Panf 2 ,c. 23 . 

F Atm noc. 







AM 


• AN 


Antinoe, one of the daughters of Peiias, 
whofe withes to reftore her father to youthful 
vigor proved fo fatal. Apollod. i. — Pauf. 8,c. 11. 

Antinoeia, annual iacrifices and quin¬ 
quennial games in honor of A ntinous, infti- 
tuted by the emperor Adrian at Mantinea, 
where Antinous was worftiipped as a divinity. 

Antinopolis, a "town of Egypt, built in 
honor of Antinous. 

Antinous, a youth ®f Bithynia, of whom 
the emperor Adrian was fo extremely fond, 
that at his death he erefted a temple to him, 
and wifhed it to be believed that he had been 
changed into a conftellation. Some writers 
ilippofe that Antinous was drowned in the Nile, 
while 6thers maintain that he offered himfelf 
at a facrifice as a vi&im, in honor of the em¬ 
peror.-A native of Ithaca, fon ofEupei- 

thes -and one of Penelope’s fuitors. He was 
brutal and cruel in his manners; and excited 
his companions to deftroy Telemachus, whofe 
advice comforted his mother Penelope. When 
Ulyffes returned home, he came to the palace 
in a beggar’s drefs, and begged for bre.d, which 
Antinousrefiifed,and even ftruck him. After 
tJlyffes had difcovered himfelf to Telemachus 
and Eumseus, he attacked the fuitors, who were 
ignorant who he was, and killed Antinous 
among the, firft. Homer. Qd. I, 16, 17 & 22. 
—Propert . 2, el. 5. v. 7. 

Antiochia, the name ofa Syrian province. 

Mela , I, c. 14.-A city of Syria, once the 

third city of the world for beauty, greatnefs, 
and population. It was built by Antiochus and 
Seleucus Nicanor, partly on a hill, and partly 
in a plain. It has the river Orontes in its 
neighbourhood, with a celebrated grove called 
Daphne; whence, for the fake ofdiftin&ion, 
it has been called Antiochia near Daphne. 

Dionyf. Piereg .■ -A city called alfo Nifibis, 

in Mefopotamia, built by Seleucus,'fon of An¬ 
tiochus-The capital of Pifidia 92 miles at 

the eaft ofEphefus.-A city on mount Cra- 

gus-Another near the river Tigris, 25 

leagues from Seleucia on tjhe weft.—Another 
in Margiana, called Alexandria and Seleucia. 
-Another near mount Taurus, on the con¬ 
fines of Syria.-Another of Caria, on the 

river Meander. 

Antiochis, the name of the mother of 

Antiochus, the fon of Seleucus.-A tribe of 

Athens. 

Antiochus, furnamed Soter t \vas fon of Se- 
Icucus, and king of Syria and Alia. He made 
a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
king of Egypt. He fell into a lingering dif- 
£afe, which none of his father’s phyficians 
could cure for fome time, till it was dilcovered 
that his pulfe was more irregular than ufual, 
when Stratonice his ftep-mother entered his 
room, and that love for her was the caufe of 
his illnefs. This was told to the father, who 
willingly gave Stratonice to his fon, that his 
immoderate love might not caufe his death. 
He died 291 B. C. after a reign of 19 years. 


JuJUn. 17, C. 2, &C.— Val. Max. $. — Polyl, 
4.— Appian. —The fecond of that name, fur- 
named Tbeos (God) by the Milefians, becaufe 
he put to death their tyrant Timarchus, was: 
fon and lucceffor to Antiochus Soter. He put 
an end to the war which had been begun with 
Ptolemy; and, to ftrengthen the peace, he 
married Berenice, thedaughterof the Egyptian 
king. This fo offended his former wife Lad- 
dice, by whom he had two fons, that (he poi- 
fonedhim,and luborned Artemon, whofe fea¬ 
tures were fimilar to his,* to reprefent him as 
king. Artemon, fubfervient to her will, pre¬ 
tended to be indifpofed, and, as king, called all 
the minifters, and recommended to them Se¬ 
leucus, furnamed Callinicut, fon of Laodice, as 
his fucceflor. After this ridiculmis impofture, 
it was made public that the king had died a 
natural death, and Laodice placed her fon on 
the throne, and dilpatched Berenice, and her 
fon, 246 years before the Chriftian sera. 
Appian ■ — The third of that name,furnamed 
the Great , brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was 
king of Syria and Afia, and reigned 36 years. 
He was defeated by Ptolemy Philopater at 
Raphia, after which he made war againft Per- 
fia, and took Sardes. After the death of Phi¬ 
lopater, he endeavoured to crufh his infant fon 
Epiphanes; but his guardians folicitedthe aid 
of the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled 
to refign his pretenfions. He conquered the 
greateft ,part of Greece, of which fome cities 
implored the aid of Rome ; and Annibal, who 
had taken refuge at his court, encouraged him 
to make war againft Italy. He was glad to 
find himfelf fuppovted by the abilities offuch a 
general; but his meafures were dilatory, and 
not agreeable to the advice of Annibal, and he 
was conquered and obliged to retire beyond 
mount Taurus, and pay a yearly fine of 200a 
talents to the Romans. His revenues being 
unable to pay the fine, he attempted to plun¬ 
der the temple of Belus in Sufiana, which fa 
incenfed the inhabitants that they killed him 
with his followers, 187 years heforethe Chrif¬ 
tian era. In his character of king Antiochus 
was humane and liberal, the patron of learn¬ 
ing, and the friend of merit; and he publiftied 
an edidl, ordering his fubjeds never to obey 
except his commands were confident with the 
laws of the country. He had three fons, Se¬ 
leucus Philopater, Antiochus Ephiphanes, and 
Demetrius. The firft fucceeded him, and the 
two others were kept as hoftages by the Ro¬ 
mans. Jtrfiin. 31 & 32 .—Strab. ib.—Liv. 
34> C. 59 •—Flor . 2, C. I.—. Appian. Bell. Syr. 

-The fourth Antiochus, furnamed £pi - 

phar.es , or Illujlrious was king of Syria, after 
the death of his brother Seleucus, and reiemed 
eleven years. He deftroyed Jerufalem ,~and 
was fo cruel to the Jews, that they called him 
Epimanes, or Furious, and not Epiphanes. He 
attempted to plunder Perfepolis without effed^ 
He was of a voracious appetite, and fond of 
childilh diver lions; he ufed for his pleafure to 

empty 



AN 


AN 


«fnpty bags of money in the Greets, to fee the 
people’s engernefs to gather it ; he bathed'in 
the public baths with the populace, and was 
fond of perfuming himfelf to excefs. He in¬ 
vited all the Greeks he could at Antioch, and 
Waited upon them as a l'ervant, and danced 
with fuch indecency among the ftage players, 
that even the molt diflipate and lhamelefs 
blufhed at the light. Polybiut. — Jufin, 34. 
c. 3. -The fifth, furnamed Eupator, Succeed¬ 

ed his father Epiphanes on the throne of Syria, 
164 B. C. He made a peace with the Jews, 
and in the fecond year of his reign was aflaflt- 
nated by his uncle Demetrius, who faid that 
the crown was lawfully his own, and that it 
had been feized from his father. Jtfift. 34. 

•— Jofepb. I a.-The fixth, king of Syria was 

furnamed Entleus or Noble. His father Alex¬ 
ander Bab, entrufted him to the care of Mal- 
cus, an* Arabian ; and he received the crown 
from Tryphon, in oppolition to his brother 
Demetrius, whom the people hated. Before 
he had been a year on the throne, Tryphon 
murdered him, 143 B. C. and reigned in his 

place for three years. Jofepb. 13.-The 

feventh, called Sidetes , reigned nine years. In 
the beginning of his reign, he was afraid of 
Tryphon, and concealed himfelf, but he foon 
obtained the means of deltroying his enemy. 
He made war againft Phraates king of Par- 
thia, and he fell in the battle whicli was loon 
after fought about ijo years before the Chrif- 
tian era. Jufin.$o, c. 1.— Appian. Bell. Syr. 
——The eighth, furnamed Grypus , from his 
aquiline nofe, was fon of Demetrius Nicanor by 
Cleopatra. His brother Seleucus was deftroy- 
ed by Cleopatra, and he himfelf would have 
lhared the fame fate, had he not difcovered his 
mother’s artifice, and compelled her to drink 
the poifon which was prepared for himfelf. He 
killed Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had 
fetto oppofe him on the throne of Syria, and 
was at iaft aflafiinated B. C. 112, after a reign 
of eleven years. JuJiin. 39, &c.— Jofepb. — 

Appian. -The ninth, furnafned Cyzenicus , 

from the city of Cyzicus, where he received 
his education, was fon of Antiochus Sidetes, by 
Cleopatra. He difputed the kingdom with his 
brother Grypus, who ceded to him Ccelofyria, 
part of his patrimony. He was at laft conquer¬ 
ed by his nephew Seleucus near Antioch, and 
rather than to continue longer in his hands, 
he killed himfelf, B. C. 93. While a private 
man, he teemed worthy to reign ; but when on 
the throne, he was diflblute and tyrannical. 
He was fond of mechanics, and invented lome 
ufeful military engines. Appian. — Jofepb. — 
The tenth, was ironically furnamed Pius , be- 
caufe he married Selena, the wife of his father 
and of his uncle. He was the fon of Antio- 
ehus ninth, and he expelled Seleucus the Ion of 
Grypus from Svria, and was killed in a battle 
he fought a gain it the Parthians, in the caufe of 

the Galatians. Jofepb. — Appian. -After 

his death, the kingdom of Syria was torn to 


pieces by the factions of the royal family 0? 
ufurpers, who, under a good or falfe title, un¬ 
der the name of Antiochus or his relations, 
eftablifhed themfelves for a little time as fove- 
reigns either of Syria, or Damafcus, or other 
dependent provinces. At laft Antiochus, fur¬ 
named Afaticus , the fon of Antiochus the 
ninth, was reftored to his paternal throne by 
the influenoe of Lucullus the Roman general, 
on the expulfion of Tigran es king of Armenia 
from the Syrian dominions; but four years 
after, Pompey depofed him, andoblerved, that 
he who had hid himfelf while an ufurper fat 
upon his throne, ought not to be a king From 
that time, B. C. 6j, Syria became a Roman 
province, and the race of Antiochus was extin- 

guilhed. Jufin. 40.-A philofopher of Af- 

calon, famous for his writings, and the refpeX 
with which he was treated by his pupils, Lu¬ 
cullus, Cicero, and Brutus. Pint, in Lucid!. -■ 

An hiftorian of Syracufe, fon of Xenophanes', 
who wrote, befides other works, an hiftory of 
Sicily, in nine books, in which.he began at the 

age of king Cocalus. Strab. — Died. 12.-A 

rich king, tributary to the Romans in the age of 

Velpafian. Tacit. Hif. 2, c. 8l.--A fophilt 

who refufed to take upon himfelf the govern¬ 
ment of a Gate, on account of the vehemence 
of his paGions.-A king conquered by An¬ 
tony, &c. Caf. 3, Bell. Civ. 4.-A king 

of Meftenia. Pauf 4.-A commander of 

the Athenian fleet, under Albiciades, conquer¬ 
ed by Ly lander. Xenoph. Hif. Grac. -A 

writer of Alexandria, who publiflied a treatile 

on comic poets. Atbcn. -A feeptic of Lao- 

dicea. Diog. in Pyrrb. -A learned fophift. 

Philofra.— —A lervant of Atticus. Cic. ad. 
Attic . 3, ep. 33.-Ahair-drefter mention¬ 
ed by Martial, 11, ep. 85.-A fon of Her¬ 
cules by Medea. Apollod. 2. c. 7.-A Gage 

player. Juv.j, , v. 98.-A fculptor, faid to 

have made the famous Gatue of Pallas, pre- 
ferved in the Ludavifi gardens at Rome. 

Antiope, daughter of Nydleus, king of 
Thebes, by Poiyxo, was beloved by J upiter, 
who, to deceive her, changed himfelf into a 
fatyr. She became pregnant, and, to avoid the 
refentment of her father, Ihe Bed to mount 
Cithasron, where Ihe brought forth twins, Am- 
phion and Zethus. She expoled them, to pre¬ 
vent difeovery, but they were preferved. After 
this Ihe fled to Epopeus, king of Sicyon, who 
married her. Som« fay that Epopeus carried 
her away, for which aXion NyXeus made war 
againlt him, and at his death left his crown to 
his brother Lycus, entreating him to continue 
the war anu punifti the raviftier of his daugh¬ 
ter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, killed 
Epopeus, and recovered Antiope, whom he 
loved, and married, though his niece. His 
firft wife, Dirce, was jealous of his new con¬ 
nexion ; flie prevailed upon her huGjand, and 
Antiope was delivered into her hands,and con¬ 
fined in a prifon, where Die was daily torment¬ 
ed. Antiope, after many years’ imprisonment, 
F 2 ' obtained 








AN 


AN 


obtained means to cfcape, and went after her 
ions, who undertook to avenge her wrongs up¬ 
on Lycus and his wife Dirce. They took 
Thebes, put the king to death, and tied Dirce 
to the tail of a wild bull, wh® dragged her till 
ilie died. Bacchus changed her into a foun¬ 
tain, and deprived Antiope of the ufe of her 
fenfes. In rids forlorn (ituation Die wandered 
all over Greece, and at laft found relief from 
Phocus, fon of Ornytion, who cured her of her 
diforder, and married her. Hyginus, fab. 7, 
lays that Antiope was divorced by Lycus, be- 
caufe (he had been ravifhed by Epopeus, whom 
he calls Epaphus, and that after her repudia¬ 
tion fhe became pregnant by Jupiter. Mean¬ 
while Lycus married Dirce, who ful'pected that 
her hufbnnd Hill kept the company of Antiope, 
upon which he imprifoned her. Antiope how¬ 
ever efcaped from her confinement,and brought 
forth on mount Cithaeron. Some authors have 
^called her daughter ,of Al'opus, becaufe fhe was 
born on the banks of that river. The fcholujl 
on Apollon. 1, v. 735, maintains that there 
were two perfons of the name, one the daugh¬ 
ter of Nyileus, and the other of Al'opus, and 
mother of Amphion and Zethus. Pauf. 
2, c. 6.1. 9, c. 17.— Ovid. 6. Met. v. no.— 
Apollod. 3, c. 5. — Propert. 3, el. I 5 .— Horn. 

Od. 11, v. 259.— Hygin. fab. 7 , 8 & 155.- 

A daughter of Thefpius or Theftius, mother 

of Alopius by Hercules. Afollod. a, c. 7.- 

A daughter of Mars, queen of the Amazons, 
taken priloner by Hercules, and given in mar¬ 
riage to Thefeus. She is alfo called Hippo- 

lyte. Vid. Hippolyte.-A daughter ofAEo- 

lus, mother of Baeotus and Hellen,.by Nep 

tune. Hygin. fab. 157..-A daughter of 

Pilon, who married Eurytus. Id. fab. 14. 

Antiorus, a £on of Lycurgus. Pint, in 
' Lyctlrg. 

ANTipXROs,.a fmall ifland in the iEgean 
Tea, oppofite Paros, from which it is about fix 
miles diftant. 

Antipater, foil of Iclaus, was foldier un- 
, der king Philip, and railed to the rank of a 
general under Alexander the Great When 
Alexander went to invade Afia, he left AntU 
pater fupreme governor of Macedonia, and of 
all Greece.- Antipater exerted himfelf in the 
caufe of his king ; he made war againft Sparta, 
and was foon after called into Perfia with a re¬ 
inforcement by Alexander. He has been luf- 
pe&ed of giving poifon to Alexander, to raile 
himfelf to power. After Alexander’s death, 
his generals divided the empire among them- 
felves, and Macedonia was allotted to Anti¬ 
pater. The vvais which Greece, and chiefly 
Athens, meditated under Alexander’s life, 
now burft forth with uncommon fury as foon 
- as the news of his death was received. The 
Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, and 
equipped 200 Ihips againft Antipater, who was 
matter of Macedonia. Their expedition was 
attended with much fuccefs, Antipater was 
routed in Theflaly, and even befieged in the 


town of Lamia. But when Leofthenes the 
Athenian general was mortally wounded under 
the walls of Lamia, the fortune of the war was 
changed. Antipater obliged the enemy to raife 
the fiege, and foon aftec received-a reinforce¬ 
ment from Craterus from Afia, with which he 
conquered the Athenians at Cranon in Thef- 
faly. After this defeat,'Antipater and Cra¬ 
terus marched into Bccotia, and conquered the 
Altolians, and granted.peace to the Athenians, J 
on the conditions which I.eotthenes had pro- 
nofed to Antipater when befieged - in L..mia, 
i. e. that he fhould.be abfolnte mailer over 
them. Befides this, he demanded from their 
ambafladors, Demades, Plrocion, and Xeno- 
crates, that they fliould deliver into his hands 
the orators Demolllienes and .Hyperides, whole 
eloquence had inflamed the minds of their 
countrymen, and had been the primary caufes 
of the war. The conditions were accepted, a 
Macedonian garrifon w%ts (rationed in Athens, 
but the inhabitants Hill were permitted the free 
ufe of their laws and privileges. Antipater 
and Craterus were the firft who made holtilc , 
preparations againft Perdiceas ; and during that 1 
time., Polyperchon was appointed over Mace¬ 
donia. Polyperchon defeated the AEtolians, 
who made an invafion upon Macedonia. An¬ 
tipater gave allillancq to Eumenes in Alia, 
againft ontigonus, according to Juftin. 14, c. 2. 

At his death, B. C. 319, Antipater appointed 
Polyperchon matter of all his pofle(lions ; and 
as he was the oldeit of all the generals and luc- 
ceflbrsof Alexander, he recommended that he 
might be the fupreme ruler in their councils, j 
that every thing might be done according to 
his judgment. As for his fon Callander, he ! 

| left him in a fubordinate ftation under Poly¬ 
perchon. But Callander was of too afpiring a 
difpoficion tamely to obey his father’s injunc¬ 
tions. He recovered Macedonia, and made 
himfelf abfolute. Curt. 3,4, 5, 6, 7 Sc 10.— 
JuJli.-;. 11, 12, 13, &c.— Died. 17, 18, &c.— j 
C. Hep. in Phoc. Iff Eumen .— Plut. in Eumen. 

Alex ami. Sec. -A fon of Callander, king of 

Macedonia, and lon-in-law of Lyfimachus. He 
killed his & other, becaule fhe wilbed his bro- ’ 
ther Alexander to lucceed to the throne. I 
Alexander, to revenge the death of his mother, ,| 
folicited the alfiftance of Demetrius; but peace | 
was re eftabliihed between the two brothers / j 
by the advice of Lyfimachus, and foon after 1 
Demetrius killed Antipater, and made himfelf | 
king of Macedonia, 294 B. C. JuJlin. 26, c. j 

i--- A king of Macedonia, who reigned only j 

45 days, 277 B. C.--A king of Cicilia.- 

A powerful prince, father to Herod. He was 
appointed governor of Judasa by Cadar, whom 
he had aflilled in the Alexandrine war. Jofrpb. ! 
-An Athenian arch on.—-One of Alex¬ 
ander’s foldiers, who confpired againft his life 

with Hermolaus Curt. 8, c. 6.-A cele- 

brated Ibphift of Hiercpolis, preceptor to tHe 

children of the emperor Severus.-A Stoic 

philofopher of Tarfus, 144 years B. C.-- 

A poet 

. 














AN 


AN 


A poet of Sidon, who could comoofe a num¬ 
ber of verfes extempore, upon any Subject. 
He ranked Sappho among the Mules, in one 
of his epigrams. He had a fever every year 
on the day of his birth, of which at laft he died. 
He floi idied about 80 years B. C. Some 
of his epigrams are preferved in the anthologia. 
Plin. 7, c. 5 —Pal. Mix. i, c. IO. — Cic. de 

On/t. 3, de Ojfis. 3. de Quajl. A. ad. 4.-A 

philofopher of Phoenicia, precept6r to Cato of 

Utica. Plut in Cut. -A Stoic philofopher, 

difciple of Diogenes of Babylon. He wrote 
two books on -divination, and died at Athens. 
Cic. de D:v. I, C. 3 Ac. Q'ittf}. 4, c. 6. De Ojjic. 

3,c. 12-A difciple of Ariltotje, who wrote 

two books of letters-A poet of Thelfalo- 

nica, in the age of Auguilus. 

Antipatria, a city of Macedonia. IAv. 
3U c. 27. 

An viPATRiDAS, a governor of Telmeflus. 
Pofyeen. 5. 

AntipXtris, a city of Paleftine. 

Antiphanf.s, an ingenious ftatuary of 

Argos. Puuf. 5, c. 17.-A comic poet of 

Rhedes, or rather of Smyrna, who wrote 
above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year 
of his age, by the fall of an apple upon 

his head.-A phyfician of Delos, who ufed 

to fay that dileafes originated from the va¬ 
riety of food that was eaten. Clem. Alex. — 
A then. 

Antipiiates, a king of the Laeftrygones, 
defeended from Lamus, who founded Foymiae. 
Ulyfles returning from Troy, came upon his 
coatts, and lent three men to examine the 
country. Antiphates devoured one of them, 
and purfued the others, and lunk the fleet of 
_ Ulyfles with ftones, except the lhip in which 
Ulyfles was Ovid. Met. 14, v. 232.— : —A 

fon of Sarpedon, Pirg. JEn. 9, v. 696.- 

The grandfather of Amphiaraus. Homer. Od. 
A man killed in the Trojan war by Leonteus. 
Homer. II. 12, v. 191. 

Antiphili portus, a harbour on the Afri¬ 
can fide of the Red Sea. Strab. 16. 

Anti philus, an Athenian who Succeeded 
Leofthenes at the fiege of Lamia again It An¬ 
tipater. Diod. 18.-A noble painter who 

represented a youth leaning over a fire and 
blowing it, from which the whole houfe fieemed 
to be illuminated. He was an Egyptian by 
birth : he imitated Apelles, and was difciple to 
Ctefidemus. Plin. 35, c. 10. 

Antiphon, a poet.—A native of Rham- 
nutia, called Neltor, from his eloquence and 
prudence. The 16 orations that are extant 
under- his name, are fuppofnitions——An 
orator who promised Philip, king of Mace¬ 
donia, that he would Set on fire the citadel of 
Athens, for which he was put to death at the 
mitigation of Demofthenes. Cic. de Div. 2.—- 

Plut. in Alcib. ISf Dimoji -A poet who 

wrote on agriculture. Atben. -An author 

who wrote a treatife on peacocks.-A rich 

man introduced by Xenophon as disputing 


with Socrates* - -. .An Athenian who inter*1 
preted dreams, and wrote an hiftory of his art. 
Cic. de Dh>. 1 Sc a.——A' foolilh rhetorician. 

--A poet of Attica, who wrote tragedies, 

epic poems, and orations. Dionyfius put him 
to death, becaufe herefufed to praife his com¬ 
positions. Being once afked by the tyrant, 
what brafs was the heft ? he antwered, that 
with which the ftatues of Harmodius and 
Ariftogiton are made. Plut. — Arifot. 

• AntiphonPs, a Son of Priam, who went 
with his father to the tent of Achilles to re¬ 
deem Heitor. H'tncr. II. 24. 

Antiphus, a fon of Priam, killed by 

Agamemnon during the Trojan war.-—A 

Son of ThefFalus, grandfon to Hercules. He 
went to the Trojan war in 30 Ihips. Homer. 

II. 2, v. 185.-An intimate friend of Ulyf- 

Ses Homer. Od. 17.-A brother of Ctime- 

mis, was Son of Ganydtor the Naupadtian. 
Theie two brothers murdered the poet Hefiod, 
on the falfe fufpicion that he had offered vio¬ 
lence to their lifter, and threw his body into 
the lea. The poet’s dog clifc&vered them, and 
they w ere Seized and convidled of the murder. 
Pint, de So/ert. Anim. 

Antipcenus, a noble Theban, whofe 
daughters Sacrificed themfelves for the public 
Safety. Fid. Androdea. 

Antipolis, a city of Gaul, built by the 
people of Marseilles. Tacit. 2, Hijl. c. 15. 

ArfTlRRHiUM, a promontory of iEtolia,, 
oppofite Rhium in Peloponnelus, whence the- 
name. 

Antissa, a city at the north of Lefbos. 

-An ifland near it. . Ovid. Met. 15, y. 

287. — Plin. 2,C. 89. 

An tisthenf s, a philofopher, born of an 
Athenian father, and of-a Phrygian mother. 
He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils 
the famous Diogenes ; but when he had heard 
Socrates, he Unit up his School, and told his 
pupils, “ Go feck for vourfelves a mailer, I 
have now found one.” He was the head of 
the fed of the Cynic philofophers. One of 
his pupils afked him what philofophy had 
taught him ? “To live.vvith myfelf,” laid he. 
Pie fold liis all, and preferved only a very 
ragged coat, which drew the attention of So¬ 
crates, and tempted him to lay to the Cynie, 
who carried his contempt of drefs too far, 
“ Antiithenes, I See thy vanity through the 
holes of thy coat.” Anti.lhenes taught the 
unity of God, but he recommended filicide. 
Some of his letters are extant. His dodtrines 
of aufterity were followed as long as he was 
himlelf an example of the cynical charadter, 
but after his death they were all forgotten. 
Antifthenes florilhed 396 years B. C. Cic. de 

Orat. 3, C 35.— Didg. 6.— Plut. in Lye. - - 

A difciple of Heraclitus.-An hiftorian of 

Rhodes. Djog. 

Antistius Labfo, an excellent lawyer 
at Rome, who defended the liberties of his 
country againlt Augultus, for which he is 
F 3 tax$d 












AN 


* AN 


taxed with madnefsby Horat. i, Sat. 3,v. 8a. 

— Sueton. in Aug . 54.-Petro of Gabii, was 

the author of a celebrated treaty between 
Rome and his country, in the age of Tarquin 
the Proud. Dlonyf. Hal. 4.-—C. Reginus, 
a lieutenant of Caela'r in Gaul. Caf. Bell. G. 

6 8c 7.-A foldier of Pompey’s army, fo 

confident of his valor, that he challenged all 
the adherents of Caefar. Hirt. 25, Hifp. 
Bell. 

Antitaurus, one of the branches of 
mount Taurus, which runs in a north*eaft 
direction through Cappadocia towards Arme¬ 
nia and the Euphrates. 

Aotitheus, an Athenian archon. Pauf. 
7,c. 17. 

Antium, a maritime town of Italy, built 
by Afcanius, or, according to others, by a 
fon of UlyfTes and Circe, upon a promontory 
3a miles eaft from Oftium. It was the capital 
of the Volfci, who made war againft the Ro¬ 
mans for above aoo years. Camillus took it, 
and carried all the beaks of their ihips to 
Rome, and placed them in the Forum on a 
tribunal, which from thence was called Rof- 
itrum. This town was dedicated to the gad- 
defs of Fortune, whole llatues, when con- 
fulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the head, 
or other different figns, Nero was born there. 
Cic. de Div. I.— Horat. I, od. 35.— Liv. 8, 
C. I4 ‘ 

Antomknes, the lafl king of Corinth. 
After his death, magiftrates with regal autho¬ 
rity were chofen annually. 

Antonia lex was enabled by M. Antony, 
the conful, A. U. C. .710. It abrogated the 
lex Atia, and renewed the lex Cornelia , by 
taking aw;ay from the people the privilege of 
chafing priefts, and relloring it to the college 
of priefts, to which it originally belonged. 

Dio. 44. - Another by the fame, A U. C. 

703. It ordained that a new decury of judges 
fhould be added to the two former, and that 
they fhould be chofen from the centurions. 

Cic. in Philip. 1 & 5.-Another by the 

fame. It allowed an appeal to the people, 
to thofe who were condemned de majeftate , or 

of perfidious mealures again!! the Hate.- 

Another by the fame, during his triumvirate. 
It made it a capital offence to propofe ever 
after the election of a di&ator, and for any 
perlon to accept of the office. Appian. de Beil. 
Ch. 3. 

Antonia, a daughter of M. Antony, by 
t)£tavia. She married Domitius TEnobarbus, 
and was mother of Nero, and two daughters. 

———A filler of Germanicus.--A daughter 

of Claudius and 71Elia Petina. She was of the 
family of the Tubero’s, and was repudiated 
for her levity. Sueton. in Claud. I.— Tacit. 

Ann. 11. - The wife of Drufus the fon of 

Livia, and brother to Tiberius. She became 
mother of three children, Germanicus, Cali¬ 
gula’s father ; Claudius the emperor, and the 
debauched Livia. Her hufband died very 


early, and fhe never would marry again, but 
fpent her time in the education of tier chil¬ 
dren. Some people i'uppofe her grandion Ca¬ 
ligula ordered her to be poifoned, A* D. 38. 

Val. Max. 4, c. 3.-A caftle of Jerufflem, 

which received this name in honor of M* 
Antony 

Antonii, a patrician and plebeian family, 
which were faid to derive their origin from 
Antones, a fo ' of Hercules, as Plut. in Anton . 
informs us. 

AntonIna, the wife of Belifarius, 8cc. 

AntonInus, Titus, furnamed Pius, was 
adopted by the emperor Adrian, to whom he 
fucceeded. This prince is remarkable for all 
the virtues that can form a perfect ftatefman, 
philofopher, and king, ne rebuilt whatever 
cities had been deftroyed by wars in former 
reign?. In cafes of famines or inundation, he 
relieved the diftrefled, and lupplied their wants, 
with his own money. He iuffered the go¬ 
vernors of the provinces to remain long in the 
adminiftration, that no opportunity of extor¬ 
tion might be given to new comers. In his. 
conduct towards his fubje&s, he behaved with 
affability and humanity, and liftened with pa¬ 
tience to every complaint brought before him. 
When told of conquering heroes, he faid with. 
Scipio, l prefer the life and prefervation of a 
citizen, to the death of 100 enemies. He did 
not perfecute the cbriftians like his predecel- 
fors, but his life was a fcene of univerfal bene¬ 
volence. His laft moments were ealy, though, 
preceded.by a lingering illnefs. When conful 
of Alia, he lodged at Smyrna in the boufe of a 
fophift, who in civility obliged the governor to 
change his houfe at night. The fophift, when 
Antoninus became emperor, vifited Rome, 
and was jocofely defiled to ufe the palace as 
his own houie, without any apprehenfion of 
being turned out at night. He extended the- 
boundaries of the Roman province in Britain, 
by railing a rampart between the friths of 
Clyde and Forth; but he waged no war dur¬ 
ing his reign, and only repulled the enemies 
of the empire who appeared in the field. He 
died in the 75th year of his age, after a reign 
of 23 years, A. D. 161. He was fucceeded by 
his adopted fon M. Aurelius Antoninus, fur- 
named the philofopher, a prince as virtuous as 
his father. He railed to the imperial dignity 
his brother I,. Verus, whofe voluptuoulhefs 
and difiipation were as conlpicuous as the mo¬ 
deration of the philofopher. During their 
reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and Marcomanni 
were defeated. Antoninus wrote'a book in 
Greek,mtitl»d, rx tau<rov,concerning bi?n~ 

felf, the belt editions of which are the 4to. 
Cantab. 1652, and the 8vo. Oxon. 1704. 
After the war with the Quadi had been fi- 
nilhed, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Anto¬ 
ninus furvived him eight years, and died in his 
61ft year, after a reign of 29 years and tea 

days. Dio. CtrJJius. - -Baflianus Caracalla, 

fon of the emperor Septimus Severus, was ce¬ 
lebrated 










AN 


AN 


lebrated for his cruelties. He killed his bro¬ 
ther Geta in his mother’s arms, and attempted 
to deftroy the writings of Ariftotle, obferving 
that Ariftotle was one of thole who lent poifon 
to Alexander. He married his mother, and 
publicly lived with her, which gave occafion to 
.the people of Alexandria to lay that he was an 
CEdipus, and his wife a Jocafta. This joke 
was fatal to them, and the emperor, to punilh 
their ill language, flaughtered many thoufands 
in Alexandria. After alfuming the name and 
drefs of Achilles, and ftyling himfelf the con¬ 
queror of provinces he had never feen, he was 
affallinated at Edeffa by Macrinus, April 8, 
in the 43d year of his age. A. D. 217. His 
body was lent to his wife Julia/ who ft-a 1 , bed 

heri'elf at the fight.-There is extant a 

Greek itinerary, and another book called Iter 
Britannicum , which fame have attributed to 
the emperor Antoninus, though it was more 
probably written by a perfon of that name 
whole age is unknown. 

Antoniopolis, a city of Mefopotamia. 
Marcell. 8. 

M. AntCnius Gnipho, a poet of Gaul 
who taught rhetoric at Rome ; Cicero and 
other illuftrious men frequented his fchool. 
He never alked any thing for his leisures, 
whence he received more from the liberality 

of his pupils. Sucton. de Illujl. Gr. 7.-An 

orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the fame 
name. He was killed in the civil wars of 
Marius, and his head was hung in the Forum. 

VaL Max. 9, c. 2.— Lucan. 2 , V. 121.- 

Marcus, the eldeft fon of the orator of the 
fame name, by means of Cotta and Cethegus, 
obtained from the lenate the office of manag¬ 
ing the corn on the maritime coafts of the 
Mediterranean with unlimited power. This 
gave him many opportunity of plundering the 
provinces and enriching himlelf. He died of 

a broken heart. Ballujl- Frag. -Cains, a 

fon of the orator of that name, who obtained 
a troop of horfe from Svlla, and plundered 
Achaia. He was carried before the pretor 
M. Lucullus, and banilhed from the lenate 
by the cenfors, for pillaging the allies, and re- 
fufing to appear when iummoned before juf- 

tice.--Caius, fon of Antonius Caius, was 

conful with Cicero, and affifted him to deftroy 
the confpiracy of Catiline in Gaul. He 
went to Macedonia as his province, and fought 
with ill fuccei's againft the Dardani. He was 
accuf d at Jus return, and banilhed.-Mar¬ 

cus, the triumvir, was grandfon to the orator 
M- Antonius, and fon of Antonius, l'urnamed 
Cretlnftsy from his wars in Crete. He was 
augur and trib ne of the people, in which he 
diltinguilhed himfelf by his ambitious views. 
He always entertained a fecret refentment 
againft Cicero, which arofe ffom Cicero’s 
having put to death Corn Lentulus, who was 
concerned in Catiline’s confpiracy. This Len- 
tulus had married Antonius’s mother after his 
fathers death. When the lenate was tojn by 


the fattions of Pbmpey’s and Caffar’s adhe¬ 
rents, Antony propoled that both Ihould lay 
afide the command of their armies in the pro¬ 
vinces ; but as this propofition met not with 
fuccefs, he privately retired from Rome to 
the camp of Cacfar, and advifed him to march 
his army to Rome. In fupport of his attach¬ 
ment he commanded the left wing of his army 
at Pharfalia, and according to a premeditated 
fcheme, offered him a diadem in the prefence 
of the Roman people. When Caffar was 
affalfinated in the fenate houfe, his friend 
Antony fpoke an oration over his body; and 
to ingratiate himfelf and his party with the 
populace, he reminded them of the liberal 
treatment they had received from Caffar. He 
befieged Mutina, which had been allotted to 
D. Brutus, for which the fenate judged him an 
enemy to the republic, at the remonftration 
of Cicero. He was conquered by the confuls 
Hirtius and Panfa, and by young Czefar, who 
loon after joined his intereft with that of An¬ 
tony, and formed the celebrated triumvirate, 
which was eftablifhed with fuch cruel proferip- 
tions, that Antony did not even fpare his own 
uncle, that he might ftrike off t$ie head of hbi 
enemy Cicero. The triumvirate divided the 
Roman empire among themfdlves; Lepidus 
was fet over all Italy, Auguftus had the weft, 
and Antony returned into the eaft, where he 
enlarged his dominions by different conqyefts. 
Antony had married Fulvja, whom he repu¬ 
diated to marry Ottavia the filter of Au¬ 
guftus, and by thi- connection to ftrengthen 
the triumvirate. He ailifted ^.uguftus at the 
battle of Philippi againft the murderers of J. 
Cxlar, and he buried the body of M. Brutus, 
his enemy, in a molt magnificent manner. 
During his refidence in the eaft, he became 
enamoured of the fair Cleopatra queen of 
Egypt, and repudiated Ottavia to her. 

This divorce incenled Auguftus, who now 
prepared to deprive Antony of all hi> power. 
Antony, in the mean time, niTembled all the 
forces of the eaft, and with Cleopatra marched 
againft Ottavios Ca?far. Thefe two enemies 
met at Attium, where a navaj engagement 
loon began, and Cleopatra, by flying with 60 
fail, drew Antony from the battle, and ruin¬ 
ed hi 3 caufe. After the battle of Attium, 
Antony followed Cleopatra into Egypt, where 
he was foon informed of the defection of all 
hh allies and adherents, and faw the conqueror 
on his fhores. He {tabbed himfelf, and Cleo¬ 
patra lilcewife killed herfelf by the bite -cf an 
ilp. Antony died in the 36th year of his age, 
B. C, 30, and the conqueror fhed tear* wfien 
he was informed that his enemy was no more 
Antony left feven children by his three wive . 
He has been blamed for his great effeminacy, 
for his uncommon love of pleasures, and his 
fondnefs of drinking. It is laid that he wrote 
a hook in praile of drunkennefs. He was fond 
of imitating Hercules, from whom, according 
to fome amounts, he was deicer, dedand he 
F 4 is 




AN 


is often represented as Hercules, with Cleo¬ 
patra in the form of Omphale, drefled in the 
arms of her fubmifiive lover, and beating him 
with her fandals. In his public character, 
Antony was brave and courageous, but with 
the intrepidity of Caefar, he poflelfed all his 
voluptuous inclinations, He was prodigal to 
a degree, and did not fcruple to call, from va¬ 
nity, his fons by Cleopatra, kings of kings. 
His fondnefs for low company, and his de¬ 
bauchery, form the belt parts of Cicero’s Phi¬ 
lippics. It is laid that the night of Caelar’s 
murder, Caftius fupped with Antony ; and 
being afked whether he had a dagger with 
him, anl'wered, yes, if you, Antony, afpire to 
fovereigu pcwver. Plutarch has written an 
account of his life. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 685 — 
Horat. ep. 9. — Juv. IO, r. 122.— -C. Nep. in 

Attic. — Cic. in Philip. — \Jujlin . 41 & 42.- 

Julius, fon of Antony the triumvir, by fulvia, 
was conful with Paulus Fabius Maximus. He 
was furnamed Africanus, and put to death 
by order of Auguftus. Some fay that he 
killed himfelf. It is luppofed that he wrote an 
heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books. Ho¬ 
race dedicated his 4 Od. to him. Tacit. 4, 

Ann. c 44.-Lucius, the triumvir’s brother, 

was befieged in Pelufium by Auguftus, and 
obliged to furrcnder himfelf with 300 men by 
famine. 'I he conqueror fpated his life. Some 
fay that he was killed at the (hrine of C«efar 

- - A noble but unfortunate youth. Lis 

father, Julius, was put to death by ^uguftus, 
for his criminal converLtion with Julia, and 
he himfelf was. removed by the emperor to 
Marfeiiles, on pretence of finiihing his edu¬ 
cation. Tacit. 4, Ann. c. 44-—Felix, a 

freed man of Claudius, appointed governor of 
Judtea. He married Drufilla, the daughter 
of Antony and Cleopatra. Tacit 4, Hiji. 9. 
- - Flamma, a Roman, condemned for ex¬ 
tortion under Vefpafian. Tacit. Hiji. 4, c. 

45 - -Mufa. a phvfician of Auguftus, Plin. 

29, c. I.-Merenda, a decemvir at Rome, 

A. U. C. 304. Liv. 3, c. 35. - Q. IVJ^e- 

renda, a military tribune, A. U C. 332. 
Liv. 4, c. 42. 

Antop.idss, a painter, difciple toAriftip- 
pus. Plin. 

Antro Coracius. Vid. Coracius. 

Antylla. Fid. Anth) 11a. 

Anubis, an-Egyptian deity, represented 
under the form of a man with the head of a 
dog becaufo when Ofiris went on his expedi¬ 
tion againft India, Anubis accompanied him, 
and clothed himfelf in a lheep’s fkin. His 
worftiip was introduced from Egypt into 
Greece and Italy. He is fuppofed by fome 
to be Mercury, becauie he is fometimes re- 
prefented with a caduceus. Some make him 
brother of Ofiris, fome his fon by Nepthys, 
the wife of Typhon. JDiod. 1.— Lucan. 2 , v. 
331.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 686.— Plat de. I fid. 
if OJirid. — Herodot. 4 .—Virg. JEn. 8, v. 
698. 


- AP 

Anxius, a river of Armenia, filling into 

the Euphrates. 

An suit, called alfo Tavracina, a city of the 
Volfci, taken by the Romans, A. U. C. 348. 
It was facred to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter 
Anxur, and reprefented in the form of a 
beardlefs boy. Liv. 4, c. 59.— Horst- r, 
Sat. 5, V. 26.— Lucan. 3, V. 84.— Virg. JEn. 
7, v. 799. 

Anyta, a Gre^k woman, fome of whole 
elegant verfes are tfill extant. 

Anytus, an Athenian rhetorician, who, 
with Melitus and Lycon, acculed Socrates of 
impiety, and was the caufe of his condemna¬ 
tion. Thefe falfe accul’ers were afterwards 
put to death by the Athenians. Diog.— 
JElian. V. H. 2, c. I j.-—Moral. 2, Sat 4, 
v. 3.— Pint, in Alclb. -One of the Ti¬ 

tans. 

AnzAbe, a river near the Tigris. Mar¬ 
cell. 18. 

Aollius, a fon ofvRomulus by Herfilia, 
afterwards called Abillius 

Aon, a fon of Neptune, who came to Eu¬ 
boea and Eceotia, from Apulia, where he col¬ 
lected the inhabitants into citirs, and reigned 
over them. They were called Aones , and the - 
country Acnia, from him. 

Aones, the inhabitants of Aonia., called 
afterward; Bceotia. They came there in the 
age of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to fet¬ 
tle with the Phoenicians. The mufes have 
been called Aonides, becaufe Aonia was more 
particularly frequented by them. Pauf. 9, 
c. 3 .— Ovid. Met , 3, 7, 10, 13. T if. el. 5, 
v -IO Faf. 3, v. 436.V 4, v. 243.— Virg. 6h. 
3, v. 11. 

Aonia, one of the ancient names of Ecc- 
otio. 

Aqris, a famous hunter, fon of Arns king 
of Corinth. He was lo fond of his filter Ara- 
thyraea, that he called part of the country by 

Her name. Pauf. 2, c. 12.--The wife of 

Neleus, called more commonly Chlorjs, jd. 
9, c. 36. 

Aornos, Aornus, Aornis, a lofty rock, 
luppofed to be near the Ganges in India, taken 
by Alexander. Hercules had befieged it, but 
was never able to conquer it. Curt. 8, c. n.— 

Arrian. 4.— St>ab. 15.— Pint, in Alex. -- 

A place in Epirus, with an oracle. Pauf. 9, 

c. 80.-A certain lake near/l’artelfus.-? 

Another near Baiae and Puteoli. It was alfq 
called Avernus. Virg. JEn. 6,v. 242. 

Aon, a people pf Thrace near the Getae, 
on the liter. Plin. 4. 

Apau'je, a people of Afia Minor. Strab. 

Apama, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who 

married Pharnabazus fatrap of Ionia.-A 

daughter of Antiochus. Pauf. 1, c. 8. 

ApAME,the mother of Nicomede* by Pru- 
fias king of Bithynia.-The mother of An¬ 

tiochus Spter, by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter 
founded a city which he called by his mother’? 
name, 


ApamIa 















AP 


ApamTa or Apamea, a c'tv of Phrygia, | 

on the Marfyas.-A city of Bithynia.- 

Of Media-Mefopotamia.- Another 

near the Tigris. 

Aparm i, a nation of Ihepherds near the 
Cal'pian lea. Strait. 

Apaturia, a feftival of Athens which re¬ 
ceived its name from amurn, deceit, becaufe 
it was inllituted in memorv of a ftratagem by 
which Xanthus king of Boeotia was killed bv 
Melanthus king of Athens, upon tlie follow¬ 
ing occalion: when a war at ole between the 
Bceotians and Athenians about a piece of 
ground which divided their territ- ries, Xan¬ 
thus made a propola) to the Athenian king to 
decide the battle by (ingle combat. Thy- 
moctes, who was then on the throne of Athens, 
refuied and his fuccelfor Melanthus accepted 
the challenge. When they began the en¬ 
gagement, Melanthus exclaimed, that his nn- 
tagonift had lbme pc-rfon behind him to flip- 
port him; upon \h; h Xanthus looked be¬ 
hind, and was kilied by Melanthus. From 
this luccels, Jupiter was called ««rar>i»wr, de¬ 
ceiver, and Bacchus, who was fuppoled to be 
behind Xanthus, was called MrXava^#?, 
clotiied in the ikin of a black goni . Some de¬ 
rive the word from xcrxratix,' i e. oustopix. 
becaule, on the day of ttte feftival, the chii- 
dren accompanied their lathers to he re¬ 
gistered among the citizens. The feitival 
laded three days, the firfl day was called 
ioQ'nx, becaufe flippers, oogcra, were pre ared 
for each feparate tribe. he l'econd day was 
called xvccftpiHn; avo rov avu zovuv, bectufe 
facrifices were offered to Jupiter and Minerva, 
and the head of the victims was general! 
turned up towards the heavens. 1 he third 
was called Kouptum, from Kol»c; . a youth, or 
lieu?*, Jbavin : , becaufe the young men had 
their hair ait off before they were regidered, 
when their parents lwore that they were free¬ 
born Athenians. They generally lacrificed 
two ewes and a lhe-goat to Diana. hist'edi- 
* valwas adopted by the Ioni ms, except the in 

habitants of Ephefus and Colophon.-A 

furname of Minerva-of Venus. 

Apeauros, a mountain in Peloponnefus. 
Folyb. 4. 

Apella, a word, H'/rat. 1, Sat. 5, v IO, 
which has given much trouble to critics and 
commentators. Some luppofe it to mean cir- 
cumciied, (fine pelle) an epithet highly appli¬ 
cable to a Jew. Others maintain that it is a 
proper name, upon the authority of Cicero ad 
Attic. 12, ep. 19, who mentions a perlon of 
the fame name. 

Apelles, a celebrated painter of Cos, or. 
as others fay, of Ephefus or Colophon, ion of 
P-ithius. He lived in the age of Alexander 
the Great, who honored him l'o much that he 
forbade any man but Apelles to draw his pic¬ 
ture. He was fo attentive to his profeflion, 
that he never fpent a day without employing 
jhis pencil* whence the proverb of Nulla dies 


A P 

fine lined. His mod perfect pibhire was Ve¬ 
nus Anadyomene, which was not totally fi- 
nifhed when the painter died. He made a 
painting of Alexander holding thunder in his 
hand, fo much like life, that Pliny, who fr.v 
it. lays th«it the hand of the king with the 
thunder themed to come out of the picture. 
This picture waS placed in Diana’s temple at 
Ephefus. He made another of Alexander, but 
the king expreiled not much latisficfion at 
the fight of jt; and at that moment a horfe, 
palling b”, neighed at the horfe which was rc- 
prelenccd in the piece,lbppof.ng it to be alive; ' 
upon which the painter laid, “ One would 
imagine that the horle is a better judge of 
painting than your majefty.” When Alex¬ 
ander ordered him to draw the picture of 
Campafpe, one of Ivs midreffes, Apelles be¬ 
came enamoured of her, and the king per¬ 
mitted him to marry her. He wrote three 
volumes upon painting, which were (till extant 
in the aee of Ptinv. Iris laid that he was ac- 

w J 

cufed in Eg\pt of coiffuring againd the life of 
Ptolemy, and that he would have been put to 
death had not the real yor.fpiraror difeovered 
himlelf, and laved the painter. Apelles never 
put his name to a y pictures but three; a 
deeping Venus, Venus Anadyomene, and an 
Alexander The | roverb ot Ne fetor ultra 
crcpidam , is applied to him by fume PI in. 

C. IO— Herat. 2. ep I, v 238— Cic. in 

Fun'll. I ep. 9.- Ovid, de Art. Am 3, v. 

401— Val. Max-. 8,c. if.-A tragic wri¬ 
ter. Suet. Calig. 33.-A Macedonian gene¬ 

ral, &c. 

Apeli.icon, a Term peripatetic philofo- 
pher, whole fond net's for books was fo great 
that he is a ecu fed of dealing them, when he 
could not obtain them with money. He 
bbught the works of At illotle and Theophraf- 
tus. but greatly disfigured them by his frequent 
interpolations. I’he extenfive library, which 
he had c lifted at Athens, was carried to 
Rome when Syl 1 h id conquered the capital of 
At'ica, and among the valuable book was 
found an original man it riot of Ariftotle. 
He died about 86 years before Cnriit. Strab. 
13- 

Apemninos, a ridge of high mountains 
which runs through the middle of Italy, from 
Liguria to Ariminum a d Ancona. They are 
joined to tlve Alps Some have fuppofed that 
they ran acrofs Sicily by Rhegium before Italy 
was feparated from Sicily - Lucan. 2, v. 306. 
— Ovid. Met. 2,V. 2Z6. — Ital. 4, V 743.— 
Strab 2.— Mela, 2,C. 4. 

A per, Marcus, a Lntin orator of Gaul, 
who didinguibed hirnfelf as a politician, as 
well as by his genius. The dialogue of the 
orators, inferted with the works of Tacitus 
and Quintilian, is attributed to him. He 

died A. D. 85.--Another. Vid. Nume- 

rianus. 

Aperopia, a fmall idand on the coaft. of 
Argolii. Fa>f. 2, c, 34. 

APESU Sj 












AP 


AP 


Apksus, Apefas, or Apefantus, a mountain ' 
of Peloponnefus, near Lerna. Stat. in Theb. 
3,y. 461. 

Aphaca, a town of Paleftine, where Ve¬ 
nus was worlhipped, and where Ihe had a tem¬ 
ple and an oracle 

Aphjea, a name of Diana, who had a tem¬ 
ple in Aigina. Pauf. 2, c. 30. 

Aphak, the capital city of Arabia, near the 
Red Sea. Arrian, in Pcripl. 

Apharetus, fell in love with Marpefla, 
daughter of CEnomaus, and carried her away. 

Aph areus, a king of Meflenia, fon of Pe- 
rieres and Gorgophone, who married Arene 
daughter of CEbalus, by whom he had three 
fons. Pauf. 3, c. i.-A relation of libera¬ 

tes who wrote 37 tragedies. 

Aph a s, a river of Greece, which falls into 
the bay of Ambracia. Plin. 4, c. 1. 

Aph ellas’, a king of Cyrene, who, with 
the aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce 
all Africa under his power. JuJlin. 22, c. 7. 

Aphesas, a mountain in Peloponnefus, 
whence, as the poets have imagined, Perfeus 
attempted to fly to heaven. Stat. 3. Theb. 
v. 461. 

Aphetje, a city of Magnelia, where the 
fhip Argo was launched. Apollod. 

AphTdas, a fbn of Areas king of Arcadia. 
Pauf. 8. 

Aphidna, a part of Attica, which received 
its name from Aphidnus, one of the compani¬ 
ons of Thefeus. Herodot. 

Aphidnus, a friend of JE rteas, killed by 
Turn us. Vir%. TEn. 9, v. 702. 

APHCF.BETUS,one of the confpirators againft 
Alexander. Curt. 6,c. 7. 

Aph rice 3, an Indian prince, who defended 
the rock Aornus with 20,000 foot and 15 ele¬ 
phants. He was killed by his troops, and his 
head lent to Alexander. 

Aphrodisia, an ifland in the Perfian gulf 

where Venus is worlhipped.-Feftivals in 

honor of Venus, celebrated in different parts 
of Greece, but chiefly in Cypru . They were 
firft inftituted by Cinyras, from whole family 
the priefts of the goddefs were always chofen. 
All thole that were initiated offered a piece of 
money to Venus as a harlot, and received as a 
mark of the favors of the goddefs, a meafure of 
fait and a <f>aXXo$ • the fait, becaufe Venus 
arofe from the fea ; the ipaXXes, becauie fhe 
is the goddefs of wantonnefs. They were ce¬ 
lebrated at Corinth by harlots, and in every 
parr of Greece they were very much fre¬ 
quented. Strab. 14.— At ben. 

Aphrodisjas, a town of Car^a, facred to 
Venus. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 62. 

Aphrodisium or a, a town of Apulia, 
built by Diomede in honor of Venus. 

AphrodIsum, a city on the eaftern parts 

of Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis.-A 

promontory with an ifland of the fame name 
on the coalt of Spain. Plin. 3, c. 3. 

AphrodXte, the Grecian name of Venus, 


from u<pps, froth, becaufe Venus is faid t» 
have been born from the froth of the ocean. 
Heftod. Th. 195 — Plin. 36, C. 5. 

ApHVTiE or Aphytis, a city of Thrace,near 
Pallena, where Jupiter Ammon was worfhip- 
ped. Lyfander befieged the town ; but the 
god of the place appeared to him in a dream, 
and advifed him to raife the fiege, which he 
immediately did. Pauf. 3, c. 18. 

Apia, an ancient name of Peloponnefus, 
which it received from king Apis. It was af¬ 
terwards called JEgialea, Pelafgia, Argia, and at 
laft Peloponnefus, or the ifland of Pelops. 

Homer. II. I, v. 270.-All'o the name of 

the earth, worfhipped among the Lydians as a 
powerful deity. Herodot. 4,' c. 59- 

Apianus, or Apion, was born at Oafis in 
Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, of 
which he was deemed a citizen. He fucceeded 
Theus in the profeffion of rhetoric in the 
reign of Tiberius, and wrote a book againft the 
Jews, which Jofephus refuted. He was at the 
head of an embafty which the people of Alex¬ 
andria fent to Caligula, to complain of the 
Jews. Seneca , ep. 88.— Plin.pra'f. Hiji. 

Apicata, married Sejanus, by whom fhe 
had three children. She was repudiated. 
Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 3. 

Apicxus, a famous glutton in Rome. 
There were three of the fame name, all fa-* 
mous for their voracious appetite. The firft 
lived in the time of the republic, the fecond in 
the reign of Auguftus and Tiberius, and the 
third under Trajan. The fecond was the moft 
famous, as he wrote a book on the pleafures 
and incitements of eating. He hanged him- 
felf after he had con turned the greateft part of 
his eftate. The beft edition of Apicius Cas- 
Uusde Arte Coquinaridy is that of Amlt. l2mo, 
1709. fuv. II, v. 3 Martial. 2 , ep. 69. 

Apidanus, one of the chief rivers of Thef- 
ialy, at the fouth of the Peneus, into which it 
falls a little above Larifta. Lucan. 6, v. 372. 

Apina, and Apinae, a city of Apulia, de- 
ftroyed with Trica, in its neighbourhood, by 
Diomedes; whence came the proverb of Api^ 
na Iff Tricay to exprefs trifling things. 1 Mar¬ 
tial. 14, ep. 1,— Plin. 3 ,c. II. 

Apiola & Apioke, a town of Italy, taken 
by Tarquin the Proud. The Roman capitol 
was begun with the lpoils taken from that city. 
Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Apion, a furname of Ptolemy, one of the 
defendants of Ptolemy Lagus--A gram¬ 

marian. \VicL Apianus.]' 

Apis, one of the ancient kings of Pelopon¬ 
nefus, fon of Phoroneus and Laodice. Some 
fay that Apollo was his father, and that he 
was king of Argos, while others call him king, 
of Sicyon, and fix the time of his reign above 
200 years earlier, which is enough to fhew he 
is but obfeurely known, if known at all. He 
was a native of Naupa£lum, and defended 
from Inachus. He received divine honors 
after death, as he had been munificent and hu¬ 
mane 





AP 


AP 


mane to his fubje&s. The country where he 
reigned was called Apia; and afterwards it re¬ 
ceived the name of Pelafgia, Argia, or Argolis, 
and at lall that of Peloponneius, from Pelops. 
Some, amongft whomisVarro and St. Augul- 
tine, have imagined that Apis went to Egypt 
with a colony of Greeks, and that he civilized 
the inhabitants, and polifhed their manners, 
for which they made him a god after death, 
and paid divine honors to him under the name 
of Serapis. This tradition, according to fome 
of the moderns, is without foundation. JEfchyl. 
in Suppl.—Augujl. de Civ . Dei, 18. c. 5.— 

Pauf. 2, c. 5.— Apollod. 2, c. I.-A fon of 

Jafon, born in Arcadia ; he was killed by the 

horles of iEtolus. Pauf. 5, c. 1. -A town of 

Egypt on the lake Mareotis.-A god of the 

Egyptians, worfhipped under the form of an 
ox. Some lay that Ills and Ofiris are the 
deities worfhipped under this name, becaufe 
during their reign they taught the Egyptians 
agriculture. The Egyptians believed that the 
foul of Ofiris was really departed into the ox, 
wfiere it wifhed to dwell, becaufe that animal 
had been of the moli effential fervice in the 
cultivation of the ground, which Ofiris had in¬ 
troduced into Egypt. The ox that was chofen 
was always diftinguilhed by particular marks ; 
his body was black ; he had a fquare white 
l'pot upon the forehead, the figure of an eagle 
upon the back, a knot under the tongue like a 
beetle, the hairs of his tail were double, and 
his right fide was marked with a whitifh fpot, 
refembling the crefcent of the moon. With¬ 
out thefe, an ox could not be taken as the god 
Apis ; and it is to be imagined that the priefts 
gave thefe diftinguiftfmg chara&erillics to the 
animal on which their credit and even profpe- 
rity depended. The fellival of Apis lailed 
feven days ; the ox was led in a folemn pro- 
cefiion by the priefts, and every one was anxi¬ 
ous to receive him into his houfe, and it was 
believed that the children who fmelt his breath 
received the knowledge of futurity. The ox 
was conduced to the banks of the Nile with 
much ceremony, and if he had lived to the 
time when their facred books allowed, they 
drowned him in the river, and embalmed his 
body, and buried it in folemn ftate in the city 
of Memphis. After his death, which l'ome- 
times was natural, the grjateft cries and la¬ 
mentations were heard in Egypt, as if Ofiris 
was juft dead; the priefts fh-tved their heads, 
which was a fign of the deepeft mourning. 
This continued till another ox appeared with 
the proper charaderiftics to fucceed as the- 
deity, which was followed with the greateft ac¬ 
clamations, as if Ofiris w as returned jo life. This 
ox, which was found to ieprefent Apis, was left 
40 days in the city of the Nile before he was 
carried to Memphis, during which time none 
but women were permitted to appear before 
him, and this they performed, according to 
their luperftitious notions, in a wanton and in¬ 
decent manner. There was alfp in ox wor- 


fhipped at Heliopolis, under the name of 
Mnevis; fome fuppofed that he was Ofiris, 
but others maintain that the Apis pf Memphis 
was facred to Ofiris, and Mnevis to Ifis. When 
Cambyfes came into Egypt, the people were 
celebrating the feftivals of Apis with every 
mark of joy arid triumph, which the conqueror 
interpreted as an infult upon himfelf. He 
called the priefts of Apis, and ordered the 
deity itfelf to come before him. When he 
law that an ox was the object of their venera¬ 
tion, and the caufe of fuch rejoicings, he 
wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priefts to 
be chaltifed, and commanded his foldiers to 
(laughter fuch as were found celebrating fuch 
riotous feltivals. 'I he god Apis had generally 
two (tables, or rather temples. If he eat from 
the hand, it was a favorable omen ; but if he 
refilled the food that was offered him, it was 
interpreted as unlucky. From this, Germani- 
cus, when he vifited Egypt, drew the omens of 
his approaching death. When his oracle was 
confulted, incenfe was burnt on an altar, and * 
piece of money placed upon it, after which the 
people that wifhed to know futu - ity applied 
their ear to the mouth of the god, and imme¬ 
diately retired, (topping their ears till they had 
departed from the temple. THefirft founds that 
were heard, were taken as the anfwer of the 
oracle to their queftions. Pauf 7, c. 22.— 

Hcrodot. 2 & 3-- Plin . 8,C. 38, Iffc. — Strab. 

7 — Plut. in Iftd. tfJ* Ofir. — Apollod. I,c. 7 * 

I . 2 . C. I. — Mela, I, C. 9. — Plin. 8,C. 39, &C. 
Strab. 7 .—JElian V. H. 4&6.— Diod. I. 

ApisXon, fon of Hippafus, aflilted Priam 
againft the Greeks, at the head of a Pseonian 
army. He was killed by Lycomedes. Ham. 

II. I7,v. 348.-Another on the lame fide. 

Apitius Galba, a celebrated buffoon in 

the time of Tiberius. Juv . 5, v. 4. 

Aroni.iNAitEs ludi, games celebrated at 
Rome in honor of Apollo. They originated 
from the following circumftance : an old pro¬ 
phetic poem informed the Romans, that if they 
infiituted yearly games to Apollo, and made a 
collection of money for his fervice, they would 
be able to repel the enemy whofe approach al¬ 
ready threatened their deftrudicn. The fil’d 
time they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed 
by the approach of the enemy, and inttantly 
the people rtifhed out of the city, and faw a 
cloud of arrows dilcharged from the Iky on 
the troops of the enemy. With this heavenly 
aftiftance they eafily obtained the victory. 
The people generally fat crowned with laurel 
at the reprefentation of thefe games which 
were ufually celebrated at the option of the 
pretor, till the year U. C. 545, when a law 
was paffed to fettle the celebration yearly on 
the fame day about the nones of July. When 
this alteration happened, Rome .vas inlelted 
with a dreadful peltilence, which however 
feemed to be appeafed by this adt of religion. 
Liv. 25, c. 12. 

AroLUNARis, C. Sulpitius. a grammarian 

of 






AP 


* AP 


of Carthage, in the fecon'd century, Who is 
fuppofed to be the author of the verl'es pre¬ 
fixed to Terince’s plays as arguments.-—A 
writer better known by the name of Sidonius. 
yid. Sidonius. 

AroLLtNrnF.s, a Greek in the wars of Da¬ 
rius and Alexander, Sec. Curt . 4, c. 5. 

Apollinis Arx, a place at the entrance 

of the Sybil’s cave. Vlrg. JEn. 6.—-Pro 

montorium, a promontory of Africa. JLiv. 30, 

c. 24.-—Ternplum, a place in Thrace,-- 

in Lycia. JEl'nnu V. H. 6, c* 9. 

Apoli.o, Ion of Jupiter and Latona, called 
alio Phoebus, is often confounded with the fun. 
According to Cicero, 3. de Nat. D;sr. there 
were four perfons of this name. The fir ft was 
fon of VulCafl, and the tutelary god of the 
Athenians. The fecond was fon of Corybas, 
and was born in Cretd, for the dominion of 
which he 'dilputcd even with Jupiter himfelf. 
The third was Ion of Jupiter and Latona, and 
came from the nations of the Hyperboreans 
to Delphi. The fourth was born in Arcadia, 
and called Noniion, becaul'e he gave laws to the 
inhabitants. To the fon of J upiter and Latona 
all the actions of tKc others feevn to have been 
attributed. I he Apolio, fon of Vulcan, was the 
fame as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the 
molt ancient, from whom the actions of 
the others have been copied. The three 
others feern to be of Grecian origin. The 
tradition that the fon of Latona was born in the 
floating ifland of Delos, is taken from the Egyp¬ 
tian mythology, which afferts that the fon of 
Vulcan, which is fuppofed to be Orus, was 
faved by his mother Ifis from the perfection of 
Typhon, and entruited fo the care of Latona, 
who concealed him in the ifland of Chemmis. 
When Latona was pregnant by Jupiter, Juno, 
who was ever jealous of her hufband’s apiours, 
raifed the ferpent Python to torment Latona, 
who was refilled a place to give birth to her 
children, till Neptune, moved at the feveritv of 
her fate, raifed the ifland of Delos from the bot¬ 
tom of the lea, where Latona brought forth 
Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of all 
the tine arts, of medicine, mufic, poetry, and 
eloquence, of all which he was deetyied the in¬ 
ventor. He had received from Jupiter the 
power of knowing futurity, and he was the only 
one of the gods whofe oracles were in general 
repute over the world. His amours with L-eu- 
cothoe, Daphne, Ifla, Bolina, Coronis, Gy¬ 
ro ene, Cyrene, Chione, Acacallis, Calliope, &c. 
are well known, and the various lhapes he af¬ 
firmed to gratify his paflfion. He was very fond 
of»young Hyacinthus, whom he accidentally 
killed with a quoit ; as alfo of Cypariffus, who 
was changed into a cyprefs tree. When his fon 
ATeutapius had been killed with the thunders 
of Jupiter, for raffing the dead to life, Apollo, 
in his refentment, killed the Cyclops who had 
fabricated the thunderbolts. Jupiter was incenf- 
ed at this of violence, and he banifhed 
Apollo from heaven^ and deprived him ef his 


dignity. The exiled deity cams to Admetus 
king of Theflaly, and hired himfelf to be one of 
lfls lhepherds, in which ignoble employment he 
remained nine years ; from which circumttance 
he was called the god of fhepberds, and at his fa- 
crifices a wolf was’ generally offered, as that 
animal is the declared enemy of the theepfold. 

I uriqg his refidence in Theflaly, he rewarded 
the tender treatment of Admetus. He gave 
him a chariot drawn by a ljonand a bull, with 
which he was able'to obtain in marriage Alcefte, 
the daughter of Pelias Pgnd toon after, the 
ParctE granted, at Apollo’s requeft, that Ad¬ 
metus might be redeemed from death,if another 
perfon laid down his life for him. He aflilted 
Neptune in building the walls of Troy; and 
wheiVhe tvas refilled the promifed reward from 
Laomedon, the king of the country, he deftroy- 
ed the inhabitants by a peltilence. As loon as 
he was born, Apollo deftroyed with arrows the. 
ferpent Python, whom Juno had lent to per- 
fecute Latona ; hence he was called Pythius; 
and he afterwards vindicated the honor of his 
mother by putting to death the children of the 
proud Niobe. [Vid. Niobe-l He was not the 
inventor of the lyre, asfome nave imagined, but 
Mercury gave it bim, and received as a reward 
the famous caduceus wi h which Apollo was 
wont to drive the flocks of Admefus. Hiscon- 
. ted with Pan^and Marfyas, and the puniihment 
infiitled upon Midas, are well known. He re¬ 
ceived the furnames of Phoebus, DHitts, Cyn- 
thius, Paan, Ddphicus, Nomius, Lycius, Cla- 
rius, Ifmenius, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c. for 
reafons which are explained under thofe words, 
Apollo is generally represented with long hair, 
and the Romans were fond of imitating his 
figure, and therefore in their youth they'were - 
remarkable for their fine head of hair, which 
they cut thort at tlie age of Seventeen or eigh¬ 
teen. He is always reprefented as a tall heard- 
lefs young man with a handfome fliape, holding 
in his hand a bow, and forpethnes a lyre; his 
head is generally iurrounded with beams of 
light. He was the deity who, according to the 
notions of the ancients, inflidted plagues, and in 
that moment he appeared furrounded with 
clouds. His worthip and power were uni- 
verfally acknowledged : he had temples and 
ftatues in every country, particularly in Egypt, 
Greece, and Italy. His flarue, which flood 
upon mount Adlium, as a mark to mariners to 
avoid the dangerous coafls, was particularly fa¬ 
mous, and it appeared a great diftance at lea, 
Auguflus, before the battle of Adtium,addrefl- 
ed himlelf to it for vidlory. T'he griffin, the 
cock, the graishopper, the wolf, the crow, the 
fvvan, the hawk, the olive, the laurel, the palm- 
tree, &c. were facred to him ; and in his lacri- 
fices, wolves and hawks were offered, as they 
were the natural enemies of the flocks over 
which he prefided. Bullocks and lambs were 
alfo immolated to him. As he prefided over 
poetry, he was often feen on mount Parnaffus 
vfith the nine mules. His mod famous orade« 
14 wera 









AP 


AP 


were at Delphi, Delos, Chtos, 'Tehedos, 
Cytrha,atid Patara His moft l'plendid temple 
was at Delphi, where every nation and indivi¬ 
dual . made confidergble prelects when thev 
conlulted the oracle. Auguftus, after the battle 
of Allium, built him a temple on mount Pala¬ 
tine, which he enriched with a valuable library. 
He had a famous,coloflus in Rhodes, which was 
one of the feven wonders of the world. Apollo 
has been takeu for the .Sun; but it may he prov¬ 
ed by different paffages in the ancient writers, 
that Apollo, the Sun, Phoebus and Hyperion, 
were all different characters and deities, though 
confounded together. When once Apollo was 
addreffed as the Sun, and represented with a 
crown of rays, on his head, the idea was adopt¬ 
ed by every writer, and fro*i thence aroie the 
millake. Ovid. Met. I, fab. 9 & 10 L 4, fab. 3, 
SeC.—*Pauf.l, c. 7 , 1 . 5 ,C.. 7 , 1 . 7 -C. 20 . 1.9,0.30, 
&c. HyginS ah. 9,14, 50, 93, 140, 161, 202, 
203, See — Stat. 1 Tbeb. 560. — Tibull. 2, el. 3. 
—Plut. de Amor .— Horn. II. Sc Hymn in Apoll. 
Vi r g~ JEn. 2, 3, See. G. 4, V. 323.— Herat. I, 
od. IO. — Lucian. Dial. Mcr. & Vulc. — Propert. 
v I, el. 28. — Callimacb.in Apoll.— Apolled. I, c. 

3, 4,& 9. 1 . 2, c.5. L 3,c. 5, 10& 12.-One 

«f the (hips in the fleet of JEneas. Hirg. JEn. 

10, v. 171.-AJfo a temple of Apollo upon 

mount Leucas, which appeared at a great dil- 
tance at fea ; and i'erved ?s a guide to mariners, 
and reminded them to avoid the dangerous 
rocks that were along the coafl. Virg. JEn. 
3,v. 275. 

Apollocr axes, a friend of Dion,lunpofed 
by fome to he the ion of Dionyfius. 

Ai’ollodorus, a famous grammarian and j 
mythologift of Athens, fon of Alclepias, and 
ciltiple to Panaeiius the Rhodian philofopher. 
Heflorilhed about 115 years before the Chrif- 
tian era, and wrote an hiilory of Athens, be- 
fides other works. Cut of all his competitions, 
nothing is extant but his Bibliotheca , a valuable 
work, divided into three books. It is an 
abridged hiftory of the gods and of the ancient 
heroes of whole actions and genealogy it gives a 
true and faithful account. The belt edition is 
that of Heyne, Goett. in 8vo. 4 vols. 1782. 

Athen. — Plin. 7, c. 37.— Diod. 4 & 13.-A 

tragic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tragedies enti¬ 
tled Ulyffes, Thveftes, See. -A comic poet 

of Gela in Sicily, in the age of Menander, who 

wrote 47 plays-An architect ofDamaicus, 

who directed the building of Trajan’s bridge 
acrofs the Danube. He was put to death by 
Adrian, to whom, when in a private ftation, he 

had fpoken in too bold a manner.-A writer 

who compofed an hiftory of Parthia.-A dil- 

ciple of Epicurus, the moft learned of his fchool, 
and deiervedly furnamed the Ilhiftrious. He 
wrote about 40 volumes on different lubjeCts. 

Diog. -A painter of Athens, to whom Zeuxis 

was a pupil. Two of his paintings were ad¬ 
mired at Pergamus in the age of Pliny; a prieft 
in a fuppliant pofture, and Ajax ftruck with 
Minerva's thunders. Plin. 35, c- 9.——Aftatu- 


jary In the age of Alexander. He was of fiich a* 
ratable dilpofition, that he deftroyed his own 
pieces upon the lead provocation. Plin. 34, 

c. 8. .— A rhetoricia:\of Pergamus, preceptor 

and friend to Auguftus, who wrote a book on 

rhetoric. - Strab. 13.-A tragic poet of Tar- 

fus.» ■ — A Lemnian who wrote on hufbandry. 

-A phyfician of Tarentum.-Another 

of Cytium. 

Apoi.lonia, a feftival at JEgialea in honor 
of Apollo and Diana. It arofe from this cir- 
cumltance : theie two deities came to ./Egialea, 
after the conqueft of the ferpent Pythou ; but 
they were frightened away, and fled to Crete. 
.CEgialea Was loon vifited wuh an epidemical 
diftemper, and the inhabitants, by the advice of 
their prophets, feat feven cholen boys, with the 
fame non h r of girls, to entreat them to re¬ 
turn to ffigialea. Apollo and Diana granted 
their petition, in honor of which a temple w as 
railed to <xn(w the goddefs of perfuajjon ; and 
ever after a number of youths, of both fexes, 
were chofen to march in l'olemn proceflion, as 
if anxious to bring back Apollo and Dhna. 

Paufan. in Corinth. -A town of Mygdonia. 

—of Crete.—Of Sicily.—On the coaft of Alia 
Minor.—Another on the coaft of 1 hracg, part 
of which was built on a l'mall iiland of Pontus, 
where Apollo had a temple.-A town of Ma¬ 

cedonia, onthecoafts of the Adriatic. -A city 

of Thrace.-Another on mount ParnalTus. 

Apolloniades, a tyrant of Sicily, com¬ 
pelled to lay down his power by Timoleou. 

Apollon 1 as, the wife of Attalus king of 
Phrygia, to whom (he bore four children. 

Apoi,LON iDEi, a writer of Nictea.-A 

phyfician of Cos at ( the court of Artaxerxes, 
who became enamoured of Amytis, the mo¬ 
narch’s filler, and was fome time after put to 
death for flighting her after the reception of 
her favors. 

Apollonius, a Stoic philofopher of Chai¬ 
ns, lent for by Antoninus Pius, to inftrutl his 
adopted fon Marcus Antoqinus. When he 
came to Rome, he refuled to go to the palace, 
obferving, that the mafter ought not to wait 
upon his pupil, but the pupil upon him. The 
emperor.hearing this, faid, laughing, “ ft was 
then eafiorfor Apollonius to corse from Chal- 
cis to Rome, than from Rome to the palace.” 

-—A geometrician of Perge in Pamphylia, 

whole works are now loft. He lived about 
242 years before the Chrittian era, and com¬ 
pofed a commentary on Euclid, whole pupils 
he attended at Alexandria. He wrote a trea- 
tife on conic factions* eight of which are now 
extant; and he fir ft endeavoured to explain the 
caufes of the apparent Hopping and retrograde 
motion of the planets, by cydes and epicycles, 
or circles within circles—The heft edition of 
Apollonius is Dr. Halley’s, Oxon. fob 1710. 

-A poet of Naucratis in Egypt, generally 

called Apollonius of Rhodes, becaufe he lived 
for l'ome time there. He was pupil, when 
young-, to Callimachus and Pantetius", and fuc- 

ceeded 








AP 


AP 


Ceeded to Eratofthenes as third librarian of the 
famous library of Alexandria, under Ptolemy 
Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his mafter 
Callimachus, who wrote a poem againft him, in 
which he denominated him Ibis. Of all his 
works nothing remains but his poem on the 
expedition of the Argonauts, in four books. 
The bell: editions of Apollonius are thofe print¬ 
ed at Oxford, in 4to,by Shaw, 1777, ir ‘ a v0 ^ s - 
and in 1, 8vo. 1779, and that of Brunck, Ar- 

gentor, i2mo. 1780. Quintil. r°, c. 1.-A 

Greek orator, furnamed Molo, was a native of 
Alabanda in Caria. He opened a fchool of 
rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, and had J. C*- 
far and Cicero among his pupils. He difcou- 
raged the attendance of thofe whom he fuppofed 
incapable of diftinguilhing themlelves as ora¬ 
tors, and he recommended to them purfuits 
more congenial to their abilities. He wrote an 
hiftory,in which he did not candidly treat the 
people of Judxa, according to the complaint of 
Jofephus contra Apion. Cic. de Or at. I, c. 28, 
75, 126 & 130. Ad Famil. 3, ep. 16. Be 
Invent. I, c. 8l.— Quintil. 3, C.I. 1 . 12 , C. 6.— 

Suet, in Ccef 4 — Pint, in Cecf. - A Greek 

hiltorian about the age of Auguftus, who wrote 
upon the philofophy of Zeno and of his fol¬ 
lowers. Strab. 14.-A Stoic philofopher 

who attended Cato’of Utica in his laft moments. 

Plut. in Cat . -An officer fet over Egypt by 

Alexander. Curt. 4, c. 8.-A wreltler. 

Pauf. 5.-A phyfician of Pergamus, who 

wrote on agriculture. Varro. ——A gram¬ 
marian of Alexandria.-A writer in the 

age of Antoninus Pius.-Thyaneus, a Py¬ 

thagorean philofopher, well /killed in the fecret 
arts of magic. Being one day haranguing the 
populace at Ephefus, he luddenly exclaimed, 
“ Strike the tyrant, ftrike him ; the blow is 
given, he is wounded, and fallen 1 ” At that 
very moment the emperor Domitian had been 
ftabbed at Rome. The magician acquired 
much reputation when this circumftance was 
known. He was courted by kings and princes, 
and commanded unufual attention by his num- 
berlefs artifices. His friend and companion, 
called Damis, wrote his life, which 200 years 
after engaged the attention of Philoftratus. In 
his hiftory the biographer relates fo many cu¬ 
rious and extraordinary anecdotes of the hero, 
that many have juftly deemed it a romance ; 
yet for all this, Hierocles had the prefumption 
to compare the impollures of Apollonius with 

the miracles of Jefus Chrift.-A fophift of 

Alexandria, diltinguilhedfor his Lexicon Gra- 
cum Iliadis et OdyJJea, a book that was beauti¬ 
fully edited byVilloifon, in 4:0. 2vols. Paris, 
1773. Apollonius was one of the pupils of 
Didymus, and florifhed in the beginning of 

the fir it century.-A phyfician.-A ion 

of Sotades at the court of Ptolemy Philadel- 

phus.-Syrus, a Platonic philofopher.- 

Herophilius, wrote concerning ointments.- 

A Sculptor of Rhodes. 

AroL/oPHANus, a Stoic, who greatly flat¬ 


tered king Antigonus, and maintained that 
there exifted but one virtue, prudence. Biog t 
A phyfician in the court of Antiochus. Polyb. 
j..-A comic poet. JElian. Anim. 6. 

Apomyios, a furname of Jupiter. 

ApoNiANA,aniflandnear Lilybaum. Hirt* 
A/ric. 2. 

M. Aponius, a .governor of Mcefia, re¬ 
warded with a triumphal ftatue by Otho, for 
defeating 9000 barbarians. Tacit. Hijl. I. 

c -79- . ., 

Aponus, now Abpno, a fountain, with a vil¬ 
lage of the fame name near Patavium in Italy. 
The waters of the fountain, which were hot, 
were wholefome, and were fuppofed to have 
an oracular power. Lucan , 7, v. i 94 *—“ Suet, 
in Tiber. 14. 

Apostrophia, a furname of Venus in 
Bceotia, who was diftinguiihed under thefe 
names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apoftro- 
phia. The former was the patronefs of a 
pure and chafte love ; the fecond of carnal and 
fenfual defires ; and the lall incited men to il¬ 
licit and unnatural gratifications, to incefts, and 
rapes. Venus Apoftrophia was invoked by the 
Thebans, that they might be faved from fuch 
unlawful defires. She is the fame as the Ver- 

ticordia of the Romans. Pauf. 9, c. 16. - — 

Val. Max. 8, c. 15. 

AroTHEOsis, a ceremony obferved by the 
ancient nations of the world, by which they 
raifed their kings, heroes, and great men, to 
the rank of deities. The nations of the eaft 
were the firft who paid divine honors to their 
great men, and the Romans followed their ex¬ 
ample, and not only deified the moft prudent 
and humane of their emperors, but alio the moft 
cruel and profligate. Herodian 4, c. 2, has left 
us an account of the apotheofis of a Roman 
emperor. After the body of the deceased was 
burnt, an ivory image was laid on a couch for 
feven days representing the emperor under 
the agonies of difeafe. The city was in Sorrow, 
the Senate vifitedit in mourning, and the phy- 
ficians pronounced it every day in a more de¬ 
caying ftate. When the death was announced, 
a young band of fenators carried the couch 
and image to the Campus Martius, where it 
was depofited on an edifice in the form of a 
pyramid, where Spices and combuftible mate¬ 
rials were thrown. After this the knight* 
walked round the pile in folemn proceffion, and 
the images of the moft illuftrious Romans were 
drawn in ftate, and immediately the new em¬ 
peror, with a torch, fet fire to the .pile, and was 
affifled by the Surrounding multitude. Mean¬ 
while an eagle was let fly from the middle of 
the pile, which was fuppofed to carry the l'oul 
of the deceafed to heaven, where he was ranked 
among the gods. If the deified was a female, 
a peacock, and not an eagle, was Sent from the 
flames.—The Greeks obferved ceremonies 
much of the Same nature. 

Appia Via, a celebrated road leading from 
the porta Catena at Rome to Brundyfium, 
3 through 











AP 


AP 


through Capua. Appius Claudius made it as 
far as Capua, and it received its name from him. 
It was continued and finifhed by Gracchus, J. 
Cxfar, and Augullus.-—Via. Lucan. 3, v. 
385.— Stat. 2. Sylv. 2, v. 12.-— Mart. 9, ep. 
IO4.— Suet, in Tiber. 14. 

Appiades, a name given to thefe five dei¬ 
ties, Venus, Pallas, Vella, Concord, and Peace, 
becaufe a temple was erefted to them near the 
Appian road. The name was alfo applied to 
thole courtezans at Rome who lived near the 
temple of Venus by Appiae Aqux, and the 
forum of J. Cselar. Ovid, de Art. Am. 3. 
v. 452 . 

Appianus, a Greek hiftorian of Alexan¬ 
dria, who florilhed A D. 123. His univerfal 
hillory, which confided of 24 books, was a l'e- 
ries of hillory of all the nations that had been 
conquered by the Romans in the order of 
time ; and in the compofition, the writer dif- 
played, with a ftyle fimple and unadorned, a 
great knowledge of military affairs, and delcrib- 
ed his battles in a mafterly manner. This ex¬ 
cellent work is greatly mutilated, and there is 
extant now only the account of the Punic, Sy¬ 
rian, Parthian, Mithridatic, and Spanifh wars, 
with thofe of Illyricum and the civil diflentions, 
with a fragment of the Celtic wars. In his 
preface, Appian has enlarged on the bounda¬ 
ries of that mighty empire, of which he 
was the hiftorian. The bell editions are thofe 
of Tollius and Variorum, 2 vols. 8vo, Amft. 
1670, and that of Schweigheuferus, 3 vols. 
8vo, JLipf. 1785. He was fo eloquent that 
the emperor highly promoted him in the 
ft ate. 

Arm Forum, now Borgo Longo, a little 
village not far from Rome, built by the conful 
A ppius. Horat. I, Sat. 5. 

Appius, the prseuomen of an illuftrious fa¬ 
mily at Rome.—A cenfor ot that name, A. 
U. C. 442. Horat. I, Sat. 6. 

Appius Claudius, a decemvir who obtain¬ 
ed his power by force and oppreffion. He at¬ 
tempted the virtue of Virginia, whom her fa¬ 
ther killed to preferve her chaftity. This aft of 
violence was the caufe of a revolution in the 
ftate, and theravifher deltroyed himfelf when 
cited to appear before the tribunal of his coun¬ 
try. Liv. 3, c. 33.---Claudius Caecus, a Ro¬ 

man orator, who built the Appian way and 
many aquedufts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, 
who was come to aflift the Tarentines againft 
Rome, demanded peace of the fcnators, Appius 
grown old in the fervice of the republic, caufed 
himfelf to be carried to the 1'enate houfe, and, 
by his authority, diffuaded them from grant¬ 
ing a peace which would prove dilhonorable 
to the Roman name. Ovid. Fajl. 6, v. 203.— 

Cic. in Brut Isf Tufe. 4< -A Roman who, 

when he heard that he had been profcribed by 
the triumvirs, divided his riches among liitffer- 
vants, and embarked with them for Sicily. In 
their paffage the veflel was Ihipwrecked, and 
Appius abac faved his life. Appian 4 - 


Claudius Craflus, a conful, who with Sp. Naut. 
Rutulius, conquered the Celtiberians, and was 
defeated by Perfeus, king ol Macedonia, Liv. 

■ — Claudius Pulcher, a grandfon of Ap. Cl. 
Cxcus, conful in the age of Sylla, retired from 
grandeur to enjoy the plea Hires of a private 
life. ■ - Claulus, a general of the Sabines, who* 
upon being ill-treated by his countrymen, re¬ 
tired to Rome with 5000 of his friends, and 
was admitted into the fenate in the early ages 

of the republic. Plut. in Pop lie - Herdo- 

nius feized the Capitol with 4000 exiles, A. 
U. C. 292, and was foon after overthrown. 

Liv 3, c 13.— Flor. 3, c. 19-Claudius 

Lentulus, a conful with M. Perpenna. -- A 

diftator who conquered the Hernici.——The 
name of Appius was common in Rome, and 
particularly to many conluls whofe hiftory is 
not marked by any uncommon event. 

Appula, an immodeft woman, See. Juv. 
6, v. 64. 

Apries & Aprius, one of the kings of 
Egypt in the age of Cyrus, fuppofed to be the 
Pharaoh Hophra of feripture. He took Sidon, 
and lived in great prolperity till his lubjefts 
revolted to Amafis, by whom he was conquer¬ 
ed and ftrangled. Herodot. 2. c. 139, &c.—■ 
Diod I. 

Apsinthii, a people of Thrace : they re¬ 
ceived their name irom a river called Apfin- 
thus, which flowed through their territory. 
Dionyf. Perieg. 

Apsinus, an Athenian fophift in the third 
century t author of a work called Preceptor de 
Arte Rbelorica. 

Apsus, a river of Macedonia falling into 
the Ionian lea between Dyrrhachium and Apol- 
lonia. Lucan. 5* v. 46. 

Aptera, an inland town of Crete. Ptol, 
— Piin. 4, C. 12 . 

Apuleia lex, was enafted byL. Apuleius 
the tribune, A. U. C. 632, for inflicting a 
punifhment upon fuch as were guilty of railing 
l'editions, or Ihewing violence in the city. -— - 
Varilia, a grand-daughter of Auguftus,convift- 
ed of adultery with a certain Manlius in the 
reign of Tiberius. Tacit. An c. 30. 

Apuleius, a learned man,born atMadaura 
in Africa. He ftudied at Carthage, Athens, 
and Rome, where he married a rich widow 
called Pudentilla, for which he was accufed by 
lome of her relations of ufing magical arts to 
win her heart. His apology was a mafterly 
compofition. In his youth, Apuleius had been 
very expenlive; but he was in a matu.er age, 
more devoted to ltudy, and learnt Latin with¬ 
out a mailer. The moft famous of his works 
extant is the golden afs in eleven books, an al¬ 
legorical piece replete with morality. r i he bell 
editions of Apuleius are the Delphin, 2 vols. 
4to. Paris, 1688, and Pricad, 8vo. Goudte, 
1630. 

Apulia, now Puglia , a country of Italy be¬ 
tween Daunja and Calabria. It was part of 
the ancient Magna Grsecia, and generally divid¬ 
ed 




AR 


AH 


ecf into Apulia Daunia, and Apulia Peucetla. 
U was famous for its wools, fupenor to all the 
produce of Italy, Some fuppofe that it is call 
ed after Apulus, an ancient king of the coun¬ 
try before the Trojan war. PI in. 3,0,11.— 
Cic.de DU p. I, c. 43.— St/ab 6 .— Mela, Z 
C. 4. —Martial in Apopb. 155 * 

Apuscidamus, a lake ot Africa. AH bo 
dies, however heavy, were fa id to i'wini on the 
furface of its waters, P in. 32, c. 2. 

Aquarius, one of the figns of the zodiac, 
riling in January, and felting in lebuny 
Some- fuppofe that Ganymede was changed 
into this fign. Virg. G. 3. v. 304* 

Aquilaria, a place of Africa. Caf. 2, 
Dell. Civ. 23. 

Aquileia or Aquieecia, a town founded 
by a Roman colony, called fiom its grandeur, 
Roma fecund a, and Irtuated at the north of the 
Adriatic Sea, on the confines of Italy. The 
Romans built it chiefly to oppofe the frequent 
incurflors < fthe barbarians. The Roman em 
perors enlarged and beautified it, and often 
made it their refidence. Ital. 3 , v. 605.— 
Martial. 4 , ep. 25. — Mela , 2, C. 4. 

Aquilius Niger, an hiilorian mentioned 

by Sueton. in Aug II.-Marcus, a Roman 

conlul who had the government of Alia Minor. 

Jnfin 36,0 4.-Sabinus,a lawyer ofRpme, 

fur named the Cato of his age. He was father 
to Aquilia Severa, whom Heliogabalus marri¬ 
ed.-Severus, a poet and hiilorian in- the age 

of Vakntinian. 

Aquii.lia & Aquit.ia, a patrician family 
at Rome, from which few illuflripus men 
rofe. 

Aqoilo, a wind blowing from the north. 
Its name is derived, according to fome, from 
Aquila , on account of its keenefs and velocity. 

Aouii.onia, a city of t'he Hirpini in Italy. 
LU. 10, c. 38. 

A ^uinius, a poet of moderate capacity. 
Cic. 5 . Tufc. . , ^ . 

Aouinum, a town »f Latium, on the bor¬ 
ders of the Samnites, where Juvenal was born. 
A d'ye was invented there, which greatly relem- 
blect the real purple. Ho,rat. 1, ep. io,v. 27. 
— St/ab. — leal. S,v, 4O4.— Juv. 3, v. 319. 

Aquitania, a country of Gaul, bounded 
on the well by Spain, north by the province of 
hugdunum, louth by the province called Gal¬ 
lia Narbonenfis. Its inhabitants are called 
Aquifani. Plin. 4, c. 17. — Strab. 4. 

Aka, a co'nftcllation, confiding of feven 
flars, neap the tail of the leorpion. Ovid. Met. 
2, v. 138. 

Ap„a i.uonuNF.NSis, a place at the conflu¬ 
ence of the Arar and Rhone. Juv. 1, v. 44. 

Arabarches, a vulgar perlon among the 
Egyptians, or perhaps an unul'ual expreflion for 
tife leaders of th* Arabians, who refided in 
Rome. Juv. t,v. 130. Some believe 'that 
i. icero, 2. ep. 17, ad Attic, alluded to Pornpey 
under the name of Arabarches. 

Arabia, a large country of Afia, forming 


a peninfula between the Arabian and Perfiati 
gulfs It is generally divided into three diffe- 
ient part , Petnea, Deferta, and Felix. It ij 
famous for its frankincenle and aromatic 
plants. 1 he inhabitants were formerly under 
their own chiefs, an uncivililed people,, who 
paid adora ion to the fun. moon, and even ler- 
pents and who had heir wives in common, 
and circumciicd their r iidren. The coun'iy 
has often been invaded, hut never totally fulp. 
dued. Alexander th" Great exprefTed Iris wifh 
to place the feat of 1 is empire in their ttn To¬ 
ries. 'idle foil is r cky and Tandy, the inhabi¬ 
tants are fcarce, the mountains rugged, and the 
country without water In Arabia, whatever 
woman was convicted of adultery was capitally 
punifhed. The Arabians for fome time fup- 
ported tire fplendor of iit rature, wh.i -h was 
extinguifhed by tdre tyranny and'fuperllitisu 
which pievailed in Egypt, and to thorn: we are 
indebted for the invention of algebra, or the 
application of figns and letters to reprefei.t lines, 
numbers, and quantities, 2nd .alfo for the nu¬ 
merical characters of 1. 2, 3, See. hr It ufed in 
Europe, A. D.- 1253.— Herodot. 1, 2, 3 Sz 
Diod. I & 2.— Plin. 12 & 14.— Strab. 16 .—■ 
Xenoph. — Tibull. 2, cl. 2.— Curt. 5, C. I.— 
Virg. G. 1, v. 57.—Alfo, the name of the wife 
of EEgvptus. Apollod. 

Arabicus sinus, a fea between Egypt 
and Arabia different, according to fome authors, 
from the Red Sea, which they fuppofe to he 
between ./Ethiopia and India, and the A v abian 
gulf further above, between Egypt and Arabia. 
It is about 40 days’ fail in length, and not half 
a day’s in its molt extenfive breadth. Plin. 5, 
C. II — Strab. 

Arabis, Arabius,Arbis, an Indian liver. 
Curt. 9, c. 10. 

Arabs Sc Araeus, a fon of Apollo and 
Babylone, who firft invented medicine, and 
taught it in Arabia, which is called after his 
name. Plin. y,c. 56. . 

Aracca Sc Arecca, a city of Sufiana. 
Tibul, 4, el. 1. 

Araciine, a woman of Colophon,daughter 
to Idmon a dyer. She was lb fkilful in work¬ 
ing with the needle, that {he c.dlenged Mi¬ 
nerva, the goddeis of the art, to a trial of {kill. 
She reprefented on her work the amours of 
Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Leda, Afleria, 
Danae, Alcmene, &c. but though her piece was 
perfect and malterly, (he was defeated by Mi¬ 
nerva, and hanged herfelf in defpair, and was 
changed into a fptder by the goddel's. Ovid. 
Met. 6, fab i,&c.-A city of Theffaly. 

Araciiosia, a city of Alia, near the Maf- 
fageta*. It was built by Semiramis — One of 
the I’erfian provinces beyond the Indus. Plin. 
6 , c. 23.— Strab. 11. 

Arachotje & Aracaoti, a people of 
India, who received their name from the ri¬ 
ver Arachotus, which flows down from moilnt 
Caucafus. Dicnyf. Perieg .— Curt. 9,0. 7. 

Akachthias, one of the four capital ri¬ 
vers 






A'R 

Vers of Epirus, near Nicopolis, falling into the 
bay of Ambracia— Strab. 7. 

Aracillum, a town of Hifpania Tarra- 
conenfis. Flor. 4, c. 12. 

Aracosii, an Indian nation. JuJlin. 13,0. 4. 

Akacynthus, a mountain of Acarnania, 
between the Achelous and Evenus, not far 
from the Ihore, and called AXaeus. Plin. 4, 
c. 2.— Virg. Ed. 2, v. 24. 

ARADus,an ifland near Phoenicia, joined to 
the continent by a bridge. Dionyf. Pcrieg. 

Arje, rocks in the middle of the Mediter¬ 
ranean, between Africa and Sardinia, where 
the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It 
was upon them that ./Eneas loft the greateft 
part of his fleet. They are fuppofed to be thofe 
iflands which are commonly called ASgates. 
Virg. JEn. 1, v. 113. 

Arje Philjenorum, a maritime city of 
Africa, on the borders of Cyrene. Sallujl. 
Jug. Bell. 19 & 79. 

Ar AR.now the Saone , a river of Gaul, flow¬ 
ing into the Rhone, over which Caefar’s fol- 
diers made a bridge in one day. C<zf. Bel. 
Cull. I,C. 12.— Sil. 3,v. 452. 

Ararus, a Scythian river flowing through 
Armenia. Hcrodot. 4, c. 48. 

Arathyrea, a fmall province of Achaia, 
afterwards called Afophis, with a city ef the 
fame name. Homer. II. 2.——Strab. 8. 

Aratus, a Greek poet of Cicilia, about 
27 J B. C. He was greatly efteemed by An- 
tigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, at whofe 
court he palled much of his time, and by whole 
defire he wrote a poem on aftronomy, in which 
he gives an account of the fituations, riling and 
fetting, number and motion of the ftars. Cicero 
reprefents him as unacquainted with aftrology, 
yet capable ef writing upon it in elegant and 
highly finilhed verfes, which, however, from 
the 1'ubjeX, admit of little variety. Aratus 
wrote befides, hymns and epigrams, &c. and had 
among his interpreters and commentators many 
of the learned men of Greece whofe works are 
loft, befides Cicero, Claudius, and Germanicus 
Cacfar, who, in their youth, or moments of re¬ 
laxation, tranflated the phenomena into Latin 
verfe. The beft editions of Aratus are, Gro- 
tius, 4to. apud Raphaleng 1600; and Oxon. 
8vo. 1672. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, C. 41.— Pouf* 

i, c. 2.— Ovid. Am. i, el 15, v. 26.-The 

fon of Clinias and Ariftodama, was born at Sl- 
cyon in Achaia, near the river Afopus. When 
he was but feven years of age, his father, who 
held the government of Sicyon,was aflaflinated 
by Abantidas, who made himfelf abfolute. Af¬ 
ter Come revolutions, the fovereignty came in¬ 
to the hartds of Nicocles, whom Aratus mur¬ 
dered, to reftore his country to liberty. He 
was lb jealous of tyrannical power, that he even 
deftroyed a picture which was the reprefenta- 
tiou of a tyrant. He joined the republic of Si- 
cyon in the Acluean league which he ftrength- 
ened, by making a treaty of alliance with the 
Corinthians, and with Ptolemy king of Egypt. 


AR 

He was chofen chief commander of the forces 
of the chaans, and drove away the Mace¬ 
donians from Athens and Corinth. He made 
war againft the Spartans, but was conquered is 
a battle by their king Cleomenes. To repair the 
Ioffes he had fuftained, he folicited the alfift* 
ance of king Antigonus, and drove away Cleo¬ 
menes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, where 
he killed himlelf. The ./Etolians foon after 
attacked the Achaeans ; and Aratus, to fupport 
his charaXer, was obliged to call to nis aid Phi¬ 
lip king of Macedonia. His friendlhip with 
this new ally did not long continue Philip 
Ihewed himfelf cruel and oppreflive; and put 
to death fome of the npbleft of the Achaeans, 
and even feduced the wife of the fon of Aratus. 
Aratus, who was now advanced in years, (hew¬ 
ed his difpleafure by withdrawing himfelf from 
the fociety and friendlhip of Philip. But this 
rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the power 
and influence of Aratus,and therefore he cauf- 
ed him and his fon to be poil'oned. Some days 
before his death, Aratus was obferved to fpit 
blood ; and when apprifed of it by his friends, 
he replied,“ Such are the rewards which a con¬ 
nexion with kings will produce.” He was 
buried with great pomp, by his countrymen ; 
and two folemn facrifices were annually made 
to him, the firft on the day that he delivered 
Sicyon from tyranny, and the fecond on the 
day of his birth. During thofe facrifices, which 
were called Arateia , the priefts wore a ribbon 
befpangled with white and purple fpots, and the 
public i'chool-mafter walked in proceflion at the 
head of his fcholars, and was always accompa¬ 
nied by the richeft and moll eminent fenators, 
adorned with garlands. Aratus died in the 62ft 
year of his age, B. C. 213. He wrote a hiftory 
of the Achaelan league, much commended by 
Polybius. Plut. in vitd.—Pauf. 2, C. 8 . — Cic. 
de OJJic. 2, C. 23. — Strab. 14. — Liv. 27,c. 31, 
— Polyb. 2. 

Araxes, now Arras, a celebrated river 
which leparates Armenia from Media, and falls 
into the Cafpian fea. Lucan. 1, v. 19, L 7, 
V.188.— Strab. 8.— Virg}JEn. 8,V.728.— He- 

rodot. I, c. 202, &c.-Another which falls 

into the Euphrates.-Another in Europe, 

now called Volga. 

ArbAces, a Mede who revolted with Be- 
lefis againft Sardanapalus, and founded the em¬ 
pire of Media upon the ruins of the Aflyrian 
power, 820 years before the Chriftian era. He 
reigned above fifty years, and was famous for the 
greatnels of his undertakings, as well as for his 
valor. JuJlin. I, c, 3.— Paterc. I,C. 6. 

Arbela, ( orum ) now Irbil, a town of Per- 
fia, on the river Lycus, famous for a battle 
fought there between Alexander and Darius, 
the ad of OXober, B. C. 331. Curt. St c* 
—Plut. in Alex. 

Arbela, a town of Sicily, whofe inhabit¬ 
ants were very credulous. 

Arbis, a river on the weftern boundaries of 
India. Strab, 

C Aamq$aia s 



A R/ 


Alt 


Altuoe-ALA, a city taken by Ahnibal as he 
marched againft Rome^ 

Ar’buscuiJa, an aflrfefs oh the Roman 
ft&£e, who laughed at the hifies of the populace, 
while (he received the applauies of the knights. 
Hor. I, Sat. 10, v. 77. 

Arcadia, a country in the middle of Pelo- 
ponneius, furr-ounded on every fide by land, 
(ituate betiveen Achaia, Melfenia, Elis and 
Argolis. It received its name from Areas fon 
of Jupiter, and was anciently called Dry modes, 
on account of the great number of oaks it 
produced, and afterwards Lycaonia and Pe- 
lafgi-a. The country has been much celebrated 
by the poets, and was famous for its mountains. 
The inhabitants were for the moft part all (hep- 
herds, who lived upon acorns, were (k'llful war¬ 
riors, and able muficians. They thought them- 
lelves more ancient than the moon. Pan, the 
god of (hepherds, chiefly lived among them — 
Ariftotle 4, de met. fays, that the wine of Arca¬ 
dia, when placed in a goat’s (kin near a fire, 
will become chalky, and at lalt be turned into 
fait.' Strab. 8.— Flirt. 4, c. 5.— Pauf. 8, c. I. 
2, &c. Athen. 14.——A fortified village of Za- 
cynthus. 

Arcadius, eldeft fon of Theodofius the 
Great, fucceeded his father A. D. 395. Un¬ 
der him the Roman power was divided into 
the eaftern and weftern empire. He made the 
eaftern empire his choice, and fixed his re(i- 
dence at l Gonftantinople; while his brother Ho- 
fiorius was 1 made emperor of the well, and lived 
in Rome. After this reparation of the Roman 
empire, the two powers looked upon one ano¬ 
ther with indifference ; and (bon after, their 
indifference was changed into jealoufy, and con¬ 
tributed to lialten their mutual ruin. In the 
reign of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked theweftern 
empire, and plundered Rome. Arcadius mar¬ 
ried Eudoxia, a bold and ambitious woman, and 
diedjn the 31ft year of his age, after a reign of 
13 years, in which he bore the charadler of an 
effeminate prince, who fuffered himielf to be go¬ 
verned by favorites, and who abandonecfhisfub- 
jebls to the tyranny of minifters, while he loll 
iimfelf in the pleafures of a voluptuous court. 

Arcanum, a villa of ‘Cicero’s near the 
iMinttirni. Cic. 7, ep.ad Att. 10. 

• Aacas, a Ion of Jupiter and Callifto. He 
»early killed his mother, whom Juno- had 
changed into a- bear. He reigned in Pelafgia, 
which from him was called Arcadia, and taught 
his iubje&s agriculture, and the art of 1 pin¬ 
ning wool. After his death, Jupiter made 
him a conftellation with his mother. As he 
was one day hunting, he met a wood nymph, 
who begged his affiltance, becaule the tree over 
which (be prefided, and on whole prefervation 
her life depended, was going to be carried'away 
by the impetuous torrent of a river. Areas 
changed the course of the waters, and preserved 
the tree, and married the nymph, by whom he 
had three fons, Aran, Aphidas, and Elatus, 
among whom he divided his kingdom. The 
. ■ * ** - IO & 


defendants of Azan planted colonies in Phr^ 
gia. Aphidas rfeceived for his (hare Tegeaj 
which on that account has been called the in¬ 
heritance of Aphidas ; and Elatus became maf- 
ter of mount Cyllene, and fome time after 
pafled into Phocis. Pair/. 8, c. 4.— Hygin. 
fab. ij'J & 17 6.-~-Apcrllbd. 3, c. 8.— Strab. 8. 
— Ovid.FaJl. i, v. 470.——One of ACteonV 
dogs. 

Arce, & daughter of ThaUtnaS, fon of 
Potitus and Terra; Plolem. Heph. 

Arckna, a town of Phoenicia, where Alex¬ 
ander Severus was born. 

Arcens, a Sicilian who permitted his fort 
| to accompany ./Eneas into Italy, where^he was 
! killed by Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 581, &c. 

I Arcesilaus, fon of Battus, king of Cy- 
rene, was driven from hi 3 kingdom in a fedi'- 
tiort, and died B. C. 575. The fecond of that 
name died B. C. 550. P'olyan. 8, c. 41.— He~ 
rodot. 4, c. 159.-One of Alexander’s ge¬ 

nerals, who obtained Mefopotamia at the ge¬ 
neral divifion of the provinces after the king’s 
death.- ——A chief of Catana, which he betray¬ 
ed to Dionyfius the elder. Diod. 14.- Jt 

philofopher of Pitane in AEolia, difeiple of Po- 
iemon. He vifited Sardes and Athens, and' 
was the founder of the middle academy, as 
Socrates founded the ancient, and Carneades 
the new one. He pretended to know nothing, . 
and accufed others of the fame ignorance. He 
acquired many pupils in the charafter of 
teacher; but fome of them left him forEpicurus, 
though no Epicurean came to him ; which gave 
him oecafion to fay, that it is ealy to make an 
eunuch of a man, but impofiible to make a 
man of an eunuch. He was very fond of Ho¬ 
mer, and generally divided bis time among the 
pleafures of philofophy, love, reading, and the 
table. He died in his 75th year, B. C. 241, or 
300 according to lome Diog.in vita. — Perjius 3, 

v. 78. — Cic. de Finib. - The name of two 

painters,—a ftatuary,—a leader of the Boeo¬ 
tians during the Trojan war.— - A comic and- 

elegiac poet. 

-Arc Isms, fon of Jupiter, was grandfather 
to Ulyfles. Ovid Met. 13, v. 144. 

Arch at a, a city of ZEolia. 

Archjeanax of Mitylene was intimate 
with Pififtratus tyrant of Athene He forti¬ 
fied Sigteum with a wall from the ruins of an¬ 
cient Troy. Strab. 13. 

Arch a-'ati das, a country of Pelopon¬ 
nesus. Polyb. 

Archagathus, fon of Archagathus, was 
(lain in Africa by his loldiers, B. C. 285. He’ 
killed his grandfather AgathocleS, tyrant of 
Syracufe. Diod* 20.— Juftin. 22, c. 5, &c. x 
fays, that he was put to death by Archefilaus. 

--A phyfician at Rome, B. C. 219. 

Arch a nd er, father-in-law to Danaus. 
lie rodot. 2 , C. 98. 

Archandros, a town of Egypt. 

Arche, o»e of the mules, according t» 

J Cicero, 

Archegste*, 









AR 


AR 


AiftCHEGKTEs, a lurname of Hercules. 

, ArciielXus, a name common to l'ome 
kings of Cappadocia. One of them was con¬ 
quered by Sylla, for afiifting Mithridates. 

*-A perl'on of that name married Berenice, 

and made himielf king of Egypt ; a dignity 
he enjoyed only fix months, as he vVas killed 
hy the foldiers of Gabinius, B. C. 56. He 
had been made prieft of Comana by Pompey. 
His grandton was made king of Cappadocia 
by Antony, whom he afiifted at A&ium, and 
he maintained his independence under Au- 
guftus, till Tiberius perfidioufiy deftroyed 

him.- A king of Macedonia, who i'uc- 

ceeded his father Perdiccas the fecond : as he 
was but a natural child, he killed the legiti¬ 
mate heirs to gain the kingdom. He proved 
himfelf to be a great monarch ; but he was 
at laft killed by one of his favorites, becaufe 
he had promifed him his daughter in marriage, 
and given her to another, after a reign of 23 
years. He patronized the poet Euripides. 
Diod. 14— yujlin. 7, c. 4.— JElian. V. H. 

2, 8, 12, 14.-A king of the Jews, fur- 

named Herod. He married Glaphyre,daugh¬ 
ter of Archelaus king of Macedonia, and wi¬ 
dow of his brother Alexander. Caslar ba¬ 
nned him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, 

where he died. Dio. -A king of Lacedx- 

tnon, ion of Agefilaus. He reigned 42 years 
with Charilaus, of the other branch of the fa¬ 
mily. Herodot. 7, c. 204.— Pauf. 3, c. 2.- 

A general of Antigonus the younger, appointed 
governor of the Acrocorinth, with the philofo- 

her Perfteus. Poly an. 6, c. 5.-A cele- 

rated general of Mithridates, againft Sylla. Id. 

8, c. 8.-A philol'opher of Athens or Melfe- 

nia, fon of Apollodorus,and luccelfor to Anax¬ 
agoras. He was preceptor to Socrates, and was 
called Pbyjievs. He fuppofed that heat and cold 
were the principles of all things. He firft dif- 
covered the voice to be propagated by the vi¬ 
bration of the air. Cic. Tufc. 5.— Diog. in vita. 
— Augujlin. de civ. Dei. 8. —A man let over 
Sufa by Alexander, with a garrifon of 3000 

men. Curt. 5, c. 2. - A Greek philofopher, 

who wrote a hiftory of animals, and maintained 
that goats breathed not through the noftrils, 

but through the ears. Plin. 8, c. 50.--A fon 

pi Ele&ryon and Anaxo. Apollod. 2.- - A 

Greek poet, who wrote epigrams. Varro de 

R. R. 3, c. 16.-A fculptor of Priene, in 

the age of Claudius. He made an apotheofis of 
Homer, a piece of fculpture highly admired, 
and faid to have been dilcovered under ground 

A. D. 1658.-A writer of Thrace. 

Archemachus, a Greek writer, who pub¬ 
lished an hiftory of Euboea. Athen. 6.-A 

fon of Hercules-of Priam. Apollod. 2 & 3. 

Archemorus, or Opheltes, fon of Lycur- 
gus,king ofNemtea, in Thrace, by Eurydice, 
was brought up by Hypfipyle, queen of Lem¬ 
nos, who had fled to Thrace, and was employed 
as a nurfe in the king’s family. Hypfipyle 
was met by the army of Adjaftus, wh« was going 


againft Thebes} and (he was forced to lhew 
them a fountain where they might.queiich their 
thirft. To do this more expeditioufly, fhe put 
down the child on the grafs, and at her return 
found him killed by a lerpent. The Greeks 
were fo affliited at this misfortune, that they 
inllituted games in honor of Archemorus, which 
were called Nemsean, and king Adraftus inlif- 
ted among the combatants, and was vi<ftorious. • 
Apollod. 2 & 3.— Pauf. 8, C. 48.— Stat. Tbeb. 
6 . 

Archepous, a man in Alexander’s army, 
who conlpired againft the king with Dymnus. 
Curt. 6, c. 7. 

Archeptolemus, fon, of Jphitus, king of 
Elis, went to theTrojan war, and fought againft 
the Greeks. As he was fighting near Heitor, 
he was killed by Ajax fon of Telamon. It is 
laid that he re-ell ablilhed the Olympic games. 
Homer. II. 8, v. 128. 

Arche stratus, a tragic poet, whofe pieces 
were afted during the Peloponnefian war. 

Plut. in Arijl. -A man fo fimall and lean, 

that he could be placed in a dilh without filling 
it, though it contained no more than an obolu*. 

- - A follower of Epicurus, who wrote a 

poem in commendation of gluttony. 

ARCHETiMUSjthe firft philofophical writer 
in theageof the fevenwife men ofGreece. Diog , 

Archetius, a Rutulian, killed by the Tro¬ 
jans. Virg. JEn. 12 , V. 459. 

Archia, one of the Oceanides, wife t# 
Inachus. Hygin. fab. 143. 

Archias, a Corinthian defeended from 
Hercules. He founded Syracufe B. C. 732. 
Being told hy an oracle to make choice of 
health or riches, he chofe the latter. Dionyf 

Hal. 2.-A poet of Antioch, intimate with. 

the Luculli. He obtained the rank and name 
of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, 
who defended him in an elegant oration, when 
his enemies had dilputed his privileges of citi¬ 
zen of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cim- 
brian war, and began another concerning Ci¬ 
cero’s confullhip, which are now loft. Soma 
of his epigrams are prelerved in the Anthologia. 

Cic. pro Arch. -A polemarch of Thebes, 

affaffinated in the conipiracy of Pelopidas, 
which he could have prevented, if he had not 
deferred to the morrow the reading of a letter 
which he had received from Archias the Athe¬ 
nian high prieft, and which gave him infor¬ 
mation of his danger. Plut. in Pelop. - \ 

high-prieft of Athens, contemporary and inti¬ 
mate with the polemarch of the fame name. 

Id. ibid. -A Theban taken in the a£l of 

adultery, and punilhed according to the law, 
and tied to a poll in the public place, for 
which punifhment he abolilhed the oligarchy. 
Arifiot. 

Archibiades, a philofopher of Athens, 
who affected the manners of the Spartans, and 
was very inimical to the views and meafures 

of Phocion. Plut. in Pboc . - -An ambaffader 

of Byaanlium, See. Poly an, 4, c. 44 - 

Q % Mwizivt, 








AR 


AR 


Archibius, the ion of the geographer 
Ptolemy. 

Akchidamia, a prieftefs of Ceres, who, 
on account of her affeftion for Ariftomenes, 
freftored him to liberty when he had been taken 
prifonerby her female attendants at the cele¬ 
bration of their feftival*. Pauf. 4, c. 17. 

--A daughter of Cleadas, who, upon hear¬ 
ing that her countrymen the Spartans, were 
debating whether they fhould fend away their 
women to Crete againft the hoftile approach 
of Pyrrhus, feized a fword, and ran to the fe- 
nate-houfe, exclaiming that the women were 
M able to fight as the men. Upon this the de¬ 
tree was repealed. Plut. in Pyrr. — Polyan. 8, 
c. 8. 

ARctiiDAMus.fon of Theopompus, king of 

Sparta, died before his father. Pauf. - 

Another, king of Sparta, fon of Anaxidamus, 

fucceeded by Agaficles.-Another, fon of 

Agefilaus, of the family of the Proclidae.- 

Another, grandfon of Leotychidas, by his fon 
Xeuxidamus. He fucceeded his grandfather, 
and reigned in conjunilion with Pliftoanax. 
He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, 
and privately affifted the Phocians in plunder¬ 
ing the temple of Delphi. He was called to 
the aid of Tarentum againft the Romans, and 
killed there in a battle, after a reign of 33 

years. Died. 16.— Xenopb. -Another, fon of 

Eudamidas.——Another, who conquered the 
Helots, after a violent earthquake. Diod. 11. 
■■ ■ 'A fon of Agefilaus, who led the Spartan 
auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the battle of 
JLeuctra, and was killed in a battle againft the 

Lucanians, B. C. 338.-A fon ofXenius 

Theopompus. Pauf. 

Archidas, a tyrant of Athens, killed by 
his troops. 

Archidemus, a Stoic philofopher, who 
willingly exiled himfelf among the Parthians. 
Plut. de exit. 

Archideus, a fon of Amyntas, king of 
Macedonia. Jufin. 7, c. 4. 

Archidium, a city of Crete, named 
after Archidius fon of Tegeates. Pauf. 8. 
c. 53 - 

Archigallus, the high prieft of Cybele’s 
temple. [ Fid. Galli.J 

Archigenes, a phyfician, born at Apamea, 
in Syria. He lived in the reign of Domitian, 
Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73d year 
of his age. He wrote a treatife on adorning 
the hair, as alfo ten books on fevers, fu’v. 6, 
V. 235. 

Archilochus, a poet of Paros, who wrote 
elegies, fatires, odes, and epigrams, and was the 
firft who introduced iambics in hisverfes. He 
had courted Neobule, the daughter of Lycam- 
bes, and had received rromiles of marriage ; 
but the father gave her to another, fuperior to 
the poet in rank and fortune; upon which 
Archilochus wrote luch a bitter latire, that 
Lycambes hanged himfelf in a fit of defpair. 
The, Spartans condemned his' v§rfes on Ac¬ 


count of their Indelicacy, and banilhed hint 
from their city as a petulant and dangerous 
citizen. He florifhed 685 B. C. and it is laid 
that he was aflalfinated. Some fragments of his 
poetry remain, which dilplay vigor and anima¬ 
tion, boldnefs and vehemence in the higheft de¬ 
gree ; from which reafon perhaps Cicero calls 
virulent edicts, Archilocbia ediSia. Cic. Tufc. 
l.—-Quintil IO, C. I .—Herodot. I, c. 12 .-— 

Herat.art. poet. V. 79.— Athen. I, 2 , &C.-- 

A ion of Neftor, killed by Memnon in the 
Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. — A Greek his¬ 
torian who wrote a chronological table, and 
other works, about the 20th or 30th olym¬ 
piad. 

Archimedes, a famous geometrician of 
Syracufe, who invented a machine of glais that 
faithfully.reprefented the motion of all the hea¬ 
venly bodies. When Marcellus, the Roman 
conlul, befieged Syracufe, Archimedes con- 
ftrufted machines which luddenly raifed up in 
the air the fhips of the enemy from the bay 
before the city, and let them fall with fuch 
violence into the water that they funk. He 
fet them alfo on fire with his burning glaf- 
fes. When the town was taken, the Ro¬ 
man general gave drift orders to his foldiers 
not to hurt Archimedes, and even offered a 
reward to him who fhould bring him alive and 
fafe into his prefence. All thefe precautions 
were ui’elefs: the philofopher was fo deeply 
engaged in folving a problem, that he was even 
ignorant that the enemy were in pofTefiion of 
the town; and a foldier, without knowing who> 
he was, killed him, becaufe he refuted to fol¬ 
low him, B. C. 212. Marcellus raifed a mo¬ 
nument over him, and placed upon it a cylin¬ 
der and a fphere; but the place remained long 
unknown, till Cicero, during his queftorfhip in 
Sicily, found it near one of the gates of Syra¬ 
cufe, furrounded with thorns and brambles* 
Some fuppofe that Archimedes raifed the fite 
of the towns and villages of Egypt, and began 
thofe mounds of earth by means of which com¬ 
munication is kept from town to town during 
the inundations of the Nile. The ftory of his 
burning glafles had always appeared fabulous 
to feme of the moderns, till the experiments of 
Buffon demonftrated it beyond contradiftion. 
Thefe celebrated glafles were iuppofed to be 
refleftors made of metal, and capable of pro¬ 
ducing their effeft at the diftance of a bow- 
ihot. The manner in which he difeovered 
how much brafs a goldfmith had mixed wkh 
gold in making a golden crown for the king is 
well known to every modern hydroftatic, as 
well as the pumping icrew which ftill bears his 
name. Among the wild fchemes of Archi-' 
medes,is his faying, that by means of his ma¬ 
chines, he could move the earth with eale, if 
placed on a fixed fpot near it. Many of his 
works are extant, elpecially treatiles de jpbara 
Idf cylindro, circuit dimenftOy de lineis fpiralibus y 
de quadrature paraboles , de nutnero arena , &c. 
the beft edition of which is that of David Ri- 

valtius, 




AR 


AR 


vakius, fol. Paris, 1615. Cir. Tufc. x, c. 25. 
De Nat. D 2, c. 34.-— Liv. 24, c. 34.— 

Quintil. I, C. 10. Vitruv. 9, c. 3.—7. 

—Plut. in Mar cell. — Val. Max 8, c. 7. 

ArchTnus, a man whQ^ when he was ap¬ 
pointed to diftribute new arms .imong the po¬ 
pulate of Argos, raifed a mercenary band, and 

made himfelf abfolute. Polyan. 3, c. 8.- 

A rhetorician of Athens. 

ArchipelXgus, a part of the fea where 
iflands in great number are interfperl'ed, fuch 
as that part of the Mediterranean which lies 
between Greece and Alia Minor, and is gene¬ 
rally called Mare iEgum. 

Archii'Olis. a foldier who confpired 
agaii.lt Alexander with Uymnus. Curt. 6,0.7 

Archive, a city of the Maifi. deftroyed 
by an earthquake, and loll in the lake of Fu- 
cinus. Flin. 3, c. 19. 

Archippus, a king of Italy, from whom 
perhaps the town of Archippe received its 

name. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 752. - A philofo 

pher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras.-An 

archon at Athens.-A comic poet of Athens, 

of whofe 8 comedies only one obtained the 
prize.-A philofopher in the age of Trajan. 

akchit 1 s, a name of Venus, worlhipped 
on mount Libanus. 

Archon, one of Alexander’s generals, who 
received the provinces of Babylon, at the ge¬ 
neral divifion after the king’s death. Diod. 18. 

Archontes, the name of the chief magi- 
ftrates of Athens. They were nine in num¬ 
ber, and none were chofen but fuch as were 
deleended from anceftors who had been free 
citizens of the republic for three generations. 
They were alio to be without deformity in all 
the parts and members of their body, and were 
obliged to produce teftimonies of their dutiful 
behaviour to their parents, of the fervices they 
had rendered their country, and the compe¬ 
tency of their fortune to lupport their dignity. 
They took a folemn oath, that they would ob- 
ferve the laws, adminifter juftice with impar¬ 
tiality, and never fuifer themfelves to be cor¬ 
rupted. If they ever received bribes, they were 
compelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of 
Delphi, a ftatue of gold of equal weight with 
their body. They all had the power of punifhing 
malefactors with death. The chief among them 
was called Anbon> the year took its denomina¬ 
tion from him ; he determined all caufes be¬ 
tween man and wife, and took care of legacies 
and wills ; he provided for orphans, protected 
the injured, and punilked drunkennefs with 
uncommon leverity. If he fufFered himlelf to 
be intoxicated during the time of his office, the 
mifdemeanor was punilhed with death. The 
lecond of the Archons was called Baftleus : it 
was his office to keep good order, and to re¬ 
move all caufes of quarrel in the families of 
thole who were dedicated to the lervice of the 
gods. The prophane and the impious were 
brought before his tribunal; and he offered 
public facrifices for the good of the ftate. He 


affilted at the celebration of the Eleufinian fes¬ 
tivals, and other religious ceremonies. His 
wife was to be related to the whole people of 
Athens, and of a pure and unfullied life. He 
had a vote among the Areopagites, but was 
obliged to fit among them without his crown. 
The Polemarcb was another Archon of infe¬ 
rior dignity. He had the care of all foreigners, 
and provided a lufficient maintenance from the 
public treafury, for the families of thofe who 
had loft their lives in defence of their country. 
Thefe three chief archons generally chofe 
each of them two perfons of refpeCtable cha¬ 
racter, and of an advanced age, whofe counfels 
and advice might afiilt and fupport them in 
their public capacity The fix other archons 
were indiftinClly called Tbef?n'jtbet<e , and re¬ 
ceived complaints againft perfons accufed of 
impiety, bribery, and ill behaviour. They fet¬ 
tled all difputes between the citizens, redrefFed 
the wrongs of ftrangers, and forbade any laws 
to be enforced, but fuch as were conducive to 
the fafety of the ftate. Thefe officers of ftat* 
were chofen after tire death of king Codrus ; 
their power was originally for life, but after¬ 
wards it was limited to ten years, and at laft 
to one year. After fome time, the qualifica¬ 
tions which were required to be an archon were 
not ftriCtly obferved. Adrian, before he was 
eleCfed emperor of Rome, was made archon at, 
Athens, though a foreigner ; and the fame ho¬ 
nors were conferred upon Plutarch. The per¬ 
petual archons, after the death of Codrus, were 
Medon, whofe office began B. C. 107a; 
Acaftus, iojo ; Archippus, 1014; Therfippus, 
995 ; Phorbas, 954 ; Megacles,923 ; Diogne- 
tus, 893 ; Pherecles, 865 ; Ariphron, 846 ; 
Thelpieus, 826 ; Agameftor, 799 ; iEfchylus, 
778 ; Alcmieon, 756; after whofe death the 
archons were decennial, the firlf of whom was 
Charops, who began 753 ; iEfimedes, 744 ; 
Clidicus, 734; Hippomenes, 724 ; Leocrates, 
714; Apfander, 704 ; Eryxias, 694; after 
whom the office became annual, and of thefe 
annual archons Creon was the firft. Arijlopb. 
in Nub. & Avib ,— Flut. Sympof. I.— Demojl, 
—Poll 11 x .—Lyjias. 

Arciitlus Tiiurius, a general ofDio- 
nyfius the elder. Diod. 14. 

Archvtas, a mufician of Mitylene, wh«* 

wrote a treatile on agriculture. Diog. . — 

1 he fon of Heftiseus of Tarentum, was a fol¬ 
lower of the Pythagorean philolophy, and an 
able aftronomer and geometrician. He re¬ 
deemed his mafter, Plato, from the hands of 
the tyrant Dionyfius, and for iiis virtues he 
was ieven times chofen, by his fellow citizens, 
governor of Tarentum. He invented fome 
mathematical inftruments, and made a wooden 
pigeon which could fly. He perilhed in a fhip- 
wreck, about 394 years before the Chriftian 
era. He is alfo the reputed inventor of the 
fcrew and the pully. A fragment of his writ¬ 
ings has been preferved by Porphyry. Horat . 
I, od. 38.— Ck% 3, de Oral.—-Diog. in vit. 

G 3 AltclTiNSNi, 




A R 

ArcLteneMs, an epithet applied to Apol¬ 
lo, from his bearing a bonu, with which as foon 
as born, he deftroyed the ferpent Pythori. 
Virg. JEn. 3, v. 75. 

Arctinus, aMilefian poet faid t® be pu¬ 
pil to Homer. Dionyf Hal. 1. 

Arctophylax, a ftar near the great bear, 
called alfo Bootes. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 42. 

Arctos, a mountain near Propontis, inha¬ 
bited by giants and monfters.-Two celef- 

tial conllellations near the north pole, com¬ 
monly called Urfa Major and Minor, fuppofed 
to be Areas and his mother, who were made 
conllellations. Virg. G. 1. — Aratus. — Ovid. 
Fajl.^v. 107. 

Arcturus, a ftar near the tail of the great 
bear, whole riling and fetting were generally 
fuppofed to portend great tempefts. Horat. 

■ 3, od. 1. The name is derived from its fitua- 
• tion, ugxros urfus, ovga cauda. It fifes now 1 
about the beginning of Odlober,and Pliny tells 
us it rofe in his age on the 12th, or, according 
to Columella, on the 5th of September. 

Ardaeus, a fon of Vulcan, laid to have 
been the firft who invented the pipe. He 
gave it to the Mufes, who on that account 
have been called Jlrdalides and Ardaliotidcs. 
Fa;/. 2, c. 31. 

Ardania, a country of Egypt. Strab. 

Ardaxanus, a fmall river of Ulyricum. 
Folyb. 

Ardea, formerly Ardua, a town of La- 
tium built by Danae, or according tofome, by 
a fon of Ulyfles and Circe. It was the capital 
of the Rutuli. Some foldiers fet it on lire, 
and the inhabitants publicly reported, that 
their city had been changed into a bird, called 
by the Latins Ardea. It was rebuilt, and it 
became a rich and magnificent city, whofe en¬ 
mity to Rome rendered it famous. Tarquin 
the proud was prefting it with a liege, when 
his fon ravifhed Lucretia. A road called Ar- 
deatina, branched from the Appian road to 
Ardea. C. Nep. in Attic. 14.— -Liv. 1, c. 57’, 
1 . 3, c.. 71. 1 . 4, c. 9, &c. — Virg*. JEn. 7', v. 
412.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 573.— Strab. 5. 

Ardkricca, a fmall town on the Euphra¬ 
tes, north of Babylon. 

Ardi.tli, a people of Ulyricum, whofe capi¬ 
tal was called Ardia. Strab. 7. 

Ardqnea, a town of Apulia. Liv. 24, 
C. 20., 

Ardua, an ancient name of Ardea. Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 411. 

ARDU.ENNA,now Ardenne, a large foreft of 
Gaul, in the time of LCaefar, which extended 
.50 miles from the Rhine to the borders of the 
Nervii. Tacit. 8. Ann. c. 42.— Caf. bell. Gall. 
6 , c.29. 

Arduine, the goddefs of hunting among 
the Gauls ; reprefented with the fame attri¬ 
butes as the Diana of the Romans. 

Arpyenses, a nation near the Rhone. 
Folyb. 3. 

Ard y s, a fon of Gyges, king ©f Lydia, who 


■ ar 

reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made WRE 
againft Miletus. Herodot. 1, c. 15. 

Area, a furname of Minerva, from her 
temple on Mars’ hill («£*») ere£led by Oref- 
tes. Fauf. 1, c. 28. 

AREACiDiE, a nation of Numidia. Polyb. 

Areas, a general chofen by the Greeks 
againft -/Etolia. JuJlin. 24, c. 1. 

Aregonis, the mother of Mopfus by 
Ampyx. Orph. in Argon. ' 

Arelatum, a town of Gallia Narbonenfis. 
Strab. 4.— Mela , 2, C. 5. 

Arellius, a celebrated painter of Rome, 
in the age of Auguftus. He painted the god- 
deftes in the form' of his miftrefies. Pi in. 35, 
c. 10.-A mifer in Horat. 

Aremorica, a part of Gaul, at the north 
of the Loire, now called Britany. Plin 4. 

Arena and Arene, a city ofMeflenia, iq 
Peloponnefus. Homer. II. 2. 

Arenacum, a town of Germany. Tacit, 
Hijl.y , c. 20. 

AreopagItje, the judges of the Areopa¬ 
gus, a feat of juftice on a fmall eminence near 
Athens, whofe name is derived from 
cray®', the hill of Mars , becaufe Mars was 
the firft who was tried there, for the murder 
of Hallirhotius, who had offered violence tq 
his daughter Alcippe. Some fay that the 
place received the name of Areopagus, becaufe 
the Amazons pitched their camp there, and 
offered facrifices to their progenitor Mars, 
when they befieged Athens; and other? main¬ 
tain, that the name was given to the place, be¬ 
caufe Mars is the god of bloodfhed, war, and 
murder, which were generally puniflfled by that 
court. The time in which this celebrated feat 
of juftice was inllituted, is unknown. Soma 
iuppofe that Cecrops, the founder of Athens, 
firft eftahlifhed it, while others give the credit 
of it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The 
number of judges that com'pofed this auguft af- 
fembly, is not known. They have been limited 
by feme to 9, to 31,1051, and fometimes to a 
greater number. The moft worthy and re¬ 
ligious of the Athenians were admitted as mem¬ 
bers, and fuch archcns as had dilqharged their 
duty with care and faithfulnefs. In the latter- 
ages of the republic, this obiervance was often 
violated, and we find fome of their members of 
loole and debauched morals. If any of them 
were convidied of immorality, if they were leen 
fitting at a tavern, or had ufed any indecent 
language, they were immediately expelled from 
the aftembly, and held in the greateft difgrace, 
though the dignity of a judge of the Areopa¬ 
gus always was for life. The Areopagites took 
cognizance of murders, impiety, and immoral 
behaviour, and particularly of idlenefs, which 
they deemed the caufe of all vice. They watch¬ 
ed over the laws, and they had the management 
of the public treafury; they had the liberty of 
rewarding the virtuous, and of inflifting fevere 
puniihment upon fuch as blafphemed againft 
the gods, or flighted the celebration of the holy 

myfteries. 



myfteries. They always fat in the open air, 
becaufe they took cognizance of murder ; and 
•by their laws it was not permitted for the 
murderer and hisaccuier to be both under the 
fame roof. This cuftom all'o might originate 
becaufe the perl'ons of the judges were facred, 
and they were afraid of contradfing pollution 
by converfing in the fame houfe with men who 
•had been guilty of lhedding innocent blood. 
They always heard caules and parted lentence 
in the night, that they might not be preportef- 
£ed in favoi 1 of the plaintifi or of the defendant 
by feeing them. Whatever caufes were 
pleaded before them, were to be diverted of all 
oratory and fine fpeaking, left eloquence 
Ihould charm their ears, and corrupt their 
judgment. Hence arole the moft juft and 
molt impartial decifions, and their lentence 
was deemed facred and inviolable, and the 
plaintiff and defendant were equally convinced 
•of its juftice. The Areopagites generally fat on 
■the 27th, 28th, and 29th day of every month. 
Their authority continued in its original ftate, 
till Pericles, who was refufed admittance 
among them, refolved to leflen their coni'e- 
■quence, and deftroy their power. From that 
•time the morals of the Athenians were cor¬ 
rupted, and the Areopagites were no longer 
conl'picuous for their virtue and juftice ; and 
when they cenfured the debaucheries of De¬ 
metrius, one of the family of Phalereus, he 
plainly told them, that if they wilhed to make 
a reform in Atheny, fhey muft begin at home. 

Areopagus, a hill in the neighbourhood of 
Athens. Vid. Areopagitaj. 

Arestje, a people of India,-conquered by 
Alexander. Jujlin. 12, c. 8. 

Arestiianas, a countryman, vvhofe goat 
fuckled iEiculapius, when expofed by his mo¬ 
ther. Pauf. 2, c. 26. 

Arestoribes, a patronymic given to the 
hundred eyed Argus, as fon ©f Areftor. Ovid. 
Met.i,v. 584. 

Areta, the mother of Ariftippus the phi- 

lofopher. Laert. 2.-A daughter of Dic- 

iiyfius, who married Dion. She was thrown 

into the lea. Plat, in Dion. -A female 

philolopher of Cyrene, B. C. 377. 

Areta, a daughter of Rhexenor, defcended 
from Neptune, who married her uncle Alci- 
nous by whom (he had Nauficaa. Homer. Od. 
7 Sc 8.— Apollod. 1. 

Aretjeus, a phyfician of Cappadocia, very 
inquirttive after the operations of nature. His 
ireatife on agues has been much admired. The 
heft edition of his works which are extant, is 
that of Boerhaave, L. Bat. fo). 1735. 

A retaph.ila, the wife of Melanippus, a 
prieft of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her 
hafoand to marry her. She, however, was fo 
attached to Melanippus, that Ihe endeavoured 
to poifon Nicocrates, and at laft cauied him to 
be aftaffinatedby his brother Lyfander, whom 
flie married. Lyfander proved as cruel as his 
brother,> upon which Afetaphila ordered him 


to be thrown into the fea. After this fhe re¬ 
tired to a private ftation. Pint, de, Virtdt. 
Muller. — Polyeen. 8, c. 38. 

AretXles, a Cnidian, who wrote an hif- 
tory of Macedonia, befides atreatileon ilkinefc. 
Plut . _ 

Arete, Vid. Areta. x 

Aretes, one of Alexander’s officers. Curt, 

4» c.ij. 

Arethusa, a nymph of Elis, daughter Of 
Oceanus, and one of Diana’s attendants. As 
(he returned one day from hunting, (he lat near 
the Alpheus, and bathed in the ftream. The 
god of the river was enamoured of her, and hie 
purl'ued her over the mountains and all the 
country, when Arethufa, ready to fink under 
fatigue, implored Diana, who changed her into 
a fountain. The Alpheus immediately ming¬ 
led his ftreams .with hers,' and Diana opened a 
fecret paflage under the earth and under the 
fea, where the waters of Arethufa disappeared, 
and role in the iftand of Ortygia, near Syra- 
cufe in Sicily. The river Alpheus followed 
her alfo under the fea, and role alfo in Orty*. 
gia ; fo that, as mythologies relate, whatever is 
thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, rifes again, 
after fometime, in the fountain Arethufa near 
Syracufe. Vid. Alpheus.—Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 

IO.— Athen. 7.— Pauf. --One of the Hef- 

perides. Apo'lod. 2, c. 5.--A daughter of 

Herileus, mother of Abas, by Neptune. Hy - 

giiu- fab. 157.-One"of Adlceon’s dogs. Hygin. 

fab. 181.-A lake of upper Armenia, near 

the fountains of the Tigris. Nothing can fink 

under its waters. Plin. 2, c 103.-A town 

ofThrace.-Another in Syria. 

AretTnum, a Roman colony in Etruria. 
Ital. 5, v. 123. ' 

Aretus, a ion of Neftor and Anaxibia. 

Homer. Od. 3, v. 413.- A Trojan againlt 

the Greeks. He was killed by A utomedon, 

Homer. II. 17, v. 494.-A famous warrior, 

whofe only weapon was an iron club. H e wa* 
treacheroufly killed by Lycurgus, king of Ar¬ 
cadia. Pauf. 8, c. 11 

A reus, a king of Sparta, preferred in the 
fucceilionto Cleonymus,brother of Acrotatus^ 
who had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He 
afiifted Athens When Antigomis befieged it, 
and died at Corinth. Pauf. 3, c. 6.— Pint. 
A king of Sparta, who focceeded his father 
A crotatus 2d, and was fucceeded by his fon 

Leonidas,fon ofCleonymus.-A philolopher 

off Alexandria, intimate with Auguftus. Sue - 

ten. -A poet of Laconia.——An orator 

mentioned by QuintU. 

Argjeus& HjtGEUS, a fon of Apollo and 

Cyrene. Jujlin. 13, c. 7.-A fan of Per- 

diccas, who fucceeded his father hi the king¬ 
dom of Macedonia, jujlin. 7', c. 1.--A 

mountain of • appadocia, covered with perpe¬ 
tual fnows, at the bottom of which is the ca¬ 
pital of the country called Maxara. Clcudian, 

-A fon of Ptolemy, killed by his. brother. 

Paiif. 1.-A fon of Licy minus. Apollod- 2. 

G 4 AJLGALUS, 












A R 


AnoXtus, a king of Sparta, fon of Amy- 
elas. Pauf. 3, c. i. 

Argathona, ahuntrefs of Ciosin Bithy- 
nia, whom Rhefus married before he went to 
the Trojan war. When (he heard of his 
death, fhe died in defpair. Partbcn, Erotic. 
c. 36. 

Argathonius, a king of TartefTus, who, 
•ccording to PI in 7, c. 48, lived 120 years, 
and 300 according to Ital. 3, v. 396. 

ARGE,a beautiful huntrefs, changed into a 
flag by Apollo. Hygin. fab. 205.—■—One of 

the Cyclops. Hefiod. - A daughter ofThef- 

^ius,by whom Hercules had two fens. Apol¬ 
lod. 2.- A nymph, daughter of Jupiter and 

Juno. Afollod. 1. 

Argea, a place at Rome, where certain 
Argives were buried. 

Arg.£ath2e, a village of Arcadia. Pauf. 

c. 23. 

Argennum, a promontory of Ionia. 

Arges, a fon of Coelus and Terra, who 
had only one eye in his forehead. Apollod. 
1, c. 1. 

ArgestrXtus, a king of Lacedaemon, 
who reigned 35 years. 

ArgRus, a fon of Perdiccas, king of Mace¬ 
donia, who obtained the kingdom when Amyn- 
tas was depofed by the Illyrians. 'Jujiin. 
7 , c. 2. 

Argi, (plur. tnafcl) Vid. Argos. 

ArgTa, daughter of Adraftus, married Po- 
lynices, whom ilie loved with uncommon ten- 
dernefs. When he was killed in the war, Ihe 
bujried his body in the night, againft the po- 
fitiv e orders of Creon, for which pious att ion 
Hie was punifhed with death. Theleus re¬ 
venged her death by killing Creon. Hygin. 
fab. 69 & 72 .—St at. Tltb. 12. [P/d. Anti¬ 
gone & Creon ]-A country of Peloponne- 

fus, called alfo Argolis, of which Argos was 
the capital.-One of the Oceanides. Hy¬ 

gin. praf —*—The wife of Inachus,and mother 

pf Io. Id. fab. 145.-The mother of Argos, 

by Polybus. Id. fab. 145.-A daughter of 

Autefion, who married Ariltodemus, by whom 
(he had two fons, Euryfthenes, and Procles. 
•y Apollod. 2.— Pauf. 4, c. 3. 

Argi as, a man who founded Chalcedon, 
A. U. C. 148. 

Argiletum, a place at Rome, near the 
Palatium, where the tradefmen generally kept 
their (hops. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 355.— Martial. 

I,ep. 4- 

Argii.Ius, a favorite youth of P.mfanias, 
who revealed his mailer’s correfpondence with 
the Perfian king, to the Ephori. C. Nep. in 
Pauf. 

argillus, a mountain of Egypt near the 
Nile. 

Argilus ,3 town ofThrace, near the Stry- 
mon, built by a colony of Andrians. Tlucyd. 
4,c r03.— Hcrodat. 7, c. 115. 

rginusa:, three fmall illands near the 
tontinent, between Mitylene and Methymna, 


AR 

where the Lacedaemonian fleet was conquered 
by Conon the Athenian. Strab. 13. 

Argiope, a nymph of mount ParnalTus, 
mother of Thamyris, by Philammon the fon of 
Apollo. Pauf. 4, c. 33. 

Argiphontes, afurname given to Mer¬ 
cury, becaufe he killed the hundred-eyed Ar» 
gus , by order of Jupiter. 

Argippei, a nation among the Sauroma- 
tians, born bald, and with flat nofes. They 
lived upon trees. Herodot. 4, c. 23. 

ArgIva, afurname of Juno, worlhipped at 
Argos. She had alfo a temple at Sparta, con- 
lecrated to her by Eurydice, the daughter of 
Lacedamton. Pauf. 4, c. 13.— Virg . JEn. 3, 
v. 547 - 

ArgTvi, the inhabitants of the city of Ar¬ 
gos and the neighbouring country. The word 
is indiferiminately applied by the poets to all 
the inhabitants of Greece. 

Argiijs, afteward of Galba, wha privately 
interred the body of his mailer in his gardens. 
Tacit. Hijl, I, C. 49. 

Argo, the name of the famous Ihip which 
carried Jafon and his 54 companions to Col¬ 
chis, when they refolved to recover the golden 
fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has 
been often difputed. Some derive it from 
Argos, the perl'on who firll propofed the ex¬ 
pedition, and who built the ihip. Others 
maintain that it was built at A rgos, whence its 
name. Cicero, Tufc. I, c. 20, calls it Argo, 
becaufe it carried Grecians, commonly called 
Argives. Diod. 4, derives the word from 
which fignifies fwift. Ptolemy fays, 
but falfely, that Hercules built the Ihip, and 
called it ^rgo, after a fon of Jafon, who bore 
the lame name. The Ihip Argo had 50 oars. 
According to many authors, lhehad a beam on 
her prow, cut in the foreft of Dodona by Mi¬ 
nerva, which had the power of giving oracles to 
the Argonauts. This Ihip was the iirll that 
ever failed on the fea, as fome report. After 
the expedition was finilhed, Jafon ordered her 
to be drawn aground at the ifthmus of Corinth, 
and conlecrated to the god of the fea. 7 he 
poets have made her a conllellation in heaven. 
Jafon was killed by a beam which fell from the 
top, as he flept on the ground near it. Hygin. 
fab. 14. A. P. 2, c. 37.— Catul. de Nupt. Pel. 
ScTlet .— Val. Place. I,v. 93, &c.— Pbadr. 4, 
fab. 6.— Seneca in Medea. — Apollon. Argon.— 
Apollod. — Cic. de Nat. I). — Plin. 7, c. j6. 
— Maml. I. 

Argolicus sinus, a bay on the coaft of 
Argolis. 

Argolis and Argia, a country of Pelo- 
pomiefus between Arcadia and the JEgeanfea. 
Its chief city was called Argos. 

Argon, one of the defendants of Hercu¬ 
les, who reigned in Lydia 505 years before 
Gyg^s. Herodot. I,c. 7. 

Argonautje, a name given to thole an- 
1 cient heroes who went with Jafon on board the 
j Hi ip Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before 
! * the 




AR 


AR 


the taking of Troy, or 1263 B. C. The 
caufes of this expedition arofe from the follow¬ 
ing circumftance :—Athamas, king of 1 hebes, 
had married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, 
whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by whom 
he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. As 
Nephele was fubjedt to certain fits of madnels, 
Athamas repudiated her, and took a fecond 
time Ino, by whom he had loon after two fons, 
Learchus and Melicerta. As the children of 
Nephele were to lucceed to their father by 
right of birth, Ino conceived an immortal ha¬ 
tred againft them, and fhe canted the city of 
Thebes to be vifited by a peftilence, by poifon- 
ing all the grain which had been fown in the 
earth. Upon this the oracle was confulted; 
and as it had been corrupted by means of Ino, 
the anfwer was, that Nephele’s children fhould 
be immolated to the gods. Phryxus was ap¬ 
prised of this, and he immediately embarked 
with his lifter Helle, and fled to the court of 
^Eetes, king of Colchis, one of his near rela¬ 
tions. In the voyage Helle died, and Phryxus 
arrived fafe at Colchis, and was received with 
kindnefs by the king. The poets have embel- 
lilhed the flight of Phryxus, by fuppofing that 
he and Helle fled through the air on a ram 
which had a golden fleece and wings, and was 
endowed with the faculties of ipeech This 
ram, as they fay, was the offspring of Nep¬ 
tune’s amours, under the form of a ram, with 
the nymph Theophane. As they were going 
to be lacrificed, the ram took them on his 
back, and inftantly disappeared in the air. On 
their way Helle was giddy, and fell into that 
part of the fea which from her was called the 
Hellefpont. When Phryxus came to Colchis, 
be lacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or according 
to others, to Mars, to whom he alfo dedicated 
the golden fleece. Hefoon after married Chal- 
ciope the daughter of Aretes ; hut his father- 
in-law envied him the pofleffion of the golden 
fleece, and therefore to obtain it he murdered 
him. Some time after this event, when Jafon 
the fon of iElbn, demanded of his uncle Pelias 
the crown which he ufurped, \ ViJ. Pelias, Ja¬ 
fon, ASfon,") Pelias laid-that he would reftore 
it Ito him, provided he avenged the death of 
their common relation Phryxus, whom iEetes 
had bafely murdered in Colchis. Jafon, who 
was in the vigor of youth, and of an ambitious 
foul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and 
embarked with all the young princes of Greece 
in the Ihip Argo. They flopped at the ifland 
of Lemnos, where they remained two years, 
and railed a new race of men from the Lem- 
nian women who had murdered their hufbands. 
\Vid. Hypfipyle.] After they had left Lem¬ 
nos, they vifited Samothrace, where they of¬ 
fered facrifices to the gods, and thence paf- 
fed to Troas and Cyzicum. Here they 
met with a favorable reception from Cy- 
zicus the king of the country. The night 
after their departure, they were driven hack 
by a ltorm again on the coaii of Cyzicum, 


and the inhabitants, fuppofing them to be their 
enemies the Pelafgi, furioully attacked them- 
In this nodlurnal engagement the flaughtejr was 
great, and Gyzicus was killed by the hand of 
Jafon, who, to expiate the murder he had igno¬ 
rantly c#mmitted, buried him in a magnifi¬ 
cent manner, and offered a facrifice to the 
mother of the gods, to whom he built a temple 
on mount Dyndymus. From Cyzicum they 
vifited Bebrycia, otherwife called Bithynia, 
where Pollux accepted the challenge of Amycus 
king of the country, in the combat of the ceftus, 
and flew him. They were driven from Bebry¬ 
cia by a florm, to Salmydefla, on the coaft of 
Thrace, where they delivered Phineus, king of 
the place, from the perlecution of the harpies. 
Phineus diredled their courle through the Cya- 
nean rock or the Symplegades, [ Vid. Cyanea;.] 
and they fafely entered the Euxine fea. They 
vifited the country of the Mariandinians, where 
Lycus reigned, and loll two of their compa¬ 
nions, Idmon, 'and Tiphys their pilot. After 
they had left this coaft, they were driven upon 
the ifland of Arecia, where they found the 
children of Phryxus,whom JEetes their grand¬ 
father had lent to Greece to take poffeflion 
of their father’s kingdom. From this ifland 
they at lall arrived fafe in Asa, the capital 
of Colchis. Jafon explained the caufes of his 
voyage to ASetc*; but the conditions on which 
he was to recover the golden fleece, were fo 
hard, that the Argonauts mull have perilhed 
in the attempt, had not Medea, the king’s 
daughter, fallen in lotfe with their leader. 
She had a conference with Jafon, and after 
mutual oaths of fidelity in the temple of He¬ 
cate, Medea pledged herfelf to deliver the 
Argonauts from her father’s hard conditions, 
if Jafon married her, and carried her with 
him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls, 
which had brazen feet and horns, and windy 
vomited clouds of fire and fmoalw and to tie 
them to a plough made of adamant ftone, and 
to plough a field of two acres of ground never 
before cultivated. After this he was £o fow 
in the plain, the teeth of a dragon, from 
which an armed, multitude were to rile up, and 
to be all dellroyed by his hands. This done, 
he was to kill an ever-watchful dragon, which 
was at the bottom of the tree, on which the 
golden fleece was fulpended. All thefe labors 
were to be performed in one day ; and Me¬ 
dea’s alfiftance, vvhofe knowledge of herbs, 
magic, and potions, was unparalleled, eafily 
extricated Jafon from all danger, to the afto- 
nilhment and terror of his companions, and 
of ALetes, and the people of Colchis, who had 
afiembled to be fpedlators of this wonderful 
action. He tamed the bulls with eafe, ploughed 
the field, fowed the dragon’s teeth, aud when 
the armed men fprang from the earth, he 
threw a ftone in the midft of them, and they 
immediately turned their weapons one againff 
the other, till they all perilhed. After this 
he went to the dragon, and by means of en¬ 
chanted 




chanted hefbs, and a draught which Medea 
liad given him, he lulled the monfter to Deep, 
and obtained the golden fleece, and immedi¬ 
ately fet fail with Medea. He was foon 
purfued by Abfyrtus, the king’s fon, who came 
up to them, and was feized and murdered by 
Jal'on and Mpdea. The mangled 'limbs of 
Abfyrtus were ftrewed in the way through 
which iEetes was to pafs, that his farther pur- 
•fuit might be flopped. After the murder of 
Abfyrtus, they entered the Palus Mteotis, 
and by purfuing their courfe towards the left, 
according to the foolifh account of poets who 
were -ignorant of geography, they came to the 
•ifland Peuceftes, and to that of Circe. Here 
Circe informed Jafon, that the caufe of all 
iiis calamities arofe from the murder of Ab¬ 
fyrtus, of which (he refufed to expiate him. 
Soon after, they entered the Mediterranean 
by the columns of Hercules, and pafied the 
flraits of Charybdis and Scylla, where they 
muft have perilled, had notTethys, the mif- 
trefs of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, deli¬ 
vered them. They were preferved from the 
Sirens by the eloquence of Orpheus, and ar¬ 
rived in the ifland of the Phaeaciar.s, where 
they met the enemy % fleet, which had con¬ 
tinued their purfuit by a different courfe. ft 
was therefore refolved, that Medea fhoukl be 
reftored, if (lie had not been aftuatty marri¬ 
ed'to Jafon; but the wife of AlcinouS, the 
king of the country, being appointed umpire 
between the Golchiarjs and Argonauts, had 
the marriage privately confummated by night, 
and declared that the claims of ALetes to 
Medea were now void. From Phzeacia the 
Argonauts came to the bay of Ambracia, 
whence they were driven by a ftorm upon 
the coaft of Africa, and after many difafters, 
at laft came in fight of the promontory of 
'Melea, in the Peloponnefus, where Jafon was 
purified offthe murder of Abfyrtus, and foon 
after arrived fafe in Tbeftaly. The imprac¬ 
ticability offueh a voyage is well known. Apol¬ 
lonius Rhodius gives another account, equally 
improbable* He lays, that they failed from the 
Euxine up one of the mouths of the Danube, 
and that Abfyrtus purfued them by entering 
another mouth of the river. After they had 
continued their voyage for fome leagues, the 
waters decreafed, and they were obliged to 
carry the lhip Argo acrofs the country to the 
Adriatic, upwards of 150 miles. Here they 
met with Abfyrtus, who had purfued the ian^e 
meafures,and conveyed his thips in like manner 
over the land. Abfyrtus was immediately put 
to death ; and focn after the beam of I odona 
\Vid. Argo.] gave an oracle, that Jafon fhould 
»ever return home if he was not previoufly pu¬ 
rified of the murder. Upon this they failed to 
*he Klapd of JEa, where Circe, who was the 
filler of Asetes, expiated him without know¬ 
ing who he was. There is a third tradition 
which niaintatMs, that they returned to Colchis 
z fec.ond t-ime .and vifitcd many places of Afia. 


I This famous expedition has been celebrated! 9 
the ancient ages 0/ the world ; it has employed 
the pen of many writers, and among the hifto- 
rians, Diodorus Siculus,Strabo,Apollodorus,and 
Juftin; and among the poets, Onamacritus, 
more generally called Orpheus, Apollonius 
Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, have 
extenfively given an account of its moll re¬ 
markable particulars. The number of the 
Argonaut? is not exactly known. Apollodorus 
and Diodorus fay that they were 54. Tzetzes 
admits the number of 50, but Apollodorus 
mentions only 45. The following lift is drawn 
from the various authors who have made men¬ 
tion of the Argonautic expedition. Jafon, fon 
of jElon, as is well known, was the chief of 
the reft. His companions were Acaftus fon of 
Pelias, Aft or fon of Hippafus, Admetus fon of 
Pheres, JElculapius fon of Apollo, AEtalides 
fon ot Mercury and Eupoleine, Almenus fon 
of Mars, Arrvphiaraus fon of CEdeus, Am phi- 
da mus fon of Aleus, Amphion fon of Hypera- 
flus, Anceus a fon of I.ycurgus, and another of 
the fame name, Areus, Argus the builder of 
the lhip Argo, Argus fon of Phryxus, Arme- 
nus, Aicalaphus fon of Mars, Afterion fon of 
Cometes, Aiteih s foil of Neleus, Augeas ion 
■of Sol, Atlanta daughter of Schcrneus, dif- 
•guiled hi a man’s drefs, Autolycus fon of Mer¬ 
cury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes fon of Teleon, 
Calais ion of Boreas, Canthus fon of Abas, 
Cailor fon of Jupiter, Ceneus fon of Flatus, 
Cepheus fon of Aleus, Cius, Clytius and Iphi- 
tus ions of Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion fon of 
Minos, Echion ion of Mercury and Antianira, 
Ergynus fon of Neptune, Euphemus fon of 
Neptune and Macionafla, Eribotes, Euryalus 
fon ofCifteus,Eurydamasand Eurythion fonsof 
Iras, Eurytus fon of Mercury, Glaucus, Her¬ 
cules fon of Jupiter, Idas ion of Aphareus, Ial- 
menus fon of Mars, Idmon fon of Abas, Iolaus 
fon of Iphidus, Iphiclus fon of Theftius, Iphi- 
dus fon of Philacus, Iphisfon of Aleftor,Lyn- 
ceus fon of Aphareus, Iritus ion of Nauboius, 
Laertes foil of Arcefius, Laocoon, Leodatus 
fon of Bias, Leitus fon of Aleftor, Meleager 
fon of CEneus, Menoetius fon of Aftor, Mopfus 
fon of Amphycus, Nauplius fon of Neptune, 
Neleus the brother of Peleus, Neftor fon of 
Neleus, Oileus the father of Ajax, Orpheus 
fon of (Eager, Palemon fon of iEtolus, Peleus 
and Telamon Tons of Aiacus, Periclymenes fon 
oi Neleus, Peneleus fon of Hipalmus, Philoc- 
tetes fon of Pcean, Phlias, Pollux fon of Jupiter, 
Polyphemus fon of Elates, Pceas fon of Thau- 
macus, Phanus fon of Bacchus, Phalerus fon of 
Alcon, Phocas and Priafus fons of Ceneus one 
of the Lapkhse, Talaus,Tiphys fon of Aginus, 
Staphilus fon of Bacchus, two of the name of 
Iphitus, Thefeusfon of JEgeus, with his friend 
Pirithous. Among thefe jEfculapius was phy- 
fician,and Tiphys was pilot. 

Argos, fjing. neut. & Argi,t»afc.plur.) an 
ancient city, capital of Argolis in Peloponnefus, 
about two hides from tli^iba 3 on tfee bay called 

Argolkuf 




AR 


AR 


Jlrgoltcus Jinuj. Juno was the chief deity of 
*he place. The kingdom of Argos was found¬ 
ed by Inachus 1856 years before the Chnftian 
era, and after it had floriflied for about 55o 
years it was united to the crown of Mycenae. 
Argos was built according to Euripides; Iphig. 
iti Aulid. v. 15a, 534, by feven Cyclo'ps who 
came from Syria. Thefe Cyclops were nqt 
Vulcan’s workmen. The nine lirit kings of 
Argos were called fnackides, in honor of the 
founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoro- 
jieus,Apis, Argus, Chryafus.Pltorbas, i'riopas, 
Stelenus and Gelanor. • Gelanor' gave a kind 
reception to Danaus, who drove him from his 
kingdom in return for his hcfpjtality. The de¬ 
fendants of Danaus were called Belides. Aga¬ 
memnon was king of Argos during the Trojan 
-war; and So years after, the Heraglida:leized 
the Pclopbnnefus, and depofed the monarch# 
The inhabitants of Argos vyere called Argivi 
and Argoliu ; and this name has been oiten 
applied to all the Greeks without diltinttion. 
Biin. 7, c. 56.— Pm:/. 2, C. IJ,£cI, 
pi. •}.- — -JEHcm. V. H. 9, c 15.— Sirak 8.-— 
j\fela y I, C.‘X 3 ,&C. 1 . 2 , c. 3 — Firg. D 

4to,&c.-A town of Theffaly, called Pelal- 

gicon by the Pelagians. JLucan. 6, v. 355. 
•—■—Another in Epirus, called Amphilq- 
chium. 

Anc.us, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 
years.-A fon-of Areitor, whence he is of¬ 

ten called Arejiorides. He married Il'mene, 
the daughter of the Afopus. As he had an 
hundred eyes, of which only two were afleep at 
one time, Juno fet him to watch Io, whom Ju¬ 
piter had changed into a heifer; but Mercury, 
by order of Jupiter, flew him, by lulling all his 
eyes afleep with the found of his lyre Juno 
,put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the pea¬ 
cock, a bird lacred to her divinity, Mofebus 
Idyl. — Ovid. Met. I, fab. 12 & 13.-— P roper t. 
J, v.$85,&c.el. A polled. 1, c. 9, 1 . 2, c. 1. 

-A fon of Agenor. Hygin. fab. 145.- 

A foil of Danaus, who built the fnip Argo. Id. 

14.-A fon of Jupiter and Niooe, the firfl 

child which the father of the gods had by a 
mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne 

the daughter ofStrymou. Id. 145.--A fon 

ofPyras and Callirhoe. Id. 145-A fon 

of Phryxus. Id. 3.-A foil of Polybus. Id. 

14.-One of A<M sen’s dogs. ApolloJ. - 

A dog of UlylTes, which knew his mailer after 
an abfence of 20 years. Homer. Od. 17, v. 
3 °°. 

ARGVLt..’E, an ancient name of Ctcre, in 
Etruria. Virg. Mn. y,v. 652, 1 . 8,v. 478. 

Argynnis, a l^ame of Venus, which (he 
received from Argynnas, a favorite youth of 
Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephi- 
f us. Propert. 3, el. 5, v. 5 2. 

Argyka, a nymph greatly beloved bya fliep- 
herd called Seliminis. She was changed into a 
fountain, and the lhepherd into a river of the 
fame name, whole waters mnkelovers forget the 
Object of their affections. Fid. Seiimuus. Puuf. 


7, c. 23.-A city of Troas.——Alfo 

native place of Diodorus Siculus, in Sicily. 

Argy rascides, a Macedonian legion 
which received this name from their filter 
helmets. Curt. 4. c. 13. 

Argy re, an illand beyond the mouth qf 
the river Indus, abounding in metal. Mela , 
3 > c - 7 - 

ARGYRrrA, a town of Apulia built by l)i®^ 
medes after,the f°j an war, and called by Po¬ 
lybius Argipana. Only ruinsremain to lhew 
where jt once Rood, though the place ilillpre- 
ferves the name .of Arpi. Yi'g, ,Adn* 11, v. 
246. 

Aria, a country of Alia fituate at the eaff 

of Parthia. Adela, 1, c. 2. 1 . 2, c. 7.--The 

wife of Partus Cecinnn, of Padua, a Roman fe- 
nator who was acculed of cqnlpiracy ageinft 
Claudius, and carried to Rome by lea. She 
accompanied him, and in the boat flie ilabbed 
heifelf, and preferred the iword to her hufband, 
who followed her example. Plin. 7. 

Ariadne, daughter of Minos 2d, king cf 
Crete, by Paiiphae, fell in love with Theteus, 
who was lhut up in the labyrinth to be devour¬ 
ed by the Minotaur, arid gave him a clue of 
thread, by which he extricatedhimlelf from tho 
difficult windings of his confinement, After 
he had conquered the Minotaur, he carried 
her away according to the promife he had made, 
and married her; but when he arrived at the 
ifland of Naxos he forfook her, though (he was 
already pregnant, and repaid his love with the 
mod endearing tendernefs. Ariadne was fio 
dilconfolate upon being abandoned byThefeus, 
that fhe hung herlelf, according to lome; but 
Plutarch fays, that lhe lived many years after, 
and had fome children by Onarus,the prieft of 
Bacchus. According to fume writers, Bacchus 
loved her after Thefeus had forlaken her,ar.d he 
gave v her a crown of j’even liars, which, after heir 
death, was made a con {legation. The Argives 
fhevved Adriane’s tomb, and when one of their 
temples was repaired, her afhes were found in 
an earthen urn. Homer, Od*. 11, v. 320, fays, 
th. t Diana detained Ariadne at hoaxes. Pint, 
in ThfJ. — Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 2. Herald. IQ. 
I)e Art. Arn. 2 . Fuji. 3, v. 462.— Catull. de 
Nipt. Pel. CJ* Thet. ep. 61.— Hygin. fab. 14, 
43, 270- Apollod. 3, c. I. 

'Ari;eus, an officer who fucceeded to tTve 
command of tire furviving army after the death 
of Cyrus the younger, after the battle of Cu- 
nnxn. He made peace with Artaxerxes. 
Xenopb. 

Ariajji & Arikni, a people of Alia 
Dionyf. Perieg. 714. 

Ariantas, a king of Scyt'nia, who yearly 
ordered every one of his fubjefts to prelent 
him with an arrow. Herodot. 4,0. 81. 

Ariamnes, a king of Cappadocia, fon of 
Ariarathes 3d. 

Arjauathes, a king of Cappadocia, who 
joined Darius Ochus in his expedition agninft 

Eigyptj where lie acquired much glory.-His 

nephew, 









a k 

nephew, the 2d of that name, defended his 
kingdom againft Perdiccas, the general of Alex¬ 
ander, but he was defeated and hung on a crofs 

in the 81 year ot his age, 321 B. C.-Piis 

fo' 1 Ariarathes ^he 3d, efcaped the maffacre 
which attended his father and his followers; and 
after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered Cap¬ 
padocia, by conquering Amyntas the Macedo¬ 
nian general. He was lucceeded by his Ion 

Ariamnes.-Ariarathes the 4th, fucceeded 

his father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice, 
daugnter of Antiochus Theos. He died after 
a reign of twenty-eight years, B. C. 220, and 
was lucceeded by his Ion Ariarathes the 5th, a 
prince who married Antiochia, the daughter of 
king Antiochus, whom he allifted againft the 
Romans. Antiochus being defeated, Aria¬ 
rathes faved his kingdom from invafion by pay¬ 
ing the Romans a large lum of money remit¬ 
ted at the inftance of the king of Pergamus. 

-His fon, the 6th of that name,calledi > /j» 7 o- 

fater , from his piety, fucceeded him 166 B. C. 
An alliance with theRomanslhielded him againft 
the falfe claims that v\ ere laid to his crown by 
one of the favorites of Demetrius king of Syria. 
He was maintained on his throne by Attalus, 
and afiifted his friends of Rome againft Arifto- 
nicus the ufurper of Pergamus; but he was 
killed in the war B. C. 130, leaving 6 children, 
five of whom were murdered by his furvivmg 

wife Laodice.'-The only one who efcaped, 

Ariarathes 7th, was proclaimed king, and loon 
after married Laodice, the lifter of Mithridates 
Eupator, by whom he had two fons. He was 
murdered by an illegitimate brother, upon 
which his widow Laodice gave herlelf and king¬ 
dom to Nicomedes king ot Bithynia. Mithri - 
dates made war againft the new king, and railed 
his nephew to the throne. The young king, 
who was the 8th of the name of Ariarathes, 
made war againft the tyrannical Mithridates, 
by whom he was aftaffinated in the prefence 
of both armies, and the murderer’s Ion, a child 
8 years old, was placed on the vacant throne. 
The Cappadocians revolted, and made the late 
monarch's brother, Ariarathes 9th, king; hut 
Mithridates expelled him,and reftored his own 
Ion. The exiled prince died of a broken heart; 
snJ Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the 
power of the tyrant, interelled the Romans in 
the affairs of Cappadocia. The arbiters wilhed 
to make the country free ; but the Cappado¬ 
cians demanded a king, and received Ariobar- 
zanes, B. C. 91. On the death of Ariobar- 
zanes, his brother afeended the throne, under 
the name of Ariarathes icth; but his title was 
dilputed by bifenna, the eldelt fon of Glaphy¬ 
ra, by Archelaus prieft of Comana. M. An 
tony, who’was umpire between the contend 
ing parties, decided in favor of Sifenna ; but 
Ariarathes recovered it for a vv! ile, though he 
w<.s foon after obliged to yield in favor of Ar- 
ehelaus, the fecond fon of Glaphyra, B. C. 36. 
Died. 18 — Jijlirt 13 & 29.— Strai. 12. 

ARiBBiEus, a general mentioned by Po- 
jyjen. 7, c. 29^ 


AR 

I ArIcia, an Athenian princefs, niece W 
I iEgeus, whom Hippolytus married after he had 
been railed from the dead by iEfculapius. He 
built a city in Italy, which he called by her 
name. He had a fon by her called Virbius. 
Ovid. Met. 15 , V- 544 -— Virg.JEn. 7,v. 762, 

Sec. -A very ancient town of Italy, now 

Riccia, built by Hippolytus, fon of J hefeus, 
after he had been raifed from the dead by iEf- 
culapius, and tranfported into Italy by Diafla. 
In a grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, 
Thefeus built a temple to Diana, where he 
eftablilhed the fame rites as were in the temple 
of that goddefs in Tauris. The prieft of this 
temple, called Rex , was .always a fugitive, and 
the murderer of his predecefTor, and went al¬ 
ways armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever 
attempts might be made upon his life by one 
who wifhed to be his fucceflor. The Arician 
foreft, frequently called neniorenjis or nemoralix 
fylva , was very celebrated, and no horfes, 
would ever enter it, becaufe Hippolytus had 
been killed by them. Egeria, the favorite 
nymph, and invifible prote&refs of Numa, 
generally refided in this famous grove, which 
was fituated on the Appian way, beyond mount 
Albanus. Ovid. Met. 15. Fafl. 3,v. 263.— 
Lucan. 6, v. 74.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 761, &c. 

AricIna, a furname of Diana, from her 

temple near Aricia. \Vid. Aricia]-The 

mother of O&avius. Cic. 3 Phil . c. 6. 

Ari djeu s,a companion ofCyrusthe younger. 
After the death of his friend, he reconciled 
himfelfto Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the 

furviving Greeks in their return. Diod. - 

An illegitimate fon of Philip, who, after the 
death of Alexander, was made king of Mace¬ 
donia, till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alex¬ 
ander, brought into the world a legitimate male 
fucceflor. Aridaeus had not the free enjoy¬ 
ment of his fenfes; and therefore Perdiccas, 
one of Alexander’s generals, declared himfelf 
his prote&or, and even married his fitter, to 
(Lengthen their connexion. He was feven. 
years in pofleflion of the fovereign power, and 
was put to death, with his wife Eurydice, by- 
Olympias. J’jlin. 9,0. 8. — Diod. 

Ariknis, daughter of Alyattes, married 
Aftyageskkig of Media. Herodot. l,c. 74. 

Arigacum, a town of India, which Alex¬ 
ander found burnt, and without inhabitants. 
Arrian. 4. 

Arii, a favage people of India.-Of Ara¬ 
bia. Flirt. 6.-Of Scythia. Herodot. . . - 

Of Germany. Tacit. 

Arima, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where 
Typhoeus was overwhelmed under the ground. 
Homer. II. %. 

Arimanius, a god of Perfia and Media. 

Arjmasn, a people conquered by Alex¬ 
ander the Great. Curt. 7, c. 3.— Mela, 2, 
c. i. 

Arima spi as, a river of Scythia with golden 
funds. The neighbouring inhabitants had but 
one eye in the middle of their forehead, and 

waged 



AR 


AR 


waged continual wars againft the Griffins, 
monftrous animals that colle&ed the gold of ' 
the river. Plin. 7, c. 3.— Herodot . 3 & 4.— 
Strab. I & 13. 

Arimasth^e, a people near the Euxine 
fea. Orpheus ^ Argon. 

Arimazes, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, 
who treated Alexander with much infolence, 
and even afked, whether he could fly to afpire 
to fo extenfive a dominion. He lurrendered, 
and was expofed on a crofs with his friends 
and relations. Curt. 7, c. xi. 

ArTmi, a nation of Syria. Strab. 

Ariminum, (now Rimini) an ancient city 
of Italy, near the Rubicon, on the borders of 
Gaul, on the Adriatic, founded by a colony of 
Umbrians. It was the caule of Carfar’s civil 
wars. Lucan. I , v. 231. — Plin. 3, c. 15. 

Ariminus, a river of Italy, rifing in the 
Appennine mountains. Plin. 3, c. 15. 

Arxmphjei, a people of Scythia, near the 
Ripluean mountains, who lived chiefly upon 
berries in the woods, and were remarkable for 
their innocence and mildnefs. Plin. 6, c. 7. 

Ar?mus, a king of Myfia. Varro. 

Ariobarzanes, a man made king of Cap¬ 
padocia by the Romans, after the troubles 
which the falle Ariarathes had raifed, had 
fubfided. Mithridates drove him from his 
kingdom, but the Romans reftored him. He 
followed the intereft of Pompey, and fought 
at Pharfalia againft J. Caefar. He and his 
kingdom were prelerved by means of Cicero. 
Cic. 5, ad. Attic, ep. 2 ,y.—Horat. ep. 6, v. 38. 

— Flor. 3,c. 5.-A fatrap of Phrygia, who, 

after the death of Mithridates, invaded the 
kingdom of Pontus, and kept it for twenty-fix 
years. He was lucceeded by the fon of Mi¬ 
thridates. JDiod. 17.-A general of Darius, 

who defended the pafies of Sufa with 15,000 
foot againft Alexander. After a bloody en¬ 
counter with the Macedonians, he was killed 
as he attempted tofeize the city of Perfepolis. 
JDiod. 17. — Curt. 4 & 5.-A Mede of ele¬ 

gant ftature, and great prudence, whom Tibe¬ 
rius appointed to fettle the troubles of Arme¬ 
nia. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4.-A mountain be¬ 

tween Parthia and the country of the Mafia- 

gets.-A fatrap, who revolted from the 

Perfian king. 

Ar 10 m andes, fon of Gobryas, was general 
of Athens againft the Perfians. Pint, in Cim . 

Ario mardus, a fon of Darius, in the army 
of Xerxes when he went againft Greece. 
Herodot. 7, c. 78. 

Ariomedes, a pilot of Xerxes. 

ArIon, a famous lyric poet and mufician, 
fon of Cycles of Methymna, in the ifland of 
Lefbos. He went into Italy with Periander, 
tyrant of Corinth, where he obtained immenfe 
riches by his profeflion. Some time after, he 
wilhed to revifit his country ; and the failors 
of the lhip, in which he embarked, rcfolved to 
murder him, to obtain the riches which he was 
carrying to Delbos, Arion feeing them inflex¬ 


ible in their refolution, begged that he might 
be permitted to play fome melodious tune ; and 
as loon as he had finifhed it, he threw himfelf 
into the feai A number of dolphins had been 
attracted round the (hip by the fvveetnels of 
his mufic; and it is laid, that one of them car¬ 
ried him lafe on his back to Tamarus, whence 
he haftened to the court of Periander, who or¬ 
dered all the failors to be crucified at their re¬ 
turn. Hygin. fab. 194.— Herodot. 1, c. 23 & 
24. — JElian. ie Nat. An. 13, c. 45. — Ital. n. 

Propert. 2, el. 26, V. 17.— Plut. in Symp _- 

A horfe, lprung from Ceres and Neptune. 
Ceres, when (he travelled over the world in 
quell of her daughter Proferpine, had taken 
the figure of a mare, to avoid the importuning 
addrelfes of Neptune. The god changed him¬ 
felf alfo into a horle, and from their union 
arofe a daughter called Hera, and the horle 
Arion, which had the power of fpeech, the feet 
on the right fide like thofe of a man, and the 
reft of the body like a horfe. Arion was 
brought up by the Nereides, who often harneffi- 
ed him to his father’s chariot, which he drew 
over the fea with uncommon lwiftnefs. Nep¬ 
tune gave him to Copreus, who prefented 
him to Hercules. Adraftus, king of Argos, 
received him as a prefentfrom Hercules, and 
with this wonderful animal he won the prize 
at the Nemaean games. Arion, therefore, is 
often called the horfe of Adrallus. Pauf. 8, 
C. 25.— Propert. 2, el. 34, V. 37.— ApoLod. 3, 
c. 6. 

Ariovistus, a king of Germany, who pro- 
felTed himfelf a friend of Rome. When C«far 
was in Gaul, Ariovillus marched againft him, 
and was conquered with the lofs of 80,000 
men. C.vf. 1. Bell. Gall. — Tacit. 4. Hijl. 

Arjs, a river of Meffenia. Pauf. 4, c. 31. 

Arisba, a town of Lelbos, deftroyed by an 

earthquake. Plin. 5, c. 31.-A colony of 

the Mityleneans in Troas, deftroyed by the 
Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. 
Virg. JEn. 9, v. 264 — Homer. II. 7.—. . -The 
name of Priam’s firft wife, divorced that the 
monarch might marry Hecuba. 

AuisTiENETi/s,a writer whofe epiftleshave 
been beautifully edited by Abrefch. Zwoll*, 
1749 * 

Aristjeum, a city of Thrace at the foot of 
mount Haemus. Plin. 4, c. 11. 

Aristieus, fon of Apollo and the nymph 
Cyrene, was born in the deferts of Lybia, and 
brought up by the Seafons, and fed upon nec¬ 
tar and am^rofia. His fondnefs for hunting 
procured him the furname of Nomus and 
Agreus. After he had travelled over the 
greatell part of the world, Arifta?us came to 
fettle in Greece, where he married Autonoe, 
the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a 
fon called AStxon. He fell in love with Eu- 
rydice, the wife of Orpheus, and ptirfned her 
in the fields. She was filing by a lerpent that 
lay in the grafs, and died, for which the gods 
deftroyed all the bees of Ariftieus. In this ca¬ 
lamity 






1-unity he applied to his mother, who directed 
him to t’eiae the tea-god Proteus, and conlult 
him how lie might repair the lodes ho had lul- 
ta'med. Proteus advifed him to nppeafe tin 
manes of Eurydice by the taci ilice ol four bulls 
and tour heifers : and as toon as he had done it, 
and left them in the air, (warms of bees inline- 
ehately I'pnmg from the rotten carcales, and re- 
ltored Arifttcusto his former proljierity. Some 
authors lay, that Arillteus had the core of 
Bacchus when young, and that lie. was initial 
ttd in the my 11 tries ol' this god. Ariltauis v/ent 
to live on mount Humous, where he died, lie 
was, after death, worlhipped as a demi-god. 
Aiillaus is laid to have learned from the 
nymphs the cultivation of olives, and the ma¬ 
nagement of bees, Ac. which he afterwards 
communicated to tlve roll of mankind. / 7 ry. 
C. 4, v. 31 7.— Died. 4.'—13, c. 7.— 
Ovid Fuji. I,v. 363.— Cic.de Nat. 1 ) 3, 0. 
18— Pan/. 10,0.17.— Hygin. fab. 161, 180. 
-147. — Apollo.!. 3, C. *1.— lie cud at. 4, c. 4, Ac. 

— Poly ecu. I,c. 24.-A general who com 

nianded the Corinthian forces at the liege ot 
1 ’otid.ea. He was taken by the Athenians, 
and put to death. 

Aristagoras, a writer who compofed an 

hiilory of Egypt. P/in 36,0. 12.--A fon- 

in-law of Hilliasus, tyrant of Miletus, who re¬ 
volted from Darius, niyl incited the Athenians 
againlt Perlia, and burnt Sardis. This lb ex- 
alpcrated the king, that every evening before 
fupper he ordered his lervants to remind him 
of ptmilhing Ariihtgoras. He was killed in a 
battle againlt the Petti.ins, 13 . C. 499. He- 
rodot. 5> V, 30 > c. 1 . 7. c. 8.— Paly.rn. I, c. 

14-a man of Cyzicus.-Another of 

CllBiit:. Plerodot 4. 

Anisi ANDER, a celebrated loothfayer, 
greatly eltcemed by Alexander. Pint, in 

Alex. — Plin. 17,0. 25.-An Athenian, who 

wrote on agriculture. 

Aius 1 anduos, a ftatuary of Sparta. Pavf. 
3,c. 18. 

Aristarche, a matron of Epliefus, who 
by order of Diana failed to the coafts of Gaul 
with the Phocieaos, and was made priettels. 
Stub. 4. 

Aristarchus, a celebrated grammarian of 
Samos, difciple of Anitophanes. He lived the 
greatell part of his life at Alexandria, and Pto¬ 
lemy Philometor entrulled him with the edu¬ 
cation of his Ions. He was famous for his cri¬ 
tical powers, and he reviled the poems of Ho¬ 
mer with fuch l'everity, that ever after all fe- 
vere critics were called Arijlarchi. He wrote 
above 800 commentaries on different authors, 
much eiteemed in his age. In bis old age he 
became dr#pfical, upon which he thirved him 1 
fclf, and died in his 7id year, B. C. 157. He 
left two tons called Ariltarchus and Arid ago 
ras, both famous fur their llupidity. Hot at. de 
Art. Poet. v. 499.— Ovid. 3. ex Pont. ep. 9, v. 
34.— Cic, ad Fam. 3, ep. 11. ad Attic. I ,ep. 
7 j.-~-Quintil, io, c. x,--A tragic poet of 


Tegdaih Arcadia, about 454 years B. C. tit 
compofed 70 tragedies, of which two only 
were rewarded with the prize. One of them, 
called Achilles,'was tianflated into Latin verfe 
by Ennius. Suidaf .—,— A phyfieian to queen 
Berenice, the widow of Antiocluis. Poly ten. 

8.-An orator of Amhracia.-An aitro- 

nomer of Samos, who firfl fuppofed that the 
earth turned round its axis, and revolved round 
the fun. This doctrine nearly proved fatal to 
him, as lie was a called of difiulbing the peace 
of the gods Lares. He maintained that the 
tim was nineteen times farther dillant from the 
earth than the moon, and that the moon was 
56 femi-diameters of our globe, and lirtle more 
than one third, and the diameter ot the fun lix 
or leven times more than that of the earth. 
The age in which hellorifhed is not precifcly 
known. His treatife on the largenefs and the 
dillance of the fun and moon is extant, of 
which the belt edition is that of Oxford, 8vo. 
1688. 

Arista /.an ics, a noble Perftan in favor 
with Artaxerxes Ochus. l)iod. 16. 

Arjsteas, a poet of Proconnelbs, who, as 
fables report, appeared ieveh' years after his 
dentil to his country men, and 540 years after 
to the people of Metapontum in Italy, and 
commanded them to raife him altatue near the 
temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic poem on 
the Arimalpi in three hooks, and tome of his 
verles are quoted by .Longinus. Plerodot , 4, 

C. 13. — Stub. 14. — Max. Fyr. 22. - A 

phylicinn of Rhodes.--A geometrician, inti¬ 
mate with Euclid.-A poet, ton of Demo- 

chares, in the age of Crorlus. 

Akisterje, an illand on the coaft of Pclo- 
pohneius. Pavf. 2,c. 34. 

Aris teus, a man of Argos, who excited 
king Pyrrhus to take up arms againlt his coun¬ 
trymen, the Argivcs. Polyten. 8,C. 68. 

Aius j henes, a fliepherd wlio found Axf- 
culapius, when lie had been expofed in the 
woods by his mother Coronis. 

Ari stii us,an hiftorian of Arcadia. Dionvf. 
HA. 1. 

ArisiIbus, a river ofPteonia. Poly.cn. 4, 
c. 12. 

AristTdes, a celebrated Athenian, fon of 
L.yfimachus, whole great temperance and vir¬ 
tue procured'him the furname of 'JnJ}. He was 
rival to Thcmiftocles, by whole influence ha 
was banitlied for ten years, 13 . C. 484; but be¬ 
fore fix years of his exile had e la pled, he was 
recalled by the Athenians. He was at the 
battle of Salamis, and was appointed chief com¬ 
mander with PauUnins againlt Mardonins,who 
was defeated at Plata’*. Ho died fo poor, that 
the expenccs of bis funeral were defrayed at the 
public charge, and his two daughters, on ac¬ 
count of their father’s virtues, received a dowry 
from the public treafury when they were come 
to marriageable years. Poverty, however, 
teemed hereditary in the family of Ariltides, for 
the gr«adicm was feen in the public ltreets, get- 







A K 


AR 

ting Ti?s livelihood by explaining dreams. The 
Athenian:! became* more virtuous in imitating 
their great leader : and from the fenfe of his 
good qualities, at the reprel'entation of one of 
the tragedies of ./Efchylus, on the mentioning 
of a fentence concerning moral goodnefi, the 
eyes of the audience were all at once turned 
from the adfor to Ariftides. When he fat as 
judge, it is faid that the plaintiff, in his accufa- 
tion mentioned the injuries his opponent hud 
done to Ariftides, “ Mention the wrongs you 
have received,” replied the equitable Athe¬ 
nian, “ 1 fit here as judge, and the lawfuit is 
yours, and not mine.” C. Nrp. & Pint, in Vita. 
— —An hiftorian of Miletus, fonder of ftories, 
and af anecdotes, than of truth. He wrote 
an hrftory of Italy, of which the 40th volume 

Iras been quoted by Pint, in Parall. -An 

athlete, who, obtained a prize at the Olym¬ 
pian, Nemesn, and Pythian games. Pauf.(t y 
c. 16.——A painter of Thebes in Bcrotia, in 
the arge of Alexander the Great, for one of 
whofe pieces Attalus offered 6000 fefterces. 

Plin. 7, Idf 35.-A Greek orator who wrote 

50 orations, befides other trafts. When Smyrna 
was deftroyrjd by an earthquake, he wrote lb 
pathetic a letter to M. Aurelius, that the em¬ 
peror ordered the city immediately to he re¬ 
built, and a ftatue was in conl'equence raifed to 
the orator. His works confift of hymns in 
profe in honor of the gods, funeral orations, 
apologies, panegyrics, and harangues, the beft 
edition of which is that ef Jebb, 2 vols. 4to. 
Oxon. 1722, and that in a fmaller fi/e in i2mo. 
3 vols. of Canterus apud P. Steph. 1604. — - 

A man of Locris, who died by the bite of a 

vreazel. JRHan. V. H. 14.-A philofopher 

•f Myfia, intimate with M. Antoninus.- 

An Athenian, who wrote treatifes on animals, 
trees, and agriculture. 

Aristillvs, a philofopher of the Alexan¬ 
drian /chool, who about 300 years B. C. at¬ 
tempted with Timocharis to determine the 
place of the different ftars in the heavens, and 
to trace the courfe of the planets. 

Aristio, afophift of Athens, who by the 
fnpport of Archelaus, the general of Mithri- 
dntes, feized the government of his country, and 
made himl'elf abfolutc. He poifoned himfelf 
when defeated by Sylla. Liv. 81, 82. 

Aristippus, the elder, a philofopher ef 
Cyrene, difciple to Socrates, and founder of 
idie Cyrenaic fe&. He was one of the flat¬ 
terers of Dfonyfius of Sicily, and diftinguifoed 
himfelf for his epicurean volupttioufnefs, in fup- 
portof which he wrote a hook, as likevvife an 
hiftory of Libya. When travelling in the de¬ 
farts of Africa, he ordered his fervants to throw 
away the money they carried, as too burden- 
fome. On another occafion, difeovering that 
the fofp in which he failed belonged to pirates, 
he defignedly threw his property into the fea, 
adding, that hechofe rather to lofe it than his 
Ife. Many of his layings and maxims are re- 
•erded by Diogenes, iu his life, Herat, 2- Sat. 


3, v. rpo.—*—H13 grandfon of the fame ni’TPr r 
called thryounger, wan a warm defender of his 
opinions, and lupported that the principles of 
all things were pain and plcafurc. Ur florifoetf 

about 363 years B. C.-A tyrant of Argos, 

xvhofe life was one continued feries-vf appre- 
henfion. He was killed by a Cretan in » 

battle againft Ar.itus, B. C. 242. l)io%. - 

A man who wrote on hiflory of Arcadia. 
Diog. 2. 

M. Artstius, a tribune of thr- foldiers in 

Ciclar’s army. Csf Bell. Gall. 7, c. 42.- 

Another. ViJ. Eufcus.-A fatirift, wh* 

wrote a poem called Cyclops. 

Aristo. ViJ. Arifton. 

Aristobula, a name give* to Diana by 
Themiltocles. 

AkirtobDi us, a najne common to fonrte of 
the high priefts antfkmgs of Judxa, tic. Jofeph. 

-A brother of Epicurus.-One of 

Alexander’s attendants, who wrote the king’s 

life, replete with adulation and untruth.-A 

philofopher of Jud*a,B. C. 150. 

Arutoclka, a beautiful woman,feen na- 
ked by Strato, as foe was offering a facrifice. 
She was paffionately loved by Callifthenet, and 
was equally admired by Strato. The two rivals 
Co furioufty contended for her hand, that foe 
died during their quarrel, upon which Strato 
killed himfelf, and Callifthenes was never 
feen after. Pint, in Amat. 

Aris r 5 ci.es, a peripatetic philofopher of 
MefTenia,who reviewed, in a treatifeon philo- 
fophy, the opinions of his predeceflbrs. The 
14th hook of this treatife is quoted, &c. He 
alfo wrote on rhetoric, and likewife nine books 

on morals. - -A grammarian of Rhodes.-. 

A floic of I.ampfacuso-An hiftorian. Strab. 

4. ■ -A mufleian. Alien, life. -A prince 

of Tegaen, kc. Poly an. - This name is com¬ 
mon to many Greeks, of whom few or no par¬ 
ticulars are recorded. 

AristoclIoks, a tyrant of Orchomenus, 
who, becaufe he could not win the affection ai] 
Stymphalis, killed her and her father, ujou 
which all Arcadia took up arms aud deftroyerf 
the murderer. 

AristocrXtrs, a king of Arcadia, putt* 
death by his fubje£ts for offering violence t* 
the prieftel's of Diana. Patf 8, c. 5. Hi* 
grandfonof the fame name, was ftoned to death 
for taking bribes, during thefecond MefTerjiari 
war and being the caufe of the defeat of hi* 

MefTenian allies, B. C. 682. Id. ibid A -A 

Rhodian.-A man who endeavoured to de- 

ftroy the democratical power at Athens.—-An 
Athenian general fent to the afliftance of Cor- 
cyra with 25 gallies. lVmd. 15. -An Athe¬ 

nian who, was punifoed with death for flyiug 

from the field of battle.-A Greek hiftorian, 

fon of Hipparchus. Plat, in Lye. 

ARisTOCR£ON,the writer of a book on geo¬ 
graphy. 

Ariitocritus, wrote 2 treatife concernin * 

Miletus. 

A*/j >0 Dt.Mt 










AR 


AR 


Austodeme, a daughter of Priam. 

Aristodemus, fon of Ariftomachus, was 
one of the Heraclidae. He, with his brothers 
Temenus and Chrefpontes, invaded Pelopon- 
nelus conquered it, and divided the country 
among themfelves, 1104 years before the 
Chriftian era. He married Argia, by whom he 
had the twins Procles and Euryfthenes. He 
was killed by a thunderbolt at Naupa&um, 
though fome fay that he died at Delphi in 
Phocis. Pauf. 2, c. 18. 1 . 3, C. I & 16— Hero- 

dot. 7, c. 204, 1 . 8, c. 131.-A king of Mel- 

fenia, who maintained a famous war againft 
Sparta. After fome Ioffes, he recovered his 
ftrength, and fo effectually defeated the ene¬ 
my’s forces, that they were obliged to proftit-te 
their women to re-people their country. The 
offspring of this proftitution were called Parthe- 
jiix, and 30 years after their birth they left 
Sparta, and feized upon Tarentum. Ariftode- 
jnus put his daughter to death for the good of 
his country ; but being afterwards perlecuted 
in a dream by her manes, he killed himlelf, 
after a reign of fix years and fome months, in 
which he had obtained much military glory, 
B. C.724. His death was lamented by his 
countrymen, who did not appoint him a fuccef- 
for, but only inverted Damis, one of his friends 
with abfolute power to continue the war, which 
was at laft terminated after much bloodlhed 
and many Ioffes on both fides. Pauf. in Mejfen. 

--A tyrant of Curnte.-A phiiofopher of 

■iEgina .- - An Alexandrian who wrote fome 

treatifes, &c.-A Spartan who taught the 

children of Paufanias.--A mran who was pre¬ 
ceptor to the children of Pompey.-A ty¬ 
rant of Arcadia.-A Carian who wrote an 

hiftory of painting.-A phiiofopher of Nyfa, 

BC.68. 

Aristogenes, a phyfician of Cnidos, who 
cbtained great reputation by the cure of 

Demetrius Gonatas, king of Macedonia.- 

A Thafian who wrote 24 books on medicine. 

AristogIton & Harmodius, two cele¬ 
brated friends of Athens, who by their joint 
efforts, delivered their country /rom the ty¬ 
ranny of the Pififtratidse, B. C. 310. They 
received immortal honors from the Athe¬ 
nians, and had ftatues raifed to their memory. 
Thefe ftatu s were carried away by Xerxes 
When he took Athens. The confpiracy of 
Ariftogiton was fo lecretly planned, and fo 
wifely carried into execution, that it is faid a 
courtezan bit her tongue off, not to betray the 
truft repofed in her. Pauf I, c. 29 — Hero- 
dot. 5, C. 55.— Plut.de IO. Or at. —-—An 
Athenian orator, furnamed Cams, from his im¬ 
pudence. He wrote orations againft, Timar- 
chus, Timotheus, Hyperides, and Thrafyllus. 
--A ftatuary. Pauf. 

Aristolaus, a painter. Pli/i. 35, c. 11. 

Akistomachk, the wife of Dionyfius of 

Syracufe. Cic. Tufc. 5, c. 20/-The wife. 

of Dion.-A poetefs. Pint. Symp. -A 

daughter of Priam, who married Critplaus. 
Pauf. I a, c. 26. 


Aristomachus, an Athenian, who wrote 
concerning the preparation of wine. Pita. 14, 

c. 9.-A man fo exceflively fond of bees, 

that he devoted 58 years of his life in railing 
fwarms of them. Plin. 11, c. 9.-——The fon 
of Cleodaeus, and grandfon of Hyllus, whofe 
three fons, Crefphontes, Temenus, and Arif- 
todemus, called Heraclidae, conquered Pelo- 
ponnefus. Pauf. 2, c. 7, 1 . 3, c. 15.— Herodet. 

6, 7 & 8.-A man who laid afide his fove- 

reign power at Argos, at the perfuafion of 
Aratus. Pauf. 2, C. 8. 

Aristomedes, a Theffalian generalin the 
intereft of Darius 3d. Curt. 3, c. 9. 

Aristomenes, a commander of the fleet 
of Darius on the Hellefpont, conquered by the 

Macedonians. Curt. 4, c. 1.-A famous 

general of Meflenia, who encouraged his 
countrymen to fhake off the Lacedemonian 
yoke, under which they had labored for above 
30 years. He once defended the virtue of 
fome Spartan women, whom his foldiers had 
attempted; and when he was taken prifoner 
and carried to Sparta, the women whom h« 
had protected interefted themfelves fo warmly 
in his caufe that they procured his liberty. He 
refufed to affume the title of king, but was fa- 
tisfied with that of commander. He acquired 
thefurname of JuJl , from his equity, to which 
he joined the true valor, fagacity, and perfe- 
verance of a general. He often entered 
Sparta without being known, and vvasfo dexter¬ 
ous in eluding the vigilance of the Lacedaemo¬ 
nians, who had taken him captive, that he 
twice efcaped from them. As he attempted to 
do it a third time, he was unfortunately killed, 
and his body being opened, his heart was found 
all covered with hair. He died 671 years B. C. 
and it is faid that he left dramatical pieces be¬ 
hind him. Diod. l$.-*—Pauf. in Mejfen. .— • 

A Spartan fent to the afliftance of Dionyfius. 
Polyten. 2. 

Ariston, the fon of Agaficles, king of 
Sparta. Being unable to raife children by two 
wives, he married another famous for her beau¬ 
ty, by whom he had, after feven months, a fon 
Demaratus, whom he had the imprudence to 
call not his own. Herodot. 6, c. 6i, &c. — — 

A general of iEtolia.-A fculptor.-A 

Corinthian who afiifted the Syracufans againft 
the Athenians. - An officer in Alexander’s 

army.-A tyrant of Methymna, who, being 

ignorant that Chios had furrendered to the 
Macedonians, entered into the harbour, and 
was taken and put to death. Curt. 4, c. 9.—— 
A phiiofopher of Chios, pupil to Zeno the ftoic, 
and founder of a left which continued but a 
little while. He fupported that the nature 
of the divinity is unintelligible. It is laid that 
he died by the heat of the fun, which fell too 
powerfully upon his bald head. In his old age 
he was much given t® fenfuality. Diog .—. — 
A lawyer in Trajan’s reign, whofe eulogium 
lias been written by Pliny, zzepifi.lib. 1 .—— 
A peripatetic phiiofopher of Alexandria, who 
3 wrote 









AR 


AR 


wrote concerning the courfe of the Nile. Stral . 

-A wrelller of Argos, under whom Plato 

performed fome exercifes.--A mufician of 

Athens.-A tragic poet.-A peripatetic 

of Cos-A native of Pella, in die age of 

Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of die 
J ews. 

ARisTONAUTiE,the naval dock of Pellene. 
Patif. 2. 

Aristonicus, fon of Eumenes, by a con¬ 
cubine ofEphel'us, 126 B. C. invaded Alia and 
the kingdom of Pergamus, which Attalus had 
left by his will to die Roman people. He was 
conquered by die conful Pcrpenna, and ftran- 
gled in prifon. JeJlin. 36, c. 4 — Flor. 2, c. 
AO. -A mufician of Olynthus.-A gram¬ 

marian of Alexandria, who wrote a commen¬ 
tary on Hefiod and Homer, brides a treatii'e 
on the mufteum eftablifhed in Alexandria by 
the Ptolemies* 

AristonIdesS, a noble ftatuary. PI in. 34, 

c. 14. 

Aristonus, a captain of Alexander’s ca¬ 
valry. Curt. 9, c. 5. 

Artstonymus, a comic poet under Phila- 
delphus keeper of the library at Alexandria 
He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th 
year. Atben. -One of Alexander’s mufi¬ 

cian s. Plut. in Alex. 

Aristophakes, a celebrated comic poet of 
Athens, Ion of Philip of Rhodes. He wrote 
54 comedies, of which only elevemare come 
down to us. He lived in the age of Socrates, 
Demofthenes, and Euripides, B. C. 434, and 
lafhed the vices of his age with a mafterly hand. 
The wit and excellence of his comedies are well 
known ; but they abound fometimes too much 
with obfcenity, and his attack upon the vene¬ 
rable character of Socrates has been always cen- 
fured, and with juftice. As a reward for his 
mental greatnefs, the poet received a crown of 
olive, in a public aflembly; but if he deferved 
praifd, he merited blame for his licentioufnels, 
which fpared not even the gods, and was fo of- 
fenfive to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made 
a law at Athens, whicli forbade the comic wri¬ 
ters from mimicking «r leprei'enting on the 
ftage any living character by name. Arifto- 
phanes has been called the prince of ancient 
comedy, as Menander of the new. The play 
called Nubes is pointedly againft Socrates, and 
the philofopher is expofed to ridicule, and his 
precepts placed inamoft ludicrous point of view, 
by the introduction of one'of his pupils in the 
characters of the piece. It is laid that St. 
Chryfoftom ufed to keep the comedies of Arif- 
tophanes under his pillow, on account of the 
brilliancy of the compofitions. Plutarch has 
made a comparifon between the princes of the 
new and old comedy, which abounds with many 
anecdotes concerning thefe original characters. 
The belt editions of the works of Ariftophanes 
are^Kufter’s,fol. Amft. 1710, and the i2mo. 
JL. Bat. 1670, and that of Brunck, 4 vols. 8vo. 
Argent. 1783, which would Hill be more per¬ 
iod, did it contain the valuable kholia, Quintil. 


IO,C. I. — Pgterc. I, c. 16.— Horat. I, Sat. 4, 

v. I.-A grammarian of Byzantium, keeper 

of the library of Alexandria under Ptolemy 
Evergetes. He wrote a treatiie on the harlots 
of Attica; JDiog. in Plat, et Epic. — Atben. 9. 

-A Greek hiitorian of Boeotia, quoted by 

Plut. de Herod. Malig. — : —A writer on agri¬ 
culture. 

AristophIi.Tdf.s, a king of Tarentum in 
the reign of Darius Ion of Hyftafpes. Hero- 
dot. 3. 

Aristophon, a painter in the age of So¬ 
crates. He drew the picture of Alcibiades 
foftly reclining on the botbm of the courtezan 
Nemea, and all the people of Athens ran in 
crouds to be 1 ‘peClators of the malterly piece. 
He alfo made a painting of Mars leaning on the 
arm of Venus. Plut. in Ale. — Atben. 13. — 

Pl'ui. 3 c, c. 11.-A comic poet in the age of 

Alexander, many ot whofe fragments are col¬ 
lected in Athena:us. 

Aristor, the father of Argus the hundred 
eyed keeper of Io. 

AristorTdes, the patronymic of Argus. 
Ovid. Met. i, v. 624. 

Aristoteleia, feftivals in hqnor of Aril*- 
totle, becaufe he obtained the reftitution of his 
country from Alexander. 

Aristotei.es, a famous philofopher, fon 
of the phyfician Nicomachus by Feftiada, born 
at Stagira. After his father’s death he went to 
Athens to hear Plato s leCtures, where he foon 
fignalized himl'elf by the brightnefs of his genius. 
He had been of an inactive and difiolute dif- 
pofition in his youth, but now he applied himfelf 
with uncommon diligence,andafter he hadfpent 
AO years in hearing the inftrtlCtions of Plato, he 
opened a fchool for himfelf, for which he was 
accufed of ingratitude and illiberality by his an¬ 
cient mafter. He was moderate in his meals ; 
he flept little, and always had one arm out of 
his couch with a bullet in it, which by falling 
into a brazen baton underneath,early awakened 
him. He was, according to fome, ten years 
preceptor to Alexander, who received his in- 
ftrudlions with much plealure and deference, 
and always refpeCted him. According to Plu¬ 
tarch, the improvement that Alexander made 
under Ariftotle, was of more fervice to him 
than 'all the fplendor and power which he re¬ 
ceived from Philip. Almoft all his writings, 
which are compol'ed on a variety «f fubjeCts*' 
are extant: he gave them to Theophraitus at 
his death, and they were bought by one of the 
Ptolemies, and placed in the famous library of 
Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given us 
a very extenfive catalogue of them. Ariftotle 
had a deformed countenance, but his genius 
was a fufficient compenfation for all his per- 
fonal defeCts. He has been called by Plato the 
philofopher of truth ; and Cicero compliments 
him with the title of a man of eloquence, uni- 
verfal knowledge, readinefs and acutenefs of 
invention, and fecundity of thought. The 
writings of Ariftotle have been compared with 
thole of Plato ; but the one are the eifufions 
H of 

n 













<sf a lively and fruitful imagination, whilft the 
philoSopher of Stagira ftudied nature mol e than 
art, and had recourfe to fimplicity of exprei- 
lion more than ornament. He neither worth ip- 
ped nor cared for the divinity, concerning 
which his opinions were ever various and diflo- 
nant; and the mor-- he disregarded the mytho¬ 
logy of the ancients, the greater was the credit 
he acquired over his lefs philofophical prcdecei- 
tors. He was l*o authoritative in his opinions, 
that, as Bacon obfervGS, he wifhed to eftahlifh 
the fame dominion over men’s minds, as his 
pupil over nations. Alexander, it is faid, wilhed 
and encouraged his learned tutor to write the 
hiftory of animals; and the more effeClually to 
affift him, he lupplied him with 8 eo talents, and 
in his Afiatic expedition employed above a thou- 
fand men to collect animals, either in fifhing, 
hunting, or hawking, which were carefully 
transmitted to the philoSopher. Ariftotle’s 
logic has long reigned in the Schools, and been 
regarded as the perfedi model of all imitation. 
As he expired, the philofopher is Said to have 
uttered the following fentiment: Fade hunc 
Ttwndum intr-avi , anxlus vixi, psrturbatus egre - 
dior, caufa caufarum miferere mci. The letter 
which Philip wrote to Ariftotle, has been pre- 
ferved,and is in thefe words: “ I inform you I 
have a Son ; I thank the gods, not So much f r 
making me a father, as for giving me a Son in an 
age when he can have Ariftotle for his inftruc- 
tor I hope you will make him a SuccefTor 
worthy of me, and a king worthy of Mace¬ 
donia.” Ariftotle wifhed to make his wife Py¬ 
thias a deity, and Co pay her the fame worflfip 
as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63d;year 
of his age, B. C. 3a 2. His treatifes have 
been publifhed Separately ; but the beft edi¬ 
tion of the works collectively, is that of Du¬ 
val, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1629. Tyrrwhitt’s edi¬ 
tion of the Poetica, Oxon. 4to. 94 isa valuable 
acquisition to literature. He had a fon whom 
he called Nicomachus, by the courtezan Her- 
pyllis. Some have accufed him of being accef- 
fary to the death of Alexander v and Said that he 
drowned, himfelf in the Euripus, becaufe he 
could not find out the caufe of its flux and re¬ 
flux. There are however different reports 
about the manner of his death, snd Some be¬ 
lieve that he died at Athens of a■ cholic, two 
years after Alexander’s death* The people of 
Stagira inftituted feflivalfe in his honor, becaufe 
he had rendered important Services to their city. 
Diog. in vita. — Flat, in Alex. Iff de. Alex. fort. 
\3’c. — Cic. Acad. QjuaJl. 4, de Orat.p > ,.deFinib. 

5 — Quintil. 1, 2, 5, 10.— JElian. V. H. 4. — 
JuJlin. 12 — JuJiin. Martyr. — Augujl.de Civ. 
Dei, S.—fPlin. 2 , 4 , 5 , life. — A then. — Val. 
Max. 5, c. 6, life .-—— There were befides Se¬ 
ven of the fame name, A magiftrate of Athens.. 

•-AcommentatoronHomer’s Iliad*--An 

orator of Sicily, who anfwered the panegyric 

of (Socrates.-A friend of AEfchines.--A 

man of Cyrene who wrote on poetry.-A 

fefcoolmalier mentioned in Plato’s life, written 


I by Ariftoxenus.-An obfeure grammarian 

1 Diog. de Arijlot. 

AristotImus, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years 

B. C. Pauf : 5, c. 5. 

Aristoxenus, a celebrated mufician, dil- 
eiple of Ariftotle, and born at Tarentum. He 
wrote 453 different treatifes on philofophy, 
hiftory, See. and was disappointed in his expect¬ 
ations of Succeeding in the School of Ariftotle, 
for which he always fpoke with ingratitude of 
his learned mafter. Of all his works nothing 
remains hut three hooks upon mufic, the moft 

ancient on- that Subject extant.-—A philofo— 

pher of Cyrene. Athen. -A phyfician whofe 

writings are quoted by Galen.-A poet of 

, Selin us.'—c— A Pythagorean philoSopher. 

Ann sto s, a Greek hiftorian of Salamis, who 
wrote an acount of -Alexander’s expedition. 
Strab. 14. — Arrian. 7. 

Aristyllus, Jin obfeure poet. Arijlaph. 
——An aftronomer of Alexandria, 292 B. C. 

Arius, a river of Gaul, and of Afia. The 
inhabitants in the neighbourhood are called 1 

Arii.-A celebrated writer, the origin of the 

Arian controversy, that denied the eternal divi¬ 
nity and confubftantiality of the Word. Though 
he was greatly perfecuted for his opinions, lie- 
gained the favor of the emperor Conftantine, 
and triumphed over his powerful antagonift 
Athanafius. He died the very night he was- 
going to enter the church of Conftantinople in 
triumph. Prelfed by nature he went afide to 
eafe himfelf; but bis bowels gufhed out, and 
he expired on the Spot, A. D.,336. Athanaf. 

Armenes, a fon of Nabis, led in triumph 
at Rome. Liv. 34, c. 1. 

Armenia, a large country of Afia, divided' 
into Upper and Lower Armenia. Upper Ar¬ 
menia, called alfo Major, has Media on the 
eait, Iberia on the north, and Mefopotamia on 
the South. Lower Armenia, or Minor, is 
bounded-by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Sy¬ 
ria, Cilicia, and the Euphrates. The Armeni¬ 
ans were a long time under the dominion of 
the Medes and Perfians, till they were con¬ 
quered, with the reft of Afia, by Alexander and 
his fucceflbrs. The Romans made it one of 
their provinces, and, under fome of the empe¬ 
rors, the Armenians had the privilege of choos¬ 
ing their own kings, but they were afterwards 
reduced. r J he country received its name from 
Armenus, who was one of the Argonauts, and 
of Theflalian origin. They borrowed the 
names and attributes of their deities from the 
Perfians. They paid great adoration to Venus 
Anait-is, and the chiefelt of the people always 
proftituted their daughters in honor of this 
goddefs. Armenia Major is now called Tur- 
comania, and Minor Aladulia. Herodot.i, c. 
194, h 5 > c - 49-—4> c. 12,1.5, c. 1.— 
Strap 1 iff 11.— Mela, 3,c. 5 & 8.— Plin. 6, 
c. 4. life. — Lucan. 2 . 

Armen tar ius,aCart'arinDioclefian*sreigH 
Af.mili.atu3, one of Domitian’sfavorites* 

7 «v. 4, v.53. 


ARMILUSTaiUMy 









Armilustrium, a feftivalat Rome on the 
l')th df October, When the l'acrifices were 
offered, all the people appeared under arms. 

1 he festival has often been confounded with 
that of the Salii, though eafily ditlinguifhed ; 
becaufe the latter was obferved the 2d of 
March, and on the celebration of the Anni- 
luftrium they always played on a flute, and the 
Salii played upon the trumpet. It was infti- 
tuted A. U. C. 543. Varro de L. L. 5, c, 3. 

- — Liv. 27, c. 37. 

Arminius, a warlike general of the Ger- 
* mans, who fupported a bloody war againft 
Rome for l'ome time, and was at laft conquered 
by Germanicus in two great battles. He was 
poifoned by one of his friends, A. D. 19, in the 
37th year of his age. Dio. 56.— Tacit. Ann. 
1, life: 

Armoricje, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous 
for the warlike, rebellious, and inconflant dif- 
pofition of the inhabitants called Armorici. 
Armorica extended between the rivers Eiger, 
and Sequana, and comprehended thofe rich and 
populous provinces now called Britany and 
Normandy. Caf Dell. G. 

Arne, a city of Lycia, called afterwards 

Xanthus.-A town of Umbria in Italy.- 

A daughter of iEolus, who gave her name to 
two towns, one in Theflaly, the other in 
Bceotia. Neptune changed himfelf into a bull 
to enjoy her company. Strab 1 15 s 2.— Pauf 
9, c. 40.— Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 4. 

Arni, a people of Italy, deflroyed by Her¬ 
cules. 

Arniensts, a tribe in Rome. Liv. 6 . 

Arnobius, a philolopher in Dioclefian’s 
reign, who became a convert to Chriftianity. 
He applied for ordination, but was refilled by 
the lifhops till he gave them a proof of his fin- 
cerity. Upon this he wrote his celebrated trea- 
tife, in which he expofed the abfurdity of irre- 
ligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods. Cpi- 
I . rions are various concerning the purity of his 
ityle, though all agree in praile of his extenfive 
erudition. The book that he wrote de Rhe- 
tcrica Jnjlitutions is not extant. The beft edi¬ 
tion of his treatife Adi erf us Gentes is the 4to. 
printed L. Bat. 1651. 

Arnus, a river of Etruria, riling on the 
Appennine mountains, and falling into the 
Mediterranean. Liv. 22, c. 2. 

Aroa, a town of Achaia. Pauf 7. 
j Aroma, a town of Caria-of Cappa¬ 

docia. 

Arpani, a people ofltaly. 

Arpt, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes 
after the Trojan war. Jujlin. 20, c. 1.—«r 
Virg. JEn. IO, V. 28. 

Arpinum, a town of the Volfci, famous 
forgiving birth to Cicero and Marius. The 
words A’pirus ebartee are fometimes applied to 
Cicero’s works. Mart. 10, ep. ig.—Juv. 8 . 

v. 237.■*-&£. Pull. 3.-A town of Magna 

Groecia. 

ARkJW? a people ofT^jace, jflin. 


Arriiabjeus, the king of a mtion in the 
neighbourhood of Macedonia, vvh i greatly dii- 
trefled Archelaus. Arifot. 5. Puiit. c. 10. 

Arria. Fid. Alia. 

Arria Galla, a beautiful, but immodeft 
woman in the reign of the emp.rors. Tacit. 
I 5 > c. 59 - 

Arrianus, a philofopher of Nicomedia, 
prieil of Ceres and Prolerpine, awd difciple of 
Epiibetus, called a fejeond Xenophon from the 
elegance and fweetnefs of his didlion, and dif- 
tinguilhed for his acquaintance with military 
and political life. He wrote feven books on 
Alexander’s expedition, the periplus of the 
Eiuineand Red fea, four books on the difler- 
tations of Epidletus, befides an account of the 
Alani, Bithynians, and Parthi ms. He florilh- 
ed about the 140th year of Chrift, and was re¬ 
warded with the coniullhip and government of 
Cappadocia, by M. Antoninus. The beft edi¬ 
tion of Arrian’s Expeditio Alexandria is the fol. 
Gronovii. Lr. Bat. 1704, and the 8vo. a Raphe- 
lio, 2 vols. 1757, and the Tadtica, 8vo. Amft. 
1683.-r A Greek hiftorian.-An Athe¬ 

nian who wrote a treatife on hunting, and the 

manner of keeping dogs.--A poet who 

wrote an epic poem in twenty-four books on 
Alexander; alfo another poem on Attalus, 
king of Pergamus. He likewile tranflated Vir¬ 
gil’s Georgies into Greek verfe. 

A rrius, a friend of Cicero, whofe fumptu- 

ous feaft Herat, deferibes, 2 Sat. 3, v. 86.-- 

Aper, a Roman general who murdered the 
emperor, Sec. 

Arrius & Arius, a philofopher of Alex¬ 
andria, whofo ingratiated himfelf with AdguU 
tus, after the battle of Adfiurn, that the c > 1- 
queror declared the people of Alexandria 
owed the prelervation of their city to three 
caufes ; becaufe Alexander was their foundey, 
becaufe of the beauty of the fituation, and be¬ 
caufe Arrius was a native of the place. Plut. 
in Anton, 

Arruntius, a Roman conful.--A fa¬ 

mous geographer, who, upon being accufed of 
adultery and treafon, under Tiberius, opened 
his veins. Ta^it.Ann. 6. 

Arsabes, a latrap of Armenia.-Of 

Perfia. Polyeen. 

A rsaces, a man ofobfeure origin, who, up¬ 
on feeing Seleucus defeated by the Gauls, in¬ 
vaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of 
the province called Andragoras, and laid the 
foundations of an empire, 250 B. C. He add¬ 
ed the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly 
acquired pofleflions, and fpent his time in efta- 
blifhing hrs power, and regulating the laws. Af¬ 
ter death he was made a god of his nation, and 
all his fucceflors were called in honor of his 
name, Arfacidce. fujlin. 41, c. 5 Sc 6.— Strab. 

11 & 12.-His ion and fucceffor bore the 

fame name. He carried war againft Antiochus 
the fon of Seleucus, who entered the field with 
100,000 foot and 20,000 borle. He after¬ 
wards made peace with Antiochu^, and died 

n % jb. c. 







AR 


- AR 


B. C. 217. Id. 41, c. 5.-The third king of i 

Parthia, of the family of the A rfacidie, bore the 
fame name, and was alfi> called Priapatius. He 
reigned twelve years, and left two tons, Mithri- 
dates and Phraates. Phraates fucceeded as 
being the elder, and at his death he left his 
kingdom to his brother, though he had many 
children ; obferving, that a monarch ought to 
have in view, not the dignity of his family, but 
the profperity of his iubje&s. Jaflin. 3 1, c. 5. 

-A king of Pontus and Armenia, in alliance 

with the Romans. He fought long with fuc- 
cefs againft the Perfians, till he was deceived by 
the fnares of king Sapor, his enemy, who put 
out his eyes, and foon after deprived him of 

life. Marcsllin. -The eldeft fon of Arta- 

banus, appointed over Armenia by his father, 
after the death of king Artaxias. Tacit. Hijl. 6. 

- - A lervantofThemiftocles. 

Arsacid/e, a name given to fome of the 
menarchs of Parthia, in honor of Arlaces, the 
founder of the empire. Their power l'ubfifted 
till the 229th year of the Chriftian sera, when 
they were conquered by Artaxerxes king of 
Perlia. Juflin. 41. 

Arsamenes, afatrap ofPerfia, at the battle 
of the Granicus. 

Arsametes, ariverof Alia, near Parthia. 
Tacit. Arm. 15. 

Arsamosata, a town of Armenia Major, 
70 miles from the Euphrates. Tacit. Ann. 15. 

ArsAnes, thefon of Ochus, and father of 
Codomanus. 

Arsanias, a liver of Armenia, which, ac¬ 
cording to fome, flows into the Tigris, and af¬ 
terwards into the Euphrates. Plin. 5, c. 14. 

Arsen a, a marfti of Armenia Major vvhofe 
fifties are all of the lame fort. Strab. 

Arses, the youngeft fon of Ochus, whom 
the eunuch Bagoas raifed to the throne ofPer¬ 
fia, and deftroyed with his children, after a 
reign of three years. Diod. 17. 

A rsia, a wood of Etruria, famous for a 
battle between the Romans and the Veientes. 

Plut. in Popl. -A fmall river between Illy- 

ricum and Iftria, falling into the Adriatic.- 

A river of Italy, flowing through Campania. 

Arsidjeus, a fon of Dafames, &c. 

Arsinoe, daughter of Leucippus atid Phi- 
lodice, was mother of iEfculapius by ApoUo, 
according to fome authors. She received divine 
honors after death at Sparta. Apcllod .^.-— 

Pauf. 2, c. 26, 1 . 3, c. 12.-A daughter of 

Phlegeus, promifed in marriage to Alcmaeon. 

Apollcd. 3,c. 7.--A fountain of Pelopon- 

nefus. Pauf. Me fen. - The fifter and wife 

of Ptolemy Philadelphia, vvorfhipped after 
death under the name of Venus Zephyritis. 
Dinochares began to build her a temple with 
loadftones, in which there flood a ftatue of Ar- 
finoe lufpended in the air by the pQwer of the 
magnet; but the death of the architebl pre-' 
vented its being perfe&ed. Plin. 34^ c. 14. 

} -A daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who mar¬ 

ried Lyfioiachi* king of Macedonia. After 


her hufband’s death, Ceraunus. her own bro¬ 
ther, married her, and attended the throne of. 
Macedonia. He previoufly murderedLyfima- 
chus and Philip, the Ions of Arfinoe by Lyfi- 
machus in their mother’s arms. Arfinoe was 
fome time after banilhed to Samothrace Judin. 

17, c. I, &c --A younger daughter of Pto¬ 

lemy Auletes, fifter to Cleopatra. Antony 
dilpaterted her fit? gain the good graces ot her 

fit; er. Hirt. Alex. 4,— Appian. -The wife 

of Magas king of Cyrene, who committed 
adultery with her fon-in-law. Jufm. 26, c. 3. 

-A daughter of 'Lyfimachus. Pauf. - 

A town of Egypt, fituited near the lake of 
Moeris, on the weftern- fhore of the Nile,, 
where the inhabitants paid the hlgheft venera¬ 
tion to the crocodiles. They nouriftied them' 
in a fplendid manner, and embalmed them after 
death, and buried them in the lubterraneous 

cells of the labyrinths Strab.- -A town of 

Cilicia-of iEolia-of Syria-of Cy¬ 
prus-of Lycia, &c. 

Arsites, afatrnpof Paphlagonia. 

Artabanus, fon of Hyftalpes, was bro¬ 
ther to Darius the firft. He diffiiaded his ne¬ 
phew Xerxes from making war againft the 
Greeks, and at his return, he afiaftinated him 
with the hopes of attending the throne. Da - 
riuSj the fon of Xerxes, was murdered in a firm- 
, lar manner ; and Artaxerxes, his brother, 
would have fhared the fame fate, had not he 
diitovered the fnares of the afiafiin, and punifta- 
ed him with death. Diod. 11 .-—JuJlin. 3, c. 1, 

&c.— Herodof,. 4, c 38, 1 . 7 , c * IO, &c.-A 

king of Parthia after the death of his nephew 
Phraates 2d He undertook a war againft a na¬ 
tion of Scythia, in which he periftied. His fon 
Mithridatesfucceeded him, and merited the ap- 

1 pellation of Great; JuJlin. 42, c. 2.-A king 

of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after th® 

1 expulfionof Vonones, whom Tiberius had made . 

king there. He invaded Armenia, from whence 
t he was driven away by one of the generals of 
. Tiberius. He was expelled from his throne, 

- which Tiridates ufurped; and fome time after 
. he was reftoredagain to his ancient power, and 

died A.D. 48. Tacit. Ann. 5, Sec. ——A king 
of Parthia, very inimical to the infer ell of Vef- 

- pafian.-Another king of Parthia, who made 

, war againft the emperor Caracalla, who had at- 
i. tempted his life on pretence of courting his 

- daughter. He was murdered, and the power 
f of Parthia abolifhed, and the crown tranflated, 

to the Perfian monarchs. Dio. — Herodian. 

ARTABAZ^NESOr ARTAMENESjtheeldelfc 
j fon of Darius, when a private perfon. He at- 
r tempted to lucceed to the Perfian throne, in 
preference to Xerxes. Jtfin. 
i Autabazus, a fon of Pharnaces, general' 

- in the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece 
e upon the ill fuccels of Mardonius. Hero dot. 7, 

- 8 & 9.-A general who made war againft 

.. Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He was after- 

- wards reconciled to his prince, and became the 
v familiar friend of Darius 3d. After the mur¬ 
der 












AR 


AR 


$er of this prince, he furrendered himfelf vrp \ 
with his fons to Alexander, who treated him ; 
with much humanity and confidence. Curt .) 
5,c. 9 & 12.I. 6,c. 5,1. 7, c. 3 & 5.1. 8 , c. 1. ! 

-An officer of Artaxerxes againft Datames | 

JDlod 15. 

Artabri & ArtabrItje, a people ofLu- 
fitania, who received their name from Arta- 
brum, a promontory on the coall of Spain, now 
called Funfit’rc. Sil. 3, v. 362. 

Artacaias, an officer in the army of 
Xerxes, the taileu of ail the troops, the king 
excepted. 

ARTACR-NA,.a city of Afia, near Aria. 

Art ace, a town and feaport near Cy- 
zicus. It did not exift in the age of Pliny. 
There was in its neighbourhood a fountain 
called Artacia. Herodot. 4,0. 14. — Frucof.de 
Bell. Perf. I,C. 25. — Strab. 13.— Flirt. 5, C. 

32.-A city of Phrygia.-A fortified 

place of Bitnynia. 

Artacene, a country of AfTyrianear Arben¬ 
in, where Alexander conquered Darius. St>ab. 
16. 

Art-Xcia, a fountain in the country of the 
Laeftrygcnes. Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 60. 

Artai, a name by which the Perfians 
were called among their neighbours. Hero- 
dot. 7, c„ 61. 

Artageras, a town of Upper Armenia. 
Strab. 

Artagerses, a general in the army of 
Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger. 
Flat, in Art ax. 

Artanes, a king of the fouthern parts of 
Afmei ia. Strab. 11.— r—A river of'I'hrace 

lflowing into the liter. Herodot. 4, c. 49.- 

A river of Colchis. 

Artaphernes, a general whom Darius 
Cent into Greece with Datis. He was con¬ 
quered at the battle of Marathon, by Miltia- 
des. Vid. Datis C.Nep.in Milt. — Herodot. 

Artatus, a river of Illyria. Liv. 43, c. 19. 

Artavasdis, a Ion of Tigranes king of 
Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and 
tfhone as an elegant orator and faithful hifto- 
j-ian. He lived in alliance with the Romans, 
but Craflus was defeated partly on account of 
bis delay. He betrayed MAntony in his ex¬ 
pedition againft Parthia, for which Antony re¬ 
duced his kingdom, and carried him to Egypt, 
where he adorned the triumph of the ccn- 
queror led in golden chains. He was fome 

time after murdered. Strab. 11.-The 

crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a 
perfon of the fame name, who was expelled. 

-Auguftus had alio raifed to the throne of 

Armenia, a perfon of the lame name. Tacit. 
An. 2. 

Artaxa & Artaxias, a general of An- 
tiochusthe Great, who ere&ed the province of 
Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on 
the friendlhip of the Romans. King Tigranes 
was one of his fucelfors. Strab. 11. 

Art ax at a, (orum,)x low ArJrJb } a ftrongly 


fortified town of Upper Armeftia, the capital 
of the empire, where the kings generally re- 
ficied. It is laid that Annibnl built it for Ar¬ 
taxias, the king of the country. It was burnt 
by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, who call¬ 
ed it Netonea, in honor of Nero. Strab 11. 

Artaxerxes ill, lucceeded to the king¬ 
dom of Perfia, after his father Xerxes.' He 
deftroyed Artabamis who had murdered 
Xerxes, and attempted to deftroy the royal 
family to raile himlelf to the throne. He 
made war againft tire Ba&rians, and re-con¬ 
quered Egypt, that had revolted, with the al¬ 
ii itance of the Athenians, and was remarkable 
for his equity and moderation. One of his 
hands was longer than the other, whence he 
has been called RIacrochir or Tongimanus . He 
reigned 39 years, and died B. C. 425. C. 

Nep. in Reg .— F’ut. in A tax. --The 2d of 

that name, king of Perfia, wasfurnamed Mne- 
mon, on account of his extenlive' memory. He 
was l'on of Darius the fecond, by Parylatis the 
daughter of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had 
three brothers, Cyrus, Oftanes, and Oxathree. 
His name was Arlaces, which he changed into , 
Artaxerxes when he attended the throne. His 
brother Cyrus was of fuchjm ambitious difpo- 
fition, that he refolvad to make himfelf king, 
inoppolition to Artaxerxes. f aryfatis always 
favored Cyrus; and when he had attempted 
the life of Artaxerxes, (lie obtained his pardon 
by her entreaties and influence. v Cyrus, who 
had been appointed over Lydia and the fea 
coalls, afler.V lad a large army Under various 
pretences, and at bill marched againft his bro¬ 
ther at the head of ioesooo Barbarians and 
13,000 Greeks He was oppofed by Artax¬ 
erxes with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle 
was fought at Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was 
killed, and his forces routed. It has been re¬ 
ported, that Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, 
who was fo d:firous of the honor, that he put 
to death two men for laying that they had 
killed him. I he Greeks, who had affifted 
Cyrus againft his brother, though at thediitance 
of above 600 leagues from their country, made 
their way through the territories of the ene¬ 
my ; and nothing is more famous in the Gre¬ 
cian hiftory, than the retreat of the ten thou- 
fand. After he was delivered from the at¬ 
tacks of his brother, Artaxerxes llirred up a 
war among the Greeks againft Sparta, and ex¬ 
erted all his influence to weaken the power of 
the Greeks. He married t\vo # of his own 
daughters, called Atofla and Ameftris, and 
named his eldeft Ion Darius to be his fucceffor. 
Darius however confpired againft his father, 
and was put to death ; and Ochus, one of the 
younger ions, called alio Artaxerxes, made his 
way to the throne, by cau^ng his elder brothers 
Ariafpes and Arfamesto be aflaflinated. It is 
laid that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in 
confequence of his fon’s unnatural behaviour, 
in the 94th year of his age, after a reign of 
46 years, B. C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 
H 3 childxan 














AR 


children by his 350 concubines, and only four 
legitimate Tons. Plut. in vita.' — C. Nep. in. 
Reg. — JuJlin. IO, C. X, &C.— Died. 13, &c.— 

-The 3d, furnamed Ochus, fucceeded his 

father Artaxerxes ad, and eftablilhed himfell 
on his throne by murdering above 80 of his 
neareft relations. H e punilhed with death one 
of his officers who confpired againft him, and 
recovered Egypt, which had revolted, dellroy- 
ed Sidon,and ravaged all Syria. He made war 
againft the Cadufii, and greatly rewarded a pri¬ 
vate man called Codomanus for his uncommon 
valor. But his behaviour in Egypt, and his cru¬ 
elty towards the inhabitants, offended his fub- 
jeds, and Bagoas at laft obliged his phyfician to 
poifon him, B. C. 337, and afterwards gave his 
flefh to be devoured by cats, and made handles 
for fwords with his bones. Codomanus, on 
account of his virtues, was foon after made 
king by the people ; and that he might l'eem 
to poflel's as much dignity as the houfe of 
Artaxerxes, he reigned under the name of 
Darius the third. JuJiin. IO, c. 3. — Died. 17.. 
— JElian. V. H. 6, C. 8. 

Artaxerxes or Artaxares ill, a com¬ 
mon foldier of Perfia, who killed Artabanus, 

A. D. 228, and erected Perfia again into a 
kingdom, which had been extindl fince the 
death of Darius. Severus the Roman empe¬ 
ror conquered him, and obliged him to remain 

within his kingdom. Herodian. 5.-One of 

his luccefibrs, fon of Sapor, bore his name, and 
reigned eleven years, during which he diftin- 
guiflied himfelf by his cruelties. 

Art a xi as, Ion of Artavafdes, king of Ar¬ 
menia was proclaimed king by his lather’s 
troops. He oppofed Antony,by whom he 
was defeated, and became fo odious that the 
Romans, at the requeft of the Armenians, 

railed 7 igranes to the throne.--Another 

fon of Polemon* whole original name was 
.Zeno. After the expulfion of Venonesfrom 
Armenia, he was made king by Germanicus. 

‘Tacit. 6, Ann^ c. 31.-A general of Antio- 

chus. Vid. Artaxa. 

Artayctes, a Perfian appointed governor 
of Seftos by Xerxes. He was hung on a crofs 
by the Athenians for his cruelties. Herod. 7&9- 

Artaynta, a Peifian lady,whom Xerxes 
gave in marriage to hjs fon Darius. She was 
one of the miftrefies of her father-in-law. 
Herodot. 9, C. 103, &*c. 

Artayntes, a Perfian appointed over a. 
fleet in Greece, by Xerxes. Hercdot. 8, c. 13. 
1. 9, c. 107. 

Artembares, a celebrated Mede in the 
reign of Cyrus the 'Great. Herodot. 1 & 9. 

Artemidorus, a native of Ephefus, who 
wrote an hiftory and delcription of the earth, 
•in eleven books. He florilhed about 104 years 

B. C **-A phyfician in the age of Adrian. 

► - A man in the reign of Antoninus, who 

wrote a learned work on the interpretation of 
dreams, ftill extant; the heft edition of which 
is that of Rigaltius, Paris, 4to. 1604, to which 


AR 

is annexed Acbmetis oneirocritica ■- A man 
of Cnidus, fon to the hiltorian Theopompus. 
He had a lchool at Rome, and he wrote a book 
on illuftrious men, not extant. As he was the 
friend of J. Cxfar, he wrote down an account of 
the confpiraey which was forrrled againft him. 
He gave it to the di£lator from among the croyd 
as he was going to the fenate, but J. Cxfar pvt 
it with other papers which he held in his hand, 
thinking it to be of no material confequence. 
Pint- in Cerf. 

Artemis, the Greek name of Diana. Her 
feftivals, called Artemifia were celebrated in 
feveral parts of Greece, particularly at Del¬ 
phi, where they offered to the goddefs,# mullet, 
which, as was fuppofed, bore fome affinity to 
the goddefs of hunting, becaufe it is laid to hunt 
and kill the lea hare. There was a folemnity 
of the fame name at Syracule ; it killed three 
days, which were fpent in banquetting and di- 
verfions. Athen'. 7. 

Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis of H.-v. 
licarnaffus, reigned over HalicarnafTus and the 
neighbouring country. She aflifted Xerxes in 
his expedition againft Greece with a fleet, and 
her valor was fo great that the monarch ob- 
ferved that sll his men fought like women, and 
all his women like men. The Athenians were 
fo afhamed of fighting againft a woman, that 
they offered a reward ot 10,000 drachms for 
her head. It is faid that Die was' fond of a 
youth of Abydos, called Dardanus, and that 
to punifh his difdain, Ihe put out his eyes while 
he was afleep, and afterwards leaped down the 
promontory ofLeucas. Haodot. 7, c. 99, 1 . 

8, c. 68, &c.— Ji'Jin. 2, c. 12.-There was 

alfo another queen of Caria of that name, of¬ 
ten confounded with the daughter of Lygdamis, 
She was daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria 
or HalicarnalTus, and was married to her own 
brother Maulolus, famous for his perfonai 
beauty. She was fo fond of her hufband, that 
at his death lhe drank in her liquor his alhes 
after his body had been burned, and erected tp. 
his memory a monument, which, for its gran¬ 
deur and magnificence, was called one of the 
feven wonders of the world. This monument 
lhe called Mavfoleum , a name which has been 
given from that time to all monuments of un- 
ulual fplendor. She invited all the literary 
men ofher age, and propofed rewards to him 
who compofed the bell elegiac panegyric upon 
her hufband. The prize was adjudged toTheo- 
pompus. She was 10 inconlolable for the death 
of her hufband that lhe died through, grief two 
years after. Vitruv. — Strab. 14.— Plin. 25, 
c. 7,1. 36,0. 5. 

Artemisia. Vid. Artemis. 

Artemisium, a promontory of Euboea, 
where Diana had a temple. The neighbour¬ 
ing part of the fea bore the fame name. The 
fleet of Xerxes had a lkirmifh there with the 

Grecian Ihips. Herodot. 7, 0. 175, &c.--A 

lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple fa- 
cre-d to Artemis, whence the name. 

ArtemYta* 







AR 


AS 


ArtemTta, a city at the eaft of Seleucia. 
* An ifland oppoiite the mouth of the 
Achelous. Strab. 

Artemon, an hiflorian of Pergamus.—A 
native of Clazomence, who was with Pericles 
st the fiege of Samos, where it is laid he in¬ 
dented the battering ram, the */We,and.other 

equally valuable military engines.-A man 

who wrote a treatile on colledling books.- 

A native of Alagnefia, who wrote the hiflorv 

of illuftrious women.-A phyfician of Cla- 

zomenae.--A painter.--A Syrian whofe 

features refembled in the llrongelt manner, 
thofe of Antiochus. The queen after the 
King s murder, made life of Artemon to repre- 
ient her hufband in a lingering flate, that, by 
his teeming to die a natural death, (he might 
■conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked pur- 
pofe. Vid. Antiochus. 

Artimpasa, a name pf Venus among the 
Scythians. Herodot. 4, c. 59. 

Artobarzanes, a fon ofDarius, who en¬ 
deavoured to afeend the throne in preference 
to his brother Xerxes, but to no purpole. He¬ 
rodot. 7,c. 2 & 3. 

Artociimes, a general of Xerxes, who 
married one of the daughters'of Darius. He¬ 
rodot. 7, c . 73. 

Artona, a town of the Latins, taken by 
■the JEqui. Liv. 2, c. 43. 

Artontes, a fon of Mardonius, Pauf.in 
Saotic. 

Artonius, a phyfician of Auguflus, who, 
on the night previous to the battle of Philippi, 
faw A-Iinerva in a dream, who told him to 
sfiure Auguflus of victory. Hal. Mux. i, 

<.7. 

Artoxares, an eunuch of Paphlagonia, in 
the .reign of Artaxerxes ill, cruelly put to 
death by Paryfatis. 

Art uR ios, an obfeure fellow,-railed to ho¬ 
nors and wealth by his flatteries, &c. Juv. 3, 
v. 29. 

Artvnes, a king of Media. 

Artynia, a lake of Afia Minor. 
Artystona, a daughter ofDarius. He¬ 
rodot. 3, c. 88. 

Aruy, a people of Hyrcania, where Alex¬ 
ander kindly received the chief officers of 
Darius. Curt. 6,e. 4. 

Arvaj.es, a name given to twelve priefts 
who celebrated the feftivals called Ambarvalia. 
According to fome, they were delcended from 
the twelve Tons of Acca Laurentia, who luck- 
led Romulus. They wore a crown of ears of 
•corn, and a white fillet, Varro de L. L. 4.— 
Vid. Ambarvalia; 

Aruerjs, a god of the Egyptians, fon of 
Ifis and Ofiris. According to fome account, 
Ofiris and Ifis were married together in their 
mother’s womb, and Ifis was pregnant of Aru- 
eris before fhe was born. 

Averni, a powerful people of Gaul, now 
Auvergne, near the Ligeris, who took up arms 
againfl J. Ciefar, They were conquered with 


great {laughter. They pretended to be defeend- 
e dfrom the Trojans as well as the Romans. 
Ctef. Bell. Gall. 7.— Strab. 14. 

Arviragus, a king of Britain. Juv. 4. 
v. 127. 

ArvIseum Sc Arvisus, a promontory of 
Chios, famous for its wine. rirg. flcl. 5. 

L. Aron,cuj.eius Costa, an offic r fent 
by J. C«efar againfl the Gauls, by whom e was 
killed. Caf. Bell Gall. 

Aruns, an Etrurian foothfayer in the age 

of Marius. Lucan, 1, v. 586.-A foldier 

who flew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of 

Diana. Virg. Ain. 1 i, v. 759,-A brother 

ofTarquin the Proud. He married Tullia, 
who murdered him to efpoufe Tarquin, who 

had aflaffinated his wife.-A fon ofTarquin 

the Proud, who. in the battle that was fought 
between the pa-rtizans of his father and the Ro¬ 
mans, attacked Brutus the Roman conlul, who 
wounded him and threw him down from hie 

boric. Liv. 2, c. 6. - A fon of Porfena king 

of Etruria, fent by his father to take Aricia. 
Liv. 2, c. 14. 

Aruntius, a Roman who ridiculed the rites 
of Bacchus, for which the god inebriated him 
tofuch a degree that he offered violence to his 
daughter Medullina, who murdered him when 
fhe found that he adted lo dilhonorably to 

her virtue. Pint, in Parall. - A man who , 

wrote an account of the Punic wars in the flyle 
ofSallufl, in the reign of Auguflus. Tacit. 

Ann. I- — Scnec. ep. 14.-Another Latin 

writer. Senec. de Bmef. 6»-Paterculus, a 

man who gave AEmyliu6 Cenforinus, tyrant of 
-ffigefla, a brazen horfe to torment criminals. 
The tyrant made the firft experiment upon 

the body of the donor. Pint, in Parall. -• 

Stella, a poet delcended of a confular family in 
the age of Domitian. 

ArupTnus, a maritime town of Iflria. Tibull. 

4, el. ij-v. no. 

Aruspex. Vid. Harufpex. 

Arxata, a town of Armenia, near the 
Araxes. St-ab 11. 

Aryanoes,* Perfian appointed governor of 
Egypt by Cambyfes. He was put to death be- 
caul'e he imitated Darius in whatever he did, 
and wifhed to make himielf immortal.' Hero- 
dot. 4, c. 166. 

Arybas, a native of Sidon, whofe daughter 
was carried away by pirates. Homer. Od. 15, 

v. 425.--A king of the Moloffi,who reigned 

ten years. 

Arvptjeus, a prince of the Molofli, whq 
privately encouraged the Greeks againfl Mace¬ 
donia, and afterwards embraced the party of 
the Macedonians. 

Asander, a man who feparated, by a wall, 
Cherfonelus Taurica from the continent, 
Strab. 7. 

Asbestje & Asbystje, a people of Libya 
above Cyrene, where the temple of Ammon is 
built. Jupiter is fometimes called on that ac¬ 
count AJbxf ius. Herodot. 4, C, '170.— Ptol.4,c. 3. 

H 4 AEBOLUS, 













AS 


AS 


Asbolus (black hair), one of Acbeon’s 
dogs. Ov 'd. Met. 3. 

Ascalaphus, a fon of Mars and Afty- 
oche, who was among the Argonauts, and 
went to the Trojan war at the head of the 
Orchomenians, with his brother Ialmenus. 
He was killed by Deiphobus; Homer. II. 2, 

v. 13, 1 . 9, v. 82. 1 . 13, v. 518.-A fon 

of Acheron by Gorgyra or Orphne, ftationed 
by Pluto to watch over Proferpine in the 
Elyfian fields. When Geres had obtained 
from Jupiter her daughter’s freedom and re¬ 
turn upon earth, provided Ihe had eaten no¬ 
thing in the kingdom of Pluto, Afcalaphus 
difeovered that ihe had eaten fotne pomegra¬ 
nates from a tree ; upon which Proferpine 
was ordered by Jupiter to remain fix months 
with Pluto, and the reft of the year with 
her mother. Proferpine was fo difpleafed 
with Aicalaphus, that ihe fprinkled water on 
his head, and immediately turned him into an 
owl. Apollod. 1, c. 5, 1 . 2, c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 
5, fab 8. 

Ascalon, a town of Syria, near the Me¬ 
diterranean, about 52ofladia from Jerufalem, 
ftili in being. It was anciently famous for 
its onions. Jofeph. de Bell. Jud. 3, c.'2.— 
Theopbrajl. H. Pt. 7, c. 4. 

Ascania, an ifland of the Aegean fea 
-A city of Troas, built by Afcanius. 

Asca&ius, ion of Aineas by Creuia, was 
faved from the flames of Troy by his father, 
whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy. 
He was afterwards called lulus. He behaved 
with great valor in the war which his father 
carried on againft the Latins, and fuccepded 
Aineas in the kingdom of I.atinus, and built 
Alba, to which lie transferred the feat of his 
empire from Lavinium. The defendants of 
Aicanius reigned in Alba for above 420 years, 
under 14 kings, till the age of Numitor. 
Afcanius reigned 38 years; 30 at Lavinium, 
and 8 at Alba; and was fucceeded by Syl¬ 
vius Pofthumus, fon of Amas by Lavinia. 
lulus, the Ion of Aicanius, difputed the crown 
with him ; but the Latins gave it in favor of 
Sylvius, as he was defeended from the fa¬ 
mily of Latinus, and lulus was inverted with 
the office of high prieft, which remained a 
long while in his family. Liv. 1, c. 3.— 

Hitg. JEn. 1, -According to Dionyf. 

■Heil. 1, c. 15, isfe. the fon of Alneas by La- 

vinia was alfo called Aicanius.- A river of 

Bilhynia. Hirg. G, 3, v 270. 

Ascii, a nation ot India, in whofe country 
objects at noon have no fliadovv. Plin. a. 

Asci.ep t a, feftivals in honor of Afclepius, 
or Afculapius, celebrated all over Greece, 
when prizes for poetical and mufical compofi- 
tions were honorably diftributed. At Epi- 
daurus they were called by a different name. 

As epiades, a rhetorician in the age of 
Eumenes, who wrote an hiftorical account of 
Alexander. Arrian, - A difciple of Plato. 

—A philofopher, difciple to Stilpo, and very 


intimate with Menedemtis. The two friends 
Lived together, and that they might not be 
fieparated when they married, Aiclepiades. 
married the daughter, and Menedemus, 
though much the younger,the mother. When 
the wife of Aiclepiades was dead, Merie- 
demus gave his wife to his friend, and married 
another. He "'as blind in his old age, and 

died in Eretria. Plut. -A phyficiaw of 

Bitliynia, B. C. 90, who acquired great repu¬ 
tation at Rome, and was the founder of a ’eft 
in phyfic. He relied, fo much on his fit ill, 
that he laid a wager he fhould never be fick j 
and won it, as he died of a fall, in a very ad¬ 
vanced age. Nothing of his medical treatifes 

is now extant.-Afi Egyptian, who wrote 

hymns on the gods of his country, and alfo a 

treatife on the coincidence of all religions.-; 

A native of Alexandria, who gave an hittory of 

the Athenian archons.-The writer of a 

treatife on Demetrius Phalereus.-A difci¬ 

ple of Iiocrates, who wrote 6 books on thofe 
events which had been the fubjeft of trage¬ 
dies.-A phyfician in the age of Pompey. 

—— A tragic poet-Another phyfician of 

Bithvnia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, 
and was a great favorite of the emperor's 
court. • 

Asclepiodorus, a painter in the age of. 
Apelles, 12 of whofe piftures of the gods 
were fold for 300 mir.te each, to an African 

prince. Plin. 35.-A ibldier who con- 

1 piled againlt Alexander with Hermolaus. 
Curt. 8, c. 6. 

Asc£EPioDOTiTs,n general of Mithridates. 

Asci.epIus. Fid. Aifculapius. 

Ascletarion, a mathematician in the age 
of Domitian, who faict that he (hould be torn 
by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put 
to death, and his body carefully fecured ; but 
as loon as he was let on the burning pile, a Bid¬ 
den ftorm arofe which put out the flames, and 
the do^s came and tore to pieces the mathema¬ 
tician’s body. Sneton. in Domif. 15. 

Asclus, a town of Italy. Ital. 8. 

Ascolia, a feftival in honor of Bacchus, 

! celebrated about December, by the Athenian 
hulbandmen, who generally facrificed a goat to 
1 the god, becaule that animal is a great enemy .to 
the vine. They made a Lottie with the fkin 
of the viftim, which they filled with oil and 
wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He who 
could Hand upon it firft was victorious, and re¬ 
ceived the bottle as a reward. r i his was called 
ct(rx.u\iK^uv <TK0X to ton otffKov uWiirPai, 
leaping upon the bottle , whence the name of the 
feftival is derived. It was a!lo introduced in 
Italy, where the people beiYneared their faces 
with the dregs of wine, and lang hymns to the 
god. They always hanged fome imall images 
of the god on the talleft trees in their vine¬ 
yards, and thele images they called Ofcilla. 
Virg. G. 2, V. 384.— Pollux. 9, C. 7. 

Asconius Labeo, a preeeptor of Nero. 

•-Pedia, a man intimate with Virgil and 

Livy* 












AS 


AS 


Livy.—Another of the fame family in the 
age ofVefpafian, who became blind in his old 
age, and lived 12 years after. He wrote, be- 
fides fome hi'iorical treaties, annotations on 
Cicero’s orations. 

Ascra, a to^n of Bceotia, built, according 
to fome, by the giants Otus and Ephialtes, at 
the toot of mount 1 -i elicon. H e n od was born 
there, whence he is often called the Afcrcan 
poet, and whatever poem treats on agricultural 
fubje&S Afr<rum carmen. The town received 
its name from Afcra, a nymph, mother ot 
CEoclus by Neptune.— Stub. 9.— Pavf. 9, 
(C. 29. — Paterc . I. 

Asculum, now Afcoli, a town of Pice- 
num, famous for the defeat of Pyrrhus by 

Curius and Fabricius. Flor. 3, c. 18.- 

Another in Apulia, near the Aufidus. 

Asdrujjal, a Carthaginian, fon-in-law of. 
Hamilcar. He diftinguilhed himfelf in the 
Numidian war, and was appointed chief general 
on the death of his father-in-law, and for eight 
years prefided with much prudence and valor 
over Spain, which lubmitted to his arms with 
cheerfulnefs. Here he laid the foundation of 
new Carthage, and faw it complete. To flop 
his progrels towards the eaft, the Romans, in 
a treaty with Carthage, forbade him to pals the 
Iberus, which was faithfully observed by the 
general. He was kill'd in the midftofhis 
foldiers, B. C 220, by a (lave whole mailer 
he had murdered The Have was caught, and 
put to death in the greateft torments, which he 
bore with patience, and even ridiculed. Some 
fay that he was killed in hunting. ItaL 1, v.i65. 
— Appian, Iberic. — P(flyb. 2. — Liv. 21, C. 2, 

lyfc. -A ion of Hamilcar, who came from 

Spain with a large reinforcement for his bro¬ 
ther Annibal. He crofted the Alps and en¬ 
tered Italy; but fome of his letters to Annibal 
having fallen into the hands of the Romans, 
the confuls M. J .ivius Salin.itor and Claudius 
Nero, attacked him fuddenly near the Me- 
taurus, ancf defeated him, B. C. 207. He was 
killed in the battle, and 56,000 of his men 
(hared his fate, and 5400 were taken prifoners; 
about 8000 Romans were killed. The head 
of Afdrubal was cut off, and lbme days after 
thrown into the camp of Annibal, who, in the 
moment that he was in the greateft expecta¬ 
tions for a promiled fupply, exclaimed at the 
light, “ In lofing Afdrubal, I lofe all my hap- 
pinefs, and Carthage all her hopes.” Afdrubal 
had before made an attempt to penetrate into 
Italy by lea, but had been defeated by the go¬ 
vernor of Sardinia. Liv. 21, 23, 27, tsfe.— 

Polyb. — Horat. 4, od. 4.-A Carthaginian 

general, furnamed Calvus, appointed governor 
of Sardinia, and taken prifoner by the Romans. 

Liv. -Another, fon of Gilgou, appointed 

general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in 
the time of the great Annibal. He made head 
againft the Romans in Africa, with the aflift- 
ance of Scyphax, but he was foon after defeat¬ 
ed by Scipio. He died B. C. 206. Z/'V.- 


Another, who advifed his countrymen to make 
peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for 

laughing in the Carthaginian lenate. Liv. - 

A grandfon of Mafiniffa, murdered in the 
lenate houre by the 1 Carthaginians.-Ano¬ 

ther, whofe camp was destroyed in Africa by 
Scipio, though at the head of 20,000 men, in 
the la ft Ptinic war. Wheq all was loft, he fled 
to the enemy, and begged his life. Scipio 
(hewed him to the Carthaginians, upon which 
his wife, with a thopfand imprecations, threw 
herfelt and her two, children into the flames 
of the temple of iEfculapius, which (he, and 
others, had fet on fire. He was not of the 
fame family as Hannibal. Liv.5 1.-A Car¬ 

thaginian general, conquered by L. Caecilius 
Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in which he loft 
130 elephants. Thefe animals were led in 
triumph all over Italy by the conquerors. 

Asellio, Sempronius, an hiftorian and 
military tribune, who wrote an account of the 
actions in which he was prefent. Dionyf. Hal . 

Asia, one of the three parts of the ancient 
world, leparated from Europe by the Tanais, 
the Euxine, TEgean, and Mediterranean fe3s. 
The Nile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It 
receives its name from Alia, the daughter of 
Oceanus. This part of the globe has given birth 
to many of the greateft monarchies of the uni- 
verfe, and to the ancient inhabitants of Alia 
we are indebted for mod of the arts and fei- 
ences. The foil is fruitful, and abounds with all 
the necelfaries as well as luxuries of life. Afu 
was divided into many different empires, pro¬ 
vinces, and Hates, of which the moft confpicu- 
ous were the Aftyrian and Perfian monarchies. 

I he Aflyrian monarchy, according to Eufebius, 
lafted i24.oyears, and according to Judin 130a 
years, down'to the year of the world 4380. 
'File empire of Perfia exifted 228 years, till 
the death of Darius the 3d, whom Alexander 
the Great conquered. The empire of the 
Medes lafted 259 years, according to Eufebius, 
or lets, according to others, till the reign of 
Aftyr.ges, who was conquered by Cyrus the 
Great, who transferred the power the Medes, 
and founded the Perfian rlionarohy. It was in 
Alia that the military valor of the Macedoni¬ 
ans, and the bold retreat of the 10,000 Greeks 
were lb conlpicuowfly dilplayed. It is in that 
pair of the world that we are to look for the 
more vilible progrels of luxury, rdefpotifm, fe- 
dition, effeminacy, and diftipation. Ada was 
generally divided into Major and Minor. Alia 
Major was the moil extenfive, and compre¬ 
hended all the eaftern parts ; and Alia Minor 
was a latge country in the form of a peninlula, 
whofe boundaries may be known by drawing a 
line from the bay of Iftus, in a northern di¬ 
rection, to the eaftern part of the Euxine Sea. 
Alia Minor has been fubjeCt to many revolu¬ 
tions. It was tributary to the Scythians for 
upwards of 1500 years, and was a long time 
in the power of the Lydians, Medes, &c. The 
weftern parts ©f Alia Minor were the recep¬ 
tacle 











taclg of all the ancient emigrations from 
Greece, and it was totally peopled by Grecian 
colonies. The Romans generally and indif- 
criminately called Afia Minor by the name of 
Aha. Strab. — il I/a.— r /u/.in.-—Plin. — Tacit. 
\tfc .-~~—One of the Oceanides, who married 
Japetus, an<l gave her name to one of the three 
quarters of the ancient globe. Apollod. I, c. 2 . 

——One of the Nereides. Hygin. -A 

fountain of Ivnconia. Pan/3, c. 24. 

Asia Pal us, a lake in Myfia. Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 701. 

AsiAticus, a Gaul, in the age of Vitel- 

iius. Tacit. Hijl. 2. -The furname of one 

©f the ■ cipios, and others^for their conquefts 
or campaigns in Afia. 

AsIlas, an augur, who nflifted ./Eneas 

againit Turmis.. - A Trojari officer. Virg. 

JEn. 9, IO, &C. 

Asinaria, a feftival in Sicily, in cdtame- 
tnoration of the victory obtained over De- 
mofthenesand Nicias, at the river Afinarius. 

AsinArius, a river of Sicily, where the 
Athenian generals, Demoilhenes and Nicias, 
were taken prifoners. 

Asine, one of the Sporades.-An ifiand 

of the Adriatic.-Three towns of Pelopon- 

. nefus bore that name, vis. in Laconia, Ar- 
golis, and Meflenia. 

Asines, a river of Sicily. 

Asinius Gallds, lbn of Afinius Pollio 
the orator, married Vjpfania, after Ihe had 
been divorced by Tiberius. This marriage 
gave rife to a l'ecret enmity between the em¬ 
peror and Afinius, who ftarved himfelf to 
death, either voluntarily, or by order of his 
imperial enemy. He had fix fons by his wife. 
He wrote a companion between his father , 
and Cicero, in whilh he gave a decided lupe- 
rioritv to the former. Tacit i & 5. Ann. 

— Bio. 38.— Plin. 7, ep. 4.-Marcellus, 

grandlbn of Afinius Pollio, was aecufed of 
fiome mifdemeanors, but acquitted, &c. Ta¬ 
cit. 14. Ann .-Pollio, an excellent orator, 

poet, and liiftorian, intimate with Auguftus. 
He triumphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote 
an account of the wars of Casi’ar and Pompey, 
in 17 books, befidcs poems. He refufed to 
anfwer fome verfes againit him by Auguftus, 

“ becaufe,” faid he, “ you have the power to 
proscribe me, fbould my anfwer prove of- 
^ fenfive.” He died in the. 80th year. of his 
age, A. D. 4. He was conful with Cn. Do- 
mitius Calviims, A. U. C. 714. It is to 
ihim that the fourth of Virgil’s Bucolics is in- 
feribed. Quintil. — Suet on. in- Caf. 30 & 55.— 
Bio. 37, 49 > 5-5 — Seme, dc Tranq. Ani. tz? ep. 
ICO — Plin. 7, c- 30.— Tacit. 6.— Paierc. 2 . — 
Pint, in Cccf. -A commander of Maurita¬ 

nia, under the firft emperors, &c. Tacit. H/Jl. 

•3.-An hiftorian in the age of Pompey.- 

Another in the third century.-Quadratus, 

a man who publilhed the hiftory of Parthia, 
Greece, and Rome. 

Asius, a fon of Dymas, brother of Hecuba. 


He affifted Priam in the Trojan war, and vrsf 
killed by Idomeneus. Homer. II. 2, v. 342. 
1 . 12, v. 95. 1 . 13, v. 384.-A poet of Sa¬ 

mos, who wrote about the genealogy of ancient 

heroes and heroines. Pan/. 7, c. 4.-A 

fon oflmbracus, who accompanied ./Eneas into 
Italy. Virg. JEn . IOpv 123. 

Asius Campos, a place near the Cayfter. 

Asnaus,.t mountain of Macedonia, near 
which the river Aous flows. Liv. 32, c. 5. 

Asophis, afmall country of Peloponnefus, 
near the Afopus. 

Asopia, the ancient name of Sicyon. 
Pan/. 2, c. 1. 

Asopiades, a patronymic of ^Eacus, fon 
of ./Egina, the daughter of Afopus. Ovid. 
Met. 7, v. 484. 

Asopis, the daughter of the Afopus.- - 
A daughter of Thefpius, mother of Mentor. 
A polled. 2 ,c. 7. 

Asopus, a river of Theflaly, falling into 
the bay of Malia, at the north of Thermopy¬ 
lae Strab. 8.-A river of Bccotia, rifing 

near Platiea, and flowing into t;he Euripus, af¬ 
ter it has l'eparated the country of the The¬ 
bans and Plataeans. Pan/ 9, c. 4. —— -A 
river of Afia, flowing into the Lycus, nefcr 

Laodicea.-A river of Peloponnefus, paf- 

fing by Sicyon.-Another of Macedonia, 

flovying near Heraclea. Strab. &c.-A ri¬ 
ver of Phoenicia.-A fon of Neptune, who 

gave his name to a river of Peloponnefus. 
Three of his daughters are particularly cele¬ 
brated, ./Egina, Salamis, and Ilmene. Apol - 
lod. I,C. 9. 1.3, c. 12.— Pan/. 2,C. 12 . 

Aspa, a 1 own of Parthia, now I/pahan, the 
capital of the Perfian empire. 

As pa mit 11 res, a favorite eunuch of 
Xerxes, who confpired with Artabanus to 
deftroy the king, and the royal family, See. 
Ctc/ias. 

Asparac-ium, a town near Dyrrhachium. 
Ccc/. Bell. Civ. 3, c. 30. 

Aspasia, a daughter of Hermotimus of 
Phoca'a, famous for her perfonal charms and 
elegance She was prieftels of the fun, mif- 
trels to Cyrus, and afterwards to his brother 
Artaxerxes, from whom fiie pafled to Darius. 
She was called Milto, Vermillion ^ on account 
of the beauty of her complexion. JElian. V. 

H. 12, c. 1— Pint, in Artax.- -Another 

woman, daughter of Axiochus, born at Mi¬ 
letus. She came to Athens, where fhe taught 
eloquence, and Socrates was proud to be 
among her fcholars. She fo captivated Peri¬ 
cles, by her mental and perfonal accomplilh- 
ments, that he became her pupil, and at Lift 
took her for his miftrefs and wife. He was 
lofond of her, that he made war againft Samos 
at her inftigarion. The behaviour of Pericles 
towards Afpafia greatly corrupted the morals 
of the^ Athenians, and introduced diffipgtion 
and lnfcivioufnefs into the ftate. She however 
pofiefted the merit of fuperior excellence in 
mind as well as perfon, and her inftru&iohs 

















AS 


AS 

helped to form the greateft and mod elo¬ 
quent orators of Greece. Some have cont 
founded the miftrefs of Pericles with Afpafin 
the daughter of Hermotimus. Plut. in Pericl. 

—Quintit. ii.-i he wife of Xenophon was 

alfo called Afpafia, if we follow the improper 
interpretation given by l'ome to Cic. de Inv. 
I, c. 31. 

Aspasios, a peripatetic philofopher in the 
2d century, whole commentaries on different 
fubjetfs were highly valued ——A fophilt, 
who wrote a panegyric on Adrian. 

As I’A st r s, a latrap of Carmania, fufpe&ed 
of infidelity to his truft while Alexander was 
in the ealt. Curt* 9, c. 20. 

Aspa r hInes, one of the feven noblemen 
of Perfia, who conlpired againft the ufurper 

Simerdis. Herodot. 5, c. 70, &c.-A ion of 

Prexafpes. Id. 7. 

Aspendus, a town of Pamphylin, at ^he 
mouth of the river Eurymedon. Cic. in Verr. 
I, c. 20 ; The inhabitants facrificed twine to 
Venus. 

AsphaltTtes, a lake. Vid. Mare Mor- 
tuum. 

Aspis, a fatrap of Chaonia, who revolted 
from Artaxerxcs. He was reduced by Da- 

tames. Cor. Nep. in Lat. -A city and 

mountain of Africa.-One of the Cyclades. 

— — A city of Macedonia. 

Aspledon, a fon of Neptune by the 
nymph Midea. He gave his name to a city 
of Bccotia, whole inhabitants went to the Tro¬ 
jan war. Homer.II. 2 ,V. 18.— Pavf. 9, c. 38. 

Aspo^enus, a mountain of Afia Minor, 
near Pergamus, where the mother of the 
gods was worlhipped, and called Afporena. 
Strab. 13. 

Assa, a town near mount- Athos. 

AssabTnus, the Jupiter of the Arabians. 

Assaracus, a Trojan prince. Ion ofTros 
hv Callirhoe. He was father to CapVS, the 
father of Anchifes. The Trojans were fre¬ 
quently called the defendants ol* Affaracus 
Gens A [farad. — Homer. II. 20.— ^ tr g. JKn. 

1.-Two friends of J£neas in the Rutulian 

war. yirg. JEn. lO,v. 124. 

AsserIn 1, a people of Sicily. 

Assords, a town of Sicily, between Enna 
and Argyrium. 

Assos, a town of Lycia on the fea coaft. 

Assyria, a large country of Afia, whofe 
boundaries have been different in its fl on filing 
times. At firft it was bounded by the Lycus 
and Caprus: hut the name of Affyria, more 
genenlly fpeaking, is applied to all that terri¬ 
tory which lies between Media, Mefopotamia, 
Armenia, and Babylon. The Affyrian empire 
is the moft ancient in the world. It was found -, 
ed by Ninusor Belus, B. C. 2C>59,according to 
feme authors, and lafted till the reign of Sarda- 
napalus, the 31ft fovereign fince Ninus, B. C. 
820. According to Eufebius, it florifiied for 
1240 years; according to Juftin, 1300 years; 
but Hercdottis fays, that its duration was not 
10 


above 5 or 6co years. Among the different 
monarchs of the Affyrian empire, bemiramis 
greatly diftinguiihed herl'elf, and extended the 
boundaries of her dominions as far as Asthiopia 
and Liby 1 In ancient authors, the Affyrian* 
are often tailed Syrians, and die Syrians Af- 
lyrians. ' 1 'he Affyrians aflifted Priam in the 
Trojan war, and lent hi;n.Mem»on with an 
army. The king of Affyria generally ffyled 
himfelf king of kings, as a demonflration of 
his power and greatnefs. *r he country is now 
call’d Curdifian. fid. Syria. Strab. 16. — 
Hero Jot. I isf 2.— JitJiin. I.— P/in. 6, C. 13 
C5* 26. — Ptol. I, C. 2. — Diod. 2.— Mela, I, C.2. 

Asta, a city in Spain. 

AsTAceENi, a people of 7 ndia, near the 
Indus. Strab. 15. 

As rXcus, a town of Bithynia, built by 
Aftacus, fon of Neptune mid Olbia, or rather 
by a colony from Megara and Athens. Lyfima- 
chus defiroyed it, and carried the inhabitants 
to the town of Nicomedia, which was then 
lately built. Peru/. J,c. VI. — Arrian.—Strab . 

17.-A city of Acarnania. Pi in. 5. 

, Asta pa, a town of Hilpauia Bietica. Liv. 
38, c. 20. 

Astapus, a river of Ethiopia, falling into 
the Nile. 

Asm arte, a powerful divinity of Syria, the 
fame as the Venus of the Greeks. She had 
a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, which 
was ferved by 300 priefts, who were always 
employed in offering l'acrifices. She was re- 
prel'ented in medals with a long habit, and a 
mantle over it, tucked 'up on the left arm. 
She had one hand ftretebed forward, nnd held 
in the other a crooked ftaff in the form of a 

crofs. Lucian dc Led Syria - Cic. de Hat. 

D. 3, c. 23. 

Aster, a dexterous archer of Amphipolis, 
who offered his fervice to Philip king of Ma¬ 
cedonia. Upon being flighted, he retired into 
the city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, who 
preffed it with a liege. The arrow, on which 
was written, “ aimed at Philip’s, right eye,” 
ftruck the king’s eye, and put it out ; and 
Philip, to return' the pleafantry, threw back 
the fame arrow, with thefe words, “ If Philip 
takes the town, Alter lhall.be.hanged.” The 
conqueror kept his word. Lucian de Hijt. 
Scrib. 

Asteria, a daughter of Ceus, one of the 
Titans, by Phoebe, daughter of Coelus and 
Terra. She married Perfes, fon of Crius, by 
whom fhe had the celebrated Hecate. She 
enjoyed for a long time the favors of Jupiter, 
under the form of an eagle; but falling under 
his difpleafure, Ihe' was charged into a quail, 
called Vrtyx-by the Greeks; whence the name 
of Ortyg'ia, given to that ifiand in the Archi¬ 
pelago, where fhe retired. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 
4 — Hygiti. fab. 58.— Apollcd. I, c. 2, Ufr.—A 
town of Greece, whofe inhabitants went to 
the Trojan war. Home-. II. 2, v. 782—7—One 
of the daughters of Daiwus, who married 

Chari u 8, 










AS 


AS 

‘Cfnetus, foil ofiEgyptus. Applied. 2. -One 

«f the daughters of Atlas, mother of CEno- 

irmis, king of Pifa. Hygin. fab. 250.-A 

miftrefs of Gvges, to whom Horace wrote 
three odes, to comfort her during her lover’s 
abfence. 

Asterion & Astkrtus, a river of Pelo- 
ponnefus, which flowed through the country of 
Argolis. This river had three daughters, Eu¬ 
boea, Profyvnna, and Aciaea, who nurled the 

goddefs Juno. Pauf. 2, c. 17. - A foil ot 

Cometes, who was one of the Argonauts.- 

Apollon. I.-A Uatuary, ion of iEfchylus. 

Pauf. -A foil of Minos 2d, king of Crete, 

by Pafiphae. He was killed by Thefeus, 
though he was thought the ltrongeft of Iris 
age. Apollodorus fuppofes him to be the fame 
as the famous Minotaur. According to fome, 
Aflerion was fon of Teutanuis, one of the 
defendants of iEolus, and they fay that he 
was furnamed Jupiter, becaufe he had carried 
away Europa, by whom he had Minos the ill. 

j Died. 4.— Apollod. 3.— Pauf. 2, c. 31.- 

A fon of Neleus and Chloris. Apollod. i„ 
C. 12 . 

Asterodia, the wife ofEndymion. Pauf. 

Asterope & Asteropka, one of the 
Pleiades, who were beloved by the gods and 
moft illuftrious heroes, and made conftellations 

after death.-A daughter of Pelias, king 

•of lolchos, who a flitted her fitters to kill her 
f.ither, whom Medea promifed to reftore to 
life. Her grave was feen in Arcadia, in the 

time of Paufanias, 8. c. II. -A daughter 

of Deion by Diomede. Apollod. 1.- 1 he 

wife of iEiacus. Id. 3. 

Asterokus, a king of Paeonia, fon of 
Pelegon. He atfifted Priam in the Trojan 
war, and was killed, after a. brave refiftance, 
"by Achilles. Homer. II. 17, ffft. 

AsTERUsics, a mountain at the fouth of 
Crete.- A town of Arabia Felix. 

Astinome, the wife of Hipponous. 

Astiochus, a general of Lacedaemon, 
who conquered the Athenians near Cnidus, 
^nd took Phocaea and Cumae, B.C. 411. 

Astriea, a daughter of Aftraeus, king of 
Arcadia, or, according to others, of Titan, 
Saturn’s brother, by Aurora. Some make 
ber daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and 
others confider her the fame as Rhea* wife of 
Saturn. She was called fujiice , of which 
virtue fhe was the goddefs. She lived upon 
the earth, as the poets mention, during the 
golden age, which is often called the age of 
Attica ; but the wickednefs and impiety of 
mankind drove her to heaven in the brazen 
and iron ages, and fhe was placed among the 
conftellations t)f the zodiac, under the name of 
\ T irgo. She is reprefented as a virgin, with 
a ftern, but majeltic countenance, holding a 
pair of feales in one hand, and a fword in the 
other. Senec. in Ollav. — Ovid.' IVIet. 1, v. 
149.— Aral. J.. Pbaiiom. v. 98 <—HeJiod, Tbeog. 


Astr-tus, one of the Titans who made 

war againft Jupiter.-A river of Macedonia, 

near Thermse. JElian. V. H. 1 5, c. I. 

Astu, a Greek word which fignifies city, 
generally applied by way of dittindlion, to 
Athens, which was the moll capital cky of 
Greece. The word urbs is applied with the 
fame meaning of fuperiority to Rome, and 
%o\is to Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, as 
alio to Troy. 

Astur, an Etrurian, who aflifted JEneas 
againft Turnus. H’irg. JEn. 10, v. 180. 

Astura, a fmall river and village ofLa- 
tium, where Antony’s l’oldiers cut off Cicero’s 
head. 

AstGres, a people of Hifpania Tarraco- 
nenfis, who fpent all their lives in digging 
for mines of ore. Lucan. 4, v. 298.— Ital. 
I,v. 231. / 

AstyIc.e, a daughter of Hypfeus, who 
married Periphas, by whom fhe had fome 
children, among whom was Antion, the father 
ofixion. 

Astvaces, fon of Cyaxares, was the lafl 
king of Media. He was father to Mandane, 
whom he gave in marriage to Cambyfes, an 
ignoble perfon of Perfia, becaule he was told 
by a dream, that his daughter’s fon would 
difpofTels him of his crown. From fuch a 
marriage he hoped that none but mean and 
ignorant children could be railed ; but he 
was dilappointed, and though he had expo fed 
his daughter’s fon by the effects of a fecond 
dream, he was deprived of his crown by his 
grand fon, after a reign of 35 vears. Afty.ages 
was very cruel and opprefiive ; and Harpagus, 
one of his officers, whofe fon he had wantonly 
murdered, encouraged Mandane’s fon, who 
was called Cyrus, to take up arms againft his 
grandfather, and he conquered him and toqk 
him prifoneY, 559 B. C. Xenophon, in his 
Cyropzedia, relates a different ftory, and 
aflerts that Cyrus and Aftyages lived in the 
moft undifturbed friendlhip together. Jitfttn. 

I, c. 4, &c.— Hcrodot. I, c. 74, 75, &c.-—A 

grammarian who wrote a commentary oil Cal¬ 
limachus.-A man changed into a Hone by 

Medufa’s head. Ovid. Alet. 5, fab. 6. ■ 

A sty alus, a Trojan killed by Neoptole- 
mus. Homer. II. 6. 

A sty an ax, a fon of Hedlor and Andro¬ 
mache. He was very young when the Greeks 
befiegedTroy ; and when the city was taken, 
his mother faved him in her arms from the 
flames. Ulyffes, who was afraid left the young 
prince fhonld inherit the virtues of his father, 
and one day avenge the ruin of his country 
upon the Greeks, feized him, and threw him 
down from the walls of Troy. According to 
Euripides, he was killed by Menelaus; and 
Seneca fays, that Pyrrhus the fon of Achilles 
put him to death. Heblor had given him the 
name of Scamandrius; but the Trojans, who 
hoped he might prove as great as his father, 
called him Aftyanax, or the bulwark of the 

•city. 












■ AS 


AT 


*ity. Hcvter. IL 6, v. 400. 1 . 22, v. 500.— I 
Vitg.JEn. 2, v. 4J7, 1 . 3., v. 489 .—Ovid. 1 
13, v. 415.—*—An Arcadian, who had 
a ftatue in the temple of Jupiter, on mount 
lyoews. Pauf. 8, c. 38-A ton of Her¬ 
cules. Apollod. 2, c. 7.-A writer in the 

age of Gallienus. 

Astycratia, a daughter ofiEolus. Ho¬ 
mer. II. - A daughter of Amphion and 

Niobe. 

Astydamas, an Athenian, pupil to It¬ 
erates. He wrote 240 tragedies, cf which 

only 15 obtained the poetical prize.-A 

Milefian, three times vittoiious at Olympia. 
He was famous for his Itrength, as well as 
for his voracious appetite. He was once in¬ 
vited to a feaft by king Ariobarzanes, and he 
eat what had been prepared for nine perfons. 

Atben. IO.-Two tragic writers bore the 

fame name, one of whom was difciple to So¬ 
crates-A comip poet of Athens. 

AstydamTa, or Astyadamia, daughter 
«f Amyntor, king of Orehomenos in Bceetia, 
married Acaftus, foil of Pelias, who was king 
of Iolchos. She became enamoured of Peleus, 
fon of ./Eacus^ who had vifited her hufband’s 
court; and becnufe he refufed to gratify her 
paflion, lhe acculed him of attempting her 
virtue. Acaftus readily believed his wife’s ac- 
cufation ; but as he would not violate the laws 
of hofpitality, by punilhing his-gueit with in- 
ftant death, he waited for a favorable oppor¬ 
tunity, and diftcmbled his refentment. At 
Lift they went in a hunting prty to mount 
Felion, where Peleus was tied to a* tree, by 
order of Acaftus, that he might be devoured 
by wild beafts. Jupiter was moved at the in¬ 
nocence of Peleus, and lent Vulcan to de¬ 
liver him. When Peleus wac fet at liberty, 
he marched with an army againft Acaftus, 
whom he dethroned, and puniftied with death 
the cruel and falie Aftydamia. She is called 
by fome Hippolvte, and by others Cretheis. 

Apollod. 3, c. 13.— Pindar. Ncm. 4.-A 

daughter of Ormenus. carried away by Her¬ 
cules, by whom lhe had Tlepolemus. Ovid. 
Heroid. 9, v. 50. 

Astylus, one of the centaurs, who had 
the knowledge of futurity. He advifed his 
brothers not to make war againft the Lapitha?. 

Ovid. Met. 12, v. 338.- A man of Cro- 

tona, who was victorious three l'ucceffive 
times at the Olympic games. Pauf. 

Astymedusa, a woman whom (Edipus 
married after he had divorced Jocafta. 

AstynoxMe, the daughter of Chrvfes the 
prieft of Apollo, l'ometimes called Cbryfeis . 
She fell to the fhare of Achilles, at the divifion 

of the fpoils of Lyrneflus.-A daughter of 

Amphion,-ofTalaus. Hygin. 

Astynpws, a Trojan prince. Homer. II. 
5 , v.144. 

Astyoche & AstyochTa, a daughter of 
ACtor, who had by Mars, Afcalaphus, and 
laJmenus, who were at the Trojan war. Ho - 
5 


mer.Il.2 , v. 20-A daughter of I’hyhs 

king of Ephyre, who had a lbn called Tlepo- 
lemus, by Hercules. Hygin. lab. 97, 162. 

-A daughter of Laomedon, by Stryino. 

Apollod. 3.-A daughter of Amphion and 

Niobe. id. 3, c. 4.-A daughter ol the 

Simois, who married Erichthonius. id. 3, c. 
12.-The wife of Strophius, filter to Aga¬ 

memnon. 

Astytac^a, one of the Cyclades, be¬ 
tween Cos and C-irpathos, called after Afty- 
paljea, the daughter of Phcenix, and mother 
of Ancaeus, by Neptune. Pauf. 7, c. 4. — 
Strab. 14. 

Astyphilus, a foothfayer, well (killed ht 
the knowledge of futurity. Plut. in Civt. 

Astyron, a town built by the Argonauts,, 
onthecoaft of Illyricum. Strab. 

Asychis, a king of Egypt, who fucceeded 
Mycerinus, and made a law, that whoever 
borrowed money, muft depofit his father’s 
body in the hand of his creditors, as a pledg« 
of his promife of payment. He built a mag¬ 
nificent pyramid. Herodot. 2, c. 136. 

AsSxas, a friend of iEneas, (killed in 
augurie*. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 571. 1. io, v. 
175 * 

Asyllus, a gladiator. Juv. 6, v. 266. 

Atabulus, a wind which was frequent m 
Apulia. Horat. I, Sat. 5, v. 78. 

Atabyris, a mountain in Rhodes, where 
Jupiter had a temple, whence he was furnr.med: 
Atabyris. Strab. 14. 

At ace, a town of Gaul, whence the ad- 
jedlive Atacinus. 

Atalanta, a daughter of Schoeneus king 
of Scyros. According to fome, lhe was the 
daughter of Jafus or Jafius, by Clymene ; but 
others fay that Menalion was her father. This- 
uncertainty of not rightly knowing the name 
of her father, has led the mythologies into er¬ 
ror, and fome have maintained that there were 
two perfons of that name, though their fup- 
pofition is groundless. Atalanta was' born in 
Arcadia, and, according to Ovid, lhe deter¬ 
mined to live in, perpetual celibacy; but her 
beauty gained her many admirers, and to free 
herl'elf from .their importunities, lhe propol'eJ 
to run a race with them. They were to run 
without arms, apd fhe was to carry a d..rt in 
her hand, t er lovers were to ftaj t firft, ami 
whoever arrived at the goal before her, would" 
be made her hulband; but ail thole whom 
lhe overtook, were to be killed by the d3rt 
with which lhe had armed herfelf. As Oie 
was almoft invincible in running, many of her 
luitors perilhed in the attempt, till Hippo- 
menes the Son of Macareus propoled himielf 
as her admirer. Venus had prefented him 
with three golden apples from the garden of 
the HeSperides, or according to others, froms. 
an orchard in Cyprus; and as foon as he had 
ftarted in the courfe, he artfully threw down 
the apples, at fome diftance one from the 
other. While Atalanta, charmed af the fight, 

Hopped 














flopped to gather the apples, Hippomenas 
"haltened on his courfe, arrived firft at the goal, 
and obtained Atalanta in marriage. Theie 
two fond lovers, in the impatience of confum- 
mating their nuptials, entered the temple of 
Cybele; and the goddefs was fo offended at 
their impiety, and at the profanation of her 
bouie, that fhe changed them, into two lions 
Apollodorus fays, that Atalanta’s father was 
defirpus of railing male iffue, and that there¬ 
fore fhe was expofed to wild beads as fdon as 
born. She was, however, fuckled by a lhe- 
bear, and prelerved by fhepherds. She dedi¬ 
cated her time to hunting, and refolved to live 
in celibacy. She killed two centaurs, Hvleus 
and Rhecus, who attempted her virtue. She 
was prefent at the hunting of the Calydonian 
boar, which fhe firft wounded, and fhe re¬ 
ceived the head as a prelent from Meleager, 
who was enamoured of her. She was alfo at 
the games inffituted in honor of Pelias, where 
fhe conquered Peleus; and when her father, 
to whom fhe had been relfored, wifhed her to 
niarry, fhe contented to give herfelf to him 
who could overcome her in running, as has 
been laid above. SJie had a foil called Par- 
thenopan'.s, by Hippomenes. Hyginus favs, 
that that ion was the fruit of her love with 
Meleager: and Apollodorus fays fhe had him 
by Milanion, or, according to others, by the 
god Mars. [^ 7 </. Meleager.] Apollod. i,c. 8. 
L 3, c. 9, Idfe—Pauf i, c. 36, 45, tfc.— 
Hygin. fab. 99, 174, 185, 270.— JElian. V. 
H. 13.' — Diod. 4. — Ovid. Md. 8, fab. 4 , 1 . 10, 

fab. 11 — Euripid. in PhccniJJ'. -All ifland 

near Eubcca and Locris. Pauf 

Atarantes, a people of Africa, ten days’ 
journey from the Garamantes. There was in 
iheir country a hill of lalt with a fountain of 
fweet water upon it. Herodot. 4, c. 184. 

Ai'arbechis, a town in one of the 
Wands of die Delta, where Venus had a 
temple. 

Atargatis, a divinity among the Syri¬ 
ans, represented as a Siren. She is confidered 
by fame the lame as Venus, honored by 
the A Tynans under the name of Aftarte. 
St mb. 16. 

Atarnea, a part of Myfia, oppofite Lef- 
bos, with a lraall town in the neighbourhood 
of the lame name. Pauf. 4, c. 35. 

Air as & At has, a youth of wonderful 
velocity, who is faid to have run 75 miles 
between noon and the evening. Martial. 4. 
ep. 19.— Plin. 7. 

Atax, now Audc , a river of Gaul Nar- 
bonenfis, rifing in the Pyrenean mountains, 
and falling into the Mediterranean Sea. 
M''a y 2. 

Ate, the goddefs of all evil, and daughter 

Jupiter. She railed luch jealoufy and l'e- 
aition in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter 
dragged her away by the hair, and banifhed 
her for ever from heaven, and lent her tOs 
dwell oc earth, where fhe ‘niched mankind to 


wickednefs, and fowed commotions among 
them. Homer. 11 . 19. She is the fame as the 
Difcord of the Latins. 0 

Atella, a town of Campania, famous 
for a fplendid amphitheatre, where interludes 
were firft exhibited, and thence called Atellanae 
fabuls. Juv. 6. 

Atenomarus, a chieftain of Gaul, who 
made war againft the Romans. Plut. in 
Par all. 

Athamanes, an ancient people of Epi¬ 
rus, who exifted long before the Trojan war, 
and ftill preferved their name and cuitoms iii 
the age of Alexander. There was a fountain 
in their territories, whofe waters, about the 
lafl quarter of the moon, were fo fulphureous 
that they could fet wood on fire. O vid. Met. 
15, v. 311.— Strab. 7.— PI in. 2, c. 103.— 
MJa, 2, c. 3. 

Athamas, king of Thebes, in Beotia, 
was fon of Aeolus. He married Themifto, 
whom lome call Nephele, and Pindar, De- 
motice, and by her he had Phrvxus and 
Helle. Some time after, on pretence that 
Nephele was fubjedt to fits of rrfadnefs, he 
married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, by 
whom he had two fons, Learchus and Meli- 
certa. Ino became jealous of the children of 
Nephele; becaufe they were to afeend their 
father’s throne in preference to her own, 
therefore fhe refolved to deliroy them ; but 
they efcaped from her fury to Colchis, on a 
golden ram. [Pid. Phryxus & Argonauts.} 
According to the Greek fchoiiaft of Lvco- 
phron, v. 22., Ino attempted to deftrov the 
corn of the country ; and as if it were the 
conlequence of divine vengeance, the footh- 
layers, at her inftigation, told Athamas, tint 
before the earth would yield her ufual in- 
creafe, he muft lacrifice one of the children 
of Nephele to the gods. The credtilous fa¬ 
ther led Phryxus to the altar, where he was 
laved by Nephele. 'Fhe protperity of Ino 
was dilpleafing to Juno, and more particularly 
becaufe lhe was delcended from Venus. The 
goddels therefore fent Tifiphone, one of the 
furies, to the houfe of Athamas, who became 
inflamed with luch fudden fury, that he took 
Ino to be a lionefs, and her two fons to 
be whelps. In this fit of raadnefs he fnatched 
Learchus from her, and killed him againft a 
wall; upon which, Ino fled with Melicerta, 
and, with him in her arms, lhe threw herfelf 
into the fea, from a high rock, and was 
changed into a fea deity. After this, Atha¬ 
mas recovered the ufe of his lenfes ; and as 
he was without children, he adopted Coronus 
and Aliartus, the Ions of Therfander his ne¬ 
phew. Hygin. fab.. 1, 2, 5, 239.— Apollod, 

1, c. 7 & 9.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 467, bV. 
faji. 6, v. 4%9—Pauf. 9, c . 34.-A fer¬ 

vent of Atticns. Cic. cd Attic. 12, ep. 10. 

- r-A ftage dancer. Id. Pif. 36.- A 

tragic poet. Id. Pif. 20.-One of the 

Greeks, concealed^ in the wooden horfV' 

at*- 









Firg. JEn. 2 , V. 


at the Gege of Troy. 

263. 

Athamani iadks, a patronymic of Me- 
licerta, Phryxus, or Helle, children of Athn- 
mas. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 319. Fuji. 4, v. 
903 - 

Athanasius, a bilhop of Alexandria, 
celebrated for his fuff-rings, and the deter¬ 
mined oppofition he maintained againft Alius 
and his doctrine. Hb writings, which were 
numerous, and ibme of which have perifhed, 
contain a defence of the myilery of the Tri¬ 
nity, the divinity of the Word and of the 
Holy Ghoft, and an apology to Conftantine. 
The creed which bears his name, is fuppofed 
by l'ome not to be. his compofition. Athana- 
iius died 2d May, 373 A. D. after filling the 
archiepiicopal chair 47 years, and leading 
alternately a life of exile and of triumph. 
The lateft edition of hrs works is that of the 
Benedidlines, 3 vols. fed Paris, 1698. 

Athanis, a man who wrote an account 
Of Sicily. Atben. 3. 

At he as, a king of Scythia, who im¬ 
plored the afliftance of Philip of Macedonia 
againft the lllrians, and laughed at him 
when he had fumilhed him with an army. 
JuJiin. 9, c. 2. 

A 1 hkna, the name of Minerva among 
the Greeks; and alio among the Egyptians, 
before Cecrops had introduced the worfhip of 
the goddels into Greece. Pauf. 1, c. 2. 

Athhnje, a celebrated city of Attica, 
founded about 1556 years before the Chrii- 
tian era, by Cecrops and an Egyptian colony. 
It was called Cecropia from its founder, and 
afterwards Athena in honor of Minerva, who 
had obtained the right of giving it a name in 
preference to Neptune- [Fid. Minerva.] It 
was governed by 17 kings, in the following - , 
order :— After a reign of 50 years, Cecrops 
was fucceeded by Crannus, who began to 
reign 1506 B. C-, Amphidfyon, 1497 ; 
Erichthonius, 1487; Pandion, 1437 ; Erich- 
theus, 1397; Cecrops 2d, 1347; Pandion 
2d, 1307; iEgeus, 1283; Thefeus, 1*35; 
Meneftheus, 1205; Demophoon, 118^; 
Oxyntes, 1149; Aphidas, 1137; Thvmce- 
tes, 1136; Melanthus, 1128; and Codrus, 
'1091, who was killed afteAr a reign t)f 21 
years. The hiftory of the twelve Grit of thefe 
monarens is moflly fabulous. After the 

death of Codrus, the monarchical power was 
abolilhed, and the Hate was governed by 13 
perpetual, and 317 years after, by 7 decen¬ 
nial, and laltly, B. C. 684, after an anarchy 
of three years, by annual magiftrates, called 
Archons. [Fid. Archontes.] Under this 

democracy, the Athenians fignalized them- 
felves by their valor in the field, their muni¬ 
ficence, and the cultivation of the fine arts. 
They were deemed fo powerful by the I’cr- 
fians, that Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, 
chiefly directed his arms againft Athens, 
ivhich hs and burnt. Their military 


chara&er was chiefly difplayed in the battle* 
of Marathon, of Saiamis, of Plata?a, and of 
Mycale. Afrer thefe immortal tidloriej, 
they role in confequence and dignity, and 
they demanded the fuperiorky in the affairs 
of Greece. The town was rebuilt and em- 
bellifhed by Themiftodes, and a new and 
magnificent harbour eredled. Their fuccels- 
made them arrogant, and they railed conten¬ 
tions among the neighbouring ftates, that 
they might aggrandize themfelves by their 
fall. The luxury and intemperance, which 
had been long excluded from the city by the 
falutary laws of their countrymen, Draco and - 
Solon, creeped by degrees among all ranks of 
people, and loon after all Greece united to 
dellroy that city, which claimed a i'overeigrr 
power over all the lift The Peloponnefian 
war, though at firft a private quarrel, was 
loon fomented into an univerlat war; and the 
arms of all the ftates of Peloponnefw, [Fid. 
PeloponncfiacuinBellum] were diredted againft 
Athens, which, after * 8 years of misfortunes 
and bloodfhed, was totally ruined, the 24th 
April, 404 years before the Chriftian era, by 
Lylander. After this, the Athenians were 
opprefled by 30 tyrants, and for a while la¬ 
bored under the weight of their own calami¬ 
ties. They recovered fomethmg of their 
ufual fpirit in the age of Philip, .and boldly 
oppofed his ambitious views ; but their fhort- 
lived efforts were not of great lerviee to the 
interefts of Greece, and they fell into the 
hands of the Romans, B. C. 86. The 
Athenians have been admired in all ages, for 
their love of liberty, and for the great men 
that were horn among them ; but favor there, 
was attended with danger; and there are 
very few inftances in the hiftory of Athens, 
that can prove that the jealoufy and frenzy of 
the people did not perlecute and difturb the 
peace of the man who had fought their bat¬ 
tles, and expofed his life in the defence of his 
country. Perhaps, not one Angle city in the 
world can boaft in luch a Ihort fpace of time, 
of luch a number of truly illuftrious citizens, 
equally celebrated for their humanity, their 
learning, and their military abilities. The 
Romans, in the more polilhed ages of their 
republic, font their youths to finifh their edu¬ 
cation at Athens, and reipedted the learning, 
while they defpifed the military charadfer of 
the inhabitants. The reputation the Athenian 
fchools had acquired under Socrates and 
Plato, was maintained by their degenerate 
and lei's learned luccpflors ; and they florilhed 
with diminilhed luftre, tiil an edidl of tint 
emperor Juftinian fupprefted, with the Roman 
confulfhip, the philol'.-phical meetings of the- 
academy. It has betn laid by Plutarch, that 
the good men which Athens produced, wer*; 
the moft juft and equitable in the world ; bur. 
that its bad citizens could not be furpafled in 
any age or country, for theft impiety, perfi- 
dioufuels* or cruelties. Their criiflnals were 

ahvjyw 




AT 

always put to death by drinking the juice of 
hemlock. The ancients, to diftinguifh 


.. AT 

4 

nscus wrote, befidcs this, an hiftory of Syria, 
and other works now loft. He died A. D» 
194. The beft edition of his works is that 


Athens in a more particular manner, called 
it Aflu, one of the eyes of Greece, the 
learned city, the School of the world, the 
eomthon patroneSs of Greece. 1 he Athe¬ 
nians thought themfelves the mod ancient 
nation of Greece, and luppofed themfelves 
the original inhabitants of Attica, for which 
reafon they were called av<ro%Sovis pro¬ 
duced from the fame earth which they in¬ 
habited yiryivts forts of the earthy and nr- 
'JcyiS grafhoppers. They fometimc-s wore 
golden grafhoppers in their hair as badges of 
honor, to diftinguifh them from other people 
of later origin, and lei's noble extraction, be- 
caufe thofe infects are luppofed to be fprung 
from tiie ground. The number of men able 
to bear arms at Athens in the reign of Ce- 
crops was computed at 2C,cco, and there 
appeared no confiderable augmentation in the 
tnore civilized age of Pericles; but in the 
time of Demetrius Phalerens there were found 
2.1,000 citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and 
40,000 flaves. Among the numerous tem¬ 
ples and public edifices none was more cele¬ 
brated than that of Minerva, which after 
being burnt by the Perfians, was rebuilt by 
Pericles, with the fineil marble, and If ill 
exifts a venerable monument of the hero’s 
patriotifm, and of the abilities of the archi¬ 
tect. Cic. ad Attic, in Very. iff c. — Thueyd. 
I, Iffc. — fufiin. 2, Iffc. — Dtod. 13, iffc .— 
JEllan, V. H. — Plin. 7, c. 56 — Xenoph. Me~ 
moral?. — Pint, in •vitis , — Strah. 9, iffc. 

—Patf I, Iff*?.— Val. Max. — Liv. 31, iffc. 
— C. JVep. in Milt, iff c. — Polyb. — Paterad . 

Atiien^a, feftivals celebrated at Athens 
in honor of Minerva. One of them was called 
Panathencea, and the Other Chalcea.; for an 
account of which lee thofe words. 

AniExituM, a place at Athens, facred to 
Minerva, where the poets, philofophers, and 
rhetoricians generally declaimed and repeated 
their compofitions. It was public to all the 
prefeflbrs of the liberal arts. The fame thing 
was adopted at Rome by Adrian, who made 
a public building for the lame laudable pur- 

pofes.--A promontory of Italy..-A for- 

tifi d place between iEtolia and Macedonia. 
Liv. 38, c. i.l. 39, c. 25. 

Athenms, a Greek cofmographer.- 

A peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the 

time of Augulius. Strah. -A Spartan 

fent by his countrymen to Athens, to fettle 

the peace during the PelpponncCan war.- 

A grammarian of Naucratis, who compofed 
an tlegant and miscellaneous work, called 
Leipnofophifte , replete with very curious and 
interefting remarks and anecdotes of -the 
manners of the ancients, and likewife valu¬ 
able tor the Scattered pieces of ancient poetry 
it preferves. The work confifts of 15 books, 
of which th* two Srft, part of the third, and 
almoit the whole of the laft, axe lofw Atlie- 


of Cafaubon, fol. 2 vols. Lugd. 1612, by 
far Superior to the editions of 1595 and 1657.. 

- - A hiltorian, who wrote an account of 

Scmiramis. Died. -A brother of king 

Eumenes 2d, famous for his paternal affec¬ 
tion.-A Roman hiltorian, in the age of 

Gallienus, who is luppofed to have written a 

book on military engines.-A phyfician of 

Cilicia in the age of Pliny, who made heat 
cold, wet, dry, and air, the elements, inltead 
of the four commonly received. 

Atiien’agoras, a Greek in the time of 
Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave the go¬ 
vernment of Chios, &c. Curt. 8, c. 5.- 

A writer on agriculture. Varro -A Chris¬ 

tian philoSopher, in the age of Aurelius, who 
wrote a treatife on the refurredion, and an 
apology for the Chriftians, ft til extant. He 
died A. D. 177. The belt edition of his 
w«rks is that of Dechair, 8vo. Oxon. 1706. 

-She romance of Theagcnes and Charts 

is falSely aferibed to him. 

Athenais, a Sibyl cf Erythraea, in. the 

age of Alexander. Strah. -A daughter of 

the philoSopher Leontius. 

Atiienion, a peripatetic philoSopher, 108 

B. C.--A general of the Sicilian flaves. 

-A tyrant of Athens, furnamed Arifton. 

Athenocles, a general, &c. Poly ten. 6. 
—-A turner of Mitylene. Plin. 34. 

Athenodorus, a philoSopher of Tarfus, 
intimate with Auguftus. Th$ emperor often 
profited by his leffons, and was adviled by 
him always to repeat the 24 letters of the 
Greek alphabet, before he gave way to the 
impulSe of anger. Athenpdorus died in his 
82d year, much lamented by his countryman. 

Suet. --A poet who wrote comedy, tragedy, 

and elegy, in the age of Alexander. Plat, 
in Alex .-——A ftoic philolopher of Cana, 
near Tarfus, in the age of Auguftus. Me 

was intimate with Strabo. Strah. 14.-A 

philoSopher, difciple to Zeno, and keeper of 

the royal library at Pergamus-A marble 

Sculptor.-A man aflaflinated at Badra for 

making himfelf abfolute. 

Atheos, a Surname of Diagoras and The¬ 
odoras, becaufe they denied the exiftence of 
a deity. Cic. de Nat. D. I, c. 1. 

Athesis, now Adige, a river of Cifalpine 
Gaul, near the, Po, Idling into the Adriatic 
Sea. Virg. JEn 9, v. 680. 

Athos, a mountain of Macedonia, J50 
miles in circumference, projeding into the 
dEgean Sea like a promontory. It is So high 
that it overfhadows the ifland of Lemnos, 
though at the diftance of 87 miles; or, ao 
cording to modern calculation, only eight 
leagues. When Xerxes invaded Greece, lie 
made a trench of a mile and a half in length 
at the foot of the mountain, into which he 
brought the fea w'ater, and conveyed his 

fleet 

















AT 


AT 


fleet over it, fo that two (hips could pat one 
another, thus defirous either to avoid the 
danger of failing round the promontory, or to 
(how his vanity and the extent of his power* 

A lcslptor, called Dinocrates, offered Alex¬ 
ander to cut mount Athos, and to make 
with it a ftatue of the king holding a town 
in his left hand, and in the right a fpacious 
bafon to receive all the waters which flowed 
from it. Alexander greatly admired the plan, 
but objected to the place; and he obferved, 
that the neighbouring country was not fuf- 
ficiently fruitful to produce corn and provi- 
fions for the inhabitants which were to dwell 
in the city, in the hand of the llatue. Athos 
is now called Monte Santo, famous for mo- 
nalteries, laid to contain fome ancient and 
valuable manufcripts. Herodot. 6, c. 44, 1 . 
7, C. ZI, &c.— Lucan. Z, v. 672. — JElian. 
de Anim. 13, c. ZO, &C.— Plin. 4, c. 10.— 
JEfcbin. contra Ctejlph. 

Athrulla, a town of Arabia. Slrab. 

Athymbra, a city of Caria, afterwards 
Called NyfTa. Strab. 14. 

Atia, a city of Campania.-A law 

enacted A. U. C. 690 by T. Atius Labienus, 
the tribune of the people. It abolifhed the 
Cornelian law, and put in full force the Lex 
Domitia, by transferring the right of electing 
priefts fr.m the college of priefts to the 

people.-The mother of Auguftus. Fid. 

Acci.v, 

An lia lex gave the pretor and a ma¬ 
jority of the tribunes, power of appointing 
guardians to thole minors who were not pre- 
vioufly provided for by their parents. It 
was enabled about A. U. C. 560.-Ano¬ 

ther A. U. C. 433, which gave the people 
power of electing zo tribunes of the foldiers 
in four legions. Lrv. 9, c. 30. 

Atilios, a freed man, who exhibited 
combats of gladiators at Fidente. The am¬ 
phitheatre, which contained the fpe&ators, 
fell during the exhibition, and about 50,000 
perfons were killed or mutilated. Tacit. 4, 
Ann. c. 62. 

Atilla, the mother of the pbet Lucan. 
She was accufed of confpiracy by her fon, 
who expected to clear himl'elf of the charge. 
Tacit. Ann. I 5 ,C. 56. 

AtTna, an ancient town of the Volici, one 
of the firlt that began hoftiiities againlt iEneas. 
Virg. JEn . 7, v. 630. 

AtiNas, a friend of Turnus, Sec. Virg. 
JEn. II, v. 869. 

Atinia lex, was enabled by the tribune 
Atinius. It gave a tribune ef the people the 
privileges of a fenaor, and the right of fitting 
in thefenate. 

Atlantes, a people of Africa in the 
neighbourhood of mount Atlas, who lived 
chiefly on the fruits of the earth, and were 
faid not to have their deep at all difturhed by 
dreams. They daily curled the lun at his 
fifing and at his fettipg, becaule his excef- 


five heat fcorched and tormented them, 
Herodot. 

Atlantiades, a patronymic of Mercury 
as grandfonof Atlas. Ovid. Met.\,v. 639. 

Atl an tides, a people of Africa, near 
mount Atlas. They boafted of beipg in 
poffliTion of the country in which all the gods 
of antiquity received their birth. Uranus 
was their firlt king, whom on account of 
his knowledge of aitronomy, they iurolled in 

the number of their gods. Diod. 3-The 

daughters of Atlas, were feven in number, Maia, 
Eletlra, Taygeta, Afterope, Merope, Al¬ 
cyone, and Cela;no. They married fome of 
the gods, and moil illuftrious heroes, and. 
their children were founders of many nations 
and cities. The Atlantides were called 
nymphs, and even goddelfes, on account of 
their great intelligence and knowledge. The 
name of Hefperides was alfo given them, on 
account of their mother Hefperis. They 
were made conftellations after death. Fid. 
Pleiades. 

Atlantis, a celebrated ilTand mentioned 
by the ancients. Its fituation is unknown, 
and even its exiltence doubted by fome writers. 

Atlas, one of the Titans, fon of Japetus 
and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He 
was brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and 
Menoetius. His mother’s name, according 
to Apollodorus, was Alia, i He married 
Pleione, daughter of OceanuS, or Hefperis, 
according to others, by whom he had feven 
daughters, called Atlantides. (Fid. Atlan- 
tides.) He was king of Mauritania, and 
mailer of a thoufand flocks of every kind, as 
alfo of beautiful gardens, abounding in every 
fpecies of fruit, which he had entrulled . to 
the care of a dragon. Perfeus, after the con- 
quell of the Gorgons, paffed by the palate of 
Atlas, and demanded holpitality. The king, 
who was informed by an oracle of Themis 
that he Ihould be dethroned by one, of the 
defendants of Jupiter, refufed to receive him, 
and even offered him violence. Perfeus, who 
was unequal to tlrength, fhewed him Medufa’s 
head, and Atlas was inllantly changed into a 
large mountain. This mountain, which run* 
acrols the defarts of Africa eaft and well, is fo 
high that the ancients have imagined that the 
heavens relied on its top, and that Atlas fup- 
ported the world on his fhoulders. Hyginus 
lays, that Atlas alfifled the giants in their wars 
againll the gods, for which Jupiter compelled 
him to bear the heavens on his Ihouldcrs. The 
fable th t Atlas fupported the heavens on his 
back, ariles from his fondnefs for aftronomy, 
and his often frequenting elevated places and 
mountains, whence lie might oblerve the_ 
heavenly bodies. The daughters of Atlas 
were carried away ay Bufiris king of Egypt, 
but redeemed by H rcules, who received as 
a reward from the father, the knowledge of 
aftronomy, and a celeftial globfe. This know¬ 
ledge -Hercules communicated to the Greeks; 

I whence 








AT 


AT 


whence the fable has -further faid, that he 
eafed for fome' time the labors o f Atlas, l<y 
taking upon his fhoulders the weight of the 
heavens. According to fome authors, there 
w’ere two other perfons of that name, a king 
of Italy, father of Eledtra, and a king of 
Arcadia, father of Vlaia the mother of 
Mercury. Virg. JEn. 4> v. 481. 1 « 8, v* 
186— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 17.— DioJ. 3.— 
Lucan. 9, V. 667, &C. — Val. Flacc. 5 *— 
Hygin. 83, 125, 155, 157, I9 2 -—Aratus in 
Ajlron. — Apollod. I.— Hefiod. Tbeog. v. 508 , 

&c- A river flowing from mount Htemus 

ih'Eo the liter. Hcrodot. 4, c. 49. 

Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus, who was 
o^e of the wives of Cambyfes, Smerdis, and 
afterwards of Darius, by whom lhe had 
Xerxes. She was cured of a dangerous can¬ 
cer by Demotedes. She is iuppoled -by fome 
t© be the Vafthi of fcripture. Herodot. 3, c. 
€8, &c. 

A traces, a people of JEtolia, who re¬ 
ceived their name from Atrax, fon of JEtolus. 
Their country was called Atracia. 

Atramyttiom, a town of Myfis. 

A trapes, an officer cf Alexander, who 
at the general divifion of the provinces, re¬ 
ceived Media. Diod. 18. 

Atrax, Ion of JEtolus, or, according to 
others, of the river Peneus. He Was king of 
Theffiily, and built a town which he called 
Atrax or Atracia. This town became fo 
famous that the word Atracius has been ap¬ 
plied to any inhabitant of Theflalv. He was 
father of Hippcddinia, who married Pirithous 
and whom we muft not confound with the 
wife of Pelops, who bore the fame name. 
Propert. I, el. 8, v. 25.— Siai. I, Tbtb. V. 

*06.— -Ovid. Met. 12, v. 209.-A city of 

Theffaly, whence the epithet of Atracius. 

•-A river of JEtolia, which falls into the 

lenian’ fea. 

Atrebat.t, a people of Britain, who were 
in poffeltion of the modern counties of Berks, 
Oxford, Sec. 

AtRebXtes, now Artois , a people of 
Gaul, who together with the Nervii, oppofcd 
3 . Caefar with 15,000 men. They were 
conquered, and Cornius, a friend of the ge¬ 
neral, was fet over them as king. They were 
reinftated in their former liberty and inde¬ 
pendence, on account of the lbrviees of Co- 
mius. C<ef. Bell. Gall. 2, life. 

AtkJn r, a people of Armenia, 

At reus, fon of Pelops by Hippodamia, 
daughter of CEnomaus king of Pita, was king 
of Mycente, and brother to Pittheus, Troc- 
zen, Thyeftes, and Chryfippus. As Chry- 
fippus was an illegitimate fon, and at the 
fame time a favorite of his father, Hippoda¬ 
mia refolved to remove him. She perfuaded 
her Ions Thyeftes and Atreus to minder him ; 
but their refufal exafperated her more, and 
lhe executed it herfelf. This murder was 
grievous to Pelops ;. he fuipedted his two 


Tons, who fled away from his prefend^ 
Atreus retired to the court of Euryltheus kinjg 
of Argos, his nephew, and upon his death he 
fucceeded him on the throne. He married 
as lbme report, iErope, his predeceflor’s 
daughter, by whom he had Plifthenes, Mc- 
nelaus, and Agamemnon. Others affirm, 
that iErope was. the wife of Plifthenes, by 
whom he had Agamemnon and Menelaus, 
who are the reputed fons of Atreus, becaufe 
that prince took care of their education, and 
brought them up as his own. (Vid. Plijlke- 
nes.J Thyeftes had followed his brother to 
Argo?, where he lived with him, and de¬ 
bauched his wife, by whom he had two, or, 
according to fome, three children. This in- 
ceftuous commerce offended Atreus, and 
Thyeftes was baniftied from his court. He 
was however loon after recalled -by his bro¬ 
ther, who determined cruelly to revenge the 
violence offered to his bed. To effect this 
purpofe, he invited his brother to a fumptuous 
feaft, where Thyeftes was lerved up with the 
flefli of the children he had had by his lifter- 
in-law the queen. After the repaft was 
finifhed, the arms and the heads of the mur¬ 
dered children were produced, to convince 
Thyeftes of what he had feafted upon. This 
adtion appeared fo cruel and impious, that 
the fun is laid to have Ihrunk back in his 
courfe at the bloody light. Thyeftes imme¬ 
diately fled to the court of Thefprotus, and 
thence to Sicyon, where he raviftied his own 
daughter Pelopea, in-a grove facred to Mi¬ 
nerva, without knowing who lhe was. This 
inceft he committed intentionally, as fome. 
report, to revenge himfelf on his brother 
Atreus, according to the words of the oracle, 
which promiled him fatisfadtion for the cru¬ 
elties he had luffered, only from the hand of 
a Ion who fhould be born of himfelf and his 
own daughter. Pelopea brought forth a fon 
Whom foe called .JEgifthus, and loon after lhe 
married Atreus, who had loft his wife- 
Atreus adopted iEgifthus, and lent him 
murder Thyeftes, who had been feized at 
Delphi, and impriloned. Thyeftes knew his 
fon, and made himfelf known to him i he- 
made him eCpoufe his caule, and inftead of 
becoming his father’s murderer, he rather 
I avenged his wrongs, and returned to Atreus, 
whom he aflaffinaFbd. Fid. Tbycjles , JEgif~ 
thus , Pelopea, Agamemnon , Menelaus. — 

Hygin. fab. 83, 86,87, 88, tS* 258.— -Euri- 
ptd. in Qpejl. in Ip big. Taur. — Plut. in ParalL 
— Pauf. 9, c. 40.— Apollod. 3, c. 10.— Ser.ec. 
in Atr. 

AtrId.?e, a patronymic given by Homer 
to Agamemnon and Menelaus, as being the / 
fons of Atreus. This is falfe, upon the au¬ 
thority of. Hefiod, Latlantius, Ditty* of Crete,. 
&c. who maintain that thele princes were not 
the fons of Atreus, but of Plifthenes, and that! 
they were brought up in the houfe and. under 
the eye of their grandfather. Vid. Plifthenes 

Atro'nius. 







AT 


AT 

Atronius, a friend of Turrius, killed 
by the Trojans. Tirg. JEn . io. 

Atropatia, a part of Media. Strab. 

Atropos, one of the Faroe, daughters of 
Nox and Erebus. According to the deriva¬ 
tion of her name (es non ro'vru muto ) lhe is 
inexorable, and inflexible, and her duty 
among the three lifters isto cut thfc thread of 
lite, without any regard to fex, age, of qua¬ 
lity. She was represented by the ancients m 
a blaek veil, with a pair of lciflars in her 
hand. Vid. Parcs. 

T. Q. Atta, a writer of merit in the 
Auguftan age, who feems to have received 
this name from fome deformity in his legs or 
feet. His Compbfitions, dramatical as well 
as fatirical, were held in univerfal admira¬ 
tion, though Horace thinks of them with in¬ 
difference. Ilorat. 2, ep. i, v. 79. 

ATTALiA,a city of Pamphylia, built by 
king Attalus. St > ab. 

AttalTcus, Vid. Attalus 3d. 

Attalus iff. king of Pergamus, fuc- 
ceeded Eumenes ift. He defeated the Gauls 
who had invaded his dominions, extended 
his conquefts to mount Taurus, and obtained 
the aifiltance of the Romans againft Antio- 
chus. The Athenians rewarded his merit 
with great honors. He died at Pergamus 
after a reign of 44 years, B. C. 197. Liv. 

27, 28, &C. — Polyb. 5.— itrab. 13.- 

The 2d of that name was lent on an embafly 
to Rome by his brother Eumenes the 2d, 
and at his return was appointed guardian to 
his nephew Attalus 3d, who was then an 
infant. Prufias made fuccel'sful war againft 
him, and feized his capital ; but the con- 
queft was ftopped by the interference of the 
Romans, who reftored Attalus to his throne. 
Attalus, who has received the name of Phi - 
ladel&hus, from his fraternal love, was a mu¬ 
nificent patron of learning, and the founder 
of leveral cities. He was poifoned by his 
nephew in the 8ad year ,of his age, B. C. 138. 
He had governed the nation with great pru¬ 
dence and moderation for 20 years. Strab. 

13.— Polyb. 5.-The 3d, l'ucceeded to the 

kingdom df Pergamus, by the murder of 
Attalus the 2d, and made himfelf odious by 
his cruelty to his relations, and his wanton 
exercile of power. He was fon to Eumenes 
2d, and furnamed Pbilopatcr. He left the 
cares of government to cultivate his garden, 
and to make experiments on the melting of 
metals. He lived in great amity with the 
Romans; and as'he died without illiie by his 
wife Berenice, he left in his will the words 
P. R. meorum hares ejlo, which the Romans 
interpreted as themlelves, and therefore took 
pofTefliou of his kingdom, B. C. 133, and 
made of it a Roman province, which they go¬ 
verned by a proconliil. From this circum- 
flance, whatever was a valuable acquihtion, 
or an ample fortune, was always called by 
the epithet AUalicus, Attalus, as well as his 


predeccflors, made themfelves celebrated for 
the valuable libraries which they Collected at 
Pergamus, and for the patronage which merit 
and vir ue always found at their court. Liv. 
24, &c. —PI in. 7, 8, 33, & c — JuJUn. 39. 
~ Horat . i, od. 1.—■—An officer in Alex¬ 
ander’s army. Curt. 4, c. 13-Another 

very inimical to Alexander. He was put to 
death by Parmenio, and Alexander was ac¬ 
cused of the murder. Curt . 6, c. 9, 1 . 8, 

c. 1.-A philofopher preceptor to Seneca. 

Settee, ep. 108.-An attronomer of 

Rhodes. 

Attarras, an officer who feized thofe 
that had conlpired with Dymnus againft 
Alexander. Curt. 6. 

Atteius Capito, a conful in the age of 
Auguftus, who wrote treadles on facerdota. 
laws, pubfic courts of juftice, and the duty of 
a lenator. Vid. Ateius. 

Attes, a foil of Calaits of Phrygia, who 
was born impotent. He introduced the wor- 
lhip ofCybele among the Lydians, and be¬ 
came a great favorite of the goddefs; Ju¬ 
piter was jealous of his fuccefs, and fent a wild 
boar to lay wafte the country and deftroy 
Attes. Pauf. 7 ,c. 17. 

Attiiis, a daughter of Cranaus the 2d, 
king of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, 
according to Apollod. 3, c. 14. 

Attica, a country of Achaia or Hellas, 
at the fouth of Boeotia, weft of the iEgean 
fea, north of the Saronicus Sinus, and eaft of 
Megara. It received its name from Atthis 
the daughter of Cranaus. It was originally 
called Ionia, from the lonians, who fettled 
there; and alfo A&e, which fignifies Jhore, 
and Cecropia, from Cecrops the firft of its 
kings. The mod famous of its cities is called 
Athens, whofe inhabitants lbmetimes bear 
the name of Attici. Attica was famous*for 
its gold and filver mines, which conftituted 
the heft part of the public revenues. The 
face of tlie country was partly level and partly 
mountainous, divided into the 13 tribes of 
Acamantis, iEantis, Anciochis, Attalis, L B- 
geis, Erechtheis, Adrianis, Hippothoontis, 
Cecropis, Leontis, Asneis, Ptolemais, and 
Pandionis; whole.inhabitants were numbered 
in the 116th olympiad, at 31,000 citizens, 
and 400,000 flaves, within 174 villages, fome 
of which were confiderable towns. Vid. 
Athenae. 

Atticu 3, ‘one of Galba’s fervants, who 
entered his palace with a bloody fvvord, and 
declared he had killed OtKo. Tacit. Hijl. 1 . 

-(T. Pomponius.) a celebrated Roman 

knight to whom Cicero wrote a great number 
of letters, which contained the general hif- 
tory of the age. They are now extant, and 
divived into 17 books. In the time of Ma¬ 
rius and Sylla. Atticus retired to Athens, 
where he fo endeared himfelf to the citizens, 
that after his departure, they erected ftatues to 
him in commemoration of his munificence and 
1 2 liberality* 





AU 


AIT 


fee wifhed to find his parents, offered v hls fier- 
vicei to the king, and they were accepted. 
As he was going to unite himfelf to Auge, in 
confequence of the victory he had obtained, 
Auge rulhed from him with fecret horror, 
and the gods fent a ferpent to feparate them. 
Auge implored the aid of Hercules, who made 
her fon known to her, and the returned 
with him to Tegea. Paufanias fays, that 
Auge was confined in a coffer with her infant 
fon, and thrown into the lea, where, after 
being prelerved and protected by Minerva, 
fhe was found by king Teuthras. Apollod. 
3 & 3-— Pauf. 8, c. ^.—Hygin. fab. 99 
Sc 100. 

Augarus, an Arabian, who, for his 
good offices, obtained the favors of Pompey, 

whom he vilely deceived. Dio. -A king 

of Qfroene, whom Caracalla imprifoned, 
after he had given him foleron promii'es of 
friend Chip and 1'upport. Dio. 78. 

Augeje, a town of Laconia. Pauf.^ i c, 
31 .- Another of Locris. 

Augias & Auge as, fon of Eleus, or 
Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and after¬ 
wards alcended. the throne of Elis. He had 
an immenfe number of oxen and goats, and 
the ftables in which they were kept had never 
been cleaned, fo that the tafk feemed an im- 
pofilbility to any man. Hercules undertook 
it on promife of receiving as a reward, the 
tenth part of the herds of Augias, or fome- 
thing equivalent. The hero changed the 
courfe of the river Alpheus, or, according to 
others, of the Peneus, which immediately 
carried away the dung add filth from the 
ftables. Augias refufed the promifed re¬ 
coin pence, on pretence that Hercules had 
made ule of artifice, and had not experienced 
any Jabor or trouble, and he farther drove his 
own fon Phyleus from his kingdom, becaufe 
be fupported the claims of the hero. The 
refufal was a declaration of war. Hercules 
conquered Elis, put to death Augias, and 
gave the crown to Phyleus. Paufanias fays, 
5, c. 3 & 3, that Hercules fpared the life of 
Augias for the fake of his (on, and that phy¬ 
leus went to fettle in Dulichium ; and that at 
the death of Augias, his other ion, Agafthe- 
nes fucceeded to the throne. Augias re¬ 
ceived, after his death, the honors which were 
generally paid to a hero. Augias has been 
called the fon of Sol, becaufe Elius fignifies 
the fun. The proverb of Augean fable is 
now applied to an impofllbility. Hygin. fah. 
I 4 > 3 °> 157*— Plin. 17, c. 9 .—Strab. 
Apollod. 3. 

Augilje, a peopjc of Africa, who fup- 
pofed that there were no gods except the 
manes of the dead, of whom they fought 
oracles. Mela , 1. 

AugInus, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 
39, c, 3 .^ 

Augures, certain officers at Rome who 
foretold future events, whence their name, 


ab avium garritu. They were firft created 
by Romulus, to the number of three. Ser> 
vius Tullius added a fourth, and the tribunes 
of the people A. U. C. 454, increafed the 
number to nine ; and Sylla added fix more, 
during his di&atorftiip. They had a particu¬ 
lar college, aud the chief amongft them was 
called magifer collcgii. Their office was ho¬ 
norable ; and if any one of them was con¬ 
victed of any crime, he could r?ot be deprived 
of his privileges ; an indulgence granted tone 
other lacerdotal body at Rome. The augur 
generally fat on a high tower, to make his 
obfervations. Hi3 face was turned towards 
the eaft, and he had the north to his left, and 
the fouth at his right. With a, crooked fta(F 
he divided the face of the heavens into fou? 
different parts, and afterwards facrificed to 
the gods, covering his head with his veftment. 
There were generally five things from which 
the Augurs drew omens : the firft confifted in 
obferving the phaenomena of the heavens, 
fuch as thunder, lightning, comets, &c. 
The fecond kipd of omen was drawn from 
the chirping or flying of birds. The third 
was from the facred chickens, whofe eager- 
nefs or indifference in eating the bread which 
was thrown to them, was looked upon as 
lucky or unlucky. The fourth was from 
quadrupeds, from their crofting or appearing 
in fome unaccuftomed place. The fifth was 
from different cafualties, which were called 
Dir a, fuch as fpilling i'aly upon a table, or wine 
upon one’s cloaths, hearing ftrange noifes, 
ftumbling or fneezing, meeting a wolf, hare, 
fox, or pregnant bitch. From fuch fuperfti- 
tious notions did the Romans draw their pro¬ 
phecies ; the fight of birds on the left hand 
was always deemed a lucky object, and the 
words fnifer Iff lavus , though generally fup- 
poied to be terms of ill luck, were always 
ufed by the augurs in an aufpicious fenl'e, 
Cic. de Div. — Liv. I, Isf c.—Dionyf Hal 
Ovid. Faf, 

Augusta, a name given to feventy cities 
in the Roman provinces, in honor of Auguftus 

Caffar.-London, as capital of the country 

of the Trinobantes, was called Augufta Tri- 
nobantina.-Meflalina, famous for her de¬ 

baucheries, was called Augufta, as wife of 
the emperor Claudius. Juv. 6 ,r. 1^8. 

Augustalia, a feftival at Rome, in 
commemoration of the day on which Au¬ 
guftus returned to Rome, after he had efta- 
blifhed peace over the different parts -of 
empire. 

Augustinus, hifhop of Hippo,'in Afri¬ 
ca, diftinguilhed himfelf by his writings, 
as<*vell as by the aufterity of his life. In his 
worses which are numerous, he difplayeft 
the powers of a great genius, and an extenfive 
acquaintance with the philofophy of Plato. Hq 
died in the 76th year of his age, A,.D. 430. 
The belt edition of his works is that of thg 
Benedict. fob Am. 1700 to X703, 13 rols. 

August* 






AU 


AU 


Augustodunum, now Autun, a town 
ef Gaul, the capital of the ancient iEdiii, 

Aogustulus, the laft Roman emperor of 
the weft, A. D. 475, conquered by Odoacer, 
king of the Heruli. 

Augustus OctaviAnus C-tesar, fe- 
cond emperor of Rome, was fon of Odlavius 
a fenator, and Accia daughter of Julius, and 
filler to Julius Caefitr. He was adopted by 
his uncle Oefar, and inherited the greatell 
part of his fortune. He loft his father at the 
age of four ; and though only 18 when his un¬ 
cle was murdered, he haftened to Rome, 
where he ingratiated himfelf with the fenate 
and people, and received the honors of the con- 
iulfiiip two years after, as the reward of his 
hypocrily. Though his youth and his inexperi¬ 
ence were ridiculed by his enemies, who brand¬ 
ed him with the appellation of boy, yet he 
rofe in conlequence by his prudence and va¬ 
lor and made war againft his opponents, on 
pretence of avenging the death of his mur¬ 
dered uncle. But when he perceived that by 
making him fight againft Antony, the fenate 
wilhed to debilitate both antagonifts, he 
changed his views, and uniting himielf with 
his enemy, loon formed the fecond trium¬ 
virate, in which his cruel prolcriptions Hied 
the innocent blood of 3co fenators and 100 
knights, surd did not even lpare the life of his 
friend Cicero. By the divifions which were 
made among the triumvirs, Auguftus retain¬ 
ed for himfelf the more important provinces 
of the weft, and banilhed, as if it were, his 
colleagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more 
diftant territories. But as long as the mur¬ 
derers of Csetar were alive, the reigning ty¬ 
rants had reafons for apprehenfion, and 
therefore the forces of the triumvirate were 
directed againft the partizans of Brutus and 
the fenate. The battle was decided at Phi¬ 
lippi, where it is faid that the valor and con¬ 
duct of Antony alone preferved the combined 
armies, and efFedted the defeat of the repub¬ 
lican forces. The head of the unfortunate 
Brutus vvas carried to Rome, and in infolent 
revenge thrown at the feet of Cariar’s ftatue. 
On his return to Italy, Auguftus rewarded 
his foldiers with the lands of thofe that had 
been proferibed ; but among the fufferers 
were many who had never injured the con¬ 
queror of Philippi, efpecially Virgil, whofe 
modeft application procured the reftitution of 
his property. The friendlhip which fubfiited 
between Auguftus and Antony was broken 
as foon as the fears of a third rival vanilhed 
away, and the afpiring heir of Cirl'ar was 
eafily induced to take up arms by the little 
jealoufies and refentment of Fulvia. Her 
death, however, retarded hoftilities; the two 
rivals were reconciled; their united forces 
were fuccefsfully directed againft the yoonger 
Pompey ; and, to ftrengthen their friendlhip, 
Antony agreed to marry OCtavia, the lifter of 
Auguftus. But as this ftep was political, 

<1 


and not di&ated by affection, OCtavia wtf 
High ted, and Antony refigned himfelf to the- 
pleafures and company of the beautiful Cleo¬ 
patra. Auguftus was incenfed, and imme¬ 
diately took up^arms to avenge the wrongs of 
his lifter, and perhaps more eagerly to re¬ 
move a man whofe power and exigence kept 
him in continual alarms, and made him de¬ 
pendent. Bo^h parties met at A&ium, B. C. 
31, to decide the fate of Rome. Antony 
was lupported by till the power of the eaft, 
and Auguftus by Italy. Cleopatra fled from 
the battle with 60 fhips, and her flight ruined 
the intereft of Antony, who followed her into 
Egypt. The conqueror foon after palled into 
Egypt, befieged Alexandria, awd honored, 
with a magnificent funeral, the unfortunate 
Roman, and the celebrated queen, whom the 
fear of being led in the vigor’s triumph at 
Rome had driven to commit filicide. Alter 
he had eftablifhed peace all over the world, 
Auguftus fhut up the gates of the temple of 
Janus, the year our Saviour vvas born. It is 
faid he twice refolved to lay down the fu- 
preme power, immediately after the victory 
obtained over Antony, and afterwards on ac¬ 
count of his ill heath ; but his friend Meca?- 
nas difluaded him, and obferved, that he 
would leave it to be the prey of the molt pow¬ 
erful, and expofe himfelf to ingratitude and 
to danger. He died at Nola, in the 76th 
year of his age, A. D. 14, after he had held 
the fovereign power during 44 years. Au¬ 
guftus vvas an active emperor, and confulted 
the good of the Romans with the molt anxious 
care. He vifited all the provinces except 
Africa and Sardinia, and his confummate 
prudence and experience gave rife tt> many 
falutary laws ; but it may be faid, that he 
finifhed with a good grace, what he began 
with cruelty. While making himfelf abfo- 
lute, he took care to leave his countrymen the 
Ihadow of liberty ; and if, under the charact¬ 
er and office of perpetual tribune, of prieft 
and imperator, he vvas inverted with all the 
power of fovereienty, he guarded againft of¬ 
fending the jealous Romans, by not afluming 
the regal title. His refufal to read the letters 
he found after Pompey’s defeat, arofe more 
from fear than honor, and he dreaded the dif- 
covery of names which would have perhaps 
united to facrifice his ambition. His good 
qualities and many virtues he perhaps never, 
poflefled, have been tranfmitted to pofterity 
by the pen of adulation or gratitude, in the 
poems of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. To 
diltinguilh himfelf from the obfeurity of the 
OCtavii, and, if poflible to l'upprefs the re¬ 
membrance of his uncle’s violent fate, he af- 
pired after a new title; and the fubmilfive 
lienate yielded to his ambition, by giving him 
the honorable appellation of AuguJIus. He 
has been accufed of licentioufnefs and adul¬ 
tery, by his biographer ; but the goodnefs of 
his heart, and the fidelity of his friendlhip, 
14 which 



ATt 


AU 


ivhich in Tome inftances he peiTelTcd, made 
fome amends-for hi? natural foibles. He was 
ambitious of. being thought handl'ome ; and 
as he was publicly reported to be the ion of 
Apollo, according to his mother’s declara¬ 
tion, he wilhed his flatterers to reprefent him 
with the figure and attributes of that god. 
Hike Apollo, his eyes were clear, and he 
afFeCted to have it thought that they pofleffed 
fome divine irradiation ; and was wellpleafed, 
if, when he fixed his looks Upon any body, 
they held down their eyes as if overcome by 
the glaring brightnefs of the fun. He diftin- 
guiihed himfelf by his learning; he was a 
perfeCt mailer of the Greek language, and 
wrote fome tragedies, befides memoirs of his 
life, and other works, all now loft. He was 
married three times; to Claudia, to Scribo- 
nia, and to JLivia ; but he was unhappy in 
his matrimonial connections, and his only 
daughter, Julia by Scribonia, difgraced her- 
felf and her father by the debauchery and li- 
centioufnels of her manners. He recom¬ 
mended, at his death, his adopted fon Tibe¬ 
rius as his iucceftor. He left his fortune 
partly to Tiberius, and to Drufus, and made 
donations to the army and Roman people. 
Virgil wrote his heroic poem at the defire of 
Auguftus, whom he reprefented under the 
amiable and perfect: character of AEneas. 
Sueton. in vita. — Horat. — Virgil* — Pauf.—- 

Tacit.-— Patercul - Dio. Caff.—Ovid - 

The name of Augujlus was afterwards given 
to the luccellbrs ot Octavianus in the Roman 
empire as a perfonal, and the name of C<efar, 
as a family, diftinCtion. In a more diftaut 
period of the empire, the title of Auguftus 
was given only to the emperor, while that of 
Caffar was bellowed on the fecond perfon in 
the ftate, who was confidered as preemptive 
heir. 

Avidiknus, a rich and fordid man whom 
2 d or at. ltiles happy, 2 Ser. 2 , v. 55. 

Avidius Cassius, a man faluted empe¬ 
ror, A. D 175. He reigned only three 
months, and was afiaftinated by a centurion. 
He was called a l'econd Catiline, from his 
exceftive love of’bloOdfhed Died. 

Rufus Festus Avienus, a poet in the 
age of 1 heodofius, who tranflated the phe¬ 
nomena of Aratus, as alfo all JLivy, into 
iambic verfes. The belt edition of what 
remains ofhim, is that of Cannegetier, Svo. 
1731 - 

Avitus, a governor of Britain under 

Nero. Tacit. An. 14.'-Alcinus, a chriftian 

poet, who wrote a poem in 6 books on ori¬ 
ginal fin, &c.' 

Avium, a city between Tyre and Sidon. 
Strab. 1 6. 

Aulerci, a people of Gaul, between the 
Seine and the Loire. 

Aujlestes, a king of the Etrurians when 
JEneas came into Italy. Virg. AEn. 12, v. 
5590. 


Akletes, a general who aflifted AEneas in 
Italy, with 100 fhips. Virg . JEn. IO, v. 
20 y... • --The furname of one ©f the Ptole- 
mean kings, father to Cleopatra. 

Aulis, a daughter of Ogyges. Pauf. 

Bestic. - A town of Bceotia near Chalcis 

on the fea coaft, where all the Greeks con- 
fpired againft: Troy. They were detained 
there by contrary winds, by the anger of 
Diana, whole favorite flag had been killed by 
Agamemnon. To appeale the relentment of 
the goddels, Agamemnon was obliged to la- 
crifice his own daughter Iphigenia, whom, 
however, Diana fpared by lubftituting a ram. 
Virg. Ain. 4, v. 426.— Ovid. Met. 12 , V. 9, 
&c. — Homer. II. 2 , V. 303. 

Aulon, a mountain of Calabria, oppofite 
Tarentum, famous for its wine, which, ac¬ 
cording to Horat. 2 , od. 6, v. 18, is luperior 
to that of Faiernum. Martial. 13, ep. 125* 
— Strab. 6 . -A place of Meflenia. Pauf. 

Aulonius, a furname of AEl'culapius. 

Aulus, a praenomen, common among the 
Romans.-Geliius. Vid. Gellius. 

Auras, an European river, flowing into 
the liter from mount Kaemus. Herodot. 4, 
c. 49. 

Aurelia lex, was enaCted A. U. C. 
653 > by the pretor L. Aurelius Cotta, to 
invert the Senatorian and Equeftrian orders, 
and the Tribuni AErarii, with judicial power. 

-Another, A. U. C. 678. It abrogated 

a claufe ©f the Lex Cornelia, and permitted 
the Tribunes to hold other offices after the ex^ 
piration of the tribuuelhip. 

Aurelia, a town of Hifpania Bastica. 

-The mother of J. Caefar. Suet, in Caf. 

74--A filh woman. J.uv. 4, v. 98. 

Aurelianus, emperor of Rome after 
Flavius Claudius, was auftere, and even cruel 
in the execution of the laws, and punifhed 
his foldiers with unufual feverity. He ren¬ 
dered himfelf famous for his military charact¬ 
er ; and his expedition againft Zenobia, the 
celebrated queen of Palmyra, gained him 
great honors. He beautified Rome, was 
charitable to the poor, and the author..of 
many falutary laws. He was naturally brave ; 
ar d in all the battles he fought, it is laid, he 
killed no lefs than 800 men with his own 
hand. In his triumph he exhibited to the 
Romans, people of 15 different nations, all 
of which he had conquered. He was the 
firft emperor who wore a diadem. After a 
glorious reign of fix years, as he marched 
againft the northern barbarians, he was aflaf- 
finated near Byzantium, A. D. 275, 
29th January, by his foldiers, whom 
Mneftheus had incited to rebellion againft 
their emperor. This Mneftheus had been 
threatened with death, for fome ill beha¬ 
viour to the emperor, and therefore he me¬ 
ditated his death. The foldiers, however, 
foon repented of their ingratitude and cruelty 
to Aurehaiw and threw Mneftheus to be de- 










AU 


AU 

voured by wild beafts.-A phyfician of the 

fourth century. 

Aurelius, emperor of Rome. J'/V. An¬ 
toninus BaHianu.s.-A painter in the age of 

Auguftus. Plin. 35T--Victor, an hillorian 

in the age of Julian, two of whole compolitions 
are extant, an account of illuftrious men, and a 
biography of all the Casfars to Julian. The 
belt editions of Aurelius are the 4to. of Artn- 
zenius, Amft. 1733, and the 8vo. of Pitil'cus, 
Utr. 1696.——Antoninus, an emperor. VicL 
Antoninus. 

Aureolus, a general who aflumed the 
purple in the age of Gallienus. 

Aurinia, a prophetefs held in great vene¬ 
ration by the Germans. Tacit . Germ. 8. 

Aurora, a goddefs, daughter of Hyperion 
and Thia or Thea, or, aecording to others, of 
Titan and Terra. Some fay that Pallas, fon 
of Cries, and brother to Perles, was her father ; 
hence her furname of Pallantias. She mar¬ 
ried Allrzeus, by whom lhe had the winds, the 
liars, &c. Her amours with Tithonus and Ce- 
phalus are all’o famous ; by the former, lhe had 
Memnon and JEmathion, and Phaeton by the 
latter. [Vid. Cephalus and Tithom^s.] i:he 
had alfoan intrigue with Orion, whom lhe car¬ 
ried to the ifland of Delos, where he was killed 
by Diana’s arrows. Aurora is generally re 
prelented by the poets drawn in a role colored 
chariot, and opening.with her rofy fingers the 
gates of the eaft, pouring the dew upon the 
earth, and making the flowers grow. Her 
chariot is generally drawn by white horfes, 
and fhe is covered with a veil. Nox and Som- 
nus fly before her, and the conllellations ol 
heaven difappear at her approach. She al¬ 
ways fets out before the fun, and is the fore¬ 
runner of his rifing. The Gieeks call her 
Eos. Homer. II. 8, Od. ID. Hymn, in Vener. 
— -Ovid. Met. 3, 9,15.— Plpollcd. 1,3-— Vi,g. 
aEn. 6 , V. 535.— Varro. de L. L, J, kc— 
Hejlod. Tkeeg .— Hygin. p y ef. fab. 

Aurunce, an antient town of Latium, built 
by Aufon, the Ion of Ulyfles by Calypfo. Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 727, &c. 

AuschIs je, a people of Libya. Herodot. 4, 

c. 171. 

Ausci, a people of Gaul. 

Auslr, Auseris, and Anser, a river cf 
Etruria, which joins the Arnus before it falls 
into the Tyrrhene lea. 

Auses, a people of Africa, whofe virgins 
yearly fight with flicks in honor of Minerva. 
She who behaves with the greatell valor re¬ 
ceives unul'ual honor, &c. Herodct. 4, c. 180. 

AusoN,a fon of UlylTes and Calypfo, from 
whom the Aufones, a people of Italy are de¬ 
scended. 

Ausonja, one of the ancient names of 
Italy, which it received from Aufon the ion of 
UlylTes. If Virgil makes JEneas l'peak of 
Aulonia, it is by anticipation. Virg. JEn. 3, 

v. 171- 

Decim. Magnus Ausonius, a poet, born 


at Bourdeaux in Gaul, in the 4th century, pre« 
ceptor to Gratian, fon of the emperor Valen- 
tinian, and made coni'ul by the means of his 
pupil. His compofitions have been long ad¬ 
mired. The thanks he returned the emperor 
Gratian is one of the bed of his poems, which 
were too often hurried for publication, and con¬ 
sequently not perfetl. He wrote the confular 
fafii of Rome, an ufeful performance, now 
lolt. His ftyle is ©ccalionally obfeene, and he 
'has attempted upon the words of Virgil,what 
revolts every thing againfl: his indelicacy. The 
belt edition is that of Tollius, 8vo. L. Bat. 
1671; or that of Jaubert, with a French 
tranflation, 4voli. l2mo. Paris, 1769. 

Auspices, a facerdotal order at Rome, 
nearly the fame as the augurs Vid. Augures. 

Auster, one of the winds blowing from the 
fouth, whole breath was pernicious to flowers 
as well as to health. He was parent of rain. 
Virg. Ed. 2, V. 5 8. Vid. Venti. 

Aus rtsiON,a Theban, Ion of Tilamenus. 
FI is fon Theras led a colony into an ifland 
which, from him, was called Thera. Hsrodot. 
4.— Pauf. 

Auto bulCs, a painter. Plin. 35. 

Autochthones, the original inhabitants 
of a country who are the firll pofTeflors of it, 
and who never have mingled with other na¬ 
tions. The Athenians called themfelves Au¬ 
tochthones, and boaited that they were as 
old as the country which they inhabited. 
Pauf. I, c. 14.— Tacit, de Germ.—Cic. de 
Or at 3, c. 83. 

AuTocLEs,an Athenian, font by his coun¬ 
trymen with a fleet to the a Alliance of Alex¬ 
ander of Phrra. 

Autocrates, an hillorian mentioned by 
Atben. 9 & 11. 

Autololje, a people of Mauritania-, de¬ 
fended, fiom the Gartuli. They excelled all 
their neighbours in running. Lucan. 4, v. 

677* 

Autolvcus, a fon of Mercury by Chione, 
a daughter of Dacdalion. He was one of the 
Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been 
greatly celebrated. He dole the flocks of his 
neighbours, and mingled them with his own, 
alter he had changed their marks. He did the 
fame to 6it - phus ion of JF.olus ; but Silyphus 
was as crafty as Antolycus, and he knew his 
own oxen by a mark which he had made under 
then feet Autoiycus was fo pleated with tlie 
artifice of biiyphus,that he immediately form¬ 
ed an intimacy with him, and even permitted 
him freely to enjoy the company of his daugh¬ 
ter Anticlea, who became pregnant of Ulyfles, 
and u as loon after married to Laertes. Vid. 
Mifyphus. Laertes. Hygin. fab. 20c., &c.— 
Ovid, lvlet. I, fab. 8.— Apollod. 1.— Homer » 

Od. I-,.-A fon of Phryxus and Chalciope. 

I Hygin. fab. 14. 

Automate, one of the Cyclades, called 

alfo Hera, Plin. 2, c. 37,. - A daughter of 

Danaus. 

Automedon, 







AX 


AZ 


Aotomedon, a fon of Dioreus, who went 
to the Trojan war with ten (hips. He was the 
charioteer of Achilles, after whofe death he 
fcrved Pyrrhus in the fame capacity. Homer. 
11 . 9, 16, &c.— Firg. JEn. 2, v. 477. 

Automedusa, a daughter of Alcathous, 
killed by Tydeus. Apollod. 2. 

■ Automenes, one of the Heraclidae, king 
©f Corinth. At his death, B. C. 779, annual 
magiftrates, called Prytanes, were chofen at 
Corinth, and their power continued 90 years', 
till Cyplelus, and his fon Periander made them- 
felves abfolute. 

Automoli, a nation of ./Ethiopia. Hero- 
dot. 2. 

Autonoe, a daughter ©f Cadmus, who 
married Arilheus, by whom (lie had ACtseon, 
often called Autoneius hcros. The death of 
her fon [Fid. A£teon] was fo painful to her, 
that (he retired from Birotia to Megara, where 
fhe foon after died. Pauf. 1,0.44.— Hygin. 

fab. 179.— Ovid. Aid. 3, v. 720.-One of 

theDanaides. Apollod. 2 - One of the Ne¬ 
reides. Hefiod. Theog. -A female fervant 

cf Penelope. Homer. Od. 18. 

Autophradates, a fatrap of Lydia, who 
revolted from Artaxerxes. JJiod. 

Autura, the jE«re,a river of Gaul which 
falls into the Seine. 

Auxesja& DAMiA,two virgins who came 
from Crete to Trcczene, where the inhabit¬ 
ants Honed them to death in a fedition. The 
Epidaurians raifed them ftatues by order of the 
oracle, when their country was become barren. 
They were held in great veneration at Troe- 
zene. Herodot. 5, c. 82.— Pan/. 2, c. 30. 

Axenus, the ancient name of the Euxine 
fea. The word fignities inhofpitable , which 
was highly applicable to the manners of the 
ancient inhabitants of the coaft. Ovid. 4, 
Trijl. 4, v. 36. 


Axiochus, a philofopher, to whom Plat# 
dedicated a treatife concerning death. 

Axion, brother of Alphefihcea, murdered 
Alcmaeon, her lifter’s hulband, becaufe he 
wilhed to recover from her a golden necklace. 
Fid. Alcmaeon & Alphefihcea. 

AxiOTEA,a woman who regularly went in 
a man’s drels to hear the lectures of Plato. 

Axiothea, the wife ofNicocles, king of 
Cyprus. Polya/t. 8. 

Axis, a town of Umbria. Prop. 4. 

<Axius,a river of Macedonia. Herodot. 7, 
c. 123. 

Axon a, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls 
into the Seine below Paris. The inhabitants 
of the neighbourhood are called Axones. 

Axur&Anxur, a lurname of Jupiter, 
who had a temple at TraChis in Theflaly. He 
was reprefented as a beardlefs youth. , 

Axus, a town about the middle of Crete. 
Apollod. 

Azan, a mountain of Arcadia, facred to 
Cyhele.- ■■ A fon of Areas, king of Arcadia, 
by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his 
father’s kingdom with his brothers Aphidas and 
Elatus, and called his (hare Azania. There 
was in Azania a fountain called Clitorius , whofe 
waters gave a diflike for wine to thofe who 
drank them. Fitruv.S, c. 3. — Ovid. Met. 15, 
v. 322.— Pauf. 8, c. 4. 

Aziris, a place of Libya, furrounded on 
both fides by delightful hills covered with trees, 
and watered by a river where Battus built a 
town. Herodot. 4, c. 15 7. 

Azonax, a man who taught Zoroafter the 
art of magic. Plin. 30. 

Azorus, one of the Argonauts. 

Azotus, now Afdod , a large town of Syria, 
on the borders of the Mediterranean. Jofepb , 
Ant. Jud. 15. 


BA 

ABILIUS, a Roman, who, by the help of 
a certain herb, is faid to have palled in 
fix days from the Sicilian fea to Alexandria. 

Plin. pram. 19. 

Babilus, an aftrologer in Nero’s age, who 
told the emperor to avert the danger which 
feemed to Jiang upon his head, from the appear¬ 
ance of an hairy comet, by putting all the lead¬ 
ing men of Rome to death. His advice was 
faithfully followed. Sueton. in Ner. c. 36. 

Babylon, a fon of Belus, who as fome fup- 

pofe, founded a city which bears his name.- 

A celebrated city, the capital of the Aflyrian 
empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 
100 brazen gates ; and its walls, wjiich were 
cemented with bitlimen,and greatly enlarged 
jmd embcllifhed by the a&ivity of Semiramis, 
measured 480 ftadia in circumference, 30 cu- 


B A 

bits in tbicknefs, and 200 in height. It was 
taken by Cyrus, B.C. 538, after he had drain¬ 
ed the waters of the Euphrates into a new 
channel, and marched his troops by night into 
the town, through the dried bed ; and it is faid 
that the fate of the extenfive capital was un¬ 
known to the inhabitants of the diftant fub- 
urbs till late in the evening. Babylon b *came 
famous for the death of Alexander, a d for 
the new empire which was afterwards efta- 
blilhed there under the SeleUcidae. [ Fid. yriafj 
Its greatnefs was fo reduced in lucceedingages, 
according to Pliny’s obfervations, that in his 
time it was but a defolate wildernefs, and at 
prefent the place where it flood is unknown to 
travellers. The inhabitants were early ac¬ 
quainted with aftrology. Plin. 6, c. 264 — He¬ 
rodot. I, 2, 3.— Ji/Jiin. I, &c ,—Dind. a,— 









Xcmph. Cyrop. 7, &Ct— Profiert. 3, el. II, v. 
31 .— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 2.— Martial. 9, ep. 

77 *-There is alfo a town of the lame name 

pear the Bubaftic branch of the Nile, in Egypt. 

Babylonia, a large province of Aflyria, 
,of which Babylon was the capital. The in¬ 
habitants (hook off the Affyrian yoke, and 
afterwards became yery powerful.—The fiir- 
nama-of Seleucia, which arole from the ruins 
of Babylon, under the fucceflors of Alexan¬ 
der. Plin. 6, c. 26. 

Babylonii, the inhabitants of Babylon, 
famous for their knowledge of aftrology, firft 
divided the year into 12 months, and the 
zodiac into 1 12 ligns. 

Babyrsa, a fortified cattle near Artaxata. 
Strab. 11. 

Babytace, a city of Armenia, whofe in¬ 
habitants defpile gold. Plin. 6, c. 37. 

Bacabasus, betrayed thefnares of Arta 
banus, brother of Darius, againft Artaxerxes. 
‘JuRin. a, C. I. 

Bacchje, the prieftefles of Bacchus. Pauf. 

2 , c. 7. 

Bacchanalia, feftivals in honor of Bac¬ 
chus at Rome, the fame as the Dionyfia of 
the Greeks. Vid. Dionyfia. 

Bacchantes, prieftefles of Bacchus, who 
are reprefented at the celebration of the orgies 
almoll naked, with garlands of ivy, with a 
thyrfus and difhevelled hair. Their looks are 
wild, and they utter dreadful founds, and clalh 
different mufical inilruments together. They 
were all'o called Thyades and Menades. Ovid. 
Met. 6, V. 592.— Horat. 3, od. 25.— Propert. 

3, el. 21 .— Lucan. |, V. 674. 

Bacchi, a mountain of Thrace, n^ar Phi¬ 
lippi. Appian . 

Baccjiiad.se, a Corinthian family de¬ 
scended from Bacchia, daughter of Dionyfius. 
In their notturnal orgies, they, as fome re¬ 
port, tore to pieces Adtajon, fon of Meliflus, 
which fo enraged the father, that before the 
altar he entreated the Corinthians to revenge 
the death of his fon, and immediately threw 
himfelf into the fea, Upon this the Bacchi- 
adae were banifhed, and went to fettle in 
Sicily, between Pachynum and Pelorus. Ovid. 
Met. J, v. 407. — Strab. 8. 

BacchiDes, a general who betrayed the 
town of Sinope to Lucullus. Strab. 12. 

Bacciiis or Balus, king of Corinth, fuc- 
ceeded his father Prumnides, His fucceflors 
were always called Bacchida , in remembrance 
pf the equity and moderation of his reign. 
The Bacchidas increafed fo much, that, they 
phofe one of their number to prefide among 
them with regal authority, and it is faid that 
the fovereign power continued in tbeir hands 
near 200 years. Cypfelus overturned this in- 
llitution by making himfelf* abfolute. Strab. 
3 -— Pauf. 2, c. 4.— Herodot. 5, c. 92.— Ovid. 
Met. 5, v. 407. 

Baccmiium, a fmall ifland in the iEgean 
f$a, oyjjofite Smyrna. Plin. c. 3. 


Bacchius and Bitbus, two celebrated 
gladiators of equal age and ftrength ; whence 
the proverb to exprefs equality. Bitbus con - 
tra Bacchium. Sueton.in Aug. — Horat. I, 
fat. 7, v. 30. 

Bacchus, was fon of Jupiter and Semele, 
the daughter of Cadmus. Alter (lie had en¬ 
joyed the company of Jupiter, Sersele was 
deceived, and perifhed by the artifice of 
Juno. This goddefs, always jealous of her 
hufband’s amours, afl'umed the fltape of Be- 
roe, Semele’s nurfe, and perfuaded Semele 
that the lover whom (lie entertained was not 
Jupiter, but a falle lover, and that to prove 
his divinity (he ought to beg of him, if he 
really were Jupiter, to come to her bed with 
the fame majefty as he courted the embraces 
of Juno. The artifice fucceeded, and when v 
Jupiter promifed his miftrefs whatever (he 
a(ked, Semele required him to vifit her with 
all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was unable 
to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling to 
retraft it; therefore, as (he was a mortal, and 
unable to bear the majefty of Jupiter, fhe 
was confumed, and reduced to allies. The 
child, of which Hie had been pregnant for 
feven months, was with difficulty laved from 
the flames, and put in his father’s thigh, 
where he remained the full time he naturally 
was to have been in his mother’s womb. 
From this circumftance Bacchus has been 
called Bimater. According to fome, Dirce, a 
nymph of the Acbelous, faved him from the 
flames. There are different traditions con¬ 
cerning the manner ol his education. Ovid 
fays, that after his birth, he was brought up 
by his aunt luo, and afterwards entrufted to 
the care of the nymphs of Nyfa. Lucian 
fuppofes, that Mercury carried him, as foon 
as born, to the nymphs of Nyfa ; and Apol¬ 
lonius fays, that he was carried by Mercury 
to a nymph in the ifiand of Euboea, whence 
he was driven by the power of Juno, who 
was the chief deity of the place. Some fup- 
port, that Naxus can boaft of the place of his 
education, under the nymphs Philia, Coronis, 
and Clyda. Paufanias relates a tradition 
which prevailed in the town of Brafiae in Pe- 
loponnefus; and accordingly mentions, that 
Cadmus, as foon as he heard of his daugh¬ 
ter’s amours, (hut her up, with her child 
lately born, in a coffer, and expofed them on 
the fea. The coffer was carried fafe by the 
waves to the toaft of Brafiaj; but Semele 
was found dead, and the child alive. Semele 
was honored with a magnificent funeral, and 
Bacchus properly educated. This diverfity of 
opinions (hews that there were many of the 
fame name. Diodorus l'peaks of three, and 
Cicero of a greater number; but among them 
all, the fon of Jupiter and Semele feems to 
have obtained the merit of the reft. Bacchus 
is the Ofiris of the Egyptians, and his huftory 
is drawn from' the Egyptian traditions con¬ 
cerning that ancient king. Bacchus aflifted 



BA 


BA 


flic gods in their wars againft the giants, and 
was cut to pieces ; but the Ton of Semele was 
not then born: this tradition therefore is 
taken from the hiftory of Ofiris, who was 
killed by his brother Typhon, and the wor- 
fliip of Ofiris has been introduced by Orpheus 
into Greece, under the name of Bacchus. In 
his youth he was taken afteep in the ifland of 
Naxos, and carried away by fome mariners 
whom he changed into dolphins, except the 
pilot, who had exprefled fome concern at his 
misfortune. His expedition into the eaft is 
woft celebrated. He marched, at the head 
of an army compofed of men, as well as of 
women, all infpired with divine fury, and 
armed with thyrfufes, cymbals, and other 
mufical inftruments The leader was drawn 
in a chariot by a lioil and a tiger, and was ac¬ 
companied by Pan and Silemis, and all the 
Satyrs. His conquefts were eafy, and without 
blocdfhed ; the people eafily fubmitted, and 
gratefuHy'elevated to the rank of a god the 
hero who taught them the ule of the vine, 
the cultivation of the eaith, and the manner 
of making honey. Amidft his benevo'ence 
,to mankind, he was relentlefs in nunifiling 
all want of reflect to his divinity ; and the 
punifhment he infli&ed on Pentheus, Agave, 
Lycurgus, &c. is w'dl known. He has re¬ 
ceived the name of Liber, Bromius, Lya-us, 
Evan, Thyynseus, Plilas, &c. which are 
moltly derived from the places where he re¬ 
ceived adoration, or from the ceremonies ob 
ferved in his feftivals. As be was the god of 
vintage, of wine, and of drinkers, he is gene¬ 
rally reprefented crowned with vine and ivy 
leaves, with a thyrfus in his hand. His 
figure is that of an effeminate young man, to 
denote the joys which commonly prevail at 
feafts; and fometimes that of an old man, 
to teach us that wine taken immoderately 
will enervate us, Confume our health, render 
ii$ loquacious and childifh like old men, and 
unable to keep fecrets. The panther is facred 
to him, becaufe he tfent in his expedition 
covered with the fkin of that beaft. The 
magpye is alfo his favorite bird, becaufe in 
triumphs people were permitted to fpeak with 
boldnels and liberty. Bacchus is fometimes 
reprefented like an infan:, holding a thyrfus 
and clufters of grapes with a horn. He often 
appears naked, and riding upon the fhoulders 
of Pan, or in the arms of Silenus, who was 
his fofter father. He alio fits upon a celeftial 
globe, befpangled with £ars, and is then the 
fame as the Sun or Ofiris of Egypt. The 
feftivals of Bacchus, generally called Orgies, 
Bacchanalia, or Dionyfia, were introduced 
into Greece from Egypt by Danaus and his 
daughters. The infamous debaucheries which 
arofe frpm the celebration of thefe feftivals 
?re well known. \Vid. Dionyfta.~\ The amours 
of Bacchus are not numerous. He mar¬ 
ried Ariadne, after fhe had been forfaken 
hy Thefeus in the ifland of Naxos ; and by 


her he had many children, apnong whom 
were Ceranus, Thoas, (Enopion, Tauropolis, 
&c. According to fome, he was the father^ 
of Hymenaus, whom the Athenians made* 
the god of marriage. The Egyptians facri- 
ficed pigs to him, before the doors of their 
houfes.' The fir-tree, the yew-tree, the fig- 
tree, the ivy, and the vine, were facred to 
him ; and the goat was generally iacrificed to 
him, on account of the great propenfity of that 
animal to deftroy the vine. According to 
Pliny, he was the firft who ever wore a crown. 
His beauty is compared to that of Apollo, and, 
like him, he is reprefented with fine hair 
loofely flowing down his fhoulders, and he is 
faid to poflels eternal youth. Sometimes he 
has horns, either becaufe he taught the culti¬ 
vation of the earth with oxen, or becaufe Ju¬ 
piter, his father, appeared to him in the de¬ 
farts of Libya under the lhape of a rami, and 
fupplied his thirfty army with water. Bac¬ 
chus went down to hell to recover his mother, 
whom Jupiter willingly made a gorldefs, under 
the name of Thyone. The three perfons 
of the name of Bacchus, which Diodorus 
mentions, are, the one who conquered the 
Indies, and is furnnmed the bearded Bacchus ; 
a Ion of Jupiter and Profcrpine who was 
reprefented' with horns; and the fon of Ju¬ 
piter and Semele, called the Bacchus of 
Thebes. Thofe mentioned by Cicero, are, a 
ion of Proferpine ; a fon of Nifus, who built 
Nyia; a fon of'Caprius, who reigned in the 
Indies; a fon of Jupiter and the Moon ; and 
a fon of Thyone and Nifus. Cic. de Nat. D. 
2 & $.—Pauf. 2, c. 22, 37. 1 . 3, C. 24, l Si 
c. 19, &c.— Heiodot. I, c. 150.I. 2, c. 42, 
48,49.— Plut. in IJtd. Cfir. — Died. I, 3, 

&C. —Orpheus in Dionyf.—Apollod. I, C. 9. 
1 . 3, c. 4, &c.— Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 3, &c. 
Amor. 3, 1 . 3. Fajl. 3, v. 71 y.—Hygin. fab. 
155, 167, &C. — Plin. 7, c. 56, 1 . 8, C. 2 , 
1 . 36, C. 5.—?r. II. 6. — Ladl. de falf. 
Pel. I, C. 22. — V”irg. G. 2, &C. — Euripid. in 
Baceh. — Lucian, de Sacrif. de Baccho. in dial. 
Dear .— Oppian. in Cyneg.- — Pbilojlrdt. I, Icon. 
c. 5O.— Senec. in Chor. CEdip. — Martial. 8, 
ep. 26.I 14, ep. 107. 

Bacchyi^ides, a Lyric poet of Cos, ne¬ 
phew to Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote 
the praifes of Hiero. Some of his verfes have 
been preferved. Marcel. 

Bacenis, a wood of Germany. Cof. Bell. 
Gall. 6, c. 10. 

Bacis, a famous foothfayer of Boeotia, 

Cic. 1, de D<v. c. 34.--A king of Corinth, 

called alfo Bacchis. Vid. Bacchis.-An 

athlete of Trcezene. Pauf. 6. 

Bactra (orum), now j Bali, the capital 
of Ba&riana, on the river Ba&ros in Alia. 
Virg. G. 2, v. 138.— Strab. 2. 

Bactri & Bactrian 1, the inhabitants 
of Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and 
were always under arms. They gave to their 
dogs thole that died through old age or dif- 

eafe, 




BA 


BA 


eflfe, and fuflFered flaves and ftrangers to take 
whatever liberties they pleafed with their 
wives. They were conquered by Alexander 
Ihe Great. Curt. 4, c. 6, &c. Plin. 6, c. 
^3.— Plut. in vitiof. ad inf el. fuff. — Hcrodot. 

I & 3 - 

Bactriana, a country of Afia, fruitful 
as well as extenfive. Tt formed once part of 
the Perfian empire, on the ealtern parts of 
which it is fituated. Zoroafter was the moft 
ancient king of this country, who taught his 
fubje&s the art of magic and aftrology. Diod. 
2 . — Jufin. I,c. I. 

Bactros, now Dabefb , a river on the 
borders of Afiatic Scythia, from which Bac- 
triana receives its name. Lucan. 3, v. 367. 

Bacuntius, a river of Pannonia, which 
falls into the Save above Sirmium. 

Badaca, a town of Media. Diod. 19. 

Badia, a town of Spain. Val. Max. 3, 

c. 7. 

Badius, a Campanian, who challenged 
T. Q. Crilpinus, one of his friends, by whom 
he was killed. Liv. 35, c. 18. 

Baduhennjk, a place in the country of 
the Frifii, where 900 Romans were killed 
Tacit. 4, Ann. C. 73 * 

Bjebia lex was enacted for the ele&ion 

of 4 pretors every other year. Liv. 40.- 

Another law by M. Btebius a tribune of the 
people, which forbade the divifion of the lands, 
whilii it fubftituted a yearly tax to be paid by 
the pofleflors, and to be divided among the peo¬ 
ple. Apffian. I. 

M. Bjebius, a Roman, in whofe conful- 
fh’.p the tomb of Numa was diicovered. Plut. 

in Num. — Val. Max. I, C. I. - Lucius, a 

Roman pretor, who, being l'urprized by the 
Ligurians, tied to Marfeilles, where he died 
three days after. Liv. 37, c. 57. 

B.’ETis, a river of Spain, from which a 
part of the country has received the name of 
Betica. It \v?s formerly called TartefTus, and 
now bears the name of Guadalquiver. The 
wool produced there was fo good that Bcctica 
was an epithet of merit, applied to garments. 
Martial IX,ep. XOO. 

Ba:ton, a Greek hiftorian in the age of 

Alexander. 

Bagistame, a delightful country of Me¬ 
dia. Diod. 17. 

Bagistanes, a friend of BefTus, whom 
he abandoned when he murdered Darius. 
S*rt. 5, c. 13- 

Bagoas & Bagosas, an Egyptian eunuch 
in the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, fo power¬ 
ful that nothing could be done without his con¬ 
sent. He led fome troops againft the Jews, 
and profaned their temple. He poifoned 
Ochus, gjve his flsfh to cats, and made knife- 
handles with his bones, becaufe he had killed 
the god Apis. He placed on the throne 
Arles, the youngeft of the flaughtered prince’s 
children, and afterwards put him to death. 
He was at lait killed, B. C. 33;, by Darius, 


whom, after railing to the crown, he had at¬ 
tempted to poil'on. Diod. l6 & 17.—— 
Another, greatly efteemed by Alexander. 
He was the caule that one of the fatraps was 
put to death by the moft excruciating tor¬ 
ments. Curt. IO, C. I.- Plut. in Alex.-. - 

The name of Bagoas occurs very frequently 
in the. Perfian hi;iory ; and it feems that moft 
of the eunuchs of the monarchs of Perfia were 
generally known by that appellation. 

Bagodares, a friend ofBeffus, whom ho 
abandoned when he attempted the life of 
Darius. Diod. 17. 

Bagophanes, a governor of Babylon, who, 
when Alexander approached the city, ftrewed 
all the f.reets and burned incenle on the al¬ 
tars, &c. Curt. 5, c. I. 

BaorXda, now Megerda^ a river of Africa 
near Utica, where Regulus killed a ferpent 
120 feet long. Plin. 8, c. 14. 

Baije, a city of Campania near the fea, 
founded by Baius, one of the companions of 
UlylFes. It was famous for its delightful 
fituation and baths, where many of the Ro¬ 
man fenators had country houies. Its ancient 
grandeur, however, has now disappeared, and 
Baiae,' with its magnificent villas, has yielded 
to the tremendous earthquakes which afflict 
and convulfe Italy, and it is no longer to be 
found. Martial. 14, ep. 81.— Horat. I, ep. I. 
— Strab. 5. 

Bala, a furname of Alexander king of 
Syria. 35, c. i. 

BALACRUS,an officer in Alexander’s army, 
who took Miletus. Curt. 4, c. 13.-Ano¬ 

ther officer, who commanded tome auxiliaries. 

Id. 4, c. 5. 

Balanagr^e, a town of Cyrene. Pauf. 
2 , c. 26. 

Bai.anea, a town between Syria and 
Phoenicia. Plin. 5, c. 20 . 

Balanus, a prince of Gaul, who aftifted 
the Romans in their Macedonian war, A.U.C. 
581.— Liv. 44, c. 14. 

Ealari, a people of Sardinia. Liv. 41* 
c. 6. 

C. Baleii.lus, a learned and benevolent 
man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote 
the hiltory, under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 13, 
c. 22. 

BalbTnuS, an admirer of Agna, men¬ 
tioned Horat. I, Sat. 3, v. 40.--A Roman* 

who, after governing provinces with credit and 
honor, afiaflinated the Gordians, and feized 
the purple. He was fome time after mur¬ 
dered by his foldiem, A. D. 238. 

Balbus, a mountain of Africa, famous 
for the retreat of MafinifTa, after he had 
fought a battle againft Syphax. 

L. Balbus, a lawyer, &c. one among the 

pupils of Sctevola--A man killed by the 

affaffins of the triumvirs. 

BaleAres, three iflands in the Mediter¬ 
ranean, modernly called Majorca , Minorca , 
and Tvica, on the coaft of Spain. 1 he word 

* is 









BA 


is A, 


is 1 derived from 6aXX«*v to tbro*w, becau'fe the 
inhabitant? were expert archers and flingers, 
befides great pirates. We are told by Florus, 
that the mothers never gave their children 
brenkfaft before they had ftruck with an arrow 
a certain nrtark in a tree. When a woman was 
married, (he was not admitted to her hufband’s 
bed before ftie had received the embraces of 
all her relations. The inhabitants were na¬ 
turally of a lal'civious propenfity, and in their 
wars they required nothing but females and 
wine, and often changed four men for one 
Woman. St tab 14. — Flor. 3,0. 8 .-—Diod. 5. 

Baletus, a foil of Hippo, who firft found¬ 
ed Corinth. Patercul. I, c. 3. 

Bai.ius, a horfe of Achilles. Homer. II. 
16, v. t 4 6. 

Balista, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 
40, c. 41. 

Ballonoti, a people of European Sar- 
matia. Place. 6,v: 160. 

Balneje (baths) were very numerous at 
Rome, private as well as public. In the an¬ 
cient times fimplicity was obferved, but in 
the age of the emperors they became expen- 
five , they were uled after walking, exercife, 
or labor, and were deenfed more neceflary 
than luxurious. Under the emperors it be¬ 
came io falhionablc to bathe, that without 
this the meaneft of the people feemed to be 
deprived of one of the necelfaries of life. 
There were certain hours of the day appointed 
for bathing, and a fmall piece of money ad¬ 
mitted the pooreft, as well as the molt'opu¬ 
lent. In the baths there were feparate apart¬ 
ments for the people to drefs and to undrefs ; 
and, after they had bathed, they commonly 
covered theml'elves, the hair was plucked 
out of the Ikin, and the body rubbed over 
with a pumice , ftone, and perfumed to render 
it. lmooth and fair. The Roman emperors 
generally built baths, and all endeavoured to 
ecliple each other in the magnificence of the 
building. It is faid, that Dioclefian em¬ 
ployed 40,000 of his foldiers in building his 
baths; and when they were finifhed, he de- 
ftrpyed all the workmen. Alexander Sevetus 
firft permitted the people to ufe them in the 
night, and he himlelf often bathed with the 
common people. For lome time both fexes 
bathed promifeuoufly and without fliame, and 
the edidfs of the emperors proved abortive for 
a while in aboliihing that indecent cuftom, 
which gradually deftroyed the morals of the 
people. They generally read in bathing, and 
we find many compofitionf written in the midlt 
of this luxurious enjoyment. 

Balveivtiws, a centurion of great valor 
in Ccefar’s army, killed by Ambiorix. Caf. 
Bell. Gall. 5, c. 35. 

Bai.vra 6 , a river of Pelononnefus. Paul. 

4 s c. 33* 

Bamurcj., ,a people of Libya. It a!. 3, 
v- 303. 

Bantia, now St. Maria de V a town 


of Apulia, whence Bantinus, Horat. 3, od 
4 , v. 15. 

L. Bantius, a gallant youth of Nola, 
whom Annibal found, after the battle of 
Cannte, almoft dead amongft fhe heap of flam. 
He was fent back home with great humanity, 
upon which he relolved t6 betfay his country 
to fo generous an enemy. Marcellus thd 
Roman general heard of it, and rebuked Ban- 
tius, who continued firm and faithful to the 
intereft of Rome. Liv. 35, c. 15. 

Baphyrus, a river of Macedonia. Livl 

44 , c. 6- 

Baptje, the priefts of Cotytto, the goddefs 
of lafcivioufnefs and debauchery at Athens. 
Her feftivals were celebrated in the night ; 
and fo infamous and ob'fcene was the beha¬ 
viour of the priefts, that they difgufted even 
Cotytto herfelf, though the goddefs of obfee- 
nity. The name is derived from Suorruv io 
ivajh, becaufc the priefts bathed themfelves in 
the mod effeminate manner. Juv. 2, v. 91. 

-A comedy of Rupolis, in which men 

are introduced dancing on the ftage, with 
all the indecent geftures of common proftitutes. 

BARiEi, a people of Cbolcis and Iberia, 
who burnt the bodies of their friends whu 
died by difeafe, but gave to the fowls of the 
air fuch as fell in war. JElian. de Anim. lOj 
c. 22. 

Barathrum, a deep and obfeure gulf at 

Athens, where criminals were thrown.- 

The word'is applied to the infernal regions by 
Val. Place. 2, v. 86 & 192. 

Barbari, a name originally applied to 
thofe who fpoke inelegantly, or with harfh- 
nefs and difficulty. The Greeks and Romans 
generally called all nations, except their own, 
by the-deipicable name of Barbarians. 

Barbaria, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 

44 , c. 31.-A name given to Phrygia and 

Troy. Horat , I, ep. 2, v. 7. 

Barbatus, the lurname of a Roman fa¬ 
mily. Suet. Cl. 21. 

Barkosthenes, a mountain of Pelo- 
ponnefus, 10 miles from Sparta. Liv. 35, 
c. 27. 

Barbythac*, a city of Perfia. Plin. 6, 
c. 27. 

Barca, a friend of Cato the elder. Plut, 

in Cat. 

Barcjei, or Barcit.e, a warlike ration 
of Africa, near the city of Carthage. Virg. 

JEn. 4, v. 43. 

Barce, the nurfe of Sicliaeus. Virg' JEn. 

4 , v - 632.-A large country of Africa. 

-Alio a city about nine miles from the 

fea, lounded by the brothers of ArcefilauS 
king ofCyrene, 515 years before the Chrif- 
tian era. Strabo fays, that in his age it was 
called Ptolemais; hut this arifes becaufe molt 
of the inhabitants retired to Ptolemajs, which 
was on the fea-coafl, to enrich themfelves by 

commerce. Strab. ij.—Ptd. 4, c . 4.-<- 

A fmall village of Ba&riaira/wheit the people 








BA 


BA 


who had been taken prifoners by Darius in 
Africa, were confined. Herodot. 4, c. 204. 
--A city of Media. JuJlin i,c. 7. 

Barcha, the furname of a noble family at 
Carthage, of which Annibal and Hamilcar 
were defcendcd. By means of their bribes 
and influence, they excited a great faihion, 
which is celebrated in the annals of Carthage 
by the name of the Barcbinian faflio/t, and 
at lalt raifed themlelves to power, and to the 
independent dil'pofal of all the offices of trull 
or emolument in the ftate. Liv. 21, c. a 
Sc 9. 

Bardaii, a people of Illyricum, concerned 
in the factions of Marius. Pint, in Mario. 

Bardi, a celebrated facerdotalorder among 
the ancient Gauls, who praifed their heroes, 
and publifhed their fame in their verles, or on 
mufical inllruments. They were foeiteemed 
and refpe&ed by the people, that, at their 
light, two armies which were engaged in battle 
laid down their arms, and fubmitted to their 
orders. They cenfured, as well as commend¬ 
ed, the behaviour of the people. Lucan. 1, v. 
447.— Strab. 4.— Marcell. 15, c. a4. 

Bard y lias, an Illyrian prince, whofe 
daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. 
Plut. in Pyrrb . 

Bareas Soranus, a youth killed by his 
tutor Egnatius, a Stoic pltilofopher. Juv. 3, 
v. u6. 

Bares, a naval officer of Perfia, who wiih- 
«d to deilroy Cyrene, but was oppofed by 
Afnafis. Herodot. 4, c. 003. 

JJargusii, a people of Spain, at the eaft of 
the Iberus. Liv. 21, c. 19. 

Bargylije, a town of Caria. 

BarIne, a prollitute whom Horace accufes 
•f perjury, 2, od. 8. 

Barisses, one of the feven confpirators 
againit the ulurper Smerdis. Ctejias. 

Barium, a town of Apulia, on the Adri¬ 
atic, now called Bari, and remarkable for its 
fine filh. 11 or at. 1, Sat. 5, v. 97. 

Barnous, a town of Macedonia, near He- 
jadea. Strab. 7. 

Barrus, a man ridiculed by Horace as 
proud of his beauty. Horat 1, Sat. 6, v. 30. 

Barsine & Barsene, a daughter of Da¬ 
rius, who married Alexander, by whom ihe 
had a fon called Hercules. Caflander ordered 
her and her child to be put to death. JuJlin. 
13, C 2,1- 15, C. 2 .— Artian. 

Barzaentes, 4 fatrap who revolted from 
Alexander, &c. Curt 8,0.13. 

Barzanes, a king of Armenia, tributary 
to Ninus. IPod. 2. 

Basilea, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 

who was mother of all the gods. Diod. 3.- 

An ifland at the north of Gaul, famous for its 

amber. Died. 5.-An ifland in the Euxine 

iea. Plin. 4,0.13. 

BasilJoje, European Sarmatians, defend¬ 
ed from Hercules and Echidna. Mcla> 2, 

Cl z. 


BasilTdes, the father of Herodotus, who 
with others, attempted to deftroy Strattes, ty¬ 
rant of Chios. Herodot. 8, c. 132.-A fa¬ 

mily who held an oligarchical power at Ery- 
thrte. Strab. 14-A prieft of mount Car¬ 

mel, w'ho foretold many momentous events to 
Vefpafian, when he offered facrifices. Tacit. 
2 Aiji. c. 87*— Suet on. in Vefp.'*]. 

Basilipotamos,, the ancient name of the 
Eurotas. Strab. 6. 

Basilis, anhiftorian who wrote concerning 

India. Athen. -A city of Arcadia, built 

by Cyplelus, near the river Alpheus. Pauf. 
8,c. 29. 

Basilius, a river of Mefoporamia fslling 

into the Euphrates. Strab. -A celebrated 

biihop of Africa, very animated againft the 
Arians, whole tenets and doctrines he-refuted 
with warmth, but great ability. He was elo¬ 
quent as well as ingenious, and poflefTed of all 
thofe abilities which cotiftitute the perfuafive 
orator, and the elegant writer.- Erafmus has 
placed him in the number of the greateft ora¬ 
tors of antiquity. He died, in his 51H year, 
A. D. 379. The lateft edition of his woiks is 
that of the Benedi&ins, fol. Paris, 1721. 

Basilus, a general who affilled Antony, 

Lucan. 4,v. 416.-An infignificant lawyer. 

Juv. 7, v. 146.-A pretor who plundered 

the provinces. Id. 10, v. 222. 

Bassje, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo 
had a temple. Pauf. 8, c. 30 Sc 41. 

BAssANiA,a town of Macedonia near Illy¬ 
ricum. Liv. 44, C. 30. 

Bassarkus, a furname of Bacchus, from 
the drefs or long robe, called Safaris , which 
his priefts wore. Horat. r, od« 18. 

Bassarioes, a name given to the votaries 
of Bacchus, and to Agave by Perfius, which 
leems derived from Baflara, a town of Libya 
fiscred to the god, or from a particular dreli 
worn by his piieftelTes, and fa called by the 
Thracians. Perfius 1, v. 101. 

Bassos Auexdius, a hiftorian in the age 
of Auguftifs, who wrote on the Germanic 
war. Quintil. IO, c. I.—— -Caffius, a lyric poet 
in Nero’s age, to whom Perfius addrefTecT his 
6th fatyr. Some of bis verfes are extant.— 
Julius, an orator iq the reign of Auguftus, lome 
of whofe orations have been prelerved by Se«* 

neca.-A man fpokenofby Horace 1, od. 

36, v. 14, and delcribed as fond of wine and 
women. 

Bastarnjj & Basternje, a people of 
European Sarmatia, dellroyed by a 1 'udden 
ftorm as they purlued the Thracian-. Liv. 40, 
v. 58.— Ovid. Tif. 2, v. 198.— Strab. 7. 

Bastia, the wife of Meteljus. Liv. epit.89. 

Bata, a lea-port of Afa, on the Euxine, 
oppofite Sinope. Strab. 6. 

Batavi, a people cf Germany, who inha¬ 
bited that part of the continent known under 
the modern name of Holland, and called by 
the ancients, Batavotum infula. Liv. 4, c. 15, 
—Lucan. I, v. 431, 

2 


Bathos, 









BA 


BE 


Bathos, a river near the Alpheus. Pauf. 
8, c. 29. 

BATHYCLES,a celebrated artilt of Magne- 
fia. Pauf 3, c. 19. 

Bathyllus, a beautiful youth of Samos, 
greatly beloved by Polycrate' the tyrant, and 

by Anacreon. Herat. ep. 14, v 9-Me- 

caenas was alfo fond of a youth of Alexandria, 

of the fame name. jfuv. 6, v. 63.-The 

poet who claimed as his own Virgil’, diltich, 
Noble pluit totd, life, bore alfo the fame name 
—- - A fountain of Arcadia. Pauf. 8, c. 31. 

Lent.Batiatus, a man of Campania, who 
kept a home full of gladiators who rebelled 
againlt him. Pint, in Graf. 

BatFa, a naiad who married (Ebalus. Apol¬ 
lo d. 3, c. 10.-A daughter of Teucer, falio 

married Dardanus. Id. 

BatIna & Bantina. Vid. Bantia. 

BaTis, an eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, 
upon being unwilling to yield, vvas dragged 
round the city tied by the heels to Alexan¬ 
der’s ch..riot Curt. 4,c. 6. 

Bato, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome, 
from king Philip. ' Liv. 31, c. 28. 

Baton of Smope wrote commentaries on 
the Perfian affairs. Strab. 12.-A cha¬ 

rioteer of Amphiaraus. Pauf. 5, c. 17. 

Batrachomyomacuia, a poem, deferib- 
Ing the fight between frogs and mice, written 
by Homer, which has been printed fometimes 
feparately from the Iliad or OdyfTey. The 
bell edition of it is Maittaire’s, 8vo. London, 
1721. 

BattiXdes, a patronymic of Callimachus, 
from his father Battus. Ovid, in Ihin. v.53. 

--A name given to the people of Cyreive 

from king Battus. Ital. 3, v. 253. 

Battis, a girl celebrated by Philetas the 
elegiac poet. Ovid. Trifl. 1, el. 5. 

Battus ill, a Lacedaemonian, who built 
the town ofCyrene,B C. 630, with a colony 
from thelfland of Thera. He was fon of Po- 
lymneftus and Phronime, and reigned in the 
town he had founded, and after death received 
divine honors. The difficulty with which he 
fpoke firlt procured him the name of Battus. 

Hcrcdot. 4, c. 155, — Pauf. 10, c. 15.- 

The ad of that name was grgnrifon to Battus 
ill, by Arcefilam. He fuceecded hL father 
on the throne cf Cyrene, and was furnamed 
Helix, and died 554 B. 0 . U credo*. 4, c. 159, 

&c-A fhepherd of Py'os, who promiled 

Mercury that he. would not drfeover his having 
ftolen the flocks of Admetus, which Apollo 
tended. He violated his promife, and was 
turned into a pumice (tone. Ovid. Met a, v. 
702.—■—A general of Corinth againlt Athens. 

Thucyd. 4, c. 43.-A buffoon of Collar’s. 

Pint. Symp. 6. 

Batulum, a town of Campania, whofe 
inhabitants affifted Turnus againlt Aineas. 
Virg. JEn. 7,v. 739. 

Batulus, a furnameof Demofthenes,from 
his effeminacy when young. Piut. in JDemoJt. 


Batyllus, a celebrated dancer in Dqml- 
tian’s reign. Juv. 6, v. 63. 

Bauuo, a woman who received Ceres when 
Ihe fought her daughter all over the world,and 
gave her lome water to quench her thirft. 
Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 7. 

Baucis, an old woman of Phrygia, who, 
with her hufband Philemon, lived in a fmall 
cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupiter 
and Mercury travelled in difguife over Afia. 

I he gods came to the cottage, where they-re¬ 
ceived the belt things it afforded; and Jupiter 
was fo pleafed with their hofpitality, that he 
metamprphofed their dwelling into a magnifi¬ 
cent temple, of which Baucis and her hufband 
were made priefts. After they had lived hap- ' 
py to an extreme old age, they died both at 
the fame hour, according to their requell to 
Jupiter, that one might not have theforrow of 
following the other to the grave. Their bodies 
were changed into trees before the doors of 
the temple. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 631, &c. 

Eavius & MiEVius,two Itupid and male¬ 
volent poets ih the age of Augustus, who at¬ 
tacked the fuperior talents of his contempo¬ 
rary writers. Virg. Eel. 3. 

Bauli, a fmall town of Latium, near Bake* 
Iial. 12, v. 155. 

13 az aentes, a friend of Beffus, &c. 

Bazaria, a country of Afia. Curt. 8,c. r. 

Bkbius, a famous informer in Vefpafian’s 
reign. Juv. 1, v. 35. Vid. Basbius. 

Bebriacom, now Caneto , a village be¬ 
tween Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius 
overcame Otho. Juv. 2, v. 106.— Tacit. 3. 
ffj/?. i,c. 15. 

Bebryce, a daughter of Danaus, who is 
laid to have fpared her hufband. Molt authors, 
however, attribute that character of humanity 
to Hypermneltra. Vid. Danaides. 

Bebryces& Bebrycii, a nation of Afia 
near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and according 
to Arrian, defeended from Bebryce, They 
were expert in the battle of the ceftus. The 
Ai gonauts touched on their coalts in their ex¬ 
pedition to Colchis. Apollod. I.— Strab. 7 & 
12 . 

Bebrycia, an ancient name of Bithynia, 
from Bebryce the daughter of Danaus. Strab . 
1 3-~Virg. ASn. 5, v.373. 

BelemnTa, a town of Laconia. Patf 3, 
c. 21. 

Bei.enus, a divinity of the Gauls, the fame 
as the Apollo of the Greeks, and the Orus of 

the ^Egyptians. 

Belephantes, a Chaldean, who, from his 
knowledge of altronomy, told Alexander that 
his entering Babylon would be attended with 
fatal confequences to him. Diod. 17. 

Belesis, a prieft of Babylon, who told Ar- 
baces governor of Media, that he fhould reign 
one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His pro¬ 
phecy was verified, and he was rewarded by 
the new king with the government of Babylon* 
B. C. 8a6. jDiod. 2. 

Lklgje, 











Bf.lcjp., a warlike peopl? of ancieut Gaul, 
feparated from the Celts by the rivers Ma- 
trona and Sequana. Their country, according 
to trabo, extended from the Rhine to_ the 
river moderuly called the Loire. Caf. de 
Bell., Gall' l 'Sc 2. 

Belgica, one of the four provinces of.Gaul 
near the Rhine. 

Belgium, the capital of Gallia Belgica. 
The Word is often ufed to expreis the whole 
country. Caf. Bell. Gall, 5, c, 24. 

Belgius, a general of Gaul, who deftroyed 
an army of Macedonians. Juftin. 23, c. a. — 

Folyl. 2. 

Belujes, a furname given to the daughters 
of Belus. Ovid. Met. 4. v^4^3. 

BelTdes, a name applied to Palamedes, as 
defeended from JBelus. Virg. JEn. 2, v. Sa. 

Belisama, the name of Minerva among 
the Gauls, fignifying queen of heaver.. Caf. 
Bell. Gall. 6. 

Belisarius, a celebrated general, who, in 
a degenerate and an effeminate age, in the reign 
of Juftinian emperor of Conftantinople, renew¬ 
ed all the glorious vi&ories, battles,- and tri¬ 
umphs, which had rendered the firft Romans 
fo diltiaguiOied in the time of their republic. 
He died, after a life of military glory, and 
the trial of royal ingratitude, in the 565th 
year of th9 Chriftiau era. The: ilory of his 
begging charity, with date ololum Beltfarto is 
laid to be a fabrication of modern times.. 

BelistTda, a woman who obtained a prize 

Olympia'. Fa if. 5, c. 8. 

Belitje, a nation of Afia. Curt. 4, c. 12. 

Belleroehon, fon of Glaucus king of 
Ephyre, by Eurymede, was at fir ft called Hip- 
ponous. The murder of his brother, whom 
fome call Alcimenus or Beller, procured him 
the name ofBellerophon, or murderer of Beller. 
After this murder, Bcllerophon fled to the 
court of Prtttus king of Argos. As he was of 
a handfome appearance, the king’s wife, called 
Antaea or Sienobcra, fell in love with him; and 
as he flighted her paflion, fhe accufed him be¬ 
fore her hufband of attempts upon her virtue. 
Prcetus, uuwilling to violate the laws of hoipita- 
lity, by puniil.ing Bellerophon, fent him away 
to his father-in law Jobates king of Lycia, and 
gave him a letter, in which he begged the king 
to punifh with death, a man who .had fo difho- 
norably treated his daughter. From that cir- 
cumfbnce, all letters which are of an unfavor¬ 
able tendency to the bearer, have been called 
letters of Bellerophon. Jobates, to fatjsfy his 
fon-in-lavv, lent Bellerophon to conquer a hor¬ 
rible njonfter called Chimera, in which dan¬ 
gerous expedition he hoped, and was even allur¬ 
ed, he muft perifli. [ Vid. Chimaera.] But the 
providence of Minerva fupported him, and, 
with the aid of the winged horfe Pegalus, he 
conquered the monfter, and returned vi£tori-, 
ous. After this Jobates lent him againft the 
Bolymi, in hopes of feeing him deftroyed ; but 
be obtained another victory, and conquered 


afterwards the Amazons, by the king's order. 
At his return from this third expedition, he 
was attacked by a party fent againft him»by 
Jobates; but he deftroyed all hisaffaflins, and 
convinced the king that innocence is always 
protected by the gods. Upon this, Jobates no 
longer fought toi deftroy his life'; but he gay® 
him his daughter in marriage, and made him 
his fucceffor on the throne of Lycia, as he was 
without male iffue. Some authors have fup¬ 
ported, that he attempted to fly to heaven upon 
the horle rqgafus, but that J upiter lent an in- 
l'edh, which ftung the hori'e, and threw down 
the rider, who wandered upon the eartji in th® 
greateft melancholy and dejedfion till the day 
of his death, one generation before the Tro¬ 
jan war. Bellerophon had two Ions, Hander, 
who was killed in his war againft the Sblymi, 
and Hippolochus, who fucceeded to the throne 
after his death, beffdes one daughter called 
Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon by . Jupiter. 
The wife of Bellerophon is called Philonoe. by 
Apollodorus, and Achemone by Hotner* Ho¬ 
mer . II . 6, v. 156, See . — fuv . io ,—Apc Hod . 
2, c. 3, 1. 3, c. i.—Hygin: fab. 157 & 243. 
F. A. 2, c. 18.— Hefiod. Theog. v. 325.— Ho~ 
rat. 4. od. H, v. 20.— Pauf. 9,0. 31, 

Bellerus& Beller, a brother of Hip 
ponous. Vid. Bellerophon. ~ 

Bellienus, a Roman, whofe houfe was let; 
on flames at Ctefar’s funeral. Cic. 2, 

Bellona, the'goddeft of war, daughter to 
Phorcys and Ceto,Avas called by the Greeks 
Enyo r and .often confounded with _ Ab iner'va. 
She was anciently called Dueflic&z, and was 
the lifter of Mars, or, acce ding to. others, his 
daughter, or his wife. She prepared the ^ch-i- 
riot of Mars when he \vas gojng to, war and 
fhe appeared in battles armed with a whip to 
animate the combatants, with difhevelled hair, 
and a torch in her hand. The Romans p&jd 
great adoration to her; but {he was held in the 
greateft veneration by the Cappadocians; ai\d 
chiefly at Comana, wEere fhe bad above ,3060 
priefts. Her temple at Roipe was hear the 
Porta Carmentalis. In it the fen a tors gave 
audience to foreign amb^fladors, and to gene¬ 
rals returned from war. At the gale was a 
fmall column, called the column of •rear, againft 
which they threw a fpear whenever war was 
declared againft an enemy. The priefts of 
this goddefs coufecrated themfelves by .great 
incifions in their body, and particularly in the 
thigh, of which thpy received the blood yi 
their hands to offer as al'.icrifice to the'goddcfs. 
In their wild enthufiafm they o£ten predicted 
bloodftied and wars, the defeat of enemies, or 
the befieging of towns. Juv. 4, v. 124.— 
Varto de L. L. 5.— Hefted. Tbeg, V. 2JO.— 

Pauf. 4, C. 30.— Vug. JEn. 8, v. 703.- St.it. 

Theb. 2, v. 718. 1 . 7, v. 73.— Ithl., 5, v. 22|. 
BellSnarii; the priefts of Bellona. 
Bellovaci, a people of Gaul conquered 
by J. Caefar. They inhabited the modern 
Beauvais in the ille of France. Caf. Bell.' 2, c. 4. 

K B&llqvEsvI, 




BE 


BELi/CVtsus, a king of the Celt*, who,in 
the reign of Tarquin Prifcus was lent at the 
head of a colony to Italy by his uncle Ambi- 
gatus. Liv. j,c. 34. 

Belon, a general of Alexander’s. Cu>t.6 , 

c. 11.-A city and river of Hii'pania B*tica. 

Strab. 3. 

Breus, one of the molt ancient kings of 
Babylon, about 1800 years before the age of 
Semiramis, was made a god after death, and 
worfhipped with much ceremony by the Afiy- 
rians and Babylonians. He was luppoled to be 
the ion of the Ofiris of the Egyptians. The 
temple of Belus was the mod ancient and mod 
magnificent in the world. It was originally the 
tower of Babel, which was converted into a 
temple. It had lofty towers, and it was en¬ 
riched by all the fucceeding monarch! till the 
age of Xerxes, who, after his unfortunate ex¬ 
pedition againlt Greece, plundered and demo- 
lifl'ed it. Among the riches it contained, were 
many Hatties of mafly gold, one of which was 
40 feet high. In the higheft of the tow ers was 
a magnificent bed, where the priefts daily 
condudled a woman, who, as they laid, was 
honored with the company of the god. Jofcpb. 

Ant. Jud. 10.— Herodot. I, c. l8l, &C. - 

Strab. 16.— Arrian. 7.— Diod. I, &C. -A 

king of Egypt, fon of Epaphus and Libya, and 

father of Agenor.-Another fon of Phoenix 

the fon of Agenor, who reigned in Phoenicia. 

---A river ofj' Syria, where glais washrft 

invented. Plin.g, c. 19. 

Bknacus, a lake of Italy, now Lago di 
Garda , from which the Mincius flows 
into the Po. Virg. G. 2, v. 160. JEn. 10, 
Y. 20 5. 

Bendidium, a temple of Diana Bendis. 
Li-j, 38, c. 41. 

Bendis, a name of Diana artlong the Thra¬ 
cians and their northern neighbours. Strab. 
9.-Her fellivals, called Bend'tdia, were in¬ 

troduced from Thrace into Athens. 

Beneventum, a town of the Hirpini, built 
by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. Its ori¬ 
ginal name was Maleventum, changed into the 
more awfpicious word of Beneventum, when the 
Romans had a colony there. It abounds in 
remains of ancient iculpture above any ether 
tow’ii in Italy. Plhu 3, c. ir. 

Benthesicyme, a daughter of Neptune, 
the nurle of Eumolpus. Apollod. 3, c. 15. 

BepomtAnus, a youth whole life was fav- 
ed by the delay of the executioner, who wilhed 
not to flam the youth’s fine clothes with 
blood. Pint, de Virt. Mul. 

Berbic^e, a nation who deftroyed their 
relations when arrived at a certain age. 
JElian. V. H. 4, c. I. 

Bek a: a, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the 
fea, and 100 from the Euphrates, now called 
Aleppo. 

Berecynthia, a furnartie of Cybele, from 
tjiount Berecymhus in Phrygia, where Ihe was 
particularly worlhipped. She has been cele- 


- B £ 

brated m a poem by Catullus. Diod. 5 .—St at. 
Theb. 4, v. 782.— Virg. JEn. 9, v. 82. 

Berenice & BeronIce, a woman famous 
for her beauty, mother of Ptolemy Philadei- 
phus by Lagus. JElian. V. D. 14, c. 43.— 

Tbtocril. — Pavf. *, C. 7.-A daughter of 

i hrladelphus, who married Antiochus king of 
Syria, after he had divorced Laodice, his for¬ 
mer wife. After the death of Philadclphus, 
Laodice was recalled, and mindful of the 
treatment Ihe had received, Hie poifoned her 
hufband, placed her fon on the vacant throne, 
and murdered Berenice and her child at Anti¬ 
och, where Ihe had fled, B. C. 248.-A 

daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who ufurped 
her father’s throne for l'ome time,ftrangled her 
hufband Seleucus, and married Archeiaus, a 
prieft of Bellona. Her father regained his 

power, and put her to death B. C. 55.-The 

wife of Mithridates, who, when conquered by 
Lucullus, ordered all his wives to deftroy 
themlelves, for fear the conqueror Ihould offer 
violence to them. She according drank poifon* 
but this not operating loon enough, fhe was 

ftrangled by an eunuch-The mother of 

Agrippa, who (bines in the hifloryofthe Jews, 

as daughter-in-Lw of Herod the Great.-A 

daughter of Agrippa, who married her uncle 
Herod, and afterwards Polemon king of Cili¬ 
cia. She was accufed by Juvenal of commit¬ 
ting inceft with her brother Agrippa. It is 
Laid that Ihe was paflionately loved by Titus, 
who would have made her emprelsbut for fear 

of the people.-A wife of king Attalus.-- 

Another, daughter of Philadclphus and Arfi- 
noe, who married her own brother Evergetes, 
whom fhe loved with much tendernels. When 
he went on a dangerous expedition, fhe vowed 
all the hair of her head to the goddefs Venus, 
if he returned. Some time after his victorious 
return, the locks which were in the temple c£ 
Venus difappeared ; and Conon, an aftrono- 
mer, to make his court to the queen, publicly 
reported that Jupiter had carried them away, 
and had made them a conftellation. She was 
put to death by her fon, B. C. 221. Catnll. 
f> 7 *— Hygin.P. A. 2, C. 24.— JuJtin. 26, C. 3. 

-This name is common to many of the 

queens and princefles in the Ptolemean family 

in Egypt.-A city of Libya. Strab. — Mela, 

3, c. 8.-Two towns of Arabia. Strab. 26. 

-One in Egypt, on the Red Sea, where the 

fhipa from India generally landed their cargoes. 

Plin. 6, c. 23.-A.nother near the Svrtes, 

Sec. Id. 17 . 

BERENtcis,a part of Africa, near the town 
of Berenice. Lucan. 9, v. 523. 

Bergion & Albion, two giants, fons of 
Neptuue, who oppoled Hercules as he attempt¬ 
ed to crofs the Rhone, and were killed with 
Hones from heaven. Mela, 2,0.5. 

Bergistani, a people of Spain, at the eaft 
ofthe Iberus. Liv. 34, c. 16. 

Beris & Baris, a river of Cappadocia.—* 
A mountain of Armenia, 


£ermius| 







Berntius, a mountain of Macedonia. lie- ! 
tedet. 8, c. 138. 

Bkrge, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurfc 
to Semele. Juno afl'unied her fhape when the 
perfuadod Semele not to grant her favors to 
Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majefty of 

a god. Ovid Met. 3, v. 278.-The wife 

ot Dorycltis, whole form was a (Turned by Iris 
at the mitigation of Juno, when the adviled 
the Trojan women to burn the fleet of JEneas 

in Sicily. Virg. En. 5, v. 620.--One of 

the Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene. Virg. 
G. 4, v. 341. 

Bercla, a town ofThefTaly. Cic. Pif. 36. 

Ber o nIc h. Vid. Berenice. 

Berosus, a native of Babylon, pried to 
Belus. He pafled into Greece, and remained 
a long time at Athens. He compoled an hif- 
tory of Chaldrea, and (ignalized himfelf by his 
aftronomical predidtions, and was rewarded for 
his learning with a ftatue in the gymnafium at 
Athens. r lhe age in which he lived is not 
precifely known, though fome fix it in the 
reign of Alexander or 268 years B. C. Some 
fragments of his Chaldean hiftory are preferv- 
ed by JofephuS, contra App'tan. in Antiq. 
Jud. 105. The book that is now extant un¬ 
der Iris name, and fpeaks of kings that never 
exilted, is a fuppofititious fabrication. 

Serriicea, a town of Macedonia. Tbucyd. 

1, c. 61. 

Berytus, now Berut, an ancient town of 
Phoenicia, on the coaft of the Mediterranean, 
famous in the age of Juflinian for the itudy of 
law. Plin. 5, c. 20. 

Besa, a fountain in Theflaly. Strab. 8. 

Br:siDtiE,a town of the Brutii. Liv.30fi.19. 

Besippo, a town of Hil'pania Bastica, where 
Mela was born. Mela , 2, c. 6. 

Bessi, a people of Thrace, on the left fide 
.of the Srrymon, who lived upon rapine. Ovid. 
T ijl. 4, el. I.v. 67.— HerodoU 7, C. III. 

jdEssus,a governor of Bactriana, who, after 
the battle of Arbela, feized Darius, his love- 
re ip n, and put him to death. After this murder, 
he afTumed the title of king, and was fome time 
after brought lrefore Alexander, who gave him 
to Oxatres, the brother of Darius. 1 he prince 
ordered his hands and ears to be cut off, and 
his body to be expofed on a crofs, and fhot at 
by the foldiers. ‘Ju/!in. 12, c. 5.— Curt, -6 & 7. 

-A parricide who dilcovered the murder 

he had committed, upon obferving a nett of 
fwallowS, which, as he oblcrved, reproached 
him of his crime. Plut. 

L. Bkstia, a feditious Roman, who con¬ 
spired with Catiline againil his country. Cic. 

2 , in Phil. 

Betis, a river in Spain. Vid. R^tis.-A 

governor of Gaza, who bravely defended him¬ 
felf againft Alexander, for which he was treated 
with cruelty by the conqueror. 

Beturia, a country in Spain. 

Bia, n daughter of Pallas by Styx. Apollod. 

C. 7 n 


BiSxor, a fun of Tiberius' and Mnnto the 
daughter ot Tireiias, who received tlx? fumim* 
ut Ocnus, and reigned over Jitruri.i. He built 
a town which he called Mantua, after his mo¬ 
ther’s name. His tomb was feen in the age of 
Virgil on the road between Mantua and 

Andes. Virg. Eel. 9, v. 60. - A Trojan 

chief killed by Agamemnon. Homer. It. 11, 

v. 92.-A centaur killed by Thefeus. Ovid. 

Met. 12, v. 342. 

Bias, ion of Amythaon and Idomene, was 
king of Argos, and brother to the famous footh- 
fayer Melampus. He fell in love with Pe- 
rone, daughter of Neleus king of Pylos ; but 
the father refuted to give his daughter in mar¬ 
riage before he received the oxen of Iphiclus. 
Melampus, at his brother’s requeft, went to 
l'eize the oxen, and was caught in the fait. He, 
however, one year after received his liberty 
from Iphiclus, who prefented him with his oxen 
as a reward for his great fervices. Bias re¬ 
ceived the oxen from his brother, and obliged 
Neleus to give him his daughter in marriage. 
Homer. Od. II. — Pauf. 2, C. 6 & 1 8 , 1 . 4 , C. 

34.— Apollod. I, c. 9.-A Grecian prince, 

who went to the Trojan war. Homer. II. 4 . 

v. 13 & 20.-A river of Peloponnefus. 

Pauf. 4, c. 34.-One of the feven wife men 

of Greece, Ion of Teutamidas, born at Priene, 
which he long laved from ruin. He floriilied 
B. C. 566, and died in the arms of his grand- 
fon, who begged a favor of him for one of his 
friends.— Divg.i. — Plut. inSymp. — Vul.Max. 
7,c. 2.— Pauf. 10, c. 24. 

Bibaculus, (M. Furius) a Latin poet, in 
the age of Cicero. He compoled annals in 
iambic verfes, and wrote epigrams full of wit 
and humor, and other poems now loit. Herat. 

2, Sat. 5, v. 41.— Ouintil, 10.-A pretor, 

dec. Val. Max. I, c. 1. 

Bielia & Bili.ia, a Roman lady famous 
for her chaftity. She married Duillius. 

Bib Lis, a woman who became enamoured 
of her brother Caunus, and was changed into a 
fountain near Miletus. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 662. 

Biblin a, a country of Thrace. 

Biblus, a city of Phoenicia. Curt. 4. 

Bibracte, a large town of the Atdui in 
Gaul, where Ctelar often wintered. Oaf. Beil. 
G. 7>c. 55,Sec. 

Bieulus, a foil of M Calpurnius Bibulus 
by Portia, Cato’s daughter. He was Cae far’s 
colleague in the conlullhip, but of no confe- 
quence in the irate, a^brding to this dilfijoh 
mentioned by Sueton.tn Jul. c. 20. 

Non Bilulo quicquam nufer , fed Cafarg 
faftum ef: 

Nam Bibulo fieri confule nil memini. —One 
of the friends of Horace bore that name. 
I Sat. 10, v. 86. 

Bices, a marfli near the Palus Moeotis. 
Place. 6,v. 68. 

Eicon, a Greek who a(Ta(Boated Athenodo- 
rus,becaufe he made himfelf matter of a colony 
width Alexander had left at Badtra. Curt. 

K. 2 Bico^nigek, 












BI 

Ficorniger, a furname of Bacchus. 

. Bicornis, the name of Alexander among 
( Che Arabian!). 

Biformis, (tw> forms,) a furname of Bac¬ 
chus and of Janus. Bacchus received it becauie 
he changed himfelf into an old woman to fly 
from the persecution of JunO, or perhaps be- 
caufe he was reprefented fpmetimes as a young, 
and fometimes as an old man, 

Bifrons, a furname of Janus, becauie he 
was reprefented with tjwo faces among the 
Romans, as acquainted with the pad and fu¬ 
ture. Firg. JEn. 7, v. 180.. 

Bilbilis, a town of Celtiberia, where 

Martial was born. Mart. I, ep. 50.-A 

river of Spain, fufiu, 44, c. 3. 

Bimater, a furname of Bacchus, which 
fignities that he had /w mothers , becauie when 
he was taken from his mother’s womb, he was 
placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. Ovid. 
Met. 4. v. 12. 

Bingium, a town of Germany. Tacit. 
Bif. 4, c. 70. 

BjLon, a plnlofopher and fophift ofBoryft- 
henes in Scythia, who rendered himl'eil fa¬ 
mous for,his knowledge of poetry, mufic, and 
philofophy. He made every body the objedt 
of his 1'atire, and rendered his ccmpofitions 
dillinguifhed for clearness of expreflion, for 
facetioufnefs, wit, and pleaiamry. He died 

S41 B. C. T>iog. in vita. -—A Greek poet of. 

Smyrna, who wrote paftorals in an elegant 
llyle. Moichus his friend and difciple, men¬ 
tions in an elegiac poem that he died by poifon, 
about 300 years B. C. His Idyllja axe writ¬ 
ten with elegance and fimplicity, purity, and 
eafe, and they abound with corredt itn. ges,' 
Inch as the view of the country may ini'; ire. 
There are many gpod editions of this poet’s 
works, generally printed with thole of Mcf- 
chus, the heft of which is that of Helkin, 8vo. 
Oxon. 1748.--A lolciier in Alexander’s ar¬ 

my, &c. Cart. 4, c. 13. — : — A native of Pro¬ 
pontis in the age of Phcrecydes-——A man of 

Syracuse, who wrote on rhetoric.-A native 

of ALdera, dilciple to Democritus. He fir ft 
found out that there were certain parts of the 
earth where there were fix months of perpe-i 

tuai light and darknefs alternately.--A man 

of Soli, who compofed an hiftory of ./Ethiopia. 
-Another who wrote nine books on rhe¬ 
toric, which he called by the names of the 
mutes, and hence Bionei fer mores mentioned 
by Herat. 2,ep. 2, v. $0_4. 

Birrhus. Fid. Qoelius. 

BiSALTiF, a people of Scythia, or according 
to* fome, of Thrace or * Macedonia.. Their 

country is called Bilaltia. . Liv. 45, c. 29._ 

Plin. 4, C.IO. 

“Bis a lies, a man of Abydos, &c. Here- 

dot. &, c. 26. 

BtsALTis,a patronymic of Theaphane, by 
whom Neptune, under the form of a ram, ,had; 
.the golden ran?. Ovid, Mot. 6, v, 117,—//j- 
gin. fab’. 18. 


. BL 

Bisanthe, a town on the HellefpOnt. 

He odot. 7,c. 137. 

Biston, fon of Mars and Callirhoe, built 
Bifonia in 1 hrace, whence the Thracians are 
often called Bifores. Herodot. 7, c. Ii0.— 
Pi in. 4,c. 14.— Lucan. 7, V. 569. 

Bistonis, a lake of Thrace, near Abdera. 
Herodot. 7,c. 109. .• 

Bi 1 hus. Fid. Bacchius. 

Bi thy 2&, a certain race of women in Scy¬ 
thia, whole eyes, as Pliny reports, 1 . 7, c. 2, 
killed thole who gazed upon them for lbjpe 
time. 

Bn hvnia, a country of Alia Minor, for¬ 
merly called Bebrycia. It was boundedby the 
Euxine on the north, on the louth by Phrygia 
and Myfia, on the weft by the Propontis, and 
the eaft by Paphlagonia. Thp country \va 3 
firft invaded by the Thracians, under Bithynus 
the foil of Jupiter, who gave it the name of 
Bithynia. It was once a powerful kingdom. 
Strap 12. — Herodot. 7, C. } Mela, I & 2. 
According to Pauf. 8, c. 9, the inhabitants 
were delcended from Mantinea in Pelopon- 
nefus. 

bi tias, aTrojan, fon of Alcanor and Hiera, 
brought up in a wood facred to Jupiter. He 
followed .the fortune of /Eneas,, and, with his 
brother, was killed by the Rutuli in Italy. 
Firg. JEn. 9, v. 672, &c.——Owe of Dido’s 
lovers, prefent when ./Eneas and the Trojai>s 
were introduced to the queen. Firg. JEn. I, 
V. 74 ?. : 

Biton. Fid. Cleobis.. . • : 

Bituitus, a king of the Allobroges, con¬ 
quered by a fmall number of Romans, &c.— 
Fdl . Max. 9, c. 6.— Flor. 3, c. 2. 

Bituntum, a town of Spain. Mart. 4, 
e P- 55 ‘' u 

Bi turiges, a people of Gaul divided from 
the /Edui by theDigeris. Caf. Bell. G. 7, c.2t- 

Bituriuum, a town of Gaul, formerly the 
capital of the Belgae. Strab. 4. 

Bizi a, a citadel near Rhodope belong¬ 
ing to the kings of Thrace. Tereus was born 
there. 

Bljena, a fruitful country of Pontus, where 
the general of Mirhridates Eupator deftroyed 
the forces of. Nicomedes the Bithyniaii. 
Strab. 12. , • , «. ^ . , ■ . , 

Bljk sn.fwo Romans, who killed themfelv&s 
becauie Tiberius deprived them of the prieft- 
hood. Tacit. Ann. 6, c, 40. 

Jun. Blulsus, a governor of Gaul. Tacit. 

Blandenona, a place near-Placentia. 
Civ. 2, ep.15, ad Quin. • 

Blandusia, a fountain on the borders of 
the country of the Sabines near Mandela, Ho¬ 
race’s country lent. - Horat. 3, Od. 13. 

Bl a s’t0 pii qj nIce s, a people of Irufitania. 
Appian. 

Blemmyes, a people of Africa, who, as is 
fabulouily reported, had no heads, but i?ad the 
eyes and tfiouth plaspd in the breaft. Mela t 
T ,c.4. . 

E LENINA! 








BCE 


BO 


BlenTna, a town of Arcadia. ~ Patf. 8, ! 
c. 27. ' ! 

Blitjus Catulinus, was banilhed into 
the iEgean lea after Fifo’s coni piracy, &c. 
Tacit. 15, Arm. c. 71. 

Blucium, a caftle where king Dejotarus 
kept his treafijrein Bithynia. Strait. 12. 

Boadicea. Vid. Boudicea. 

Bote & Boea, a town of Laconia. Pa f. 
3* c - 21. 

Boagriws, a river of Locris. Strait. 9. 

Bocalias, a river in the illand of Salamis. 

Boccar, a king of Mauritania. Juv. 4, v. 
90, applies the word in a general i’enle to any 
native of Africa. 

Bocchoius, a wife king and legiftator of 
Egypt. Diad. 1. 

t>occuus,a king of Gsetulia, in alliance with 
Rome, wlm perfidioufly delivered Jngurtha to 
Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. Salluji. 'Jug. 
—Pntcrc. 2 , c. 12 . 

Boduagna rus, a leader of the Nervii, 
when Ctelar made war againlt them. Caf. 
Bell. G. 2, v. 2 j. 

Boduni, a people of Britain who furrehder- 
ed to Claudius. Dio. Caff. 60. 

Foe a. Vid. Boa?. 

Bcese, a town of Theffaly. Ovid. Met. 7, 
fab. 5.-A lake of Crete. Strait. 9. 

Bosbeis, a lake of ThefTaly near mount 
Ofi'a. Lucan. 7, v. 176. 

Bcebia lex was enabled to eleft four pre- 
tors every year.-Another toinlhre proprie¬ 
tors in the pofleflion of their lands.-Ano¬ 

ther, A. U. C. 571, againft ufing bribes at 
ele&ions. 

Boedromia, an Athenian feftival inflitut- 
ed in commemoration of the alliftance which 
the people of Athens received in the reign of 
Erechtheus, from Ion fon of Xuthus, uhen | 
their country was invaded by Eumolpus 
fon of Neptune. The word is derived u.«o 
rou (ioxfyapceiy, • coming to help. Plutarch 
in The/, mentions it as in commemoration ; 
of tiie victory which Thefeus obtained over 1 
the Amazons in a month, called at Athens • 
Boedrotnion. 

Bosotarciijr, the chief magiftrates in ’ 
Bceotia. L. j. 42, c. 43 - 

Bceotia- a country of Greece, bounded on | 
the north by Phocis, fouth by A r tica, eaft by , 
Euboea, aud welt by the bay of Corinth. 1 c 
has been fucceftively called Aonia, Melapia, 
Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, and now forms 
a part of Livadfo. It was called Bceotia, from 
Eceocus fon of Itonus; or, according to others, 
o itcve y from a cow, by which Cadmus was led 
into the country where he built Thebes. 1 he 
inhabitants were reckoned rude and illiterate, 
fonder of bodily ftrength than of mental ex¬ 
cellence ; yet their country produced many 
iiliwLrious men, fuch as Pindar, Hefiod, Plu¬ 
tarch, &c. The mountains of Bceotia, parti- 
culaily Helicon, were frequented by the 
Mufes, to whcih alfo many oLtheir fountains 


and rivers were confecrated. Herodot. 2, c. 
49, 1 . 5, c. 57 •— Ovid. Met. 3, V 10.— Pauf. 

9, c. 1, &c.— C. Nep. 7, c. 11— Strait. 9-— 
JuJiin. 3, C. 6, L 8, C 4. —>■ Horat . 2, ep. lj v * 
24J .—Died 19.— Liv, 27, c. 3c, &c. 

Bceotus, a fon of Itonus by Menalipp.i. 
Pauf. 9, c. 1. 

Bceorobistas, a man who made himfelf 
ablblute among the Gi-'s, by the ftrictnefs of 
his difeipline. Strait. 7. 

Boethius, a celtbiatcd Roman, banifhed 
and afterwards puniihed with death, on a fuf- 
picion of a cotitpiracy, by J heodoric king of 
the Oitrogoths, A D. 525. It was during his 
imprifonment that he wrote his celebrated 
poetical treatife de confoiatione philofopbite in - 
five books, The belt edition of his works is 
that of Hagenau, qto. 1491, or that of L. Bat. 
1671 , with the n tis variorum. 

Boetus, a foolilK poet of Tarfus, who wrote 
a poem on the battle of Philippi. Strait. 14. 

-A' river of Spain, more properly called 

Bee tis. Vid. Bcetis. 

Boeus, one of the Heraclidae. 

Boges k Boes,. a Perfian who deftroved 
himfelf and family when bc-fieged by the Athe¬ 
nians. Herodot. 7, c. 107.— Pauf 8 c. 8. 

Bogud. a king of Mauritania in the intereft 
of Caefar. Caftr. Alex. 59. 

Bogus, a king of the Maurufii, prefent at 
the battle of Aitium. Strait. 8. 

Pan, a people ol Celtic Gaul, who migrated 
into Cifalpine Gaul, and the north of Italy on 
the banks of the Po. Caf Bel!. G. I, c. 28, 

I. 7, c. 17.— 5 / 7 . 4 , v. 158. 

Bojocalus, a general of the Germans in 
the age of Tiberius, &c. Tacit. Ann. 13, 
c. 55 - 

Bola, a town of the iEqui in Italy. Vtrg. 
JEn. 6 , v 7 75. 

Bolanus. Vid. Pollniuis. 

Bouse, a maifli near Mygdonia. Tlucyd. 
1,0.58. 

'-olbitTnum, one of the mouths of the 
Nile, with a town of the fame name. Nau- 
crautis was built near it- Herodot. 1, c. 17. 

olgius, a general of Gaul, in an expedi¬ 
tion againit Ptolemy king of Macedonia. Pauf. 

10, c. 19. K ' 

Bolin a, a virgin of Achaia, who reje&ed 

the addreffes of Apollo, and threw herfelf into 
the tea to avoid his importunities. I'he god 
made her im mortal. > here is a city which 
bears her name in Achaia. Pa if 7, c. 23. 

Bolinteus, a river near Bolina. Paif. 7, 
c. 23. 

Bolissus, a town and ifland near Chios. 
Tducyd. 8, c. 24. 

Boi.LANUS,a man whom Horace reprefents 
I Sat. 9, v. 11, as of the moft iraicible temper, 
and the moft inimical to loquacity. 

Bot.usi a Ling of the Cimbri, who killed a 
Roman ambaflador. Liv. ep. 67. 

Bomienses, a people near iEtolia. Tbucyd. 
3,c. 96. 

K 3 Boxcar, 









BO 


BO 


Bomilcar, a Carthaginian general, Ton of 
Amitcar. He was luipected of a confpiracy 
with Agathocles, ana hung in the forum, 
where he had received all his dignity. Diod. 

c6.— JuJlin. 22, c. 7.-An African, for 

i'ome tiinp the inltrument of all Jugurtha’s 
cruelties. He conlpired againft Jugurrha,who 
put him to death. Sallujf. yug. 

BomonTc.t., youths that were whipt at the 
altar of Diana Orthia during the feftivals of 
tlie goddefs. He who bore the lafh of the 
whip with the greatelt patience, and without 
uttering a groan, was declared victorious, and 
received an honorable prize. Pat'/' 3, c. 16. 

«— Plut. in I.yc. 

Bona Dea, a name given to Ops, Vefta, 
Cybele, Rbea, by the Greeks: and by the 
l.atins, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddels was 
fo ehafte, that no man but her hufband faw 
her after her marriage ; from which reafon, 
her feftivals were celebrated only in the night 
by the Roman matrons in the houfes of the 
higheil officers of the ftate, and all the ftatues 
of the men were carefully covered with a veil 
where the ceremonies were oblerved. In 
the latter ages of the republic, however, 
the fanClity of thefe myfteries was profaned 
by the intrufion of men, and by the introduc¬ 
tion of lafeivioufnefs and debauchery, yuv. 
6 , v. 313.— Proper*. 4, el. IO, v. 25.— Ovid, 
de Art. Am. 3, v. 637. 

Bon oni a, called alio Felfinn, a town on the 
borders of the Rhine,or Rheno, which falls into 
the Po. V dl. Max. 8, c. I.— Ital. 8, v. 599. 

Bonosius, an officer of Probus, who aflum- 
ed the imperial purple in Gaul. 

Bonus Eventus, a Roman deity, whofe 
wovfhip was firft introduced by the pealants. 
He was reptefented holding a cup in his right 
hand, and in his left, ears gf corn. Varro de 
R. R. I.— Plin. 34, c. 8. 

Boosura, {bovis- cauda) a town of Cyprus, 
where Venus had an ancient temple. Sirab. 

Bootes, a northern conflellation near the 
TJrla Major, alfo called Bubulcus axd ArCfo- 
phvlax. Some fuppofe it to be Icarus, the 
father of Erigone, who was killed by fhepherds 
for inebriating them. Others maintain that it 
is Areas, iVhom Jcpiter placed in heaven. 
Ovid. Fuji. 3, v. 40J. — Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 
A 

Bootus & Bceotus, a fon of Neptune and 
Alenalippe, expofed by his mother, but pre- 
ferved by fhepherds. Hygin . fab. 186. 

Bore a, a town taken by Sext. Pompey. 
Cic. 16, ad Att. ep. 4. 

Borkades, the defendants of Boreas, who 
long pofleffed the fupreme power and the 
prielthood in the illand of the Hyperboreans. 
Diod. I & 2. 

Boreas, the name of the north wind blow¬ 
ing from the Hyperborean mountains. Ac¬ 
cording to the poets, he was fon of Aftraeus and 
Aurora, but others make him fon of the Stry- 
mon. He was paffionateiy fond of Hyacinthus 


[Fid. Hyacinthus] and carried away Orithyta, 
who refufed to receive his addrefles, and by her 
he had 2 Setes and Calais, Cleopatra and Chione. 
He was worfhipped as a deity, and reprelented 
with wings and white hair. The Athenians 
dedicated altars to him, and to the winds, when 
Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas changed him- 
felf into a horfe, to unite himfelf with the 
mares of Dardanus, by which he had twelve 
mares fo fwift that they ran, or rather flew 
over the fea, without lcarce wetting their feet. 
Homer. II. 20, v. 222.— Hefwd. Thcog. V. 379. 
— Apollod. 3, c. I0.—~He) cdoi. 7, C. 189.— 
Grid. Met. 6 , v . 700 . 

Boreasmi, a‘feltival at Athens in honor 
of Boreas, who, as the Athenians fuppofed, was 
related to them on account of his marriage with 
Orithyia, the daughter of one of their kings. 
They attributed the overthrow of the ene¬ 
my’s fleet to the relpeft which he paid, to his 
wife’s native country. There were alio facri- 
lices at Megalopolis in Arcadia, in honor of 
Boreas. Pai.f. Attic. A read. 

Bo reus, a Perfii»n,&c. Poly&r. 7, c. 40. 

Borges, a Perfian who burnt himlel.t ra- 
ther than fubn.iit to the enemy, &c. Poly an. 
7> c, 24. 

Bornos, a place of Thrace. C. Nip. in 

Alcib. c. 7, 

Borsipi’A, a town of Babylonia, facred to 
Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants eat bats. 
Strab. 16. / 

Borus, a fon of Perieres, who married 
Polydora the daughter of Peleus. Apollod . 
3,c. 13.— Homer. II. 16, v. 17 7. 

Borysthknes, a large river of Scythia, 
falling into the Euxine fea, now called the 
Dnieper , and inferior to no other European 
river but the Danube, according to Herodo¬ 
tus, 4, c. 45, &c.-There was a city of 

the fame name on the borders of the river, 
built by a colony of Milefians, 655 years 
before the chriftian era. It was alio called 

Olba Salvia. Mela , 2, c. I & 7.-A horfe 

with which the emperor Adrian ufed to hunt. 
At his death, he was honored with a monu¬ 
ment. Diod. 

Bosphorus & Bosporus, two narrow, 
flraits, fituate at the confines of Europe and 
Alia. One was called Cimmerian, and 
joined the Pains Mocotis to the Euxine, 
now known by the name of the ftraits of 
Caffa; ar.d the other, which was called the 
Thracian Bofporus, and by the moderns the 
ftrait of Conftantinople, made a commu¬ 
nication between the Euxine lea and the 
Propontis. It is fixteen miles long, and- 
one and a half broad, and where narrowed 
500 paces or 4 ftadia, according to Hero¬ 
dotus. The word is -derived from B u& 
iroo&’ bovis meatus , becaufe, on account of 
its narrownefs, an ox could eafily crol's it. 
Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to 
bark from the oppolite banks, and in a calm 
day perfons <$>uld talk one to the other. 

Plin. 


I 







BR 


BR 


JPlift. 4, c. 12, L 6, c. i,-OwV. TriJL 3, I 
tl 4, v. 49,— Alt-la, I, c. 1.— Strab. 12 .— 
Hero Jot. 4, c. 85. 

Boteu, a freedman of Claudius. Suet. 
Claud. 

Bottja, 3 colony of Macedonians in 
Thrace. The people were called Bottiai. 
P/hr. 4, c. I.— He-odot. 7, C. 185, kc .— 
TbucyJ. a, c. 99. 

Botti.t.is, a country at the north of 
Macedonia, on the bay of Therma. Hero dot. 
7> c. il^kc. 

Boudicea, a queen in Britain, who re¬ 
belled upon being intuited by the Romans. 
She poifoned herfelf when conquered, A. D. 
61. Tacit. Ann. 14,0.31. 

BouiAnum, an ancient, colony of the 
Samnites, at the foot of the Apennines not 
far from Bencventum. Lh. 9, c. 2%. 

Bovu.lx, a town of Latium near Rome. 
Ovid. Fajh 3, v. 607.—Another in Cam¬ 
pania. 

BrachmAnes, Indian philofophers, who 
derive their name from Brahma, one of the 
three beings whom God, according to their 
theology, created, and with whofe afiiftance 
he formed the world. They devoted them- 
felves totally to the worfhip of the gods, and 
were accuflomed from their youth to endure 
labors, and to live with frugality and abfti- 
nence. They never eat fleftt, and abftained 
from the ufe of wine, and all carnal enjoy¬ 
ments. After they had ipent 37 years in the 
greateft trials, they were permitted to marry, 
and indulge themfelves in a more free and 
unbounded manner. According to modern 
authors, Brahma is the parent of all man¬ 
kind, and he produced as many worlds as 
there are parts in the body, which they 
reckoned 14. They believed that there 
were feven leas, of water, milk, curds, but¬ 
ter, fait, fugar, and wine, each bleffed with 
its particular paradife. Strab. 15.— Diod. 17. 

Brjesia, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 
tharme. Apollod. 3, c. 14. 

Branchiades, a furname of Apollo. 

Branchidje, a people of Afia near the 
river Oxus, put to the fword by Alexander. 
They were originally of Miletus, near the 
temple of Branchus, but had been removed 
from thence by Xerxes. Strab. II.— Curt. 7, 

c. 5.-The priefts of Apollo Didym*eus, 

who gave oracles in Caria. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Branchyllides, a chief of the Boeo¬ 
tians. Pauf. 9, c. 13. 

Branch us, a youth of Miletus, fon of 
Smicrus, beloved by Apollo, who gave him 
the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at 
Didyme, which became inferior to aone of 
the Grecian oracles, except Delphi, and 
which exchanged the name of Didymean for 
that of Branchida?. The temple, according 
to Strabo, was fet on fir& by Xerxes, who 
took poffelfion of the riches it contained, and 
ttranfported the people into Sogdiana, where 


they built a city, which was afterwards d«- 
ftroyed by Alexander. Strab. 15.— Slat. 
Tbeb. 3, v. 479 *— Lucian, de Dotno. • 

Bras i a:, a town ®f Laconia. *"f- 3 , 
c. 24. 

Brasidas, a famous general of Lace- 
deemon, fon of Tellus, who, after many 
great victories over Athens and other Gre¬ 
cian ftates, died of a wound at AmphipoHs, 
which Cleon, the Athenian, had befieged, 

B. C. 422. A fuperb monument was raifed 
to his memory. Pauf. 3, c. 24.— Tbucyd. 4 

& j.— Diod. 5.-A man of Cos. Tbeo- 

crit. Id. 7. 

Brasideia, feftivals at Lacedaemon, in 
honor of Brafidas. None but freemen born f 
Spartans were permitted to enter the lids, and 
fuch as were abfent were lined. 

Brasilas, a man of Cos. Tbeocr. 7. 

Braure, a woman who alMed in the 
murder of Pittacus, king of the Edoni. Tbu¬ 
cyd. 4, c. 107. 

Brauron, a town of Attica, where 
Diana had a temple. The goddefs had 
three feftivals called Brauronia , celebrated 
once every fifth year by ten men who were 
called They faciificed a goat to 

the goddefs, and it was ufual to fmg one of 
the books of Homer’s Iliad. The molt 
remarkable that attended were young vir¬ 
gins in yellow gowns, consecrated to Diana. 
They were about ten years of age, and not 
under five, and therefore their confecration 
was called 'bixanuuv, from hxsc, decern ; 
and fometimes tcoxnvuv, as the virgins 
themfelves bore the name of et^xn «, bears , 
from this circumftance. There was a bear 
in one of the villages of Attica, fo tame, 
that he ate with the inhabitants, and played 
harmlefsly with them. This familiarity 
lafted long, till a young virgin treated the 
animal too roughly, and was killed by it; 
The virgin’s brother killed the bear, and 
the country was foon after vifited by a pefti- 
lence. The oracle was confulted, 3nd the 
plague removed by confecrating virgins to 
the ftrvice of Diana. This was fo faithfully 
obferved, that no woman in Athens was 
ever married before a previous confecration 
to the goddefs. The ftatue of Diana of 
Taurus, which had been brought into Greece 
by Iphigenia, was preferved in the town of 
brauron. Xerxes carried it away when he 
invaded Greece. Pauf. 8, c, 46 .-—St ab. 9. 

Brenni & Breuni, a people of Noricum. 
Horat. 4, od. 14. 

Brennus, a general of the Galli Seno- 
nes, who invaded Italy, defeated the Ro¬ 
mans at the river Allia, and entered their 
city without o'lpofition. The Romans fled 
into the capitol, and left the whole city iu 
the poffefion of the enemies. The Gauls 
climbed the Tarpeian rock in the night, and 
the capitol would have been taken had not 
the Romans been awakened by the noile of 
K 4 - seefo 




jcefp whlch-were before the doors, and ini' J 
mediately repelled the enemy. Camrllus, 
who was^ in btmiihment, marched to the re¬ 
lief of his country, and fo totally defeated 
the Gauls, that not one remained to carry 
the news of their deftru&ion. Li-v. 5, c. 

36, &c.— Plut. in Cam ill -Another Gaul, 

who made' an irruption into Greece with 
150,000 men, and 15,000 horfe, and en¬ 
deavoured to plunder the temple of Apollo 
at Delphi. He was deftro.yed, with all 
his troops, by the god, or more properly, 
he killed himfelf in a He of intoxication, 
B. C. 278, after being defeated by the Del- 
Jihians. Pauf. 10, c. 2% & 23.— JuJlin. 24, 
c. 6, Sec. 

Brenthe, a ruined city of Arcadia. Pauf. 
8,0.28. 

Brescia, a city of Italy, which had gods 
peculiar to itielf. 

Brettit, a people of Italy. Stral>.6. 

Briareus, a famous-giant, fon of Cce- 
lus and r l erra, who had iod hands and 50 
heads, and was called by men JEgeon, and 
only by the gods Briareus. When Juno, 
Neptune, and Minerva confpired to dethrone 
Jupiter, Briareus attended the heavens, and 
leafed himfejf next to him, and fo terrified 
the confpirators by his fierce and threatening 
looks, that they defifted. He affifted the 
giants in their war againft the gods, and 
was thrown under mount JE tna, according 
to fome accounts. Hcfiod. Thcog. v. 148.— 
Apollon. 1, c. I.— Homer. II. t, v. 403.— 
Vi>g. JEn. 6, v. 287. 1 . 10, v. 565.—A 
Cyclops, made judge between Apollo and 
Neptune, iu their difpute about the ilih- 
mus and promontory of Corinth. He gave 
the former to Neptune, and the latter to 
Apollo. Pauf. 2, c. 1. 

Brias, a town of Pifidia. 

Brigantes, a people in the northern 
parts of Britain. Juv. 14, v. 196.— Pauf. 
43 * 

Brioantinus, a lake of Rhcetia between 
the Alps, now the lake of Cenhance. The 
town on its eaftern banks is now Bregeniz in 
the *1 yrol, antiently called Briga&tium. I I'm. 
9j c. 17. 

Brilessus, a mountain of Attica. Tin;- 
cyd.2 c.23. 

Brimo, ( terror ) a name given to Frofer- 
pine and H ecate. Propert. 2, el. 2, v. 11. 

. BP. !skis, a woman of Lyrneffus, called 
aifo Hippodamia. When her country was 
taken Ivy the Greeks, and her hulband Mines 
tdd brother killed in the fight, the fell to 
the.lime of Achilles in the divifion of the 
1 polls. Agamemnon fook her away fome 

time after from Achilles, who made a vow 
to nbfent himfelf from the field of battle. 
Bn'eis was very faithful to Achilles; and 
when Agamemnon' reftored her to him, he ■ 
fwore he had never'offended her chaflity. 
Nowr. II. 4 2, tfc.—Ovid. Her old. 3, de 


Art. Am. 2 & Z.—Fi'opr 't. 2, cl. 2 , 20 8 c 
22.— Pauf. 5; c. 24 :—Bor at, 2, od. 4 - 

Bribes, a man of Lyrneffus, brother to 
the pried Chryfes. His daughter Hippoda- 
mia was .called Brifeis from him. 

Brisetts, a furnathe of Bacchus, from his . 
nurfe Brifa, or his temple at Briia, a promon¬ 
tory as Lefbos. Perf us, 1, v. 76. 

Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain. 

[Fid. Britannia.]-A man in Gallia Belgica. 

Pliti. 4, c. 17. 

Britannia, an iffand in the northern 
ocean, the greateit in Europe, conquered by 
J. Caefar during his Gallic wars, H. C. 55, 
and firft known 10 be an ifland by Agrieola, 
who failed round it. It was a Roman province 
from the time pi its conquelt till the 448th 
year of the chriftian era. The inhabitants, 
in the age of C$far, ufea to paint their 
bodies, to render themfelve? mote terrible 
in the eyes of their enemies. The name 
of Britain was unknown to the Romans 
before Ccelar conquered it. Caf Bell. G. 4. 
— Died- j .-— Pauf. I, c. 33. — Tacit, in Agri-c. 
IO. — Plan. 34, c. 17. 

BritAnnIcus, a fon of Claudius Caefar 
by Meffalina. Nero was railed to the throne 
in preference to him, by means of Agrippina, 
and caufed him to be poifoned. His corpfe 
was buried in the night; but it is laid that 
a fhovver of rain wafhed away the white 
paint which the murderer had put over his 
face, fo that it appeared quite black, and 
dilcovered the effects of poifon. Tacit. Ann. 
— Sueton. in Her. c. 33. 

BritoMartis, a beautiful nymph of 
Crete, daughter of Jupiter and Charme, wha 
devoted herlelf to hunting, and became a grea$ 
favorite of Diana. She was loved by Minos, 
who purfued her fo clofely, that, to avoid his 
importunities, lhe threw herfelf into the fea. 

Pauf. 2, c. 30, 1 . 3, c. T4.-A furname of 

Diana. 

Hritomarus, a chief of the Galli In* 
fubres, conquered by iEmilius. Plor. 2, 

c. 4- 

Britones, the inhabitants of Britain ^ 
Juv. 15, v. 124. • 

Biuxeli.um, a town in Italv near Man- 
tua,«.\vhcre Otho flew himfelf when defeated. 
Tacit. Ilf. 2, c. 32. 

Brixia, a town of Ttaly beyond the 
at the north ofCremone, now Brefcia. JuJlin. 
20, c. 5. " 

Br*zo, thp goddefs of dreams, worlhipped 
in Delos. 

1 roCuhelus, a governor of Syria, who 
fled to Alexander, when Darius was murdered 
by Beffiis. Curt. 5, c. 13. * 

Bromius, a furname of Bacchus, from 
fipifiiuv, fender f, alluding to the groans which 
Semete uttered when cohfumed by Jupiter’s 

fire. Ovid. Met . 4, v. 11,--A lbn of JEgyp- 

tus, Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

*> BroMuS^ 






BR 


BR 


BHomus, one of the Centaurs. O-oiJ. 
Met. 12, v. 459. 

Brongus, a river falling into the liter. 
Hero Jot. 4,c. 49. 

Brontes, ( thunder t one of the Cyclops. 
Vir'g. JEn. 8, V. 425. 

BrontInus, a Pythagorean philol'opher. 

—" > r rhe father of Theano, the \Vife of Py¬ 
thagoras. JDiog, ' 

Broteas & Ammon, two men famous 
for their lkill in the ceftus. Ovid. Met. 5, 

v. 107.-One of the Lapithte. 

Brotiikus, a fon of Vulcan and Minerva, 
who burned himfelf to avoid the ridicule to 
which his deformity lubjetted him. Ovid , 
in. lb. v. 517, 

Bructeri, a people of Germany, inha¬ 
biting the country at the eaft of Holland. 
Tacit. Ann. l,c. 51. 

Brumalia, fellivals celebrated at Rome 
in honor of Bacchus, about the month of 
December. They were lirft inftituted by 
Romulus. 

Brundusium, now Brundiji t a city of 
Calabria, on the Adriatic lea, where the 
Appian road was terminated. It was founded 
by Diomedes after the Trojan war, or ac¬ 
cording to Strabo, by Theleus, with a Cre¬ 
tan colony. The Romans generally em¬ 
barked at Brundufium for Greece. It is fa 
mous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius, and 
the death of ^Virgil, and likewile for its har¬ 
bour, which is capacious, and (heltered by 
the land, and by a fmall ifland at the en¬ 
trance, againft the fury of the winds and 
waves. Little remains of the ancient city, 
and even its harbour has now been choaked 
up by the negligence of the inhabitants 
JuJiin. 3, c. 4. 1 12, C. 2.— Strab. 5 — 

Ceef. Beil. Civ . I, C. 24. — Cic* ad Atlic . 4, 
ep. I. 

Brutidius, a man dragged to prifon in 
Juvenal’s age, on fufpicion of his favoring 
Sejanus. Juv. 10, v. 82. 

Brutii, a people in the fartheft parts of 
Italy, who were originally ihepherds of the 
Luca nuns, but revolted, and went in queft 
of a fettlevnent. They received the name of 
Brntii, from their ftupidity, and cowardice 
in fubmitting, without oppofition, to Annibal 
. in the 2d Punic war. They were ever after 
held in the greateft difgrace, and employed 
in every fervile work. J“Jiin. 23, c. 9 — 
Strab. 6 .— Diod. 16 . 

Brutulus, a Samnite, who killed himfelf, 
upon being delivered to the Romans for vio¬ 
lating a treaty. Liv. 8, c. 39. 

Brutus, L. Junius, fon of M. Junius 
and Tarquinia, fecond daughter of Tarquin 
Priicus. The father, with his elded fon, were 
murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, 
unable to revenge their death, pretended to 
be infane. The artifice laved his life : he 
was called Brutus for his ftupidity, Which he 
however foon after flowed to be Signed. 


When T.ucrotia killed herfelf, B. C. 509, in 
confequence of the brutality of Tarquin, 
Brutus lnatched the dagger from the wound, 
and l'vvore, upon the reeking blade, immor¬ 
tal hatred to the royal family. His example 
animated the Romans, the Tarquins were 
proicribed by a decree of the fenate, and the 
royal authority vefted in the hands of confuls 
cholen from patrician families. Brutus, in his 
confular office, made the people fwear they 
never would again fuhmit to kingly autho¬ 
rity ; but the firft who violated their oath 
were in his own family. His Ions cou- 
lpired with the Tufcan ambaflador to reftore 
the Tarquins; agd when dil'covered, they 
were tried and condemned before their fa¬ 
ther, who himfelf attended at their execu¬ 
tion. Some time after, in a combat that 
was fought between the Romans and Tar¬ 
quins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and fa 
fierce was the attack that they pierced one 
another at the fame time. The dead body 
was brought to Rome, and received as t» 
triumph ; a funeral oration was fpoken over 
it, and the Roman matrons Ihowed their 
grief by mourning a year for the father of 
the republic. Flor. 1, c. 2.— Liv. 1, c. 56, 

1 . 2, C. I, &c.—Dionyf. Hal. 4 & 5.— C. 
Nep. in Attic. 8 — Eutrcp. de Tarq. — Tirg. 

JEn. 6, v. 8l %.^—Plut. in Brut, Caf. -. 

Marcus Junius, father of Caefiir’s murderer, 
wrote three books on civil law. He followed 
the party of Marius, and was conquered by 
Pompey. After the death of Sylla, he was 
befieged in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he 
furrendered, and by whofe orders he was 
put to death. He had married Servilia, Ca¬ 
to’s filter, by whona he had a fon and two 
daughter,-. Cic. de Orat. c. 35.— Plut. in 
Brut. -His fon of the fame name by Ser¬ 

vilia, was lineally defeended from J. Brutus, 
who expelled the Tarquins from Rome. He 
teemed to inherit the republican principles of 
his great progenitor, and in the civil wars 
joined himfelf to the fide of Pompey, though 
he was his father’s murderer, only becaufe 
he looked upon him as more juft and patrio¬ 
tic in his claims. At the battle of Pharialia, 
Cael'ar not only fpared the life of Brutus, but 
he made him one of his moft faithful friends. 
He however forgot the favor becaufe Caefar 
afpired to tyranny. He conipired with many 
of the moft iiluftrious citizens of Rome 
againft the tyrant, and (tabbed him in Pom- 
pey’s Bafilica. The tumult which this mur¬ 
der occafioned was great; the confpirators 
fled to the capitol, and by proclaiming free¬ 
dom and liberty to the populace, they re- 
eftabliffied tranquillity in the city. Antony, 
whom Brutus, contrary to the opinion of his 
aflbeiates, refufed to 1’eizS, gained ground in 
behalf of his friend Ccelar, and the murder¬ 
ers were icon obliged to leave Rome. Bru¬ 
tus retired into Greece, where he gained* 
himlelf many friends by his arms, as well as 

1 fey 






5 >v pciiWion, and he was i'oon after purfued ' 
thither by Antony, whom young Octavius 
accompanied. A battle Was fought at Phi¬ 
lippi. Brutus, who commanded the light 
■wing of the republican army, defeated the 
enemy; but Caflius, who hnd the care of the 
left, was overpowered, and as he knew not 
the fituation of his friend, and grew defpe- 
roce, he ordered one of his freed-men to run 
him through. Brutus deeply deplored his 
fall, and in the fulnefs of his grief, called 
him the laft of the Romans. In another bat¬ 
tle, the wing which Brutus commanded ob¬ 
tained a victory ; but the other w. s defeated, 
and he found himfelf furrounded by the i'ol- 
diers of Antony. He however made his 
efcape, and i’oon after feil upon his fword, 

B. C. 42. Antony honored him with a mag¬ 
nificent funeral. Brutus is not lei's cele¬ 
brated for his literary talents, than his valor 
in the field. When he was in the camp, the 
great eft part of h’rs time was employed in 
reading and writing; and the day which 
preceded one of his molt bloody battles, 
while the reft of his army was under con¬ 
tinual apprehenfions, Byutus calmly^ fpent his 
limns till the evening, in writing an epitome 
of Polybius. He was fond of imitating the 
suftere virtues of Cato, and in reading the 
biftories of nations he imbibed thole princi¬ 
ples of freedom which were fo eminently 
difplayed in his political career. He was 
intimate with Cicero, to whom he would 
have' communicated his confpiracy, had he 
not been apprehenfive of his great timidity. 
He leverely reprimanded him in his letters 
for joining the fide of Oitavius, who me¬ 
ditated the ruin of the republic. Plutarch 
mentions, that Caefar’s ghoft made its ap¬ 
pearance to Brutus in his tent, and told him 
that he would meet him at Philippi. Bru¬ 
tus married Portia, the daughter of Cato, 
who killed herielf, by fwallowing burning 
roals when ftie heard the fate of her hufband. 

C, Ncp. in Attis. — Paters. 2, C. 48.'— Plut. 

in Brut. life. Q*f. I.— Flor. 4 .-D. Jun. 

Albinus, one of Csefar’s murderers, who, 
after the battle of Mutina, was delerted by 
the legions, with which he wilhed to march 
atgaioft Antony. He was put to death by 

Antony’s orders, though conful eledt.- 

Jun. one of the firh tribunes of the people. 
Plut. -One of Carbo’s generals. 

Brvas, a general of the Argives againft 
Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom 
he had offered violence. Pauf. 2, c. 20. 

--A general in the army of Xerxes. //<?- 

rodot. 7, c. 7a. 

Bryaxis, a marble fculptor, who aftifted 
in making the Maufoleum. Pauf. 1, c. 40. 

Bryce, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. 
Apollad. 2 , C. I, 

Bryges, a people of Thrace, afterwards 
tolled phrygts. Btrab. 7. 


Brygi, a people of Macedonia, conquered 

by Mardonius. Herodut. 6,0.45. 

Hr v sea, a town of Laconia. Pauf. 3 s 
c. 20. 

Bubacene, a town of Afia. Curt. $. 

BujiAcus, an eunuch of Darius, &c. Curt. 
St c- ii- 

Bo Baris, a Perfian who married the 

daughter of Amyntas, againft whom he had 
been lent with an army, fuflin. 7, c. 13. 

Bubas tiacus, one of the mouths of the. 
Nile. 

Bubastis, a city of Egypt, in the eiftcrn 
parts of the Delta, where cats were held in 
great veneration, becaufe Diana Kubaftis, 
who is the chief deity of the place, is laid to 
have transformed herielf into a cut when th& 
gods fled into Egypt. Herodot. 2, c. 59, 137, 
& 154.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 690. 

L’obasus, a country of Caria; whence 
Bubajides applied to the natives. Ovid. Met. 
9 > v - ^ 43 v 

Bubon, an inland city ef Lycia. Pita. 5, 
c. 27. 

Bucephala, a city of India, near the 
Hydafpes, built by Alexander, in honor of 
his favorite horfe Bucephalus. Curt. 9, c. 3. 
— Jufin. 12, C. 8.— Died. 17. - 

1 ucei’ualus, a horle of Alexander’s, 
whole head refembled that of a bull, whence 
his name (Sous xiQaXos bovis caput). Alex¬ 
ander was the only one who could mount on 
his back, and lie always knelt down to take 
up his mafter. He was prelent in an engage¬ 
ment in Afia, where he received a heavy 
wound, and hallened immediately out of the 
battle, and dropped down dead as foon as he 
had let down the king in a fafe place. He 
was 30 years old when he died, and Alex¬ 
ander built a city which he called after his 
name. Plut. in Alex — Curt. — Arrian. J, 
c. 3.— Plin. 8, c. 42. 

Euciljanus, one of Caefar’s murderers, 

Cit.od Attic. 14 . 

Bucolica, a fort of poem which treats of 
the care of the flocks, and of the pleafures 
and occupations of the rural life, with fimpli- 
city and elegance. The moll famous paftoral 
writers of antiquity are Mofchus, Bion, The¬ 
ocritus, and Virgil. The invention of Buco¬ 
lics, or pad oral poetry, is attributed to a ftiep- 
herd of Sicily. 

Bucoi.icum, one of the mouths of the 
Nile, fituate between the Sebennytican and 
Mendelian mouths, and called by Strabo, 
Phatniticum. Her«dot.2 y c. 17. 

Bucolion, a king of Arcadia, after Labs. 

Pauf. 8, c. 5.-A Ion of Laomedon and 

the nyrsph Calybe.——A fon of Hercules 
and Praxithea. He was alio called Hucolus, 

-A fon of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. ApJ~ 

lod. 2 Sc 3. 

Bucoi.us, a fon of Hercules and Marfe. 

*-A foil of Hippocoon. Apellod. 2 Sc 3. 

» 





BY 


BU 


Bunn, a nation of Med»a. Herodot. 

BudIni, a people of Scythia. Id. 

Budorum, a promontory of Salamis. 
Tbucyd. 2 , C. 94. 

Bulbus, a Roman fenator, remarkable for 
his mean nets. Cic.in Ver. 

Bvlis, a town ot Phocis, built by a co- 
lony from Doris, near the lea, above the bay 
pf Corinth. Pauf 10. c. 3;.-A Spar¬ 

tan given up to Xerxes, to atone for the of¬ 
fence his countrymen had done for putting 
the king’s meifengers to death. Herodot. 7, 
c. 134, &c. 

Bui.latius, a ftiend of Horace to whom 
the poet addrelTed, 1. ep. 11, in confe- 
quence of his having travelled over part of 
Alia. 

Bullts, a town of Illyricum, near the fea, 
fouth of Apollonia. Liv. 36, c. 7, 1 . 44, 
f • 39- 

Bumellus, a river of Affyria. Curt. 4. 
c. 9 . 

Bunea, a furnanie of Juno. 

Bunus, a Ion of Mercury and Alcida- 
■ men, who obtained the government of Co¬ 
rinth when iEetes went to Colchis. He built 
a temple to Juno. Pauf. 2,c. 3& 4. 

Bo i’alus, a itatuary of Clazomenoe. Vld. 
Anthermus. 

Buphacus, a fon of Japetus and Thor- 
nax killed by Diana, whole virtue he had 
attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his 

name. Pauf. 8, c. 24. -A furname of 

Hercules, given him on account of his glut¬ 
tony. 

Buphonia, a feftival in honor of Jupiter 
at Athens, where an ox was immolated. 
Pauf I. C. 24.— JElian. V '. H. 8, C. 3. 

Buprasium, a city, country, and river of 
Elis. Homer. 

Bura, a daughter of Jupiter, or accord¬ 
ing to others of Ion and Helice, from whom 
Bura or Baris % once a fioriiliing city in the 
bay of Corinth received its name. J his city 
was deftroyed by the lea. Ovid. Met. 13, 
V. 293.— Pauf. 7, C. 25.— Strab. I & 8 . — 
Diod 15. 

Buraicus, an epithet applied to Hercu¬ 
les, from his temple near Bura.-A river 

of Achaia. Pauf. 7, c 25. 

Burrhus Afranius, a chief of the 

praetorian guards, put to death by Nero.- 

A brother-in-law of the emperor Comrao- 
dus. 

Bursa, the capital city of Bithynia, fup- 
pofed to have been called Prufa, from its 
founder Prufias. Strab. 12. 

Bursxa, a town of Babylonia. *JuJlin. 12. 

e. 13. 

Busa, a woman of Apulia who entertained 
IOOO Romans after the battle of Cannje. 
Val. Max. 4, c. 8. 

Busa?, a nation of Media. Herodot. 

BusIris, a king of Egypt, fon of Nep¬ 
tune and Libya, or Lyfianafla, who foc.i- 


ficed all foreigners to Jupiter with the greateft 
cruelty. When Hercules vifited Egypt, Bu- 
firis carried him to the altar bound hand and 
loot. The hero loon di fen tangled himfelf, 
and off-red the tyrant, his lbn Amphidamas, 
and the miniffers of his cruelty on the altar. 
Many Egyptian princes have borne the fama 
name. One of them built a town called 
Bufiris, in the middle of the Delta, wher* 
Ifi* had a famous temple. Herodot. 2, c. 59 
&61.— Strab. 17.— Ovid. Mct.g. v. 132. 
Her aid. 9, v 69. — Plut. in Tbrf. — Virg. G. 3^ 

V.5.— Afollod. 2 , C. 5. 1 

Buta, a town of Achaia. Diod. 20. 

Butko, a furname of M.Fabius. /Jt*. 
30, c. 26.-A Roman orator. Seneca. 

Butes, one of the descendants of Amy- 
cus, king of the Bcbr'yces, very expert in 
the combat of the celt us. He came to Si¬ 
cily, where he was received by I.ycaffe, a 
beautiful harlot, by whom he had a fon 
called Eryx. Lycaffe, on account of her 
beauty, was called Venus; hence Eryx is 
often called the fon of Venus.— Virg. JEn, 

5>v. 372.-One of the Argonauts. Apol- 

lod. 1, c. 9.-A Trojan {uin by Camilla. 

Vtrg. JEn. 11, v. 690.-A lbn of Boreas 

who built Naxos. Diod. 5-A lbn of 

Pandion and Zeuxippe, prieft of Minerva 
and Neptune. He married Chthonia, daugh¬ 
ter of Erechtheus. A polled. 3, c. 14. &c. 
-An arm-bearer to AnchifeS, and after¬ 
wards to Afcanius. Apollo affumed his lhape 
when he defeended from heaven to encourage 
Afcanius to fight. Butes was killed by Tur- 
nus. ViIrg. JEn. 9, v. 647. 1 . 12, v. 632. 

-A governor of Darius, befieged by Co- 

non the Athenian. 

Buthrotum, now Butrinto , a fea port 
town of Epirus oppofite Corcyra, vifited 
by iEneas, in his way to Italy from Troy. 
Vi'%. JEn. 3 ,v. 293 - — Pin. 4, C. I. 

Buthrotus, a river in Italy near Locri. 

Buthyreus, a noble ftatuary, dilciple 
Myron. Plin. 34. c. 8. 

Butoa, an illand in the Mediterranean, 
near Crete. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Butorides, an hiftorian, who wrote con. 
cerning the pyramids. Plin. 36, <;. 12. 

Butos, a town of Egypt, where there waa 
a temple of Apollo and Diana, and an oracle 
of Latona. Herodot. 2, c. 59 & 63. 

Butuntum, an inland town of Apulia, 
Plin. 3, c. ri. 

Butus, a fon of Pandion. 

Buzyges, an Athenian who firft ploughed 
with harnaffed oxen. Demophoon gave him 
the Palladium with which Diomedes had in* 
trtifted him, to be carried to Athens. Polyeen . 
1, c. j. 

Byblesia & Bybassia, a country of 
Caria. Herodot. 1,0.174. 

Byblia, a name of Venus. 

Byblii, a people of Syria. Apollod. 2 + 
c. 1. 

Bitblis, 









a daughter of Miletus inti Cya- 
ms. She fell in love with her brother Cau- 
u usy and when he refuted to gfatify her paf- 
fsbn, the deftroyed herfelf. Some fay that 
Caucus became*enamoured of her, and fled! 
from his country to avoid inceit; and others, 
report, that he fled from his lifter’s importu-! 
nitres, who fought him all over Lycia and 
Carta, and at lad fat down all bathed in tears, 
and was changed into a fountain of the fathe 
name. Ovid, dc Art. Am. I, v. 284. Met. 9, 

f.451.— Hygin. fab. 243 -— Pouf. 7, c. 5.- 

A IroaH iftand in the Mediterranean. 

3?yelus, a town of Syria, not far from 
the fea, where Adonis had a temple. Strcb. 

16. 

Byl liones, a people of Illyricum. 

Byrkmus, a robber, famous for his difTi- 
parior.-. Herat. 1, Spt. 4,v. 69. 

Byrsa, a citadel in "the middle of Car¬ 
thage, on which was the temple of jffsfcula 
pins. AfdrubaFs wife burnt it whert the citv 
.wastaken. When Dido came to Africa, ike 
bought, of the inhabitants as much land as 
could be encompafTed by a bull’s hide. After 
the agreement, fhe cut the hide in fmall 
thongs, and inclofed a large piece of territory 
on which fhe built a citadel which fhe called 
Byrfa abide). Virg. JRn. I, c.371. 

Strabc 1 7«■— JuJlin. 18, C.5. — Flcr. 2,C. 15. — 

«*— Lev. 34, C. 62. 

Byzactvm, a country of Africa. 

Byzaniium, a tpwn fituste on the Thra¬ 
cian Bofphorus, founded by a colony of Me- 
gara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years 
before the Chriftian era. Paterculus fays it 
Was founded by the Milefians. and by the 


Lacedaemonians according to Juftin, and 3 c- 
cording to Am mi anus by the Athenians. The 
pleafantnefs and. convenience,.- of its fltuation 
were obferved by Constantine the Great, who 
made it the capital of fhe eaftern Roman 
■ empire, A. D. 328, -and called it Conftan- 
tinopelis. ■ A number of Greek writers, who 
have deferved or ulurped the name of By¬ 
zantine Ohrfona/rs.^ florifhed at Byzanthfm, 
after the feat of the empire had been tranf- 
Uted thither from ?Rome. Their -works, 
which more particularly relate to the time in 
which they florillied, and are feldorrf read but 
by thole who wdflV to form an acquaintance 
with the revolutions of the lower cm; ire,' 
were publifhed in one large colletiion, in 36 
vcls. folio, 16^8, See. at Paris, and recom¬ 
mended tliemfeh’es by the notes and" fopple- 
ments of du Frefiie and du Cange. They were 
likewife printed at Venice 1729, in 28 vcls. 
though perhaps this edition' is not fo valuable 
as that of the French. Strab. 1.— Paterc. 2, 
c.— C. Nep. in Pauf. Alcib. iff Timet b.-— 
Jitf in. 9, c. I.— Tacit. 12, Ann. c. 6 2 Sc 63. 
— Meta, 2,c. 2. — Marcel. 22, C. 8. 

Byzas, a fon of Neptune, king of Thrace, 
From whom it is faid Byzantium receive its 
name. Diod. 4. 

Byzeres, a people of Pontus, between 
Cappadocia and Colchis. Dionyf. Periev. — 
Place. 5. v. 153. 

Byzes, a celebrated artift in the age of 
Aftyages. Pat/f.y, c. 10. 

Byzia, a town in the pofleflion of the 
kings of Thrace, hated by lwallows, on ac¬ 
count of the horrible crimes of Tereus. Blind 
4, c. II. 


CA CA 


( 1 AANTHUS, a fon. of Ocennus and 
Tetbys. He was ordered by. his father 
to Peek his lifter Malia, when Apollo had 
carried away, and he burnt in revenge the 
raviiher’s temple near the Ifthmus. He was 
killed for this impiety by the god,, and a 
monument vaifed to his mgmory. , Pauf. 9, 
c» ic. 

jCababes, a king of Pcrfia, See. 

Cabala, a place df Sicily where the 
Carthaginians were conquered by. Dionylius. 
Dicd.-j;. 

Cabales, a people of Africa. Hcrodot. 
Cab alii, a people of Alia Minor. Id. 
Cabai.Ynus, a clear fountain on mount 
Helicon, facred to the mules, and called alfo 
fitfpssrenet, as raifed from the ground by the 
foot of Pegafus. Perf. 

• Caiahunum, a to vn of theTEdui, now 
Ckalom, on the Saort e.-Ccf Bell. G. c. 42. 

Cae-ali.io, a town of Gaul. 

, r Cabas^os, a deity w or dripped at Paros. 
His pricits were called Cabarni. 


Cabas3us, a town of Cappadocia.-A 

village near Tarfus. 

CabIra, a wife of Vulcan, by whom 
fhe had three Ions.-A town of Paphla- 

1 gonia. 

Cabiri, certain deities held in the greateft 
veneration at T hebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, 
and Phrygia, but more .particularly in the 
illands of bamothrace and Irnbros. The 
number of thel'e deities is uncertain. Some 
lay there were only two, Jupiter and Bac¬ 
chus ; others mention three, and lbrne four, 
Afchiefos, Achiocherfa, Achiocherfus, and 
Camiilus. It is unknown where their wor¬ 
ship was firft eftahliihed ; yet Phoenicia Teems 
to be the place according to the authority of 
Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was intros 
duced into Greece by the Pelnfgi. The fef- 
tivals or myfteries of the Cabiri, were celer 
brated with the gveateft folemnity at Samo- 
thrace, where all the ancient heroes and 
princes were generally initiated,- as. their 
power deemed to be great in. proce&ling per- 
8 lens 










e a 


CA 


ions from Ihipwreck and ftorms. The ob- 
fcenities which prevailed in the ■ celebration 
have obliged the authors of every country to 
pfs over them in (Hence, and fay that it was 
unlawful to reveal them. Thei'e deities are 
often confounded with the Corybantes, Alla¬ 
ns, Diofcuri, &c, and according to Herodo¬ 
tus, Vulcan was their father. This author 
mentions the fap-ilege which -Cambyfes com¬ 
mitted in entering thejr temple, and turning 
to ridicule their facred ruyfteries. They were 
fuppoied to prefide over metals.— Hvodot*, 2, 
C. 51 .—Strab. 10, &c.— PauJ. 9, c, 22, &c. 
— Qic'f de Nat. D. I. 

Cabiria, a lurname of Ceres-The 

fellivals pf the Cabiri. Kid. Cabiri. 

Cabura, a fountain of Mefopotamia, 
where. Jinnybathed, Plin. 31*0, 3. 

Cabuj^us., a chief of the Helvii. Gef. 

Caca, a godtfefs among the Romans, lifter 
to. Cacus* who is laid to have dileovered to 
Hercules where her brother bad concealed 
his oxen. She prelldeU over the .excrements 
of the body. The veilals offered Sacrifices in 
her temple. Latfant. 1, c. 20. 

Cachalbs, a river of Phocis. Peuf> 10. 

C.\32. 

Cacus, a famous robber fon of Vulcan 
and Meaufa, represented as a 1[t three-headed 
snonfter, and as vomiting flames. He relided 
Ju and die avenues of his cave were 

covered with human bones. He . plundered 
the neighbouring country; apd .v.jien Her- 
.cuTep returned from the conquest pf Ge ry pn, 
Cacus Hole fome of his cows, and dragged 
tJ^e^i .backwards into his cave , to .prevent fiii- 
covery. Hercules departed without perceiv¬ 
ing, the theft ; but his oxen having lowed, 
were anlwered by tire cows hi the cave of Ca- 
.Cus, apd tiiqhe.ro became acquainted with the 
lols he had luftaine,d. He ran to the place, 
‘attacked Cacus, tsyeezed and ftrangled him in 
his $rrus, though vomiting fire and lmoke. 
Hercules.-ereCfe^ an altar to Jupiter Liervator, 
in cqmiheniora^Tjon of his victory ; and an an¬ 
nual feftival jvas inftituted by the inhabitants 
in honor of the hero, .who had delivered them 
from, fuch a public calamity. Ovid. I. Faji. 
V. 551.— Kirg. JEn. 8, v. 194. — Propert. 4, 
el. iq.t—Juv. 5. V. 125-— Li-v. i, c. 7— Bio- 
,nyf. Hal. t, C. 9. 

Caput ms, a river of India flowing into 
.die Canges. Arrian. h\dic. 

Cacyparis, a river of Sicily. 

Ca pi, a town of Phrygia. Strab. 12 - 

©f LyfJia._ Propcrt. 4, el. 6. v. 7. 

Cadmxa, a citadel of Thebes, built by 
Cadmus. It is generally taken forlhebes 
itfelfy and the Thebans are often called Cad- 
means, Stat, Tbeb. 8, v. 601.-— Pauf. 2, c. 5. 

Cadmus,, an ancient name of Boeotia. 

Cadmus, Ion .of Age nor king of Plice- 
jiieia, by Telephaffa or Agriope, was ordered 
by his father to go in queff of his lifter Ku- 
ropa, whom Jupiter had carried away, and 


he was never to return to Phoenicia, if he did 
not bring her back. As his fearch proved 
fruitlels, he confulted the oracle of -Apollo, 
and was ordered to build a city where he 
Ihould fee . a young heifer flop iu the grafs, 
and to call the country Bceotia. He found 
the heifer according to the dire&ions of the 
oracle ; and as he wiftied to thank the god 
by a facrifice, he fent his companions to fetch 
water from a neighbouring grove. The wa¬ 
ters were facred to Mars, and guarded by a 
dragon, which devoured all the Phoenician’s ^ 
attendants. CadmulTTlred of their teeming 
delay, went to the place, and law the monlltr 
Hill feeding on their flelh. He attacked the 
dragon, and overcame .it by the alfiftance of 
Minerva, and lowed the teeth in a plain, 
upon which armed men fuddenly rqfe up 
from the ground. He threw a Hone in the 
midll of them, and they inftantly turned their 
arms, one againlt the other, till all perilhed 
except five, who aftifted him in bulldog his 
city. Soon after he married Her mien e 
daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in 
the greateTr^ofcHality, and by whom he bad 
a fon, Polydorus, and four daughters, loo. 
Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno perfe¬ 
cted thefe children; and their well-known 
misfortunes fo diftratfted Cadmus and Her- 
mione, th tt. they^ retired to lliyricum, loaded 
with grief, and infirm with age. They iu- 
treated the gods to remove them from the 
misfortiines of life, and they were imme¬ 
diately changed into ferpents. S9me explain 
the dragon’s fable, by fuppofing that it was a 
king of the , country whorm Cadmus con¬ 
quered by war; and the armed,men rifing; 
from the field, is no more than men armed 
with brais, according to the ambiguous Signi¬ 
fication of a Phoenician word, Cadmus was 
the firlt who introduced the ufe of letters into 
Greece ; hut fome maintain,, that the alpha*, 
bet which he brought from Phoenicia, was only- 
different from that which was ufied by the an¬ 
cient inhabitants of Greece. This ,alpha» 
bet confilied only of 16 letters, to which Pa- 
lamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides 
of Mtjlos the fame number. The worlhip of 
many of the Egyptian and Phoenician deities 
was all'o introduced by Cadtnus, who is fup- 
pofed to have come into Greece 1493 years 
before the Chriltian era, a;id to have died 61 
years after. According to thole who believe 
that Thebes was built at the found of Am- 
phion’s lyre, Cadmus built only a fmall citadel 
which he called Cadraea, and laid the founda¬ 
tions ojf a city which was finiihed by one of 
his fucceffors. Ovid. ikf^.3, fab. I, a, IsV,— 
Herodot. a,. c/ 49,1. 4, c. 147. — Hjgin, fab. 

6, 76, 1 55 , — Plod. I, T?V.— Pat,’/. 9, 

c. 5, tsV— Ilcjiod- Tbeog. v. 937’ I 3 V-A 

foil of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an 
hiftorian in the age of Creeliis, and as the 
writer of an account of fome cities of Ionia, 
in 4 books. He is called the ancient, jn con¬ 
tra,. 



C JfL 


tradiftincHon from another of the fame name 
and place, Ton of Archelaus, who wrote an 
hiitory of Attica, in 16 books, and a treatiie 
ou love in 14 books. Diod. 1. — Dionyf. Hal. 
2.— Clement. Alexand. 3.— Strab. I— -PIin. 5, 

c. 29.-A Roman executioner, mentioned 

Ho rat. I, Sat. 5, v. 39. 

Cada, ahiliofAfia Minor. Tacit. 

Caduceus, a rod entwined at one end by- 
two ferpents, in the form of two equal femi- 
circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and 
the emblem of power, and it had been given 
him by Apollo in return for the lyre. Vari¬ 
ous interpretations have been put upon the 
two ferpents round it. Some fuppofe them to 
be a fymbol of Jupiter’s amours with Rhea, 
when thefe two deities transformed them- 
felves into fnakes. Others fay, that it ori¬ 
ginates from Mercury’s having appeafed the 
fury of two ferpents that were fighting, by 
touching them with his rod. Prudence is 
generally fuppefed to be reprelented by thefe 
two ferpents, and the wings are the fymbol 
of diligence ; both necelTary in the purluit of 
bufinefsand commerce, which Mercury patro¬ 
nized. WithitMercury conduced to the infer¬ 
nal regions the fouls of the dead, and could 
lull to lleep, and even rail'e to life a deadper- 
fon. Virg. JEn 4,v. 242.— Horat.l , od. IO. 

Cadurci, a people of Gaul, at the eaft of 
the Garonne. Caf. 

Cadusci, a people near the Cafpian fea. 

Plat. 

Cadytis, a town of Syria. Herodot. 2, 
c- 159- 

C;ea, an ifland of the Aegean fea among 
the Cyclades, called alio Ceos and Cea , from 
Ceus the ion of Titan. Ovid. 20. Heroid .— 
Virg. G. l,v. 14. 

CiEciAS, a wind blowing from the north. 

Cjecilia, the wife of Sylla. Plut.'in Syl. 

*-The mother of Lucullus. Id. in Luc.■ - 

A daughter of Atticus. 

Cecilia Caia, or Tanaquil. Vid. Ta- 
naquil. 

- Cjecilia Lex, was jpropofed A. U. C. 
693, by Ca;cil. Metellus Nepos, to remove 
taxes from all the Italian ftates, and to give 

them free exportation.-Another called alio 

Lidia, A. U. C. 656, by the conful Q. Cse 
cilius Metellus, and T. Didius. It required 
that no more than one fingle matter ihould be 
ipropofed to the people in one queftion, left by 
one word they Ihould give their afient to a 
whole bill, which might contain daufes wor¬ 
thy to be approved, and others unworthy. 
It required that every law, beforeitwas pre¬ 
ferred, fhould be expofed to .public view on 
three market days. Another, enabled by Cse- 
cilius Metellus the cenfor, concerning ful¬ 
lers. Plin. 35,c. 17.-Another, A. U. C. 

701, to reftore to the cenfors their ori¬ 
ginal rights and privileges, which had been 
leflened by P. Clodius the tribune.——An¬ 
other called alio Gabuiia, A. U. C. 685, 
•sgaipii uiury. 


. CM 

Cscrulxus, a Latin writer before thd 

age of Cicero.' 

Cjecilii, a plebeian family at Rome, de- 
feended fr»m Ciecas, one of the companion* 
of VEneas, or from Caeculus the fon of Vul¬ 
can, who built Prameite. This family gave 
birth to many illutlrious generals and pa¬ 
triots. 

O-ecFlius Claudius Isidorus, a man 
who left in his w ill to his heirs, 4116 flaves, 
3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 fmall cattle, 
600,000 pounds of filver. Plin. 33^c- 10. 
——Epirtis, a freedmah of Atticus, who 
opened a ichool at Rome, and is faid to have 
firft taught reading to Virgil and tome other 

growing poets --A Sicilian orator in the age 

of AuguftuS, who wrote on the Servile wars, 
a comparifon between Demofthenes and Ci¬ 
cero, and an account of the orations of De¬ 
mofthenes.--Metellu^: Vid. Metellus.- - 

Statius, a comic poet, defervedly commended 
by Cicero and Quintilian, though the orator 
ad Attic, calls him Malum Latinitatis auc- 
torem. Above 30 of his comedies are men¬ 
tioned by ancient hiftorians, among which 
are his Nauderus, Phocius, Epiclerus, Syra¬ 
cuse, Fcenerator, Fallacia, Paulimachus, &c. 
He was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 
168, B. C. and was buried on the Janiculum. 
Horat. 2. ep. 1* 

Cjecina, Tuscus, a fon of Nero’s nurfe, 

made governor of Egypt. Suet, in Ner. - 

A Roman who wrote lbme phyfical treatifes. 

-A citizen of Volume defended by 

Cicero. 

Cjecubum, a town of Campania in Italy, 
near the bay of Caieta, famous for the excel¬ 
lence and plenty of its wines. Strait. 5,— 
Horai. I, od. 20. 1 . 2, od. I4,&c. 

C jT.cuLus, a fon of Vulcan, conceived, as 
feme fay, by his mother, when a fpark of fire 
fell into her bofom. He was called Crecultii, 
becaule his eyes were fm . 11 . After a life 
fpent in plundering and rapine, he built Pra> 
nelte ; but being unable to find inhabitants, he 
implored Vulcan to fhew whether he really 
was his father. Upon this aflame fuddenly 
fhone among a multitude who were aiFembled 
to fee fome lpedacle, and they were im¬ 
mediately perfuaded to become the fubjeffs 
of t.teculus. Virg. JEn . 7, v. 680, fays, that 
he was found in fire by {hepherds, and oi* 
that account called Ion of Vulcan, who is the 
god of fire. 

Q. tjcnicius, a conful, A.U. C. 498, 
--Another, A. U. C. 465.-A mili¬ 
tary tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted 
himfelf to refeue the Roman army from the 
Carthaginians, B. C. 254. He elcaped with 

his life.--A rich perfon, &c. Virg. JEn. 

9, v. 362-A friend of Turnus. Virg. 

JEn. IO. v. 7. 47. 

C jei.ia I. ex, was enacted A. U. C. 635, 
by l alius, a tribune. It ordained, that in ju¬ 
dicial proceedings before the people, in cales 

of 








•Ftreafon, the votes (hould be given upon Ta- J 
blets contrary to the exception of the Caflian I 

law. 

CaELiu s, an orator, dilcipie to Cicero. He 
died very young. Cicero defended him when 
he was aecufed by Cfodius of being acceflarv to 
Catiline’s confpiracy, and of having murdered 
fome ambafladors from Alexandria, and car¬ 
ried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife 
•f Metellus. Or at. pro M. Cal. — Quinttl. IO, 

c. i.-A man of Tarracina, found murdered 

in his bed. His ions were fufpe&ed of the 
murder, but acquitted. Val. Max. 8, c. i. 

- - ‘Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years 

after Chrift, the beft edition of whofe works is 

that of Almeloveen, Amft. 1722 & 175.'.- 

Xj. Antipater, wrote an hiftory of Rome, 
which M. Brutus epitomized, and which 
Adrian preferred to the hiltories of Sallult. 
Catlius floriihed 120 years, B. C. Val. Max. 

i,c. 7.— Cic. it, ad Attic, ep. 8.- "1 ubero, 

a man who came to life after he had been car¬ 
ried to the burning pile. PI in. 7, c. 52.-- 

Vibenus, a king of Etruria, who a(hfled Ro-. 

mulus £ ; gain ft the Caeninenl’es &c.-Sahi- 

hus, a writer in the age. of Vei'pafian, who 
compofed a trentife on the edidfs of the cu- 

rule ediles.-One of the ieven hills on 

which Rome was built. Romulus furrounded 
it with a ditch and rampart, and it was ih- 
clofed by walls 1 y the fucceeding kings. It 
received its name from Caelius, who affifted 
Romulus againft the Sabines. 

Cjemaro, a Greek, who wrote an account j 
of India. 

Cjenk, a fmall iflnrtd in the Sicilian fc-a. I 

-A town on the coaft of Laconia, whence 

Jupiter is called Caenius. Plin. 4, c. 5.— Ovid. 
Met. 9, v. 136. 

Cjeneus, one of th<* Argonauts. Apol- 
lod. 1,0.9.-A Trojan killed by Tiirnus. 

Virg. 

CjenIdes, a patronymic of Eetion, as de¬ 
scended from Cajneus. Herodot. 5, c. 92. 

CjenIna, a town of Latium near Rome. 
The inhabitants, called Caninenfes, made war 
againft the Romans when their virgins had 
been ftolen away. Ovid. Fajl. 2, v. 135.— 
froper t. 4, el. II. c.9.— Liv. I, c. 9. 

Cjenis, a promontory of Italy, oppofice to 
Pelorus in Sicily, a diftance of about one mile 
^nd a half. 

C/ENis, a Theflalian woman, daughter of 
flatus, who being forcibly ravifhed by Nep- I 
tune, obtained from the god the power to 
change her lex, and to become invulnerable. | 
(She alfo changed her name, and was called j 
Caneus. In the wars of the Lapithae againft 
the Centaurs, Ihe offended Jupiter, and was 
overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood, and | 
changed into a bird.— Ovid. Met. 12, v. 172 

479.— Hirg. JEn. 6, v. 448, fays, that lhe 
Returned again to her priftine form. 

’Q. Sprvjuus C^no, a Roman conful, 
A. U. C, 648, in the Cimbrian war. He ! 

6 1 


plundered a temple at Tolofla, for which ho 
was pumfhed by divine vengeance, ice. Juf- 

tin 32, c. 3.— Paterc. 2, c. 12.-A qiutlior 

who oppofed Saturninus. Cic. ad Her. 

CjfERATUs, a town «f Crete. Strait. — - 
A river. 

CiERE, CiEREs, anciently Agylla, now 
Cer-veteri , a city of Etruria, once the capital 
of the whole country. It was in being in tha 
age of Strabo. When ASneas came to Italy, 
Mezentius was king over the inhabitants 
called Caretes or Carites *, but they banifhed 
their prince, and aflifted the Trojans. The 
people of Ca?re received with all poffible hot- 
pitality the Romans who fled with the fire of 
Vefta, when the city was befieged by the 
Gauls, and for this humanity they were made 
citizens of Rome, but without the privilege 
of voting ; whence Carries tabula was applied 
to thofe who had no fuffrage, and Caritcs cera 
appropriated as a mark of contempt. Virg. 
JEn. 8 Sc IO.— Liv. I, c. 2 .—St tab. 5. 

Cjeresi, a people of Germany. Ceef. 

C-ZEsar, a lurname given to the Julias 
family at Rome, either becaufe one of them 
kept an elephant , which bears the fame name 
in the Punic tongue, or becaule one was born 
with a thick head of hair. This name, after 
it had been dignified in the perfon of Julius 
CaDl'ar, and of his fucceflors, was given to 
the apparent heir of the empire, in the age 
of the Roman emperors. The twelve firit 
Roman emperors were diftinguifticd by the 
furname of CaJ'ar. They reigned in the fob- 
lowing order : J ulius Cjefar, Auguftus, Tibe¬ 
rius, Caligula* Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, 
Vitellius, Vei'pafian, Titus, and Domitian. 
In Dotnirian, or rather in Nero, the family 
of J ulius Ca;far was extinguilbed. But after 
Inch-a lapfe of time, the appellation Off Ccefor 
leeined infeparable from the imperial dignity, 
and therefore itwasaffhmed by the fucceflbrs 
of the Julian family. Suetonius has written 
an account of thele twelve chara&ers, in aa 
extenfive and impartial manner— , —C. Ju¬ 
lius CaMar, the firft empferor of Rome, was 
fon of L. Cazfar and Aurelia the daughter of 
Cotta. He was defeended, according to fome 
accounts, fropa Julusthe fon of AEneas. When 
he- reached Ills 13th year he loft his father, 
and the year after he was made prieft of Ju¬ 
piter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and 
endeavoured to remove him ; but Csefir u^ 
derftood his intentions, and to avoid difoor 
very changed every day his lodgings. He 
was received into Syllrfs frier.dlhip fome time 
after; and the dictator told thole who foil- 
cited the advancement of young Catl'ar, that 
they svere warm in the interelt of a man who 
would prove fome day or other the ruin of 
their country and of their liberty. When 
Crefar went to finifh his ftudies at Rhodes, 
under Apollonius Molo, he was feized 
pirates, who offered him his liberty for 
talents- He gave ihem 40, and threatened 


by 

30 












lo revenge their infults; and he no fooner 
was out of their power, than he armed a fl ip, 
purfued them, and crucified them all. His 
eloquence procured him friends at Rome ; 
and the generous manner in which he lived, 
equally ferved to promote his intereft. He 
. obtained the office of high pried at the death 
oftjMetellus ; and after he had pafTed through 
the inferior employments of the date, he was 
appointed over Spain, where he fignalized 
himlelf by his valor and intrigues. At his 
Return to Rome,, he was made conful, and 
i'oon after he efife&ed a reconciliation between 
Craffus and Pompey. He was appointed for 
the (pace of five years over the Gauls, by the 
intereft of Pom| ey, to whom he had given 
his daughter Julia in marriage Here he en¬ 
larged the boundaries of the Roman empire 
by conquell, and invaded Britain, which was 
then unknown to the Roman people. He 
checked the Germans, and toon after had his 
government over Gaul prolonged to five other 
years, by means of his friends at Rome. The 
death of Julia and of CrafTus, the corrupted 
flate of the Roman fenate, and the ambition 
of Cajfar and Pompey, foon became the 
caufes of a civil war. Neither of thefe cele 
fcrated Romans would fuller a fuperior, and 
the fmallell matters were i'ufficient ground for 
unlheathing the fword Ctefar’s petitions 
were received with colanefs or indifference by 
the Roman fenate; and, by the influence of 
Pompey, a decree was paffed to ftrip him of 
his power. Antony, who oppofed it as 
tribune, fled to Ctei'ar’s camp with the news ; 
and the ambitious general no fooner heard 
this, than he made it a plea of refiftance. On 
pretence of avenging the violence which had 
been offered to the facrcd office of tribune 
In the. perfon of Antony, he croffed the Ru¬ 
bicon, which’ was the boundary of his pro¬ 
vince. The palfage of the Rubicon was a de¬ 
claration of war, and Caflar entered Italy 
fword in hand. Upon this, fompey, -with 
all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and re¬ 
tired to Dyrrachiutn ; and Cailar, after he had 
fubdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rojne, 
and provided himlelf with money from the 
public trealury. He went to Spain, where he 
conquered the partizans of, Pompey, under 
Petreius, Afranius, and Varro; and, at his 
return to Rome, was declared dilator, and 
foon after conful. When he left Rome, he 
'went in quefl of Pompey, obferving that he 
\vas marching again!! a general without troops, 
after having defeated troops without a ge¬ 
neral in Spain. In the plains of Pharfalia, 
B. C» 48, the two hoftiie generals engaged, 
'Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, 
where he was murdered. Cscfar, after he 
bad made a noble ufe of vi&ory, purfued his 
adverfary into Egypt, where he for fome time 
forgot his fame and charaCler in the arms of 
Cleopatra, by whom he had a ion. His dan¬ 
ger was great while at Alexandria ; but lie 


extricated himfelf with wonderful fuccefs, 
and made Egypt tributary to his power. Af¬ 
ter leveraL couquefts in Africa, the defeat of 
Cato, Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pom- 
pey‘s foils in Spain, he entered Rome, and 
triumphed over five different nations, Gaul, 
Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and Spain, and 
was created perpetual delator. But now his 
glory was at an end* his uncommon fuccefs 
created him enemies, and the chiefeil of the 
fenators, among whom was Brutus his moil 
intimate friend, confpired againil him, ajid 
ftabbed him in the fenate houle on the ides of 
March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, 
the 15th of March, B. fc. 44, in the 5.6th 
year of his age. Cafca gave him the firil blow', 
and immediately he attempted to make fome 
refiftance; but when lie law, Brutus among 
the conlpirators, he fubnutted to his fate, and 
fell down at their feet, nvcfftling up his .map- 
tie, and exclaiming, Tu quoque Brutt 7 Cse- 
iar might have efcaped the fword of the £orj- 
f, irntors, if he had liftened to the advice of 
his wife, whole dreams, on the night pre¬ 
vious to the day v of his murder, Were alarm¬ 
ing. He alfo received., as he went to the 
fenate-houfe, a paper from Artemidorvy, 
which difeovered the whole confpiracy to him ; 
but he nc-gle-' ed the reading of what might 
have (aved his life. When be was in his firft 
campaign in Spain, he was obferved to gaze 
at a ftafue of Alexander, and even Ihed tears 
at the recollection that that hero had con¬ 
quered the world at an age in which he him¬ 
felf had done nothing. The learning of Cse- 
lar d&lerves commendation, as well as his 
military charadter. He reformed the caien- " 
dar. He wrote his commentaries on the 
Gallic wars, on the fpot where he fought his 
battles; and the compofition has been. ad¬ 
mired for the elegance as well as the correCl- 
nefs of its flyle. This valuable book was 
nearly loft ; and when Ctefar faved his life in 
the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged to 
iwim from his fliip, with his arms in one 
hand and his commentaries in the other. Be- 
fidesthe Gallic and Civil wars, he wrote othej: 
pieces, which are now loft. The hiftory of 
the war in Alexandria and Spain is attributed 
to him by fome, and by others to Hirtius. 
Caefar has been blamed for his debaucheries 
and expences; and the firft year he had a 
public office, his debts were rated at 830 ta¬ 
lents, which his friends dii'charged : yet, in 
Ins public chara&er, he mull be reckoned one 
of the tew heroes that rarely make their ap¬ 
pearance among mankind. His qualities were 
i'uch that in every battle he could not be but 
conqueror, and in every republic, mailer ; 
and to his fenle of his l'uperiority over the 
reft of the world, or to his ambition, we are 
to attribute his laying, that he wiflied rather 
to be firft in a little village, than fecund at 
Rome. It was after his conqueft over Pharnaces 
in one day, tli^t he made ufe of thefe remark¬ 
able^ 






able words, to exprefs the celerity of his ope¬ 
rations ; Vent) vidi , vici. Confcious of the 
fervices of a man who, in the intervals of 
peace, beautified and enriched the capital of 
his count ry with public buildings, libraries, 
and porticos, the fenate permitted the di&ator 
to v ear a laurel crown on his bald head ; and 
it is faid, that, to reward his benevolence, 
they were going to give him the title or au¬ 
thority of king all over the Roman empire, 
except Italy, when he was murdered. In his 
private character, Caefar has been accufed of 
feducing one of the veftal virgins, and fuf- 
peded of being privy to Catiline’s confpiracy ; 
arid it was his fondnefs for di Hi pa ted plea- 
fures which made his countrymen fay, that he 
was the hufband of all the women at Rome, 
and the woman of all men. It is faid that he 
conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and 
defeated three millions of men, one of which 
fell in the field of battle. Plin. 7, c. 25. fays 
that he could employ at the fame time, his ears 
to liften, his eyes to read, his hand to write, 
and his mind to dictate. His death was preced¬ 
ed j as many authors mention, by uncommon 
prodigies; and immediately-alter his death, a 
large comet made its appearance. The beft 
editions of C*eiar’s commentaries, are the 
magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, fol. Lond. 
1712; that of Cam bridge, with a Greek tran- 
flatkm, 4to. 1727 ; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols. 
4to. L. Bat. 1737 ; and that of Elzevir, 8vo. 
JL. Bat. 1635. Sucton. ffj* Plut. in •vita. — Dio. 
— Appian. — Orojius. — -Diod. 16 and eel. 31 
and 37.— Firg. G. 1, v. 466.— Ovid. Met. 
15, v. 782,— Marcell. — Flor. 3 & 4.-Lu¬ 

cius, was father to the dictator. He died lud- 

denlj^ when putting on his fhoes.-CRta- 

vianus. Fid. Auguftus.-Caius, a tragic 

poet and orator, commended by Cic. in Brut. 
His brother C. Lucius was conCul, and follow¬ 
ed, as well as himfelf,the party ofSylla. They 
were both put to death by order of Marius. 

-Lucius, an uncle of M. Antony, who 

followed the intereft of Pompey, and was 
proferibed by Augultus, for which Antony 
proferibed Cicero, the friend of Augultus. 
His fon Lucius was put to death by J. Csefar, 

in his yduth.-Two fons of Agrippa bore 

alfo the name of Caifars, Caius, and Lucius. 

Fid. Agrippa.-Augufta, a town of Spain, 

built by Augultus, on the Iberus, and now 
called Saragojfa. 

Cjesarka, a city of Cappadocia,-of 

Bithynia,———of Mauritania,-of Paleltine. 

There are many fmall inlignificant towns of 
that name, either built by the emperors, or 
called by their name, in compliment to them. 

Cjesarion, the fon of J. Caefar, by queen 
Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed 
by ARtonjrand his mother, king of Cyprus, 
Egypt, and Coelofyria. He was put to death 
five years after by Augultus. Suet, in Aug. 
17, & Caf. 52. 

Cjessnnius Pjeti/s, a general fent by 


Nero to Armenia, &c. Tacit. 15, Ann. 6, 
& 25. 

C^esetius, a Roman who protected his 
children againft Cxfar. Fal. Max. 5, c. 7. 

Cjesia, a furname of Minerva.- A wood 

in Germany. Tacit. 1, Ann. c. 50. 

C-Estus, a Latin poet, whofe talents were 

not of uncommon brilliancy. Catull . 14_ 

A lvric and heroic poet in the reign ®f Nero. 
Perfius . 

Cjeso, a fon of Q. Cincinnati^, who re¬ 
volted to the Vall'ci. 

CaisoNJA, a lafeivious woman who mar¬ 
ried Caligula, and was murdered at the fame 
time with her daughter Julia. Suet, in Calig. 
c. ,S 9 . 

Ccesonius Maximus, was banilhedfrom 
Italy by Nero, on account of his friend- 
lhip with Seneca, &c. Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 
7 1 * 

CiETULUM, a town of Spain. StraS. 2. 

Cagaco, a fountain of Laconia. Pauf. 
3 .C- 34 - 

Caicinus, a river of Locris. Thucyd. 3, 
c. 103. 

CaIcus, a companion of ./Eneas. Virg. 

JEn. 1, v. 187. 1 . 9, v. 35.-A river of 

Mylia, falling into the Aegean fea, oppolite 
Lelbos. Firg.G. 4, V.370.— Ovid. Met. 2, 
V .243 _ 

Caikta, a town, promontory, and har¬ 
bour of Campania, which received its name 
from Caieta the nurfe of ./Eneas, who was 
buried there. Firg. JEn. 7, v. 1. 

Caius & Caia, a pramomen very com¬ 
mon at Rome to both fexes. C, in its natu¬ 
ral polition, denoted the man’s name, and 
when reverfed 3 it implied Caia. Quintil. 1, 
c. 7. 

Caius, a fon of Agrippa by Julia. Fid. 
Agrippa. 

Q. Calaber, called alfo Saiymaeus 
wrote a Greek poem in 14 books, as a con¬ 
tinuation of Homer’s Iliad, about the begin¬ 
ning of the third century. The beft editions 
of this elegant and well written book, are, 
that of Rhodoman, 121110. Hanover, 1604, 
with the notes of Daulqueius, and that of 
Pauw, 8vo. L. Bat. 1734. 

Calabria, a country of Italy in Magna 
Grascia. It has been called Mefiapia, Japy- 
gia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet 
Ennius was born there. The country was 
fertile, and produced a variety of fruits, mhch 
cattle, and excellent honey. Firg. G. 3, v. 
425.— Horat• I. od. 31. Epod. 1, v. 27. 1 .1, 
ep. 7, v. 14.— Strab. 6. — Mela, 2, C. 4.—• 
Plin. 8, C. 48. 

Calabrus, a river of Calabria. P<wf. 6. 

Calagurritani, a people of Spain, 
who ate their wives and children, rather than 
yield to Pompey. Fal. Max. 7, c. 6. 

Calais Sc Zethes. Fid. Zethes. 

(jpAi.AGWTis, a river of Spain. Flor. 3, 
c. 22. 

L 


Calamis, 









CA 


C A 

Calami s, an excellent carver. Properl. 
3, el. 9, v. 10. 

CalamTsa, a place of Samos. Hero- 

dot. 9. 

Calamos, atownofAfia, near mount Li- 
banos. PI in. 5, c. 20-A town of Phoeni¬ 

cia.—Another of Babylonia. 

Calamus, a fon of the river Maeander, 
soho was tenderly attached to Carpo, &c. 
Pan/. 9, c. 35. 

Calanus, a celebrated Indian philofo- 
pher, one of the gymnofophifts. He follow¬ 
ed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and 
being lick, in his 83d year, he ordered a pile 
to be raifed, upon which he mounted, decked 
with flowers and garlands, to the aftonilhment 
of the king and of the army. When the pile 
was fired, Alexander alked him whether he 
had any thing to fay : “ No,” laid he, “ I 

fhall meet you again in a very. fhort time.” 
Alexander died three months after in Baby¬ 
lon. Steal). 15.— Cic. de Div. I, c. 23.— 
Arrian Iff Pint, in Alex. — JElian. 2, C. 41. 
1 . J, c. 6.— Fal. Max. I, c. 8. 

Cai.aon, a river of Afia, near Colophon 
Paiif. 7. c. 3. 

Calaris, a city of Sardinia. Flor. 2, c. 6. 

Calathana, a town of Macedonia. Lh. 
32, c 13. 

Cal athion, a mountain of Laconia. 
Pan/. 3, c. 26. 

Calathus, a fon of Jupiter and Antiope. 

Calates, a town of Thrace near To- 
mus, on the 'Buxine lea. Strab. 7.— Mela , 2, 

e. 2. 

Calatia, a town of Campania, on the 
Appian way. It was made a Roman colony 
in the age of Julius Ciefar. Sil. 8,v. 543. 

Cal at 1 a:, a people of India, who eat the 
flefli of their parents. He<odot. 3, c. 38. 

Calavii, a people of Campania. Lh. 
26, c. 27. 

Calavius, a maciftrate of Capua, who 
refeued fome Roman fenators from death, 
&c. Lfc>. 23, c. 2 & 3. 

Calauuea & CalaurTa, an ifiand near 
Troczenein the bay of Argos,; Apollo, and 
afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of 
the place. The tomb of Demofthenes was 
feen there, who poifoned himlelf to fly from 
the periecutions of Antipater. Ovid. Met. 
7, v. 384.— Pan/ I, c. 8, &C .—Strab, 8.— 
Melf. 2, c. 7. 

Calms, a river of Cana. Mela, i,c. 16. 

Calce, a city of Campania. Strab. 5. 

Calchas, a celebrated foothfayer, fon of 
Theftor. He accompanied the Greeks to 
Troy, in the office of high, prieft ; and he in¬ 
formed them that the city could not be ta¬ 
ken without the aid of Achilles, that their 
fleet could not fail from Aulis before Iphige- 
nia was iacrificed to Diana, and that the 
plague could not be flopped in the Grecian 
army, before the reftoration of Chryfeis to 
bar father, ■ He told them alio that Troy 


could not he taken before ten years* liege. 
He had received the power of divination front 
Apollo. Calchas was informed, that as loort 
as he found a man more ikilled than himfelf 
in divination, he mult perilh ; and this hap¬ 
pened near Colophon, after the Trojan war. 
He was unable to tell how many figs were 
in the branches of a certain fig-tree ; and 
when Moplus mentioned the exact number, 
Calchas died through grief. [Fid. Mopfus.] 
Homer. PI. I, V. 69.— JE/cbyl. hi Agam. —*■ 
Jin rip. in Ipbig.—Pau/. I. C. 43. 

Calciirdonia. Fid. Chalcedon. 

Calchinia, a daughter of Leucippus. 
She had a Ion by Neptune, who inherited his 
grandfather’s kingdom of Sicyon. Pan/. z r 
C -J. 

Calpus CaiLius, a Roman who killecf 
himfelf when detained by the Germans. Pa¬ 
tera. 2, c. 120. 

Cale, (es,) Cales, (ium,) & Cai.e- 
num, now Calvi , a town of Campahia. 
Horat. 4, od. 12.— Juv. I, v. 69.— Sil. 8, V. 
413.— Firg. JEn. 7, V. 728. 

Caledonia, a countryat the north of' 
Britain, now called Scotland. The reddilh 
hair and iofty -ftature of its inhabitants 
feemed to denounce a German extraction, 
according to Tacit, in •vita Agric. It was fi> 
little known to the Romans, and its inhabi¬ 
tants lb little civilized, that they called it 
Britannia Baiba)a, and they never penetrated 
into the country either for etnrrofity or con- 
queft. Martial. IO, ep. 44.— Sil. 3, v. 
59 8 * 

Calentum, a place of Spain, where it is 
laid they made bricks fo light that they fwam 
on the lurfuce of the water. PI in. 35, c. 
14 - 

Calenus, a famous foothfayer of Etru¬ 
ria in the ags of Tarquin. Plin. 28, c. 2. 

-A lieutenant of CaTar’s army. After 

Czcfar’s murder, he concealed fome that had 
been proferibed by the triumvirs, and be¬ 
haved with great honor to them. Plat, ht 
Cof. 

Caj.es, Fid. Cale.-A city of Bithy- 

nia on the Euxine. Arrian. 

Calesius, a charioteer of Axylus, killed 
by Diomedes in die Trojan war. Hotner. Il r 
16, v. 16. 

Calet-S'., a people of Belgic Gaul, now 
Pays de Caux, in Normandy. Corf. Bell. G. 2, 
c-4. Their town is called Caletum. 

Cai.eto.r, a Trojan prince, (lain by Ajax 
as he was going to let fire to the fliip of Pro- 
tefilaus. Homer. II. 15, v. 419. 

Calf.x, a river of Afia Minor, falling, 
into the Euxine fea. Tbucyd. 4, c. 75. 

Caliadne, the wife of ./Egyptus. Apollod 
2 , C. I. 

Caliceni, a people of Macedonia. 

M. Calidius, an orator and pretoriait 
who died in the civil wars, &c. Cee/. BelL 
Civ. I, c. 2.——L. Julius, a man remark¬ 
able 




able for liis riches, the excellency of his cha- 
irafter, his learning and poetical abilities He 
was profcribed by Volumnius, but delivered 
by Attidis. C. Nep. in Attic. 12. 

C. Caligula, the emperor, received this 
furname from his wearing in the camp, the 
Galiga, a military covering for the leg. He 
was ion of Germanicus by Agrippina, and 
grandlon to Tiberius. During the firft eight 
months of his reign, Rome expedted univer- 
fal profperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes 
were remitted, and profligates dilmifled; but 
Caligula foon became proud, wanton, and 
cruel. He built a temple to himfelf, ana 
ordered his head to be placed on the images 
of the gods, while he whbed to imitate the 
thunders and power of Jupiter. The fta- 
tues of all great men were' removed, as if 
Rome would iooner forget her virtues in their 
abfence ; and the emperor appeared in pub¬ 
lic places in the moil indecent manner, en¬ 
couraged roguery, committed incell with his 
three lifters, and eftabliftied public places of 
proftitution. He often amufed himfelf with 
putting innocent people to death ; he at¬ 
tempted to familh Rome, by a monopoly of 
corn ; and as he was pleafed with the greateft 
difalters which befell his lubjedts, he often 
wifhed the Romans had but one head, that 
he might have the gratification to ftrike it 
off. Wild beafts were conftantly fed in his 
palace With human victims, and a favorite 
horfe was made high prieft and confiil, and 
kept in marble apartments, and adorned with 
the molt valuable trappings and pearls which 
the Roman empire could furnilh. Caligula 
built a bridge upwards of three miles in the 
fea ; and would perhaps have fhewn himfelf 
more tyrannical had not Chtereas, one of 
his fervants, formed a confpiracy againft his 
life, with others equally tired with the 
cruelties and the in Cults that were offered 
with impunity to the perfons and feelings of 
the Romans. In confequence of this, the 
tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 
29th year, after a reign of three years and 
ten months, A. D. 41. It has been fatd, 
that Caligula wrote a treatife on rhetoric ; but 
his love of learning is better underftood from 
his attempts to deftroy the writings of Homer 
and of Virgil. Dio. — Sueton. in wa. — Tacit. 
Ann. 

Cali pus, a mathematician of Cyzicus, 
B. C. 330. 

Calis, a man in Alexander’s army, tor¬ 
tured for confpiring againft the king. Curt. 

6, c. 11. 

Call;escherus, the father of Critias. 
Plut. in Alcib. 

Callaici, a people of Lufitania, new 
Gallicia , at the north of Spain. Ovid. 6, Faji. 

v. 461. 

Call as, a general of Alexander. Diod. 
17.. —Of CalTander againft Polyperchon. 
Jd. 19,——A river of Eubaa. 


Callatebus, a town of Carla. Herodot. 

7, ^"32. 

CAi.LE.a town ofancient Spain, now Opot- 
to, at the mouth of the Dourc in Portugal. 
Calleteria, a town of ampania. 
Callkni, a people of Campania. 

Callia, a town of Arcadia- Pauf.Z y c. 2J, 
Calliades. a magirtrate of Athens when 
Xerxes invaded Greece. Herodot. 8. c. 51. 

Callias, an Athenian appointed to make 
peace between Artaxerxes and his country. 
Diod. 12.-A Ion ofTemenus, who'mur¬ 

dered his father with the Rffiltanee of his 

brothers, Apo’lod. 2, c. 6.-A Greek 

poet, fon of Lyfimachus. His compofitioris 
are loft. He was iijrnamed Schcenion, frdm 
his twilling ropes, (V^/vISV,) through po¬ 
verty. Atben . 10. - —A partial Hiftorian 

of Syracufe. He wrote an account of the 
Sicilian wars, and, was well rewarded by 
Agathocles, becaufe ke had (hewn him in a 

a favorable view. Atben. 12.— Dionyf. -- 

An Athenian greatly revered for his patrio- 

tifm. Herodot. 6, c. 121.-A foothfayer. 

-An Athenian commander of a fleet 

againft Philip, whofe fhips he took, &c.— 

A rich Athenian, who liberated . imon from 
prifon, on condition of marrying his lifter 
and wife Elpinice. C. Nep. iff Pint, in C'm. 

-A hiftorian, who wrote an explanation 

of the poems of Alcaeus and Sappho. 

Callibius, a general in the war between 
Mantinea and Sparta. Xentph. Hijl. G. 

Callicerus, a Greek poet, fome of whole 
epigrams are preferved in the Anthologia. 

Callichorus, a place of Phocis,. where 
the orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated. 

Callicles, an Athenian, whofe houfe 
was not fearched on account of his recent 
marriage, when an inquiry was made'after the 
money given by Harpalns, &c. Pint, 
mojlb. -A ftatuary of Megara. 

Callicolona, a place of Troy, near th* 
Simois. , 

Callicrates, an Athenian, whofeized 
upon the fovereignty of Syracufe, by impolinjj 
upon Dion when he had loft his popularity. 
He was expelled by the Ions of Diony- 
lius, after reigning thirteen months. He 
is called Callippus by fome authors. C. Nep. 
in Dion.—— An officer entrufted with the care 
of the treafures of Suia by Alexander. Curt. 

5, c. 2.-An artift, who made, with ivory, 

ants and other infedts, fo fmall that they could 
fcarcely be feen. It is faid that he engraved 
fome of Homer’s verfesupon a grain of millet. 

Plin. 7,c. 2l.— JElian. V. H. I, C. 17.- 

An Athenian, who, by his perfidy, conlirained 
the Athenians to fubmit to Rome. Pauf. 7, 

c. ic.-A Syrian, who wrote an account of 

Aurelian’s life.-A brave Athenian, killed 

at the battle of Plataea. Herodot. 9, c. 72. 

Callicratioas, a Spartan, who fucceeded 
Lyfander in the command of the fleet. He 
took Methymna, and routed the Athenian 
L 2 fleet 









CA 


CA 


fleet under Conon. He was defeated and kill¬ 
ed near the Arginufa, in a naval battle, B. C. 
406. Died. 13.— Xenoph. Hiji. G ——One of 
the four ambafladors fent by the Lacedaemo¬ 
nians to Darius, upon the rupture of their al¬ 
liance with Alexander. Curt. 3, c. 13-A 

Pythagorean writer. 

Callidius, a celebrated Roman orator, 
contemporary with Cicero, who fpeaks of his 
abilities with commendation. Cic. in Brut. 
274 .—Paterc. 2 , c. 36. 

Callidromus, a place near Thermopylae. 
Thucyd. 8, c. 6. 

Calligetus, a man ofMegara, received 
in his banilhment by Pharnabazus. Thucyd. 
8, c. (>. 

Callimachus, an hiftorian and poet of 
Cyrene, foil of Battus and Mefatma, and pupil 
to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in 
tile age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a fchool 
at Alexandria, and had Apollonius of Rhodes 
among his pupils, whofe ingratitude obliged 
Callimachus to lafli him feverely in a fatirical 
poem, under the name of Ibis. {Vid. Apollo¬ 
nius.) The Ibis of Ovid is an imitation of this 
piece. He wrote a work in 120 books on fa¬ 
mous men, belides treatifes on birds ; but of all 
his numerous compofitions, only 31 epigrams, 
an elegy, and fome hymns on the gods, are ex¬ 
tant ; the bell editions of which, are that of 
Erneftus, 2 vols. 8vo. L.Bat. 1761, and that of 
Vulranius, i2mo. Antwerp, 1584. Proper¬ 
tius ftyled himfelf the Roman Callimachus. The 
precife time of his death x as well as of his 
birth, is unknown. Propert. 4, el. I, v. 65.— 
Cic. Tufc. 1,0.84.— Horat. 2, ep.ZjV.i09. 
—Quintil. 10, c. i.-An Athenian gene¬ 

ral killed in the battle ot Marathon. His body 
was found in an ere& pofture, all covered with 

wounds. Pint. -A Colophonian, who wrote 

the life of Homer. Plut. 

CAllimedon, a partizan of Phocion, at 
Athens, condemned by the populace. 

Callimeles-, a youth ordered to be killed 
and ferved up as meat by Apollodorus of Caf- 
iandrea. Pdycen. 6, c. 7. 

Callinus, an orator, who is laid to have 
'firft invented elegiac poetry, B. C. 776. Some 
©f his verfes are to be found in Stobaeus. 
At hen .— St rah. 13. 

Calliope, one of the Mufes, daughter of 
Jupiter and Mnemofyne, who prc-lided over 
eloquence and heroic poetry. She is laid to 
be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Ho¬ 
race fuppofes her able to play on any mufical 
ififtrument. She was reprelented with a trum¬ 
pet in her right hand, and with books in the 
other, which fignified that her office was to take 
not ice of the famous a/Hons of heroes, as Clio 
was employed in celebrating them; and (he held 
the three molt famous epic poems of antiquity, 
and appeared generally crowned with laurels. 
She fettled the difpute between Venus and 
Proferpine, concerning Adonis, whofe com¬ 
pany theft two joddefles wilhed both perpe¬ 


tually to enjoy. Hefod. TLeog.—Apollod. x* 
c. 3.— Horat. od. 

CallipatIra, daughter of Diagoras, and 
wife of Cnllianax the athlete, went difguifed in 
Alan’s clothes with her Ion Pifidorus, to the 
Olympic games.* \iThen Pifidorus was declar¬ 
ed vidtor, (he diicoveredher lex through excefs 
of joy, and was arrefted, as women were not 
permitted to appear there on pain of death. 
The vidtory of her fon obtained her releafe ; 
and a law was inftantly made, which forbade 
any wreillers to appear but naked. Pauf. 
5, c. 6,1. 6, c. 7. 

Callipiion, a painter of Samos, famous 
for his hiftorical pieces. Plin. IO, c. 26.- — 
A philofopher who made the fummum bonuni 
confift in plealure joined to the love of honelty. 
'I 'his lyltem was oppoied by Cicero. Quaf. 
Acad. 4, c. 131 & 139.* Offic. 3, c. 119. 

Callipiiron, a celebrated dancing mailer, 
who had Epaminondas among his pupils. C. 
Hep. in Epa?n. 

Callipid.?e, a people of Scythia. Here - 
dot. 4, c. 17. 

Callipolis, a city of Thrace on the Hel- 
lefpont. Sil. 14, v. 250.—r-A town of Sicily. 

near ./Etna.-A city of Calabria, on the 

co.tft ofTarentum, on a rocky ifland, joined 1 
by a bridge to the continent. It is now called 
Gallipoli , and contains 6000 inhabitants, who 
trade in oil and cotton. 

Callipus or Calippus, an Athenian, 
difciple to Plato. He deftroyed Dion, &c. 

Vid. Callicrates. C. Nep. in Dion. -A 

Corinthian, who wrote an hiltory of Orcho- 

menos. Pauf. 6, c. 29. - A philofopher. 

Diog. in Zen. - A general of the Athenians 

when the Gauls invaded Greece by Thermo, 
pyhe. Pauf. i,c. 3. 

Callipyges, a lurname of Venus. 

Callirhoe, a daughter of the Scaman- 
der, who married Tros, by whom fhe had 
Hus, Ganymede, and AfTaracus.-A foun¬ 

tain of Attica where Callirhoe killed her- 
felf. Vid. Corefus. Pauf. 7, c. 21.— Stct. 
12. Theh.v. 629.-A daughter of Ocea¬ 

ns and Tethys mother of Echidna, Orthos, 

and Cerberus, by Chryfaor. Ilefiod. -- 

A daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libya, who 
kindly received Diomedes at his return Irom 
f'roy. He abandoned her, upon which (he 

killed herfelf.--A daughter of the Ache* 

Ions, who married Alcmson. Vid. Alcma;- 

on. Pauf 8, c. 24.-A daughter of Pho- 

cus the Boeotian, whofe beauty procured her 
many admirers. Her father behaved with 
fuch coldnefs to her lovers that they murder¬ 
ed him. Callirhoe avenged his death with the 
afiiftance of the Boeotians. • Plut. Amat. Narr. 

-A daughter of Piras and Niobe. Hygin. 

fab. 145. 

Calliste, an illand ofthe./Egean fea cal- 
called afterwards Thera. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Pauf. 

3»c. 1.-Its chief town was founded 1150 

years before the Chrittianaera, by Theras. 

Calusteia, 











CA 


CA 


Callisteia, a feftival nt Lefbos, during 
which, all the women prefented themfelves 
in the tenaple of Juno, and the faired was 
rewarded in a public manner. There was 
alfo an inttitution ot the fame kind among 
the Parrhafians, firft made by Cypfelus, whofe 
wife was honored with the firlt prize. The 
Eleans had one alfo, in which the faired man 
received as a prize a complete fuit of armour, 
which he dedicated to Minerva. 

Callisthenes, a Greek who wrote an 
hiftory of his own country in 10 books, be¬ 
ginning from the peace between Artaxerxes 
and Greece, down to the plundering of the 
temple of Delphi by Philomelus. Diod 14. 

* ——A man who with others attempted to ex¬ 
pel the garrifon of Demetrius from Athens. 

Poly an. 5, c.17.--A phUofopher of Olyn- 

thus, intimate with Alexander, whom he ac¬ 
companied in his oriental expedition in the ca¬ 
pacity ot a preceptor, and to whom he had 
been recommended by his friend and mader 
Arillotle. He refufed to pay divine honors 
to the king, for which he was acculed of con- 
fpiracy, mutilated, and eXpofed to wild beads, 
dragged about in chains, till Lyfimachus gave 
him poilon which ended together his tortures 
-and his life, B. C. 328. None of his compo- 
fitions are extant. Pint. 8, c. 6.— Plut. in 

Alex — Arrian, 4.— JuJlin. 12, C. 6 Sc 7.- 

A writer ofSybaris.—A freed-man of Lucul- 
lus. It isfaid that he gave poifon tq his maf- 
ter. P.'ut. in Lucull. 

Cali isto Sc Calisto, called alfo He- 
lice, w as daughter of Lycaon king of Arca¬ 
dia, and one of Diana’s attendants. Jupiter 
/faw her, and feduced her after he had aflumed 
the fhape of Diana. Her pregnancy was dif 
covered as Ihe bathed with Diana ; and the 
fruit of her amour with Jupiter, called Areas, 
was hid in the woods, and preferved. Juno, 
who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Califto 
into a bear ; but the God apprehenfive of 
her being hurt by the huntfmen, made her a 
conftellation of heaven, with her fon Areas, 
under the name of the bear. Ovid. Met. 2. 
fab. 4, c.—Apollod. 3, c. 8.— Hygin. fab. 
176 tif 177.— Pan/. 8, c. 3. 

Callistonicus, a celebrated ftatuary at 
Thebes. Pouf. 9, c. 16. 

Callistratus, an Athenian, appointed 
general with Timotheus and C habrias ygainft 
Lacedaemon. Diod. 15.——An orator of 
Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the 
molt eloquent of his age.——An Athenian 
orator, with whom Demofthenes made an in¬ 
timate acquaintance after he had heard him 

plead. Xenophon -A Greek hiftorian 

praifed by Dionyf. Hal. -A comic poet, 

rival of Ariftophanes. - A ftatuary. Plin. 

34, c. 8.—:—A fecretary of Mithridates. 

Plut. in Lucull. -A grammarian, who made 

the alphabet of the Samians confift of 24 let¬ 
ters. Some fuppofe that he wrote a trea- 
|if« on courtezans. 


Callixena, a courtezan of Theflaly, 
whole company Alexander refufed, though 
requefted by his mother Olympias. This was 
attributed by the Athenians to other caqfes 
than chaftity, and therefore the prince’s am¬ 
bition was ridiculed. 

Callixenus, a general who perifhed by 

famine.-An Athenian, imprilbned for paf- 

fing fentence of death upon lome prifoners. 
Diod* 13. 

Calon, a ftatuary. Quintil. 12, c. 10.— 
Plin. 34, c. 8. 

Ca lor, now C.ilo r e, a river in Italy near 
Beneventum. Liv. 24, c. 14. 

Calpe, a lofty mountainin the modfouth* 
ern parts of Spain, oppofite to mount Abyla 
on the African coaft. Thele two mountains 
were called the pillars of Hercules. Calpe 
is now-called Gibraltar. 

Calphurnia, a daughter of L. Pifo, 
who was Julius Ciefar’s fourth wife. The 
night previous to her hufband’s murder, fhe 
drerrmed that the roof of her houfe had fallen, 
and that he had been dabbed in her arms ; and 
on that account (he attempted, but in vain, 
ttf detain him at home. After* Casfar’s mur¬ 
der fhe placed berfelf under the patronage of 
M. Antony. ’Sueton. in Jul. 

Calpiiuunius Bestia, a noble Roman 
bribed by Jugurtha. It is laid that he mur¬ 
dered his wives when afleep. Plin. 27, c. 2. 

--CrafTus, a patrician, who went w'ith 

Regulus againft the Matty li. He was feized 
by the enemy as he attempted to plunder one 
of their towns, and he was ordered to he 
facrificed to Neptune. Bifaltia, the king’s 
daughter, fell in love with him, and gave 
him an opportunity of efcaping and conquer¬ 
ing her father. Calphurnius returned vifto* 
rious, and Bifaltia deftroyed herfelf.—A man 
who confpired againft ,-the emperor Nerva. 

-Galerianus, fon of Pifo, put to death, 

See. Tacit. H/f. 4, c. 11--Pifo, condemn¬ 

ed for ufing leditious words againft Tiberius. 

Tacit. Hijl. 4, c. 2i.-Another famous for 

his abftinence. Val. Max. 4, c. 3.-Ti* 

tus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily in the age 
of Diocletian, feven of whofe eclogues are 
extant, and generally found with fhe works 
of the poets who have written qn hunting. 
Though abounding in many beautiful lines 
they are however greatly inferipr to the ele¬ 
gance and fimplicity of Virgil. The beft edi¬ 
tion is that of Kempher, 4to. L. Bat. 1728. 

-A man furnamed Frugi, who competed 

annals, B. C. 130. 

Cai.purnia or Calphurnia, a noble 
family in Rome, derived from Calpus fon of 
Numa. It branched into the families of the 
Pilones, Bibuli, Flamma?, Caefennini, Alpre- 
nates, Sec. Plin. in Nutn. 

Calpcrnia Sc Caiphurnia lex, was 
enabled A.U.C, 604, feverely to punilh 
fuch as were guilty of ufing bribes. Sec. Cic. 
de Off. 2. " ■ " ■■ - A daughter of Marius, facri- 

E } Feed 














CA 


CA 


ficed to the gods by her father, who was ad- 
vifed to do it, in a dream, if he wiffied to 

conquer the ' imbri. Pint, in Par all. -A 

woman who killed herfelf when die heard that 
her hufband was murdered in the civil wars 

of Marius. Pate'c. 2, 26. -The wife of 

J. Csefar. Vid. Calpburnia - A favorite 

of the emperor C laudius, &c. Tacit. Ann. 
-A woman ruined by Agrippina on ac¬ 
count of her beauty, &c. Tacit. 

Calvia, a female minifter of Nero’s lufls. 
Tacit. Hijl. I, C. 3. 

CalvIna, aproftitute in Juvenal’s age. 3, 
v,i 3 3 - 

Calvj siu s, a friend of Auguftus. Flut.in 

Anton. -An officer whole wife proftituted 

herfelf in his camp by night, See. Tacit. I, 
Hijl.it. 48. 

Calumnia & Impudentja, two dei¬ 
ties worlhipped at Athens. Calumny was 
ingenioufly reprelented in a painting by 
Apelles. 

Calusidius, a foldier in the army of G^r- 
manicus. When this general wifhed to (lab 
himfelf with his own fvvord, Calufidius offered 
him his own, observing that it was (harper. 
Tacit. 1, An. c. 35. 

Calusium, a town of Etruria. 

Ca^.vus Lorn. Licinius, a famous ora¬ 
tor, equally known for writing iambics. As 
he was both fadlious and fatirical, he did 
not fail to excite attention by his animad- 
veifioi: upon Caefar and Pompey, and, from 
his eloquence, to difpute the palm of elo¬ 
quence with Cicero. Cic.ep .«— Iiorat. I. Sat. 
10, v.19. 

Calybe, a town of Thrace. Slrab. ^7. 
——The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. 

Apollod. 3, c. 12. -An old woman prieftels 

in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 419. 

Calycadnits, a river of Cilicia. 

Calyce. a daughter of iEolus, ton of He- 
lenus and Enaretta daughter of Deimachus. 
She had Endymion, king of Elis, by iEth- 
lius the (on of Jupiter. Apollod. 1, c. 7.— 

Pauf. 5, c. 1.-A Grecian girl, who fell in 

love with a youth called Evathlus. As (he 
was unable to gain the-objed of her love, (lie 
threw herfelf from a precipice. This tragi¬ 
cal (lory was made into a long by Stefichorus, 
and was dill extant in the age of Athenaus, 
14—A daughter of Hecaton mother or 
Cycnus Hygin. 157. 

Calydium, a town on the Appian way. 

> Calydna, an idand in the Myrtoan fea. 
Some fuppofe it to be near Rhodes, others neai 
Tenedos. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 205. 

Calydon, a city of ./Etolia, where 
OS lieu , the father of Meleager, reigned. 
The Evenus (lows through it, and it receives 
its name from Calydon the Ion of ALtolus. 
Turing the reign of CEneus, Diana fent a 
wild boar to ravage the country, on account 
«f the neglcdl which had been (hewn to her 


divinity by the king. All the princes of the 
age affembled to hunt this boar, which is 
greatly celebrated by the poets, under the 
name of the chace of Calydon, or the Calydo- 
nian boar. Meleager killed the animal with 
his own hand, and gave the head to Atalanta, 
of whom he was enamoured. The (kin ot the 
boar was preferved, and was dill feen in the age 
of Paufanias, in the temple of Minerva Alea. 
The tudes were alfo pr.eferved by the Arcadi¬ 
ans in Tegea, and Auguftus carried them away 
to Rome, becaufe the people rtf Tegea had fol¬ 
lowed the Pfirty of Antony. Thele tulks were 
(hewn for a long time at Rome.* One of them 
was about half an ell long, and the other was 
broken. {Vid. Meleager and Atalanta.) 
Apollod. I, c. 8.— Pauf. 8, c. 45.— Strab. 8. 
— Homer. II. 9, v. 577. — Hygin. fab. 17 4.-— 

Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 4, See. -A fon of iEtolus 

and Pronoe daughter of Phorbas. He gave 
his name to a town of iEtolia. 

Calydonis, a name of Deianira, asliving 
in Calydon. Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 4. 

Calydonjus, a furname of Bacchus. 

Calymne, an idand near Lebynthos. Ovid. 
Art. Am. 2, v. 81. 

Calynda, a town of Cana. Ptol.y , c. 3. 

Calypso, one of the Oceanides, or one of 
the daughters of Atlas, according to fome, was 
goddefs of (ilence, and reigned in the idand of 
Ogygia, whofe (ituation and even exiftence is 
doubted. When Ulyffes was (hipvvrecked on 
her coafts, (be received him with great hofpi- 
tality, and offered him immortality if he would 
remain with her as a hufband. The hero re¬ 
fused, and after (even years’ delay, he was per¬ 
mitted to depart from the idand by order of 
Mercury, the meffenger of Jupiter. During 
his day, Ulyffes had two ions by 1 alypfo, Nau- 
fithous and Naufinous. Calyplo was inconfol- 
able at the departure of Ulyffes. Homer. Od. 
7 & 15.— He Hod. Theog. v. 360.— Ovid, dc 
Pont. 4, ep. 18. Amor. 2, el. 17.— Propert. I, 
el. 15. 

CamalodCnum, a Roman colony in Bri¬ 
tain, fuppofed Malden, or Colchefter. 

Camantium, a town of Ada Minor. 

Camaiuna, a town of Italy.-A lake of 

Sicily, with a town of the fame name, built 
E. C. 552. It was deftroyed by the Syracu- 
fans, and rebuilt by a certain Hipponous. 1 he 
lake was drained contrary to the advice of 
Apollo, as the antients fuppofed, and a pefti- 
lence was the confequence ; but the lowneis of 
the lake below the level of the fea prevents its 
being drained. 'I he words Camarinam mo- 
vere are become proverbial to exprefs an un- 
fuccefsful and dangerous attempt. Virg. JEn. 
3,V. 701. Strab. 6.— Herodot. J,c. 134. 

Cambaui.es, a general of fome Gauls who 
invaded Greece. Pauf. i©,c. 19. 

Cambes, a prince of Lydia, of fuch vora¬ 
cious appetite that he ate his own wife, &c. 
JElian. I, V.H. C. 27. 

Cambre, a place near Puteoli, . 

Cambunii. 







CA 


C A 


CAMausm, mountains of Macedonia. Liv. 
4». c S3- 

CamhS ses, king of Peifia, was fon of Cy¬ 
rus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and was 
lo offended at the luperftition of the Egyptians, 
that he killed their god Apis,-and plundered 
their temples. When he wifhed to take Pelu- 
hum he placed at the head of his army, a 
number of cats and dogs ; and the Egyptians 
refilling in an attempt to defend themfelves, 
to kill animals which they reverenced as divi¬ 
nities, became an eaiy prey to the enemy. 
Cambyles afterwards fent an army of 50,000 
men to deftroy Jupiter Ammon’s temple, and 
refolved to attack the Carthaginians and ^Ethi¬ 
opians. He killed his brother Smerdis from 
mere lurpicion, and flead alive a paitial judge, 
whole lkin he nailed on the judgment feat, and 
appointed his fon to fucceeil him, telling him 
to remember where he fat. He died of a fmall 
wound he had given himlelf with his fword as 
he mounted on borfehack ; and the Egyptians 
ohlerved, that it was the fame place on which 
he had wounded their god Apis, and that there 
fm e he was vifited by the hand of the gods. 
His death happened 5aI years before ( hrift. 
l ie left no iifue to fucceed him, and his throne 
was ufurped by the magi, and al'cended by Da¬ 
rius foon after. Herodot. 2, 3,&C. — Jujiin. I, 

c 9.— Vat. Max. 6, c. 3.-A perfon of ob- 

feure origin, to whom king Aftyages gave his 
daughter Mandane in marriage. 'Ihe king 
who had been terrified by dreams which 
threatened the lofs of his crown by the hand 
of his daughter’s fon, had taken this ftep in 
hopes that the children of fo ignoble a bed 
would ever remain in obfcurity. He was dis¬ 
appointed. Cyrus, Mandane’s fon, dethroned 
him when grown to manhood. Herodot. I, c. 

46, 107, &c.— JuJlin. 1, c. 4.-A river of 

Ada which flows from mount Caucafus into 
the Cyrus. Mela, 3, c. 5. 

Came 1. an 1, a people of Italy. 

CAMSKLlTiE, a people of Mesopotamia. 
Camera, a field of Calabria. Ovid. Fajl. 
3,v. $2. 

CamerTnum & Camertjum, a town of 
Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The inhabit¬ 
ants were called Camiertes. Liv. 9, c. 36. 

CamerInus, a Latin poet, who wrote a 
poem on the taking of Troy by Hercules. 

Ovid. 4, ex Pont. el. t6 , v. 19. - Some of 

the family of the Camerini were diftinguifhed 
for their zeal as citizens, as well as for their 
abilities asfcholars, among whom was Sulpicius, 
commiliioned by the Roman lenate to go to 
Athens, to tolled! the bed of Solon’s laws. 
Juv. 7, v. 90. 

Camerium, an antient town of Italy near 
Rome, taken by Romulus. Pint, in Rom. 

Camertes, a friend of Turnus killed by 
./Eneas. Virg. JFn. iO, v. 562. ^ id. Ca- 

merinum. 

Camilla-, queen of the Voltci, was daugh¬ 
ter of Metabus and Caimilla. She was edu¬ 


cated in the woods, inured to the labors of 
hunting, and fed upon the milk of mares. Her 
father devoted her, when young, to the fervica 
of Diana. When (he was declared queen, fhe 
marched at the head of an army and accompa¬ 
nied by three youthful females of equal cou¬ 
rage as herfelf, to affift Turnus againli ./Eneas, 
where lhe fignalized herfelf by the numbers 
that perilhed by her hand. She was fo fwift 
that fhe could run, or rather fly over a field of 
corn without bending the blades, and make her 
way over the lea without wetting her feet, 
-he died by a wound fhe had received from 
Aruns. Vitg.JEn. 7,v. 803,1. 11, v *35. 

Camjlii Sc Camilla, the priefts inftitu- 
ted by Romulus for the l'ervice of the gods. 

Camillus, L. Furius, a celebrated Ro¬ 
man, called a fecond Romulus, from his (Ser¬ 
vices to his country. He was banifhed by >he 
people for diftributing, contrary to his vow, the 
(poils he had obtained at Veii. During his 
exile, Rome was befieged by the Gauls under 
Brennus. In the midft of their misfortunes, 
the befieged Romans elected him didfator, and 
he forgot their ingratitude,and marched to the 
relief of his country, which he delivered, after 
it had been for fome time in the pofiefiion of 
the enemy. He died in the 80th year of hk 
age, 13 . (. 365, after he had been five times 
dictator, once cenfor, three times interrex, 
twice a military tribune, and obtained four tri¬ 
umphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volfci, 
Latini, and Etrurians, and difiuaded his coun¬ 
trymen from their intentions of leaving Rome 
to refide at Veii. When he befieged Ealifci, 
he rejected, with proper indignation, the of¬ 
fers 01 a iehool matter, who had betrayed into 
his hands the fons of the moft worthy citizens; 
Pint, in vita. — Liv. 5 .—FI or. I, c. 13.— 

Diod. 14.—r Virg. JRn. 6, v. 825.-A name 

of Mercury.-An intimate friend of Ci* 

cero. 

CamTro & Olytja, two daughters of 
Pandarus of Crete. When their parents 
were dead, they were left to the care of Ve¬ 
nus ; who, with the other goddeffes, brought 
them up with tetidernefs, and alked Jupiter to 
grant them kind hulbands. J upiter to punifti 
upon them the dime of their father, who was 
acceffary to the impiety of Tantalus, ordered 
the harpies to carry them away and deliver 
them to the furies. Pauf IO, c. 30.— Homer . 
Od. 20, v. 66. 

CamIrus & ; 'amTra, a town of Rhodes, 
which received its name from Camirus, a ion 
of Hercules and lole. Homer. II. 2, v. L03. 

Camissares, a governor of part of Cilicia, 
father to Patames. C. Nefi.in Bat. 

Camma ,a woman of Galatia, who avenged 
the death of her hufband Sinetus upon his mur¬ 
derer Sinorix, by making him drink in a cup, 
of which the liquor was poifoned, on pretence 
of marrying him, according to the cuftom of 
their country, which required that the bride¬ 
groom and his bride {hould drink out of the 
L 4 fam» 









CA 


CA 


/ 


fame vefTel. She efcaped by refafing to drink 
on pretence of illnefs. Poly an. 8. 

Oamoen.*, a name given to the mufes from 
the fweetneis and melody of their fongs a can- 
u amceno, or, according to Varro, from carmen. 
Varro dc L. L. 5, c. 7. 

Cam pan a lex, or Julian agragrian law, was 
enabled by J. Cacfar, A. U. C. 691, to divide 
fome lands among the people. 

• ampAnia, a country of Italy, of which 
Capua was the capital, bounded by Latium, 
Samnium, Picenum, and part of the Mediter- 
ranean fea. It is celebrated for its delightful 
views, and for its fertility, c apua is often 
called Cam pan a urhs. Strab 5,— Cic. de Leg. 
Ag. C. 35.— Judin. 20 , c. I, 1 .2 2 , c. I. — Plin. 
3 ,C. 5.— Mela, 2 jC. 4.— Flor. I, C. 1 6. 

Campe, kept the ico handed monflers 
confined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, be¬ 
cause fhe refufed to give them their liberty to 
come to his affiflance againfl the Titans. He- 
Jiod. Theog. gCO.— Apollod. I,c. 2. 

Campaspe Sc Pancaste, a beautiful con¬ 
cubine of Alexander, whom the king gave to 
Apelles who had fallen in love with her, as 
he drew her picture in her naked charms. It 
isfaid that from this beauty the painter copied 
the thoufarjd charms of his Venus Anadyomene. 
Plin. 35, c. 10. 

Campi Cjomedis, a plain fituate in Apulia 
Mart! it,, ep.93. 

Campsa, a town near Pallene. Herodot. 
7,0.123. 

campus Martius, alarge plain at Rome, 
without the walls of the city, where the Ro¬ 
man youths performed their exerciles, and 
learnt to wreftle and box, to throw the difcus, 
hurl the javelin, ride a horfe, drive a chariot, 
&c. The public affemblies were held there, 
and the officers of flate chofen, and audience 
given to foreign ambafTadors. It was adorned 
with flatties, columns, arches, and porticoes, 
and its pleafant fituation made it very fre¬ 
quented. It was called Martius, becaufe 
dedicated to Mars. It was fometimes called 
Tiberinus, from its clofenefs to the Tiber. It 
was given to the Roman people by a veftal 
virgin ; but they were deprived of it by Tar- 
quin the Proud, who made it a private field, 
and lowed corn in it. When Tarquin was 
driven from Rome the people recovered it, 
and threw away into the 'Tiber, the corn which 
had grown there, deeming it unlawful for any 
man to eat of the produce of that land. The 
iheaves which were thrown into the river flop¬ 
ped in a fhallow ford, and by the accumulated 
caUe&ion of' mud became firm ground, and 
formed an ifland, which was called the Holy 
Ifland, or the ifland of AEfculapins. Dead car- 
cafes were generally burnt in the Campus 
Martius. Strab. 5.— Liv. 2, c. 5, 1. 6. 
q. 20. 

CamulocTNus, a Gaul raifed to great ho¬ 
nors by Caefar, for his military abilities. Caf. 
foil. G, 7,0.57, 


Camulus,, a furname of Mars among tho 
Sabines and Etrurians. 

Cana, a city and promontory of iEolia. 
Mela, i,c. 18. 

Can ace, a daughter of Aeolus and Enaretta, 
who became enamoured of her brother Maca- 
reus, by whom fhe had a child, whom lhe ex- 
pofed. The cries of the child dilcovered the 
mother’s incetl; and ASolus lent his daughter 
aTword, and obliged her to kill herfelf. Ma- 
careus fled, and became a prieft of Apollo at 
Delphi. Some fay that Canace was ra- 
vifhed by Neptune, by whom fhe had ma¬ 
ny children, among whom were Epopeus, 
Triops, and Alous. Apoll/d. 1.— Hygin. fab. 

2}8,& 242,.— Ovid. Heroid. II. Trijl.1,v. 

384 . ^ j 

Canache, one of Aclseon s dogs. 

Can Ac hus, a llatuary of Sicyon. Pauf. 6, 
c. 9. 

Canje, a city of Locris. - of JEolia. 

C anar 11, a people near mount Atlas in 
Africa, who received this name becaufe they 
fed in common with their dogs. The iflands 
which they inhabited were called Fortunate by 
the ancients, and are now known by the name 
of the Canaries. Plin. 5, c. I. 

Canathus , a fountain of Nauplia, where 
Juno yearly wafhed heifelf to receive her in¬ 
fant purity. Pauf. 2, c. 38. 

Candace, a queen of Ethiopia, in the age 
of Auguflus, lb prudent and meritorious that 
her fuccefTors always bore her name. She was'' 
blind of one eye. Plin. 6 ,c. 22 .— Dio. 54.— 
Strab. 17. 

C andavia, a mountain of Epirus, which 
feparates Illyria from Macedonia. Lucan. 6, 
v. 3 S 1 * 

Candaui.es, or Myrfilus, fon of Myrlus, , 
was the lall of the Heraclid* who lat on the 
throne of Lydia. He fhewed his wife naked 
to Gyges, one of his miniflers ; and the queen 
was lb incenfed. that fhe ordered Gyges to 
murder her hufband, 718 years before the 
c hriflian era. After this murder, Gyges mar¬ 
ried the queen, and afcended the throne, Juf- 
tin.. 1, c. 7.— Herodot. I, c. 7, &C. — Plut. 
Symp. 

Candei, a people of Arabia who fed on • 
ferpents. 

Candiope, a daughter of CEnopion, ravifh- 
ed by her brother. 

< andvba, a town of I.ycia. 

Cane ns, a nymph called alfo Venilia, 
daughter of Janus and wife to Picus king of 
the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her 
hufband into a bird, fhe lamented him lb much, 
tjjat fhe pined away, and was changed into a 
voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the in¬ 
habitants. Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 9. 

Canephoria, feflivals at Athens in honor 
of Bacchus, or, according to others, of Diana, 
in which all marriageable women offered fmall 
bafkets to the deity, and received the name of 
Canephora t whence ftatues reprefenting wo¬ 
men 







CA 


C A 


men in that attitude were called by the fame < 
apr.'.'nation. Cic. in Verr. 4. 

Can m , a place of Euboea.-A 

mountain in Bceotia. 

Caniculares dies, certain days in the 
fuimnt r.in which the ilar Canis is laid to influ • 
ence ti/e leafon, and to make the days more 
w c! r. 1 during its appeal ance. Maniliu's. 

CZ.ni.dia, a certain woman of Neapolis, 
again ft whom Ha,race inveighed as a l'orcerel's. 
H0v.1l. ~ep*d. 

C anidius, a tribune, who propofed a law to 
"empower Pompey to go only with twolidlors, 
to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians. 
Plut in Pomp. 

Caninefateg, a people near Batavia, 
where modern Holland now is lituate. Tacit. 
Hiji. 4, c. it. 

^ w.Caninius Rebilus, a conful with J. 
t'selar, after the death of I rebonius. He was 
conful only for feven hours, becaule his prede- 
ceflor died the lallday of the year, and he w r as 
choi'en only for th- remaining part of the day; 
whence Ciceroobtetved,that Rome wa greatly 
indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had not 
flept during the whole time of his confullhip. 
Cic. 7. ad Fam. ep. 33. Tlut. in Caf. -Lu¬ 

cius, a lieutenant ot Caefar’s army in Gaul. 

Caj. Bell. G. /> c. S3.-Rufus, a friend of 

Pliny the younger. Plin. I, ep. 3.——Gallus, 
an intimate fi lend of Cicero. 

Canistius, a Lacedaemonian courier, 
who ran 1200 ftadia in one day. Plin. 7. 
C. 20. 

Canids, a poet of Gades,cotemporary with 
Martial. He was lb naturally merry that he 
always laughed. Mart. I, ep.62.-A Ro¬ 

man knight who went to Sicily for his am ul'e- 
merit, where he bought ga dens well (locked 
with filh, which difappeared on the morrow. 
Cic. 3, de Ojflc. 14. 

Cannje, a fmall village of Apulia near the 
AufiduS, where Hannibal conquered theRoman 
con'fuls. P. iEmylius and Terentius Varro, and 
flaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 2ill of 
May, B. C. 216. The fpot where this famous 
battle was fought is now lhewn by the natives, 
and denominated the field of blood. L:v. 22, 
C. 44.— Flor. 2 , c. 6. — Plut. in Annib. 

Canopicum ostium, one of the mouths 
of the Nile, twelve miles from Alexandria. 
Pauf. 5 , c. 21. 

Canopus, a city of Egypt, twelve miles 
from Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of 
Serapis. It was founded by the Spartans, and 
therefore called Amyckea, and it received its 
name from Canopus thq pilot ot the velfel of 
Menelaus, who was buried ia this place. The 
inhabitants were didblute in their manners. 
Virgil bellows upon it the epithet of PAlans, 
becaule Alexander, who was born at Pella, built 
Alexandria in the neighbourhood. Ital. n, v. 
433. — Mela, I, c. 9 .—Strab. IJ—Plin. 5, C. 

31!— Virg. G. 4, v. 287.-The pilot of the 

lhip of Menelaus, who died in his youth on the 


:oa(l of Egypt, by the bite of a ferpent. Mela , 
*> c. 7. 

Cantabra, a river falling into the Indus. 
Plin. 6, c. 20. 

Cantabri, a ferocious and warlike people 
of Spain, who rebelled againll Augullus, by 
whom they were conquered ; their country is 
now called Bifcays. Ital. 3, v. 326.— HoraU 
2, od. 6& 11. 

Cantabrije lacus, a lake in Spain, where 
a thunderbolt fell, and in which twelve axes 
were found. Suet.in Gall. 8. 

Cantharus, a famous lculptor of Sicyon, 

Pauf. 6, c. 17.-A comic poet of Athens. 

Canthus, a fon of Abas, one of the Argo¬ 
nauts. 

Cantium, a country in the eaftern parts of 
Britain, now called Kent. Caf. Bell. G. 5. 

Can u lei a, one of the full vellals t chofen 

by Numa. Plut. -A law. Fid. Canuleius. 

C.Canui.eius, a tribune of the people ot 
Rome, A. U.C. 310, who made a law to render 
it conftitutional lor th^patricians and plebeians 
to intermarry. It ordained all'o, that one of 
the confuls Ihould be yearly chofen from the 
plebeians. Li-j. 4, c. 3, tffc .— Flor. T,c. 17. 

Canulia, a Roman virgin, who became 
pregnant by her brother, and killed herl’elfby 
order other father. Plut.in Par all. 

Canusium, now Canofa , a town of Apulia, 
whither the Romans fled after the battle of 
Cannae. s It was built by Diomedes, and its 
inhabitants have been called bilingucs, becaufe 
they retained the language of their founder, 
and likewile adopted that of their neighbours. 
Horace complained of the grittinefs of their 
bread. The wools and the cloths of the place 
were in high ellimation. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 
0 0.— Mela , 2, c. 4.— Plin. 8, c. II. 

Canusius, a Greek hillorian under Pro-, 
lemy Aulete's. Plut. 

Canutius Tiberinus, a tribune of the 
people, t who, like Cicero, furioully attacked 
Antony, when declared an enemy to the 
Hate. His fatire colt him his life. Patercul. 

2, c. 64.-A Roman adtor. Plut. in Brut. 

Capaneus, a noble Argive, fon of Hippe- 
nous and Altinome, and hufband to Evadne. 
He was l'o impious, that when he went to 
the Theban war, he declared that he would 
take Thebes even inlpite of Jupiter. Such 
contempt provoked the god, who ltruck him 
dead with a thunderbolt. His body was burnt 
feparately fr«m the others, and his wife threw 
herlelf on the burning pile to mingle her 
allies with his. It is laid that JEfculapius 
restored him to life, Ovid. Met. 9, v. 404.— 
Stat. Theb. 3, &c.— Hygin. fab. 68 l? 5 7a.— 
Euripid. in Pljaniff. t 3 * Supp. — TEfchyl. Sept, 
ante Tbeb. 

Cap ell a, an elegiac poet in the age of X. 

Ctefar. Ovid, de Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 36.-Mar- 

tianus, a Carthaginian, A. D. 490, who wrote 
a poem on the marriage of Mercury <u.d 
philology, and in praife of the liberal arts. The 

bell 










C A 


C A 

£eft edition is that of Wakhardus, Pvo, Bernae, 
1763.-A gladiator Juv. 4,v. 155. 

Capena, agate of Rome. Ovid. Feijl. 5, 
v. 19a. 

Capena s, a fmall river of Italy. Slat. 
Thcb. 13, v. 85. 

Capeni, a people of Etruria, in whofe 
territory Feronia had a grove and a- temple. 
Vi rg. JEn . 7, V. 097 .—1 iv. 5 ,22, Cfc. 

Caper, a river of Alia Minor. 

Capetus, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 

years. Dhr.yf. -A iuitor of Hippodamia. 

Pauf.6, C. 21. 

Capua reus, a lofty mountain and pro¬ 
montory ofEubofa, where Nauplius king of the 
country, to revenge the death ol his fon Pala- 
medes. flainbyUlyffes, let a burning torch in the 
jkrknefs of night, which cauled theGreeks to be 
Clip wrecked on the coaft. Virg.JEn . ir,v. 260. 
— Ovid. Met.l 4, V.4S1 .— Propert. 4,el l,v. 115. 

Caphyx, a town of Arcadia. Paul's 8, c.23. 

Capio, a Roman, famousfor his friendll ip 
with Cato. Flat. de Pat . Am. 

Capito, thp uncle of Paterculus, who join¬ 
ed Agrippa againft Crafliis. Patercul. 2, c. 

69,- —Fonteius, a man lent by Antony to 

fettle his disputes with Augu ft us. Ho: at. 1. 

Sal. 5,v. 32.-A man acuifed of extortion, 

in Cilicia, and leverely puniihed by the fenate. 
Juv. 8, v. 93 •»-’—An epic poet of Alexandria, 

who wrote on love.-An hiftorian of J.ycia, 

who wrote an account of Ifauria in tight books. 

.-A poet'who wrote on iilullrious men. 

Ca pitoi.Tni iddi, games yearly celebrated 
at Rome in honor of Jupiter, vvlio prelerved the 
capitol from the Gauls. 

Capito lInus, a fur name of Jupiter, from 

his temple on mount t apitolinus.-A lur- 

name of M. Manlius, who, for liis ml-juon, 
was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock 

which he had fo nobly defended.-A moon . 

tain at Rome, called alio Moils Tarpeius, and 
Mons Saturni. Thecnpitol was built upon it. 

•-A man of lafcivious morals, conl'uft with 

Marcellus. Pint, in Mar cell.- - Julius, an 

author jn Dkiclefian’s reign, who w rote an ac¬ 
count of the life of Vents, Antoninus Pius, the 
Gordians, &c. mod of which are now loft. 

Capitolium, a celebrated temple and ci¬ 
tadel at Rome on the Tarpeian rock the plan 
of which was made by Tarquin Prifcus. It was 
begun by Servius Tullius, finilhcd by Tarquin 
Superbus, and confecrnted by the c< nful }>o- 
rarius after the expulfion of the'J’arquins from 
Rome. It was built upon 4 acres of ground , the 
front was adorned witn three rows of pillars, and 
the other hides with two, 'I he afeent to it from 
the ground was by an hundred fteps. r i he 
magnificence and richnefs of this temple are 
almoft incredible. A a.the confuIs fuccefiively 
made donations to the capitol, and Auguftus 
bellowed upon it at one time 2,coo pounds 
weight of gold. Its thr (holds were made of 
brafs, and its roof was gold. It was adorned 
with veflels and fliields of lolid hlver, with 


f golden chariots, &c. It was burnt during the 
civil wars of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, but 
died before the dedication, which was perform¬ 
ed by Q. Catulus. It was again deftroyed 
in the troubles under Vitellius ; and Velpalian, 
who endeavoured to repair it, law it again in 
ruins at his death. Domitian raifed it aeain, 
for the kit time, and made it more grand and 
magnificent than anv of his predeceffors, and 
fpent 12,000 talents in gi'ding it. When they 
firlt dug for the foundations, they found a 
man’s head called T olios* found and entire in 
the ground, and from thence drew an omen of 
the future ereatnefs ol the Roman empire. 
The hill was from that circumftance called Ca¬ 
pitolium, a capite Toll. The con (ills and ma¬ 
gistrates offered lacrifices there, when they 
firrft entered upon their offices, and the procef- 
fion in triumphs was always conduced to the 
Capitol. V'irg. JEn. 6, v. 136, 1 . 8, V. 347. —» 
Tacit. 3. Hip. c. 72.— PLut.in Pop lie. —Liv I, 
IO, life. — Plin. 33, life. — Sutton, in /lug. c. 40. 

Cappadocia, a country of a fin Minor, be¬ 
tween the Halys, the Euphrates, and the 
Euxine. It receives it name from the river 
Cappndox, which leparates it from Galatia. 
The inhabitants were called oyriansandheuco- 
Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a dull 
and fu b mi [five dilpofition, and addidted to every 
vice, according to the ancients who wrote this 
virulent epigram againft them : 

Vipera Cappadocem nicitura momordit; at ill 4 

Gnjhito periit Jaitguine Cap pa doers. 

When they were offered their freedom and 
independence by the Romans, they refufed it, 
and begged of them a king, and they received 
Ariobarzanes. It was fome time after govern¬ 
ed by a Roman proconful. '1 hough the an¬ 
cients have ridiculed this'country for the un- 
fruitfulnefs of its foil, and the manners of its in- 
hahitants^yet it can boait of the birth of the ge¬ 
ographer Strabo, St.Balil, and Gregory Nazian- 
zen, among other illuftrious characters. The 
hovfes of this country were in general efteem, 
and with thele they paid their tributes to the 
king of Perfia, while under his power, for want 
of money. The kings of Cappadocia moldy bore 
the name of Ariarathes. Herat. 1, ep. 6, v. 
39-— Plin. 6, c. 3.— Curt 3 & 4.— Strab II & 
10. — Hcrodot. I, c. 73. 1 . 5 ,C. 49 .—Mela , I, 
c. 2,1. 3,c. 8 

CAPPADox,a river ofCappadocia./Y/«.6,c.3, 

Capraria, now Cabrera , a mountainous 
ifi.vnd on the coaft of Spain, famous for its goats. 

Pi in. 3, c, 6. 

CXphe^e, now Capri, Tin ifiaiul on the coaft, 
of v’ampanyi, abounding in quails, and famous 
for tire refidence and debaucheries of the em¬ 
peror 1 jberius, during the i’even laft years of 
h's life'. ) he ifland, in which now i'everal me¬ 
dals are dug up exprefiive of the licentious mo- 
rals of the emperor, is about 40 miles in cir¬ 
cumference, and lurroutided by deep rocks. 

Ovid. Edict. 15, v. 709- Sustain Tib.—StaU 

Sylv. 3, v. 5. 

Capkv*} 












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CA 


CAPREJEPALi/^aplace near Rome, where 
Romulus dilappeared. Plut . in Rom .— Ovid, 
pajl. v. 491. x 

Caericornus, a fign of the Zodiac, In 
which appear 28 ftars in the form of a goat, 
fuppofed by the ancients to be the goat Amal- 
thiea, which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some 
maintain that it is Pan, who ch anged himfelf 
into a goat when (l ightened at the approach of^ 
Typhon. When the i'un enters this fign it is 
the winter folftice, or the longeit night in the 
year. Manil. 2 & 4.— Herat. 2 , od. 17, v 
19.— Hygin. fab. 196 P. A 2, c. 28. 

Capriii'IciAlis, a day lacred to Vulcan, on 
which the Athenians offered him money. 
Plin. 11, c. 15. 

CaprIma, a town of Caria 

Capripf.des, a furflame of Pan, the Fauni 
and the Satyrs, from their having goats’ feet. 

Caprius, a great informer in Horace’s age. 
Ho at. X, Sat. 4, v. 66. 

GaprotTva, afeftival celebrated at Rome 
in July, in honor of Juno, at which women 
only officiated. {Vid. Philotis.) Varro. ds 
L. L. 5. 

Cyprus, a harbour near mount Athos. 

Capsa, a town of Libya, furrounded by 
vaft deferts full of i'nakes. Flor. 3, c. 1.— 
SHI B ll. Jug. 

Cai sage, a town of Syria. Curt. 10. 

Capua, the chief city of Campania in Italy, 
fuppoled to have been founded by Capys, the 
father, or rather the companion of Anchifes. 
This city was- very ancient, andfo opulent that 
it even rivalled Rome, and was called altera 
Roma. The- foldicrs of Annibsl, after the 
battle of Canute, were enervated by the plea- 
fures and luxuries which powerfully prevailed 
in this voluptqous city and under a foft cli¬ 
mate. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 145.— Liv. 4, 7 > 8, 
Itfc. — Paterc. I, C. 7. 1 . 2,0.44 — Flor. I, C. 
l6.— Cic. in Philip. 12, c. 3 — Plut. in Ann. 

Capy 3, a Trojan who came with iEneas 
. into Italy, and founded Capua. He was one 
of thofe who, againft the advice of Thymretes, 
wiffied to deftroy the wooden horfe, which 
proved the deftruirion of Troy. Virg. JEn. 
10, v. 145.-A fon of AiTaracus by a daugh¬ 

ter of the Simois. He was father of Anchifes 
by Themis. Ovid. Fuji. 4, v. 33 

Cafys Sylvius, a king of Alba, who 
.feigned twenty-eight years. Dionyf. Hal. — 
Virg. JEn. 6, v. 768. 

Car, a fon of Phoroneus, king of Megara.' 

Pauf. i,c. 39 & 40.-A fon of Manes, who 

married Callirhoe, daughter of the Maeander. 
Caria received its name from him. Herodot. 

i,c. 171. 

Carabactra, a place in India. 

Cara bis, a toyvn of Spain. 

Caracalla. Vid. Antoninus. 

Caracates, a people of Germany. 

Caractacus, a king of the Britons', con¬ 
quered by an officer of Claudius Csefar, A.D. 
47. Tacit. Ann. 12, C. 33 & 37. 


Car*, certain places between Sufa and 
Tigris, where Alexander pitched his camp. 

Carpus, a l'tirname of Jupiter in Bceotia,— 
in Curia. 

Caralis, (or es, ium), the chief city of 
Sardinia. Pauf. 10, c. 17, 

Carambis, now Kerempi, a promontory 
of Paphlagonia. Mela, 1,, c. 19. 

Caranus, one of the Heradidae, the itrft 
who laid the foundation of the Macedonian 
empire, B. C. 814. He t®ok Edefla, and 
reigned twenty-eight years v which he fpent in 
eftablilhing and llrengthening the government 
of his newly founded kingdom. He was fuc- 
ceeded by Perdiccas. JuJlin 7, c. 1.— Paterc. 

l,c. 6.-A generarof Alexander. Curt. 7. 

■-An harbour of Phoenicia. 

Car AustU6, a tyrant of Britain for fevea 
years, A. D. 293. 

Carbo, a Roman oratox who killed himfelf 
becaule he could not curb the licentious man¬ 
ners of his countrymen Cic. in Brut. . 

Cneus, a fon of the orator Cat bo, who embrac¬ 
ed the party of Marius, and after the death 
of Cinya fucceeded to the government. He 
was killed in Spain, in his third confulffiip, by 

order of Pompey. Val. Max. 9, c. 13.- 

An orator, fon of Carbo the orator, killed by 
the army when defirous of r e-eftabliffiing the 
ancient military dilcipline. Cic. in Brut. 

Carchedon, the Greek name of Car¬ 
thage. 

Carcinus, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, 
in the age of Philip'of Macedon. He wrote 
on the rape of Prolerpine. Diod. 5.-Ano¬ 
ther of Athens.-Another of NanpaCtum. 

-A man of Rhegium, who expoled his fon 

Agathocles on account of forne uncommon 
dreams during his wife’s pregnancy. Aga¬ 
thocles was preferved. Diod. 19.-A* 

Athenian general, who laid wafte Peloponne- 
fus in the time of Pericles. Id. 12. 

Carcinus, a conliellation, the fame as the 
Cancer. Lucan. 9, v. 536. 

Car daces, a people of Afia Minor. Strah. 
J 5 - 

Cardamyle, a town of Argos. 

Cardia, a'town in the Thracian Cherfo- 
nefus. Plin. 4, c. 11. ’ 

Carduchi, a warlike nation of Media, 
along the borders of the Tigris. Diod. 14. 

Cares, a nation which inhabited Caria,and 
thought themfelves the original poflefibrs'of 
that country. They became fo powerful that 
their country was not fufficiently extenfive to 
contain them all, upon which they feized the 
neighbouring iflands of the iEgean fea. Thele 
iflands were conquered by Minos king of 
Crete. Nileus fon of Codrus, invaded their 
country, and flaughtered mrny of the inhabit¬ 
ants. In this calamity, the Carians, furround¬ 
ed on every fide by enemies, fortified them- 
ielves in the mountainous parts of the country, 
, and, foon after, made themfelves terrible by 
fea. Uhey were anciently called Leleges. 

Herodot. 








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Hero Jot. I, C. 146 & 171 .—Pauf. I, C. 40. 
Strab , 13.—Cwrf. 6, c. 3.— JuJiin. 13, c. 4. 

JEn. 8, V. 70,5. 

Cares a, an illand of the iEgean fea, oppo- 
fite Attica. 

Caressus, a river of Troas. 

Carfinia, an immodeft woman, mentioned 
Juv. 2, v. 69. 

Caria, now AiJinclll , a country of Afia 
Minor, whole boundaries have been different 
in different ages. Generally fpeaking, it was 
at the fouth of Ionia, at the eaft and north of 
the Icarian fea, and at the weft of Phrygia Ma¬ 
jor and Lycia. It has been called Phoenicia, 
becaul'e a Phoenician colony firft fettled there; 
and afterwards it received the name of Caria, 
from Car, a king who firft invented the augu¬ 
ries of birds. The chief town was called Hali- 
carnaffus, where Jupiter was the chief deity. 

(Fid. Cares.) -A port of Thrace. Mela, 

2,c. 2. 

Carias, a town of Peloponne:us.-A 

general. Fid. Laches. 

Cauiate, a town of Baftriana, where 
Alexander imprilbned £allifthenes. 

Carilla, a town of the Piceni, deftroyed 
by Annibal, for its great attachment to Rome. 
Sil.Ital. 8. 

Carina, a virgin of Caria, See. Polyan. 8 . 

CarTnje, certain edifices at Ron e, built in 
the manner of Grips, which were in the temple 
of Tellus. Some luppole that it was a rtreet 
in which Pompey’s houfc was built. V.irg. 
JEn. 8, v. 361.— Horat.i , ep. 7. 

CarTne, a town near the Caicus in Afia 
Minor. Ha odd. 7, c. 42. 

CarInus, (M. Aurelius) a Roman who 
attempted to fucceed his father Cants as em¬ 
peror. He was famous for his debaucheries 
and cruelties. Diocletian defeated him in 
Dalmatia, and he was killed by a foldier whofe 
wife he had debauched, A. D. 268. 

Cartsiacum, a town of ancient Gaul, now 
Crefly in Picardy. 

Carissanum, a place of Italy near which 
Milo was killed. Plin. 2, c. 56. 

Caristum, a town of Liguria. 

. CarMania, a country of Afia, between 
Perfia r.nd India. Adrian .— Plin. 6, c. 23. 

Carmanor, a Cretan, who purified Apollo 
ef {laughter. Pauf. 2, c. 30. 

Car me, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and 
mother of Britomartis by Jupiter. She was 
one of Diana's attendants. Pat■/. 2, c. 30. 

Carmelus, a god among the inhabitants of 
mount Carmel, fituate between Syria and Ju¬ 
daea. Tacit. HiJ}. 2, C. 78.— Sueton. FcJ'p. 5. 

Carmenta & Carmentis, a prophetefs 
©f Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom Ihe 
came to Italy, and was received by king F:iu- 
nus, about 60 years before the Trojan war. 
Her name was Nicojlrata, and fhe received that 
©f Carmcntis from the wildnefs of her looks 
when giving oracles, as if carers mentis. She 
was the 'oracle of the people of Italy during 


her life, and after death fire received divine 
honors. She had a temple at Rome, and the 
Greeks offered her facrifices under the name 
of Themis. Ovid. Fuji. I, v. 467, 1 . 6, v. 530. 
— Pint, in Rotnul. — Firg. JEn. 8, v. 339 * 
—Liv. 5, c. 47- 

Carmentales, feftivalsat Rome in honor 
of Carmenta, celebrated the nth of January, 
near the Porta Carmentalis, below the Capitol. 
This goddefs was entreated to render the Ro¬ 
man-matrons prolific, and their labors eafy. 
Liv. I, c. 7. 

CarmentAlis Porta, one of the gates 
of Rome in the neizhbourh^od of the capitol. 
It was afterwards called Scelercin , becaufe the 
Eabii palled through it in going to that fatal 
expedition where they perilhed. Firg. JEn. 
8, v.338. 

Carmides, a Greek of an uncommon me¬ 
mory. Plin. 7, c. 24. 

Carna & Qarijinea, a goddefs'at Rome 
who preftded over hinges, as alfo over the en¬ 
trails and fecret parts of the human body. She 
was originally a nymph called Gtane, whom 
Janus raviflied, and,for the injury, he gave her 
the power of prefiding over the exterior of 
houfes, and of removing all noxious birds from 
the doors. The Romans offered her beans, 
bacon, and vegetables, to represent the fimpli- 
city of their ancestors. Ovid. Fuji. 6, v< 
IOI, &c. 

Carnasius, a village of Meflcnia in Pelo- 
ponnefus. J>auf. 4, c. 33. 

Carneades, a philosopher of Cvrene in 
Africa, founder of a l'edt called the* third or 
new Academy. The Athenians lent him with 
Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripa¬ 
tetic, as ambafiadors to Rome, H. C. 155. The. 
Roman youth were extremelv fond of the com¬ 
pany of thefe learned philofophers; and when 
Carneades, in a lpeech, had given an accurate 
and judicious difTertation upon juftice, and in 
another lpeech confuted all the arguments he 
had advanced, and apparently given no exift- 
ence to the virtue he had io much commend¬ 
ed'; a report .prevailed all over Rome, that a 
Grecian was come, who had fo captivated by 
his words the riling generation, that they for¬ 
got their ufual amufements, and ran mad 
after philofophy. When this reached the ears 
of Cato the cenfor, he gave immediate audi¬ 
ence to the Athenian ambafladors in thele • 
nate, and difmtfied them in hafte, exprefling 
his apprehenfion of their corrupting the opini¬ 
ons of the Roman people, whole only profef- 
fion, he fternly oblerved, was arms and war. 
Carneades denied that any thing could be per¬ 
ceived or underltood in the world, and he was 
the firft who introduced an universal fufpenfion 
of aftent. He died in the 90th year oMiis 
age, B. C. 128. Cic. ad Attic. 12, ep. 23. dc 
Orat. l h 2. — Plin. 7, c. 30.— Latlantius 5, 
c. 14.— Fal.Max. 8 ,C. 8. 

Carnf.ia, a feftival obferved in moft of the 
Grecian cities, but more particularly at Sparta, 

3 \Giere 






where it was firft inftituted, abbut 675 B. C. 
in honor of Apollo furnamed Carnots. It lalted 
nine days, and was an imitation of the manner 
of living in camps among the ancients. 

Carnion, a town of Laconia.——A river 
cf Arcadia. Pauf 8, c. 34. 

Carnus, a prophet of Acarnania, from 
whom Apollo was called Carneus. Pauf. 3, 
c. 13. 

Carnutes, a people of Celtic Gayl. Ceef. 

Bell. A3. 6 , c. 4. 

Carpasia & Carpasium, a town of Cy¬ 
prus. 

CarpathUs, an ifland in the Mediterra¬ 
nean between Rhodes and Crete, now called 
Scapanto. It has given its name to a part of 
the neighbouring lea, thence called the Car¬ 
pathian fea, between Rhodes and Crete. Carpa- 
thus was at firft inhabited by lome Cretan 
l'oldiers of Minos. It was 20 miles to circum¬ 
ference, and was fometimes called Tetrapolis, 
from its four capital cities. Pirn. 4, c. 12.— 
Herodot. 3, c. 4*. — Diod. 5.— St mb. IO. 

Car pi a, an ancient name of Tarteflus. 
Pauf. 6, c. 19. 

C a r pi s,• a river of Myfia. Herodot. 

Carm, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of 
the Seafons. She was loved by Calamus the 
l'on cf Meander, whom lhe equally admired. 
She was drowned in the Mseander, and was 
changed by Jupiter into all forts of fruit. 
Pauf 9,c. 3S : 

Carpophora, a name of Ceres and Pro- 
ferpine in Tegea. Pauf. 8, c. 53. 

Carpophorus, an ador greatly efteemed 
by Demitian. Ma-tial. — Juiv. 6, v. 198. 

CaRRJE & f'ARRHJE, 3 tOWll of Mefopota- 
mia, near which CralTus was killed. Lucan. I, 
v. 105 —Plin 5,c. 14. 

CarrinAtes SECUNDus,a poor but inge¬ 
nious rhetorician, who came from Athens to 
Rome, w here the boldnefs of his exprellions, 
especially again!! tyrannical power, expofed 
him to Caligula’s reientment, who banilhed 
him. Juv. 7, v. 205. 

Carruca, a town of Spain. Hitt. Hifp. 
37 . 

Carseoi.i^p town of the 7 Equi,.at the weft 
of the lake Fuchius. Ovid. Faf. 4, v. 683. 

Cartaltas, a town ofSpain. 

Carteia, a town at the extremity of Spain, 
near the lea of Gades, fuppofed to be the lame 
*sC 1 j«. 

L artena, a town of Mauritania, now Te- 
nez, on the Ihores of the. Mediterranean. 

Carth^a, a town in the illand of Cea, 
whence the epithet of Cartheius. Ovid. Met. 
7,v. 368. 

Carthaginienses, the inhabitants of 
Carthage, a rich and commercial nation. Hid. 
Carthago. 

Carthago, a celebrated city of Africa, the 
rival of Rome, and long the capital of the coun¬ 
try, and miftrefs of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. 
Theprecile time ^f its foundation is unknown, 


yet mod writers feem to agree that it was firft 
built by Dido, about 869 years before the 
Chriftian era, or, according to others, 72 or 93 
years before the foundation of Rome. This 
city and republic florilhed for 737 years, and 
the time of its greateft glory was under Anni- 
bal and Amilcar. During the firft Punic war, 
it contained no lefs than 700,000 inhabitants. 

It maintained three famous wars againft Rome, 
called the Punic wars, [Hid. Punicum Be Hum] 
in the third of which Carthage was totally de- 
ftroyed by Scipio the lecond Africanus, B. C. 
147, and only 5000 perfons were found within 
the w’alls. It was 23 miles in circumference, 
and when it was fet on fire by the Romans, it 
burned inceftantly during 17 days. After the 
deitrudion of Carthage, Utica became power- 
fill, and the Romans thought themlelves fe- 
cure ; and as they had no rival to diipute with 
them in the field, they fell into indolence and 
inadivity. Caefgr planted a fmall colony on 
the ruins of Carthage. Auguftus lent them 
3000 men ; and Adrian, after the example of 
his imperial predeceffors, rebuilt part of it, 
which he called Adrianopolis. Carthage was 
conquered from the Romans by the arms of 
Genferic, A. D. 439 ; and it was for more than 
a century the leaf of the Vandal empire in 
Africa, and fell into the hands of the Saracens 
in the 7th century. The Carthaginians were 
governed as a republic, and had two perfons 
yearly chofen among them with regal autho¬ 
rity. They were very fuperftitious, and gene¬ 
rally offered human vidims to their gods; 
an unnatural cuftom, which their allies wilhed 
them to abolilh, but in vain. They bore the 
chnrader of a faithlefs and treacherous people, 
and the proverb Punica fdes is well known. 
Stral. 17. — Hirg. JEn. T, &C. — Mela. I, &c. 
— Ptol. 4. — Jufin. — Liv. 4, &c.— Pater c. I 

& X — Pint, in Annib. &c.— -Cic. -Nova, a 

town built in Spain, on the coafts ®f the Medi¬ 
terranean, by Afdrubnl the Carthaginian gene¬ 
ral. It was taken by Scipio when Hanno fur- 
rendered himlelf alter a heavy lofis. It now 
bears the name of Carthngena. Polyb. 10.— 

Liv. 26. c. 43, &.C. — 5 / 7 . 15, v. 220, &c. - 

A daughter of Hercules. • 

Carthasis, a Scythian, &c. Curt. 7, 
c. 7. 

Carthea, a town of Cos. Ovid. Met. 7, 
fab. 9. 

C’ARViLius,a king of Britain, who attacked 
Ciefar’s naval ftation by order of Caflivelaunus, 
&c. Caf Bell. G. 5, c. 17 . -Spurius, a Ro¬ 

man, who made a large image of the bread - 
plates taken from the Samnites, and placed it - 

in the capifol. Plin. 34, c. 7.-The firlt 

Roman who divorced his wife during the fpace 
of about 600 years This was for barrcnnefs, 

B. C. 23i* Dicmyf. Hal. 2.— Hal .. Max. 2, 
c. I. 

Car us, a Roman emperor who fuccoeded 
Probus. He was a prudent and adive general, 
he conquered the Sarmatians, and continued 

the 







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CA 


the Perfian war which his predeceflcr had 
commenced. He reigned two years, and died 
on the banks of the Tigris „as he was going in 
an expedition againft Perfia, A. D 283. He 
made his two Ions, arinus and Numerianus, 
< aefars; and as his many virtues had promited 
die Romans happinefs, he was made a god 

after death. JSutrop. -One of thole who 

attempted to fcale the rock Aornus, by order 
of Alexander. Cw t. 8. c. 11. 

Carya, a town of Arcadia.-A city of 

Laconia. Pauf. 3, c. to.—Here a feftivalwns 
oblerved in honor of Diana Caryatis. It 
was then uiual for virgins to meet at the cele¬ 
bration, and join in a certain dance, faid to 
have been firft inftituted by Caftor and Pol 
lux. "When Greece was invaded by Xerxes, 
the Laconians did not appear before the ene¬ 
my, for fear of dii'pleafing the goddefs, by not 
celebrating her feftival. At that time the 
peafants affemblcd at the ufual place, and 
fang paliorals called B ovxoXnr/Joi, from Bou- 
xoXm, a neatherd. From this circumftance, 
fome fuppofe that Bucolics originated. Slat. 
4. Theb. 225. 

Caryanda, a town and ifland on the coaft 
ofCaria, now Karacoion. 

Caryat^, a people of Arcadia. 

Carystius Amtigonus, an hiftorian, 
&c. B. C. 248. 

Carystus, a maritime town on the fouth 
of Euboea, itill in exiltence, famous for its 
marble. Stat. 2, Sylv. 2, v. 93.— Martial. 
9. ep. 76. 

Caryum, a place of Laconia, where Ari- 
ftomenes preferved lome virgins, &c. Pauf. 

4, c. 16. 

Casca, one of Cafar’s aflaflins, who gave 
him the fir it blow. Plat, in Cap’. 

Cascerlius Aui.us, a lawyer of great 
merit in the Auguttan age. Horai. Art. 
Poet. 371. 

CasilInum, a town of Campania. When 
it was befieged by Hannibal, a moiife fold 
for 200 denarii. The place was defended by 
540 or 570 natives of Pnrnelte, who, when 
half their number had perilhed either by war 
or famine, furrendered to the conqueror 
Liv. 23> c. 19.— Strab. 5.— Cic. de Inn). 2, c. 
57 .—Plin. 3 ,C. 5. 

CasTna Sc CasInum, a town of Campa¬ 
nia. Sil. 4, v. 227. 

Casius, a mountain near the Euphrates. 

-Another at the eaft of Pelufium, where 

Pompey’s tomb was railed by Adrian. Ju¬ 
piter, lurnamed Caftus , had a temple there. 

Lucan. 8, v. 858.-Another in Syria, from 

whole top the fun can be feen riiing, though 
it be ftill the darknefs of night at the bottom 
of the mountain. Plin. 5, c. 22.— Mela , 
I & 3 . 

Casmenje, a town built by the Syracufans 
in Sicily. Thucyd.6,c. 5. 

Casmilla, the mother of Camilla, Virg. 
JEn. ix ,v J143, 


Ca SPE.tiA, wife of Rhcstus king of thtf 
Mamvbii, committed adultery with her fan- 

in-law. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 388.-A town 

of the Sabines. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 714. 

Cas 1‘ERU'La, a town of the Sabines. Sil.. 
8, v. 416. 

'astite Portat, certain pafles of Afia, 
which fome p'ace about Caucalus, and the 
Cafpian fea, and others between Perfia and 
the Cafpian lea, or near mount Taurus, or 
Armenia, or Cilicia. Died. 1.— Plin. 5, c. 
27. 1. 6, c. 13. 

Caspian a, a country of Armenia. 

Caspii, a Scythian nation near the Caf¬ 
pian fea. Such as had lived bevond their 
, Oth year were ttarve-d to death. Their dogs 
were remarkable for their fiercenefs. Herodot. 
3, c, 92, &c. 1 . 7, c. 67, &c.— C. Ncp. 14, c. 8. 
— Virg. ASn. 6,v. 798. 

Caspium mare, or Hyrcanum, a large 
fea in the form of a lake, which has no com¬ 
munication with other leas, and lies between 
the Cafpian and Hyrcanian mountains, at 
the north of Parthia, receiving in its ca¬ 
pacious bed the tribute of leveral large 
rivers. Ancient authors afiure us, that it 
produced enormous ferpems and fiflies, dif¬ 
ferent in color and kind from thofe of all 
other waters. The eallern parts are more 
particularly called the Hyrcanian fea , and the 
weftern the Cafpian. It is now called die 
lea of Scila or Baku. I he Cafpian is about 
680 miles long, and in no part more than 
260 in breadth. There are no tides in it, 
and on account of its numerous lhoals, it is 
navigable to velfels drawing only nine or ten 
feet water. It has ftrong currents, and, like 
inland feas, is liable to violent ftorms. Some 
navigators examined it in 1708, by order 
ot the Czar Peter, and after the labor of 
three years, a map of its extent was publifhed. 
Its waters are deferibed as braekifh, and not 
impregnated with lalt fo much as the wide 
ocean. Herodot. 1, c. 202, &c.— Curt. 3, c. 2. 

1 . 6, c. 4. 1 . 7, c. 3.— Strab. II — Mela, I, C. 

2 . 1 . 3, c. 5 & 6.— Plin. 6, C. 13.— Dionyf. 
Per ifg. v. 50. 

Caspius mons, a branch ©f mount Tau¬ 
rus, between Media and Armenia, at the eaft 
of the Euphrates. The Caipiae portae are 
placed in the denies of the mountain by lome 
geographers. 

Cassandane, the mother of Cambyfes 
by Cyrus. Herodot. 2, C. 1 , 1 . 3, c. 2. 

Cassander, Ion of Antipater, made him- 
felf matter of Macedonia after his father’s 
death, where he reigned for 18 years. He 
married Thelfalonica, the fitter of Alexander, 
to llrengthen himlelf on his throne. Olym¬ 
pias, the mother of Alexander, wiilied to 
keep the kingdom of Macedonia for Alexan¬ 
der’s young children; and therefore fhe de- 
ttroyed the relations of Calfander, who be- 
fieged her in the town of Pydna, and put her 
to death, Roxane, with her £00 Alexander, 
XX and 









CA 


C A 

•nd Barrens, the mother of Hercules, both 
wives of Alexander, lhared the fate of Olym¬ 
pias with their children. Antigonus, who 
had been for fome time upon friendly terms 
with Calfander, declared war agaiutt him ; I 
and CaHander, to make himlelf equal with 
his adverlarv, made a league with l.yfima- 
chus and Seleucus, and obtained a rnerho- 
table victory at Iplus, B. C. 301. He died 
three years after this victory, of a droply. 
His fou Antipater killed his mother ; and 
for this unnatural murder he was put to 
death by • his brother Alexander, who, to 
ftrengthen himlelf, invited Demetrius, the 
fon of Antigonus, from Alia. Demetrius 
took advantage of the invitation, and put to 
death Alexander, and afcended the throne of 
Macedonia. Pat/. 1, c. 15,— Diotl. 19.— 
Jujlin. I 2, 13, &c. 

Cassandra, daughter of Priam and He¬ 
cuba, was paflionately loved by Apollo, who 
promifed to grant her whatever fhe might 
require, if lhe would gratify his paflion. She 
alked the pow^r of knowing futurity ; and ns 
loon as lhe had received it, (lie refilled to per¬ 
form her prornile, and flighted Apollo. The 
god, in his disappointment, wetted her lips 
with this tongue, and by this action effected 
that no credit or reliance (hould ever be put 
upon her predictions, however true or faithful 
they might be. Some maintain that lhe re¬ 
ceived the gift of prophecy with her brother 
Helenus, by being placed when young one 
night in the temple of Apollo, where lerpents 
were found wreathed round their bodies, and 
licking their ears, which cireumllance gave 
them the knowledge of futurity. She was 
looked upon by the Trojans as inlane, and 
fhe was even confined, and her predictions 
were difregarded. She was courted by many 
princes during the Trojan war. When Troy 
was taken, lhe fled for Ihelter to the temple 
of Minerva, where Ajax found her, and 
offered her violence, with the greateft cruelty,, 
at the foot of Minerva’s Itatue. In the di- 
vifion of the fpoils of Troy, Agamemnon, 
who was enamoured of her, took her as his 
wife, and returned with her to Greece. She 
repeatedly foretold to him the fudden ca¬ 
lamities that awaited his return ; but he gave 
no credit to her, and, was'affafiinated by his 
wife Clytemnelira. Callandra lhared his 
fate, and law all her prophecies but too truly 
fullilled. [ Fid. Agamemnon ] JEchyl. in 
A gam .— Homer. II. 13, v. 363 Od. 4.— 
Hygin. fab. 117.— Vitg. aEn. 2, v. 246, &c. 
— Q. Calab. 13, v. 421.— Eurip. in TroaJ .— 
Pauf. I, c, 16.I. 3, c. 19. 

Cassandria, a town of the peninfula of 
Pallene in Macedonia, called alfo Potidaa. 
Pauf. 5, c. 23. 

cassia lex was ena£ted by Cafiius Lon¬ 
ginus, A. U. C. 649. B.y it no man con¬ 
demned or deprived of military power was 
permitted to enter the feoate-fyoufe.--Ano¬ 


ther enabled by C, Cafflus, the pretor, t® 
chufe fome of the plebeians to be admitted 
among the patricians.—Auother A. 17 . C. 
616, to make the iuffrages'of the Romans 
people free and independent. It ordained 
that they lhouid be received upon tablets 

Cic. in Lxl.~ - Another A. U. C. 26 7, to 

make a divilion of the territories taken from 
the Hernici, half to the Roman people, and 

half to the Latins.-Another enacted 

A. U. C. 596, to grant a confular powep top, 
Anicius and Octavius on the day they tri¬ 
umphed over Macedonia. Liv . 

t- a s s 10 dor us, a great rtatefman and wri¬ 
ter in theHixth century. He died A, D. 50a, 
at the age of 100—His works were edited 
by Chandler, 8vo. London, 1722. 

Cassioi'e & C.vSSIopea, married Ge- 
pheus, king of ./Ethiopia, by whom The had 
Andromeda. Hhe boalled herlelf to be fairer 
than the Nereides; upon which, Neptune, at 
the req licit of thefe defpiied nymphs, pu¬ 
nched the infolence of Calliope, and fent a 
huge lea monftex to ravage Ethiopia. The 
wrath of Neptune could be appealed only by 
expofing Andromeda, whom Cafliope ten¬ 
derly loved, to the fury of a fea monfter 5 
and jail as lhe was going to be devoured, 
Perfeus delivered her. [ Vid . Andromeda.^ 
Calliope was made a fou them conftellation, 
con (ill mg of 13 liars called Calliope. Cic, 
de Hat. I). 2, c. 43— A polled. 2, c. 4. — 
C i id. Aid. 4, v. 738.— Hygin. fab. 64.—— 

Prop fit. I, el 17, V. 3.— Manilius , l.«-. 

A city of Epirus near 'I hefproria.-Ano¬ 

ther in the illand of Corcyra. Plin 4, c. 12, 
-The wife of Epaphus. Stat. Sylv. 

Cassi i erides, illands in the w c&ern 
ocean, where tin was found, fuppofed to be 
the Sciily iflands, the Land's end, and id, 
zard point , of the moderns. P in . 4, c. 
22 . 

Cassivelaunus, a Briton inverted witii 
fovereign authority when J. Caefar made a 
delcent upon Britain. Ceef. Bell. G, 5, c. 
19, &c. 

C. Cassius, a celebrated Roman, who 
made himfelf known by being firft quarter 
to Craffus in his expedition againft Par this, 
from which he extricated himfelf with un¬ 
common addrefs. He followed the interert: 
of Pompey j and when Caefar had obtained 
tiie victory in the plains of Pharfalia, Cafiiu* 
was one of thofe who owed their life to the 
mercy of the conqueror. He married Juiiix 
the filter of Brutus, and with him he refolved 
to murder the man to whom he was indebted 
for his life, on account of his opprertive 
ambition; and before he ftahbed Caelar, he 
addrelfed himlelf to the ftatue of Pompey, 
who had fallen by the avarice of him lie 
was going to aflaflinate. When the provinces^ 
were divided among Ctefar’s murderers, 
Caflius received Africa ; and when his party 
had loft ground at Rome, by the fuperior in¬ 
fluence 








CA 


CA 


fluence of Auguftus and M. Antony, he re¬ 
tired to Philippi, with his friend Brutus and 
their adherents. In the battle that was 
fought there, the vVing which Caffius com¬ 
manded was defeated, and his camp was 
plundered. In this unfuccelsful moment he 
iuddenly gave up all hopes of recovering his 
Ioffes, and concluded that Brutus was con¬ 
quered and ruined as well as himfelf. Fear¬ 
ful to fall into the enemy’s hands, he ordered 
one of his freed-men to run him through, and 
he .perilVed by that very fword which had 
given wounds to Caefar. His body was ho¬ 
nored with a magnificent funeral by his 
friend Brutus, who declared over him that he 
dcferved to be called the laft of the Romans. 
If he was brave, he was equally learned. 
Some of his letters are ftill extant among 
Cicero’s epiftles. He was a ftri6ft follower 
of the doctrine of Epicurus He was often 
too rafh and too violent, and many of the 
wrong Heps which Brutus took are to be 
afcribed to the prevailing advice of Cafiius. 
He is allowed by Paterculus to have been a 
better commander than Brutus, though a lefs 
fin cere friend. The day after Casl'ar’s mur¬ 
der he dined at the houfe of Antony, who 
alked him whether he had then a dagger con¬ 
cealed in his bofom ; yes, replied he, if you 
afpire to tyranny. Sueton. in Caf Izf Aug. 

■— Plut. in Brut. Ilf CaJ. — Paterc. 2, C. 46. 
— Dio. 40.-A Roman citizen, who con¬ 

demned his fon to death, on pretence of his 
railing commotions in the flate. Val. Max. 

5, c. 8.-A tribune of the people, who 

made many laws tending to diminifh the in¬ 
fluence of the Roman nobility. He was 
competitor with Cicero for the confulfhip. 

-One of Pompey’s officers, who, during 

•the civil wars, revolted to C'aelar with 10 fhips. 

-A poet of Parma, of great genius. He 

was killed by Vaflus by order of Auguftus, 
whom be had offended by his fatirical writ¬ 
ings. His fragments of Orpheus were found 
•and edited lome time after by the poet Sta¬ 
tius. Horat. 1, lat. IO, v. 62.-Spurius, 

a Roman, put to death on fufpidon of his 
afpiring to tyranny, after he had been three 
times conful, B. C. 485. Diod. 11. — Val. 
Max. 6, c. 3.-Brutus, a Roman who be¬ 

trayed his country to the Latins, and fled 
to the temple of Pallas, where his father 
confined him, and he was ftarved to death. 

-Longinus, an officer of Ccefar in Spain, 

much difliked. CaJ. Alex. c. 48.-A con¬ 

ful to whom Tiberius married Drufilla, 
daughter of Germanicus. Sueton. in Cal. 

c. 57.-A lawyer whom Nero put to 

death, becaufe he bore the name of J. Caftar’s 

murderer. Suet, in Ner. 37. - L. Hemina, 

the moft ancient writer of annals at Rome. 
He lived A, U. C. 608.-Lucius, a Ro¬ 

man lawyer, whole fevevity in the execution 
of the law has rendered the words Cajpani 
judices applicable to rigid judges. Cic. pro 


Rofc. c. 30.——Longinus, a critic. Fid. 
Longinus.-Lucius, a conful with C. Ma¬ 

rius, flain with his army by the Gauls 

Senones. Appian. in Celt. -M. Scaeva, a 

l’oldier of uncommon valor in C'tefar’s arfny. 
Val. Max. 3,c. 2.-An officer under Au¬ 

relius, made emperor by his foldiers', and mur¬ 
dered three months after.-Felix, a phyfi- 

cian in the age of Tiberius, who wrote on 
animals.——Severus, an orator who wrote 
a fevere treatife on illuftrious men and wo¬ 
men. He died in exile, in his 25th year. 
Fid. Severus. The family 0$ the Caffii 
branched into the furname of Longinus, Vif- 
cellinus, Brutus, &c. 

Cassotis, a nymph and fountain of Pho- 
cis; Pauf. 10, c. 24. 

Castabala, a city of Cilicia, whofe in¬ 
habitants made war with their dogs. Plin. 8, 
c. 40 . 

Castabus, a town of Cherfonefus. 

Castalia, a town near Phocis.-A 

daughter of the Achelous. 

C astauus Fons, or Castalia, a foun¬ 
tain of Parnaflus, facred to the mufes. The 
waters of this fountain were cool and excel¬ 
lent, and they had the power of infpiring 
thole who drank of them with the true fire 
of poetry. Tlte mufes have received the 
l'urname of Cajlalides from this fountain. 
Virg. G. 3, V. 293. — Martial. 7, ep. II, 1 . 
12, ep. 3. 

Castanea, a town near the Peneys, 
whence the nuces Ca fiancee received their 
name. Plin. 4, c. 9. 

Castellum menapiorum, a town of 

Belgium on the Maefe, now Kejfel. -Mori- 

norum, now mount Cajfel , in Flanders.- 

Cattorum, now Hejfe Cajfel. 

Castiienes, a bay of Thrace, near By¬ 
zantium. 

CastianIra, ’ a Thracian miftrefs of 
Priam, and mother of Gorgythion. Homer. 
II. 8 . 

Castor & Poli.ux, were twin brothers, 
fons of Jupiter, by Leda, the wifeoi'Tyn- 
da'rus, king of Sparta. The manner of their 
birth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was en¬ 
amoured of Leda, changed himfelf into a 
beautiful fwan, and defired Venus to meta- 
morphofe herfelf into an eagle. After this 
transformation the goddefs purlucd the god 
with apparent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for 
refuge into the arms of Leda, who was bath¬ 
ing in the Eurotas Jupiter took advantage 
of his fituation, and nine months after, 
Leda, wh® was already pregnant, brought 
forth two eggs, from one of which came 
Pollux and Helena; and from the other, 
Cnftor and Clytemneftra. The two former 
were the offspring of Jupiter, and the latter 
were believed to be the children of Tyndarus. 
Some luppole that Leda brought forth only 
one egg, from which Caftor and Pollux 
fprung. Mercury, immediately after their 

birth, 


















CA 


CA 


fcirth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, 
''here they were educated i and as loon as 
they had arrived to years of maturity, they 
embarked with Jafon to go in queft of the gold¬ 
en fleece. In this expedition both behaved 
tvith fuperior courage: Pollux conquered and 
flew Amycus, -in the combat of the cellus, 
and was ever after reckoned the god and pa¬ 
tron of boxing and wrellling. Caftor diftin- 
guilbed himl'elf in the management cff horfes. 
The brothers cleared the Hellefpont, and the 
neighbouring, leas, from pirates, after their 
return from Colchis, from which circumftance 
they have been always deemed the friends of ' 
navigation. During the Argonautic expedi¬ 
tion, in a violent ftorm, two flames of fire 
were fieen to play around the heads of the Ions 
of J.eda, and immediately the tempeft cealed 
and the fea was calmed. From this occur- 
- rence their power to protett failors has been 
more firmly credited, and the two mentioned 
fires, Which are very common in itorms have 
fince been known by the name of . aftor and 
, Pollux ; and when they both appeared, it was a 
fign of fair weather; but if only one was feen 
it prognofticated Itorms, and the aid of Caftor 
and Pollux was conlequently lolicited- Caftor 
and Pollux made war againlt the Athenians to 
recover their lifter Helen, whom Thefeus had 
carried away ; and from their clemency to the 
conquered, they acquired the furname of 
Anaces , or benefadlors. They were initiated 
in the facred mylteries of the Cabiri, and in 
thole of i eres of Eleufis. They were in¬ 
vited to a feaft when Lynceus and Idas were 
going to celebrate their marriage with Phoebe 
and Talaira, the daughters of Leucippus, who 
was brother to Tyndarus. Their behaviour 
after this invitation was cruel. They became 
enamoured of the two women whofe nuptials 
they were to celebrate, and reiolved to carry 
them away and marry them. This violent ftep 
provoked Lynceus and Idas : a battle enfued, 
and Caftor killed Lynceus, and was killed by 
Idas. Pollux revenged the death of his bro¬ 
ther by killing Idas; and as he was immortal, 
and tenderly attached to his brother, he en¬ 
treated Jupiter to reftore him to life, or to be 
deprived himfelf of immortality. Jupiter per¬ 
mitted Caftor to lhare the immortality of his 
brother; and confequently, as long as the one 
was upon earth, fo long was the other detained 
in the infernal regions, and they alternately 
lived and died every day ; or, according to 
others, every fix months. This a£t of fra¬ 
ternal love Jupiter rewarded by making the 
two brothers conftellations in heaven, under 
the name of Gemini, which never appear toge¬ 
ther, but when one rifes the other lets, and 
fo on alternately. Caftor made Talaira mo¬ 
ther of Anogon, and Phuebe had Mnefileus 
by Pollux. They received divine honors after 
death, and were generally called Dtofcuri , fons 
of Jupiter. White lambs were more parti¬ 
cularly offered on their altars, and the ancients- 


were fond of fwearing by the divinity of the 
n'ofcuri, by the expreflions of JEdepol and 
ca f or - Among the ancients, and efpecially 
among the Romans, there prevailed many 
public reports, at different times, that Caftor 
and. Pollux had made their appearance to 
their armies ; and, mounted on white fteeds, 
had marched at the head of their troops, and 
furioufly attacked the enemy. Their fur- 
names were many, and they were generally 
reprefented mounted on two white horfea, 
armed with fpears, and riding fide by fide, 
with their head covered with a bonnet, on 
whofe top glittered a ftar. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 
IOJ. Fajl 5, c. 701. Am. 3, el. 2, V. 54. 
—Hygin. fab. 77 & 78.— Homer. Hymn, m 
Jov.puer. — Eurip. in Helen.—Plutin The/. 
— Virg. JEn. 6, v 121.— Mu nil. Arg. a.— 
Liv. 2.— Dionyf. Hal. ().—J njlin. 20, C. 3.—— 
— Hot at. 2, Sat. I, v. 27.— Flor. 2 , c. 12.— 
Cic. de Nat.D. 2, C. 2 . —Apollon I.— Apollod. 
i»c. 8, 9. 1 . 2, c. 4. 1 . 3,c. 11.— Pauf. 3, c. 24. 

1 . 4,c. 3 & 27.-An ancient phyfician_ 

A fwift runner.-A friend of jEneas, who 

accompanied him into Italy. Virg. ASn. 10, 

v. 124.-An orator of Rhodes, related to 

king Dejotarus. He wrote two hooks on 
Babylon, and one on the Nile.-A gladia¬ 

tor. Horat. I, ep. 18, v. 19. 

Castra Alexandri, a place ofEgypc 
about Pelufium. Curt. 4, c. 7.-Corne¬ 

lia a maritime town of Africa, between Car¬ 
thage and Utica. 'Mela, 1, c. 7.-Anni- 

balis, a town of the Brutii. now Roceella. 

-Cyri, a country of Cilicia, where Cyru* 

encamped when he marched againft Croefus. 

Curt. 3, c 4.-Julia, a town of Spain. 

-Pofthumiana, a place of Spain. Hirt. 

Hifp. 8. 

Castratius. a governor of Placentia 
during the civil wars of Marius. Val. Max . 
6, c. 2. 

Castrum Novum, a place on the coalt 
of Etruria. Liv. 36, c. 3.~Truentinum, 
a town of Picenum. Cic. dc Attic. 8, ep. 12. 
-Inui, a town on the fhores of the Tyr¬ 
rhene lea. Virg. JEn. 6,v. 775. 

Castulo, a town of Spain, where An- 
nibal married one of the natives. Plut. in 
Sert. — Liv. 24, C. 41.— Ital. 3, v. 99 & 
39 r - 

Catabathmos, a great declivity near 
Cyrene, fixed by Salluft as the boundary of 
Africa. Sallujl. Jug. IT Sc 19. — Plin. 5,0.5. 

Catadupa, the name of the large cata- 
ra&s of the Nile,/ %vhofe immenfe noile 
ftuns the ear of travellers for a fhort fpace of 
time, and totally deprives the neighbouring 
inhabitants of the power of hearing. Cic. dc 
Somn. Scip. 5. 

Catacogia, feftivals in honor ©fVent* 
celebrated by the people of Eryx. Vid. Anu- 
gogia. 

Catamenteles, a king of the Sequent, 
in alliance with Rcme,&c. Cef. Belt. G. i, c. 3. 

M Catana, 












CA 


Cat ana, a town ef Sicily at the foot of 
mount iEtna, founded by a colony from 
Chalcis, 753 year? before the chriftian era. 
Ceres had there a temple, in which none but 
women were permitted to appear. It was 
large and opulent, and it is rendered remark¬ 
able for the dreadful overthrows to which 
it has been fubjeCted from its vicinity to 
.CEtna, which has difcharged, in fome, of its 
eruptions, a ftrebm of lava 4 miles .broad 
and 50 feet deep, advancing at the rate of 
7 miles in a day. Catana contains now about 
30,000 inhabitants. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 53. 
1 . 5, c. 84. Diod. II & 14,— Strab. 6.— 
Tbucyd. 6, c. 3. 

Cataon 1 a, a country above Cilicia, near 
Cappadocia. C. Nep. in Bat. 4, 

_ Cataract a, a city of the Samnites. 

Cataractes, a river of Pamphylia, now 
Dodenfoui. 

Catenes, a Perfianby whofe means Bef- 
fus was feized. Curt 7, c. 43. 

Catiijea, a country of India. 

„ Cat-bar 1, certain gods of the Arcadians. 
» --An Indian nation, where the wives ac¬ 
company their hufbands to the burning pile, 
and are burnt with them. Diod. 17. 

Catia, an immodeft woman, mentioned 
Horat. I, Sat. 2, v. 95. 

Catiena, a courtezan in Juvenal’s age. 
Juv. 3, v. 133. 

Catienus, an aCtor at Rome in Horace’s 
age, 3, Sat. 3, v. 61. 

D- Sergius CXtilina, a celebrated Ro¬ 
man defcended of a noble family. When 
he had fquandered away his fortune by his 
debaucheries and extravagance, and been 
refufed the confulftiip, he i'ecretly meditated 
the ruin of his country, and confpired with 
iqany of the moft illuftrious of the Romans, 
as diflolute as himfelf, to extirpate the fe- 
nate, plunder the treafury, and fet Rome 
en fire. This confpiracy was timely difco- 
vered by the conful Cicero, whom he had 
refolved to murder ; and Catiline, after he 
had declared his intentions in the full fenate, 
and attempted, to vindicate himfelf, on feeing 
five of his accomplices arrefted, retired to 
Gaul, where his partisans were alfembling an 
army ; while Cicero at Rome punifhed the 
condemned confpirators. Petreius, the other 
con.ful’s lieutenant, attacked Catiline’s ill 
diiciplined troops, and routed them. Cati¬ 
line was killed in the engagement, bravely 
fighting, about the middle of December, B. 
C. 63. His chara&er has been delervedly 
branded with the fouleft infamy ; ,and to the 
violence he offered to a veftal, he added the 
more atrocious murder of his own brother, 
for which he would have fuffered death, had 
not friends and bribes prevailed over juftice. 
It has been reported that Catiline and the 
other confpirators drank human blood, to 
make their oaths more firm and inviolable. 
Sal/uji has written an account of the con- 


- C A 

(piracy. Cic. in Catil. — Virg. JEn. 8,v. 

668 . 

Cat 1 lli, a people near the river Anio. 
Sil. 4, v. 335. 

Cat 1 Lius, a pirate of Dalmatia. Cic. 
Div. 5, c. 10. 

Catillus or Cattlus, a fon of Am* 
phiaraus, who came to Italy with his brothers 
Coras and Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, 
and aflifted Turnus againft ASneas. Virg. JEn. 
7, v. 672. — Horat. I, od. 18, v. 2 

CatIna, a town of Sicily, called alfo 
Catana. [Vid. Catana.]-Another of Ar¬ 

cadia. 

M. Catius, an epicurean philofopher of 
Infubria, who wrote a treatile in four books, 
on the nature of things, * and the fummimt 
bonum , and an account of the doCtrine and 
tenets of Epicurus. But as he was not a 
found or faithful follower of the epicurean 
philofophy, he has been ridiculed by Horat. 
2, Sat. 4. — Quintil. io, c. i.—Veftinus, a 
military tribune in M. Antony’s army. Cic. 
Div. 10, c. 23. 

Catizi, a people of the Pygmaeans, fup- 
pofed to have been driven from their country 
by cranes. Plin. 4, c. n. 

Cato, a furname of the Porcian family, 
rendered illuftrious by M. Porcius ( ato, a 
celebrated Roman, afterwards called Ccnfo- 
rius, from his having exercifed the office of 
cenfor. He rofe to all the honors of the ftate, 
and the firft battle he ever faw was againft 
Annibal, at the age of feventeen, where he 
behaved with uncommon valor. In his qu:e- 
ftorfhip, under Africanus againft Carthage, 
and in his expedition in Spain, againft the Cel- 
tiberians, and in Greece he dsifplayed equal 
proofs of his courage and prudence. He was 
remarkable for his love of temperance ; he 
never drank but water, and was always fatis- 
fied with whatever meats were laid upon his 
table by his fervants, whom he never reproved 
with an angry word. During his cenforfhip, 
which he obtained, though he had made many 
declarations of his future feverity if ever in 
office, he behaved with the- greateit rigor and 
impartiality, (hewed himfelf an enemy to all 
luxury and diifipation, and even aceufed his 
colleague of embezzling 1 he public money. He 
is famous for the great oppofition whidi he 
made againft the introduction of the finer arts 
of Greece into Italy, and his treatment of 
Carneades is well known. This prejudice 
arofe from an apprehenfion that the learning, 
and luxury of Athens would cteftroy the valor 
and fimplicity of the Roman people ; and he 
often obferved to his fon, that the Romans 
would be certainly ruined whenever they be¬ 
gan to be infetted with Greek, It appears, 
however, that he changed his opinion, and 
made himfelf remarkable for the knowledge 
of Greek, which he acquired in his old age^ 
He himfelf educated his fon, and inftru&ec! 
him in writing and grammar. He taught him 

dexteroufly 




CA 


dexterotifly to throw the javelin, and inured 
him to the labors of the field, and to bear 
cold and heat with the fame indifference, and 
to fwim acrol's the moil rapid rivers with eafe 
and boldnefs. He was univcrfally deemed fo 
itriit in his morals, that Virgil makes him 
one of the judges of hell. He repented only 
of three things during his life ; to have gone 
by fea when he could go by land, to have 
paffed a day inactive, and to have told a fetret 
to his wife. A ftatue was raifed to his me¬ 
mory, and he diltinguilhed himfelf as much 
tor his knowledge ®f agriculture as his poli¬ 
tical life. In Cicero’s age there were 150 
orations of his, befides letters, and a celebrated 
work called Origins, of which the firlt book 
gave a hiltory of the Roman monarchy; the 
fecond and third an account of the neighbour¬ 
ing cities of Italy ; the fourth a detail of the 
firlt, and the fifth of the fecond Punic war; 
and in the others, the Roman hiltory was 
brought down to the vvar of the Lufitanians, 
carried on by Ser. Galba. Some fragments of 
the Origins remain, fuppol'ed by fome to be 
fuppolititious. Cato’s treatife, Be Re ruftica, 
was edited by Aufon. Pompna, 8vo. Ant. 
Plant. 1590 ; but the belt edition of Lato, 
&c. ieems to be Gefner’s, z vols. 4to. Lipf. 
17 35. Cato died in an extreme old age, about 
150 B. C ; and Cicero to fhew his refpedt 
for him, has introduced him in his treatife on 
old age, as the principal character. Plin. 7, 
c. 14. Plutarch Ilf C. Nepos have written an 
account of Iris life. Cic. Acad. Icf de Seneft. 
life.-* -Marcus, the fon of the cenfor, mar¬ 

ried the daughter of P. ,/Emylius. He^ loll his 
fword in a battle, and though wounded and 
tired, he went to his friends, and, with their 
affiftance, renewed the battle, and recovered 

his fword. Plut. in Cat. -A courageous 

Roman, grandfather to Cato the cenfor. He 
had five horfes killed under him in battles. 

Plut. in Cat.— -Valerius, a grammarian of 

Gallia Nnrbonenfis, in the time ofSylla, who 
inftruited at Rome many noble pupils, and 
wrote fome poems. Ovid, z, Trijl. I, v. 436. 

-Marcus, furnamed Uticenjis , from his 

death at Utica, was great grandfon to the cen¬ 
for of the fame name. The early virtues 
that appeared in his childhood, leemed to pro- 
mife a great man ; and at the age of fourteen, 
he earnellly afked his- preceptor for a fword, 
to ftab the tyrant Sylla. He was auftere in 
his morals, and a Uriel follower of the tenets 
of the Stoics : he was carcleis ofhisdrefs, of¬ 
ten appeared barefooted in public, and never 
travelled but on foot. He was fuch a lover of 
discipline, that in whatever office he was em¬ 
ployed, he always reformed its abufes, and 
reitored the ancient regulations. When he 
was fetover the troops in the capacity of a 
commander, his removal was univerfally la¬ 
mented, and deemed ahnoft a public lols by 
his affe&ionate foldiers. His fondnefs for 
candor was fo great, that the veracity of Cato 


CA 

bedame proverbial. In his vifits to his friends, 
he wifhed to give as little moleftation as polli- 
ble; and the importuning civilities of king 
Dejotarus fo dil'pleal'ed him, when he was at 
his court, that he haitened away from his pre¬ 
fence. He was very jealous of the l'afety and 
liberty of the republic, and watched carefully 
over the conduit of Pompey, vvhofe power 
and influence were great. He often exprefled 
his diflike to ferve the office of-tribune; but 
when he favv a man of corrupted principles 
apply for it, he offered himfelf a candidate to 
oppole him, and obtained the tribuneffiip. In 
the confpiracy of Catiline, he iupported Ci¬ 
cero, and was the chief caufe that the confpi- 
rators were capitally puniflied. When the 
provinces of Gaul were decreed for five years 
to Caefar, Cato obferved to the fenators, that 
they had'introduced a tyrant into the capitol. 
He was lent to Cyprus againll Ptolemy, who 
had rebelled, by his enemies, who hoped that 
the difficulty of the expedition would injure 
his reputation. Bu,t his prudence extricated 
him from every danger. Ptolemy iubmitted, 
and after a fuccefsful campaign, Cato was 
received at Rome with the moll dulinguilhing 
honors, which he, however, modeftly de¬ 
clined. When the firll triumvirate was formed 
between Caefar, Pompey, and Cralfus, Cato 
oppofed them with all his might, and with 
an independent fpirit foretold to the Roman 
people all the misfortunes which loon after 
followed. After repeated applications he was 
made pretor, but he leemed rather to dilgrace 
than fupport the dignity of that office, by the 
meannefs of his drefs. He applied for the 
confulfhip, but could never obtain it. When 
Caefar had paffed the Rubicon, Cato advifed 
the Roman fenate to deliver the care of the 
republic into the hands of Pompey ; and when 
his advice had been complied with, he follow¬ 
ed him with Iris fon to Dyrrachium, where, 
after a fmall viitory there, he was entrulled 
with the care of the ammunition, and of 15 
cohorts. After the battle of Pharf.lia, Cato 
took the command of the Corcyresm fleet; 
and when he heard of Pompey’s death, on the 
coaft of Africa, he traveried the deferts of 
Libya, to join himfelf to Scipio. He refufed to 
take the comntand of the army in Africa, a 
circumltance of which he afterwards repented. 
When Scipio had been defeated, partly for not 
paying regard to Cato’s advice, Cato forti¬ 
fied himfelf in Utica, but however, not with 
the intentions of iupporting a fiege. When 
Caefar ‘approached near the city, Cato dif- 
dained to fly, and rather than fall alive into 
the conqueror’s hands, he ftabbed himfelf,after 
he had read Plato’s treatife on the immor¬ 
tality of the foul, B. C. 46, in the 49 th Y ear 
of his age. He had firlt married Attilia, a 
woman whole licentious conduit obliged him 
to divorce her. Afterwards he united himfelf 
to Martia, daughter of Philip. Hortenfius, 
his friend, wilhed to raife children by Martia 
M - and 







CA 


C A 

and therefore obtained her from Cato. After 
the death of Hortenfius, Cato took her again. 
This conduit was ridiculed by the Romans, 
who obferved that Martia had entered the 
houfe of Hortenfius very poor, but returned 
to the bed of Cato loaded with treafures. It 
was obferved that Cato always appeared in 
mourning, and never laid himfelf down at his 
meals Imce the defeat of Pompey, but al¬ 
ways fat down, contrary to the cuftom of the 
Romans, as if deprefled with the recollection 
that the fupporters of republican liberty were 
decaying. Plutarch has written an account 
ef his life. Lucan, I, V. 128, &c. — Fal. 
Max. 2, c. 10.— Herat. 3, od. 21.— F"irg. 
JEn. 6, v. 841. 1 . 8,v. 670.——A fon of 
Cato of Utica, who was killed in a battle, 
after he had acquired much honor. Plut. in 
Cat. Min. 

Catrea, a town of Crete. Pauf. 

Catreus, a king of Crete, killed by his 
fon at Rhodes, unknowingly. Died. 5. 

Catta, a woman who had the gift of pro¬ 
phecy. Suet, in Fitch. 14 . 

Catti, a people of Gaul and Germany. 
Tacit. Ann. 13, v. 57. 

Catuliana, a furname of Minerva, from 
L. CatuLus r who dedicated a> ftandard to her. 
Plin. 34, c; 8. 

CatulIus, C. or Q. Valerius, a poet 
of Verona, whofe compofitions, elegant and 
fimple, are the offspring of a luxuriant ima- 
fination. He was acquainted with the mod 
djftinguilhed people of his age, and directed 
his fatire againft ( afar, whofe only revenge 
was to invite the poet, and hofpitably enter- 
tain him at his table. Catullus was the firft 
Roman who imitated with i'uccefs the Greek 
writers, and introduced their numbers among 
the Latins. Though the pages of the poet 
are occafionally disfigured with licentious ex- 
prefiions, the whole is written with great 
purity of ftyle. Catullus died in the 46th 
year of his age, B. C. 40. The belt editions 
©f his works, which confift only of epigrams. 
;are that ofVulpius, 4to. PataviV, 173,7, and 
that of Barbou, i2mo. Paris, 1754. Mar¬ 
tial. I, ep. 62 .—Ovid. Trijl. 2, v. 427. - 

A man lurnamed Urbicarius , was a mimo- 
grapher.- Juv. 13, v. hi. 

O. Luctatius CatClus, went with 300 
fhips during the firft Punic war agarnll the 
Carthaginians, and deftroyed 600 of their 
Jhips under Hamilcar, near the iEgates. This 
celebrated victory put an end to the war. —- 
An orator diftinguifhed alfo as a writer of epi¬ 
grams, and admired for the neatnefs, ele¬ 
gance, and polilhed ftyle of his compofitions. 
*Ie is fuppofed to be the fame as the colleague 
«f Marius, when a conful the fourth time •, 
and he fhared with him the triumph over the 
Cimbri. He was, by his colleague’s order, 
fuffocated in a room filled with the fmoke of 
kurning coals. Lucan. 2 , v. 174,— Plut. in 
Maria.'— Reman feet by bis ce*»ntrym#il 


to carry a prefent to the god of Delphi, from 
the fpoils taken from Afdrubal. Liv. 27. 

CaturTges, a people of Gaul, now Char¬ 
ges , near the fdurce of the Durance. Caf. 

B. G. I, C. IO.— Plin -3, C. 20. 

Cavares, a people of Gaul, who in¬ 
habited the prefent province of Comtat in Pro¬ 
vence. 

Cavartllets, a commander of iome troops 
of the iEdui ill Caefar'a army. Caf. Bell.. 

G. 7, c. 67. 

Cavarinus, a Gaul, made king of the- 
Senones by Ctefar, and banifhed by his fub- 
je£fs. Caf. Bell. G. 5, c. 54. 

Caucasus, a celebrated mountain be¬ 
tween the Euxine and Cafpian feas, which 
may be confidered as the continuation of the 
ridge of mount Taurus. Its height is Fm- 
menfe. It was inhabited anciently by various 
lavage nations who lived upon the wild fruits 
of the earth. It was covered with fnow in 
lome parts, and’ in others it was variegated 
with fruitful orchards and plantations. The 
inhabitants formeily \v<y;e fuppofed to gather", 
gold on the fhores of their -rivulets in fheep 
fkins, but now they live without making ufe- 
of money. Prometheus was tied on the top 
of Caucasus by J upiter, and continually de¬ 
voured by vultures, according to ancient au¬ 
thors. The pafles near this mountain, called. 
Caucafue porta , bear now the name of Dcr- 
bent , and it is fuppofed that through them 
the Sarmatinns, called Huns, made their way* 
when they invaded the provinces of Rome* 
Plin. 6, c. II.— Strab. II,— Herodot. 4,c.203, 
Sec. — V’trg. Eel. 6, G. 2, V. 440. JEn. 4, v- 
366.— Place. 5", V. 155. 

Caucon, a fon of Clinus, who firft intro¬ 
duced, the Orgies intaMeftenia from EleulFs,.. 
Pauf. 4, c. 1. 

Caucones, a people of Paphlagonia, ori¬ 
ginally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia*, 
according to Tome accounts. Some of them 
made a iettlemewt near Dymce in Elis. Hero- 
dot. I, Sec.—‘Strab. 8, &C. 

Caudi & Caudiu.m, a town of the Sam- 
nites, near which, in a place called Caudina- 
Fureula , the Roman army under T. Veturius 
Calvinus and Sp. Pofthumius was obliged ta- 
furrender to the Samr.ites, and pafs under the, 
yoke with the greateft dilgrace. Liv. 9, c. i„ 
&C.— Lucan. 2, V. 138. 

C’avii, a people of lllyricum, Liv. 44* 
c. 3a. 

Caulonia or Caulon, a town of Italy 
near the country of the Brutii, founded by a 
colony of Achceans, and deftroyed in the war$ 
between Pyrrhus and the Romans. Pauf. 6, 
c. 3.— Virg. JEn. 3, V. 553. 

Caunius, a man railed to affluence from 
poverty by Artaxerxes. Plut. in Artax. 

Caunus, a fon of Miletus and Cyane. H* 
was palfionately fond of, or, according t© 
others, he was tenderly beloved by, his lifter 
ByLUg. and Avoid an ificeftuo^s commerce,' 

m 









CE 


CE 


ke 'retired to Caria, where he built a city 
.called by his own name. [ Vid. Byblis] Ovid. 
Met. 9, fab. II.-A city of Caria, oppo¬ 

site Rhodes, where Protogenes was born. 
The climate was considered as umvholefome, 
el'pecially in fummer, fo that Cicero men¬ 
tions the cry of a perfon who fold Caunian 
fi»s, which were very famous, (qui Cauneas 
t'Lttfiuuat,) at Brnndufium, as a bad omen 
{cave ns eas ) againft Craffiis going to attack 
the Parthians. 67c. de Div. 2, c. 4.— Streb. 
14.— llerodot. I,c. 176. 

Cauros, an island with a fmall town for¬ 
merly called Andros, in the iEgean lea. Plin. 
4, c. 12. 

Caurus, a wind blowing from the weft. 
V\r K . G. 3, V. 356. 

Caus, a village of Arcadia. Pan/. 8, c. 25. 

Cayci or Chauci, a nation of Germany, 
now the people of Friefiand and Groningen. 
Mean. 1, v. 463. 

Caycus, a river of My^a. Vid. Caicus. 

Cayster or Caystrus, now Kitcbeck~ 
Meinder, a rapid river of Afia, riling in 
.Lydia, and after a meandering courfe, falling 
into the ifigean fiaa near Ephefus. According 
to the poets, the banks and neighbourhood of 
this river were generally frequented by l\v ans. 
Ovid. Met. 2 , v. 253. \. 5, v. 386.—ALrrf. I, 
ep. 54.— Homer. II. 2, v. 461.— Virg. G. X, 
v. 384. 

Cka or Ceos, anifland near ^Euboea, called 
alfo Co. Vid. Co. 

Ceades, a Thracian, whofe fon Euphe- 
nuf was concerned in the Trojan war. Ho¬ 
mer. IU 2. 

Ceua , now Ceva, a town of modern 
Piedmont, famous for cheefe. Plin. 11. 
c. 42. 

CeballTnus, a man who gave information 
&f the fnares laid againft Alexander.— Diod. 
j. 7.— Curt. 6, c. 7* 

Ceb a reuses, a people of Gaul. Pauf. 1, 

c. 36. 

Cebenna mountains, now the Cevermes, 
icparating the Arvcrni from the helvii, ex¬ 
tending from the Garonne to the Rhone. 
CccJjr. B. G. 7, C. 8. — Me/a, 2, C 5. 

Cebes, a Theban philolbpher, one of the 
difciples of Socrates, B. C. 403. He attended 
his learned preceptor in his lutt moments, and 
diltinguilhed himlelf by three dialogues that 
he wrote; but more particularly by his tables 
which contain a beautiful and affedting pidture 
of human life, delineated with accuracy of 
judgment, and great fplendor of femiment. 
Little *■> known of the rharadt er of Cebes 
from hi Lory. Mato mentions him once, aud 
Xenophon the fame, but both in a manner 
which conveys molt fully the goodnefs of his 
heart, and the purity of his morals. The belt 
editions of Cebes are thole of Gronovius, 8vo. 
1689 ; and Glafgow, I2tna 1747* 

Cebr en, the father of Alterope. Apollod. 

3, c. IZ» 


Cebrenia, a country of Troas with a 
town ot the lame name, called after the river 
Ccbrertus , which is in the neighbourhood. 
CEnone, the daughter of the Cebrenus, re¬ 
ceives the patronymic of Cebrenis. Ovid. Met „ 
II,v. 769. — Stat. I, Sylv. 5, v. 21. 

Cebuiones, one of the giants conquered 

by Venus.-An illegitimate fon of Priam, 

killed with a ftone by Patroclus. Homer . II. 

Cebrus now Zeb is, a river falling in ^ 
fouthern direction into the Danube, and di¬ 
viding Lower from Upper Media. 

Cecidas, an ancient dithyrambic poet. 

Cecj lius. Vid. Caecilius. 

CecTna, a river Dear Volaterra, in Etru¬ 
ria. Mela, 2, c. 4. 

A. Cecinna, a Roman knight in the in- 
tereft of Pompey, who uled to breed up young 
fwallovvs, and fend them to carry news to his 
friends as melfengers. He was a particular 
friend of Cicero, with whom he corrcfponded. 
Some of his letters are ftill extant in Cicero. 
Plin. IO, c. 24.— Cic. 15, ep. 66. Orat. 29. 

-A feribe of Odtavius Cedar. Cic. 16. 

ad Attic, ep. 8 _ A conlular man lufpedl- 

ed of confpiracy, and murdered by Titus, 
after an invitation to fupper. Suet, in Tit. 
c.6. 

Cecrotia, the original name of Athens, 
in honor of Cecrops, its firlt founder. The 
ancients often ufe this word for Attica, and 
the Athenians are often called Cecrapida. 
Vir^r. JEn. 6, V. 21.— Ovid. Met. 7, v. 671. 
Faji. 2, v. 8l.— Lucan. 3, V. 306.— Plin. 7, 
c. 56. — CatulUfa, 79.— Juv. 6,v. 186. 

Oecropipie, an ancient name of the Athe¬ 
nians, more particularly applied to thole who 
were delceuded from Cecrops the founder of 
Athens. The honorable name of Cecropidse 
was often conferred as a reward for fome vir¬ 
tuous action in the held of battle. Virg. JEn . 
6, v. 21.— Ovid. 7, Met. 671. 

Cecrops, a native of Sais in Egypt, who 
led a colony to Attica about 1556 years be¬ 
fore the Chriftian era, and reigned over part 
of the country which was called from him Ce- 
cropia. He 1'oftened and polifhed the, rude 
and uncultivated manners of the inhabitants, 
and drew them from the country to inhabit ia 
fmall villages which he had founded. He gave 
them laws and regulations, and introduced 
among them the worlhip of thofe deities which 
were held in adoration in Egypt. He married 
the daughter of Adtams a Grecian prince, and 
was deemed the firlt founder of Athens. He 
taught his fubjedis to cultivate the olive, and 
inftrudted them to look upon Minerva as the 
watchful patronefs of their city. It is faid 
that he was the firlt who railed an altar to Ju¬ 
piter in Greece, and offered him lacrifices. 
After a reign of 50 years, fpent in regulating 
his newly formed kingdom, and in polilhing 
the minds of his fubjedts, Cecrops died, leav¬ 
ing three daughters, Aglauros, Herfe, and Pan- 
drofos. He was fucceeded by Cranaus, a na- 
M 3 tire 





tive of the country. Some time after, The- 
feus, one of his fucceffors / on the throne, 
formed the twelve villages which he had efta- 
b’ifhed into one city, to which the name of 
Athens was given. \Vid. Athena?.} Some au¬ 
thors have deicribed Cecrops as a monfter, half 
a man and half a ferpent; and this fable is ex¬ 
plained by the recolle&ion tint he was mafter 
of two languages, the Greek and the Egyptian ; 
or that he had the command over two coun¬ 
tries, Egypt and Greece. Others explain it 
by an allufion to the regulations which Cecrops 
made amongft the inhabitants concerning mar¬ 
riage and the union of the two fexes. Pauf 
I, c. 5.— Strab. 9.— juJUn. 3, c. 6.— Herodot. 
8. c. 44. — Apollod. 2,1 c. 14. — Ovid , Met. II, 

v. 561— Hygin. fab. 166.-The fecond of 

that name, was the feventh king of Athens, 
and the fon and fuccefior of Erechtheus. He 
married Metiadufa the filter of Daedalus, by 
whom he had Pandion. He reigned 40 years, 
and died 1307, B. C. Apollod. 3, c. 15.— Pauf. 
I, c.5. 

Cecyphal.®, a place of Greece, where 
the Athenians defeated the fleet of the Pelo- 
ponnefians. Tiycyd. I, c. 105. 

Cedreatis, t>;e name of Diana among 
the Orchomenians, Kecaufe her images were 
hung on lofty cedars. 

Cedon, an Athenian general, killed in an 
engagement againfl the Spartans. Diod. 15. 

Cedrusii, an Indian nation. Curt. 9, 

C.II. 

Cegjlusa, the mother of . Afopus by Nep¬ 
tune. Pauf. 3, c. 13. 

Cei, the inhabitants of the iflavtd Cea. 
Celadon, a man killed by Perfeus, at 
the marriage of Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, 
v. 144.—A river of Greece, flowing into 
^llpl'iCUS. 1 Strab. 8 — Homer. Jl. 7, v. 

133. 

Cela.ous, a river of Arcadia. Pauf 8, 

c . 28-.An ifland of the Adriatic fea. Mela, 

3, c. 1. 

Celjenje or Celen E, a city Of Phrygia, 
of which it was once the capital. Cyrus the 
younger had a paJace there'-, with a park filled 
with wild beafts, where he ex'ercifed himfelfin 
hunting. The Meander art'fe in this park. 
Xerxes built a famous citadel there after his 
defeat in Greece. The inhabitan ts of Celaenae 
were carried by Antiochus Sctor to people 
•Apamea when newly founded. Sdrab. 12.— 
—/.A, 38, C. 13. — Xenoph. Attab. I.— Mar- 
fyas-is find to have contended in its neigh- 
bourhopchagaintl Apollo. Herocb.it. 75 c * 26. 
v. 306. 

. CetIAxo, one of the daughter's of Atlas, 
ayifiied by Neptune. Ovid. 4, Pap?. v. 173. 
—-—One of' the harnies, daughter of Nep- 
vne and Terra. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 345 »—— 

One of the Danaides. Apollod. 3, c. 1. - 

A daughter of Neptune and Ergea. Hygin. 

■——A daughter of fiyamus, mother ol Del¬ 
phi; 5 by .Apollo, Pauf. io, c, <j. 


Celeje, a town of Feloponnefus. Pauf 3, 
c. 14. ; 

Celeia & Cela, a town of Noricum. 
Plin. 3,c. 34. ' / 

Celelates,, a people of Liguria. Liv. 
33, c. 39. 

Celendr.e, Celendris, &Celende- 
ris, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, with 
a harbour of the lame name at the mouth of 
the belinus. Lucan. 8,v. 259. 

Celeneus, a Cimmerian, who firft taught; 
how perfons guilty of murder might be ex¬ 
piated. Place. 3, v. 406, 

Celenna or CELjENA, a town of Cam¬ 
pania, where Juno was worlhipped. Virg K 
j%n. 7, v. 739. 

Celer, a man who with Severus under¬ 
took to rebuild Nero’s palace after the burn¬ 
ing of Rome. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 42.-A 

man called Fabius, who killed Remus when 
he leaped over the walls, of Rome, by order 
of Romulus. Ovid. Faji. 4, v. 837.— Pint, 

in Romul. -Metius,a noble youth to whorr? 

Statius dedicated a poem. 

Celer es, 300 of the nobleft and ftrongeft 
youths at Rome, chofen by Romulus to be 
his body guards, to attend him wherever he 
went, and to p>rote£l his perlbn. '1 he chief 
or captain was called Tribunus Celerum. Liv. 
I, c. 15. 

Celetrum,, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 
31, c.40. 

Celrus, a king of Eleufis, father to Trip- 
tolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind re¬ 
ception to Ceres, who taught his fon the cul¬ 
tivation of the earth. ( Vid. Triptolemus.) Hia 
ruftic dreis became a proverb. The invention 
of feveral agricultural inftruments made of 
ofiers is attributed to him. Ovid. Fajl. 4, v. 
508. 1 . 5, v. xGj.—Firg. G. i,v. 16S-— Apol¬ 
lod. I, c. 5.— Pauf. 1, c. 14.-A king of 

Cephallenia. 

Celmus, a man who nurfed Jupiter, by 
whom he was greatly efteemed. He was 
changed into a magnet Itone for laying that 
Jupiter was mortal. Ovid. Met. 4. v. 381. 

CelonjEj a place of Melopotamia. Diod. 
17 * 

Celsus, an epicurean philofopher in the 
fecond century, to whom Lucian dedicated 
one of his compofitions. He wrote a treatiie 
againfl the Chriftians, to which an anfwer was 

returned by Origen.-Corn, a phyfician, 

in the a^e of Tiberius, who wrote eight books 
on medicine, befides treatife? on agriculture, 
ihetorjc, and military affairs. The bell editions 
of.Celius . de medicind are the 8vo. L. Bat. 
1746, and that of Vallart, nmo. Paris apud 

Didot, 1772.-Albinovanus, a friend of 

Horace, warned againfl plagiafifm, j, ep. 3,v. 
15, ?nd pleafantly ridiculed in the 8th epiftle, 
for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been 

prelerved.--Juveptius, a lawyer Who cort- 

■1 piled againfl Donritian.-Titus, a man pro¬ 
s' claimed 












CE 


CE 


claimed emperor, A. D. 265, againft his will, 
and murdered feven days after. 

Celtte, a name given to the nation that 
inhabited the country between the Ocean 
and the Palus Ma?otis, according to fome 
authors mentioned by Plut. in Mario. This 
name, though anciently applied to the inha¬ 
bitants of Gaul, as well as of Germany and 
Spain, was more particularly given to a part 
of the Gauls, whofe country, called Gallia 
Celtica, vdas fituate between the rivers Se- 
quana and Garumna, modernly called la Seine 
and la Garonne. The Celtte feemed to re¬ 
ceive their name from Celtus, a Ion of Her¬ 
cules or of Polyphemus. The promontory 
which bore the name of Celticum is now called 
Cape Finifterre. CeeJT. Bell. G, 1. c. I. tsV.— 
Mela, 3, c. 2.— Hero Jot. 4, c. 49. 

Celtieeri, a people of Spain, delcended 
from the Celtae. They fettled near the Ibe- 
rus, and added the name of the river to that 
of their nation, and were afterwards called 
Celtiberi. They made ftrong head againft the 
Romans and Carthaginians when they invaded 
their country. Their country, called Celtiberia , 
is now known by the name of Arragon. Diod. 
6 . — Flor. 2 , c. 17.— St mb. 4.— Lucan. 4, v. 
TO.—Sil.It. 3, V. 339. 

Celtica, a well populated part of Gaul, 
inhabited by the Celtic. 

Celtici, a. people of Spain. The pro¬ 
montory which bore their name, is now Cape 
Finifterre. 

Celtillus, the father of Vercingetorix 
among the Arverni. Ccef. Bell. G. 7, c. 4. 

Celtorii, a people of Gaul, near the 
Sencnes. Plut. 

Celtoscythte, a northern nation of Scy¬ 
thians. Strab. 10. 

Cemmenus, a lofty mountain of Gaul. 
Strab. 

Cempsi, a people of Spain at the bottom 
of the Pyrenean mountains. Dionyf. Pert eg. 

v- 358. 

Cenabum or Genabum. Vid. Genabum. 

Cenjeum, a promontory of Eubcea, where 
Jupiter Caneus had an altar raifed by Her¬ 
cules. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 136.— Tbucyd 3 j c * 
93 - 

Cf.nchre.te, now Kenlri , a town of Pe- 

lopcnnelus on the ifthmus of Corinth.- 

A harbour of Corinth. Ovid. Trijl. I, el 9, 
V. 9.— Plin 4, c. 4. 

Cenchreis, the wife of Cinyras king of 
Cyprus, or as others lay, of Affyria. Hygin. 
' fab. 58. 

Cenciireus, a fon of Neptune and Sa- 
lamis, or as fome fay of Pyrene. He killed 
a large ferpent at Salamis. Pciuf. 2, c. 2.— 
Diod. 4. 

Cencbrius, a river of Ionia near Ephe- 
fus, where fome luppofe that Latona was 
waftied after fhc had brought forth. Tacit. 
Ann. 3, c. 61. 


Cenepoiis, a town of Spain, the fame as 
Carthago Nova. Polyb. 

Cenetium, a town of Peloponnefus. 
Strab. 

Cenneus. Vtd. Cienis. 

Cenimagni, a people on the weftern parts 
of Britain. 

Cenina. Vid. Casnina. 

Cenon, a town of Italy. Liv. 2, c 63. 

Censores, two magiltrates of great au¬ 
thority at Rome, full created, B. C. 443. 
Their office was to number the people, eftir 
mate the pofTcffions of every citizen, reform 
and watch over the manners of the people, 
and regulate the taxes. Their power was al- 
fo extended over private families : they pu¬ 
nched irregularity, and infpedfed the manage¬ 
ment and education of the Roman yputh. 
They could inquire into the expences of every 
citizen, and even degrade a fenator from all 
his privileges and honors, if guilty of any ex¬ 
travagance. This punifhment was generally 
executed in pafljng over the offender’s name 
in calling the liit of the fenators. The office 
of public cenlbr was originally exercifed by 
the kings. Servius Tullius, the fixth king of 
Rome, firft eftablilhed a cenfus , by which 
every man was obliged to come to be regifter- 
ed, and give in writing the place of his refi- 
detice, his name, his quality, the number of 
his children, of his tenants, eftates, and do- 
meftics, &c. The ends of the cenfus were 
very falutary to the Roman republic. They 
knew their own ftrength, their ability to fupi 
port a war, or to make a levy of troops, or 
raife a tribute. > It was required that every 
knight Ihould be poffeffed of 400,000 lefter- 
ces to enjoy the rights and privileges of his 
order ; ana a fenator was entitled to fit in the 
fenate, if he was really worth 800,000 fefterr 
ces. This laborious talk of numbering ajtJ 
reviewing the people, was, after the expulfion 
of the Tar ;uins, one of the duties and privi¬ 
leges of the conluls. But *hen the republic 
was become more powerful, and when the 
number of its citizens was increaled., the con- 
fuls were found unable to make the cenfus, 
on account of the multiplicity of bufinefs. 
After it had been negledted for 16 years, two 
new magiftrates called cenfors were eledted* 
They remained in office for five ye.irs, and 
every fifth year they made a cenfus j?f all the 
citizens in the ' ampus Martius and offered a 
folemn lacrifice, and made a luftr.ition.in the 
name of all the Roman people, "hi.- (pace of 
time was c.dled a lujlrum, and ten or twenty 
years were commonly expreffed by two or foyi; 
lullra. After the office of the cenfors had 
remained for fome .time unaltered, the Ro¬ 
mans, jealous of their power, abridged tie 
duration of their office, and a law was made, A. 
U. u. 420, by Mamercus jEmilius. to limit 
the time of thl: cenforfhip to 18, months; 
After the fecond Punic war, they were always 
M 4 choiea 






CE 


CE 


chofeH from fuch perfons as had been corrfuis"; 
their office was more honorable, though lets 
Powerful, than that of the confjis ; the bad¬ 
ges of their office were the fame, but the cen 
lors were not allowed to have li&ors to walk 
before them as the confuls. When one of the 
cenfors died, no one Was elefted in his room 
till the five years were expired, and his col¬ 
league immediately refigned. This circum- 
ftance originated from the death of a cenfor 
before the facking of Rome by Brennus. and 
was ever after deemed an unfortunate event 
to the republic. The emperors abolilhed the 
cenfors, and took upon themfelves to execute 
their office. 

Censorinus, Ap.Cl. was compelled af¬ 
ter many lervices to the date, to affume the 
imperial purple by the foldiers, by whom he 
was murdered i'ome days after, A. D. 270.— 
—Martius, a conful, to whom, as a particular 

friend, Horace addreffed his 4 oJ. 8.-A 

grammarian of the 3d century, whofe book, 
De die natali, is extant, belt edited in 8vo. 
by Havercamp, L. Bat. 1767. It treats of 
the birth of man, of years, months, and 
days. 

Census, the numbering of the people at 
Rome, performed by the cenfors, a cenfeo to 

value. Fid. Cenfores.-A god worlhipped 

at Rome, the fame at Confus 

Centaretus, a Galatian, who, when 
Antiochus was killed, mounted his horfe in 
the great ell exultation. The horfe, as if con- 
feious of difgrace, immediately leaped down 
a precipice, and killed himlelf and his rider. 
JPlin. 8, c. 42. 

Centaurt, a people of Theflaly, half 
men and half horfes. They were the off- 
fpring of Centaurus, foil of Apollo, by Stilbia, 
daughter of the Peneus. According to-fome, 
the Centaurs were the fruit of Jxion’s adven 
ture with the cloud in the fhape of Juno, or 
as others affert, of the union of Centaurus 
with the mares of Magnefia. This fable of the 
exiftence of the Centaurs, monfters fupported 
upon the four legs of a horfe, arifes from the 
ancient people of Theflaly having tamed 
borles, and having appeared to their neighbours 
mounted on horfeback, a fight very uncom¬ 
mon at that time, and which, when at a dis¬ 
tance, feems only one body, and confequently 
one creature. Some derive the name tov 
xuruv ruvoovi , goading bulls, becaufe they 
went on horfeback after their bulls which had 
a rayed, or becaufe they hunted wild bulls with 
horles. Some of the ancients have maintained, 
that monfters like the Centaurs can have 
exilted in the natural courfe of thing?. Plu¬ 
tarch in Symptf. mentions one feen tyv Peri- 
ander tyrant of Corinth; and Pliny 7, c. 3, 
fays, that he. faw one embalmed in honey’ 
which had been brought to Rome from Egypt 
hi the reign of Claudius. The battle of the 
Centaurs with the Lapithje is famous in hiilory. 


Ovid has elegantly deferibed it, and it has alfo 
employed the pen of Hefiod, Valerius Flaccus* 
&c. and Paufanias in Eliac. fays, it was re-] 
piefented in the temple of Jupiter at Olympia, 
and alfo at Athens bv Phidias and Parrhafius 
according to Pliny, 36, c. 5. The origin of 
this battle was a quarrel at the marriage of 
Hippodamia with Pirithous, where the Cen¬ 
taurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with 
rudenefs, and even offered violence to the 
women that were prefent. Such an intuit 
irritated Hercules* Thefeus, and the reft of 
the Lapitha?, who defended the women, 
wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and ob¬ 
liged them to leave their country, and retire 
to Arcadia. Here their infolence was a fecond 
time punifhed by Hercules, who, when he • 
was going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, 
was kindly entertained by the Centaur Pholus, 
who gave him wine which belonged to the reft 
of the Centaurs, but had been given them on 
condition of their treating Hercules with it 
whenever he paffed through their territory. 
They refented the liberty which Hercules took 
with their wine, and attacked him with un¬ 
common fury. The hero defended himfelf 
with his arrows, and defeated his adverfaries, 
who fled for lafety to the Centaur Chiron. 
Chiron had been the preceptor to Hercules, 
and therefore they hoped that he would defift 
in his prefence. Hercules, though awed at 
the fight of hiron, did not defift, but, in the 
midft of the engagement, he wounded his 
preceptor in the knee, who, in the exceflive 
pain he fuffered, exchanged immortality, for 
death. The death of Chiron irritated Her- 
cnles the more, and the Centaurs that were 
prefent were all extirpated by his hand, and 
indeed few efcaped the common deftru&ion. 
The moll celebrated of the Centaurs were 
Chiron, Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Cau- 
mas, Lycidas, Arneus, Medon, Rhcetus, 
Pifenor, Mermeros, Pholus, &c. JDiod. 4. — * 
Tzetzes Chit. 9. Hijl. 237. — Hefiod. in 
Suet. Hercul. — Homer. II. Xsf Od. — Ovid. 
Met. 1 2. — Strab. 9.— Pauf. J, C. 10 , &C. — 
JElian. V.H. 11, c. 2 .— Apollod. 2, C. 3,1. 5. 
— Virg. Ain. 6, v. 286.— Hygin. fab. 33 Sc 
62. — Pindar. Pyth. 2. 

Centaurus, a. (hip in the fleet of iEneas, 
which had the figure of a Centaur. Virg . 
A£n.,5,v. 122. 

Centobrjca, a town of Celtiberia. Val, 
Max. 5, c. 1. 

Center rs, a people of Scythia. Place. 
Centoripa, or Centuripa. Fid. Cen¬ 
turipa. 

Centrites, a river between Armenia and 
Media, 

Centrones, a people of Gaul, feverely 
beaten by J. Ctefar when they attempted to 
I obftruft his paffage. They inhabited the 
j modern country of Tarantaife in Savoy, 

1 here was a horde of Gauls of the fame 

name 





CE 


CE 


wine fubjett to the Nervii, now fuppofed to 
he near Court ray in Flanders. Ccf. B. G. i, 
c. 1 O. 1. 5, c. 38.— Plirt. 3, c. 20. 

Centro Nias, a man who l'quandered his 
immenfe riches on ufelefs and whimfical build- 
‘»s s - • 7 uv. 14, v. 86. 

Ccmtomvirt, the members of a court of 
juftice at Rome. ’I hey were originally ehofen, 
three from the 35 tribes of the people, and 
though 105, they were always called centuin- 
virs. 'They were afterwards in created to the 
number of i8o, and Hill kept their original 
name. The pretor tent to their tribunal 
caules ot the grentelt importance, as their 
knowledge of the law was extenfiee. They 
were generally lummoned by the Decemviri, 
■who teemed to be the chiefeft among them ; 
and they atfembied in the Bafilka, or public 
court, and had their tribunal diftinguiOied by 
a ipear with an iron head, whence a decree of 
their court was called Hajia judicum : their 
Sentences were very impartial, and without 
appeal. Ciei ds 0 >at. I, c. 38.— Quin til. 4, 5, 
& II. — Piin. 6,ep. 33. 

Centum cellum, a lea-port town of 
Etruria built by Trajan, who had there a 
villa. It is now Civita Vecebia , and belongs 
to the Pope. Plirt. 6, ep. 31. 

Centwria, a divifion of the people among 
the Romans, confiding of n hundred. The 
Roman people were originally divided into 
three tribes' and each tribe into 10 Curiae. 
Servius Tullius made a cenfus ; and when he 
had the place of habitation, name, and profef- 
llon of every citizen, which amounted to 
&o,ooo men, all able to bear arms, he divided 
them into fix dalles, and each clals into fe- 
veral centuries or companiesof a hundred men. 
The fir ft dais con^fted of 80 centuries, 40 
of which were compoled of men Irom the 
age of 45 and upwards, appointed to guard 
the city. The 40 others were young men 
from 17 to 45 years of age, appointed to go 
to war, and fight the enemies of Rome. 
Their arms were all the lame, that is, a buck¬ 
ler, a cuirafs, a helmet, cuilhes ofbrafis, with 
a fword, a lance, and a javelin ; and as they 
were of the moft illultrious citizens, they 
were called by way of eminence, Clajfci, 
and their inferiors infra claffem. They were 
to be worth 1,100,000 ajfes, a fum equiva¬ 
lent to 1800 pounds Englilh money. The 
fecond, third, and fourth clalTes, confifted 
each of twenty centuries, ten of which were 
compoled of the more aged, and the others of 
the younger fort of people. Their arms were 
a large Ihield, a fpear, and a javelin ; they 
were to be worth in the fecond clafs, 75,000 
affes or about 121I. In the third, 50,000 or 
about 80I; and in the fourth, 25,000 or 
|bout 40I. The fifth clafs confifted of 30 cen¬ 
turies, three of which were carpenters by 
trade, and the others of different profefiions, 
(uch a6 were necelfary in 2 camp. They were 


all armed with flings and ftones. They were 
to be worth 11,000 ajjes, or about 1 81 . The 
fixth cl,11's contained only one centum, corn- 
prizing the whole body of the pooreft citizen^ 
who weie called Proletarii, as their only 
lervice to the Hate was procreating children. 
They were alfo called capita cenjt, as the cen- 
ibr took notice of their perl'on, not of their 
eftate. In the public affemblies in the Cam*, 
pus Martins, at the eleftion of public magi- 
ltrates, or at the trial of capital crimes, the 
people gave their vote by centuries, whence 
rite aflenibly was Called comitia cenluriata. In 
thele public alfemblies, which were never 
convened only by the confuls at the permit!;on 
of the lenate, or by the di&ator, in the ab- 
lence of the confuls, lome of the people ap¬ 
peared under arms, for fear of an attack from 
tome foreign enemy. When a law was pro- 
poled in the public alfemblies, its neceffity was 
explained, and the advantages it would pro¬ 
duce to the .late were enlarged upon in a ha¬ 
rangue ; after which it was expol'ed in the 
molt confpicuous parts of the city three market 
days, that the people might fee and conftder. 
Fxpoling it to public view, was called proponere 
legem, and explaining it, promulgare legem. 
He who merely propoted it, was called lator 
'egis ; and he who dwelt upon its importance 
and utility, and vvifhed it to be enforced, was 
called auSlor legis. When the affembly was to 
be held, the auguries were confulted by the 
conful, who, after haranguing the people, and 
reminding them to have in view the good cf 
the republic, difiniiTed them to their refpe£livc 
centuries, that their votes might be gathered. 
They gave their votes viva voce , till the year 
of Rome A. U. C. 615, when they changed 
the cuftom, and gave their approbation or 
di[approbation by ballots thrown into an urn. 
If the fit ft clafs was unanimous, the other* 
were nor confulted, as the firft was fuperior to 
all the others in number; but if they were 
not unanimous, they proceeded to confult the 
reft, and the majority decided the queftion. 
This advantage of the firft clafs gave offence to 
the reft ; and it was afterwards fettled, that 
one clafs of the fix Ihould be drawn by lot, to 
give its votes firft, without regard to rank or 
priority. After all the votes had been gather¬ 
ed, the conful declared aloud, that the law 
which had been propoled was duly and con- 
ftitutionally approved. The fame ceremonies 
were obferved in the election of confuls, pre- 
tors, Sec. The word Centuriee is alfo applied 
to a fubdivifion of one of the Roman legions 
which confifted of an hundred men, and was 
the half of a manipulus, the fixth part of a co¬ 
hort, and the fixtieth part of a legion. The 
commander of a centuria was called centurion , 
and he was diftinguilhed from the reft by the 
branch of a vine which he carried in his hand. 

CENTURIPA, («, or, a, arum,) now Cen- 
torlu , a town af Sicily at the foot of Mount 

„ .filthy 




CE 


CE 


JEcnn. die. in Verr. 4 , C. 23 *— Ital. H-\'< 
20 r . 3* c ‘ 

Ceos & Cea, an ifland. Vid. Co. 

Cepiialas, a lofty promontory of Africa 
near the Syrtis Major. Strab. 

Ckphaj.edion, a town of Sicily, near the 
jrrver Himera. PI in. 3 , c. 8. — Cic. in Verr . 
2>c. 32. 

Cepiiallem , a noble mufieian, fon of Lam- 
pus. Pauf. 10, c. 7. 

Cephalena & Cephali.enia, an ifland 
m the Ionian fea, below Corcyra, whole in¬ 
habitants went with Ulvffes to the Trojan 
war. It abounds in oil and excellent wines. | 
It was ancient!v divided into four different 
diftriCis, from which circumftance it received 
the na&ne of i'etrapolis. It is about 90 miles 
in circumference, and from its capital Santo, 
or Samos, it has frequently been called Same. 

>— Strab, 10.— Plin. A, c. 12.— Mela, 2,C. 7. 
— Homer. 11. 2. — Tbucyd. 2, C. 30. — Pauf. 6, 
c. 15. 

Cephalo, an officer of Eumenes. Diod. 

* 9 - 

Cephaloedis & Cepualudtum, now 
Ccphalu, a town at the north of Sicily. Sil. 
34, v. 253 — Cic. .2, in Verr. 51. 

CeriiALON, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote 
an hiitory of Troy, befldes an epitome of 
nniVerfal hiilory from the age of Minus to 
Alexander, which he divided into nine books, 
inlcribjed with the name of the nine mules. 
Ke aflfedled not to know die place of his birth, 
expecting it would be difputed like Homer’s. 
He lived in the reign of Adrian, 

Cephalus, ion of Deioneus, king of 
Theffaly, by Diomede, daughter of Xuthus, 
married Procris, daughter of Erechtheus, 
king of Athens. Aurora fell in love with 
him, and carried him away ; but lie refilled 
to liften to her addreffes ; and was impatient 
to return to Procris. The goddefs lent, him 
back ; and to try the fidelity of his wife, flie 
made him put on a different form, and he ar¬ 
rived at the houfe of Procris in the habit of a 
merchant. ! rocris w;j,s deaf to every offer ; 
but fire i’uffered herfelf to be feduced by the 
gold of this ftranger, who difeovered hi ml elf 
the very moment that Procris had yielded up 
her virtue. This circuihdance fo afhamed Pro¬ 
cris, that fhe fed from her hulband, and de¬ 
voted herfelf to hunting in the ifland of Eu- 
buca, where flee was admitted among the at¬ 
tendants of Diana, who presented her with a 
dog always furc of his prey, and a dart which 
never mijTed its aim, and always returned to 
th.e hands of its matveis of its own accord. 
Some lay that the dog was a prei'ent from 
b,linos,becaufe Procris had cured his wounds. 
After this Procris returned in difguife to C e- 
phalus, who was willing to difgrace himfelf by 
lome unnatural concelhons to obtain the dog 
and the dart of Procris. Procris difeovered 
hviielf at the moment that C ephalus (hewed 


himfelf faithlefs, and a reconciliation was 
eafly made between them. They loved one 
another with more tendernefs than before, 
and Cephalus received from his wife the pre- 
fents of Diana. As he was particularly fond 
of hunting, he every morning early repaired 
to the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, 
laid himfelf down in the cool fhade, and ear- 
nelily called for Aura, or the refreshing breeze. 
This ambiguous word was rniitaken for the 
name of arnlltreft; and feme informer re¬ 
ported to the jealous Procris, that Cephalus 
daily paid a vifit to a miff reft, vvhofe name 
was Aura. Procris too readily believed the 
information, and fecretly followed her hut- 
band into the woods. According to his daily 
cutlorn, C ephalus retired to the cool, and 
called after Aura. At the name of Aura, 
Procris eagerly lifted up her head to fee her 
expected rival. Her motion occasioned a ruft- 
ling among the leaves of a bulb that concealed 
her ; and as C ephalus liftened, he thought 
it to be a wild beat!, and he let fly his unerring 
dait. Procris was (truck to the heart, and 
inftantly e pired in the arms of her hulband, 
confefling that ill-grounded jealoufy was the 
caule of her death. According to Apollodo- 
ms, there wire two perfons of the name of 
Cephalus; one, fon of Mercury and Herfe, 
carried away by Aurora, with whom he 
dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a foil 
called Tithonus. The other married Procris, 
and was the caufe of the tragical event, men¬ 
tioned above, t ephalus was father of Arceiius 
by Procris and of Phaeton, according to Hefiod-, 
by Aurora. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 26.— Hygitt. 
fab. 189.— Apollcd. 3. c. 15.-A Corin¬ 

thian lawyer, who afliited Timoleon in regu¬ 
lating the republic of Syracufe. Diod. 16.— 

Pint, in Tim. -A king of Epirus* Liv. 

43, c. 18.-An orator frequently mention¬ 

ed by Demofthenes. 

Cki’iieis, a name given to Andromeda as 
daughter of Cepheus. Ovid. A. A. I, v. 
* 93 - 

Cepiienes, an ancient name of the Per- 

fians. Herodot. 7,061 -A name of the 

/Ethiopians, from s epheus, one of their 
kings. O-vid. Met. 5. v. 1. 

CF.pueus, a, king of ./Ethiopia, father of 
Andromeda, by Calliope. He was one of 
the Argonauts, and was changed into a cor- 
ltellation alter his death. Quid. Met. 4, v. 
669. 1.5, v. 12. — Pauf. 4, c. 35.I. 8, c. 4. — 
Apcllod 1, c. 9. 1 . 2, c. I, 4 & 7,1. 3, c. 9, 
mentions one, fon of Aleus, and another, foil 
of Bolus. The former he makes king of Te- 
gea, and father of Sterope ; and fays, that 
he, with his twelve Ions, afiilted Hercules in 
a war againft Hippocoon, where they were 
killed- The latter he calls king of ./Ethiopia, 

and father of Andromeda-A fon of JLy- 

curgus prelent at the chace of the Calydonian 
boar. A polled. c. 8. 

CepuIsiAj 











CE 


CE 


CephYsia, apart of Attica, through which 
the > ephifus flows. Flirt 4,c. 7. 

Cephisiades, a patronymic of Eteocles 
fon of Andretis an I Evippe, from the i'u] - 
pofition of his being the l'on of the Cephifus. 
Pauf. 9, c. 34- 

Cephisidorus, a tragic poet of Athens 

in the age of iEfchylus.--An hiitorian who 

wrote an account of the Phocian war. 

CephIsion, the commander of fame 
troops fent by the Thebans to aflift Megalo¬ 
polis, See. Diod. 16. 

Cephisodotus, a difciple of liberates, a 
great reviler of Ariftotle, who wrote a book 
of proverbs. A then. 2, 

Cepiusus Sc t ephissus, a celebrated 
river of Greece, that rites at Lilasa in Pho'cis, 
and after parting at the north of Delphi and 
mount Parnaflus, enters Bceotia, where it 
flows into the lake Copais. The Graces were 
particularly fond ot this river, whence they 
are called the goddeTes of the Cephilus. 'I here 
was a river cf the fame name in Attica, and 
another in Argolis. Strab. 9. — Plin. 4. c. 7. j 
— Paaf*\), c. 24.— Homer. II. 2, v.29.— -Lucan. 
3 > v - * 75 -— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 369. 1 . 3, v. 19. 

-A man changed into a fea monfter. by 

Apollo, when lamenting the death of his 
grundfon. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 388. 

Cep u ken, a king of Egypt, who built one 
of the pyramids. Dial. 1 

Cepio or CziPio, a man who by a quarrel 
with Drufus caufed a civil war at Rome, See. 

-Servilius, a Roman conful, who put an 

end to the war in Spain. Pie took gold from 
a temple, arid for that facrilege the reft of his 
life was always unfortunate. He was con¬ 
quered by the Cimbrians, his goods were pub- 
icly confil'cated, and he died at laft in pril'on. 

Cepjon, a mufician. Plut.de MuJ. 

Ceraca 9 a town of Macedonia. Polyb. 5. 

Ceracates, a people of Germany. 
Tacit. 4. Hijl. c. 70. 

Cerambus, a roan changed into a beetle, 
or,'according to others, into a bird, on mount 
Parnaflus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. 
O vid. Met'. 7., fab. 9. * 

CeramIc us. now Ke r amo t a bay of Caria, 
rear Ha’icarnallus, oppefite Cos, receiving its 
fume from Ceram us. Plin. 5, c. 29.— Mela, 

I ,c. 16.-A public walk, and a place to 

bury thofe that were killed in defence of their 
country, at Athens. Cic. ad Att. 1. ep. 10. 

Cf.ramium, a place of Rome, where 
Cicero’s hoi;fe was built. Cic. ad Attic. 

Ceram us, a town at the welt of Alia 
Minor. 

Ceras, a people of Cyprus metnmorpholbd 
into bulls. 

Cerasus, (antis) now Ksrefoun , a ma¬ 
ritime citv of Cappadocia, from which cher¬ 
ries were tirlh brought to Rome by Lucullus. 
Marcell. 2 2, C. 13.— Plin. 15, c. 25. I. 16, 
f. 18. 1 . 17, C. 14.— Mda, I. c. 19.- 


Another, built by a Greek colony from Si¬ 
nope. DioJ. 14. 

Cerata, a place near Megara. 

Ceratus, a river of Crete. 

Ceraunia, a town of Achaia. 

Ceraunia Sc Ceraunii, large moun¬ 
tains of Epirus, extending far into the lea. ami 
forming a promontory which divides the Ionian 
and Adriatic leas. They are the lame as the 

Acroceraunia. Vid. Acroceraunium.- 

Mount Taurus is alfo called Ceraunius. Plin, 
St c. 27. 

Ceraunii, mountains of Alia, oppofite 
the Cafpian fea. Mela , 1, c. 19. 

Ceraunus, a river of Cappadocia.- 

Afurnameof Ptolemy the 2d, from his boldneis. 
C. Nep. Reg. c. 3. 

Cerausius, a mountain of Arcadia. 
Pat/f. 8, c. 41. 

v. eruai.us, a river of Apulia. Plin. 3, c. 
ii. 

Cerberion, a town of the Cimmerian 
Bofphorus. Plin. 6, c. 6. 

Cerberus, a clog of Pluto, the fruit of 
Echidna’s union with Typhon. Pie had 50 
heads according to Heliod, and three accord¬ 
ing fo other im thologiils. He was ftationed 
at the entrance into hell, as a watchful keeper, 
to prevent the living from entering the infernal 
regions,'and the dead from elcapingfrom their 
confinement. It was ulual for thofe heroes, 
who in their life-time vilited Pluto’s kingdom, 
to appeal's the barking mouths of Cerberus 
w ith a cake. Orpheus lulled him to fleep^with 
his lyre ; and PIercules dragged him from hell 
when lie went to redeem Alcelte. Virg. PEa. 
5, v. 134. 1 . 6, V. 417.— Homer. Od. II, V. 
622 .— Rauf. 2 , C. 31. 1 . 3, C. 25.— Ileftod. 

Tbeog. 312.— Tibull. 1. el. lO,v. 33. 

Cercaphus, a fon of iEolus.-A fon of 

Sol, of great power at Rhodes. Diod. 5. 

Cercasoru.m, a town of Egypt, where 
the Nile divides it fell into the Pelufian and 
Canopic mouths. Herodot. 2, c. 15. 

Cerceis, one of the Oceanides. Heftod. 
Tbtog. V.J55. 

Cercene, a country of Africa. Diod. 2. 

Cercestes, a l'on of iEgyptus and Phoc- 
niffa. ApolLJ. 2, C. 1. 

L ercides, a native of Megalopolis, who 
wrete Iambics. Atben. 10.— ASlian. V. H % 
13 - 

Cercii, a peo. le of Italy. 

Cercina Sc Lercinna, a fmallifland of 
the Mediterranean, near the 1 'maller Syrtis, 
on tiie coalt of Africa. Tacit. 1. Ann. 53.— 

Strab. 17.— Liv. 33 c. 48.— Plin, 5, c. 7.-« 

A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia, 
Tbucyd. 2, c. 98. 

Cercinium, a town of Macedonia. Liv.' 
31,0.41. 

Cercius & Rur.nus, charioteers of 
Caftor and Pollux* 


Cer COPES 












CE 


CE 


C'er copes, a people of Ephefirt, made 

prifoners by Hercules. Apollod. c. 6.- 

The inhabitants of the ifland Pithecufa changed 
into monkies on account of their difhonefly. 
Ovid. ikfirf.i4,v. 91. 

Cercops, a Milefian, author of a fabu¬ 
lous hiftory, mentioned by Athemeus.- 

A Pythagorean philofopher. 

Ckrcyon & Cercyones, a king of 
Eleufis, fon of Neptune, or, according to 
others, of Vulcan. He obliged all ftrangers. 
to wreftle with him ; and as he was a dexte¬ 
rous wreftler, they were eafily conquered and 
put to death. After many cruelties, he 
challenged Thefeus in wreiHing, and he was 
conqueied and put to death by his antngo- 
nifi;. His daughter, Alope, was- loved by 
Neptune, by whom fhe had a child. Cer- 
cyoo expofed the child, called Hippothoon ; 
but he was preferved by a mare, and after¬ 
wards placed upon his grandfather’s throne 
by Thefeus. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 439.— Hygin. 
fab. 187 .—Plut. in Tbef. — Pan/. I, C. 5 & 

39 * , 

Cercyra & Corcyra, an ifland m the 

Ionian fea, which receives its name from 
Cercyra, daughter of Afopus. Died. 4. 

Cerdylium, a place near Amphipolis. 
Tbucyd. 5. c. 6. 

Cere alia, fefiivals in honor of Ceres; 
fir It inftituted at Rome by Memmius the 
edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. 
Perfons in mourning were not permitted to 
appear at the -celebration; therefore they 
were not obferved after the battle of Canute. 
Theyare the fame as the Thefmophoria of 
the Greeks. Fid. Thefmophoria. 

Ceres, the goddefs of corn and of har- 
vefts, was daughter of Saturn and Vefta. She 
had a daughter by Jupiter, whom (lie called 
Pherephata, fruit bearing, -and afterwards 
Proferpine. This daughter was carried away 
by Pluto, as fhe was gathering flowers in the 
plains nearEnna. The rape of Proferpine 
was grievous to Ceres, who fought her all 
over Sicily; and when night came, fhe 
lighted two torches in the flames of mount 
^Etna, to continue her fearch by night all 
over the world. She at laft found her veil 
near the fountain Oyane; but no intelligence 
could be received of the place of her conceal¬ 
ment, till at laft the nymph Arethufa in¬ 
formed her that her daughter had been car¬ 
ried away by Pluto. No fooner had Ceres 
heard this, than (he flew to heaven with her 
chariot drawn by two dragons, and demanded 
of Jupiter the reftoration of her daughter. 
The endeavours of Jupiter to foften her by 
reprefenting Pluto as a powerful god, to be¬ 
come her fon-in-hw, proved fruitlefs, and the 
reftoration was granted, provided Proferpine 
had not eaten any thing in the kingdom of 
t Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired to Pluto, 
but Proferpine had eaten the grains of a 


pomegranate which (lie had gathered as (h£ 
walked over the Elyfinn fields, alitl Afcala- 
phtrs, the only one who had feen her difeo- 
vered it to make his court to Pluto. The 
return of Proferpine upon earth was therefore 
impracticable; but Aicalaphus, for his tmfo- 
licited information, was changed into an owL 
[Fid. Afcalaphus.] The grief of Ceres for 
the lots of her daughter was fo great, that 
Jupiter granted Proferpine to pals fix months 
with her mother, and the reft of the year 
with Pluto. During the enquiries of Ceres- 
for her daughter, the cultivation of the earth 
was neglected, and the ground became barren; 
therefore, to repair the lofs which mankind 
had fuffered by her abfence, the goddels went 
to Attica, which was become the moft defolate 
country in the world, and inftructed Triptole- 
mus of Eleufis in every thing which concerned 
agriculture. She taught him how to plough 
the ground, tofow and reap the corn, to make 
bread, and to take particular care of the fruit 
trees. After thefe inflrudfions, (lie gave him 
her chariot and commanded him to travel all 
over the world, and communicate hisknowkdge 
of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who 
hitherto lived upon acorns and the roors of the 
earth. [Fid. Triptolemus.] Her beneficence 
to mankind made Ceres refpetfed. Sicily was 
fnppofed to be the favorite retreat of'the god¬ 
defs, and Diodorus fays, that (lie and her 
daughter made their firft appearance to man¬ 
kind in Sicjjy, which Pluto received as a nup¬ 
tial dowry from Jupiter when he married Pro¬ 
ferpine. The Sicilians made a yearly facrifice 
to Ceres, every man according to his abilities; 
and the fountain of Cyane, through which 
Pluto opened himfelf a paffage with his tri¬ 
dent, when carrying away Proferpine, was 
publicly honored Avith an offering of bulls, and 
the blood of the victims wasibed in the waters 
of the fountain. Befides thefe, other cere¬ 
monies were obferved in honor of the ged- 
- defies who had fo peculiarly favored the ifland. 
The commemoration of the rape was cele¬ 
brated about the beginning of the harvefi, and 
thelearch of Ceres at the time that corn is 
fown in the earth. The latter feftival conti¬ 
nued fix fuccefiive days; and during the cele¬ 
bration, the votaries of Ceres made ufe of 
fomefree and wanton exprefiions, as that lan¬ 
guage had made the goddefs fmile while melan¬ 
choly for the lots of her daughter. Attica, 
which had been fo eminently diftinguifhed by 
the goddefs, gratefully remembered her favors 
in the celebration of jhe Eleufinian myfteries. 
[Fid. Eleufinia.] Ceres alfo performed the 
duties of a legiflator, and the Sicilians found 
the advantages of her falutary laws; hence, 
her furname of Theirnophora. She is the 
fame as the Ifis of the Egyptians, and her wor- 
(hip, it is faid, was firft brought into Greece 
by Erechtheus. She met Avith different adven¬ 
tures when fire travelled ovey $he earth, and 

the 




CE 


CE 


the impudence of Stellio was feverely punch¬ 
ed. To avoid the importunities of Neptune, 

Ihe changed herfelf into a mare; but the god 
took advantage of the metamorphofis, and 
from their union arofe thehorfe Arion. f Vid. 
Arion.] The birth of this monfter fo offend¬ 
ed Ceres, that fhe withdrew herfelf from the 
fight of mankind; and the earth would have 
periffied for want of h^r affidance, had not 
Pan diicovered her in Arcadia, and given infor¬ 
mation of it to Jupiter. The Parcte were 
fent by the god to comfort her, and at their 
perfuafion Ihe returned to Sicily, where her 
ftatues reprefented her veiled in black, with 
the head of a horle, and holding a dove in one 
hand, and in the other a dolphin. In their 
lacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant 
fow, as that animal often injures and deltroys 
the productions of the earth. While the corn 
was yet in the grafs, they offered her a ram, 
after the viCtim had been led three times 
round the field. Ceres was reprefented with a 
garland of ears of corn on her head, holding 
in one hand a lighted torch, and in the other a 
poppy, which was iacred to her. She appears 
as a country-woman mounted on the back of 
an ax, and carrying a baiket on her left arm, and 
holding a hoe; and i'ometimes (he rides in a 
chariot drawn by winged dragons. She was 
fuppofed to be the fame as Rhea, Tellus, Cy- 
bele, Bona Dea, Berecynthia, Sec. The Ro¬ 
mans paid her great adoration, and her fefti- 
vnls were yearly celebrated by the Roman 
matrons in the month of April, during eight 
days. Thefij matrons abftained during leveral 
days from the ufe of wine and every carnal 
enjoyment*. They always bore lighted torches 
in commemoration of the goddefs; and who¬ 
ever came to thel'e feftivals without a previous 
initiation, was punched with death. Ceres is 
metaphorically called bread and corn , as the 
word Bacchus is frequently ufed to fignify nvine. 
Apollod. i, c. j. L 2, c, 1. 1 . 3,c. ia & 14- 
Pavf. I, C. 31. I. 2 , C. 34. 1 . 3, C. 23. 1 . 8 . 

' c. 2J, fSfc. — Dlod. I, Sec. — Htjiod. Theog .— 
Ovid. Fuji. 4, v. 417. Met. fab. 7,8, Sec.- — ( 
Claudian. Je Rapt. Prof. — Cic. in Vers .—- 1 
Callvnach . in Cer. — Lin. 29 & 3 1, —St at. 
Theb. 12 .—Dionvf Hal. I, C. ^.—Hygin. 
P. A. 2. 

Ceressvs, a place of Bceotia. pauf. 9, 

C. 14. 

Ceretje, a people of Crete. 

Cerialis anicius, a conful eleCl, who 
wifhed a temple to be^raifed to Nero, as to a 
god, after the difeovery of the Pifonian con- 
(piracy, Sec. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 74. 

Cerii, a people of Etruria. 

Cerilli or Carill^, now Cirella, a 
town oftheBrutii near the Laus. Strab. 6. 

Cerillum, a place of JLueania. Strab. 6. 
r—Sil. Ital. 8, V. 580. 

Cerinthus, now Zero , a town of Eu- 
kca, whofe inhabitants went to the Trojan 


war, headed by Elphenor, fon of Chalced®* 
Homer. II. 2, v. 45— Strab. IO. -A beau¬ 

tiful youth, long the favorite of the Roman 
ladies, and efpecially of Sjlpitia, &c. Horat. 

1, Sat. 2, v. 8r.-One of the early here¬ 

tics from chriftianity. 

Cermanus, a place where Romulus was 
expoled by one of the fervants of Amuliug. 
Pint, in Romnl . 

(’erne, an ifland without the pillars of 
Hercules, on the African coaft. Strab. 1.—* 
Plin. 5 & 6. 

Cernes, a pried of Cybele. 

Cer on, a fountain of J-l illiacotis, whofe 
( waters rendered black all the (heep that drank 
of them. Plin 3>c. 2. 

Ceropasades, a fon of Phraates king of 
Perfia, given as an hodage to Auguftus. 

Cerossus, a place of the Ionian lea. 

Cerpheres, a king of Egypt who is fup¬ 
pofed to have built the fmalled pyramid. 

Cerrhjei, a people of Greece, who pro¬ 
faned the temple of Delphi. Pint, in Sol. 

Cerretani, a people of Spain that in¬ 
habited the modern didrift of Cerdana in- 
Catalonia. Plin. 3, c. 3. 

Cersobleptes, a king of Thrace, con¬ 
quered by Philip king of Macedonia. Poly- 
een. 7, c. 31. 

Certima, a town ofCehiberia. Liv. 40 A 
c. 47 - 

Certo-nium, a town of Afia Minor. 

Cervarius, a Roman knight who con- 
lpired with Piib againd Nero. Tacit. Aa. ij* 
c. JO. 

P. Cervius, an officer under Verresr. Ch. 
in Verr. J, c. 44. 

Ceryces, a iacerdotal family at Athens. 
Thucyd. 8, c. 53. 

Cerycius, a mountain of Bceotia- Pouf 
9, c. 20. 

CerymTca, a town of Cyprus. Diod. 

Cerynea, a town of Achaia, and moun¬ 
tain of Arcadia. Pauf. 7, c. 2J. 

CerynItes, a river of Arcadia. Pauf 7 
c. 2J. " 

Cesellius Balsus, a turbulent Cartha¬ 
ginian, who dreamt of money, and periuadeA 
Nero that immenfe treafures had been depo- t 
fited by Dido in a certain place, which he de- 
feribed. Enquiry was made, and when n® 
money was found, Cefellius dedroyed bim- 
felf. Tacit. Ann. 16, c. I, &c. 

Cesennia, an infamous pcoftitu to born of 
an illudrious family at Rome. fun. 6, v. 
I 35 - 

Cestius, an epicurean of Smyrna, who 
taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of 

Cicero.-A governor of Syria. Tacit. H. 5. 

—-—Severus, an informer under Nero. Ta¬ 
cit. H. 4. -Proculus, a nun acquitted of' 

an accusation of embezzling the public money 
Id. Ann. 30.—-—A bridge at Rome. 

5 Cestrina- 








C H 


CH 

CestrinAj part of Epirus* PaUf. £, c. 

Cestrinus, fon of Helenus and Andro¬ 
mache. After his father’s death he fettled in 
Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called 
the country Ceftrina. Pauf. i. c. n. 

Cetes, king of Egypt, the fame as Pro¬ 
teus. Diod. i. 

Cetiiegus, the furname of one of the 
branches of the Cornelii—Marcus, a conful in 

the fecond Punic war.- Ci'c. in Brut.-, -A 

tribune at Rome, of the moft corrupted morals 
who joined Catiline in his conipiracy againft 
the ftate, and was commiffioned to murder 
Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with 
JLentulus, put to death by the Roman fenate. 

Pint, in Cic . life.-, -A Trojan, killed by 

Turnus. Virg. ASn. 12, v. 513.-P. 

Corn, a powerful Roman, who embraced the 
party of Marius againft Sylla. His miftrefs 
had obtained fuch an afcendancy over him, 
that fhe diflributed his favors, and Lucullus 
was not afhamed to court her fmiles, when he 
wifhed to be appointed general againft Mjthri- 

dates.-s-A fenator put to death for adultery 

under Valentinian. 

Cetii, a people of Cilicia. 

Cetius, a river of Myfia.-A mountain 

which leparates Noricum from Pannonia. 

Ceto, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, 
who married Phorcys, by 1 whom fhe had the 
three Gorgons, &c. Hefod. Theeg. v. 237. 

<— Lucan. 9,v. 646. 

Ceus &.CiEUs, a fon of C'celus and Ter¬ 
ra, who married Phoebe, bv whom he had 
JLatona and Alleria. Hefod. Theog. v. 135. 

— Virg. ■ JEn. 4, v. 179.-1 he father of 

Trcezen. Homer. II. a,v. 354, 

Ceyx, a king of Trachinia, fon of Lucifer, 
and hufLand of Alcyone. He was drownbd, 
as he went to confult the oracle of Claros. 
JHis wife was apprized of his misfortune in a 
dream, and found his dead body wafhed on the 
fea (bore. They were both charged into birds., 
called Alcyons. Vid. Alcyone. Ovid. Met. 
ir,v. 587 .—Pcrf 1. c. 32. According to 
Apollod. I, c. 7. 1 . 2, c. 7, tb.e hufband of 
Alcyone and the king of Trachinia were 
t.vo different peifons. 

Che a, a town of Peloponnefus. 

Chabxnus, a mountain of Arabia Felix. 
Hied. 3. 

Chabria, a village of Egypt. 

Chabrias, ah Athcnian'genernl and phu 
lofopher, who chiefly fignalized himfelf when 
he affifted the Boeotians againft Agefllaus. 
In this celebrated campaign, he ordered his 
foldiers to put one knee upon the ground, and 
firmly to reft their fpear upon the ether, and 
cover themfelves with their fhields, by Which 
means he daunted the enemy, and had a fta- 
tue raifed to his honor in that fame pofture. 
He affifted alfo Neilanebus, king cf Egypt, 
*ud conquered the whole illand of Cyp: us; 


but he at lad fell a facrifice to his exceffive 
courage, and defpifed to fly from his fhip, 
when he had it in his power tofave his life like 
'his companions, B. C. 376. C. Hep. in vita* 
— Died. 16.— Plut. in Phot. 

Ckabuyis, a king of Egypt. Diod.i. 

CHiEANiTiE, a people at the foot of Cauca- 
fus. 

Choreas, an Athenian, who wrote on 

agriculture.-An officer who murdered 

Caligula, A. D. 41, to prevent the infamous 

death which was prepared againft himfelf.- 

An Athenian, Sec. Thucyd. 8, c. 74, Sec. 

CuAiREDErAus, a brother of Epicurus, Sec. 
Diog. 

Chjeremox, a comic poet, and difciple of 

Socrates.-A ftoic, vffio wrote on the 

Egyptian priefts. 

Ch /ere PH on, a tragic poet of Athens, in 
the age of Philip of Macedonia. 

Ciij’erestrata, the mother of Epicurus, 
defeended of a noble family. 

Chjerinthus, a beautiful youth, Sec. 
Horat. I. Serm. 2, V. 8l. 

Chjerippus, an extortioner, &c. jfor. 8, 
v. 96. 

Chjero, the founder of Chaeronea. Plut. 

in Syll. 

ClIJERONIA, ClIZERONEA, & ChERRO- 
nea, a city of Bceotia, on the Cephifus, 
celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians, by 
the Boeotians, B. C. 447, and for the victory 
which Philip of Macedonia obtained there 
with 32,000 men, over the confederate army 
of the Thebans and the Athenians, confining 
of 30,000 men, the 2d of Auguft, B. C. 338 , 
Plutarch was born there. 1 he town was 
anciently called Arne. Pauf. 9, c. 40.— 
Plut. in Pelop. life. — Strab. 9. 

Ciialjeon, a city of Locris.-A port of 

Bmotia. 

Chales, a herald of Bufiris, put to death 
by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 5. 

CnALCiEA, a town of Caria.— : —of Phoe¬ 
nicia. 

Chalcea, an ifland with a town near 

Pvhodes. Pi/ >/. 5, c. 3.-A feftjval at 

Athens. Vid. Panatjhenaea. 

Chalcedo'nt Se Ch ai.ckdonia, now 
Kadi-Keniy an ancient city of Bithynia, op- 
pofite Byzantium, built by a colony from 
Alegara, headed by Aigias, B. C. 685. It 
was firft called Proceraftis, and afterwards 
Colpufa. I f ,s fituation, however, was fo im¬ 
properly chofen that it was called the city of 
blind men, intimating the inconfiderate plan cf 
the founders. Strab. 7.— Plin. 5, c. 32.— 
Mela , I, c. 19. 

Chalcidene. a part of Syria, very fruit¬ 
ful. Plin. 5, c. 23. 

Ciialcidenses, the inhabitants ot the 

ifthmus between Teos and Erythrae.-A 

people near the PJtwfis. 

Chalcideus, 














CH 


CH 


Chalcideus, a commander of the La¬ 
cedaemonian fleet killed by the Athenians, &c. 
Tbucyd. 8, c. 8. 

Chalcidica, a country of Thrace—of 
Syria. 

Chalcidicus, (of Chalets ), an epithet 
applied to Cumte in Italy, as built by a colony 
from Chalcis. Pirg. Ain. 6,v. 17. 

Chalciceus, a lurname of Minerva, be¬ 
cause Ihe had a temple at Chalcis in Euboea. 
She was alfo called Chalciotis-and Chalcidica. 

Chalciope, a daughter of iEetes Ling of 
Colchis, who married Phryxusfon of Athamas, 
who had fled to her father’s court for protec¬ 
tion. She had tome children by Phryxus, and 
(he preferved her life from the avarice and 
cruelty of her father, who had murdered her 
huiband to obtain the golden fleece. [Vid. 
Phryxus.] Ovid. Heroid. 17, v. 232.— Hycr'ni. 

tab. 14, Sec. -The mother of Thefi-alus by 

Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 7.-The daughter 

of Rhexenor, who married 7 Egcus. Id. 3, c. 1. 

Ciialcis, now E^ripoi the chief city of 
Euboea, in that part which is nenreft to Boeotia. 

It was founded by an Athenian colony. The 
Uland is faid to have been anciently joined to 
the continent in the neighbourhood of Chalcis. 
There where three other towns of the lame 
name, in Thrace, Acarnnnia, and Sicily, all 
belonging to the Corinthians. PI n. 4.C. 12. 
— Strab. IO. — Pauf. 5, c. 23.— Cic. N. D. 

C. IO. 

CiialcTtis, a country of Ionia. Pauf. 
7 > c. 5 * 

On a l coo on, a fon of /Egyptus, bv Ara¬ 
bia. Apollod. 2,c. 1.-1 man of f cs, who 

wounded Hercules, Id. 2, c. 7.- 1 he fa¬ 

ther of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs 

in die Trojan war. Pauf. 8, c. 15.-A 

man who afliiled Hercules in his war againft 
Augns. Pauf. 8, c. 15. 

Chalcon, a Melfenian, who reminded 
Antilochus, fon of Netlor, to be aware of the 
./Ethiopians, by whom he urts to perilh. 

Chai.chs, a manmade governor of Cy- 
zicus by Alexander. Poly an. 

Chaldjea, a country of Ati.i, between the 
Euphrates and Tigris, its capital is 13a by Ion, 
whole inhabitants were famous for their know¬ 
ledge of aftroloev. Cic. de Div. i,p. 1 .— Died. 
2.— Strab. 2 .— PI in. 6, c. 28. 

Chaldei, the inhabitants of Chaldsea. 
Chalestra, a town of Macedonia. He¬ 
ro Jot. 7,c-123. 

ChalonTtis, a country of Media. 
Chalvbes & Calybes, a people of Afia 
Minor,near Pontus, once very powerful, and 
poffiefied of a great extent of country, abound¬ 
ing in iron mines, where the inhabitants work¬ 
ed naked. The Calybes attacked the ten 
thoufand in their retreat, and behaved with 
much fpirit and courage. They were partly 
conquered by Crcefus, king of Lydia. Some 
authors imagine th^t the calybes are a nation 


of Spain. Virg.JEn. 8, v. 421.— Strab. 12, 

&C.- Apollon. 2, V. 37 5.— Xcnoph. Anab. 

4,&c\— Her edit. 1, c. 28.— JuJlin. 44, C. 3. 

Chalybon, now fuppoled to be Aleppo ,a 
town of Syria, which gave the name of Cba- 
lylonitis to the neighbouring country. 

( ualybonitis, a country of Syria, fo 
famous for its wines that the king of Pcriia 
drank no other. 

Ciialybs, a river of Spain, where JuJlin 
44, c. 3, places the people called Calybes. 

Chamani & CiMMAvmi, a people of 
Germany. Tacit, in Germ. 

Chane, a river between Armenia and 
Albania, falling into theCafpian lea. 

Chaon, n mountain of Peloponnefus. 

-A Ion of Priam. Vid. C haonia. 

Cuaones, a people of Epirus. 

ChaSnia, a mountainous part ofEpIrus, 
which receives its name from C haon a fon of 
Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother 
Helenvs There was a wood near where 
doves ( Chaonia; elves') were faid to deliver ora¬ 
cles. I he words Chaon ins villus are by an¬ 
cient authors applied to acorns, the food of 
the til'll inhabitants. Lucan. 6, v. 426.— Clau¬ 
dia n. de Pi of. rapt. 3, v. 47. — Hirv. JE.t. 3, v. 
335 — Properl. I. el. 9.— Ovid. A. A . I. 
Ciiaonitis, a cou 111 ry of A fly ria. 

Chaos, a rude and thapelsfs mafs of matter, 
and confuted alTemhlage of ina&ive elements, 
which, as the poets fuppote, pre-exilled the 
formation of the world, and from *.hich the 
univerle was formed by the hand and power of 
a fuperior being. T 1 is do£lrinc was firft efta- 
bliihed by Hefiod, from whom the fucceeding 
poets ha’ e copied it; and it is probable that it 
vvasobfenrely drawn from the account of Mo 
Its, by being copied from the annals of Sau- 
choniathon, whole age is fixed antecedent to 
the fiege of Troy. Chaos was deemed, by 
fome, as one of the oldc-ll of the gods, and in¬ 
voked as one of the infernal deities. Hi>g. 
JEn. 4,v 510.— Ovid. Met. 1, lab. T. 

C u arad ii A, a town of Phocii. Here dot. 8 - 
c. 33. 

Cuaradros, a river of Phocis, failing in¬ 
to the Cephilur. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 46. 

v UARADRUs.a place of Argos, where mili¬ 
tary caules were tried. Tbucyd. 5. c. 60. 

Charjeadas, air Athenian general, font 
with 20 (hips to Sicily during the Helopormefian 
war. Hedied 426,B. C. &c. Tbucyd. 3, c. 80- 

Cuarandjei, a people near Potitus. 

Chakax, a town of Armenia.-A phi- 

lofopher of Pergamus, who wrote an hillory of 
Greece in 40 books. 

Ckaraxes & CiiARAxas, a Mitylenean, 
brother to Sappho, who became pal'ionately 
fond of the courtezan Rhodope, upon whom 
he fquandered all his poflefilons, and reduced 
himfelf to pwverty, and the neeellity of pira¬ 
tical excurfions. Ovid. Heroid. I", v. 1 1 ; 
Haodot. 2, c. 135, £1 c. 

CiiAitAxrs, 














CH 


Charaxus, one of the centaurs. Ovid. 
Met I2,v. 372. 

Chares, an Athenian general.———A fta- 
tuary ofLindus,whowas 12 years employed in 
making the famous Coloflus of Rhodes* Plln. 

34 ,c 7.-A man who wounded Cyrus when 

fighting againft his brother Artaxerxes.——An 
hiftorian of Mitylene, who wrotealife of Alex¬ 
ander.-An Athenian who fought with 

Darius againft Alexander. Curt. 4, c. 5.-- 

A river of Peloponnefus. Pint, in Arat. 

■ Charicles, one of the 30 tyrants fet over 
Athens by the Lacedemonians. Xcnoph. 
Mcmor. I.— Arijl Polit. 5. c. 6.-A fa¬ 

mous phyfician under Tiberius. Tacit. Anti. 
6 , c. so. 

ChariclTdes, an officer of Dionyfius the 
younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the 
tyrant. Diod.ify. 

Chariclo, the mother of Tirefias, greatly 

favored by Minerva. Apollod. 3, c. 6.-A 

daughter of Apollo, who married the centaur 
Chiron. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 635. 

Ciiaridemus, a Roman expofed to wild 

beafxs. Martial, i, ep. 44-An Athenian, 

bantlhed by Alexander, and killed by Darius, 
&c. 

CHA'Rrr.A, a feftival obferved once in nine 
years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to 
this circumftamce: In a great famine the people 
of Delphi affembled and appliedjto their king to 
relieve their wants. He accordingly diftributed 
the little corn he had among the nobleft ; hut 
as a poor little girl, called Charila, begged the 
king with more than common earneftnels, he 
beat her with his fhoe, and the giri, unable to 
bear his treatment, hanged herlelf in her gir¬ 
dle. The famine increaled ; and the oracle 
told the king, that to relieve his people, he mult 
atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this a 
feftival was inflituted,with expiatory rites. The 
king prefided over this inftitution, and diftribut¬ 
ed pulfe and corn to fuch as attended. Cha- 
rila's image was brought before the king, who 
ftruck it with his (hoe; after which it was car¬ 
ried to a defolate place, where they put a halter 
round its neck, and buried it where Charila was 
buried. Pint, in Grace. 

Charilaus & Charii.lus, a foil of Poly- 
de&es king of Sparta, educated and protected 
by his uncle l.ycurgus. 'He made war againft 
Argos, and attacked Tegea. He \Vas taken 
prifoner, and releafed on promifing that he 
would ceafe from war, an engagement he loon 
broke. He died in the 64th year of his age. 

Pauf: 2, 36. L 6, c. 48.-A Spartan, who- 

changed the monarchical power into an arifto- 
cracy. Arijl. Polit. 5, c. 12. 

Charii.lus, one of theanceftors of Leuty- 
chides. Herodot. 8 , c* 131* 

Charini & CarIni, a people of Germany. 

pliri. 4,9. J4- 

Charis, a goddefs among the Greeks, fur- 
xounded with pleasures, graces, and delight. 


CH 

She was the wife of Vulcan. Homer. II. r8. 

v. 382. 

Charisia, a town of Arcadia. Pauf . 8, 

c. 3.-=-A feftival in honor of the Graces, with 

dances which continued all night. He who 
continued awake the longeft, was rewarded with 
a cake. 

Ch ari 3 ius, an orator at Athens. Clc.in B. 

83 - 

Ciiar is ti a, feftivals at Rome celebrated on 
the 20th of February, by the diftribution of 
mutual prelents, with the intention of recon¬ 
ciling friends and relations. Hal. Max. 2, c. I. 

— Ovid. Faf. 2. 

Charites Sc Gratiac, the Graces, daugh¬ 
ters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, are three 
*in number, Aglaia, Thalia) and Euphrofyne* 
They were the conftant attendants of Venus, 
and they were reprefented as three young", 
beautiful, and modeft virgins, all holding one 
another by the hand. They prefided over 
kindnelb, and all good offices, and their worfhip 
was the fame as that of the nine Mufes.with 
whom they had a temple in comnron. They 
were generally reprefented naked, becaule 
kindnefies ought to he done with fincerity and 
candor. The moderns explain the allegory of 
their holding their hands joined, by obferving, 
that there ought to be a perpetual and never 
ceafing intercourfe of kindnefs and bevevolencc 
among friends, i heir youth denotes the con¬ 
ftant remembrance that we ought ever to have- 
of kindndfes received ; and their virgin purity 
and innocence teach us, that adls of benevo¬ 
lence ought to be done without any expecta¬ 
tion of reftoration, and that we ought never to- 
differ others or ourielves to be guilty of bale 
or impure favors. Homer (peaks only of tvva 
Graces. 

Chariton, a writer of Aphrodifium.at the 
latter end of the 4th century. He cempoled 
a Greek romance, called The Loves of Chfrcas 
and Callirhoe, which has been much admired for 
its elegance,and the originality' of the charadfers, 
it delcribes. There is a very learned, edition of 
Chariton, by Reilke, with D'Orvklle’s notes, a 
vols. 4to. Amft. 1750. 

Ch armadas, a philofopher of uncommon 
memory. Plln. 7 , c. 24. 

Charme & Carme, the mother of Brito- 
martis by Jupiter. 

Charmihes, a Lacedaemonian,fent by the- 
king to quell ledition.vin Crete. Pavf. 3, c, 2. 

--A boxer. Id. 6, c. 7.-A plulofophes 

of the third academy, B. C. 95. 

Ciiar min us, an Athenian general, who 
defeated the. Peleponnelians. Thucyd. 8, c. 42.. 

Charmione, a iervant maid ot Cleopatra, 
who ftabbed herfelf after the example of her 
miftrel's. Pint, in Anton. 

Charmis, a phyfician of Marfeilles, in 
Nero’s age, who uled cold baths for his patients*; 
and preferibed medicines contrary to thole of 
his contemporaries. Plln. 2X, c. 1. 


CHA&~ 















CH 


CH 


Charmosyna, a feftival in Egypt. Pint. 
* ijtd. ' 

Charmotas, a part of Arabia. 

Charmus, a poet of Syracufe, fome of 
whole fragments are found fcattered in 
Athemeus. 

Charon, a Theban, who received into his 
houle Pelopidnj, and his friends, when they 
delivered Thebes from tyranny, See. Pint, in 

Pelop. -An niflorian of Lampfar.us, lbn of 

Pytheus, who wrote two books on Perffa, 
befides other treatifes, B. C. 479.-An his¬ 

torian of Naucratis, who wrote an hiltory of 
his country, and of Egypt-A Carthagi¬ 
nian writer, &c.-A god of hell, fon of Ere¬ 

bus and Nox, who conduced the fouls of the 
dead in a boat over the river ‘Styx and Ache¬ 
ron to the infernal regions, for an oholus. 
Such as had not been honored with a funeral 
were not permitted to enter his boat, without 
previoufly wandering on the (bore for one 
hundred years. If any living perfon prefented 
himfelf to crofs the Stygian lake, he could not 
be admitted before he fliewed Charon a golden 
bough, which he had received from the Sibyl, 
and Charon was imprifoned for one year, be- 
caufe he had ferried over, againft his own will, 
Hercules, with nit this paflport. Charon is re- 
prelented as an old robuft man, with a hideous 
countenance, long white heard, and piercing 
eyes. His garment is ragged and filthy, and 
his forehead is covered with wrinkles. As all 
the dead were obliged to pay a Small piece of 
money for their admifIion,it was always ufual, 
among the ancients, to place under the tongue 
©f the deceafed, a piece of money for Charon. 
This fable of Charop and his boat is borrowed 
from the Egyptians, whofe dead were carried 
acrols a lake, where Sentence was parted on 
them, and according to their good or bad ac¬ 
tions, they were honored with a Splendid bu¬ 
rial, or left unnoticed in the open air. Fid. 

Acherufia. Died. 1.- Sen re, in Her. Fur. 

a 6 l. 3, v. 765.— Firft. JEn. 6, v. 298, &c. 

Charondas, a man of Catana, who gave 
laws to the people of Thurium, and made a 
law that no man Ihould be permitted to come 
armed into the artembly. He inadvertently 
broke this law, and when told of it, he fell 
upon his'fvvord,B.C. 446. Val. Max. 6, c. 5. 

ChaRonka, a place of Alia, &c. 

Charonia scrobs, a place of Italy emit¬ 
ting deadly vapors. Plin. 2, c. 23. 

Ciiaronium, a cave near Nyfa, where 
the rtek were fuppofed to be delivered from 
their diforders by certain fuperftitious Solem¬ 
nities. 

Charops & Charopis, a Trojan, killed 

by Ulyfles. Homer. II. -A powerful Epi- 

rot who afTfted Flaminius when making war 
againft Philip the king of Macedonia. Pint. 

in Flam . -The firft decennial archon at 

Athens. Paterc. I, c. 8. 

Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool on the 
ccaft of Sicily, oppofite another whirlpool 


called Scylla, oh the coaft of Italy. It was 
very dangerous to failors, and it proved fatajl 
to part of the fleet of Ulyfles. The exadt 
fituation of the Charybdis is not discovered by 
the moderns, as no whirlpool Sufficiently tre¬ 
mendous is now found to correfpond to the 
description of the ancients. The words 

Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charyldimi 

became a proverb, to fliew that in our eager- 
nels to avoid one evil, we often fall intoagreater. 
The name of Charybdis was properly beftow- 
ed on miftreffes who repay aftedtion and ten- 
dernefs with ingratitude. It is fuppofed that 
Charybdis was an avaricious woman, who 
ftole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft 
(he was ftruck with thunder by Jupiter, and 
changed into a whirlpool. Lycopbr. in Cajft 
Homer. Od. 12. —P opett. 3, el. II.— Ital. 
14.— Ovid, in Ibin. de Ponto, 4, eL IO. Amor . 
2 , el l6.— Firg. JEn. 3, v.420. 

Chaubi & Chauci, a people of Ger¬ 
many, fuppofed to inhabit the country now 
called Friertand and Bremen. 

Cii aula, a village of Egypt. 

Chauros. Fid. Caurus. 

Chelje, a Greek word, (%*)>.*),) rtgnifying 
edawsf which is applied to the Scorpion, one 
of the figns of the zodiac, and lies, according 
to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. Firg* 
G. 1, v. 33. 

Cheles, a fatrap of Seleucus, &c. 
Chelidon, a miftrefs of Vtrres. Cic.in 
Fcrr. I, c. 40. 

Chelidon 1 a, a feftival at Rhodes, in 
which it was curtomary for boys to go begging 
from door to door, and finging certain longs. 

Sc c. Athen. -The wind Favonius was 

called alfo Cbelidonia, from the 6th of the 
ides of February to the 7th of the calends 
of March, the time when fwallows firft made 
their appearance. Plin. 2, c. 47. 

ChelIdonije, now Kelidoni, finall iflands 
oppofite the promontory of Taurus, of the 
fame name, very dangerous to failors. Dionyf. 
Perieg. V. 506. — Plin. 5, C. 27 & 31. — Liv. 
33> c. 41. 

Chelidoxis, a daughter of king Leoty- 
chides, who married Cleonymus, and commit¬ 
ted adultery with Acrotatus. Plut. in Pyrr. 

Chelidonium, a promontory of mount 
Taurus, projecting into the Pamphvlian fea. 

Che lone, a nymph changed into a toi« 
toife by Mercury, for not being prefent at the 
nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned 
to perpetual filence for having ridiculed thefe 
deities. 

Lhelonis, a daughter of Leonidas king 
of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. She 
accompanied her father, whom her hufband 
had expelled, and foon after went into banifh- 
ment with her hufband, who had in his turn 
been expelled by Leonidas. Pint, in Agid* 

& Cl com. , 

U Cheio- 










CH 


CH 


CiielonopuXgi, a people of CarmaiVm, 
who fed upon turtle, and covered their habi¬ 
tations with the (hells. Plin. 6, c. 24. 
Ciielydoria, a mountain of Arcadia. 

Che m mis, an ifland in a deep lake of Egypt. 
Herodot , 2, c. 156. 

Che n a, a town of Laconia. 

Chenje, a village on.mount CEta. Pouf. , 
10, c. 24. 

Chen ion, a mountain in Afia Minor, 
from which the io,oco Greeks firft faw the 
tea. DioJ. 14. 

Chenius, a mountain near Colchis. 

Cheoes & Cheospes, a king of Egypt, 
after Rhampfinitus, who built famous pyra¬ 
mids, upon which 1060 talents were expended 
only in fupplying the workmen with leeks, 
parlley, garlick, and other vegetables. Herc- 
(lot. 2, c. 124. 

Chephren, a brother of Cheops, who 
alfo built a pyramid. The Egyptians l'o in- 
vet;erately hated thefe two royal brothers, that 
they .publicly reported; that the pyramids 
which they had built, had been eredted by a 
ftiepherd. Herodot. 2, c. 127. 

CheremocrXtes, an artift who built 
Diana’s temple at Ephefus, &c. Strab. 14. 

Cherisophus, a commander of Boo Spar¬ 
tans, in the expedition which Cyrus under¬ 
took again It his brother Artaxerxes. Diod. 14. 
Cheronjea. Fid. Chit rone a. 
Cherophon, a tragic writer of Athens, 
in the age of Philip. Philojlr. in nit is. 
Cherronesus. Fid. t herfonelus. 
Chersias, an Orchomenian, reconciled to 
Periander by Chilo. Paufanias praifes fome 
el’his poetry, 9, c. 38. 

Chersidamas, a Trojan, killed by 
Ulyfles in the Trojan war. Ovid. Met. 13, 
v. 259. 

Ciikrsifhro, an architect, &c. Plin. 36, 

c. 14. 

Chersonesus, a Greek word, rendered 
by the Latins Peninfula. There were many 
et thefe among the ancients, of which thefe 
five are the mod celebrated: one called Pe - 
lopotmejus ; one called Thracian , in the foutll 
of Thrace, and weft of the Hellefpont, where 
Miltiades led a colony of Athenians, and built 
a wall acrofs the ifthmus. From its ifthmus 
to its further (hores, it meafured 420 (India, 
intending between the bay of Mclas and the 
Hellefpoht. The third, called Taurica, now 
€rim Tartary , was fituate near the Pains 
Maeotis. The fourth, called Cimbrica , now 
'Jutland , is in the northern parts of Germany ; 
and the fifth, furnamed Aurea, lies in India, 
beyond the Ganges. Herodot. 6, c. 33. 1. y, 

Cl 5 %.—~-Liv. 31, c 16.— Cic. ad Br. 2.- 

Alfo a peninfula near Alexandria in Egypt. 
Hirt. Alex. Co. 

- Chf.ru sci, a people of Gennany, who 
leng maintained a war again ft Rome. They 
inhabited th<? country between the Wefer and 
the JEibe. Tacit.^—CcJ'.B, G. 6, c. 9. 


Chidn.ei, a people near Pontus. 

Cuidorus, a river of Macedonia neat 
Theft’alonica, not fuinciently large to fupply 
the army of Xerxes with water. Herodot. 7, 
c. 127. 

Chiliarciius, a great officer of (late at 
the court of Perfia. C. Nep. in Conon. 

Chi lilts Sc Chilf.us, an Arcadian who- 
advifed the Lacedaemonians, when Xerxes' 
was in Greece, not to defert the common 
caufe of their country. Herodot. 9, c. 9. 

Chilo, a Spartan philofopher, who has 
been called one of the feven wife men of 
Greece. One of his maxims was “ know 
tfiyfelf. ,r He died through excefs of joy, in 
the arms of his fon, who had obtained a vic¬ 
tory at Olympia, B. C. 597. Plin. 7, c. 33. 

— Laert. --One of the Ephori at Sparta, B. 

C.556. 

(. hilonis, the wife of Theopompus king 
of Sparta. Polyan. 8. 

CiiiM.ERA, a celebrated monfter, fprung 
from Echidna and Typhon, which had three 
heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dra¬ 
gon, and continually vomited flames. The 
foreparts of its body were thofe of a lion, the 
middle was that of a goat, and the hinder 
paits_were thole of a dragon. It generally lived 
in Lycia, about the reign of Jobates, by 
whofe orders Bellerophon, mounted on the 
horfe Pegafus, overcame it. This fabulous 
tradition is explained by the recolledlion that 
there was a burning mountain in Lycia, 
called Chimsera, whofe top was the refort of 
lions, on account of its defolate wildernefs ; 
the middle, which was fruitful, was covered 
with goats ; and at the bottom the marlhy 
ground abounded with ferpents. Bellerophon 
is faid to have conquered the Chimsera, be- 
cauie he firft made his habitation on that 
mountain. Plutarch fays, that it is the cap¬ 
tain of fome pirates, vvhp adorned their (hip 
with the images of a lion, a goat, and a dra¬ 
gon. From the union of the Chimera with 
Orthos, fprung the Sphinx, and the lion of 
Nemira. Homer. II. 6, v. 181.— Hefiod. 
Thcog. v. 322.— Apollod. I, C. 9. 1. 2, C. 3.— 
Lucrct. 5, V. 903.—9. Met. V. 646.— 
Firg. JEn. 6, v. 288.-—One of the (hips in the 
fleet of ./Eneas. Firg. JEn. 5, v. xiS. 

Chimarus, a river of Argolis. Pauf. 2. 
c.36. 

Chimerium, a mountain of Phthiotis, in 
Theflaly. Plin. 4, c. 8. 

Chiomara, a woman who cut off the 
head of a Roman tribune when (he had been 
taken prifoner, &c. Pint, de Firt. Mul. 

Chion, a Greek writer, whole epiftlcs 
were edited cum notis , Cobergi, 8vo. Lipf. 

*765- w 

Chione, a daughter of Diedalion, of whom 
Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. 
To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her 
to deep with his Caduceus, and Apollo, in 
the eight, LUida tfce -fojrm of old woman, 

obtaiueef 








GH 


CH 


obtained the fame favors as Mercury. Frofn 
this embrace Chione became mother of Phi- 
lammon and Autolycus, the former of whom, 
as being fon of Apollo, became an excellent 
mufician ; and the latter was equally notorious 
for his robberies, of which his father Mer¬ 
cury was the patron. Chione grew fo proud 
of her commerce with the gods, that fhe even 
preferred her beauty to that of Diana, for 
which impiety ihe was killed by the go^ldefs, 
and changed into a hawk. Ovid. Met. n, 
fab. 8.—*—A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, 
who had Eumclpus by Neptune. >he threw 
her fon into the fea, but he was preferved by 
his father. Apolloi. 3, c. 15.— Pauf. 1, c. 38. 
-A famous proftitute. Martial , 3, ep. 34. 

Chionides, an Athenian poet, luppofed 
by fume to be the inventor of comedy. 

Chionis, a vi&or at Olympia. Pai>f. 6, 
c. 13. 

Chios, now Scio, an ifland in the iEgean 
fea, between Lelbos and Samos, on the coafl 
of Afia Minor, which receives its name, as 
i’ome l'uppofe, from Chione, or from Quo, 
/now, which Was very frequent there. It 
was well inhabited, and could once equip a 
hundred flilps ; and its chief town, called 
Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could 
contain 80 fliips. The wine of this ifland, fo 
much celebrated by the dneients, is ftill in 
general efteem. Chios was anciently called 
yEthalia, Maoris, and Pityafa. There was 
no adultery committed there for the fpace cf 
yoo years. Plut. de Virt. Mul. — Horat. 3, 
od. 19, v. 5. I, fat. 10, v. 24.—Pauf. 7, c. 4. 
—Mela , 2 , C. a.— Strab. 2 . 

Chiron, a centaur; half a man and half a 
horfe, fon of Philyra and Saturn, who had 
changed himfelf into a horfe, to efcape the 
inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was fa¬ 
mous for his knowledge of mufic, medicine, 
and lhooting. He taught mankind the ufe of 
plants and medicinal herbs; and he inftruft- 
ed in all the polite arts, the greateft heroes 
of his age; fuch as Achilles, jEfculapius, 
Hercules^ Jafon, Peleus, JEneas, &c. He 
was wounded in the knee by a poilbned arrow, 
by Hercules, in his purfuit of the centaurs. 
Hercules flew to his afliftance ; but as the 
Wound was incurable, and the caufe of the 
moft excruciating pains, Chiron begged Ju¬ 
piter to deprive him of immortality. His 
prayers were heard, and he was placed by the 
god among the conftellations, under the name 
of Sagittarius. Hefiod. in Scuto. — Homer. II. 
IT .-Ipauf. 3, c. i8. 1.5, c. 19. 1. 9, c. 31. 
— Ovid. Met. 2 , V. 676.— Apollod. 2 , C. 5, 
1 . 3, c. 13.— Horat. epod. 13. 

Chloe, a furname of Ceres at Athens. 
Her yearly feftivals, called Chloeia,were cele¬ 
brated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a 
ram was always facrificed to her. 1 he name 
<Jf Chloe is iuppofe to bear the fame fignifi- 
cation as Plava , fo often applied to the god- 
defs of corn. The name, ‘fr&m itrfignifica- 


tion, (xp.w,herla vhens) has generally been 
applied to women poflefled of beauty, and of 
limnlkity. 

Chloreus, a prieft of Cybele, who came 
wijth Aineas into Italy, and was killed by 
Tnrnus. Virg. JEn. II, v. 768.-An¬ 

other, & c. 

Ciiloris, the goddefs of flowers, who 
married Zephyrus. &he is the fame as Flora. 

Ovid. Fuji. 5.- A daughter of Amphion, 

fon of Jafus and Perfephone, who married 
Neleus king of Pylos, by whom fhe had one 
daughter and twelve foRS, who all, except 
Neltor, were killed by Hercules. Homer. 
Od. 11, v. 280.— Pauf. a, c. 21, 1 . 9, c. 36. 

--A proftitute, &c. Horat. 3, Od. 15. 

C it lor us, a river of Cilicia. Plin. 5, c. 
27." —Conftantine, one of the Csefars, id 
Diodefian’s age, who reigned two years after 
the emperor’s abdication, and died July 25* 
A. D. 306. 

ChoarTna, a country near India,reduced 
by Craterus, &c. 

ChoaSpes, a fon of Phafis, <Cc. Place. 

v. j85.,-An Indian river. Curt. 5, c. 2." 

-A river of Media, flowing into the Ti¬ 
gris, and now called Karun. Its waters are 
l'o fweet that the kings of Perfia drank no 
, other, and in their expeditions they always 
had fome with them, which had been pre- 
vioufly boiled. Ilerbdot. I, c. 188.— Milan, 
V. H. 12, c. 40.— Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 141.— 
Plin. 6, c. 27. 

Cuobus, a river of Colchis. Arrian . 

CiicErades & Pii'aros, two iflands op- 
pofite Alexandria in Egypt. Tbucyd. 7, c. 33. 

-Others in the Euxine (ea.-An ifland 

ili the Ionian lea, or near the Hellelpouu 
Thcocrit. Id. 13. 

CuacRjfius, a tragic poet of Athens, who 
wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtained 

the prize.-An hiftorian of Samos.-- 

Two other poets, one of whom was very in-* 
timare with Herodotus. He wrote a poem'oti 
the victory which the Athenians had obtain¬ 
ed over Xerxes, and on account of the 
excellence of the compofition, he received a 
piece of gold for each veile from the Athe¬ 
nians, and was publicly ranked with Homtt 
as a poet. The other was one of Alexander’s 
flatterers and friends. It is faid the prince 
promiled him as many pieces of gold as there 
ftiould be good veri'es in his poetry, and as 
many flaps on his forehead as there were had ; 
and in confequence of this, fcarce fix of his 
verfes in each poem were entitled to gold, 
while the reft were rewarded with the cafti- 
gation. Plut. in Alex.-— Horat. 2 , ep. I,V. 

232. 

Chcere;e, a place of Bceotia. 

Chonnida8, a man made preceptor to 
Thefeus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of 
Trrezcne. The Athenians inftituted facri- 
fices to him for the good precepts he had io— 
culcated into his pupil, Pht. in The/ 

t Na - Ch©nuph;i» 







ChonEphis, an Egyptian prophet. Plut. 
it Sot rat. gen. 

Chorasmi, a people of Alia near the Oxus. 
Hcrodot. 3, C. 93. 

Chorineus, a man killed in the Rutulian 

war. VPg. A£n. 9> v * J7I*-Another. Id. 

I 2, v. 298.-A prieft with iEneas. Id. 

Chorcebus, a man of Elis, who obtained a 

prize the firft olympiad. Vid. ^orcebus.-A 

youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of 
Caflandra. Vhg. JEn. 2,v. 341. 

CuoROMNiEi, a people fubdued by Ninus. 

Diod. 1. 

Chosroes, a k'ng of Perfia, in J uftinian’s 
reign. 

Chremes, a fordid old man, mentioned in 
Terence’s Andria. Horat. in Art. v. 94. 

Chremetes, a river of Libya. 

Chresiphon, an architect of Diana’s tem¬ 
ple in Ephelus. Plin. 36, c. 14. 

Cures phontes, a fon of Ariftomachus. 
Vid. Ariftodemus. 

Chrestus, an approved writer of Athens, 
Sec- Colum. I. de R. R. c. I. 

Chromia, a daughter of Itonus. Pauf. 5, 
e. i. 

Chromios, a fon of Neleus and Chloris, 
who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle 

by Hercules.-A fon of Priam, killed by 

Diomedes. Apollod. 3, c. 12. 

Chromis, a captain in the Trojan war. 

Homer. 11 . 2. -A young Ihepherd. Virg. 

Ed. 6.-A Phrygian, killed by Camilla. 

Id. JEn. xi, v. 675.-A fon of Herciiles. 

Stat. 6, v. 346. 

Chromujs, a fon of Pterilaus. Apollod. 2, 

c. 4.-An Argive, who alone with Alce- 

nor, furvived a battle between 3C0 of his 
countrymen and 300 Spartans. Heiodot. 1, 
c. 82. 

Chron'Iits, a man who built a temple of 
Diana at Orchorqenos. Rauf. 8, c. 48. 

Chronos, the Greek name of Saturn, or 
time, in whole honor feftxvals called Cbronia 
were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians and 
fome of the Greeks. 

Chryasus, x king of Argos, defeended 
from htachus. 

Chrysa & Chryse, a town of Cilicia, 
famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. 
Homer. 11 . I,V. 37. — Strab. 13.■— Ovid. Met. 

13, r. 174.-A daughter of Halm us, mo* 

ttier of Phlegias by Mars. Pauf. 9, c. 36. 

Chrysa.me, a Theflalian, prieftefs ®f 
Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poilon, 
which foe lent to the enemies of her country, 
who eat the flefh and became delirious, and 
were an eafy conquell. Poly an. 

Chrysantas, a man who refrained from 
•killing another, by hearing a dog bark. Plut. 
Quajl. Rom. 

Chrysanthius, a philofopher in the age 
ircf J ulian, known for the great number of vo- 
'jluaies which he wrote. 

i* > '- 4 ‘* * ■* « 


Chrysantts, a nymph who told Ores* 
when Hie was at Argos with Pelafgus, that 
her daughter had been carried away. Pauf. I . 

Chrysaor, a fon of Medufa by Neptune. 
Some report, that he fprung from the blood 
of Medufa, armed with a golden fwotd, 

; whence his name %pu<roc aog. He married 
Oallirhoe, one of the’Oceanides, by whom he 
had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimatra. He- 
fiod. Theog. v. 295.-A rich king of Ibe¬ 
ria. Diod. 4.-A fon of Glaucus, Pauf. 

5, C. 21. , . ♦ 

Chrysaoreus, a furname of Jupiter, 
from his temple at Stratonice, where all the 
Carians aflembled upon any public emergency; 
Strab. 4 . 

Chrysaoris, a town of Cilicia. Pauf. 
c. 2. 

Chrysas, a river of Sicily, falling into the 
Simxethus and worlhipped as a deity. Cic. in 
Ver. 4, c. 44. 

Chryseis, the daughter of Chryfes. Vid. 
Chryfes. 

Ciirysermus,^ Corinthian, who wrote an 
hiftory of Peloponnefus, and of India, befides a 
treatile on rivers. Ptut. in Parall. 

Chryses, the prieft of Apollo, father of 
Aftynome, called from him Chryfeis. When 
Lyrneflus was taken, and the ipoils divided 
among the conquerors, Chryfeis, who w;as the 
wife of Eetion, the fovereign of the place, fell 
to the (hare of Agamemnon. Chryfes, upon 
this, went to the Grecian camp to folicit his 
daughter’s reftoration ; and when his prayers 
were fruitlefs, he implored the aid of Apollo, 
who vifited the Greeks with a plague, and 
obliged them to reftore Chryfeis. Homer. II. 

1, v. 11, &c.-A daughter of Minos. Apol- 

lad. 3, c. 1. 

Chry s xppe, a daughter of Danaus. Apol¬ 
lod. 2, c. 1. 

Chrysippus, a natural fon of Pelops, 
highly favored hy his father, for which Hip- 
podamia, his ftep-mother, ordered her own 
ions, Atreus and Thyeftes, to kill him, and to 
throw his body into a well, on account of which 
they were baniftied. Some fay that Hippo* 
damia’s fons refufed to murder Chryfippus* 
and that fhe did it hei felf. They farther fay, 
that Chryfippus had been carried away by 
Laius, king of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural 
lulls, and that he was in his arms when Hip. 
podamia killed him. Hygin. fab. 85.— Plato 
de Leg. 6.— Apollod. 3, c. 5.— Pauf. 6, c. 20. 

-A ftoic philofopher ofTarfus, who wrote 

about 3IX treatifes. Among his curious 
opinions was his approbation of a parent’s mar¬ 
riage with his child, and his wilh that dead 
bodies ftiould be eaten rather than buried. 
He died through excels of wine, pr as others 
fay, from laughing too much on feeing an afs 
eating figs on 3 filver plate, 207 B. C. in the 
80th year of his age. Val. Max. 8, c. y.—f 
Diou^Horat. 2 Sat, 3* v, 40* There were 



CH 


fllfo others of the fame name. Laert. _ A 

freedman of Cicero. 

Chrvsis, a miftrefs of Demetrius. Plut. 

-A prieftefsof Juno at Mycen®. 

The temple of the goddel's was burnt by the 
negligence of Chryfis, who fled to Tegea, to the 
altar of Minerva. P au f. 2, c. 17. 

Chrysoaspides, loldiers in the armies of 
Perfia, whole arms were all covered with fil- 
ver,to dilplay the opulence of the prince whom 
they ferved. Juflin. 12, c . 7. 

Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sy'la. Cic. 

fro Ref. -A celebrated linger inDomitian’s 

reign. Jm. 6,v. 74. 

ChrysolAus, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. 
Curt . 4,c. 8. 

Chrysondium, a town of Macedonia. 
Polyb. 5. 

Chrysopolis, a promontory and port of 
Afia, oppofite Byzantium, now Scutari. 

Chrysorhoas, a river of Peloponnefus. 
Pauf. 2 , c. 31. 

Chrysorruoje, a people in whofe coun¬ 
try are golden dreams. 

Ciirysqstom, a biihop of Conftantinople, 
who died A. D. 407 > * n his 53d year. He 
was a great difeiplinarian, and by feverely 
lafhing the vices of his age, he procured him- 
l'elf many enemies. He was baniflied for 
oppofing the railing of a ftatue to the emprefs, 
after having difplayed his abilities as ari elegant 
preacher, a found theologian, and a faithful 
interpreter of feripture. Chryfoftom’s works 
were nobly and corredtly edited, without a 
Latin verfion, by Saville, 8 vols. fol. Etona:, 
1613. They have appeared, with a tranllation, 
at Paris, edit, Benedict. Montfaucon, 13 vols. 
fol. 1718. 

Chrysothemis, a name given by Homer 
to Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon and 
Clytemneftra.-A Cretan, who firft ob¬ 

tained the poetical prize at the Pythian games. 
Pauf. 10, c. 7. 

Chryxus, a leader of the Boii, grandfon 
to Brenhus, who took Rome. Sil. 4, v. 
148. 

• Chthonia, a daughter of Erechtheus, who 

married Butes. Apdlod. 3, c. 15.-A fur- 

name of CereSjfrom a temple built to her by 
Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a feftiyal 
there called by the fame name, and celebrated 
every fummer. During the celebration, the 
priefts of the goddefs marched in proceflion, 
accompanied by the magiftrates, and a crowd 
of women and boys in white apparel, with gar¬ 
lands of flowers on their heads. Behind was 
dragged an untamed heifer, juft taken from the 
herd. When they came to the temple, the 
Yi&im was let loofe, and four old women armed 
with feythes, lacrificed the heifer, and killed 
•hex.by cutting her throat. A fecond, a third, 
gnd a fourth vi£tim,\\ e e in a like manner dil- 
patched by the old women; and it was obferv- 
itble, that they all fell on the lame fide. Pauf. 
- 35 - 


Cl 


Chthonius, a centaur, killed by N' ftor im 
a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. 

Met. 12, v. 441. -One of the folditn* who 

lprang from the dragon’* teeth, town by Cad¬ 
mus. Hygin. fab. 1 7 8-- A Ion of iEgyptus 

and Calliadne. Apollod. 2, c. i. 

Chitrivm, a name given to part of th* 
town of Llazomente. 

Cibalje, now Sivilei , a town of Pannoni* 
where Licinius was defeated by Corftantine. 
It was the birth place of Gratian. Eut op. 
10, c. 4.— Marcell. 30, c. 24. 

CibarItis, a country of Afia near the 
Meander. 

Cibyra now Burun , a town of Phrygia cf 
which the inhabitants were dexterous hunters. 


Horat. I, ep. 6, v. 33.— Cic. in Verr. 4 ,C. 13. 
Attic. Step. 2.——of Caria. 

C. Cicereius, a fecretary of Scipio Afri- 
canus, who obtained a triumph over the Cor- 
ficans. Liv 41 & 42. 

M. T. Cicero, born at Arpinum, wasfon 
of a Roman knight, and lineally defeended 
from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His 
mother’s name was Helvia. After difplaying 
many promifing abilities at fchool,he wastaught 
philolophy by Philo, and law by Mutius Scse- 
vola. He acquired and perfedted a tafte for 
military knowledge under Sylla, in the Mar- 
fian war, and retired from Rome, which was 
divided into fadtions, to indulge his philofophic 
propenfities. He was naturally of a weak and 
delicate conftitution, and he vifited Greece on 
account of his health ; though, perhaps the 
true caufe of his abfence from Rome might be 
attributed to his fear of Sylla. His friends', 
who were well acquainted with his fuperior 
abilities, were anxious for his return; and when 
at laft he obeyed their lolicitations, he applied 
himfelf with uncommon diligence to oratory, 
and was loon diftinguilhed above all the fpeak- 
ers of his age in the Roman forum. ‘When he 
went to Sicily as qusftor, he behaved with 
great juftice and moderation; and the Sicilians 
remembered with gratitude the eloquence of 
Cicero, their common patron, who had deli¬ 
vered them from the tyranny and avarice of 
Verres. After he had pafied through the 
offices of edile and pretor, he ftood a candidate 
for the conlullhip, A. U. C. 691 ; and the 
.patricians and plebeians were equally anxi¬ 
ous to raife him to that dignity, againft the 
efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new 
fituation was critical, and required circutri- 
fpedtioiv Catiline, with many diffolute and 
defperate Roman-, had confpired againft iheir 
country, and combined to murder Cicero him¬ 
felf. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full fenate, 
accufed Catiline of treafon againft the ftate ; 
but as his evidence was not clear, his efforts 
were unavailing. He, however, ftood upon 
his guard, and by the information of his friends, 
and the difeovery of Fulvia, his life was fave,d 
from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus, 
whom Catiline had fent to aflaflinate him, 
N 3 Aft 





Cl 


Cl 


After this, Cicero commanded Catiline, in the 
ferrate, to leave the city; and'this defperate 
confpirator marched out in triumph to meet 
the'ao,ooo men who were aflembled to fup- 
jport his Caufe. The lieutenant of C. Antony, 
the other conful, defeated them in Gaul; and 
fcicero, at Rome,punilhed the reft of the con- 
ipirators with death. This capital punifliment? 
though inveighed againft by J. Cajiar as too 
ievere, \va$ fupportedby the opinion ofLuta- 
tius Catulus and Cato, and confirmed by the 
whole lenate. After this memorable deliver¬ 
ance, Cicero received the thanks of all the 
people, and was ftyled The father of his ccuntry , 
and a fecondfounder of Rome. The vehemence 
truth which he had attacked Clodius, proved 
injurious to him ; and when his enemy was 
made tribune, Cicero was banithed from Rome, 
though 20,000 young men were fupporters of 
his innocence. He was not, however, de- 
ferted in his banifhment. Wherever he went, 
he was received with the higheft marks of 
approbation and reverence ; and when the 
fa&ion had l'ubfided a{ Rome, the whole lenate 
and people were unanimous for his return. 
After fixteen months* ahfence, he entered 
Rome with univerfal fathfacHon ; and when 
he was fent, with the power of proconful, to 
Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him 
luccelsful againft the enemy, and at his return 
he was honored with a triumph which the 
factious prevented him to enjoy. After much 
liefitation during the civil commotions between 
Cadar arid Pompey, he joined himfelf to the 
latter, and followed" him to Greece. When 
victory had declared in favor of C sefar, at the 
battle of Pharfalia, Cicero went to Brundu- 
fium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who 
treated him with great humanity. From this 
time Cicero retired into the country, and 
feldorr. vifited Rome. When Csefar had been 
dabbed in the fenate, Cicero recommended a 
general amnefty, and was the molt earned to 
.decree the provinces to Brutus and Caffius. 
But when he faw the interelt of Caelar’s mur¬ 
derers decreafe, and Antony come into power, 
he retired to Athens. He foon after re^ 
turned, but lived in perpetual fear of aflaffi- 
jiation. Augoftus courted the approbation of 
Cicero, and expreffed his wilh to be his col¬ 
league in the confullhip. But his wilh was not 
ftricere; he foon forgot his former profeftions 
of friendlhip; and when the two confuls had 
been killed at Mutina, Augoftus joined his in- 
tereft to that of Antony, and the triumvirate 
was foon after formed, The great enmity 
which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to 
him ; and Auguflus, Antony, and Lepidus, 
the triumvirs, to deftroy all caufe of quarrel, 
and each to difpatch his enemies, produced 
their lift of profeription. About two hundred 
were doomed to death, and Cicero was among 
the number upon the lilt of Antony. Augul- 
tus yielded a man to whom he partly owed his 


greatnefs, and Cicero was purfued by the emif- 
l'aries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, 
whom he had defended upon an accufation of 
parricide. He had fled in a litter towards 
the lea of Caieta ; and when the afiafiins came 
up to him, he put his head out of the litter 
and it was levered from the body by Heren- 
nius. This memorable event happened in 
December, 4; B. C. after the enjoyment of 
life for 63 years, II months, and five days. 
The head and right hand of the orator were 
carried to Rome, and hung up in the Roman 
forum; and fo inveterate was Antony’^ hatred 
againft the unfortunate man, that even Fulviip 
the triumvir’s wife, wreaked her vengeance 
upon his head, and drew the tongue out of the 
mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a 
gold bodkin, verifying in this aCt of inhumanity, 
what Cicero had once obferved that no animal 
is snore revengeful than a 'woman. Cicero hnij 
acquired more real fame by his literary conv- 
politions, that by his fpirited exertions as a 
Roman lenator. The learning and the abilities 
which he pofiefted, have been the admiration 
of every age and country, and his ftyle has 
always been accounted as the 1 true ftandard of 
pure latinity. The words nafeitur poeta have 
been verified in his attempts to write poetry j 
and the fatire of Martial, Carmina quodferibit 
mufis et Apolline nullo , though fevere, is true. 
He once formed a defign to write the hiftory 
ofhis country, but.he was dilappointed. He 
tranflated many of the Greek writers, poets as 
well as hiftorians, for his own improvement. 
When lie travelled into Afi3, he was attended 
by moft of the Teamed men of his age ; and 
his ftay at Rhodes, in the fchool of the famous 
Molo, conduced not a little to perfect his 
judgment. Like his countrymen, he was net 
deftitute of ambition, and the arrogant expect¬ 
ations with which he returned from hisqua'ftor- 
fhip in Sicily are well known. -He was of a 
timid difpofition j and he who fhone as the 
father of Roman eloquence, never afeended the 
pulpit to harangue, without feeling a fecret 
emotion of dread. His conduit, during the 
civil wars, is far from that of a patriot ; and 
when we view him, dubious and irrefolute, 
forry not to follow Pompey, and yet afraid to 
oppoie Caefar, the judgment would almoft 
brand him with the name of coward. In his 
private character, however, Cicero was of an 
amiable difpofition; and though he was too 
elated with profperity, and debated by adver- 
fity, the affability of the friend conciliated the 
good graces of all. He married Terentia, 
whom he afterwards divorced, and by whom he 
had a fon and a daughter. He afterwards 
married a young woman, to whom he was 
guardian; and becaufe Ihe feemed elated at 
the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated 
her. The works of this celebrated man, of 
which, according to fome, the tenth part is 
fcarte • extant, have been edited by the be ft 

‘ Tchokars 





fcholarsln every country. The moft valuable 
'editions of the works complete, are that of 
Verburgius, 2 vols. fol. Am ft. 1724.—that of 
Olivet, 9 vols. 4to Geneva, 1758.—the Oxford 
edition in 10 vols. 4to. 1782.—and that of 
•Lnbemand, i2ino. 14 vols. Paris apud Bnrbou, 
If 68 . Plutarch. in vita. — Quintil.—Bio. Cajf. 
* — Appian. — Floras. — C. Nep. in Attic. 

Eutrop. — Cic. ISTc. -Marcus, the foil of 

Cicero, was taken by Augultus as his col¬ 
league in the confullhip. He revenged his 
father’s death, by throwing public difhonor 
upon the memory of Antony. He diigraced 
his father's virtues, and was fo fond of 
drinking, that Pliny obferves, he wilhed to 
deprive Antony of the honor of being the 
grenteft drunkard in the Roman empire. Plut. 

in Cic. -Quintus, the brother of the orator, 

was t'aefar’s lieutenant in Gaul, and proconftil 
of Afia for three years. He was prolcribed 
with his Ion at the fame time as his brother 
T ully.- Plut. in Cic. — Appian. 

C iceronis villa, a place near Puteoli in 
Campania. Plin. 31, c. 2. 

Cichvris, a town of Epirus. 

Cicones, a people of Thrace near the 
Hebrus. Ulyires, at his return from Troy, 
conquered them, and plundered their chief 
•ity Ifmarus becaufe they had afiifted Priam 
againft the Greeks. They tore to pieces, 
Orpheus, for his oblcene indulgences. Ovid. 
Met. io, v. 83. 1 . 15, v.313.— Virg. G. 4, v. 
520, &c.— Mela , 2,c. 2. 

CicuTAj an old avaricious ufurer. Horat. 
2 . Ser. 3, v. 69. 

Cilicia, a country of Afia Minor, on the 
fea coalt, at the north of Cyprus, the l'outh of 
mount T*ur.us,and the weft of the Euphrates. 
The inhabitants enriched themlelves by pira¬ 
tical excurfions, till they were conquered by 
Pompey. The country was opulent, and was 
governed by kings, under Some of the Roman 
emperors; but reduced into a province by 
Veipafian. Cicero prefided over it as pro- 
coniul. It receives its name from Cjlix, the 
fon of Agenor. Apollod. 3, c. \.-^~V(irro. 
R. R. 2, c. II— Sueton. in Vcfp. 8.— Herodot. 
2, c. 17, 34-— c - — Curt. 3, 
c. 4— Plin. 5, c. 27.—Part of the country 
between iEolia and Troas is alio called 
Cilicia. Strab. 13, calls it Trojan, to dif- 
tinguilh it from the other Cilicia.— Plin. 5, 
c. 27 - 

Ciliss a, a town of Phrygia. 

Cilix, a ion oi Phoenix, or according to 
"Herodotus, of Agenor, who after Peeking in 
vain his fitter Europa, fettled in a country to 
which he gave the name of Cilicia. Apollod. 
3., c. I.— Herodot. 7, c. 91. 

•Cilla, a town of Africa Propria. Biod. 

aO.-A-town ofiEolia. Herodot. I, C. 149, 

-—Of Troas, which received its name accord¬ 
ing to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who 
was one.of Hippodamia’s luitors and killed by 


CEiiomaus. Homer. II. I,v. 38.— Ovid. Met. 
r 3> v. 174. 

Cilles, a general of Ptolemy, conquered 
by Demetrius. Biod. 19. 

Cii.lus, a charioteer of Pelops, in whofe s 
honor a city was built. Strab. 13. 

Cir.Niua* the furname of Maecenas. 

Cilo, Jun. an opprefiive governor of Bi- 
tHynia and Pontus. The provinces carried 
their complaints againft him to Rome ; but 
fuch was the noile of the flatterers that at¬ 
tended the emperor Claudius, that he was un¬ 
able to hear them ; and when he alked what 
they had laid, he was told by one of Clio’s- 
friends, that they returned thanks for his good 
adminiftration; upon which the emperor 
faid, Let Cilo be continued two year> longer 
in his province. Bio. 60.-'— Tacit. Ann. 12, 
c. 21. 

Cimber, Tull, one of Caefar’s mur¬ 
derers. He laid hold of the dilator’s robe, 
which was a fignal for the reft to ftrilte. Plut 
in Ceef. 

t imberius, a chief of the Suevi. 

Cimbri, a pebple of Germany, who in¬ 
vaded the Roman empire with a large army, 
and were conquered by Marius. Flbr. 3, 
c. 3. 

CimbricuivI bellum, was begun by the 
Cimbri and Teutones, by an invafion of the 
Roman territories, B, C. 109. Thefe bar¬ 
barians were fo courageous, and even defpe- 
rate, that they fattened their firlt ranks each 
to the other with cords. In the firlt battle 
they deftroyed 80,000 Romans, under the 
confuls Manlius and Servilius Caepio. But 
when Marius, in his fecond confullhip, was 
cholen to carry on the war, he met the Teu¬ 
tones at Aquse Sextiae, where,after a bloody 
engagement, he left dead on the field of 
battle 20,000, and 'took 90,000 pril'oners,- 

B. -C. 102. The Cimbri who had formed 
another army, had already penetrated into 
Italy, where they were met at the river 
Athefis, by Marius and his colleague Catulus, 
a year after. An engagement enfued, and 

f 140,000 of them were (lain. This laft battle 
put an end to this dreadful war, and the two 
confuls entered Rome in triumph. Flor. 3, 

C. 3. — Plin. 7 , c. 22. 1 . 17 > C. I.— Mela, 3,0.3. 
—Pat ere. 2, c. 12.— Plut. in Mario , 

Ciminus, now Vitcrbe , a lake and moun-‘ 
tain of Etruria — Virg.JEn. 7, v. 697.— L'tv. 
9, c. 36.^ 

Ci Mmer 11, a people near the Palus- 
Moeotis, who invaded Afia Minor, and 
feized upon the kingdom of Cyaxares. After 
they had been mailers of the country for 28 
years, they were driven back by Alyattes 
king of Lydia. Herodot. 1, c. 6, See. 1 . 4,- 

c. 1 , &c.-- Another nation on the weftern 

coaft of Italy, generally imagined to have 
lived in caves near the lea-lhore of Cam¬ 
pania, and there, in concealing themfelvet' 

JN i Crow 





Cl 


Cl 


from the light of the fun, to hav£ trade 
their retreat the receptacle of their plunder. 
In coni'equence of this manner of living, the 
country which they inhabited, was fuppofed 
to be to gloomy, that, to mention a great ob- 
feurity, the expreflion of Cimmerian darknefs 
has proverbially been ufed. Homer, ac¬ 
cording to Plutarch, drew his images of hell 
and Pluto from this gloomy and dii'mal coun¬ 
try, where alfo Virgil and Ovid have placed 
the Styx, the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful 
abodes of the infernal regions. Hatner. Od. 13. 
—~Virg. JEn. 6— Ovid. Met. II, v. 592, &c. 
r—Strah . 5 

Cimmeris, a town of Troas, formerly 
called Edonis. P/in. 5, c. 30. 

Cimmerium, now Crimea town ofTaurica 
Cherfonnefus, whole inhabitants are called 
Cimmerii. Mela , 1, c. 19. 

Ci molis & Cinous, a towirof Paphla- 
gonia. 

CimSeus, now Argentiera , an ifland in the 
Cretan lea, producing chalk and fuller’s earth. 
Ovid. Met. 7, v. 463.— Pim. 35, c. I(S. 

Cimon, an Athenian, fon of Miltiades 
and Hegifipyle, famous for his debaucheries 
jn his youth, and the reformation of his 
morals when arrived to years of diferetion. 
When his father died, he was impiii'oned, 
becauie unable to pay the fine levied upon him 
by the Athenians; but he was relealed from 
confinement by his filler and wife Elpinice. 
[Hid. Elpinice.J He behaved with great 
courage at the battle of Salamis, and ren¬ 
dered himfelf popular by his munificence 
and valor. He defeated the Perfian fleet, 
and took 20C fhips, and totally routed their 
land army, the very fame day. The money 
that he obtained by his vidtories, was not 
applied to his own private ufe ; but with it 
he fortified and embellilhed the city. He 
fome time after loll all his popularity, and 
was banilhed by the Athenians, who de¬ 
clared war againll the Lacedemonians. He 
Was recalled from bis exile* and at his re¬ 
turn, he made a reconciliation between La¬ 
cedaemon and his countrymen. He was 
afterwards appointed to carry on the war 
againll Perfia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a 
fleet of 200 Ihips ; and on the coaft of Alia, 
he gave battle to the enemy, and .totally 
ruined their fleet. He died as he was be- 
iieging the town of Citium in Cyprus, B. C. 
449, ’ n tne 5 xit year of his age. He may 
be called the laft of the Greeks, whofe fpi- 
rit and, boldnefs defeated the armies of the 
b-irbarians. Hewasfuch an inveterate ene¬ 
my to the Perfian power, that he formed a 
plan of totally dellroying it ; and in his wars, 
he had fo reduced the Perfians, that they 
promifed in a treaty» not to pafs the Che- 
lidopian ifiands with their fleet, or to ap¬ 
proach within a day’s journey of the Gre¬ 
cian Seas. The munificence of Cimoa has 


been highly extolled by his biographers, an 
he has been del’ervedly prail’ed for leaving 
his. gardens open to the public. Thucyd. t, 
c. ICO and 112.— Jv/lin. 2, c.l$*—Diod. 11. 

— Pint. & C. Ncp. in vitd. -An Athenian, 

father of Miltiades. Herodot. 6, c. 34.-*-A 

Roman,fuppoi tea in prifon by the milk of his 

daughter.-An Athenian, who wrote an 

account of the war of the Amazons againll his 
country. 

Cin.’ethon, an ancient poet of Lacedx- 
mon,&c. Hid. Cinethon. 

Ci n a rad as, one of the defendants of 
Cinyras, who prelided over the ceremonies of 
Venus at Paphos. Tacit. 2. Hijl. c. 3. 

Cincia lex, was enabled by M. Cin- 
cius, tribune of the people, A. U. C. 549. 
By it no man was permitted to take any 
money as a gift or a fee in judging a cauie. 
Liv. 34, c. 4. 

L. Q. CincinnAtus, a celebrated Ro¬ 
man, who was inlormed, as he ploughed 
his field, that the fenate had choi'en him 
diblator. Upon this he left his ploughed 
land with regret,' and repaired to the field of 
battle, where his countrymen were clolely 
befieged by the Vollci and JEqui. He con¬ 
quered the enemy and returned to Rome in 
triumph ; and 16 days after his appointment, 
he laid down his office, and retired back to 
plough his fields. In his 80th year, he was 
again iummoned againft Praenelte as dicta¬ 
tor, and after a fuccelsful campaign, he re- 
figned tfre ablolute power he had enjoyed only 
21 days, nobly dilregarding the rewards that 
were offered him by the fenate. He florillied 
about 460 years before Chrift. Liv. 3,c. 26. 
— Flor. I, c. II.— Cic. de Finib. 4.— Plin. 18, 
C. 3- 

L. Cincius Alimentus, a praetor of Si 
cily in the fecond Punic war, who wrote an¬ 
nals in Greek. Dionyf. Hal. 1-Mar¬ 

cus, a tribune of the people, A. U. C. 549, 
author of the Cineia lex. 

Cineas, a Theflalian, minilter and friend 
to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He was fent to 
Rome by his mailer toliie for a peace, which 
he however, could not obtain. He told Pyrr¬ 
hus, that the Roman lenate were a venerable 
affembly of kings; and obferved, that to fight 
with them, was to fight againft another Hydra. 
He was of luch a retentive memory, that the 
day after his arrival at Rome, he could falute 
every fenator and knight hy his name. Plin. 

7,c. 24.— Cic. ad Pam. 9, ep. 25.--A king 

of Theflaly. Herodot. 5, c. 63_An Athe¬ 

nian, Sec . Polycen. 2, c. 32. 

vines 1 as, a Greek poet of Thebes irf 
Bceotia, whocompofed fome ditbyrambic verfes. 
Atbcn. 

Cinethon, a Spartan, who wrote genealo¬ 
gical poems, in one of which he afTerted tha’t 
Medea had a fon by Jafon, called Medus, and 
a daughter called Eriopis.. . PauJ. 2, c . 18. 

ClNGA, 






Cl 


Cl 


Cl ngA, now Cinea) a river of Spain, flow¬ 
ing from the Pyrenean mountians into the 
Iberus. Lucan. 4, v. 21.— Ceef. B. C. 1 , c. 
4 &- 

Cingetorix, a prince of Gaul, in al¬ 
liance vvith Rome. Caf. Bell. G. 5, c. 3. 

-A prince of Britain, who attacked Cie* 

far’s camp, by order of Caffivelaunus. Id. ib. 
c. 22. 

Cingulum, now Cingoli , a town of Pi- 
cenum, whofe inhabitants are called Cingu- 
lani. Plin . 3, c. 13.— Coif. Bell. Civ. 1, c.'lj. 
— Sil. It. 10, v. 34.— Cie. Alt 7, ep. H. 

Cl NI AT a, a place ot Galatia. 

Cxnithii, a people of Africa. 

Li. Corn. Cinna, a Roman who op- 
prelied the republic with his cruelties, and 
was bamfhed by Ottavius, for attempting to 
make the fugitive Haves free. He joined 
liimfelf to Marius; and with him at the 
head of 30 legions, he tilled Rome with blood, 
defeated his enemies, and made himfelf coni'ul 
even to a lourth time. He maflacred lo many 
citizens at Rome, that his name became 
odious ; and one ot his officers aH'ullinated him 
at Ancona, as he was preparing war againfl. 
Sylla. His daughter Cornelia, married Julius 
Cael'ar, and became mother of Julia. Plat. in 
Mar. Pomp, ilf Syll. — Lucan.. 4. v. 822.— 
Appian. Bell. Civ. I.— Flor. 3, c. 21. Paterc. 2, 

C- 20, Sec. — Plot, in Caf. -One of Caefar’s 

murderers.-C. Helvius Cinna, a poet inti¬ 

mate with Caefar. He went to attend the 
obfequies of Caefar, and being miftalcen by the 
populace for the other Cinna, he was torn to 
pieces. He had been 8 years in com poling an 
oblcure poem called Smyrna, in which he made 
mention of the inceft of Cinyras. Pint, in 

Caf. -A grandl'on of Pompey. He con 

fpired againit Augultus, who pardoned him, 
and made him one of his mold intimate friends. 
He was conful, and made Auguilus his heir. 

Dio. — Seneca de Clem. c. 9.-A town ol 

Italy taken by the Romans fr im the Sam- 
nites. 

Cinnadon, a Lacedaemonian youth, who 
refulved to put to death the Ephori, and feize 
upon the focereign power. His conl'piracy was 
dilcovered, and ne was put to death. AriJlot. 

Cin names, a hair-drelfer at Rome, ridi¬ 
culed by Martial 7, ep. 63. 

Cinniana, a town of Lufitania, famous 
for the valor of its citizens. Pal. Max. 6, 
c. 4- 

Cinxia, a furname of Juno, who prefided 
over marriages, and was fuppofed to untie the 
girdle of new brides. 

(. jnyps & unvphus, a river,and country 
of Africa near the Garamantes, whence Ciny- 
phius. ^ 7 rgr. G. 3, V. 312.— Herudot. 4, 
c. 198.— Plin. 5, C. 4.— Martial ,7. ep. 94.— 
43vid. Met. 7, v/ 272 . 1 . IJ, V. 755.— Lucan. 9, 
V. 787. 

Cinyras, a king of Cyprus, Ton of 


Pnphus, who married Cenchreis, by whom 
he had a daughter called Myrrhu. Myrrh* 
fell in love with her father; and, in the ab- 
l'ence of her mother at the celebration of the 
feitivals of Ceres, lhe introduced herfelf into 
his bed by means of her nurl'e. Cinyras had 
by her a Ion called Adonis ; and when he 
knew the incell which ha had committed, he 
attempted to llab his daughter, who efcaped 
his purl'uit, and fled to Arabia, where, after 
lhe had brought forth, lhe was changed into 
a tree, which Hill bears her name. Cinyras, 
according to fome, Itabbed himfelf. He 
was lb rich, that his opulence, like that of 
Crcctus, became proverbial. Ovid.AIet. 10, 
fab. 9.— Pint, in Parall. — Hygin. fab. 242, 

248,&c.-A fori of JLaodice. Apollod. 3, 

c. 9.--A man who brought a colony from' 

Syria to Cyprus. Id. 3,0.14. - A Ligu¬ 

rian, who ailiited iEtieas againit Turnus. Png. 
JEn. IO, v. 186. 

Ctos, a river of Thrace. Plin. 5, c^ 32, 

-A commercial place of Phrygia.——The 

name of three cities in Bithynia. 

Cirrus, a noble Roman, who, as he re¬ 
turned home vklorious, was told that if he 
entered the city he mult reign there. Un¬ 
willing to enllave his country, he affembled 
the fenate without the wails; and bamlhed 
himfelf for ever from the city, and retired to 
live upon a (ingle acre of ground. Ovid. MeU 

15. v-565. 

(. iro/EUM, now Cir cello, a promontory of 
Latium, near a fmall town called Circeii, at 
the fouth of the Pontine marihes. The people 
were called Circeienfet. Ovid. Met. 14, V. 248. 
— Pirg. JEn. 7, V. 799.— Liv. 6, C. 17.— *Cu m 
N. D. 3, c. 19 

Circe, a daughter of Sol and Perfeis, ce¬ 
lebrated for her knowledge of magic and ve¬ 
nomous herbs. She was lilter to iEetes king 
of Colchis, and Pafiphae the wife of Minof. 
She married a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, 
whom (he murdered to obtain his kingdom, 
ohe was expelled by her fubjedts, and carried 
by her father upon the coalts of Italy, in an. 
illand called JExa. Ulyfles, at his return 
from the Trojan war, vilited the place -of 
her refidence; and all his companions, 
who ran headlong into pleafure and vg- 
luptuoufnefs, were changed by Circe’s po¬ 
tions into filthy twine. Ulyfles, who \va« 
fortified againit all enchantments by an herb 
called moly, which he had received from 
Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, 
(word in hand, the reiteration of his compa¬ 
nions to their former (late. She complied, 
and loaded the hero with plealures and hc» 
nois. In this voluptuous retreat, Ulyfles 
had by Circe one (bn called Telegonus, or 
two according to Hefiod, called Agrius and 
Latinos. For one whole year, Ulyfles forgot 
his glory in Circe’s arms, and at his depar¬ 
ture, the nymph adviied him to dele end to 
, ' hell, 









Cl 


CL 


fieTI, and confult the manes of Tirc-fias, con¬ 
cerning the fates that attended him. Circe 
ihewcd Jicrfelf cruel to Scylla her rival, and to 
Picus. [ Fid. Scylla & Ficus.] Ovid. Met. 
14, fab. I Sc 5.'— -Hotat. I, ep. 2. 1 . I, od. 17. 
—Firg. Eel. 8, V. 70. JEn. 3, V. 386. 1 . 7, v. 
I c, &c. — Hygin. fab. 125. — Apollon. 4, Arg. 
—Homer . Od. 10, v. 136, Sec. — Apollod. I, c. 
9. — Hefiod. Th. 956.— Strab. J. 

Circenses ludi, games performed in the 
circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the 
god Conlus, and were frit eftablifhe-d by Ro¬ 
mulus at the rape of the Sabines. They were 
in imitation of the Olympian games among 
the Greeks, and by way of eminence, were 
often called the great games. Their original 
name was Confualia, and they were fi-rltcalled 
Circenfians by Tarquin the elder after he had 
built the Circus. They were not appropriated 
to one particular exhibition; but were equally 
celebrated for leaping, wreitling, throwing the 
quoit and javelin, races on foot as well as in 
chariots, and boxing. Uke the Greeks, the 
Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or 
Owinquertium to thefe five exercifes. The 
celebration continued five davs, beginning on 
•the 13 th of September. All games in general 
that were exhibited in the Circus, were loon 
after called Circenfian games. Some lea-fights 
and fkirmifhes, called by the Romans Nitu- 
tnachiae, were afterwards exhibited in the 
Circus. Firg. JEn. 8, v. 636. 

Circius, apart of mount Taurus. El in. 

c, c. 27.-A rapid and tempeftuous wind 

frequent in Gallia Narbonenfis, and unknown 
in any other country. Lucan. 1, v. 408. 

Cm cum pa da n 1 agri, the country 
around the river Fo. Liv. 21, c. 55. 

Circus, a large and elegant- building at 
Rome, where plays and thews were exhibited. 
There were about eight at Rome ; the firft, 
<alled Maximus Circus, was the grandeft, 
iaifed and embellifhed by Tarquin Prilcus. 
Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round 
with benches, and could contain, as feme re¬ 
port, about 300,000 fpedtators. It was about 
2187 feet long, and 960 broad. All the em¬ 
perors vied in beautifying it, and J. Ciefar in¬ 
troduced in it large canals of water, which, 
on-a fudden, could be covered with an infinite 
number of veffels, and reprefent a lea-fight. 

C iris, the name of Scylla daughter of Ni- 
fus, who was changed into a bir d of the fame 
name. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 151. 

CikR2eatum, a place near Arpinum, 
where C. Marius lived when young. Plut. in 
Mar. 

Cirrha & Cvr-rha, a town ©fPhocis, at 
the foot of ParnalTus, where Apollo was wor¬ 
shipped. Lucan.' 2 , v. 172. 

Cirtha & Cirta, a town ofJ'Jumidia. 
Strab. 7. 

CisalpTna Gallia, a part of Gaul, 
•ellcd alio Citerior and Togata. Us farthelt 


boundary wrfs near the Rubicon, and it toucii- 
ed the Alps on the Italian lide. ' 

Ci spa da a Gallia, a part of ancient 
Gaul, fouth of the Po. 

Cisrhenani, part of the Germans who 
lived neareit Rome, on the weft of the Rhine. " 
Oaf B. G. 6, c. 2. 

Cissa, a river of Pontus.-An iftand 

near Iftria* 

Cisseis, a patronymic given to Hecuba as 
daughter of Cilfeus. 

Cissiius, a king of Thrace, father to He¬ 
cuba, according to l'ome authors. Firg. JEn. 

7, v. 320.-A Ion of Melampus, killed by 

iEneas. Id. JEn. 10, v. 317.-A l'on of 

./Egyptus. Apoilod. 2, c. 1. 

Cissi a, a country of Sufiana, of which 
Sui'a was the capital. Hcrodot. 5, c. 49. 

Cissi-E, l'ome gates in Babylon. Id. 3, c. 

C 55 - 

Cissjdes, a general of Dionylius fent 
with nine gallies to alhft the Spartan?, &c. 
Died. 15. 

C issoessa, a fountain of Bceotia. Plut. 

Cissus, a mountain of Macedonia.-A 

city of Thrace.-A man* who acquainted 

Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. Plut . 
in Alex. 

Cissusa, a fountain where Bacchus was 
walked when young. Plut. in Lyf. 

Cistenje, a 'town ol JEolia.-A town 

of Lycia. Mela , I, c. 18. 

Cith^ron, a king, who gave Iris name 
a mountain of Bceotia, fituate at the fouth of 
the river Alopus, and lacred to Jupiter and 
the Mules. Afltson was torn to pieces by 
his own dogs on this mountain, and Herculea 
killed there an immenle lion. Firg. JEn. 4, 
v. 30 2-r-Apdlod. 2, c. 4. — Mela, 2, c. 3.— 
Strab. 9.— PttvJ\ 9, C. I, &C.-=— Plin. 4, c. 7, 
—A ted 3, c. 15. 

Cith arista, a promontory of Gaul. 

Citium, now Chitti , a town of Cyprus, 
where Cimon died in his expedition againll 
Egypt. Plut. in Cim — Thucyd. I, c. 112. 

Ci us, a town ofMylia. Apollod. i,c. 9. 

J. CiVIlis, a powerful Batavian, wh* 
railed a iedition againlt Galba, &c. Tacit. 
Hijl. 1, c. 59. 

eizvcuM, a city of Alia in the Propon¬ 
tis, the fame as Cyzicus. Fid. Cyzicqs. 

Cladeus, a river of Elis, palling near 
Olympia, and honored next to the Alpheus. 
Pauf. 5, c. 7. 

Clanes, a river falling into the liter. 

Clan is, a centaur killed by Thefeus, 
Ovid. Met. 12, v. 379. 

Clanius or Clanis, a river of Cam¬ 
pania. Firg. G. 2, v. 225- of Etruria, 

now Cbiana. Sil. 8,v. 454.— Tacit. I, An. 79. 

Clarus, or Claros, a town of Ionia, fa¬ 
mous for an oracle of Apollo. It was built 
by Manto daughter of Tirefias, who fled 
from Thebes,,after it had been deftroyed by 
9 the 










Cl 


CL 


*he Epjgoni. She was fo affliXed with her 
misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her 
tears, where Ihe firft founded the oracle. 
Apollo was from thence furnamed Clarius. 
Strait. 14.— Pavf. 7, c. 3.— Mela, I, C. 7.— 

Ovid. Mtt.li V. 516,-An ill,aid of the 

•^gean, between Tenedos ard Sclos, Tbucyd. 

3> c. 33.-One of the companions of iEneas. 

y*rg. JEn. io,v. 126. 

Clastidium, now ScBiatezzo, a town of 

Liguria. Strab. 5.— Liv. 3a, c. 29.-A 

village of Gaul. Plat, in Marcel. 

Claudia, a patrician family at Rome, de- 
feended from Claufus a king of the Sabines, 
It gave birth to many illuftrious patriots in the 
republic ; and it is particularly recorded that 
there was not lefs than 28 of that family who 
were inverted with the conlullhip, 5 with the 
office of delator, and 7 with that of cenl'or, 
befides the honor of fix triumphs. Sueton. in 
Tib. 1. 

Claudia, a veflal virgin accufed of in¬ 
continence. To lhew her innocence, (he of¬ 
fered to remove a fhip which had brought the 
image of Vefta to Rome, and had ftuck in 
one of the (hallow places of the river. This 
had already baffled the efforts of a number of 
men; and Claudia, afteraddreffing her prayers 
to the goddefs, untied her girdle, and with it 
eafily dragged after her the fhip to (bore, and 
by' this aXion was honorably acquitted. Val. 
Max. 5, C, 4.— Propert. 4. el. 12, V. J2.— 
Jtal. 17, V. 34— Ovid Fajl. 4, v. 315, ex 

Ponto. I, ep. 2, v. 144.-A ftep-daughtcr 

of M. Antony, whom Auguftus married. 
He dil'mifled her undefiled, immediately after 
the contra# of marriage, on account of a hid¬ 
den quarrel with her mother Fulvia. Sueton. 

in Aug. 62.-The wife of the poet Statius. 

Stat. 3, Sylv. 5.-A daughter of Appius 

Claudius, betrothed to Tib. Gracchus.-— 

The wife of Metellus Celer, After to P. Clo- 

dius ^and to Appius Claudius.-An mcon- 

fiderable town of Noricum. PI in. 3. c. 14. 
— — A Roman road, which led from the Mil- 
vian bridge to the Flaminian way. - Ovid . 1, 
ex Pont. el. 8, v. 44-A tribe which re¬ 

ceived its name from Appius Claudius, who 
came to fettle at Rome with a large body of 

attendants. Liv. 2, c. 16 .— Halic, 5.- 

Quinta, a daughter of Appius Csecus, whofe 
flatue in the veftibulum of Cybele’s temple 
was uuhurt when that edifice was reduced to 
afhes. Val. Max. I, C. %.-^-Tacit. 4, Ann. 
c. 64.-Pulcra, a coufin of Agrippina, ac¬ 

cufed of adultery and criminal defigns againft 
1 iberius. She was condemned. Tacit. Ann. 
4,0.52.-Antonia, a daughter of the em¬ 

peror Claudius, married Cn. Pompey, whom 
Meffalina cauled to be put to death. Her 
fecond hulband, Sylla Fauftus, by whom (he 
had a fon, was called Nero, and (he (hared 
his fate, when (he refufed to marry his mur¬ 
der. 


Claudia lex, de comitiij, was enaXed by 
M. Cl. Marcellos, A. U. C. 702. It ordain-* 
ed, that at public eleXions of magiftrates, no 
notice (hould be taken of the votes of futh as 

were ablent.-Another, de ufura , which 

forbade people to lend money to minors oa 
condition of payment after the deceafe of 

their parents.-Another, de negotiatione, by 

Q. Claudius the tribune, A.U.C. 535. It 
forbade any lenator, or father of a fenator, to 
have any veflel containing above 300 amphorae, 
for fear of their engaging themfelves in com¬ 
mercial lchemes. I he lame law all'o forbade 
the fame thing to the feribes and the atten¬ 
dants of the quseftors, as it was naturally fup- 
pofed that people who had any commercial 
connexions, could not he faithful to their 
trull, nor promote the interell of the (late.— 
Another. A. U. C. 576, to permit the allies 
to return to their refpe^live cities, after their 
names were inrolled. Liv. 41, c. 9.-—— 
Another, to take away the freedom of the city 
of Rome from the colonifts, which Cscfar had 
carried to Novicomum. Sueton. in Jul. 28 

Claudi/e aquje, the firft water brought 
to Rome by means of an aqueduX of 11 
miles, erected by the cenfor Appius Claudius, 
A.U.C. 441. Eutrop. 2, C. 4.— Liv. 9, 
c. 29. 

Ci.AuniANt/s, a celebrated poet, born at 
Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honorius 
and Arcadius, who feems to poftefs all the 
mnjefty of Virgil, without being a (lave to the 
corrupted ftyle which prevailed in his age. 
Scaliger obferves, that he has fupplied the po- 
verty of his matter by the purity of his lan¬ 
guage, the happinefs of his expreftions, and 
the melody of his numbers. As he was the 
favorite of Stilicho, he removed from the 
court, when his patron was difgraced, and 
paffed the reft of his life in retirement, and 
learned eal'e. His poems on Rufiruis and Eu- 
tropius, feem to be the beft of his compofitions. 
The beft editions of his works are that of 
Burman, 4to. 2 vols. Amft. 1760, and that of 
Gefner, 2 vols, 8vo, I.ipf. 1758. 

Claudiopolis, a town of Cappadocia. 
Plin. 5, c. 24. 

Claudius i. (Tiber. Drufus Nero) fon of 
Drufus, JLivia’s fecond fon, fucceeded as em¬ 
peror of Rome, after the murder of Caligula, 
whofe memory he endeavoured to annihilate. 
He made himfelf popular for awhile, by taking 
particular care of the city, and by udormng 
and beautifying it with buildings. He pafled 
over into Britain and obtained a triumph for 
victories which his generals had won, and fuf* 
fered himfelf to be governed by favorites, 
whofe licentioufnels and avarice plundered the 
(late and diftraXed the provinces. He mat: 
ried four wives, one of whom, called Mefla- 
lina, he }(lit to death on account of her luft and 
debauchery. He was at laft poifoned by ano¬ 
ther called Agrippina, who riffled to rail'e her 









CL 

I on Nero- the throne. The poifon was con- i 
yeyed in roufhrooms ; but as it did not operate 
fait enough, his phyfician by order of the em- 
preis, made him fwallow a poiloned leather. 
He died in the 63d year of his age, 13 Octo¬ 
ber, A. D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; dil- 
tinguilhed neither by humanity nor .courage, 
but debal'ed by weaknefs and irrefolution. He 
wasfucceeded by Nero. Tacit. Ann. 11, See. 
J)io. 60.— Juv. 6, V. 619.— Suet, in vita. 

—-The lecond emperor of that name, was a 

Dalmatian, who fucceeded Gallienus. He 
conquered the Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, 
and killed no lels than 300,000 in a battle; 
amt after a tc ign of about two years, died of 
the plague in Pannoma. The excellence of 
Iris cnaratter marked with bravery, and tem¬ 
pered with jultice and benevolence, is well 
known by thet'e words of the lenate, addrefled 
to him* Claudi Augujle , tu frater, tu pater, 
tu amicus, tu bonus jenator , tu vere princeps. 

_ _Nero, a conl'ul, with Liv. Salinator, who 

defeated and killed Aldrubal ; near the river 
Metaurum, as he was palling from Spain into 
Italy, to go to the afliftance of his brother 
Annibak Liv. 2J, kc. — Moral. 4, od. 4, v. 
*7. _ Suet, in Tib. -The fattier of che em¬ 

peror T iberius, quaaftor to Cafar in the wars 

of Alexandria. -Polios, an hiltorian. Tlin. 

7* ep. 51.-Pontius, a general of the Sam¬ 

ites, who conquered the Romans at Furcae 
Cauditue, and made them pals under the yoke. 

JLi'j. 9, c. I, &c.-Petilius, a dictator, A. 

V.C. 442-Appius, an orator. Cic. in 

Brut. Vid. Appius.-App. Caecus, a Ro¬ 

man cenfor, who built an aquedudl A. U. C. 
441, which brought water to Rome from Tuf- 
culum, at thediltance of feven or eight miles. 
The water was called Appia, and it was the 
Frft that was brought to the city from the 
country. Before his age the Romans were 
ferisfied wjth the waters of the. Tiber, or of 
the fountains and wells in the city. | Vid. Ap- 
picr.j— Liv. 9, c. 29.— Ovid. Fuji. 6, v ZO$.\ 

1 ~Cic.de Sen. 6.-A prietor of Sicily.- 

Publius, a great enemy to Cicero. Vid. Clc- 

rfkasj—:—-Mar.celLus. Vid. Marcellus.- 

Fulcher, a coniul, who, when confuting the 
ibered chickens, ordered them to be dipped in 
water becaufe they would not eat. Liv. ep. 
39., He was tmfucceisful in his expedition 
secinft the Carthaginians in Sicily, and dil- 

graced on his return to Rome.-Tiberius 

was elder. brother of Drufus, and fon 
ofLiviaDrumia, who married Auguftus, after 
ji« s . divorce of Scribonia. He tnairried Livia, 
emperor’s daughter by Scribonia, and fuc¬ 
ceeded in the empire by the name of Tiberius. 

Vid. Tiberius. Moral. 1, ep. 3, v. 2.- 

The name of Claudius is common to mu nr 
Roman coniuls, and other officers ef flats; 
fcut nothing is recorded of them, and their name 
is but barely mentioned. Liv. 

Ci Av tv.N os. *n cbicure poet in Juvenal’* 
fcge. r,v. 8. 


CL 

1 ClavIgeR, a-furname of Janus, from hi* 
being reprefenteff with a key. Ovid. Fuji. 1, 
v. 228. Hercules received alfo that furname, 
as he was armed with a club. Ooid. Met. 15, 
v. 284. 

Clausius or Clustus, a furname of 
Janus. 

Clausus or Claudius, a king of the 
Sabines, who aflifted Turnus againft ./Eneas. 
He was the progenitor of that Ap. Claudius, 
who migrated to Rome, and became Hie found¬ 
er of the Claudi,m family. Mirg. AEn. 7, v. 
707. 1. 10, V.'345. 

Clazomenje & Clazomkka, now 
Vourla , a city . of Ionia, on the coalts of the 
iEgean lea, between Smyrna and Chios. It 
was founded A- U. C. 98, by the Ionians, 
and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other illuf- 
trious men. Mela, 1, c. 17.— P/in. 5, c. 29. 
Strab. 14.— Liv. 38, c. 39. 

Cleadas, a man of Plataea, who raifed 
tombs over the fe who had been killed in ihe 
battle againft iViardonius. Heredot. 9, c. 85. 

Cleander., one of Alexander’s officers, 
who killed Parmenio by the king’s command. 
He was punifhqd with death, for offering vio¬ 
lence to a noble virgin, and giving her as a 
proftitute to his fervants. Curt. 7, c. 2. 1. 

10, c. 1.-The firft tyrant of Gela. Arijlot. 

5, Polit. c. 12.-a foothfayer of Arcadia. 

Herodot. 6, c. 83.-A favorite of the em¬ 

peror Commodus, who was put to death, A. 
D. 190, after abufing public juftice, and hi* 
mailer’s confidence. 

Cleandridas, a Spartan general, &c. 
-A man punifhed with death for bribing 

two of the Ephori. 

Cleanthes, a ftoic philofopher of Affos 
in Tioas,fuceeffor of Zeno. He wasfo poor, 
that- to maintain himfelf he ufed to draw out 
water for a gardener in the night, and ftudyia 
the day time. Cicero calls him the father of 
the ftoies ; and out of rel'pedl for his virtues, 
the Roman fenate vailed a flattie to him in 
Affos. It is laid that he ftxrved himfelf in his 
90th year, B. C. 240. Strab. 13.— Cic. de 
Finib. 2, C. 69. 1. 4, c. 7. 

Clearckus, a tyrant of Heraelea iriPon- 
tus, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, 
Plato’s pupils, during the celebration of the 
feftival$ of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of 
tlve fovereign power during twelve years, 353 
B. C. JuJlin. 16, c. 4— Diod. 15.——The 
fecond tyrant of Heraelea of that name, died 

B. C. 288-A Lacedaemonian lent to 

quiet the Byzantines. He was recalled, but 
refilled to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger 
who made him captain of *3,000 Greek fol- 
diers. He obtained a v dlory over Artaxer- 
xes, who was To enraged at the defeat, that 
when Clearchus fell into his hands, by th$ 
treachery of Tifiaphernes, he put him to im¬ 
mediate death. Died. 14.---A difeiple of 

Ariftotle, who w#ote a treatife on tadiiesy&^s, 
JCenopb. 

Ci-EARiDESj 










CL C L" 


Clearides,- a fon c.f Cleonvrnus, govern" 
t>r of Amphipolis. TLucyd. 4, c. 132. 1 . 5, 
c. to. 

Clemens Romanu?, one of the fathers- 
•f the church, laid to he contemporary with 
St. Paul. Several 1‘purious competitions are 
atcribed to him, but the only thing extant is 
his epiftle to the Corinthians, written to quiet 
the-diiturbances that had arifen there. It has 
been much admired. The belt edition is that 

of V/otton, 8vo. Cantab. 1718.--Another 

of Alexandria, called from thence Alexandri- 
nuty who florifhed 206 A I). His works arc 
various, elegant, and full of erudition; the 
bed edition of which is Potter’s, a vols. folio, 

Oxon. 1715.-A fenator who favored the 

party of Niger againft Severus. 

Ilementia, one of the virtues to whom 
the Romans paid adoration. 

Cleo, a Sicilian among Alexander's flat- 1 
terers. Curt. 8, c. 5. 

Cleobi3 Sc Biton, two youths, fons of 
Cydippe, the prieftefs of Juno at Argos. 
When oxen could not be procured to draw 
their mother's chariot to the temple of June*, 
they put themfelves under the yoke, and 
drew it 45 ftadia to- the temple, amidit the ac- 
clama.tiOns.pf the multitude, who congratulat¬ 
ed the moth (hr on account of the filial affec¬ 
tion of her fons Cydippe entreated the god- 
dels to reward the piety of her fons with the 
bed gift that could he granted to a mortal. 
They went to red, and awoke no more; and 
by this the gcddefs (hewed, that death is the 
only true happy event that can happen to man. 
The Argivcs railed them datues at Delphi. 
Cic. Tufc. I, c. 47*— Hal. Max. 5, c. 4.— 
HeroJot. I. c. 31.— Plut. de Conf. ad A col. 

Clf.obula, the wife of Amyntor, by 
whom die 1 ad Phccnix.-A daughter of Bo¬ 

reas and Orythyia, called 2lfo Cleopatra. She 
married Phinc-us fonofAgenor, by whom fhe 
had Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus repudi¬ 
ated her to marry a daughter of Dardanus. 

ApAlod. 3, c. 15.-A woman, mother of a 

ton called Euripides, by Apollo.-Another 

who bore Cepheus and A mphidamus to -ffigeus. 

-The mother of Pithus. Hygin. fab. 14. 

-97, &c. 

Cleobulina, a daughter of Cleobulus, 
remarkable for her genius, learning, judgment, 
and courage- She compofed senigmas, fome of 
which have been preserved. One of them 
runs thus : “ A father had 12 children, and 
thefe 12 children had each 30 white fons and 
30 black daughters, who are immortal, though 
they die every day/* In this there is no need of 
anCEdipus, to difcever that there are 12 months 
in the year, and that every month confifts of 
30 days, and of the fame number of nights. 
Laert. 

Cleobulos, one of the feven wife men. 
of Greece, fon of Evagoras of Lindos, fa- 
'irftffnTTor the beautiful Ihajse of his body. He 


wrote fome few vcTfes, and died in the 
year of age, B. C. 564. Dior, in •w'J.v.—— 
Plut. in Symp.——A n billot Pirn. $, C 
3 1 --Orieofthe Iiphori. Tbucyd. 

Cleochakes, a man lent by Alexander to 
demand Porus to lurrender. Curt X, c. 13. 

Cleocharta, the mother of Eurota$,by 
Lelex. A polled. 3, c. 16. 

CLE 0 DJEU 3 , a lbn of Hyllus. Hero dot. 6, 
c. 5*. 1.7,0.204. 1.8,0.131. He endea¬ 
voured to recover Peloponneius after his fa¬ 
ther’s death, but to nopurpofe. 

Ci.eodamus, a Roman general undet 
Gallienus. 

< i.EODKMus, a phyfician. Plut. de Symp. 

Cleodora, a nvmph, mother ot Parnalfus. 

Pauf. 2, c. 6.-One of the Danaides who 

married I.yxus. ApolLd. 2,c. 1. 

(. leodoxa, a daughter of JNiobeand Am- 
phion, changed into a (lone as a punilhraent 
for her mother’s pride. A polled. 3, c. 5. 

Cleogenes, a for. of Silenus, &c. Pauf, 
6,c. 1. 

Cleolaus, a fon of Hercules, by Argeje,- 
daughter of .The(Tins who upon the ill fucceis 
of the Heraclidas in Peloponneius, retired to 
Rhodes, with his wife and children. ApolUiL 2- 

CleomXchus, a boxer of Magoelia. 

Ci.eoman tes, a Lacedasmonianloothfayer. 
Pluc . in Alex'. 

Clkombrotus, fon of Paufanias, a king 
of Sparta after his brother Agelipolis ill. 
He made war againft: the Boeotians, and left 
he (hould he fufpedted of treach.erous com¬ 
munication with Epaminondas, he gave that 
general battls at Leudtra, in a very diiadvan- 
tageous place. He was killed in the engage,, 
ment, and his army deitroyed, J3* C. 371. 

Died. 15.— Pauf. 9, c. 13.— Aenoph .- 

A ion-in-law of Leonidas king of Sparta, 
who, for a while, ul'urped the kingdom, alter 
the expulfion of his father-in-law. Whoa 
Leonidas was recalled, Cleombrotus was bar.ifh- 
ed ; and his wife, Chelonis, who had accom¬ 
panied her father, now accompanied her hu£ 
band in his exile. Pauf. 3, c. 6.— Pint. ip. 

Ag. Gleam. -A youth of Ambracia 

who threw himfelf into the fea, after reading 
Plato’s treatHe on the immortality of the 
topi. Cic. in Tufc. I, C. 3 4,— Ovid, in Ik. 493. 

Cleomedes, a famous athlete of Aftypa- 
Iaea, above Crete. In a combat at Olympia, 
he killed one of his antagonifts by a blovf 
with his fill. On account of this accidental 
murder, he wa* deprived of the victory, and 
he became delirious. In his return to Afty- 
patea, he entered a fchool, and pulled down 
the pillars which fupported the roof, and 
cruihed to death 60 boys. He was purfued 
with Hones, and he fled for ihelter into a tomb, 
whole doors he fo ftrongly fecured, that his 
purfuers were obliged to break them for ac-, 
cefs. When the tomb was opened, Cleomede s 
could nut be found cither dead pi alive. Th« 






Cl 


CL 


oracle of Dephi was confulted, and gave this 
anfvver, Ultimus leroutn Cleomcdes AJlypalcous. 
Upon this they offered facrifices to him as a 
god. Pauf. 6, c. 9 .—Plut. in Rom . 

Cleomenes iI t, king of Sparta, con¬ 
quered the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them 
by letting fire to a grove where they had fled, 
and freed Athens from the tyranny of the 
Pififtratidce. By bribing the oracle, he pro¬ 
nounced Demaratus, his colleague on the 
throne, illegitimate, becaulehehad -refilled to 
pimith the people of iEgina, who had defert- 
ed the Greeks. He killed himfelf in a fit of 
madneis, 491 B. C. Herodot. j, 6, & 7.— 

Pan/. 8. c. 3, life. -The ad, fucceeded his 

brother Agefipolis 2d. He reigned 61 years 
in the greateft tranquillity, and was father to 
Acrbtatus and Cleonymus, and was fucceeded 
by Areus ill, fon of Acrotatus. Pauf.%, c 6. 

-The 3d, fucceeded his father Leonidas. 

He was of an enterprifing fipirit, and relblved 
to reftore the ancient dilcipline of Lycurgus 
in its full force, by banifhiug luxury an<l in¬ 
temperance. He killed the Ephori, and re¬ 
moved by poilon his royal colleague Euryda- 
mides, and made his own brother, Eudidas, 
king, againft the’laws of the ftate, which 
forbade more than one of the fame family to fit 
on the throne. He made war againft the Ach - 
asans, and attempted to defiroy their league. 
Aratus, the general of the Acha;ans, who lup- 
pofed himfelf inferior to his enemy, called An- 
tigonus to his afliftance ; and Cleomenes, 
when he had fought the unfortunate battle of 
Sellafia, B. C. 222, retired into Egypt, to 
the court of Ptolemy Evergetes, where his 
wife and children had fled before him. Ptole¬ 
my received him with great cordiality ; but his 
1'uccefTor, weak and fufpicious, foon expref- 
ied hisjealoufy of this noble ftranger, and 
imprifoned him. Cleomenes killed himfelf, 
?nd his body was flead, and expofed on a 
crofs, B. C. 219. Polyb. 6— Pint, in vita. 

-— \Juftin . 28, c. 4.-A man appointed by 

Alexander to receive the tributes of Egypt 

and Africa. Curt. 4, c. 8.-A man placed 

as arbitrator between the Athenians and the 

people of Megara.-An hiftorian.-A 

dithyrambic poet of Rhegium.-A Sicilian 

contemporary with Verres, whole licentiouf- 
nefs and avarice he was fond of gratifying. 

Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 12.-A Lacedaemonian 

general. 

Cleon, an Athenian, who, though ori¬ 
ginally a tanner, became general of the armies 
of the ftate, by his intrigues and eloquence. 
He took Thoron in Thrace, and after dif- 
tinguifhing himfelf in feveral engagements, he 
was killed at Amphipolis, in a- battle with 
Brafidas the Spartan gehend, 422 B. C. 

Tbucyd. 3. 4, life. — Diod. 12.-A general 

of Meftenia, who dilputed with Ariftodemus 

for the fovereignty.-A ftatuary. Pauf. 

2, c. 8.— ■ - A poe; who wrote a poem on the 


Argonauts.-An orator of HalicarnaftuS, 

who compofed an oration for LyCinder, in 
which he intimated the propriety of making 
the kingdom of Sparta elective. C.Ncp'. Ilf 

Plut. in Lyf. -A Magnefian, who wrote 

fome commentaries, in which he fpeaks of 

portentous events, &c.— Pauf. 10. c. 4.-- 

A Sicilian, one of Alexander’s flatterers. 

Curt. 8,0.5.-A tyrant of Sicyori-—A 

friend of Phocion. 

Cleonte & C1. eon a, a village of Pelo- 
ponnelus, between Corinth and Argos. 
Hercules killed the Jion of Nemaea, in its 
neighbourhood, and thence it is called Cle- 
onaeus. It was made a conftellation. Slat. 4, 
Si/v, 4, v. 28— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 417.— Si/. 3, 

v. 32.— Pauf. 2^ C. IJ. — Plin. 36, C. 5.-* 

A town of Phocis. 

Cleon E, a daughter of Afopus. Diod. 4. 
Cleonica, a young virgin or Byzantium, 
whom Paufanias, king of Sparta, invited to 
his bed. She was introduced into his room 
when he was afleep and unluckily overturned 
a burning lamp which was by the fide of the 
bed. Paufanias was awakened at the fudden 
noife, and thinking it to be lome afiaflin, he 
(bized his fword, and killed Cleonica before 
he knew who it was. Cleonica often appeared 
to him, and he was anxious to make a proper 
expiation to her manes. Pauf. 7, c. 17.—■ 
Plut. in Cim. life. 

('leonIcus, a freed man of Seneca, Sea 
Tacit. IJ. Ann. c. 45. 

Cleon nis, a MefTenian, who dilputed 
with Ariftodemus for the lovereigu power of 
his country. Pauf. 4. c. 10. 

Cleonvmus, a fon of Cleomenes 2d,who 
called Pyrrhus to his afliftance, becaule Areus 
Jii3 brother’s Ion had been preferred to him in 
the l'ucceflion ; but the mealure was unpopular, 
and even the women united to repel the fo¬ 
reign prince. His wife was unfaithful to his 
bed ; and committed adultery with .Acrotatus. 

Plut. in Pyrrh. — PauJ. I, c. 3.-A general 

who aflifted the Tarentines, and was conquer¬ 
ed by JEmilius the Roman conful. Strub. 6. 
—A perfon fo cowardly that Cleonymo timidior 
became proverbial. 

Cleopater, a officer of Aratus. 
Cleopatra, the grand-daughter of At¬ 
tains, betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, af¬ 
ter he had divorced Olympias. When Philip 
was murdered by Paufanias, Cleopatra was 
feized by order of Olympias, and put to death. 
Diod. 16.— JuJlin. 9, c. 7.— Plut. in Pyrrb. 

-A filter of Alexander the Great, who' 

married Perdiccas, and was killed by Antigo- 
nus as Ihe attempted to fly to Ptolemy in 
Egypt, Diod. 16 Sc 20.— 'JuJiin. 9, c. 6. 1 . 

c 6.-A harlot of Claudius Caefar.-A 

daughter of Boreas. [Fid. Cleobula.]-A 

daughter of Idas and MarpefTa, daughter of' 
Evenus, king of iEtolia. She married'Me¬ 
leager, fonof king CEaeus. Homer, II. 9, v. ? j 2;.' 

—Pauf,- 















CL 


CL 


"—Pauf. S* C. a.-One of the Danaides. 

Apollodi 2, c. i.-A daughter of Amyntas 

of Ephefus. Pauf. i, c. 44.-- A wife of 

Tigrahes king of Armenia, filter of Mithri- 

dates. JuJlin 38, c. 3.-A daughter of 

Tros and Calltrhoe. ApolloJ. 3. c. i —A 
daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, who mar- 
lied Alexander Bala, and afterwards Nicanor. 
She killed Seleucus, Nicanor’s Ion, becaufe 
he afcended the throne without her confent. 
She was lufpedted of preparing poifon for A11- 
tiochusher Ion, and compelled to drink it her- 
ielf, B. C. 120.-A wife and filter of Ptole¬ 

my Evergetes, who railed her fon Alexander, 

» minor, to the throne of Egypt, in prefer¬ 
ence to his elder brother, Ptolemy Lathurus, 
whole interelt the people favored. As Alex¬ 
ander was odious, L leopatra luffered Lathu¬ 
rus to afc?nd the throne, on condition how¬ 
ever, that he fhould repudiate his filter and 
wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca, 
his younger filter. She afterwards railed her 
favorite Alexander to the throne ; but her 
sruelties were fo odioy=, that he fled to avoid 
her tyranny. Cleopatra laid l'nares for him : 
and when Alexander heard it, he put her to 

death. Jufin. 39, c. 3 & 4.-A queen of 

Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auleces, and 
filter and wife to Ptolemy Dionyfius, celebra¬ 
ted for her beauty and her cunning. She ad¬ 
mitted Cselar to her arms, to influence him to 
give her the kingdom, in preference to her 
brother who had expelled her, and had a fon 
by him called Cajfarion. As line had fup- 
ported Brutus, Antony, in his expedition to 
Parthia, fummoned her to appear before him. 
She arrayed herfelf in the moll ^magnificent 
apparel, and appeared before her judge in the 
molt captivating attire. Her artifice lucceed- 
•ed ; Antony became enamoured of her, and 
publicly married her, forgetlul of his connec¬ 
tions with Odavia, the filler of Augultus 
He gave her the greateft part of the ealtern 
provinces of the Roman empire. This beha¬ 
viour was the caufe of a rupture between 
Auguftus and Antony; and thel'e two celebrat¬ 
ed Romans met at Aftium, where Cleopatra, 
by flying with fixtyl'ail, ruined the interelt of 
Antony, and he was defeated. Cleopatra had 
retired to Egypt, where loon after Antony 
followed. Antony killed himfelf upon the 
falfe information that Cleopatra was dead ; and 
as his wound was not mortal, he was carried to 
the queen, who drew him up by a cord from one 
of the windows of the monument, where Ihe 
had retired and concealed herfelf. Antony 
foon after died of his wounds ; and Cleopatra, 
after Ihe had received prefling invitations 
from Auguftus, and even pretended declara¬ 
tions of love, deftroyed herfelf by the bite 
of an afp, not to fall into the conqueror’s 
hands. She had previoufly attempted to ltab 
herfelf, and had once made a reiolution to 
ftarre herfelf, Cleopatra was a voluptuous 


and extravagant woman, and in one of the 
fealls (he gave to Antony at Alexandria, the 
melted pearls in her drink to render her 
entertainment more fumptuous and expen- 
five. She was fond of appearing drefled as 
the goddels llis; and Ihe adviled Antony to 
make war againft the riche it nations, to lup- 
port her debaucheries. Her beauty has been 
greatly commended, and her mental perfec¬ 
tions lo highly celebrated, that Die has been 
described as capable of giving audience to the 
ambafladors of leven different nations, and 
of fpeaking their various languages as fluently 
as her own. In Antony’s ablence, file im¬ 
proved the public library of Alexandria, with 
the addition of that of Pergamus. Two 
I treatiles, de medicamine faciei cpijioLe erotica, 
and Je morbis mulierum, have been "fallely at¬ 
tributed to her. She died E. C. 30 years, 
after a reign of 24 years,aged39. Egypt became 
3 Roman province at her death. P/or. 4,0.11. 
— Appian.S- Bell.Civ. — Plut. in Pomp. Ijf Ant. 
— Horat. I, od. 37, V. 21 , bV*— Strab. 17.. 

- \ daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, who 

married Philometor, and afterwards Phylcou 
of Cyrene. 

Cleopatris or Arsinqe, j fortified town 
of Egypt on the Arabian gulf. / 

Cleophanes, an orator. 

Cleo pham thus, a fon of Themjilocles, 
famous for his lkill in riding. 

Cleophes, a queen of India, who fubmit- 
ted to Alexander, by whom, as forae iuppole, 
fire had a fon. Curt. 8,c- 10. 

Cleopholus, a Samian, who wrote an 
account of Hercules. 

Cleophon, a tragic poet of Athens. 

Ci-EOPHVi.us, a man whofe polterity faved 
the poems of Homer. Pint. 

L Leo pom pus, an Athenian, who took 
Tbronium, and conquered the Locrians, Sec. 
Tbiuyd. 2, c 26 Sc 58.-A man who mar¬ 

ried the nymph Cleodora, by whom he had 
Parnaflus. As C leodora was beloved by Nep¬ 
tune, lorne have lupoled that Ihe had two hul- 
bands. Pauf. 10, c 6. 

Cleovtolemus, a man of Chalcis, whofe 
daughter was given in marriage to Antiochus. 
Liv. 36, c. r-t. 

Cleopus, a fon of Codrus. Pauf. 7, c. 3. 

Cleora, the wife of Agefilaus. Plut. in 

A s c f- 

C LEO stratus, a youth devoted to be (a r 
crificed to a ferpeat, among the Thefpians, 
See. Pauf. 9, c. 2 6.-An ancient philo¬ 

sopher and aitronomer of Tenedos, about 536 
years before Chrift. He fu ll found the con- 
ftellations of the zodiac, and .reformed the 
Greek calendar. 

Cleoxenus, wrote an hiflory of Perfia. 

Clepsydra, a fountain of Meflenia. 
Pauf 4,0.31. 

Cleri, a people of Attica. . . . 

Ceesides, a Greek painter,.. .about 276 

years 


1 










CL 


C L 

years before Chrift, who revenged the injuries 
he had received from queen Stratonice, by 
x-eprefenting her in the arms of a fifherman. 
However indecent the painter might represent 
the queen, ihe was dravyn with fuch. perfonal 
beauty, that ihe prelerved the piece, and li¬ 
berally rewarded the artift. 

Cjleta & PhaennA) two of the Graces, 
according to lx>me. Pauf. 3,c. 18. 

Ciademus, a Greek, who wrote the hiftory 
tif Attica, .koffus II. Gr. 3. 

t limax, a pal's of mount Taurus, formed 
by the projection of a brow into the Medi¬ 
terranean Tea. Strab. 14. 

Cumknus, a foil of Areas deftended from 
Hercules. 

Cun IAS, a Pythagorean philofopher and 
mufician, 520 years before the Ciirillian era. 
Plut. in Syrnp. — JElian. V.H. I 4 > c * 23. - —A 

fon of Alcibiades, the bravelt man in the 
Grecian fleet that fought againlt Xerxes. He- 

rpdot. 8, c. 17.-The father of Alcibiades, 

killed at the battle of Coronea. Plut. in Ale. 
——The father of Aratus, killed by Abanti- 

das, B. C. 263. Plut. inArat. -A triend of 

Solon. Id. in Sol. 

Clinippides, an Athenian general in Lef- 
bos. DioJ. 12. 

Clinus of Cos, was general of 7000 
Greeks in the pay of Icing NeCtanebus. He 
was killed with fome of his troops, by Nico- 
ftr.atus and the Argives, as he paffed the Nile 
Dud. 16. 

C1.10, thefirft of the mufes, daughter of 
Jupiter and Mnemofyne. She prefided over 
hiftory. She is reprefented crowned with 
laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and 
a book in the other. Sometimes (he holds a 
plefirum or quill with a lute. Her name fig- 
nifieshonor and reputation, (xAsfS^, g'oria ;) 
and h was her office faithfully to record the 
^Clions of brave and illuftrious heroes. She 
had Hyaointha by Pierus fon of Magnes. 
She was alfo mother of Hymenasus, and Ia- 
lemus, according to others. Hefiod. Thcog. 

s. 75.— Apollod. 1, c. 3.— Strab. 14.-One 

of Cyrene’s nymphs. Virg. G. 4, v. 341. 

Cjli si thera, a daughter of Idomeneus, 
pron.ied in marriage to Leucus, by whom Ihe 
was murdered. 

Custhenes, the laft tyrant of Sicyon. 

Arif.ct. -A11 Athenian of the family of 

Alcmteon. It is Paid, that he firft eftabkfhed 
oflracifm, and that he was the firft who was 
banilhed by that inftitution. He banifticd 
lfagora&> and was himlblf foon after reftored. 
Plut. in Arif. — Herodot. 5, c. 66, &c.—— A 
perfon cenfured as effeminate and inconti¬ 
nent. Arijlot. -An orator. Cic. in Brut. 

c- 7 * 

Clitje, a people of Cilicia. Tacit. Ann. 

52 , c. 55.-A place near mount Athos. 

XiV. 44- c. II. 

Cutakchv#, a man who. made himfelf 

•' ...” * DM * ' ' - 


abfdute at ’F.retria, by means of Philip of 
Macedonia. He was eje&ed by Phocion, 
——An hiftorian, who accompanied Alex¬ 
ander the Great, of whofe life he wrote the 
hiftory. Curt.^,c.p. 

Clite, the wiferof Cyzictis,who hung her- 
felf when {he faw her hufband dead. Apollon > 

l. — Orpheus. 

Cliternia, a town of Italy. Mela, 2 , 
c. 4 - 

Clitodemus, an ancient writer. Pauf. 10, 
c.15. 

C LJTOMACnus, a Carthaginian philofo¬ 
pher of the third academy, who was pupil 
and fucceffor to Carneades at' Athens, B.C. 
128. Diog. in vita. -An athlete of a 

m. -deft countenance and behaviour. JElian. 
V. H. 3, c. 30. 

Clitonymus, wrote a treatife on Sybaris 
and Italy. 

Clitophon, a man of Rhodes, who wrote 
an hiftory of India, &c. 

CXitor, a fon of Lycaon.-A fon of 

Azan, who founded a ciiy in Arcadia, called 
after his name. Pauf. 8, c. 4.— Apollod. 3, 
c. 8. Ceres, iElculapius, Ilythia, the Diol- 
curi, and other deities, had temples in that 
city. There is alfo in this town a fountain 
called Clitorium, whofe waters gave a diflike 
for wine. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 322 —PI in. 32, 
c. 2.-A river of Arcadia. Pauf. 8 c. 12. 

Clitoria, the wife of Cimon the Athe* 
nian. 

Clitumnus, a river of Campania, whofe 
waters, when drunk, made oxen white. Pro- 
pert. 2, el. 10, v. 25. — Virg. G. 2, v. 146. — 
Plin. 2 , C. 103. 

Clitus, a familiar friend and fofter-bro- 
ther of Alexander. He had faved the king’s 
life in a bloody battle. Alexander killed 
him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, becaufe, 
at a feaft, he preferred the addons of Philip 
to thofe of his fon. Alexander was inconfo- 
lable for the lofs of a friend, whom he had 
facrificed in the hour of drunkennefs and 
diffipation. y,fin. 12, c. 6.— Plut. in Alex. 

— Curt. 4, &c.-»-A cotnmander of Poly£ 

perchon’s (hips, defeated by Antigonus. 

Diod. 18,-An officer fent by Antipater, 

with 240 fhips againft the Athenians, whom 
he conquered near the Echinades. Diod. 18. 

-A Trojan prince, killed by Teucer.——— 

A difciple of Ariftotle, who wrote a book oa 
Miletus. 

Cloacinta, a goddefs. at Rome, who pre¬ 
fided over the Cloacae. Some fuppofe 'her to 
be Venus, whofe ftatue was found in the 
Cloaca , whence the name. The Cloacae 
were large receptacles for the filth and dung 
of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the 
elder, and finifhed by Tarquin the Proud. 
They were built all under the city ; fo that, 
according to an exprefilon of Pliny, Rome 
Teemed to be lufp ended between heaven and 

earth 










tsmh. The building was fo flrong, and the 
ftones fo large, that though they were conti¬ 
nually wafhed by impetuous torrents, they 
remained unhurt during above 700 years. 
There were public officers chofen to take care 
of the Cloacae, called Curatorcs Cloacarum 
tirbis. Liv. 3, c. 48.— Pi in. 5, c. 29. 

Cloanthus, one of the companions of 
./Eneas, from whom the family of the Clu- 
entii at Rome were defcended. Vtrg. AEn.y, 
v. 122. 

Clodia, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated 

for her lafeivioufnefs. Pint, in Lvcull. - 

An opulent matron at Rome, mother of D. 

Brutus. Cic. ad Attic. -A vellal virgin. 

Vid. Claudia*-Another of the fame fa¬ 

mily who fuccefsfully repreffed the rudenefs 
of a tribune that attempted to Hop the pro- 
ceffion of her father in his triumph through 

the ftreets of Rome. Cic. pro M. Ctrl. - 

A woman who married Q. Metellus, and af¬ 
terwards difgraced herfelf by her amours 
with Ccelius, and her inceft with her brother 
Publius, for which he is feverely and elo¬ 
quently arraigned by Cicero. Ibid. 

Clodia lex de Cypro, was enabled by the 
tribune Clodius, A. U C. 695, to reduce 
Cyprus into a Roman province, and expofe 
Ptolemy king of Egypt to fale in his regal 
ornaments. It empowered t'ato to go with 
the praetorian power, and fee the auction 
of the king’s goods, and commiffioned him 
to return the money to Rome.-Ano¬ 

ther, de Magijlratibns, A. U. C. 695, by 
Clodius the tribune. It forbade the cenfors 
to put a ftigma or mark of infamy upon any 
perfon who had not been actually accuied 

aud condemned by both the cenfors.- 

Another, de Religions, by the lame, A. U. C. 
696, to deprive the prieft of Cybele, a na¬ 
tive of Peffinus, of his office, and confer 
the priefthood upon Brotigonus, a’ Gallogre- 

cian.-Another, de Provindis, A. U. C. 

696, which nominated the provinces of Sy¬ 
ria, Babylon, and Perfia, to the conful Ga- 
binius; and Achaia, Theffaly, Macedon, 
and Greece, to his colleague Pil'o, with pro- 
confular power. It empowered them to de¬ 
fray the expences of their march from the 

public trealury.-Another, A U. C. 695, 

which required the fame distribution of corn 
among the people gratis, as had been given 
them before at fix aj/es and a triens the 

buffiel.-Another, A. U. C. 695, by the 

fame, de 'Judiciis. It called to an account 
fuch as had executed a Roman citizen with¬ 
out a judgment of the people, and all the 

formalities of a trial.-Another, by the 

lame, to pay no attention to the appearances 
of the heavens, while any affair was before 

the people.- Another, to make the power 

of the tribunes free, in making and propof- 

ing laws.-Another, to re-eftablifh the 

companies of artifts, which had been infti- 
tuted by Numa; but fince his time abelilhed. 


Clodii forum, a town of Italy, Plln. 3, 
c. 15. 

Pb. Clodius, a Roman defcended frotoi 
an illuftrious family, and remarkable for his 
licentioufnefs, avarice, and ambition. He 
committed inceft with his three fillets, and 
introduced himfelf in women’s clothes into 
the houfe of J. Caefar, whilft Pompeia, C»* 
far’s wife, of whom he was enamoured, wa* 
celebrating the mytteries of Ceres, where no 
man was permitted to appear. He was ac¬ 
cuied for this violation of human and divine 
laws; but he corrupted his judges, and by 
that means fereened himfelf from juftice. He 
defcended from a patrician into a plebeian 
family to become a tribune. He was luch 
an enemy to Cato, that he made him go with 
praetorian power, in an expedition againlt 
Ptolemy, jcing of Cyprus, that, by the diffi¬ 
culty of the campaign, he might ruin his re¬ 
putation, and deitroy his intereft at Rome 
during his abfence. Cato, however, by his 
uncommon luccefs, fruftrated the views of 
v lodius. He was alfo an inveterate enemy 
to ticero; and by his influence he banilhed 
him from Rome, partly on pretence that he’ 
•had punilhed with death, and without trial, 
the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his 
vengeance upon Cicero’s houfe, which he 
burnt, and let all his goods to fale; which, 
hovever. to his great mortification, no one 
offered to buy. In lpite of Clodius, Cicero 
was recalled, and all his goods reftored to him. 
Clodius was fome time after murdered by 
Milo, whofe defence Cicero took upon himfelf. 
Pint, in Cic. — Appian. de Civ. 2.— Cic. pro 
Milo Iff pro domo. — Dio. -A certain au¬ 
thor, quoted by Pint. -Licinius wrote an 

hiftory of Rome. Liv. 29, c. 22.—-Quiri- 

nalis, a rhetorician in Nero’s age. Tacit. 1 , 

Hijl. c. 7.-Sextus, a rhetorician of bicily, 

intimate with M. Antony, whofe preceptor he 
was. Suet, de Clar. Or at. — Cic. in Philip. 

Cl(elia, a Roman virgin, given with 
other maidens, as hoftages to Porfenna king of 
Etruria. She efcaped from her confinement, 
and fwam acrofs the Tiber to Rome. Her 
unprecedented virtue was rewarded by her 
countrymen, with an equellrian ftatue in the 
Via Sacra. Liv. 2, c. 13.*— Vi’g. JEn. 8, 
V. 651.— Dionyf. Pal. 5.— Juv. 8. v. 265. 

-A patrician family defcended from Qlce- 

lius, one of the companions of ./Eneas. Dionyfi 

Clceli^ fossae, a place near Rome. Pint . 
in Coriol. 

( lcelius Gracchus, a general of the 
Volfci and Sabines agamft Rome, conquered 

by Q. Cincintiatus the dictator.-Tullus, a 

Roman ambalTador, put to death by Tolum- 
nius king of the Vcientes. 

Clonas, a mufician. Pint, de Muftc. 

Clonia, the mother of Nydleus. Apollcd 
3, c. 10. 

Clonivs, a Boeotian, who went with 5$ 
Ihics to the Trojaa war. Merit?. II. %.—m 
Q ATr? 






A.Trojan killed by Meflapus in Italy. Virg. 

jkn. id, v. 749.-Another, killed by Tur- 

nus. Id. 9,v.574 t 

Cldtho, the ypungell of the three Parcs, 
daughter of Jupiter and Themis ? or, accord¬ 
ing to Hefiod, of Night, wap iuppofed to 
prefidq over the moment that we are born, 
iftje held the diftaff in. her hand, and fptin the 
thread, of life, whence her najne (xA^S-wv to 
/pin.) She was represented wearing a crown 
with feyen ftars, and covered with a variegated 
rpbe. Vid. Parcs. Hefiod. Tbcog. v. 218.— 
Apoliod, l,c. 3. 

CluacIna, a name of Venus, whofe ftatue 
tyas ere6led in that place where peace was 
made between the Romans and Sabines, after 
tlje rape of the virgins. Vid.X loacina. 

lmjentius^ a Romap citizen, accufed by 
his mother of having murdered his father, 54 
years B. C. He was ably defended by Cicero, 
in an oration flill extant. The family of the 
Clqentii was defeended from Cloanthus, one 
of the companions of Jfiueas. Virg. JEn. 5. 
V. 122. — Cic. pro Cluent. 

Cluilia fossa, a place 5 miles diilant 
from Rome. Liv. 1, c. 23, 1 . 2, c. 39. 

Clui’ea & Clyi’Ea, now Aldibia, a town 
of Africa Propria, 22 miles eaft of Carthage, 
which receives its name from its exa< 5 t refem- 
blance to. 4 fhicld, clypeus. Lucan. 4, v. 586. 
— Strab. 17.— Liv. 27, C. 29.— Ccf. Civ. 2. 
c. 23 . 

Clu.sia, a daughter of an Etrurian king, 
of whom V. Torquatus the Roman general 
became enamoured. He allced her of her 
father, who flighted his addreifes; upon which 
he beiieged and deftroyed his town. Clufia 
threw herfelf down from a high tower,, and 
came to the ground unhurt. Hut. in Par all. 

CiusiNi fontes, baths in Etruria. Ha- 
rut. 1, ep. I Si v./). 

Clusium, now Chin/ a tovvn of Etruria, 
taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Porfenna 
was buried there. At the north of Clufium 
there was. a lake called Clufna lacui, which 
extended northvyard as far as Arretium, and 
had a communication with the Arnos, which 
falls into the fea at Pifa. JDiod. 14.— V'trg. 
AS*, ip, v. 167 & 655. 

CLUSlu$,a liver of Cifalpine Gaul. Polyb. 
1 . -The furname of Janus, when h is tem¬ 

ple was (hut. Ovid. Fuji. 1, v. 130. 

Cluvia, a noted debauchee, Juv. 2, 
v. 49 - 

Cluvius Rufus, a quoeftor, A.U. C. 693. 

Cic. ad Pam. 13, ep. 56-A man of Pu>- 

teoli appointed by Cxfar to divide the lands of 
Gaul, &c. Cic. Liv. 13, c. 7. 

Cjlymkne, a daughter of Oceanus and 
Tethys, who married Japetus, by whom (he 
had Atlas, Prometheus, Menoetius, and Epi- 
metheus. Hefiod. Tbtog -One of the Ne¬ 

reides, mother of Mnemofyne by Jupiter. 

Hygin.' -The mother of Thelimenus by 

Parthencumis. Id.fab. 71.——A daughter 


of, Mymas* mother of Atalanta by Ja(ii3. 
Apoliod. 3,— — A daughter of Crateus, who 

married Nauplius. Id. 2.-The mother 

of Phaeton by Apollo. Ovid, Met. i,v. 756. 

-A Trojan woman. Pauf; 10, c. 26,- 

The mother of Homer. Id. 10, c. 24-—-— 
A female lervant of Helen, who accompanied 
her miltrefs to Troy, when (he eloped with 
Paris. Ovid. Heroid. 17, v. 267.— Homer. II. 
3 , v. 144 - 

Clymeneides, a patronymic given to 
Phaeton’s filters, who were daughters of Cly- 
mene. 

Clymknus, a king of Orchomenos, fori 
of Pre(bon, and father of Erginus, Stratius, 
Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound 
from a (tone thrown by a Theban, of which 
he died. His fon Erginus, who fucceeded 
him, made war againil the Thebans, to re¬ 
venge his death. Pauf. 9,0.37-One of 

the dd'cendantsof Hercules, who built a tem¬ 
ple to Minerva of Cydonia. Id. 6, c. 21.-- 

A fon of Phoroneus. Id. 2, c. 35.-A. king 

of Elis. Id. -A fon of (Eneus king of 

JUalydon. 

Cly s0 N y m us, a fon of Amphidntnas, killed 
by Patroclus. Apoliod. 3, c. I>3. 

Clytemnestra, a daughter pf.Tynda- 
rus king of Sparta, by Leda. She was born, 
together with tier brother Caftor, from one of 
the eggs which her mother brought forth af¬ 
ter her amour with Jupiter, under the form 
of a (wan. Clytemneftra married Agamem¬ 
non king of Argos. She had before married 
Tantalus, fon of Thyeftes, according to Corns 
authors. When Agamemnon went to the 
Trojan war, he left his coufin ASgyfthus to 
take care of his wife, of his family, and a l 
ills doroeftic affairs. Befides this, a certain 
favorite mufician was appointed by Agamem¬ 
non, to watch ever the conduct of the guar¬ 
dian, as well as that of Clytemneftra. In 
the ablence of Agamemnon, iEgyfthus made 
his court, to Clytemneftra, and publicly lived 
with her. Her infidelity, reached the ears of 
Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, and 
he refolved to take full revenge upon the 
adulterers at his return. He was prevented 
from putting his (chemes into execution 
Clytemneftra, with her adulterer, murdered 
him at his arrival, as he came out of the 
bath, or, according to other accounts, as he 
lat down at a feall prepared to celebrate his 
happy return. Caffandra, whom Agamem¬ 
non had brought from Troy, (Jiared his fate ; 
and Oreftes would alio have been deprived of 
his life, like his father, had not his fifter 
Eledlra removed him from the reach of Cly¬ 
temneftra. After this murder, Clytemneftra. 
publicly married JEgyfthus, and he afeended 
the throne of Argos. Oreftes, after an ab- 
fence of feven years, returned to Mycerue, 
refolved to avenge his father’s murder. He 
concealed himfelf in the houfe of his fifter 
Electra, who had been married by the adul- 
1 terers 







CO 


CN 


Cerers to a perfon of mean extraction and in¬ 
digent circurnftances. His death was pub- 
» cly announced; and when /Kgylthus and 
Clyteiuneftra repaired to the temple of 
Apollo, to return thanks to the god, for the 
death of the furviving ion of Agamemnon, 
Oreiles, who with his faithful friend Pylades, 
had concealed himfelf in the temple, ruihed 
upon the adulterers and killed them with 
his own hand. They were buried without 
the walls of the city, r.s their remains were 
deemed unworthy to be bid in the lepulchre 
ot Agamemnon. Vid. /Bgyhhus, Agamem- { 
non, Oreftes, Eleftra. Diod 4 — Homer. Od. 
II.— Apollod. 3,c. 10.— Pauf. 2, c. iB If 22. 

‘—£u rip id. Ipbig. in Auli> — Hv?in. fab. 117 
if I40,— Proper/. 3, eL \t).-—Virg. Ain. 4. | 
V. 471. — Pbilojlr. Icon. 2, C. 9. 

ClyTia or Cl ytil, a daughter of Oce- 
anus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She 
was deferted by her lover, who paid his ad- 
dreffes to Leucothoe ; and this lb irritated 
her, that Ihe diicovered the whole intrigue 
to her rival’s father. Apollo delpiled her the 
more for this, and fhe pined away, and was 
changed into a flower, commonly called a 
fun-flower, which Hill turns its head towards 
the fun in his courfe, as in pledga of her love. 

Ovid Met. 4, fah. 3, tSV.-A daughter of 

Amphidamus, mother of Pelops, by Tan¬ 
talus.-A concubine of Amyntor, fon'of 

Phraftor, whofe calumny caufed Amyntor to 
put out the eyes of his falfely accufed fon 
Phcenix,-A daughter of Pandarus. 

Clytiu 3, a Ion of Laomedon by Strymo. 

Horn, //.iot-A youth in the army of Tur- 

nus, beloved by Cydon. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 325. 

-A giant, killed by Vulcan, in the war 1 

waged againft the gods. Apollod. I, c. 6.- 

The father of Pi reus, who faithfully attended ; 

Telemnchus. Homer. Od. 15, v. 2JI. -A I 

fon of /Eolus, who followed ./Eneas in Italy, j 
where he was killed by Turnus. Hirg. JEn. 

9,v. 774.-A fon of Alcmaron, the Ion of 

Amphiaraus. Pauf. 6, c. 17. 

Clytus, a Greek in the Trojan war, 
killed by Hedfor. Homer. II. ll,v. 302. 

Cnacadium, a mountain of Laconia. 
Fan/. 3, c. 24 - 

Cnacalis, a mountain of Arcadia, where ! 
feftivals were celebrated in honor of Diana. 
Id. 8, c. 23. 

Cnagia, a furname of Diana. 

Cnemus, a Macedonian general, tinfuc- | 
celsful in an expedition againft the Acarna- 1 
rians. Diod. 1 2.— Tbacyd. 2, c. 66, &c. [ 

Cneus or Cn-^us, a prsenomen common 
to many Romans. 

Cnidinium, a name given to a monument 
near Ephelus. 

Cnidus & Gnidus, a town and pro¬ 
montory of Doris in Caria. Venus was the 
chief deitv of the place, and had there a fa¬ 
mous ltatue made by Praxiteles Horat. I, 
cd.^Or— Fli^Z^i c.i f. 


Cnopus, one of the defcendants nf C o- 
drus, who went *0 fettle a colony &c. 
Poly dm. 8. 

Cnossia, amiflrefsof Menelaus. Apollod 
3»c. 11. 

Cnosus or Gnossus, a town of Crete,' 
abovt 25 ftadia from the fea. It was built by- 
Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. Pauf. 1, 
c. 27. 

Co, Coos & Cos, now Zia, one of the 
Cyclades, fituate near the coafts of A<;a, 
about 15 miles from the HalicarnalTus.' Its 
town is called Cos, and anciently bore the 
n me of Aftypnlcea. It gave birth ta Hippo¬ 
crates, Apelles, and Simonides, and was famous 
for its fertility, for the wine and {ilk-worms 
which it produced, and for the manufacture of 
filk and cotton of a beautiful and delicate tex¬ 
ture. The women of the ifiand always drefied 
in white ; and their garments were fo clear- 
and thin, that their bodies'could be feert. 
through, according to Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9. 
The women of Cos were changed into cows 
by Venus or Juno ; whom they reproached 
for fuffering Hercules to Lead GeryonT flocks 
through their territories. Tibull. 2, el. 4, v. 
29.— Herat. I, Sat. 2, v. ioi.— Strab. 14.— 
Plin. 11, c. 23 .—Preport. I, el. 2,v. 2. 1 . 2, 
el. i, v. 5. 1 . 4, el. 2. v. 23.— Ovid. A. A. 2, 
v. 298. 

Coamani, a people of Afia. Mela,i 
c. 2. 

Co a 3 T Rtf. & Co act Rtf , a people of Afia 
near the Palus Mseotis. Lucan. 3, v. 246. 

Cobare's, a celebrated magician of Media, 
in the age of Alexander. Curt. 7, c. 4. 

Cocai.us, a king of Sicily, who hofpitably 
received Dtsdalus, when he fled before Minos. 
V/hen Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters 
of Cocalus deftroyed him. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 
261.'— Diod• 4. 

1 occeius Nerva, a friend of Horace and 
Mecsfcnas, and grandfather to the emperor 
Nerva. He was one of thofe who fettled the 
dilputes between Augultus and Antony. H© 
afterwards accompanied Tiberius in his re¬ 
treat in Campania, and ftarved himfelf to 
death. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. & 6, c. 26.— 

Horat. I, Sit. 5, v. 27.-An architect of 

Rome, one of whofe buildings is itill iix 

being, the prefent cathedral of Naples. - - 

A nephew of Otho, Plot. -A man to 

whom Nero granted a triumph, after the dif- 
covery of the Pifonian confpiracy. Tacit. 15, 
Ann. c. 72. 

v occygjus, a mountain of Peloponnefus. 
Pauf. 2, c. 36. 

Cocintum, a promontory of the Brutu, 
now cape Stilo. 

Cocles, Pub. Horat. a cel’ebnued Ro¬ 
man, who, alone, oppofed the whole array 
of Porfenna at the head a, bridge, while 
his companions behind him were cutting o£? 
the * common cation with the other Ihore. 
When the bridge was deitroyed, Cocles, 
O % though 












CCE 


CO 


though Severely wounded in the leg by the 
darts of the enemy, leapt into the Tiber, artd 
fwam acrofs with his arms. A brazen ftatue 
was raifed to him in the temple of Vulcan, by 
the confi.il PubKcofa, for his eminent fervices. 
He had the ufe only of one eye , as Codes figni- 
fies. Liv. 2, C. IO.— Val. Max. 3, C. 2 . — 
Pirg. JEn. B, V. 650. 

CoCtice, k ( ottije, certain parts of the 
Alps, called after Co 61 iu«, the conqueror of 
the Gauls, who was in alliance with Auguftcis. 
Tacit. Hif. 

Coc^tus, a river of Epirus. The word is 
derived from xuxvuv, to •weep and to lament. 
Its etymology, the unwholefomenefs of its 
water, and above all, its vicinity to the Ache¬ 
ron, have made the poets call it one of the 
rivers of hell, hence Coeytia virgo, applied to 
Aledlo, one of the furies. Virg. G. 3, v. 38, 
1 . 4, v. 479. JEn. 6, v. 297, 323, 1 .7, v. 479. 

«— Pauf. i, c. 17.-A river of Campania, 

flowing into the Lucrine lake. 

Con anus sinus, one of the ancient names 
af the Baltic. P/in. 4, c. 13. 

Codom'anus, a furname of Darius the 
third, king of Perfia. 

Codridje, the defendants of Codrus, who 
^ent from Athens at the head of feveral colo¬ 
nies. Pauf. 7, e. 2. 

Codropolu, a town of Hlyricum. 

Codrus, the 17th and lad king of Athens, 
ion of Melanthus. When the Heraclidx 
made war againft Athens, the oracle declared 
that the victory would be granted to that 
nation vvhofe king was killed in battle. 
The Heraclid* upon this gave ftridt orders 
to fpare the life of Codrus ; but the patriotic 
king difguifed himfelf, and attacked one of 
the enemy, by whom he was killed. The 
Athenians obtained the vkdory, and Codrus 
was defervedly called the father of his country. 
He reigned 21 years, and was killed 1070 
years before the chriffran era. To pay greater 
honor to his memory, the Athenians made 
a refolution that no man after Codrus fhould 
reign in Athens under the name of king, awd 
therefore the government was put into the 
hands of perpetual archons. Paterc. 1, c. 2. 
—- JuJlin . 2. C. 6 Sc 7.— Pauf I, c. 19, 1 , 7, 

c. 25.— Val. Max. J, c. 6.-A man who, 

with his brothers, killed Hegefias, tyrant of 

Ephefus, Sec. Polya-n. 6, c. 49.-A Latin 

poet-contemporary with Virgil. Virg. Eel. 7. 

-Another, in the reign of Domitian, 

whofe poverty became a proverb. Juv. 3, 
203. 

Coccilius, a centurion. Caf. Civ. Bell. 

Ccela, a place in the bay of Eubcea. Liv. 
Jl, c. 47.-A part of Attica. . Strab. 10. 

Ccei.al£T2e, a people of Thrace. 

CcflEsyria & CcRLosYRiA, a country 
of Syria, betweetl mount JLilfcmus and Anti- 
iibanus, where the Orontes takes its rife. 
Its—capita J was Damafcus.—— Amioehus Cy- 
,'itenus ga e this name to thst^partof Syria 


which he obtained as his fhare, when he divided 
his father’s dominions with Grypus, B. C. 
112 . Dionyf Peri eg. 

Ccelia, the wife of Sylla. Pint, in Syll. 
The C celian family, which was plebeian, but 
honored with the confulfhqv was defended 
from Vibenna ( celes, an Etrurian, who came 
to fettle at Rome in the age of Romulus. 

Ccelius, a Roman, defended by icero, 
—Two brothers of Tarracina, accufed of 
j having murdered their father in his bed. They 
were acquitted when it was proved that they 

I were both afleep at the time of the murder. 

Val. Max. 8, c. 1.— Plut. in Cic. -A ge¬ 
neral of Carbo.-An orator. Id. in Pomp . 

-A lieutenant of Antony’s-- urfor, a 

Roman knight, in the age of Tiberius.-A 

man who, after fpending his all in diflipation 
and luxury, became a public robber with his 
friend Birrhus. Horat, 1. Sat. 4, v. 69. — — 
A Roman hiftorian, who florifhed B. C. I2 Ia 
-A hill of Rome. Vid. Cselius. 

Ccei.us or Uranus, an ancient deity, 
fuppoled to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, 
Hyperion, Sec. -He was fon of Terra, whom 
he afterwards married. The number of his 
children, according to fom'e’, amounted tc# 
forty-five. They were called Titans, and 
were fo clofely confined by their father, that 
they confpired againft him, and were fupported 
by their mother, who provided them with a 
feythe. Saturn armed himfelf with this 
fcythe, and deprived his father of the organs 
of generation, as he was going to unite himfelf 
to Terra. From the blood which iftlied from 
the weund, lprang the giants, furies, and 
nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown 
into the fea, and from them, and the foam 
which they occafioned, arofe Venus, the god- 
dels of beauty. Hefiod, Sec. 

Ccenus, an officer of Alexander, fon-in- 
law to Parmenio. He died of a diftemper, 
in his return from India. Curt. 0, c. 2.—• 
Diod. 17. 

Cgeranus, a ftoic philofopher. Ta'eit. 

Ann. 14, c. $2. -A perfoh (lain by UlyfTes. 

Ovid. Met. 13, v. 157.-A Greek chario¬ 

teer to Merion. He was killed by Hedtor. 
Homer. //. 17, v. 610. 

Coes, a man of Mitylene, made fovereign 
mafter of his country, by Darius. His coun¬ 
trymen ftoned him to death. Herodct. 5, c. 

II & 38. 

C<E«s, a fon- of Caelus- and Terra. He 
was father *>f Latona, Afteria, Sec. by Phoebe. 
Hefiod. T/>. 135 & 4 ° 5 *— Virg. G. I, v. 279. 

-A river of' MefTeuia, flowing by Eledfra. 

Pauf.. 4,c. 33. 

Cogamus, a river of Lydia. Plin. 
c. 29. 

Cooidunus, a King of Britain, faithful te 
Rome. Tacit. Agric. c. 14. 

Go-Hiflus, a river of Alia, near Pom us. 

Go hors, a divifion in the Roman armies, 
confiding of about 600 men. k was the 

Bxth 









CO 


CO 


fixth part of a legion, and confequemly its 
number was under the lame fluctuation as that 
vf the leg: ns being fometimes more, and 
fo me times ids. 

Coljenuj', a king of Attica,before the age 
of Cf crops, according to tome accounts. Pauf. 

i»c. 31. 

Colaxes, a fon of Jupiter and Ora. 
Flare d. V. 48. 

Colaxais one of the remote ancestors of 
the Scyrhians. Herodot. 4, c.5,&c. 

' Co l c h 1, tee inh abitants of Colchis. 

Colchis fc Colchos, a country of Afia, 
at the fonth of Afiatic Sarmatia, eaft of the 
Euxine lea north of Armenia, and wen of 
Iberia, now called Mingrelia. |t is famous 
for the expedition of the Argonauts, and as the 
birth-place of Medea. It was fruitful in poi 
ibnous heibs and produced excellent flax. 
The inhabitants were originally Egyptiars, who 
fettled there when Sefoftris king of Egypt ex¬ 
tended his conquelt in the north, from the 
eountry arile the epithets Cmtius, Colcbicus , 
Colclnacus , and Medea receives the name of 
Cbolcis. Juv. 6, v. 64O.— Flacc. 5, v. 418.— 
Herat. 2, od. 13, v. Strab. II — Ptol. 5, 
C. IO.— Ovid. AItt. 13, v. 24. Amor. 2, el 
14, v 28.— Mela, 1, c. 19, 1 2, e. 3. 

Colend a, a town of Spain. 

Co lias, now Agio Nicola, a promontory 
of Attica, in the form of a man’s foot, where 
Vepus had a temple. Hcrodot. 8, c. 96. 

Collatja, ; town on the Anio, built by 
the people of Aiba. It was there that oext. 
Tarquin offered violence to Lucretia. Liv. 1, 
37, &c.— Strab. 3.— Virg. JEh. 6, v. 774. 

JL. Tarquinius Collatinus, a nephew 
of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lu¬ 
cretia, to whom Sext. Tarquin offered vio¬ 
lence. He, with Brutus, drove the 1 arquins 
from Rome, and were made firrt confuls. 
As he was one of the Tarquins, fo much 
abominated by all the Roman people, he laid 
down his office of coniul, and retired to Alba 
in voluntary banifhment. Liv. 1, c. 57 , 1 . 2, 

c. 2 — F,or. i, c. 9.-Oiie of the leven hills 

of Rome. 

CollTna, one of the gates of Rome, on 

mount Quirinalis Ovid. 4. Fajl. v. 871.' -— 

A goddels at Rome, who prelided over hills 

-One of the original tribes eitablilhed by 

Romulus. 

Collucia, a lafeivious woman, &c. Juv. 
6, v. 306. 

Jun. Colo, a governor of Pontus, who 
brought Mithridates to the emperor Claudius. 
Tacit. 12 Ann. c. 21. 

Colonje, a place of Troas. Nepos. 4. 

c. 3. 

Co lone, a city of Phocis- of Ery- 

thraea-of Theflaly-of MeflTenia-A 

rock of Afia, on the Thracian Bofphorus. 

Colonia Agrippina, a city of Ger¬ 
many on the Rhine, how Cologne -Equef- 


tris, a town on the lake of Geneva, how 

Noyon. -Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now 

Terrouen, in Artois.-Norbenfis, a town of 

Spain, now Alcantara. ——Trajana, or (Jlpia, 
a town of Germany, now Kellcn , near Cleve$. 

--Valentia, a town of Spain, which now 

bears the lame name. 

Colonos, an eminence near Athens, 
where CEdipus retired during his banifhment, 
from which circumltance Sophocles has given 
the title of CEdipus Coloneitf to one of his 
tragedies. 

Colophon, a town of Ionia, at a fmall dil- 
tance from the lea, firft built by Moplus the 
fon of Manto, and colonized by the Ions of 
Codrus. It was the native country of Mim- 
nermusi, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one 
of tne cities which difputed for the honor of 
having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a 
temple there. Strab. 14.-— P/in. 14, c. 20 — 
Pauf. 7, C. 3.— ’■Tacit. Ann. 2, C. 54 .-~Cic. pro 
Arch. Pud. 8 .-*—Qvid. Met. 6, .v. 8. 

ColOsse & Colossjs, a large town of 
Phrygia, near Laodicea, of which the govern¬ 
ment was fcemocratical, and the firft ruler 
called archon. One of the firft chriftian 
churches was eftablifhed there, and one ff 
St. Paul’s epiftles was addreffed to it. Plin, 
21 fc. 9. 

Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at 
Rhodes, which parted for one of the leven 
wonders of the world. Its feet were upon, 
the two moles which formed the entrance of 
the harbour, and Ihips parted full fail between 
its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, 
and every thing in equal proportion, and few 
could clafp round its thumb. It was the 
work of Chares, the difciple of Lyfippus, and 
the artift was 1 z years in making it. It was 
begun 300 years before Chrift; and after it 
had remained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, 
it was partly demolifried by an earthquake, 224 
ri. C. A winding Itaircale ran to the top, 
from which could ealily be difeerntd the 
(hores of Syria, and the ihips that failed on 
the coaft of Egypt, by the help of glartes, 
which were hung on the neck/jf the ftatue. 
It remained in ruins for the fpace of 894 
years } and the Rhodians, who had received 
leveral large contributions to repair it, divided 
the money among therrifelves, and fruftrated 
the expectations of the donors, by faying that 
the oracle of Delphi forbade them to raife it. 
up again from its ruins. In the year 672 of 
the chriilian era, it was fold by the Saracens, 
who were mafters of the ifland, to a Jewiffi 
merchant of Ederta, who loaded 900 camels 
with the brals, whole value has been eftirnated 
at 36,000 pounds Englilh money. 

Colotes, a Teian painter,difciple of Phi¬ 
dias. Plin. 35, c. 8.-A difciple of Epic¬ 
tetus.-A follower of Epicurus, accuied of 

ignorance by Plut -A fculptor, v.'ho made 

a ftatue of iEfculapius. Strab- 8. 

O 3 Coups 







CO 


CO 


Colpe, a city of Ionia. Plitt. 5,c. 29. 

Colubraria, now Monte Cplubre, a fmall 
ifland at the eaft of Spain, fuppofed to be the 
fame as Ophiula. Pit/:. 3. c. 5. 

CoLUMbA, a dote, the fymbol of Venus 
among the poets. This bird was iacred to 
Venus, and received divine honors in Syria. 
Doves difappeared once every year at Eryx, 
where Venus had a temple, and they were 
laid to accompany the goddels to Libya, 
whither five went to pais nine days, after 
which they returned. Doves were luppoled 
to give oracles in the oaks of the ioieit of 
Dodona. Tibull. I, el. 7, V. 17.— TElian. V. 
H. 1, c. 15. 

Columei.la, (L. Jun. Moderates,) a na¬ 
tive of Gades, who wrote, among other works, 
twelve books on agriculture, of which the 
tenth, on gardening, is in verfe. The ftyle is 
elegant, and the work ditplays the genius ol a 
naturalift, and the labors of an accurate ob- 
ferver. The belt edition of < olumella is that 
of Gefner, 2 vols. 4to. Lipf 1735, and re¬ 
printed there 1772. 

Columns Herculis, a name given to 
two mountains on the extreme*!: parts of 
Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the 
Mediterranean. They were called Calpe and 
Aoyla, the former on the coat! of Spain, and 
the latter on the fide of Africa, at the clil- 
tance of only 18 miles. They are reckoned 
the boundaries -of the labors of Hercules, and 
they were fuppofed to have been joined, till 
the hero feparated them, and opened a com¬ 
munication between the Mediterranean and 

Atlantic leas.-Protei, the boundaries of 

Egypt, or the extent pf the kingdom of Pro¬ 
teus. Alexandria was fuppofed to be built 
near them, though Homer places them in the 
ifland Pharos. OdyJ. 4, v. 351.— Virg. JEn . 11, 
v. 262. 

CoLtrriius, a native of I.ycopolis in Egypt, 
who wrote a Ihort poem on the rape of Helen, 
in imitation of Homer. The compofition 
remained long unknown, till it was discovered 
at Lycopolis in the 15th’ century, by the 
learned cardinal BefTarion. Coluthus was, 
ns fome fuppofe, a contemporary of Tryphio- 
dorus. 

Co i,yttu s, a tribe cf Athens. 

Comagkna, a part of Syria above Cilicia, 
extending, on the eaft, as far as the Euphrates. 
Its chief town was called Samofata, the birth¬ 
place of Lucian. Sirab. ix & 17. 

ComAna {<£ & arum), a town of Pontus. 

IIirt. Alex . 34.-Another in Cappadocia, 

famous for a temple of Bellona, where there 
were above 6oco m milters of both fexes. The 
chief prieft among them was very powerful, 
and knew no fwperior but the king of the 
country. This high office was generally con¬ 
ferred upon one of the royal family. Hirt. 
Alex. 66.— Place. 7 , V. 636.— Strab, 12, 

C 0 .v an 1 A, a country of Alia, 


Comarea, ,the ancient name of Cape Co¬ 
morin in India. 

(.omaRI, a people of Alia. Mela, I, c. 2. 
Comarus, a port in the bay ot Ambracia, 
near Nicopolis. 

Comastus, a place of Perfia. 

Combabus, a favorite of Stratonlce, wife 
of Antiochus. 

Combe, a daughter of Opbius, who fir ft 
invented a brazen fuit of armour. She was 
changed into a bud, and eicaped from her 
children, who had conlpired to inurcler her. 

Ovid. Met. 7, v. 382. 

Combi or Ombi, a city of Egypt on the 
Nil/i. Juv. 15, v. 35. 

( ouiiRKA, a tu.in near Fallene. Herodot. 
7,0.123. 

Combutis, a general under Ejrcnnus. 
Pauf 10, c. 22. 

< ometes, the father of After ion, and one 

of tile Argonauts. Flacc. i,v. 356.-One 

of the C entaurs,killed at the nuptials of Pi- 

rithous. Ovid. Met. 12. v. 284 -A foil of 

Thcftius, killed at the cliace ot the Calydo- 
ni.ni boir. Pauf, 8, c. 45.——One of the 
Magi, intimate with Cambyfes king of Perfia. 

Jt'Jiin. 1, c. 9 --'An adulterer of AEgiale. 

--A ion of Orpftes. 

Comet ho, a daughter of Pten bus. who 
deprived her fatlier of a gol leh hair in his 
head, upon which depended his fate. She was 
put to death by Amphitryon for her perfidy. 
A polled. 2, c. 4. 

Q. Cominius, a Roman knight, who wrote 
fome illiberal vcries againlt Tiberius. Tacit . 
4 Ann. c. 31. 

Co.MiTrA, ( c.runu ) an affem.bly of the Ro¬ 
man people. The word is derived from Comi - 
tium , the place where they were convened, 
rjucjt a cum etsndo. The Co mi tium was a 
large hall, which was left uncovered at the 
top, in the firil ages of the republic; lb that 
the affembly was often diilolved in rainy wea¬ 
ther. The Comitia were called, fome covfu- 
laria , for the election of the confuls; others 
pratoria , for the election of praetors, &c. 
I heie affemblies were more generally known 
by the name of Comitia, Curiaia, Ctnturiafa , 
and Tributa. The Cviata was when the 
peopL gave their votes by curiae, l ire Cat- 
turiata were not convened in later times. 
( Pid. Centuria.) Another affembly was called 
Comitia Tribute, where the votes were re¬ 
ceived from the whole tribes together. At 
fir ft the Roman people were divided only into 
three tribes; but as their numbers increaied, 
the tribes were at laft fwelled to 35'. *i he 
objerft of thefe affemblies was the electing of 
magiftrates, and all the public officers of {fate. 
‘ hey could be diffolved by one of the tri¬ 
bunes, if he differed in opinion from the reft of 
his colleagues. If one among the people was 
taken with the falling fickuefs, the whole 
affembly was immediately difiolved, whence 

that 
















CO 


CO 


that difeafe is called morbis ecmtalis . After 
the cuftom of giving their yotes viva voce had 
been abolifhed, every one of the affembly, in 
the enading of a law, was prefented with two 
bdllots, on one of which were the letters U. 
R. that his uti rogas , be it at is required ; on 
the other was an A. that is antiquo , which bears 
the fame meaning as antiquum volo, I forbid it, 
the old law is preferable. If *he number 
of ballots with U. R. was fuperior to the A’s, 
the law was approved conftitutionally; if not 
it was reje&ed. Only the chief magiflrates, 
and l'ometimes the pontifices, had the privilege 
of convening thefe aflemblies. There were 
only thefe eight of the magiftrates who had 
the power of propofing a law, the confuls, the 
dictator, the praetor, the interrex, the de¬ 
cemvirs, the military tribunes, the kings, and 
the triumvirs. Thefe were called major*s 
tna's ijiratus : fo whom one of the minores ma - 
gijlratus was added, the tribune of the people. 

Comius, a man appointed king over the 
Attrebates, by J. Caeiar, for his fervices 
C<*f. Beil. G. 4, c. 21 

Commagene. Vid. Comagena. 

Commodus, (L. Aurelius Antoninus) 
fon of M. Antoninus, lucceeded his father in 
the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel, 
and fond of indulging his licentious propen- 
fities; and regardlefs of the indrudions of 
philosophers, and of the decencies of nature, 
he corrupted his own fillers, and kept 300 
women, and as many boys, for his illicit 
pleafures. Defirous to be called Hercules, 
like that hero, he adorned his fhOulders with 
a lion’s fkin, and armed his hand with a 
knotted club. He Ihowed himfelf naked in 
public, and fought with the gladiators, and 
boalted of his dexterity in killing the wild 
beads in the ampitheatre. He required di¬ 
vine honors from the fenate, and they were 
granted. He was wont to put fuch an im- 
menfe quantity of gold dull in his hair, that 
when he appeared bare headed in the fun- 
fhine, his head glittered as if furrounded 
with fun-beams. Martia, one of his concu¬ 
bines, whofe death he had prepared, poi- 
foned him ; but as the poifon did not 
quickly operate, he was ftrangled by a wreft- 
ler. He died in the 31ft year of his age, 
and the 13th of his reign, A. D. 192. 
It has been obferved, that he never milled 
himfelf to a barber, but always burnt his 
beard, in imitation of the tyrant Dionyfius. 
Herodiart. 

Commoris, a village of Cilicia. Cic.Fam. 


15, ep. 4. 

Co mon, a general of Meflenia. 
c. 26. 


Pauf. 4, 


Com pit alia, feftivals celebrated by the 
Romans the 12th of January and the 6th of 
March, in the crois ways, in honor of the 
houfehold godds called Lares. Tarquin the 
proud, or according to joipe, ServiusTcllius, 


inftituted them, on account of an oracle which 
ordered him to offer heads to the Lares. He 
i'acrificed to them human vi&ims; but J. Bru¬ 
tus alter the expulfion of the Tarquin?, 
thought it fufficient to offer them only poppy 
heads, and men of ftraw. The Haves were 
generally the minifters, and during the cele¬ 
bration, they enjoyed their freedom. Vqrro 
de L. L. 5, c. 3.— Ovid. Fajl. 5, V. 140.— 
Dionyj. Hal. 4. 

Com psa, now Confa , a town of the Hir- 
pini in Italy, at the call of Vefuvius. 

Com i’Satus, a river of Thrace,falling into 
the lake Biftonis. Herodot. 7, c. 109. 

Compusa, a town of Bithynia. 

Co mum, now Como, a town at the north of 
Infubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, ija 
the modern duchy of Milan. It was after¬ 
wards called Novo Comum by J. Casfar, who 
tranfplanteda colony there,though it refumed 
its ancient name. It was the birth-place of the 
younger Pliny. Plin. 3,0. 18.— Iiv. 34, c. 3.6 
& 37.— Suet, in yul. 28.— Plin. I,ep.3.— 
Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 35. 

Comus, the god of revelry, feafting, and 
nocturnal entertainments. During his fes¬ 
tivals, men and women exchanged each 
other’s drefs. He was reprefented as a young 
and drunken man, with a girland of flowers 
on his head, and a torch in his hand, which 
feemed falling. He is more generally feen 
fleeping upon his legs, and turning him¬ 
felf when the heat of the failing torch lcorch- 
ed his fide. Phil. 2, Jeon. — Plut. Qitsejl. Rom. 

Con can 1, a people of Spain, who lived 
chiefly on milk mixed with horfe’s blood. 
Their chief town Ccncana , is now called 
j Sant inala or Cangas de Ours, Hirg. G. 3, 
v. 463.— Sil. 3, v. 361.— Horat. 3, od. 4, 
v- 34 - 

ConcekdAj a townbelonging to Venice 
in Italy. 

Concordia, the' goddefs of peace and 
concord at Rome, to whom Camilins firft. 
railed a temple in the capitol, where the ina- 
giftrates often aflembled for the tranfa£tion 
of public bufinefs. She had befides this, 
other temples and ftatues, and was addrefled 
to promote the .peace and union of families 
and citizens. Plut. in Camil. — Plin. 33, c. 1. 
Cic. pro Demo.—Ovid. Fajl. I, v. 639. 1 . 6, 
v- 637. 

Condate, a town of Gaul, now Rennes 
[Rbedonum urbs) in Britany. 

Co npalus, an avaricious officer, &c. 
Arijot. Pol it. 

Condivicnum, a town of Gaul, now 
Nantes in Britany. x 

Condochates, a river of India, flowing 
into the Ganges. 

Condrusi, a people of Belgium, now 
CondretT. in Liege. Caf. Bell. G. 4, c. 6. 

Condvlia, a town of Arcadia. Pauf .%, 
c. 23. 

O 4 Cone, 



CO 


CO 

(ioNE, a fmall ifland at .the. mouth cf the 
Tfter, fuppofed the. fame as the infula Common, 
of Pliny 4, c. 12— Lucan. 3, V. 2CO. 

CoNETODUNUS & CoTUATUS, tWO def- 
perate Gauls, who railed their countrymen 
againft Rome, &c. C<ef. Bell. G. 7, c 3. 

Confluentes, a town at the confluence 
of the Mofelle and Rhine, now Coblentz. 

Confucius, a Chinefe philofopher, as 
much honored among his coutrymen as a 
monarch. He died about 479 years B. C. 

Congedus, a river of Spain, il Partial. 
r,ep. 50, v. 9. 

Coniaci, a people of Spain, at the head 
of- the Iberus. Strab. 3. 

Con I me rica, a town of Spain, now Co¬ 
imbra of Portugal. 

Conisaltus, a god worlhipped at Athens, 
with the fame ceremonies as Priapus at Lamp- 
lacus. Strab. 3. 

Conisci, a people of Spain. 

ConnTdas, the preceptor of Thefeus, in 
whole honor the Athenians inftituted a feftival 
called Connideia. It was then ufual to facri- 
fice to him a ram. Plut. in The/. 

Conon, a famous general of Athens, fon 
ofTimotheus. He was made governor of 
all the iflands of the Athenians, and was de¬ 
feated in a naval battle by JLyfander, near 
the Aigofpotamos. He retired in voluntary 
banifhment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and 
afterwards to Artaxerxes king of Perfia, by 
xvhofe affiftance he freed his country from 
Slavery, fie defeated the Spartans near Cni- 
dos, in an engagement where Pifander, the 
enemy’s admiral,'was killed. By his means 
the Athenians fortified their city with a ftrong 
wall, and attempted to recover Ionia and 
u'Solia, fie was perfidioufly betrayed by a 
Perfiari, and died in prifon, P.C. 393. C. 
dSTep. in vita, — Plut. in Lyf. Iff Artax. — 

Ifscraies. -A Greek aftronomer of Samos. 

who, to gain the fa\*>r of Ptolemy Evergetes, 
publicly declared that the queen’s locks, 
which had been dedicated in the temple of 
Venus, and had fince difappeared, were be¬ 
come a conftellation. fie was intimate with 
Archimedes, and florilhed 247 B. C. Calul. 

07,— Virg. Eel. 3. v. 40.-A Grecian rny- 

thologift, in the age cf Julius Cael'ar, who 
wrote a book which contained 40 fable?. 

Itill extant, preferved' by Photius.-There 

was a treadle written on Italy by a man of 
the fame name. 

Consentes, the name which the Romans 
gave to the twelve fuperior gods, the DU ma ¬ 
jor um gcjitium. The word fignifies as much 
as confentientes, that is, who contented to the 
deliberations of Jupiter’s council. They 
were twelve in number, whofe names Ennius 
has briefly exprelfed in thefe lines: 

‘Juno,. Vejla, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus , 

Mars , 

Macarius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vidcanus, Apdlo. \ 
Varrq de R. R. 


Consentia, now Qofenza , a town in the 
country of the Brutii. Liv. 8, c. 24. 1 . 28, 
c. n. — Cic » Fin. I, c. 3. 

CoNsimus Aiquus, a Roman knight, 
&c. Tacit. -Caius, one of Pompe/s ad¬ 

herents, &c. Caf. Bell Civ. 2, C. 23. 

Consilinum, a town of Italy. Mela, 2, 

c. 4. 

Constans, a fon of Conftantine. Fid. 
Conftantius. 

Constantia, a grand-daughter of the 
great Conftantine, who married the emperor 
Gratian. 

ConstantTna, a princefs, wife of the 

emperor Callus.-'Another of the imperial 

family. 

Constantinopolis, now Stamloul, for¬ 
merly Byzantium, the capital pf Thrace, a 
noble and magnificent city, built by Conftan- 
tine the Great, and folemnly dedicated A. D. 
330. It was the capital of the eaftern Ro¬ 
man empire, and was called, after its faun-. 
datiQn, Roma nova, on account ,pf its great- 
nefs, 'which leemed to rival Rome. The 
beauty of its fituation, with all its conveni¬ 
ences, have been the admiration of every 
age. Conftantinople became long the afylum 
of fcience and of learned men, but upon it? 
conqueft by Mahomet the fecond, 28th May 
1453, the profeflors retired from the barba¬ 
rity of their virtors, and found in Italy the 
protection which their learning delerved. 
This migration w-,is highly favorable to the 
caule of fcience, and whilft the Pope, the 
head of the houfe of Medjcis, and the em¬ 
peror, munificently fupported the fugitives, 
other princes imitated their example, and 
equally contributed to the revival of litera¬ 
ture in Europe. 

ConstantInus, furnamed the Great , 
from the greatnefs of his exploits, was fon 
of Conftantius. As foon as he became inde¬ 
pendent he afiumed the title of Auguftus, 
and made war againft Licinius, his brother- 
in-law, and colleague on the throne, becaufe 
he was cruel and ambitious. He conquered 
him, and obliged him to lay afide the imperial 
power. It is faid, that as he was going to 
fight againft Maxentius, one of his rivals, he 
faw a crofs in the Iky, with this infeription, 
«y <rovro> vixoc, in hoc vince . From this cir- 

cumftance he became a convert to chrifti- 
anity, and obtained an eafy victory, ever after 
adopting a crofs or labarum as his ftandard. 
After the death of Diocletian, Maximian, 
Maxentius, Maximius, and Licinius who 
had reigned together, though in a iubordinate 
manner, Conftantine became foie emperor, 
and began to reform the ftate. He founded 
a city in a mod eligible fituation, where old 
Byzantium formerly flood, and called it by 
his own name, Conjlantinopolis. Thither he 
tranlported part of the Roman fenate ; and 
by keeping his court there, he made it thp. 
rival of Rome, in population and magnifi¬ 
cence, 




CO 


\ 

cence. From that time the two imperial 
cities began to look upon each other with 
an eye of envy ; and loon after the age of 
Conftantine, a feparation was made of the 
two empires, and Rome was called the capi¬ 
tal of the weltern, and Conftantinopdlis was 
called the capital of the eaftern dominions 
of Rome. The emperor has been diftin- 
guifhed for perl'onal courage, and praifed for 
the protection he extended to the chriftians. 
He at firlt perfecuted the Arians, but after¬ 
wards inclined to their opinions. His mur¬ 
der of his fon Crifpus has been defervedly 
cenfured. By removing the Roman le¬ 
gions from the garrifons on the rivers, he 
opened an -eafy parage to the barbarians, 
and rendered his foldiers unwarlike. He de¬ 
feated 100,000 Goths, and received into his 
territories 300,000 Sarmatians, who had 
been bnnifhed by their flaves, and allowed 
them land to cultivate. Conftantine was learn¬ 
ed, and preached, as well as compofed, 
many fermons, one of which remains. He 
died A. D. 337, after a reign of 31 years of 
the greateft glory and fuccels. He left three 
ions, Conftnntinus, onftans, and Conftan- 
tius, among whom he divided his empire. 
The firft, who had Gaul, Spain, and Bri¬ 
tain for his portion, was conquered by the 
armies of his brother Conflans, and killed in 
the 25th year of his age, A. D. 340. Mag- 
nentius, the governor of the provinces of 
Rhaetia murdered c onftans in his bed, after 
a reign of 13 years over Italy, Africa, and 
Jllyricum ; and Conftantius the only fur- 
viving.-brother, now become the foie empe¬ 
ror, A. D. 353, punifhed his brother’s mur¬ 
derer, and gave way to cruelty and oppref- 
fion. He vifited Rome, where he dilplayed 
a triumph, and died in his march againft Ju¬ 
lian, who had been proclaimed independent 

emperor by his foldiers.-The name of 

Conftantine was very- common to the em¬ 
perors of the eaft, in a later period.-A 

private foldier in Britain, raifed on account 
of his name to the imperial dignity.-A ge¬ 

neral of Belifarius. 

Constantius Chlorus, fon of F.atro- 
pius, and father of the great Conftantine, 
merited the title of Csefar, which he obtain¬ 
ed, by his victories in Britain and Germany. 
he became the colleague of Galerius, on the 
abdication of Diocletian ; and after bearing 
the character of a humane and benevolent 
prince, he died at York, and made his fon 
his fucceflbr, A. D. 306.—— The fecond 
fon of Conftantine the Great. ViJ. Con it a n- 

tinus.-The tather of Julian and Gallus, 

was fon of Conftantius by Theodora, and 

died A. D. 337.-A Roman general of 

.Nylia, who married Placidia the. filler of 
llonorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an 
lj>nor he enjoved only feven months. He 
died univerlaliy regretted, 421 A. D. ami 


CO 

was fucceeded by his fon Valentinian In the 
weft.-One of the lervants of Attila. 

ConsuAlrs Ludi, or ConsuAlia, fef- 
tivals at Rome in honor of Conlus, the god of 
counlel, whole altar Romulus difcovered 
under the ground. This altar was*always co¬ 
vered except at the feftival, when a mule 
was facrificed, and games and horfe-races 
exhibited in honor of Neptune. It was dur¬ 
ing thefe feflivals that Romulus carried away 
the Sabine women who had aflembled to be 
fpe&ators of the games. They were firft in, 
ftituted by Romulus. Some lay, however, 
that Romulus only regulated and re-inftituted 
them after they had been before eftablilhed 
by Evander. During the celebration, which 
happened about the middle of Auguft, horles, 
mules, and afles, were exempted from all 
labors, and were led through the ftreets 
adorned with garlands and flowers. Aufon. 
69, V. 9. — Ovid. Faji. 3, v. 199. — Liv. I, c. 
9 .— Dtonyf. Hal. 

Consul, a inagiftrate at Rome, with re¬ 
gal authority for the lpace of one year. 
There were two confuls, a confulatdo , an¬ 
nually chofen in the Campus Martins The. 
two flrft confuls were L. Jun. Brutus, and 
L. Tarquinrus Collatinus, chofen A. U. C. 
244, after the expulfion of the Tarquins. 
In the firft ages of the republic, the two 
confuls were always cholen from patrician, 
families, or noblemen; but the people ob¬ 
tained the privilege A. U. C. 388, of elect¬ 
ing one of the confuls from their own body ; 
and fometimes both were plebeians. The firlt 
conl'ul among the plebeians was L. Sextius. 

. It was required that every candidate for the 
conftilfhip fhould be 43 years of age, called 
legitimum ten pus. He was always to appear 
at the election as a private man, without a 
retinue; and it was requifite before he can- 
vafted for the office, to have difeharged the 
inferior functions of quaeftor, edile, and prae¬ 
tor. Sometimes thefe qualifications were riif- 
regarded. Val. torvinus was made a con- 
ful in his 23d year, and Scipio in his 24th. 
Young Marius, Pompey, and Auguftus, 
were alfo under the proper age when they 
were inverted with the office, and Pompey had 
never been quceilor or praetor. The power 
of the confuls was unbounded, and they 
knew no luperior but the gods and the laws : 
but after the expiration of their office, their 
conduCf was minutely ferutinizgd by the; 
people, and mijbehaviour was often punilli- 
ed by the laws. The badge of their office 
was the pretexta , a robe fringed with pur¬ 
ple, afterwards exchanged for the toga pic - 
rd or palmata. They were preceded by 
12 liCtors, carrying the fafees or bundle of 
fticks, in the middle of which appeared an 
ax. The ax, as being the character! !tic ra¬ 
ther of tyranny than of freedom, was taken 
i away from the faftes by Valerius Poplicola, 
3 but 







CO 


CO 


but it was reftored by his fucceffor. The | 
confab took it by turns, monthly, to be 
preceded by theTi&ors while at Rorqe, left 
the appearai )Ce of two pferfons with their badges 
of royal^rirthority, Ihould raife apprehenfions 
in the multitude. Wnile one appeared pub 
licly in ftate, only a crier walked before the 
other, and the lidors followed behind with¬ 
out the fafces. Their authority was equal; 
yet the Valerian law gave the right of pri¬ 
ority to the older, and the Julian law to 
him who had the moft children, and he 
Avas generally called conful major or prior. 
As their power was abfolute, they prefided 
over the fenate, and could convene and dif- 
mifs it at pleafure. Thefenators were their 
counfellors; and among the Romans, the 
manner of reckoning their years was by the 
name, of the confuls, and by M. Tull. Cicerone 
& L. Antonio Cmfulibus , for inftance, the 
year of Rome 691 was always underftood. 
This cuftom lafted from the year of Rome 
144 till the year 1294, or 541ft year of the 
chriftian era, vvhen the conlular office was 
totally fupprefled by Juftinian. In public 
aflemblies the confuls lat in ivory chairs, and 
held in their hands an ivory wand, ^called 
feipio eburneusy which had an eagle on its top, 
as a fign of dignity and power. When they 
had drawn by lot'the provinces over which 
they were to prefide during their confulftiip, 
they went to the capitol to offer their prayers 
to the gods, and intreat them to protedl the 
republic : after this they departed from the 
city arrayed in their military drels, and 
preceded by the lidtors. Sometimes the 
provinces were affigned them, without draw¬ 
ing by lot, by the will and appointment of 1 
the fenators. At their departure they were 
provided by the ftate with whatever was re- 
quifite during their expedition. In their 
provinces they were both attended by the 12 
Iidtors, and equally invefted with regal autho¬ 
rity. They were not permitted to return to 
Rome without the fpecial command of the 
fenate, and they always remained in their pro¬ 
vince till the arrival of their fucceffor. At 
their return they harangued the people, and 
folemnly protefted that they had done nothing 
againft the laws or intereft of their country, 
but had faithfully and diligently endeavoured 
to promote the greatnefs and welfare of the 
ftate. No man could be conful twoNfollow- 
ing years ; yet this indention was fometimes 
broken, and we find Marius re-eleded con¬ 
ful, after the expiration of his office, during 
the Cimbrian war. The office of conful, fo 
dignified during the times of the common¬ 
wealth, became a mere title under the em¬ 
perors, and retained nothing of its authority 
but the ufelefs enfigns of original dignity. 
Even the office of conful, which was ori¬ 
ginally annual, was reduced to two or three 
months by J. Ciefar : but they who were ad¬ 
mitted on the firft of January denominated 


the year, and were called ordinarii. Their 
fucceflors, during the year, were diftinguiih- 
ed by the name of fujfcfli. I iberius and 
Claudius abridged the time of the conlullhip 
and the emperor Cbmmodus made no leis 
than 25 confuls in one year. Conftantine the 
Great renewed the original inftitution, and per¬ 
mitted them to be a whole year in office.-- 

Here is annexed a lift of the confuls from the 
eftablilhment of the conlular power to the 
battle ofAdium, in which it may belaid that 
the authority of the conl’uls was totally extin- 
guifhed. 

'fhe two firft confuls chofen about the 
middle of June, A. U. C. 244V were JL. Jun. 
Brutus and L.Tarq. Collatinus. Collitinus 
retired from Rome as being of the family 
of the Tarquins, and Pub. Valerius was 
chofen in his room. When Brutus was 
killed in battle, Sp. Lucretius was elected 
to fucceed him ; and after the death of Lu¬ 
cretius, Marcus Horatius was chofen for the 
reft of the year with Valerius Pubiicola. 
The firft conlullhip lafted about r6 months, 
during which the Romans fought againft the 
Tarquins, and the capitol was dedicated. 

A. U. C. 246. Pub. Valerius Publicola2. 
Tit. Lucretius. Porfenna fupported the 
claims of Tarquin. J he noble adions of 
Codes, Scaevob, and Clcdia. 

-247. P. Lucrefius, or M. 

Horatius : P. Valer. Pubiicola 3. The vain 
efforts of Porfenna continued. 

- 248. Sp. Lartius; T. Her- 

minius. Victories obtained over the Sabines. 

249. M. Valerius; P. Poftir- 


mius. Wars with the Sabines continued. 

- 250. P. Valerius 4 ; T. Lu¬ 
cretius 2. 

■-- 251. Agrippa Menenius; P. 

Pollumius 2. The death of Pubiicola. 

- 252. Opiter Virginius ; Sp. 

Caffius. 


Sabine war. 

-- 253. Pcftumius Cominius ; T. 

Lartius. A conlpiracy of Haves at Rome. 

254. Serv. Sulpicius; Marcus 


Tullius. 


T. iEbutius Elva. 

256, 


255. P. Veturius Geminus; 


T. Lartius a; L. 


Claelius. War with the Latins. 

-257. A. Sempronius Atratinus; 

M. Minucius. 

- 258. Aulus Poftumius; Tit. 

Virginius. The battle of Regillae. 

-— 259. ,Ap. Claudius; P. Ser- 

vilius. War with the Vollci. 

- - - ■ 260. A. Virginius ; T. Vetu¬ 
rius. The diffatisfied people retired to Mons 
Sacer. 

-- 261. Poftumius Cominius 2 ; 

Sp. t'afiius 2. A reconciliation between the 
fenate and people, and the election of the 
tribunes. 

A.U.C. 





















CO 


CO 


« 

A. U. C. 262. T. Geganius; P. Miny- 
cius. A famine at Rome. 

- 263. M. Minutius 2 ; Aul. 

SemproniuS 2. The haughty behaviour of 
Coriolanus to the populate. 

---- 264. Q. Sulpitius Camerinus; 

Sp. Lartius Flavus. 2. Coriolanus retires to 
the Vol 'ci. 

-265. C. Julius ; P. Pinaiins. ‘ 

T he Volfci make declarations of war. 

-- 266. Sp. Nautius, Sex.Furius. 

Coriolanus forms the Jiege of Rome. He re¬ 
tires at the entreaties of his mother and wife, 
and dies. 

-267. T. Sicinius; C. Aquilius. 

The Volfci defeated. 

- 268. Sp. Cafiius 3 ; Proculus 

Virginius. CafTnjs afpires to tyranny. 

-- 269. Serv. Cornelius ; Q. Fa- 

hiiis. Caffius is condemned, and thrown down 
the Tarpeian rock. 

- 270. I.. TEmilius; Ctcfio Fa¬ 
bius. The iEqui and Volfci defeated. 

• - 271. M. Fabius ; 1 .Valerius. 

• -272. Q. Fabius 2; C. Julius. 

War, with the AT.qui. 

- 273. Ca?fio Fabius 2 ; Sp. Fu¬ 
rius. War continued with the ./Equi and 
Veientes. 

- 274. M. Fabius 2 ; <'n. Man¬ 
lius. Vi&ory over theHernici. 

-275. Csefio Fabius 3 ; A Vir¬ 
ginius. The march of the Fabii to the river 
C remera. 

- 276. L. a^Emllius 2 ; C. Ser- 

vilius. The wars continued againft the neigh¬ 
bouring ftatcs. 

- 277. C. Horatius; T. Mene- 

nrus. The defeat and death of the 3C0 Fabii. 

- 278. Sp. Servitius ; Aul. Vir¬ 
ginius. Mcnenius brought to his trial for the 
defeat of the armies under him. 

- 279. C. Nautius ; P. Valerius. 

-- - 280. L. Furius ; C. Manlius. 

A truce of 40 years granted to the Veientes. 

- 281. L. ./Emilius 3 ; Virginius 

or Vopifcus Julius. The tribune Genutius 
murdered in his bed for his l'editions. 

• --- 282. L. Pinarius; P. Furius. 

-283. Ap. Claudius ; T. Ouin- 

tius. The Roman army fufter themfelves to 
be defeated by the Volfci, on account of their 
hatred to Appius, while his colleague is boldly 
^and cheerfully obeyed againft the JEqui. 

- 284. L. Valerius 2; Tib. 

•./Emilius- Appius i? cited to take his trial 
before the people, and dies before the day of 
trial. 

- 285. T. Numicius Prifcus ; A. 

Virginius. 

———— 286. T. Quintius 2 ; Q. Ser- 
. vilius. 

- 287. Tib, iEmilius 2 ; Q. 

Fabius. 


A. U. C.‘ 288. Q. Sexvilius 2; Sp. Pof- 
tumius. 

- 289. Q. Fabius 2; T. Quin. 

tius 3. In the Cenfus made this year, which 
was tlie ninth, there were found 124,214 ci¬ 
tizens in Rome. 

——:- 290. Aul. Poftumius; Sp. 

Furius. 


- 291. L.iEbutius; P.Servilius, 

A plague at Rome. 

-292. T.Lucretius Tricipitinus ; 

T. Veturius Geminus. 

- 293. P. Volumnius; Serv. 

Sulpicius. Dreadful prodigies at Rome, and 
l'editions. 

-- 294. C.Claudiusj P. Valerius 

2. A Sabine feizes the capitol, and is 
defeated and killed. Valerius is killed in an 
engagement, and Cincinnatus is taken from 
tive plough, and made dilator ; he quelled 
the diflenfion3 at Rome, and returned to his 
farm. 


- 295. Q. Fabius 3 ; L. Corne¬ 
lius. The cenlus made the Romans amount 
to 132, 049. 

• - 296. L. M'tnucius ; C. Nautius 

2. Minucius is befieged in his camp by the 
TEqui; and Cincinnatus,being elected dictator, 
delivers him, obtains a vi&ory, and lays down 
his power 16 days after his election. 

• -297. Q. Minucius ; C. Flora- 

tins. War with the iEqui and Sabines. Ten 
tribunes elected inllead of five. 

- 298. M. Valerius ; Sp, Vir¬ 
ginius. 


299. T. Romilius; C. Vetu- 


nus. 


rius. 


300. Sp. Tarpeius ; A.Ate- 


tilius.' 


3 °I. 


P. Curiatius; Sex. Quh> 


- 302. C. Menenius; P. Ceftius 

Capitolinus. The Decemvirs reduce the laws 
into 12 tables. 


•- 303. Ap. Claudius; T. Genu¬ 

tius; P. Ceftius, &c. The Decemvirs alfum© 
the reins of government, and prefide with con- 
fular power. 

—--- 304 & 305. Ap. Claudius ; Q. 

Fabius Vibulanus ; M. Cornelius, &c. The 
Decemvirs continued. 'J hey a< 5 t with vio¬ 
lence. Appius endeavours to take pofleflion 
of Virginia, who is killed by her father. The 
Decemvirs abolifhed, and Valerius, Potitus, 
M. Horatius Barbatus are created conluls for 
the reft of the year. Appius is fummoned to 
take his trial. He'dies in prifons, and the reft 
of the Decemvirs are banifhed. 

- 306. Lart. Herminius; T. 

Virginius. 

- 307. M. Geganius Macerinus; 

C. Julius. Domeftic troubles. 

- 308. T. Quintius Capitolinus 

4; Agrippa Furius» Tire iF.qui and Volfci 

come 

















































CO 


CO 


come near to the gates of Rome, and are de¬ 
feated. 


A. U. C. 309. M. Genucius; C. Curtius. 
A law pa(Ted to permit the patrician and ple¬ 
beian families to intermarry. 

•-310. Military tribunes are 

chofen inftead of conl'uls. The plebeians ad¬ 
mitted among them. The firft were A. Sem- 
pronius; L. Atilius ; T. Clmlius. They 
abdicated three months after their election, 
and confuls were again chofen, L. Papirius 
Mugillanus; S. Sempronius Atratinus. 

- 311. M. Geganius Mace- 

rinusa; T. Quintius Capitolinus 5. The 
cenlorlhip inftituted. 

- 31a. M. Fabius Vibulanus; 

Poftumius iEbutius Comicen. 

-313. C. Furius Pacilus; M. 

Papirius Craffus. 

- 314. P. Geganius Maceri- 

nus; L. Menenius Lanatus. A famine 
at Rome. Madius attempts to make himfelf 
kirg. 

- 315. T. Quintius Capitolinus 

6 ; Agrippa Menenius Lanatus. 

- 316. Mamercus JEmilius; T. 

Quintius; L. Julius. Military tribunes. 

-317. M. Geganius Macerinus; 

Sergius Fidenas. Tolumnius, king of the 
Veientes, killed by CotTus, who takes the 
fecond royal fpoils called Opima. 

--318. M. Cornelius Malugi- 

nenfis ; 1 . Papirius Craffus. 

-319. C. Julius; L. Virgi¬ 
nia. 


- 320. C. Tulius 2; L. Virgi- 

nius 2. The duration of the cenlorlhip li¬ 
mited to 18 months. 

—- 321. M. Fabius Vibulanus; 

M. Foffius; L. Sergius Fidenas. Military 
tribunes. 


• --- 322. L. Finarius Mamercus ; 

L. Furius MedulHnus; Sp. Poftumius Albus. 
Military tribunes. 

• - 323. T. Quintius Cincin- 

natus ; C. Julius Manto; conl'uls. A vi&ory 
over the Veientes and Fidenates by the dicta¬ 
tor Pofthumius. 


- 324. C. Papirius Craftlis ; L. 

Julius. 

-325. L. Sergius Fidenas 2; 

Hoft. Lucret. Tricipitinus. 

- 326. A. Cornelius ColTus ; T. 

Quintius Pennus 2, 

--—327. Servilius Ahala; L. Pa¬ 
pirius Mugillanus 2. 

■- 328. T. Quintius Pennus; C. 

Furius; M. Pofthumius; A. Corn. ColTus. 
Military tribunes, all of patrician families. 
Victory over the Veientes. 

* - : - 329. A. Sempronius Atrati¬ 

nus; L. Quintius (.incinnatus; L. Furius Me- 
dullinus ;L. Horat. Barbatus. 

• -* 330. A. Claudius CralTus, &c. 

M ilitary tribunes. 


A. U. C. 331. C. Sempronius ^.trad* 
nus; Q. Fabius Vibulanus. Conl'uls who 
gave much diffatisfadl ion to the people. 

• -332. L. Manlius Capitolinus, 

&c. Military tribunes. 

- 333 * Numerius Fabius Vibu* 

lanus ; T. Q. Capitolinus. 

---• 334. L. Q. Cincinnatus 3 ; 

L. Furius Medullinus 2 ; M. Manlius; A. 
Sempronius Atratinus. Military tribunes. 

• - 335 - A, Menenius Lanatus, 

&c. Military tribunes. 

- 336. L. Sergius Fidenas ; M. 

Papirius Mugillanus ; L. Servilius. 

- 337. A. Menenius Lanatus 2, 

&c. 


- 338. A. Sempronius Atratinus 

3, &c. 

--— 339. P. Cornelius ColTus, Sec. 

-- 340. Cn. Corn. ColTus^ &c. 

One of the military tribunes ftoned to death b^ 
the army. 

- 341. M. Corn. ColTus; L. 

Furius Medullinus, Confuls. Domefticledi- 
tions. 


- 342. Q. Fabius Ambuftus; C„ 

Furius Pacilus. 


•- 343. M. Papirius Atratinus; 

C. Nautius Rtitilus. 


-- 344. Mamercus ^Emilius; CV 

Valerius Potitus. 

-- 345. Cn. Corn. ColTus; L. 

Furius Medullinus 2. Plebeians for the firft 
time quasftors. 

- 346. C. Julius, Sec. Military 

tribunes. 


-• 347. L. Furius Medullinus, 

See. Military tribunes. 

- 348. P. & Cn. Cornelii Colli, 

&c. Military tribunes. This year the Roman 
foldiers firft received pay. 

--— 349. T. Quintius Capitolinus, 

Sec. Military tribunes. The liege of Veii 
begup. 

- 3 J°» ^ Valerius Potitus, See. 

Military tribunes. 

—-- 351- Manlius iEmilius Ma- 

mercinus, &c. The Roman cavalry begin to 

receive pay. 

--352. C. Servilius Ahala,. Sec. 

A defeat at Veii, occafioned by a quarrel 
between two of the military tribunes. 

-- 353 - L. Valerius Potitus 45 

M Furius Camillus 2, &c. A military, tri¬ 
bune chofen from among the plebeians. 
-- 354 * P.Licinius Calvus, See. 

• -- 355- M.Veturius, &c. 

--- 356. I,. Valerius Potitus. 5 ; 

M. Furius Camillus 3, See. 

• - 357. L. Julius lulus, &c, 

• -— 338. P. Licinius, &c. Ca¬ 

millus declared dictator. The city of Veii 
taken by means of a mine. Caoiili.qs obtains 
a triumph. 


A. U. C, 




















































A. U. C. 359. P. Corn. Coftlis, Sec. The 
people wilhed to remove to Veii. 

—-- 360. M. Furius Camillus; &c. 
Falifci furrendered to the Romans. 

- 361. L. Lucret. Flaccus ; Ser- 

vius Sulpicius Camerinus, Confuls, after 
Rome h,id been governed by military tribunes 
for 15 fuccefiive years. Camillus ftrongly 
oppol'es the removing to Veii, and it is re¬ 
jected. 

1 - 36a. L. Valerius Potitus ; M. 

Manlius. One of the cenfors dies. 

- 363. L. Lucretius, Sec. Mi¬ 
litary tribunes. A ftrnrge voice heard, which 
foretold the approach of the Gauls. Camillus 
goes to banilhmect to \rdea. The Gauls 
befiege Clufium, and loon after march to¬ 
wards Rome. 

- 364. Three Fabii military tri¬ 
bunes. The Romans defeated at Allia, by the 
Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome, and let it on 
fire. Camillus declared dictator by the fenate, 
who had retired into the capitol. The geefe 
fave the capitol, and Camillus luddenly comes 
and defeats the Gauls. 

_:_I-365. L. Valerius Poplicola 

3 ; L. Virginius, Sec. Camillus declared 
dictator, defeats the Vollci, iEqui, and Tuf- 


cans. 

.- 366. T. O. Cincinnatus; Q. 

Servilius Fidenas ; L. Julius lulus. 

._ 367. L. Papirius; Cn. Ser¬ 

gius ; L iEmilius, &c. 

._ 368. M. Furius Camillus, 

&c. 

•_- 369. A. Manlius; P. Corne¬ 

lius, Sec. The Vollci defeated. Manlius 
aims at royalty. 

_"370. Ser. Corn. Maluginenfis ; 

P. Valerius Potitus ; M. Furius Camillus. 
Manl’us is condemned and thrown down- the 
Tarpeian reck. 

__371. I.. Valerius; A. Man¬ 
lius ; Ser. Sulpicius, See. 

._— 37a. Sp.& L. Papirii, Sec. 

- 373, M. Furius Camillus; I.. 


Fitrius, &c. 

- __ _374. L. & P. Valorii. 

■-- 375 * C. Manlius, &c. 

___ 376. Sp. Furius, Sec. 

.__ 367. L. iEmilius, Sc c. 

_378. For five years anarchy 

__379. fat Rome. No confuls 

__380 >or military tribunes 

■ 381. (eleCted, but only for 

___ 382. Jthat time, L. Sextinus; 

C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, Tribunes of the 
people. 

_383. L. Furius, &c. 

__ 384. Q. Servilius; C. Vctu- 

rius &c. Ten magistrates are cbofen to take 
care of the Sibylline books. 

__385. L. Q. Capitclinus; Sp. 


Servilius, Sec. 

. — 386. According to fome wri¬ 


ters, Camillus this year was foie dictator, 
without coniuls or tribunes. 

A. U. C. 387. A. ornelius Coflus ; L. 
Vetur. Craffus, &c. The Gauls defeated by 
Camillus. One of the confuls for the future 
to be eleCted from among the plebeians. 

- 388. L. ASmilius, patrician ; 

L. Sextius, plebeian; confuls. The offices of 
prater and curule jedile, granted to the fe¬ 
nate by the people. 

- 389. L. Genucius; Q. Servi¬ 
lius. Camillus died. 

- 390. Sulpitius Peticus; C. 

Licinius Stolo. 

- 391. Cn. Genutius; L. iEmi- 

lius. 


- 393- Q* Serv. Abala 2 ; L. 

Genutius 2. Curtius devotes himfelf* to the 
Dii manes. 


- 393* C. Sulpicius 2; C. Lici¬ 
nius 2. Manlius conquers a Gaul in lingle 
battle. 

-394. C. Petilius Balbus; M. 

Fabius Ambuftus. 

-395. M. Popilius Laenas; C. 

Manlius 2. 

-396. C. Fabius ; C. Plautius. 

Gauls defeated. 

--— 397. C. Marcinus; Cn. Man¬ 
lius 2. , 

--- 398. M Fabips Ambuftus 2 ; 

M. Popilius Lacires 2 A dictator elected from 
the plebeians for the, fir ft ime. 

-399. C. Sulp'cius Peticu^ 3 ; 

M. Valerius Poplicola 2. both of patrician fa¬ 
milies. 

- 400. M. Fabius Ambuftus 3; 

T. Quintius. 

-40T. C. Sulpicius Peticus 4; 

M. Valerius Poplicola 3. 

-402. M Valerius Poplicola 4; 

C. Marcius Rutilus. 

.--- 403. Q. Sulpicius Peticus 5 ; 

T. Q. Pennus. A cenfor eleCted for the firft 
time from the plebeians. 

---404. M. Popilius JLsenas 3 ; 

L. Corn. Scipio 

-405. I,. Furius Camillus; Ap. 

Claudius Cralfus. Valerius furnamed Corvi- 
nus, after conquering a Gaul. 

-406. M. Valer. Corvus; M. 

Popilius Lamas 4. Corvus was eleCted 
at 23 years of age, againft the ftanding 
law. A treaty of amity concluded with ,'ar- 
thage. 

-407. T. Manlius Torquatus; 

C. Plautius. 

- 408. M. Valerius Corvus 2 ; 

C. Petilius. 

-. 409. M. Fabius Dorfo ; Ser. 

Sulpicius Camerinus. 

_410. C. Marcius Rutilus ; T. 

Manlius Torquatus. 

___ 411. M. Valerius Corvus 3 ; 

A, Corn, Coffus. The Romans begin to make 

war 






















































CO 


war againft the Samnites, at the requcft of the 
Campanians. They obtain a victory. 

A. U. C. 412. C. Martins Rutilus 4; 
Q. Servilius. 

-413. C. Plautinus; L./EmilH'S 

Mamercinus. 

—--:-414. T. Manlius Torquatos 3 ; 

P. Decius Mus. The victories of Alexander 
the Great in Alia. Manlius put his ion to 
death for fighting againJt his order. Decius 
devotes himfelf for the army, which obtains a 
great victory over the Latins. 

-- 415. T. ./Emilios' 'Mamerci¬ 
nus ; Q. Publilins Philo. 

- 416. L. Forms Camillus; C. 

Maenius. The Latins conquered. 

--417. C. Sulpitius Longus; P. 

^Elius Pxtus. The praetorfhip granted to a 
plebeian. 

-- 418. L. Pa pi ri us CralFus ; 

Ccefo Duillius. 

- 419. M. Valerius Corvus; M. 

Arilius Regulus. 

--420. T. Veturius; Sp. Poft- 

humius. 


—-421. L. Papirius Curfor ; C. 

Ptetilius Libo. 

-422. A. Cornelius 2; C11. 


Domitius. 


-423. M. Claudius Marcellus ; 

C. Valerius Potitus. 


• ■■■ . . 424. L. Papirius Craflus ; C. 

Plautius Venno. 

— -- 425. L. aEmilius Mamercinus 

2 ; C. Plautius. 

--426. P. Plautius Proculus ; P. 

Corn Scapula. 

-- 427. L. Corn. Lentulus ; O. 

Publilius Philo 2. 

-- 428. ( . Pastilius ; L. Papirius 

Mugillanus. 

— . .-• 429. L. Furius Camillus 2 ; 

I). Jun. BrutuS icteva. The dictator Papi- 
yius Curfor is for putting to death Fabius his 
mailer of luuTe, becaule he fought in his ab- 
fence, and obtained a famous vidtory. He 
pardons him. 

— - 430. According to fome au¬ 

thors, there were no confuls eledted this year, 
but only a dictator, L. Papirius Curfor. 

- 431. L. Sulpicius Longus 1 ; 

Aultus Cerretanus. 

——- 432* Q- Fabius ; L. Fulvius. 

.— » 433. T’. Veturius Calvinus 2 ; 

Sp. Poithumius Albinus 2. C. Pontius, the 
Samnite, takes the Roman confuls in an am- 
bufcade at Caudium. 


-- 434. L. Papirius Curfor 2 ; 

Q. Publilius Philo. 

.- 435. L. Papirius Curfor 3 ; Q. 

Aulius Cerretanus 2. 

-- 436. M. Foffius Flaccinator ; 

L. Plautiup Venno. 

- 437. C. Jun. Bubojcus; L. 

JEmilius Barbul^, * 


CO 


A. U. C. 43 §- 


lius 


439 * 


Sp. Nautius; M. Popr- 
L. Papirius 4 ; Q. Pub¬ 


lilius 4 

- 440. M. Pcetilius; C.Sulpicius. 

- 441. L. Papirius Curior 5 ; 

C. lun. Bubulcus 2. 

- 442. M. Valerius; P. De¬ 
cius. The cenibr Appius makes the Appian 
way and aqueducts. The family of the Potitii 


extmdt- 


a-— 443. C. Jun. Bubulcus 3 ; Q. 

iEmiiius Barbula 2. 

-- 444. Q. Fabius 2; C. Marthas 


Rutilus. 


- 445. According to fome au¬ 
thors, there were no confuls eledted this year, 
but only a dictator, L. Papirius Curfor. 

--- 446. Q. Fabius 3 ; P. De¬ 


cius 2. 

—- 447 - 

lumnius. 

--— 448. 

Marcius Tremulus. 
•-- 449 - 


Appius Claudius; L. Vo- 
P. Corn. Arvina ; Q. 
L. Pofthumius; T. Mi- 


nucius. 

-450. P. Sulpicius $ 5 averrio; 

Sempronius Sophus. The ./Equi conquered. 

- —.- 451. L. Genucius; Ser. Cor¬ 
nelius. 


.- 452. M. Livius; M JEmilius. 

. 453. Q. Fabius Maximus Rul- 

liamis ; M. Val. Corvus ; not confuls, but 
dictators, according to fome authors. 

- 454. M. Valerius Corvus; Q. 

A puleius. The priefthood made common to 
the plebeians. 

--455. M. Fulvius Paetinus; T. 

Manlius TorquatuS. 

-456. L. Cornelius Scipio; Cn. 

Fulvius. 


-- 457 - Q- Faoius Maximus 4; 

P. Decius Mus 3. Wars againft the Sam¬ 
nites. 

-*— 458. L. Volumnius 2; Ap. 

Claudius 2. Conqueit over the Etrurians and 

Samnites. A 

- 459 - Q- Fabius 5 ; P. Decius 

4. Decius devotes himfelf in a battle againft 
the Samnites and the Gauls, and the Romans 
obtain a vidtory. 

- 460. L. Poftumius Megellus ; 

M. Atilius Regulus. 

- 461. L. Papirius Curfor ; Sp. 

Carvilius. Victories over the Samnites. 

- 462. Q. Fabius Gurges ; D. 

Jun. Brutus Scxva. Vidtory over tha Sam¬ 
nites. 


-463. L. Poftumius 3; C. Jun. 

Brutus. JElculapius brought to Rome in the 
form of a ferpent from Epidaurus. 

- 464, P. Corn. Rufmus; M. 

Curius Dentatus. 


•- 465. M. Valerius 

Q. Ctedicius Nodtua, 


Corvinus 5 

A. U. Ci 
























































A. U. C. 466. Q. Mnrcius Tremulus; 

P. Corn. Arvina, 

-- 467. M. Claudius Marcellus; 

C. Nautius. 

- 468. M. Valerius Pqtitus; C. 

iElius Pa?tus. 

-*— 469. C. Claudius Ctenina : M. 

-flEmilius Tepid us. 

-— 470. C. Servilius Tlicca ; Cx- 

cilius Metellus. War with the Scnones. 

-- 471. P. Corh. Dolnbella ; C. 

Domiiius Calvinus. The Senones defeated. 

---— 472. Q. -ffimiliu,; C. Fabri- 

eius. War with Tarentum. 

-473. I;. iEmflius Barbula j 

Q. Marcius. Pyrrhus comes to aflift Tarentum. 
-— - 474. P. Valerius Lsevinus ; 

Tib. Coruncianus. Pyrrhus conquers the 
conful I^vinus, and though vidborious, lues 
for peace, which is refilled by the Roman fe- 
nate. The cenlus was made, and 272,222 
citizens were found. 

*-— 475- P- Sulpicius Snverrio; 

P- Decius Mus. A battle with Pyrrhus. 

-476. C. Fabricius Lul'cinus 2 ; 

Q. JEmilius Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Si- 
-c\ly. The treaty between Rome and Car¬ 
thage renewed. 

--477. P. Corn.' Rufinus ; C. 

Jun. Brutus. Crotona and Locri taken. 

-r- 478. Q. Fabrus Maximus 

Gurees 2 ; C. Genucius Clepfina. Pyrrhus 
returns from Sicily to Italy. 

- 479'. M. Curius Dentatus 2 ; 

I.. Corn. Tentulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated 
by Curius. 

—- 480. M. C urius Dentatus 3 ; 

Ser. Corn. Merenda. 

- 4X1. C. Fabius Dorfo; C. 

C laudius Ctcnina 2. An erahafly from Phi- 
ladelphus 10 conclude an alliance with the 
Romans. 

- 482. L. Papirtus Curfor 2 ; 

Sp. Carvilius 2. Tarentum lurrenders. 

- 483. L. Genucius; C. Quintilius. 

- 484. C. Genucius; Cn. Cor¬ 
nelius. 

-485. Q. Ogulinus Gallus; C. 

Fabius Pidbor. Silver money coined at Rome 
for the firft time. 

-— 4S6. P. Sempronius Sophus; 

Ap. Claudius CralTus. 

- 487. M. Atilius Regulus; L. 

Julius Tibo. Italy enjoys peace univerfally. 

--- 488. Numerius Fabius; D. 

Junius. 

..- 489- Q. Fabius Curges 3 ; L. 

Mamilius Vitulus. The number of the 
quajftors doubled to eight. 

-. 490. Ap. Claudius Caudex ; 

M. Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans aid the 
Mamertines, which occafious the firft Punic 
war. Appius defeat', the Carthaginians in 
Sicily. The combats of gladiators firft inili- 
tuted. 


A. U. C. 49'i. AT Valerius Maximus; 
M. Otaciljus CralTus. Alliance between 
Rome and- Hiero king of Syracufe.. A fuu 
dial lull put up at Rome, brought from 
Catana. 


- 492. L. Poftumius Gemellus ; 

Q. Mamilius Vitulus. The fiege and taking 
of Agrigentum. The total defeat of the Car¬ 
thaginians. 

--- 493. L. Valerius Flaccus; T. 

Otacilius CralTus. 

-- 494 - Cn. Cora Scipio Afina ; 

C. Duillius. In two months the Romans build 
and equip a tleet of 120 gallies. The naval 
vidbory and triumph of Duillius. 

- 495. L. Corn. Scipio; C.Aqui- 

l:us Florus. Expedition againft Sardinia and 
Corfica. 

- 496. A. Atilius Calatinus; C. 

Sulpicius Paterculus. The Carthaginians 
defeated in a naval battle. 

-- 497. C. Attilius Regulus ; 

Cn. Corn. Blalio. 

- 498. L. Manlius Vulfo; Q.. 

Ccedicius. At the death of Caedicius. M.Atilius 
Regulus.2, was eledbed for the reft of die year. 
The famous battle of Ecnoma. The vidbo- 
rious coululs land in Africa, 

- 499. Serv. Fulvius Paetinus 

Nobilior; M. iEmilius Paulus. Regulus, 
after many vidbories in Africa, is defeated, and 
taken prifoner by Xanthippus. Agrigentum 
retaken by the Carthaginians. 

- 500. Cn. Corn. Scipio Afina 

2 ; A, Attilius Calatinus 2. Panormus taken 
by the Romans. 

-50r. Cn. Servilius Ca?pio ; C. 

Sempronius Bkslus. The Romans dilcou- 
raged by fhipwrccks, renounce the fovereignty 
of the feas. 


-502. C. Aurelius Cotta; P. 

Servilius Oeminus. Citizens capable to bear 
arms, amounted to 297 , 797 - 

-- 503. L. C^cilius Aletellus 2 ; 

C. Furius Pacilus. The' Romans begin to 
recover their power by lea. 

.-504. C. Attilius Regulus 2 ; 

L. Manlius Volfo 2. The Carthaginians 
defeated near Panormus in Sicilv. One hun¬ 
dred and forty-two elephants taken and fent 
to Rome. Regulus a^vifes the Romans not 
to exchange prifoners. He is put to death in 
the mojb excruciating torments. 

- 505. P. Clodius Pulcher; L. 

Jun. Pullus. The Romans defeated in a 
naval battle. The Roman fleet loft in a ftorm. 

--- 506. C. Aurelius Cotta 2 ; P. 

Servilius Geminus 2. 


-.507. L. Csecilius Metellus 3 ; 

Num. Fabius Buteo. The number of the ci¬ 
tizens 252,222. 

- 508. M. Otapilius CralTus; M. 

Fabius Licinius. 


- 509. 

Attilius Balbus. 


M. Fabius Buteo; C. 

A- U. C, 












































A. XT. C. 51c. A. Manlius Torquatos’2 f 
C. Sempronius Blaefus. 

— ■ ■ ■ — 5 r i. C. Fundanius Fundulus; 
C. Sulpiciu' Gallus. A fleet built by indivi¬ 
duals at Rome. 

- 512. C. Lutatius Catulus ; A. 

Poftumius Albinus. The Carthaginian fleet 
defeated near the iflands iEgates. Peace made 
between Rome and Carthage. The Carthagi¬ 
nians evacuate Sicily 

- - - 513. Q. Lutatius Cerco ; A. 

Manlius Atticus. Sicily is made a Roman 
province. The 39th cenfus taken* The ci¬ 
tizens amount to 260,000. 

- 514. C. Claudius Centho ; M. 

Sempronius Tuditanus. 

—.- 515. C. Mamilius Turinus ; 

Q • Valerius Falto. 

-- 516. T. Sempronius Gracchus ; 

P. Valerius Falto. The Carthaginians give up 
Sardinia to Rome. 

-- 517. L. Corn.Lentulus Caudi- 

nus; Q. Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans offer 
Ptolemy Evergetes afliftance againft Antiochus 
The os. 

-- 518. P- Corn. Lentulus Cau- 

dirius; Licinius Varus. Revolt of Corfica and 
Sardinia. 

‘- 519. C. Atilius Bulbus <2 ; T. 

Manlius Torquatos. The temple of Janus 
fhut for the firft time fince the reign of Nu- 
ma about 440 years. An univerfal peace at 
Rome. 

- 520. L. Poftumius Albinus ; 

Sp. Carvilius Maximus. 

- 521. Q. Fabius Maximus Ver- 

rucoius ; M. Pomponius Matho. Differences 
and jealoufy between Rome and Carthage. 

- 522. M. jEmilius Lepidus ; 

M. Publicius Malleolus. 

-.523. M. Pomponius Matho 2 ; 

C. Papirius Mafo. The firft divorce known 
at Rome. 

- 524. M. iEmilius Barbula ; 

M. Junius Pera. War with the Illyrians. 

.- 525. L. Poftumius Albinus 2 ; 

Cn. Fulvius Centumalus. The building of new, 
Carthage. 

•- 526. Sp. Carvilius Maximus 2; 

Q. Fabius Maximus. 

-— 527. P. Valerius Flaccus; M. 

Atilius Regulus. Two new prators added to 
the other prtetors. 

— - 528. M Valerius Meflala ; L. 

Apullius Fullo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. 
The Romans could now lead into the field of 
battle 770,000 men. 

- 529. L. -/Emilius Papus ; C. 

Atilius Regulus. The Gauls defeat the Ro¬ 
mans near Clufium. The Romans obtain a 
viftory near Telamon. 

.-- 530. T. Manlius Torquatos 2; 

Q Fulvius Flaccus 2. The Boii, part of the 
Gauls, furrender. 

531. C. Flaminius; P Furius 


A. T J. C. 532. M. Claudius Marcellus; 
Cn. Corn. Scipio Calvus. A new war with the 
Gauls. Marcellus gains the fpoils called opitna. 

- 533- P. Cornelius ; M. Mi- 

nucius Rufus. Annibal takes the command of 
the Carthaginian armies in Spain. 

-—— 534 * L. Vetutius; C. Luta¬ 
tius. The Via Flamima built. 

-— - 533. M. Livius Salinator; L. 

^Emilius Paulus. War with Illyricum. 

.. - - 536. P. Corn. Scipio; T. 

Sempronius Longus. Siege of Saguntum, by 
Annibal, the caufe of the fecond Punic war. 
Annibal marches towards Italy, and croffes 
the Alps. The Carthaginian fleet defeated 
near Sicily. Sempronius defeated near Trebia, 
by Annibal. 

- 537 - Cn. Servilius; C. Flami¬ 
nius 2. A famous battle near the lake Thra- 
fymenus. Fabius is appointed dictator. Suc- 
cefs of Cn. Scipio in Spain, 

-538. C. Terentius Varro; L. 

iEmilius Paulus 2. The famous battle of 
Canna?. Annibal marches to Capua. Mar¬ 
cellus beats Annibal near Nola. Afdrubal be¬ 
gins his march towards Italy, and his army is 
totally defeated by the Scipios. 

- 539. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus; 

Q. Fabius Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia 
enters into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia 
revolts, and is reconquered by Manlius. The 
Carthaginians twice beaten in Spain by Scipio. 

•— — - 540. Q. Fabius Maximus 3 ; 

M. Claudius Marcellus a. Marcellus befieges 
Syracufe by fea and land. 

-541. Q. Fabius Maximus 4 ; 

T. Sempronius Gracchus 3. The fiege of Sy¬ 
racufe continued. 

-542. Q. Fulvius Flaccus; Ap. 

Claudius Pulcher. Syracufe taken and plun¬ 
dered. Sicily made a Roman province. Ta- 
rentum treacheroufly delivei'ed to Annibal. 
The two Scipios conquered in Spain. 

-543. Cn. Fulvius Centumalus, 

P. Sulpicius Galba. Capua hefieged and taken „ 
by the Romans. P. Scipio lent to Spain with 
proconfular power. 

- 544. M. r laudius Marcellus 4 ; 

M. Valerius Lzevinus 2. The Carthaginians 
driven from Sicily. Carthagena taken by 
young Scipio. 

- 545. Q. Fabius Maximus 5 ; 

Q. Fulvius Flaccus 4. Annibal defeated by 
Marcellus. Fabius takes Tarentum. Afdru- 
bal defeated by Scipio. 

•- 546. M. Claudius Marcellus 5 ; 

T. Quintius Crifpinus. Marcellus killed in an 
ambufeade by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleet 
defeated. 

-547. ]VX. Claudius Nero; M. 

Livius 2. Afdrubal paffes the Alps. Nero 
obtains fome advantage over Annibal. The 
two confuls defeat Afdrubal, who is killed, and 
his head thrown into Annibal’s camp. The 
Romans make war againft Philip. 


Philus. 


A. XT, C. 







































CO 


CO 


,A. U. C. 548. L. Veturius ; Q. Cicci- 
lius. Scipio obtains a vidlory over Afdrubal, 
the fon of Gilgo, in Spain. Mafinifla fides 
with the Romans. 

—*- 549 * P- Cornerius Scipio; P. 

Licinius Craflus. Scipio is impowered to in¬ 
vade Africa. 

—-- 550. M. Cornelius Cethegus; 

P. Sempronius Tuditanus. Scipio lands in 
Africa. The cenfus taken,and 215,000heads 
of families found in Rome. 

. . 55 i» Cn. Servilius Ctepio; C. 

Servilius Geminus. Scipio fpreads general 
confternation in Africa. Annibal is recalled 
from Italy by the Carthaginian fenate. 

- 1 - 552. M. Servilius ; Ti. Clau¬ 

dius. Annibal and Scipio come to a parley ; 
they prepare for battle. Annibal is defeated 
Zama. Scipio prepares to befiege Car¬ 
thage. 

-- 553 * Cn. Corn. Lentulus; P. 

iElius Paetus. Peace granted to the Cartha¬ 
ginians. Scipio triumphs. 

-- 554. P. Sulpicius Galba 2 ; 

C. Aurelius Cotta. War with the Macedo¬ 
nians. 

- 555. L. Corn. Lentulus ; P. 

Villius Tapulus. The Macedonian war con¬ 
tinued. 

- 556. Sex. iElius Paetus ; T. 

Quintius Flaminius. Philip defeated by Quin- 
tius. 

-■—- 557. C. Corn. Cethegus; Q. 

Minucius Rufus. Philip is defeated. Quin- 
tius grants him peace. 

-- 558. L. Furius Purpureo; M. 

Claudius Marcellus. The independence of 
Greece proclaimed by Flamininus, at the Ifth- 
mian games. 

- 559. L. Valerius Flaccus; M. 

Porcius Cato. Quintius regulates the affairs 
of Greece. Cato’s vidlories in "Spain, apd 
triumph. The Romans demand Annibal from 
the Carthaginians. 

- 560. P. Corn. Scipio Africa- 

mus 2; T. Sempronius Longus. Annibal flies 
to Antiockus. 

. - 561. L. Cornelius JMerula; 

Q. Minucrus Thermus. Antiochus prepares 
to make war againft Rome, and Annibal en¬ 
deavours in vain to ftir up the Carthaginians 
to take up arms. 

•- 562. L. Quintius Flamininus ; 

Cn. Domitius. The Greeks call Antiochus 
to deliver them. 

-- 563. P. Corn. Scipio Nafica ; 

Manlius Acilius Glabrio. The fuccefs of Aci- 
lius in Greece againft Antiochus. 

- 564. L. Corn. Scipio ; C. Lse- 

lius. The fleet of Antiochus under Annibal 
defeated by the Romans. Antiochus defeated 
by Scipio. 

---565. M. Fulvius Nobilior ; 

Cn. Manlius Vulfo. War with the Gallo- 

greciaa*. 


A.U.C. 566. M. Valerius MefTala ; C. 

Livius Salinator. Antiochus dies. 

--—— 567. M. iEmilius Lepidus ; 

C. Flaminius. The Ligurians reduced. 

• - -568, Sp.. Poflumius Albinus; 

Q. Marcius Philippus. The Bacchanalia abo- 
lilhedat Rome.. 

- 569. Ap. Claudius Pulcher ; 

M. Sempronius Tuditanus. Victories in Spain 
and Liguria. 

• - 570. P. Claudius Pulcher ; L. 

Porcius Licinius. Philip of Macedon fends 
his fon Demetrius to Rome. 

-571. M. Claudius Marcellus ; 

Q. Fabius Labeo. De&th of Annibal, Scipio, 
and Philopcemen. Gauls invade Italy. 

-- 572. M. Basbius Tamphilus ; 

L. iEmilius Paulus. Death of Philip. 
-• 573. P.Cornelius Cethegus ; 

M. Bajbius Tamphilus. Expeditions againft; 
Liguria. The firft gilt ftatue railed at Rome. 

• -574- A. Poflumius Albinus 

Lufcus ; C. Calpurnius Pii’o. Celtiberians 
defeated. 

-- 57 5* Q. Fulvius Flaccus; L, 

Manlius Acidinus. Alliance renewed with 
Perfeus the fon of Philip. 

-- 576. M. Junius Brutus ; A } 

Manlius Vulfo. 

--- 577. C. Claudius Pulcher ; T. 

Sempronius Gracchus. The Iflrians defeated. 

— -— 578. Cn. Corn. Scipio Hifpa- 

lus ; Q. Petilliys Sputinus. 

-- 579. P. Mucius; M. iEmilius 

Lepidus a. 

— - 580. Sp. Pollumius Albinus; 

Q. Mucius Scawola. 

- 581. L. Poflumius Albinus ; 

M. Popilius Lsenas. 

■-— 582. C. Popilius Irenas; Pc 

iElius Ligur. War declared againft Perfeus. 

-- 583. P. Licinius Craffus-; C« 

Caflius Longinus. Perfeus gains fome ad¬ 
vantage over the Romans. 

--- 584. A. Hoftilius Mancinus; 

A. Atiliu3 Serranus. 

-- 585. Q- Marcius Philippus 2 ; 

Cn. Seyvilius Carpio. The campaign in Ma¬ 
cedonia. 

--— 586. L. iEmilius Paulus 2 ; 

C. Licinius Craffus. Perfeus is defeated and 
taken prifoner by Paulus. 

- 587. Q.iElius Paetus; M. Ju- 

niu s Pennus. 

-588. M. Claudius Marcellus ; 

C. Sulpicius Galba. 

-589. Cn. Odtavius Nepos; T . 

Manlius Torquatus. 

—- 590. Aldus' Manlius Torqucv- 

tus ; Q. ''aftius Longus. 

- 591, Ti.Sempronius Gracchus ; 

M. Juvencius Phalna. 

--502. P. Corn. Scipio Nafica ; 

C. Marcius Figulus. Demetrius flies from 
Rome, and is made king of Syria. 

P A U. Cr 
















































CO 


CO 


A- it. C. 5 93. M. Valerius Meffala ; C. 
Jvnnius Strabo. 

-- 594. L. Anicius Gallus ; M. 

( Corn. Cethegus. 

—- 595 * C. Cornelius Dolabella ; 

M. Fulvius Nobilior. 

-- 596. M. aEmilius Lepidus ; 

C. Popilius Laenas. 

* - 597 * Sex. Jul. Caefar; L. 

Aurelius Oreftes. War againft the Dalma¬ 
tians. 

-- 598. L. Corn. Lentulus Lu¬ 
pus 5 C. Marcius Figulus 2. 

* - 599. P. Corn. Scipio Nafica a ; 

M. Claudius Marcellus2. 

-- 600. Q. Opimius Nepos; L. 

Poftumius Albinus. 

• -601. Q. Fulvius Nobilior ; T. 

Annius Lufcus. The falfe Philip. Wars in 
Spain. 

• - 602. M. Claudius Marcellus 

3 ; L'. Valerius Flaccus. 

- 603. L. Licinius Lucullus ; 

A. Pofthumius Albinus. 

-- 604. T, Quintius Flamininus; 

M. Acilius Balbus. War between the Car¬ 
thaginians and Mafinifla. 

’ - 605* L- Marcius Cenforinus ; 

M. Manilius Nepos. The Romans declared 
war againft Carthage. The Carthaginians \vi(h 
to accept the hard conditions which are im- 
pofed upon them ; but the Romans lay that 
Carthage mull be deftroyed. 

- - - • 606. Sp. Poftumius Albinus ; 

L. Calpurnius Pifo. Carthage befieged. 

-- 607. P. Corn. Scipio ; C. Li- 

vius Drufus. The liege of Carthage continued 
with vigor by Scipio. 

- 608. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus ; 

L f Mummius. Carthage furrenders, and 
is deftroyed. Mummius takes and burns Co¬ 
rinth . 

- 609. Q. FabiusJEmilianus; L. 

Hoftilius Mancinius. 

- 610. Ser. Sulpicius Galba; L, 

Aurelius Cotta. 

«— ■ • 611. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; 

Q. Cscilius Metellus Macedonicus. War 
againft the Celtiberians. 

- 612. L. Metellus Calvus; Q. 

Fabius Maximus Servilianus. 

-- - 613. Q. Pompeius ; C. Servi- 

lius Caepio. 

——-■* $14. C. Laslius Sapiens ; Q. 

Servilius Cjepio. The wars with Viriatus. 

•- 615, M. Popilius Lsenas ; C. 

Calpurnius Pifo. 

- - 616. p. Corn. Scipio Nafica ; 

D. Junius Brutus. The two canfuls impri- 
fomd by the tribunes. 

. ■ < 61 M. iEmilius Lepidus; C. 

Hoftilius Mancinus. Wars againft Numan- 
tia. - 

-618. P, furiua Pliilus $ Sex. 

Acilius Serranua. 


A. U. C. 619. Ser. Fulvius Flaccus ; Q. 
Calpurnius Pifo. 

- 620. P. Corn. Scipio 2 ; C. 

Fulvius Flaccus. 

- 621. P. Mucius Scaevola ; L. 

Calpurnius PifoFrugi. Numantiafurrenders 
to Scipio, and is entirely demolilhed. The 
feditions ofTi. Gracchus at Rome. 

-- 622. P. Popilius Laenas ; P. 

Rupillus. 

-, 623. P. Licinius Craflus ; L. 

Valerius Flaccus. 

- 624. C. Claudius Pulcher ; M. 

Perpenna. In the cenfus are found 313,823 
citizens. 

- 625. C. Sempronius Tudita- 

nus ; M. Aquilius Nepos. 

- 626. Cn. O&avius Nepos ; T. 

Annius Lufcus. 

■ ■ - - 627. L. Caflius Longus ; L. 

Cornelius Cinna. A revolt of Haves in Sicily. 

- 628. L. iEmilius Lepidus; L. 

Aurelius Oreftes. 

- 629. M. Plautius Hypfaeus; 

M. Fulvius Flaccus. 

- 630. C. Caflius Longinus; L. 

Sextius Calvinus. 

- 631. Q. Caecilius Metellus ; T. 

Quintius Flamininus. 

- 632. C. Fannius Strabo; Cn. 

Domitius Ahenobarbus. The feditions of 
Caius Gracchus. 

- 633. Lucius Opimius ; Q. Fa¬ 
bius Maximus. The unfortunate end of Caius 
Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated. 

-634. P. Manlius Nepos j C. 

Papirius Carbo. 

- 635. L. Caecilius Metellus 

Calvus ; L. Aurelius Cotta. 

- 636. M. Portius Cato ; Q. 

Marcius Rex. 

•-—— 637. L. Caecilius Metellus ; Q. 

MutiuS Sctevola. 

- 638. C. Licinius Geta; Q. 

Fabius Maximus Eburnus. 

- 639. M. Caecilius Metellus ; 

M. iEmilius Scaurus, 

- 640. M. Acilius Balbus ; C. 

Portius Cato. 

- 641. C. Caecilius Metellus; 

Cn. Papirius Carbo. 

—- 642. M. Livius Drufus ; L. 

Calpurnius Pifo. The Romans declare war 
againft Jugurtha. 

■ - - 643. P. Scipio Nafica; L. Cal- 

purnius Beftia. Calpurnius bribed and de¬ 
feated by Jugurtha. 

- 644. M.Minucius Rufus ; Sp. 

Poftumius Albinus. 

- 645. Q. Ca»ciliu3 Metellus ; 

M Junius Silanus. Succefsof Metellus againlt 
J ngurtha. 

————— 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba ; 
M. Aurelius Scgurus. Metellus continues 

the war. 
t 


A, U. C 



























































CO 


A. U. C. 647. C. N Marius; L. Caftius. 
The war againft Jugurthjr continued with 
vigor by Marius. 

- 648. C. Atilius Serranus ; Q. 

Servilius Cxpio. Jugurtha betrayed by Boc- 
ehus into the hands of Sylla, the lieutenant of 
Marins. 

- 649. P. Rutilius Rufus; Corn. 

Manlius Maximus. Marius triumphs over 
Jugurtha. Two Roman armies defeated by 
the Cimbri and Teutones. 

. 650. C. Marius 2 ; C. Fla¬ 
vius Fimbria. The Cimbri Inarch towards 
Spain. 

- 651. C Marius 3 ; L. Au¬ 
relius Oreftes. The Cimbri defeated in 
Spain. 

- 65a. C. Marius 4; Q. Lutf- 

tius Catulus. The Teutones totally defeated 
by Marius. 

- 653. C. Marius 5 ; M. Aquil- 

lius. The Cimbri enter Italy, and are de¬ 
feated by Marius and Catulus. 

-654. C. Marius 6 ; L. Vale¬ 
rius Flaccus. Factions againft Metellus. 

- 65J. M. Antonius ; A. Pof- 

tumius Albinus. Metellus is gloriouily re¬ 
called. 

-- 656. I.. Ctecilius Metellus 

Nepw ; T. Didius. 

————- 657. Cn. Corn. Lent ulus; P. 
I. ic ini us Craflus 

- ■ - 658. Cn. Domitius Ahenobar- 

bus ; C. Caftius Longinus. The kingdom of 
Cyrene left by will to the Roman people. 

- 659. L. Licinius Craflus; . 

M ueiu s Scsevola. Sedition s of Norhanu s. 

- 660. C. Ccelius Caldus ; J.. 

Domitius Ahenobarbus. 

.- 661. C. Valerius Flaccus; M. 

Herennius. Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 
lions with men in the Circus. 

-. 662. C. Claudius Pulcher ; M. 

Perpenna. The allies wiih to be admitted 
citizens of Rome. 

- 663. I«. Marcius Philippus ; 

Sex Julius Cjelar. The allies prepare to re¬ 
volt. 

- 664. M. Julius Ctefar; P.Ru- 

tilius Rufus. Wars with the Marfi 

-665. Cn. Pompeius Strabo; L. 

Portius Cato. The great valor of Sylla fur- 
named the Fortunate. 

- 666. L. Cornelius Sylla; Q. 

Pompeius Rufus. Sylla appointed to condudl 
the Mithridatic war. Marius is empowered 
to fuperfede him; upon which Sylla returns to 
Rome with his army, and takes it, and has 
Marius and his adherents judged as enemies. 

- 667. Cn. Octavius; L. Corne 

lius Cinna. Cinna endeavours to recal Ma¬ 
rius, and is expelled. Marius returns, and 
with Cinna, marches againft Rome. Civil 
wars und (laughter. 

_:-- 668. C. Marius 7; L. Corne¬ 
lius Cinna a. Marius died, and Valerius 


CO 

Flaccus was cbolen in his room. The Miv 
thrfttatic war. 

A. U. C. 669. L. Cornehus Cinna 3 ; 
Cn. Papirius Carbo. The Mithridatic war 
continued by Sylla. 

- 679. L. Cornelius Cinna 4 ; 

Cn. Papirius Carbo 2. Peace with Mithri- 
dates. 

- 671. L. Corn.Scipio Afiaticus 5 

C. Norhanus. The capitol burnt. Pompey 
joins Sylla. 

- 672. C. Marius ; Cn. Papi¬ 
rius Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome between 
Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizens 
by order of Sylla, who makes himfelf dic¬ 
tator. 

- 673. M. Tullius Decula;Cn. 

Cornelius Dollabella. Sylla weakens and 
circumfcribes the power of the tribunes. Pom- 
pey triumphs over Africa. 

- 674. L. Corn. Sylla Felix 2 ; 

Q. Cxcilius Metellus Pius. War againft Mi- 
thridates. 

-675. P. Servilius Vatia ; Ap. 

Claudius Pulcher. Sylla abdicates the didta- 
torihip. 

-676. M. iEmilius Lepidus ; 

Q. Lutatius Catulus. Sylla dies. 

-677. D. Junius Brutus; Ma- 

mercus JEmilius Lepidus Livianus. A civil 
war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey 
goes againft Sertorius in Spain. 

- 678. Cn. Odhvius ; M. Scri- 

bonius Curio. Sertorius defeated 

-679. L. Odlavius ; C. Aurelius 

Cotta. Mithridates and Sertorius make a 
treaty of alliance together. Sertorius mur¬ 
dered by Perpenna. 

- 680. L. Licinius Lucullus ; 

M. Aurelius Cotta. Lucullus conducts th« 
Mithridatic war. 

- 681. M. Terentius Varro Lu¬ 
cullus ; C. Caftius Varus Spartacus. The 
gladiators make head againft the Romans with 
much fuccels. 

-682. L. Gellius Poplicoln; Cn. 

Corn. Lentulus Clodianus. Vidtories of Spar¬ 
tacus over three Roman generals. 

- 683. Cn. Aufidius Oreftes;P. 

Corn. Lentulus Sura. Craflus defeats and 
kills Spartacus near Apulia. 

■ ■ " ■ 684. M. Licinius Craflus; Cn. 

Pompeius Magnus. Succefles of Lucullus 
againft (Viithridates. The cenlus amounts to 
above 900,000. 

- 685. Q. Hortenflus 2 ; Q. 

atcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats Tigranes 
king of Armenia, and meditates the invaflon 
of Parthia. 

- 686. Q. Marcius Rex ; L. Cx* 

cilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats the united 
forces of Mithridates and Tigranes. 

. - 687. M. Acilius Glabrio ; C. 

Calpurnius Pifo. Lucullus falls under the dif. 
pleafure of his troops, who partly defert him. 
Pompey goes againft the pirates. 

V 2 


A.V.C 










































CO 


CO 


A.“U. C. 688. M. j*Emi!ius Lepidus; L. 
Volcat-us Tullus. Pompey fucceeds Lucullus 
to tuiifh the Mithridatic war, and defeats the 
enemy. 

— » ■■■■ 689. L.Aurelius Cotta; L.Man- 

lius Torquatus. Succels of Pompey in Alia. 

— - 690. L. Julius Caefar,; C. 

Martius Figulus. Pompey goes to Syria. 
His conquefts there. 

■ — -- 691. M. Tullius Cicero ; C. 

Antonius. Mithridates poifons bimfelf. Ca¬ 
tiline confpires againft: the ftate. Cicero dif- 
covers the confpiracy, and- punilhes the ad¬ 
herents. 

--s— 692. D. Junius Siianus; L. 

Licinius Muraena. Pompey triumphs over 

the Pirates, and Mithridates, Tigranes, ar.d 
Ariftobulus. 

«-693. M. Puppius Pil’o; M* 

Valerius Meflala Niger. 

•- 694. L. Afranius ; Q. Metel- 

lus Celer. A reconciliation between Craflus, 
Pompey, and Caefar. 

— .- . 695. C. Jul. Caefar ; M. Cal- 

purnius Bibulus. Caefar breaks the fafces of 
his colleague, and is foie conful. He obtains 
the government of Gaul for five years- 

— -- 696. C. Calpurnius Pifo; A 

Gabinius Paulus. Cicero banifhed by means 
of Clodius. Cato goes againft Ptolemy king 
of Cyprus. Succeftes of Caefar in Gaul. 

-- - 697. P. Corn. Lentulus Spin- 

ther; Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos. Cicero 
recalled. Caefar’s fuccefs and victories. 

-698. Cn. Corn. Lentulus Mar- 

cellinus; L. Marcius Philippus. The trium¬ 
virate of Caefar, Pompey, and Craflus. 

--- 699. Cn. Pompeius Magnus 

t; M. Licinius Craflus 2. Crafliis goes 
againft Parthia. Caefar continued for five 
years more in the adminiftration of Gaul. His 
conqueft of Britain. 

— ■ - 700. L. Domitius Ahenobnr- 

bus; Ap. Claudius Pulcher. Great vict#ries 
«f Caefar. 

— - 701. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; 

M. Valerius Meflala. C rafl'us defeated and 
flain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius. 

— • - — . 702. Cn. Pompeius Magnus 

3 ; the only conful. He afterwards took for 
colleague, Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio. 
Revolts of the Gauls crufhed by Caefar. 

-- 703. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus; M. 

Claudius Marcellus. Rife of the jealouiy be¬ 
tween Caefar and Pompey. 

——- 704. L. AKmilius Paulus ; P. 

Claudius Marcellus. Cicero pro-coniul of 
Cilicia. Encreafa of the differences between 
C;efar and Pompey. 

—- — - 705. C. Claudius Marcellus; 

L. Cornelius Lentulus. Caefar begins the 
civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. Caefar 
made deflator, 

— -— 706. C. Julius Caefar 2 ; P. 

Sejrvitfus Ifauricus, Cxi ar defeats Pompey at 


Pharfalia. Pompey rmrtdered in Egypt. The 
wars of Caefar in Egypt. 

-707. Q. Fuflus Calenus;’ 1 P. 

Vatinius. Power and influence of Caefar at 
Rome. He reduces Pontus. 

-708. C. Julius Caefar 3; M, 

./Emilius Lepidus. Caefar defeats Pompey '$ 
partizans in Africa, and takes Utica. 

-709. C, Julius Caefar 4; Con¬ 
ful alone. He conquered the partizans of 
Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual 
Dictator and Jmperator, &c. 

-710. C. Julius Caefar 3; M. 

Antonius. Caefar meditates a war againft 
Parthia. Above 600 Romans confpire againft 
Caefar, and murder him in the fenate houfe. 
Antony raifes himfelf to power. The rife of 
O&avtus. 

-711. C. Vihius Panfa ; A. 

Hirtius. Antony judged a public enemy. He • 
joins Auguftus. Triumvirate of Antony, Aiv- 
guftus, and Lepidus. 

--712. L. Minucius Plancus ; 

M. ./Emilius Lepidus 2. Great hopors paid 
to the memory of J. Caefar. Brutus and 
Caflius join their forces againft Auguftus and 
Antony. 

--713. L. Antonius; P. Servi- 

lius Ifauricus 2. Battle of Philippi, and yhe 
defeat of Brutus and Caflius. 

--— 714. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; 

C. Afinius Pollio. Antony joins the fon of 
Pompey againft Auguftus. The alliance of 
fhort duration. 

——-- 715. L. Marcius Cenforinus ; 

C. Calvifius Sabin us/ Antony marries Odtavia 
the After of Auguftus, to ftrengthen their 
mutual alliance. 

■-716. Ap. Claudius Pulcher ; 

C. Norbanus Flaccus; to whom were fubfti* 
tuted C. Oclavianus, and Q. Pedius. Sext. 
Pompey, the fon of Pompey the Great, 
makes himfelf powerful by fea, to oppofe Au¬ 
guftus. 

•- 7 T 7 * Agrippa ; L. Cant- 

nius Gallus. Agrippa is appointed by Auguf¬ 
tus to oppofe Sext. Pompey with a fleet. He 
builds the famous harbour of Mifenum. 

-718. L. Gellius Poplicola ; M. 

Cocceius Nerva. Agrippa obtains a naval 
viilory over Pompey, who delivers himfelf tQ 
Antony, by whom he is put to death. 

—-- 719. L.Cornificius Nepos; Sex. 

Pompeius Nepos. Lentulus removed from 

power by Auguftus. > 

-720. L. Scribonius Libo; M. 

Antonius 2. Auguftus and Antony being 
foie matters of the Roman empire, make ano¬ 
ther divifion of the provinces. Caffar obtains 
the weft, and Antony the eaft. 

- 721. C. Caefar O&aviamis 

L. Volcatius Tullus. 061 avia divorced by 
Antony, who marries Cleopatra. 

— - *- ■ " Domitius Ahenobar- 

bus; 


9 




































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bin ; C. Sofius. Diflentions between Auguftus 
and Antony* \ 

A. U. C. 723. C. Caefar O&avianus 3 ; 
M. Valer. Meflala Corvinus. The battle of 
Adfium, which, according to fome authors, 
happened the year of Rome 721.—The end 
of the'commonwealth. 

Con sos, a deity at Rome, who prelided 
over councils. His temple was covered in the 
Maximus Circus, to Ihew that councils ought 
to be l'ecret and inviolable. Some fuppofe 
that it is the fame as Neptunus Equeftris. 
Romulus inftituted feftivals to his honor, called 
Confualia t during the celebration of which the 
Romans carried away the Sabine women. 
(Vtd. Confuales ludi.) Plut. in Rom. — Aufon. 
69. & eleg.de fer. R. 19. — Dionyf. Hal. I. — k 
Liv. i, c. 9. 

Consygna, the wife of Nicomedes king 
of Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs for her 
tafeivious deportment. Plin. 8, c. 40. 

Contadesdus, a river of Thrace. Hero- 
clot. 4, c. 90. 

Com tu bia, a town in Spain. Plot. 2 , c. 
17- 

Coon, the elded fon of Antenor, killed by 
Agamemnon. Homer. II. 

Coos, Cos, Cea, and Co, an ifland of the 
,/Egean fea. Fid. Co. 

Copje, a place of Greece, near the Cephi- 
fus. Plin. 4, c. 7. 

Copais lacus, now ’ Limxe, a lake of Bce- 
otia, into which the Cephifus and other ri¬ 
vers empty themfelves. It is famous for its 
excellent eels. Pauf. 9, .c. 24. 

Cophas, a fon of Artabazus. Curt. 7, C. 
11.-A river of India. Dionyf. Perieg. 

Cophontis, aborning mountain of Bac- 
triana. Plin. 2, c. 106. 

Copia, the goddels of plenty, among the 
"Romans reprefented as bearing a horn filled 
with grapes, fruits, See. 

Copillus, a general of the Te&ofagz, 
taken by the Romans. Plut. in Syll. 

C. Coponius, a commander of the fleet 
ofRhpdes, at Dyracchium, in the intered of 
Pompey. Cic. I, de Div. c. 8.'— Paterc. 2, 
C.83. . ... 

Coprates, a river of Alia, falling into the 
Tigris. Diod. 19. 

Copreus, a fon of Pelops, who fled to 
Mycenae at the death of Iphitus. Apollod. 2, 
c - 5 - 

Coptus & Coptos, now Kypt , a town of 
Egypt,about IOO leagues from Alexandria, on 
a canal which communicates with the Nile. 
Plin. 5, c. 9, 1 . 6, c. 2 $.—Strab. l6.— Juv. 
IS, v. 28. 

Cora, a town of Latium, on the confines 
oftheVolfci, built by a colony ofDardanians 
before the foundation of Rome. Lucan. J, v. 
392— Firg. JEn. 6, v. 775. 

Coracesium & Coracensium, a mari¬ 
time town of Pamphylia, Liv. 33, c. 20. 


Coraconasus, a town of Arcadia, where 
the Ladon falls into the Alpheus. Pauf. 8, 
c. 25. 

Cor ALETTE, a people cf Scythia, place. 
6, v. 81. 

Coral Li, a favage people of Pontus. Ovid, 
ex. Pont. 4, el. 2, v. 37. 

Co^anus, a mifer. Fid, Nafica. 

Coras, a brother ofCaiillus andTyburtus, 
who fought againd tineas. Firg. Ain. 7, v, 
672. 

Corax, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, 
who fird demanded falary of his pupils. Cic. 
in Brut. 12, dc or at. I, c. 20.— Aul. Gelt. 5, 

c. 10.— Quintil. 3. c. 1.- A king of Sicyon. 

-A mountain of iEtolia. Liv. 36, c. 


3 °- 

Coraxi, a people of Colchis. Plin. 6, 
c - 5 - 

Corbeus, a Gaul, &c. Caf. Bell. G. 8, 
c. 6 . 


Corbis & Orsua, mo brothers, who 
fought for the dominion of a city, in the -pre- 
fence of Scipio, in Spain. Liv. 28, c. 21.—» 
Fal. Max. 9, c. II. 

Corbulo, Domitius, a prefe& of Bel¬ 
gium, who, when governor of* Syria, routed 
the Parthians, dedroyed Artaxata, and made 
Tigranes king of Armenia. Nero, jealous 
of his virtues, ordered him to be murdered ; 
and Corbulo hearing this, fell up®n his lword, 
exclaiming, I have well deferred this ! A. D. 
66 . His name was given to a place ( Monu - 
mentum) in Germany, which fome fuppofe to 
be modern Groningen. Tacit. Ann. II, c. i8» 

Corcyra, an ifland in the Ionian fea, 
about 12 mjles from Buthrotum, on the coaft 
of Epirus; famous for the fliipwreck of 
Ulyfles, and the gardens of Alcinous. It 
has been fucceffively called Drepane, Scberia, 
and Phancia, and now bears the name of 
Corfu. Some Corinthians, with Cherticrates 
at their head, came to fettle there, when ba- 
nifhed from their country, 703 years before 
the chriftian sera. A colony of Colchis had 
fettled there 1349 years before Chrid. The 
war which was carried on by the Athenians, 
againd the Corcyreans, and was called Cor - 
cyrean, became but a preparation for the Pe- 
loponnefian war. The people of Corcyra were 
once lb hated by the Cretans, that iuch as 
were found on the ifland of Crete were al¬ 
ways put to death. Ovid. Ib. 512.— Homer. 
Od. 5, iffc .— Lucan. 9, v. 32.— Mela, 2, C. 
y.—Plin. 4, c. 12. — Strab. 6 . 

Corduba, now Cordova, a famous city of 
Hifpania Bactica, the native place of both 
the Senecas, and of Lucan. Martial. 1, tp. 
62.— Mela. 2 , C. 6.—Ca/l Bell. Alex. 57.—- 
Plin. 3, c. I. 

Cordyla, a port of Pontus, fuppofed to, 
give its name to a peculiar fort of filhes caught 
there (Cordyla). Plin. 9, c. 15.— Martial. 


13, ^-1. 


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Cone, a daughter of Ceres, the fame as 
Proferpine. Feitivals called Coreia, were in- 
ftituted to her honor in Greece, 

Coressos, a hill near Ephefus. Herodot • 
5, c. 100. 

Corestjs, a prieft of Bacchus at Calydon 
in Boeotia, who was deeply enamoured of 
the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with 
difdain. He complained to Bacchus, who 
vifited the country with a peftilence. The 
Calydonians were directed- by the oracle, to 
appeat'e the god by facrificing aliirhoe on 
his altar. Tiie nymph was led to the altar, 
and Corefus, who was to facrifice her, forgot 
his refentment, and (tabbed himfelf. Calli- 
rhoe, confcious of her ingratitude to the love of 
Corelus, killed herfelf on the brink of a foun¬ 
tain, which afterwards bore her name. Pauf. 
7, c. 21. 

Coretas, a man who firft gave oracles at 
Delphi. Pint, dc orac. def 

Corfinium, now San Ferino , the capital 
of the Peligni, 3 miles from the Aternus which 
falls into the Adriatic. C<xf Civ. 1, c. 16.— 
Lucan. 2, V. 478.— Sil. 5, v.522. 

Coria, a furname of Minerva, among the 
Arcadians. Cic.de Nat. D. 3, c. 23. 

Corinna, a celebrated woman ofTana- 
gra, near Thebes, diiciple to Myrtis. Her 
father’s name was Archelodorus. It is faid, 
that fhe obtained five times a poetical prize, 
in Mihich Pindar was her competitor; hut it 
muft be acknowledged, that her beauty greatly 
contributed to defeat her rivals She had 
compofed 50 books of epigrams and odes, 
©f which only foroe few verfes remain. Pro- 

pert. 2, el. 3.— Pauf. 9, c. 22.-A woman 

of Thefpis, celebrated for her beauty.— 
Ovid’s miltrefs was alio called Corinna. Amor. 
a, el. 6. 

Corinnus, an ancient poet in the time of 
the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. 
Homer, as fomefuppofe, took his lubjeCt from 
the>poem of Corinnus. 

Corinthiacos sinus, is now called the 
gulph of I, e pan to. 

Corintiius, an ancient city of Greece, 
now called Corito , fitnated oh the middle 
of the ilthmus of Corinth, at the diftance of 
about 60 ftadia on either fide from the lea. 
It was firft founded by Silyphus ion of Mo- 
lus, A. M, 2616, and received its name 
from Corinthu3 the Ion of Pelops Its origi¬ 
nal name was Fphyre; and it is called Bima- 
ris, becaufe fituate between the Sasonicus 
Binus, and Grille us Sinus. The inhabitants 
were once very powerful, and lud great in 
fluence among the Grecian ftates. 1 hey 
colonized Syracufe in Sicily, arid delivered 
it from the tyranny of its oppreffors, by the 
means ul Timolepn. Corinth was totally 
deftroyed by L. Mummius, the Roman con¬ 
sul, and burnt to the ground, 146 B. C. 
^ .he riches which the Romans found there, 


were immenfe. During the conflagration, 
all the metals which were in the city melted 
and mixed together, and formed that valua¬ 
ble compofition of metals, which has fince 
been known by the name of Corinthium JEs. 
I his, however, appears improbable, efpecially 
when it is remembered that the artifts of 
Corinth made a mixture of copper with fmall 
quantities of gold and filver, and fo brilliant 
was the compofition, that the appellation of 
Corinthian hrafs afterwards (lamped an ex¬ 
traordinary value on pieces of inferior worth. 
There was there a famous temple of Venus, 
where lafciviotis women retorted, and fold 
their pleafures lo dear, that many of their 
lovers were reduced to poverty ; whence the 
proverb of 

Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum , 
to (hew that all voluptuous indulgences are 
attended with much expence. J. Caefar plant¬ 
ed a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured 
to raife it from its ruins, and reftore it to its 
former grandeur. The government of Co¬ 
rinth was monarchical, till 779 years B. C. 
when officers called Prytanes were inftituted. 
The war which lias received the name of 
Corinthian war, becaufe the battles were 
fought in the neighbourhood of Corinth, was 
begun B. C. 395, by the combination of the 
Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Ar- 
gives, againlt Lacedaemon. Pilander and 
Agefilaus diftinguiihed themfelves in that 
war; the former on the firft year of hofti- 
lities, was defeated with the Lacedaemonian 
fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus; while a few 
days after Agefilaus flaughtered 10,000 of 
the enemy. J he moil famous battles were 
fought at c.oronea and Leudtra ; but Agefi¬ 
laus refilled to befiege Corinth, lamenting 
that the Greeks inftead of deitroying one 
another, did not turn their arms againft tlie 
Perfian power. Martial. 9, ep. 58.-— Sueton. 
Aug. 70.—Z/v. 45, c. 28 -— Fior. 2, c. 16. 
Ovid. Met. 2, V. 24O .—Horat. I, ep. 17, V. 
36 .—rPlin. 34, c. 2.— Stat. Theb. 7, v. ic6. 
— Pauf. 2, C. I, &c. — Strab. '8, &C — Ha¬ 
mer. II. 15. — <Cic. Tufa. 4, c. 14. in Verr. 

4, c 44. de N. D. 3 - An a£lor at Rome. 

Juv. 8,j. 197.' 

CoriolAnus, the furname of C. Vfartius 
from his victory over Corioli, where, from a 
private foldier, he gained the amphft ho¬ 
nors. When matter of the j'tlace, Un accepted 
as the only reward, the furname of Corio- 
lanus, a horle, and priioners, and his ancient 
holt, to whom he immediately gave his 
liberty. After a number of military exploits, 
and many fervices to his country, he was 
refuted the ConiulfUip by the people, when 
his lcars had for a while influenced them in 
his favor. This railed his refentment ; arid 
when the Romans lud received a prefent of 
corn from Gelo king of Sicily, Coriolanus 
infilled that it fhould be fold for money, and 

not 




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not be given gratis. Upon this the tribunes 
railed the people againlt him for his impru 
dent advice, and even withed him to be put 
to death. This rigorous fentence was Hop¬ 
ped by the influence of the fenators, and Co- 
riolanus fubmitted to a trial. He was ba- 
nifhed by a majority of three tribes, and he 
immediately retired among the Vollci, to 
Attius Tullus, his greateff enemy, from 
whom he met a moll friendly reception. 
He advifed him to make war againff Rome, 
and be marched at the head of the Vollci 
as general. The approach of Coriolanus 
greatly alarmed the Romans, who fent him 
feveral embalfies to reconcile him to his 
country, and to folicit his return. He was 
deaf to all propofals, and bade them prepare 
for war. He pitched his camp only at the 
diffance of five miles from the city ; and 
his enmity againit his country would have 
been fatal, had not his wife Volumnia, 
and his mother Veturia, been prevailed upon 
by the Roman matrons, to go and appeai'e 
his relentment. The meeting of Coriola- 
nus with his family was tender and affetting. 
He remained long inexorable ; but at lalt 
the tears and entreaties of a mother and a 
wife prevailed over the llern and obHinate 
refolutions of an enemy, and Coriolanus 
marched the Volfci frem the neighbourhood 
of Rome. Tolhew their i'enl'e of Volumnia’s 
merit and patriotifm, th# Romans dedicated 
a temple to Female Fortune. The behaviour 
of Coriolanus, however, difpleafed the Vol- 
fci. He was fummoned to appear before the 
people of Autium; but the clamors which 
his enemies raifed, were fo prevalent, that 
he was murdered at the place appointed for 
his trial, B. C. 488. His body was honored 
with a magnificent funeral by the Vollci, and 
the Roman matrons put on mourning for his 
lols. Some hiHorians fay that he died in exile, 
in an advanced old age. Plut. in vita. — Flor. 
2 , C. 22. 

Coriom & Coriolla, a town ofLatium 
on the borders of the Volfci, taken fey the 
Romans under C. Martius, called from thence 
Coriolanus. Flin. 3, c. 5 -t—— Liv. 2, 
c- 33- 

Corissus, a town of Ionia. 

Coritus. Vii. Corytus. 

Co km as a, a town of Pamphylia. Liv. 

3 8 ’ c * x * . A ^ . 

Cormus, a nv^ near Aiiyria. Tactt. 12, 

Ann. C. 1 4 . 

CORNELIA LEX, de Civitate, was en¬ 
abled A. U. C. 670, by L. Corn. Sylla. It 
confirmed the Sulpician law, and required 
that the citizens of the eight newly eledled 
tribes, fhould be divided among the 35 an¬ 
cient tribes.-Another, de JudLiis , A. U C. 

673, bv the fame. It ordained that the 
.prxtor lhould always obferve the fame inva¬ 
riable method ip judicial proceedings, and 


that the procefs lhould not depend upon 

his will.-Another, de Sumptibus , by the 

fame. It limited the expences which gene¬ 
rally attended funerals.-Another, de R i*- 

ligione t by the tjame, A. U. C. 677. It re- 
Hored to the college of prieHs, the privilege 
of chufing the prieHs, which by the Domi- 
tian law, had been lodged in the hands of 

the people.-Another, de Municipiis , by 

the lame ; which revoked all the privilege? 
which had been iome time before granted to 
the leveral towns that had alfilled Marius and 

Cinna in the civil wars.-Another, de 

Mugijlratibus, by the lame; which gave the 
power of bearing honors and being promo* 
ted before the legal age, to thofe who had 
followed the interell of Sylla, while the fons 
aud partizans of his enemies, who had been 
prol'cribed, were deprived of the privilege of 
Handing for any office of the Hate.-Ano¬ 

ther, de Magiji'-atibus , by the fame, A. U. C. 
673. It ordained that no perfon lhould 
exercife the lame office within ten years dif¬ 
tance, or be invelted with two different ma- 

giHracres in one year.-Another, de Ma- 

frijlratibus , by the fame, A. U. C. 673. It 
diveffed the tribunes of the privilege of mak¬ 
ing laws, interfering, holding affemblies, 
and receiving appeals. All fuch as had been 
tribunes were incapable of holding any other 

office in the Hate by that law.-Another 

de Majejlate, by the lame, A. U. C. 670. 
It made it treaibn to fend an army out of a 
province,' or engage in a war without orders, 
to influence the loldiers to fpare or ranfom a 
captive general of the enemy, to pardon .the 
leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the ab- 
1‘ence of a Roman citizen, to a foreign 
court, without previous leave. The punilh- 
ment was, aqua tsf ignis interdiSlio. ■ 
Another by tha fame, which gave the power 
t,o a man accufed of murder, either by poi- 
fon, weapons, or falfe acculations, and the 
letting fire to buildings, to chufe whether 
the jury that tried him lhould give their ver¬ 
dict clam or palam , viva voce y or by ballot. 

-Another by the fame, which made it 

aqua \Z? ignis interdiflio to fuch as were 
guflty of forgery, concealing and altering of 
wills, corruption, falfe accufations, and the 
debafing or counterfeiting of the public coin ; 
all fuch as were acceffary to this offence, 

were deemed as guilty as the offender.- 

Another, de pecuniis repetundis , by which 
a man convi&ed of peculation or extortion in 
the provinces, was condemned to iuffer the 

aqua If f ignis interdidlio. - Another by the 

lame, which gave the power to fuch as were 
fent into the provinces with any government, 
of retaining their command and appointment, 
without a renewal of it by the fenate, as was 

j before obferved.-Another by the fame, 

which ordained that the lands of profcribed 
! perl'ons lhould be common, efpeciaily thole 
I P 4 about 





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about Vola'cerne and FefuJa* in Etruria, Which 
Sylla divided among his foldiers. - —Ano¬ 
ther by C. Cornelius, tribune of the people, 
A. U. C. 686 ; which ordained that no per¬ 
son fhould be exempted from any law, ac¬ 
cording to the general cultom, unlefs 2CO 
fenators were prelent in the fen ate ; and no 
perfon thus exempted, could hinder the bill of 
his exemption from being carried to the people, 

for their concurrence.-Another by Nafica, 

A. U. C. 582,to make war again!! Perieus,fon 
of Philip, king of ,Macedonia-, if he did not 
give proper l'atisfa&ion to the Roman people. 

Cornelia, a daughter of China, who 
was the firft wife of J. Ctefar. .She became 
mother of Julia, Pompey’s wife, and was fo 
affectionately loved by her hufband, that at 
her death he pronounced a funeral oration 
over her body. Pint, in Caf. -A daugh¬ 

ter of Metellus Scipio, who married Pom- 
pey, after the death of her hufband P. Cral- 
ius. She has been prnifed for her great 
virtues. When her hufband left her in the 
bay of Alexandria, to go on fliore in a fmall 
boat, flie faw him ftabbed by Achillas, and 
heard his dying groans without the poffi- 
bility of aiding him. She attributed all his 
misfortunes to his connection with her. Pint, 
in Pomp — A daughter of Scipio Africanus, 
who married Sempronius Gracchus, and was 
the mother of Tiberius and Cains Gracchus 
She was courted by a king ; hut fhe preferred 
being the wife of a Roman citizen, to that of 
a monarch. Her virtues have been defer- 
vedly commended, as well as the wholefome 
principles flie inculcated in her two Ions. 
When a Campanian lady made once a 
Jhew of her jewels at Cornelia’s houle, and 
entreated her to favor her with a fight of her 
own, Cornelia produced her two fons, fay¬ 
ing, Thefe are the only jewels of which I can 
boaft. In her lifetime, a ftatue was railed to 
her, with this infcription, Cornelia mater Grac- 
ehorum. Some of her epiftles are preferved. 
Pint, in Gracch.—Juv. 6, V. 167 .—Val. 
Max. 4, c. 4.— Cic. in Brut. 58. de cl. Or. 

58.-A veftal virgin, buried alive in Domi- 

tian’s age, as guilty of incontinence. Sueton. 
in Dom. 

Cornelii, an illuftrious family at R.ome, 
of whom the molt diftinguiflied were, Caius 
Cornelius, a foQthfayer of Padua, who fore¬ 
told the beginning and iffue of the battle ef 
Pharfalia.-Dolabeila, a friend and ad¬ 

mirer of Cleopatra. Pie told her that Au- 
guftus intended to remove her from the mo¬ 
nument, where (he had retired.-An of¬ 

ficer of Sylla, whom J. Caefar bribed to 
efcape the profcription which threatened his 

life.-Cethegus, a prieft, degraded from his 

office for want of attention.-Cn. a man 

chcfen by Marcellus to be his colleague in 
the confulihip.-Balbus, a man who hin¬ 

dered J.Csefar from riling up at the arrival of 


ithe fenators.—-Coffus, a military tribune 
during the time that there were no confuls in 
the'republic. Pie offered to Jupiter the 
ipbils called opima. Liv. 4, c. 19.-Bal¬ 

bus, a man of Gades, intimate with Cicero, 
by whom he was ably defended when accufed* 

--A freed man of Sylla the dictator . - ■ — » 

Scipio, a man appointed mafter of the horfe, by 

Camillus, when di£lator.-Gallus, an elegiac 

poet. Fid. Gallus.-—Merula, was made 

conful by Auguftus, in the room of Cinna. 

-Marcellus, a man killed in Spain, by 

Galba.-C. Nepos, an hiftorian. Fid. 

NepoS. ■ -- Merula, a conful, fent again!! the 
Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. Hi* 
grandfon followed the intereft of Sylla ; and 
when Marius entered the city he killed him- 

felf, by opening his veins.-Gallus, a man 

who died in the a£l of copulation. Val. Max , 

9, c. 12.-Severus, an epic poet in the 

age of Auguftus, of great genius. He wrote 
a poem on mount JEtna, and on the death of 

Cicero. Quintil. TO, v. 1.-Thufcus, a 

mifehievous perfon.-Lentulus Cethegus, 

a conful.-Aur. Celfus, wrote eight-books 

on medicine, Hill extant, and' highly valued. 

-Cn. and Publ. Scipio. Fid. Scipio. - - — 

Lentulus, a high prieft, &c. Liv. — Plut.-*- 
Fal. Max.—Tacit. — Suet. — Polyb. — C. Nep* 
&c. 

Corniculum, a town of Latium. Dionyf. 
Hal. 

Cornificius, a poet and general in the 
age of Auguftus, employed to accufe Bru¬ 
tus, &c. His filler Cornificia, was alfo 
bleffed with a poetical genius. Pint, in Brut . 

-A lieutenant of J. Caffar. Id. in Caf. 

-A. friend of Cicero, and his colleague in 

the office of augur, 

Corniger, a furname of Bacchus. 

Cornutus, a ftoic. philofopher of Africa, 
preceptor to Perfius the fatirift. He wrote 
fome treatifes on philofophy and rhetoric. 

Per/. 5, v. 36.-A pnetor of Rome, in the 

age of Cicero. Cic. 10, ep. 12.-A Roman, 

laved from the profcription of Marius, by 
his fervants, who hung up a dead man in his 
room, and faid it was their mafter. Plut. in 
Mario. 

Corcebus, a Phrygian, fon of Mygdon 
and Anaximena. He aflifted Priam in the 
Trojan war, with the hopes of being re¬ 
warded with the hand of Caffandra for his 
fervices. Caffandra advifed him in vain to 
retire from the war. He was killed by Pe- 
lleleus. Pauf. IO, C. 27 .—Virg. JEn. 2 , V. 

341, &c.-A courier of Elis, killed by 

Neoptolemus. He obtained a pri^e at Olym¬ 
pia, B. C. 776, in the 28th olympiad, from 
the inftitution oflphitus; but this year has 
generally been called the firft olympiad. Pauf. 

5, c. 8.-A hero of Argolis, who killed 

a ferpent called Poene# fent by Apollo to 
avenge Argos, and placed by fome authors in 




















CO 


CO 


the number of the furies. His country was 
afflicted with the plague, and he confulted the 
oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to 
build a temple, where a tripod which was 
given him, fliould fall from his hand. Pauf i. 
v. 43 - 

C orona, a town of Meflenia. Plin. 4,0.5. 

Coronea, a town of Boeotia, whefe,in the 
firft year of the Corinthian war, Agefilaus 
defeated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, 
Corinth, and Argos, B. C. 394. C. Nep. in 

Agef — Pauf. 9. c. 34.— Diod. 12-A town 

of Peloponnelus.—of Corinth.—of C yprus.— 
of Ambracia.—of Phthiotis 

Co ron is, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by 
Apollo. She became pregnant by her' 
lover, who killed her on account of her 
criminal partiality to Ifchys the Theflalian. 
According to fome, Diana killed her, for 
her infidelity to her brother, and Mercury 
faved the child from her womb, as fhe was 
on the burning pile. Others fay, that (he 
brought forth her ion and expoled him, 
near Epidaurus, to avoid her father’s rC- 
i'entment ; and they further mention, that 
Apollo had fet a crow to watch her beha¬ 
viour. The child was preferved, and called 
./Efculapius ; and the mother after death, 
received divine honors, and had a ftatue at 
Sicyon, in her Ion’s temple, which was ne¬ 
ver expofed to public view. Pauf. 2, c. 26. 

-The daughter of Coromeus, king of 

Fhocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, 
when flying before Neptune. Ovid. Met. 2, 

v. <?43.-One of the daughters of Atlas and 

Pleione. 

Coronia, a town of Acarnania. Tbucyd'. 2, 
C. 102. 

Coronus, a fon of Apollo. Pauf. 2, c. 5. 
- ■ ■ -A Ion of Phoroneus king of the Lapithte. 
Dicjl. 4. 

CorrhAgium, a town of Macedonia. 
Ziv.31, c. 27. 

Corsi, a people of Sardinia, defeended 
from the Corficans. 

Co rsi a, a town of Bceotia. Pauf. 9,c. 24. 

Corsica, a mountainous ifland in the 
Mediterranean, on the coaft of Italy. Its 
inhabitants were favage, and bore the cha¬ 
racter of robbers, liars, and atheifts, according 
to Seneca, who was exiled among them. 
They lived to a great age, and fed on honey, 
which was produced in great abundance, 
though bitter in talte, from the number of 
yew trees and hemlock which grew there, 
Corfica was in the poflefiion of the Carthagi¬ 
nians, and was conquered by the Romans, O.C. 
231. The Greeks called it Cyrnos. In the 
age of Pliny it was confidered as in a florilhing 
ltate, as it contained no lefs than 33 towns, a 
number far exceeding its prelent population. 
St fab. — Martial. 9> ep. 27-— Plin. 3, c. 6. 1 . 7* 
c. 2.— Ovid. I, Amor, el, 12, v. 10. Virg. 
pci. 9, v. 30, 


Corsote, a town of Armenia. 

Cor sura, an ifland in the bay of Car-* 
thage. 

Cortona, an ancient town of Etruria,' 
called Cory turn by Virgil. It was at the north 
of the rhrafymene lake. Dionyf. H. 1, c. 20 
& 26.— Liv. 9, c. 37. 1 . 22, c. 4. 

CorvInus, a name given to M. Valerius 
from a crow , which ailifted him when he Was 

fighting againft a Gaul.-An orator. Patere. 

2, c. 36.-MefTala, an eloquent orator, in 

the Auguftnn age, diftinguilhed for integrity 
and patriotil'm, yet ridiculed for his frequent 
quotations of Greek in his orations. In his old 
age, he became fo forgetful as not even to re¬ 
member his own name.-Onfe of this family 

became fo poor, that he was obliged, to main - 
tain himlelf, to be a mercenary Ihepherd. 
Juv. 1, v, 108. 

T. CoruncAnius, the firft plebeian who 
was made htgh-prieft at Rome.-The fa¬ 

mily of the Coruncanii was famous for the 
number of great men which it fupplied, for the 
lervice and honor of the Roman republic. Cic. 
pro Domo. 

Corus, a river of Arabia, falling into-the 
Red lea. Herodot. 3, c. 9. 

Corybantes, the priefts of Cybele, . 
called alfo Galli. In the celebration of their 
feftivals, they beat their cymbals, and be¬ 
haved as if delirious. They firft inhabited 
on mount Ida, and from thence pafTcd into 
Crete, and fecretly brought up Jupiter. 
Some fuppofe that they receive their name 
from Cory has fm of Jafus and Cybele, who 
firft introduced the rites of his mother into 
Phrygia. There was a feftival at OnoiTus in 
Crete called Corybantica , in commemoration 
of the Corybantes, who there educated Jupiter. 
Pauf 8, c. 37 — Diod. 5 . — Herat, I,od. 16.-— 
Virg. JEn. 9, v. 617, 1 . lO,v. 250. 

Corybas, a fon of Jafus and Cybele. Diod. 

5.-A painter, difciple to Nicomachus. 

Plin. 35,c ii. 

Corybassa, a city ofMyfia. 

Corybus, a promontory of Crete. 

Corycia, a nymph, mother of.Lycorus, 
by Apollo. Pauf IO, c. 6. 

Corycides, the nymphs who inhabited the 
foot of Parnaftus. This name is often applied 
to themufes. Ovid. Met. i, v.320. 

Corycius, an old man of Tarentum, 
whofe time was happily employed in taking 
care of his bees. He is reprelented by VirgiL 
G. 4, v. 127, &.c. as a contented old man, 
whofe affiduity and diligence are exemplary. 
Some fuppole that the word Corycius , implies 
not a perfon of that name, but a native of 
Corycus, who had fettled in Italy. 

Corycus, now Curco , a lofty mountain 
of Cilicia, with a town of the fame name, 
and alfo a cave, with a grove which pro¬ 
duced excellent faffron. Horat. 2, Sat. 4, 
v. 68.— Lucan, 9, v. 809^—/*//«. 5, s. 27* 

—Cic* 




CO 


CO 


—Cic. ad Fatn. 12, ep. 13.— Strab. 14.—— 
Another of Ionia, long the famous retreat of 

robbers.-Another at the foot of P«rnaflus, 

facred to the mules. Stat. Theb. 7.— 
Strab. 9. 

Cory don, a fictitious name of a fhepherd, 
often occurring in the paltorals of 1 heocritus 
and Virgil. 

Coryla & Coryleum, a village of 
Paphlagonia. 

Coryna, a town of Ionia. Mela, I,C. 17. 

Corymbifer, a furname of Bacchus, 
from his wearing a crown of corymbi , certain 
berries that grow on the ivy. Ovidi.FaJl. 
V- 393- 

Coryneta & Corynetes, a famous 
robber, fon of Vulcan, killed by Thefeus. 
Flat. in The/. 

CoRYpiiAsiuM, a promontory of Pelo- 
ponnefu.s. Fauf. 4, c. 36. 

Corypiie, a daughter of Oceanus. Cic. 
de Nat.D. 2, c. 23. 

Corythenses, a place of Tegea. Fauf. 8 , 
c. 45 - 

Corythus, a king of Corinth. Diod 4. 

Corytus, a king of Etruria, father to 
Jafius, whomDardanus is laid to have put to 
death, to obtain the kingdom. It is alio a 
town and mountain of Etruria, now Cor¬ 
tona, near which Dardanus was born. Virg. 
JEn. 2, v. 170. 1 . 7, v. 20 y.—Sil. 5, v. 123. 
1. 4, v. 721 . 

Cos, an ifiand. Fid. Co. 

Cos a & Cossa, or Cosje, a town of 
Etruria. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 168 r—Liv. 22, 
c. II.— Cic. 9, Att. 6, — C<rf. B. C I, c. 34. 

Cosconius, a Latin writer. Var>o de L. 

L. 5.--A wrenched epigram writer. Mar- 

pal. 2, ep. 77. 

£osingas, a Thracian priell of Juno, &c. 
Poly an. 7, c. 22. 

Co sis, a brother to the Icing of Albania, 
killed by Pompey. Plat, in Pomp. 

Cosmus, an effeminate Roman. Juv.S. 

Cossea, a part of Perlia. Diod. 17. 

Cossvs, a furname given to the family of 

the Cornelii-A Roman who killed Vo- 

himnius, king of Veii, and obtained the 
Spolia Opitna, A. U.C. 317. Virg. JEn. 6, 
v» 841. 

Cossutii, a family of Rome, of which 
Cofiutia, Gafar’s wife, was defcended. Suet, 
in Caf. I.—One of the family was dillinguilhed 
as an architect about 200 B. C. He firll in¬ 
troduced into Italy the more perfect models of 
Greece. 

Costobcei, robbers in Galatia. Fauf. 10, 
c - 34 - 

Cosyra, a barren ifiand in the African fea, 
near Melita. Ovid. Fuji. 3,v 367. 

Cotes & Cottes, a promontory of Mau¬ 
ritania. 

Co ition, a fmall ifiand near the citadel of 
Carthage, w ith a convenient bay whicji ferved 


' for a dock-yard. Scrvius in Virg* JEn. I, V. 
431.— Diod 3. 

Cothonea, the mother of Triptolemus. 
Hygin, fab. 147. 

Cotiso, a king of the Daci, whofe army 
invaded Pannonia, and was defeated by 
Corn. Lentulus, the lieutenant of Augullus. 
It is laid that Augullus foJicited his daughter, 
in marriage. Suet, in Aug. 63 — Horat. 3. 
od. 8, v 18. 

CotCnis, an ifiand near the Echinades. 
PI in. 4, c. 12. 

Cotta M. Aurelius, a Roman, who 
oppofed Marius. He was conlul with Lu- 
cullus ; and when in Alia, he was defeated 
by fea and land, by Mithridates. Lie was 
; furnamed Ponticus , becaufe he took Heraclea 

of Pontus by treachery. Plut. in Lucull. - - 

An orator, greatly commended by Cicero d: 
Orat.— —A governor of Paphlagonia, very 

faithful to Sardanapalus. Diod. 2.-A fpend- 

thrift,in the age of Nero, &c. Tacit. -An 

officer of Csefar, in Gaul.-A poet men¬ 

tioned by Ovid in Ep. de Pont . 

Cqttjie Alpes, a certain part of the 
Alps, by which Italy is feparated from Gaul. 
Suet . Tib . 37, Ner. 18. 

Cottus, a giant fon of Ccelus and Terra, 
who had IOO hands, and 50 heads. Heftod. 

Tbeog. v. 147.-A man among the iEdui, 

Caf. Bell. 

Cotyieum, a town of Galatia Plin. $, 
c. 32.-of Phrygia. 

CotyljEus, a furname of iEfculapius, 
wprlhjpped pn the borders of the Eurotaj. 
His temple was raifed by Hercules. Fauf. 3, 
c. 19. 

Cotylius, a mountain of Arcadia. Fauf 
8. c.41. 

Cotyora, a city of Alia Minor, founded 
by a colony from Sinope. Diod. 14. 

Cotys, the father of Alia. Herodot. 4, 
c. 45. A Ion of Manes by Callirhoe, who 
lucceeded his father on the throne of Mjeo- 

nia.-A king of Thrace. C. Nep. in Ipbic . 

-—Another who favored thp interell of 

Pompey. He was of an irafcible temper. 

Lucan. 5, v. 54. - Another, king of 

Thrace, who divided the kingdom with hjs 
uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the 
fame to whom Ovid writes from his banilh- 
ment. Tacit. 2, Ann 64.— Ovid. 2, de 

Pont. ep. 9.-a king of the Odrylje. Liv. 

42, c. 29.-A king of Armenia Minor, 

whp fought againil Mithridates , in the age of 
Claudius. Tacit. Ann. 11 & 15.——Ano¬ 
ther, who imagined he lbould marry Minerva, 
and who murdered fome of his fervants who 
wilhed to dilTuade him from expectations fo 
frivolous and inconfillent. Atben. 12. 

Cotytto, the goddefs. of ^11 debauchery, 
whofe fetlivals called Cotyttia, \vere celebrat¬ 
ed by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thra¬ 
cians, &c. during tlje night. Her prielts 

wwq 








CR 


CR 


were called Baptae, and nothing but de¬ 
bauchery and wantonnefs prevailed at the ce¬ 
lebration. A feftival of the fame name was 
obferved in Sicily, where the votaries of the 
goddefs carried about boughs hung with cakes 
and fruit, which it was lawful for any perfon 
to pluck off. It was a capital punilhment 
to reveal whatever was feen or done at thefe 
facred feftivals, and it coil Eupolis his life for 
an unfealbnable reflexion upon them. The 
goddefs Cotytto isluppofed to be the fame as 
Proferpine or Ceres. Horat. epod. 17, v. 58. 
—Juv. 2, v. 91. 

Cragus, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part 
of mount Taurus, facred to Apollo. Ovid. Met. 
9 , v. 645.— Horat. I, od. ai. 

Cr ambus a, a town of Lycia. 

Cranai, a furname ol the Athenians, from 
their king Cranaus. Herodot. 8, c. 44. 

Cranapes, a Perfian, &c. Herodot. 

Cranaus, thefecond king. of Athens, who 
fucceeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, 

B. C. 1497* P au f' ij c. 2.-A city of 

Caria. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

Crane, a nymph. Vid . Carna.-A 

town of Arcadia. 

Craneum, a gymnaltic fchool at Corinth. 
Diog. 

Cranii, a town of Cephallenia. Tbucyd. 2, 

C. 30- 

, Cranon & Crannon, a town of Thef- 
faly, on the borders of Macedonia, where 
Antipater and Craterus defeated the Athe¬ 
nians after Alexander’s death. Liv. 26, c. 10- 
1. 42, c. 64. 

Crantor, a philofopher of Soli, among 

the pupils of Plato, B. C. 310. Diog .- 

An armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Demo- 
leon. Ovid. Met. 22, v. 361. 

Crassipes, a furname of the family of the 
Furii, one of whom married Tullia, Cicero’s 
daughter, whom he foon after divorced. Cic. 
Att. 4 , ep. $.—~Liv. 38,0. 42. 

L. RAssiTius, a man who opened a 
fchool at Rome. Suet, de Gram. 18 

Crassus, a grandfather of Craffus the 
Rich, who never laughed. Plin. 7, c. 19. 

■-Publ. Licinius, ! a Roman high prielt, 

about 131 years B. C. who went into Afia 
with an army againlt Ariftonicus, where he 

was killed, and buried at Smyrna.--M. 

Licinius, a celebrated Roman, furnamed Pick; 
on account of his opulence. At firft he was 
very circumfcribed in his circumflances; 
but, by educating Haves, and felling them at 
a high price, he foon enriched himlelf. The 
cruelty’s of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome ; 
and he retired to Spain, where he remained 
concealed for eight months. After Cinna’s 
death he paffed into Africa, and thence to 
Italy, where he ferved Sylia, and ingratiated 
bimfelf in his favor. When the gladiators, 
with Spartacus at their head, had fpread an 
univerfal alarm in Italy, and defeated fome of 
jhe Roqaan generals, Craffus was lent againlt 


them. A battle was fought, in which Craffus 
flaughtered I2,o0o of the Haves, and by this 
decifive blow, he foon put an end to the war, 
and was honored with aom/io at his return. 
He was loon after made conful with Pompey; 
and in this high office he dilplayed his opu¬ 
lence, by entertaining the populace at 10,000 
tables. He was afterwards cenfor, and 
formed the firlt triumvirate with Pompey and 
Csefar. As his love of riches was more pre¬ 
dominant than that of glory, Craffus never 
imitated the ambitious condudf of his col¬ 
leagues, but was latisfied with the province of 
Syria which feemed to promife an inexhauf- 
tible lburce of wealth. With hopes of enlarg¬ 
ing his poffeffions, he fet.offfrom Rome, though 
the omens proved unfavorable, and every thing 
feemed to threaten his ruin. He croffed the 
Euphrates, and, forgetful of the rich cities of 
Babylon and Seleucia, he haftened to make 
himfelf mafter of Parthia. He was betrayed 
in his march by the delay of Artava.'des, 
king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariam- 
nes. He was met in a large plain by Su- 
rena, the general of the forces of Orodes, 
the king of Parthia ; and a battle was fought, in 
which 20,000 Romans were killed, and 
10,000 taken prifoners. The darknefs of 
the night favored the elcape of the reft, and 
Craffus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence 
of his foldiers, and the treachery of his 
guides, trufted himlelf to the general of the 
enemy, on pretence of propofing terms of 
accommodation, and he was put to death, 
B. C. 53. His head was cutoff, and lent to 
Orodes, who poured melted lead down his 
throat, and infulted his misfortunes. The 
firmnefs with which Craffus received the 
news of his Ion’s death, who perilhed in 
that expedition, has been defervedly com¬ 
mended ; and the words that he uttered when 
he furrendcred himlelf into the hands of Su- 
rena, equally claim our admiration. He 
was wont often to lay, that no man ought to 
be accounted rich if he could not maintain 
an army. Though he has been called avari¬ 
cious, yet he ftiowed himfelf always ready 
to lend money to his friends without in- 
tereft. He was fond of philofophy, and 
his knowlege of hiftory was great and ex- 
tenfive. Plutarch has written his life. Flor. 

3, c. II.-Publius, the fon of the rich 

Craffus, went into Parthia with his father. 
When he law himfelf lurrounded by the 
enemy, and without.any hope of efcape, he 
ordered one of his men to run him through. 
His head was cut off, and Shown with in- 
lolence to his father by the Parthians, Pluf. 
in Crajf. -L. Licinius, a celebrated Ro¬ 

man orator, commended by Cicero, and in¬ 
troduced in his book de Oratore ts the prin¬ 
cipal fpeaker.-A fon of Craffus the rich, 

killed in the civil, wajs, after Caelar’s 
death. 

CrastInus, a man in Casfar’s army, 
4 killed 






CR 

killed at the battle of Pharfalia. CaJ'. BelL 
C. 3, c.99. 

Cratais, the mother of Scylla, fuppofed 
be the fame as Hecate. Horn. Od. 12, v. 124. 

Cratjeus, conlpired againft Archelaus, 
&c. Arijlot. 

Crater, a bay of Campania near Mifenus. 

Craterus, one of Alexander’s generals. 
He rendered himfelf confpicuous by his li¬ 
terary fame, as well as by his valor in the 
field, and wrote the hiftory of Alexander’s 
life. He was greatly refpedled and loved by 
the Macedonian foldiers, and Alexander al¬ 
ways truited him with unufual confidence. 
After Alexander’s death he fubdued Greece 
with Antipater, and paffe'd with his col¬ 
league into Alia, vfrhere he was killed in a 
battle againft Euraenes, B. C. 321. He had 
received for his fhare of Alexander’s king¬ 
doms, Greece and Epirus. Hep. in Eumen. 2. 

'— 12 & I 3 -— Curt. 3.— Arrian. — 

JPlut. in Alex . -A phyfician of Atticus, 

mentioned by Cic. 12. ad Attic . ep. 13. — 

Herat. 2. Sat. 3, v. 161.-A painter whole 

pieces adorned the public buildings of Athens. 
PI in. 35, c. 11.-An Athenian, who col¬ 

lected into one body all the decrees which had 

pa(Ted in the public affembiies at Athens.- 

A famous fculptor. 

Crates, a philofopher of Bceotia, fon of 
Afcondus, and diiciple of Diogenes the Cynic, 
B. C. 324. He fold his eftates, and gave the 
money to his fellow citizens. He was naturally 
deformed, and he rendered himfelf more hide¬ 
ous by tewing Iheep’s {kins to his mantle, and 
by the fingularity ofhis manners. He cloath- 
ed himfelf as warm as poffible in the fummer : 
but in the winter, his garments were uncom¬ 
monly thin, and incapable to refill the incle¬ 
mency of the feafon. hipparchia, the lifter 
of a philofopher, became enamoured of him ; 
and as he could not check her paffion by repre- 
i'enting himfelf as poor and deformed, he mar¬ 
ried her. He had by her two daughters, 
whom he gave in marriage to his difciples, 
after he had permitted them their company 
for 30 days, by way of trial. Some of his 

letters are extant. Diog. in vita. -A ftoic, 

lbn of Timocrates, who opened a fchool at 
Rome, where he taught grammar. Sudan. 
— — A native of Pergamus, who wrote an ac¬ 
count of the moft ftriking events of every age, 

B. C. 165. ASlian. de Anim.iy\ C. 9.- 

A philofopher of Athens, who fucceeded in 

the fchool of his mafter Polemon.-An 

Athenian comic poet. 

Cratesiceea, the mother of Cleomenes, 
who went to Egypt in hopes of ferving her 
country, &c. Flat. in Cleon. 

Cratesjpolis, a queen of Sicyon, who 
fevereiy puniihed forhe of her fubjeCts, who 
had revolted at the death of Alexander, her 
hulband, &c. Poly an. 8, c. 58. 

Crate si ppioas, a commander of theLace- 
damonian fleet, againft the Athenian*. &c. 
Hiod.i^ . 


CR 

CraTevas, a general of Callander. Diod, 

19. 

Crate us, a fon of Minos. 

Crathis, a river of Achaia, falling int« 
the bay of Corinth. Strab. 8.———Another in 
Magna Grsecia whole waters were fuppofed 
to give a yellow color to the hair and beard of 
thole that drank them. Ovid. 14. Met. v. 315. 
— Pauf. 7, c. 25.— Plin. 31, c. 2. 

Cratxnus, a native of Athens, celebrat¬ 
ed for his comic writings, and his fondnels for 
drinking. He died at the age of 97, B. C. 
43 1 years. Quintilian greatly commends his. 
comedies, which the little remains of his poetry 
dt> not feem fully to juflify. Ho rat. 1. Sat. 4. 

— Quintil. -A wreftler of an uncommon 

beauty. Pauf. 7, c. 25.-A river of Afia. 

Plin. 37 * C. 2 . 

CRATiPPifs, a t philofopher of Mitylene, 
who, among others, taught Cicero’s fon at 
Athens. After the battle of Pharfalia, Pom- 
pey vifited the houfe of Cratippus, where 
their difeourfe was chiefly turned upon Pro¬ 
vidence, which the warrior blamed, and the 
philofopher defended. Plui. in Ptmp. — Cic. 

in Offic. 1, - An hi dorian contemporary with 

i-hucydides. Diunyf. Hal. 

Cratylus, a phiiolopher preceptor to 
Plato after Socrates. 

Crausije, two iflands on the coaft of Pe- 

loponnefus. 

Crausis, the father of Philopoemen. 

Cuauxidas, a man who obtained an 
Olympic crown at a horfe race. Pauf. 5 , c. 8. 

Cremera, a fmall river of Tufcany,falling 
into the Tiber, famous for the death of the 
300 Fabii, who were killed-there in a battle 
againft the Veientes, A. U. C. 277. Ovid. 
Fajl. 2, v. 205.— Juv. 2. v. 155. 

Cremides, a place of Bithynia. Diod. 14* 

Cremma, a town of Lycia. 

Cremmyon & Crommyon, a town near 
Corinth, where T-hefeus killed a fow of un¬ 
common bignefs. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 435. 

Cremni & Cremnos, a commercial place 
on the Palus Maeotis. Herodot. 4,c. 2. 

Cremona, a town of Cifalpine Gaul, on 
the Po, near Mantua. It was a Roman colo¬ 
ny, and fuffered much when Annibal firft pafl^d 
into Italy. Liv. 21, c. 56.— Tacit. Hijl. 3, ci 
4 & 19. 

Cremonis Jugum, a part of the Alps, 
over which, as fome fuppofe, Annibal pafled to 
enter Italy. Liv. 21, c. 38. 

Cremutjus Cordus, an hiftorian who 
wrote an account of Augullus, and of the 
civil wars, and ftarved himfelf for fear of the 
refentment of Tiberius, whom he had offend¬ 
ed, by calling Caffius the laft of the Romans. 
Tacit. Ann. 55, c. 34, 35. — Suet, in Aug. 35. 
in Tib. 60. in Calig. 16. 

Crenis, a nymph mentioned by Ovid* 
Met. I2j v. 313. 

Creon, king of Corinth, was fon of Si* 
fyphus* He proroifed his daughter Glance te 

Jafaa. 








lafon, who repudiated Medea. To revenge the 
fuccefs of her rival, Medea lent her for a pre - 
l'enr, a gown covered with poifon. Glauce put 
it on, and was feized with fudden pains. Her 
body took fire, and the expired in the gveateft 
torments. The houfe was alfo confumed by 
the fire, and Creon and his family ihared 
Glauce’s fate. Apollod. I, c. 9. 1 . 3, c. 7.— 
Eurip.in Med. — Hygin. fab. 25.— Diod. 4. 

-A fon of Mencetius, father of Jocafta, the 

wife and mother of (Ediptis. At the death of 
Laius, who married Jocafta, Creon afeend- 
ed the vacant throne of Thebes. As the ra¬ 
vages of the Sphinx (Vi'd. Sphinx)were intoler¬ 
able, Creon offered'his crown and daughter in 
marriage to him who could explain the aenig- 
mas which the monfter propoled. (Edipus 
was happy in his explanations, and he afeended 
the throne of Thebes, and married Jocaftn 
without knowing that Ihe was his mother, 
and by her he had two fons, Polynices and 
Eteocles. Thefe two fons mutually agreed, 
after their father’s death, to reign in the king¬ 
dom each alternately. Eteocles firft afeended 
the throne by right of feniority ; but when he 
was once in power, he refufed to refign at the 
appointed time, and his brother led againft him 
an army of Argives to lupport his right. The 
war was decided by fingle combat between the 
two brothers. They both killed one another, 
and Creon afeended the throne, till Leodamas 
the fon of Eteocles Ihould be of a fufficient age 
to aflume the reins of government. In his 
regal capacity, Creon commanded that the 
Argives, and more particularly Polynices, who 
was the capfe of all the bloodlhed, Ihould re¬ 
main unbuned. If this was in any manner 
difobeyed, the offenders were to be buried alive. 
Antigone, the lifter of Polynices, tranfgreffed 
and was accordingly puniihed. Hasmon, the 
fon of Creon, who was paffionately fond of An¬ 
tigone, killed himfelf on her grave, when his 
father refufed to grant her pardon. Creon was 
afterwards killed by Thefeus, who had made 
war againft him at the requeft of Adraftus, be- 
caufe he refufed burial to the Argives. Vid. 
Eteocles, Polynices, Adraftus, CEdipus.— Apol¬ 
lod. 3, c. 56, &c.— Pauf. 1, c. 39. L 9. c. 5, tffc. 
—Stat. in Tbeb. — Sopbocl. in Antig. — JEfchyl. 
Sept, in Tbeb. — Hygin. fab. 67 & 76.— Diod. 

l ft 4.-The firll annual archon at Athens, 

684 B. C. Pater. I, c. 8. 

Creontiades, a fon of Hercules by 
Megara daughter of Creon, killed by his 
father, becaufe he had flain Lycus. 

Cs.eophix.us, a Samian, who hofpitably 
entertained Homer, from whom he received a 
poem in return. Some fay that he was that 

poet’s mailer, &c. Strab. 14.-Ah hiftorian. 

Athen. 8. 

CreperiU 3 Pollio, a Roman, who fpent 
his all in the molt extravagant debauchery. 
Juv. 9, v. 6. 

Cres, an inhabitant of Crete.—The firft 
of Crete. Pauf. 8,*. 53. 


Crf.sa & Cres 9A, a townofCaria. 

CresiOs, a hill of Arcadia, Pa if. 2 , c, 

44. ’ 

Cresphontes, a fon of Ariftomachus, 
who, with his br©thers Temenus and Arifto- 
demus, attempted to recover the Peloponffefus* 
Pauf. 4, c. 3, &c. 

Cressius, belonging to Crete. Virg.JEu . 
4,v. 70.1.8,294. 

Creston, a town of Thrace, capital of a 
part of the country called Crejionia. The in¬ 
habitants had each many wives; and when the 
hulband died, Ihe who had received the greateft 
fhare of his affection was bbeerfully (lain on 
his grave. Herodot. J,c. 5. 

Cresus & Ephesus, two men who built 
the temple of Diana at Ephefus. Pauf. 7, 
c. 2. 

Creta, one of the largeft iflands of’the 
Mediterranean fea, at the fouth of all the 
Cyclades. It was once famous for its hundred 
cities, and for the laws which the wil'dom of 
Minos eftablifhed there. The inhabitants 
have been detefted for their unnatural loves, 
their falfehood, their piracies, and robberies. 
Jupiter, as fome authors report, was educated 
in that ifiand by the Corybantes, and the Cre¬ 
tans boafted that they could {how his tomb. 
There were different colonies from Phrygia, 
Doris, Achaia, &c. that eftabliftied themfelves* 
there. The ifland after groaning under the ty¬ 
ranny of democratical ufurpation, and feeling 
the fcourge of frequent fedition, was made a 
Roman province, B. C. 66, after a war of threa 
years, in which the inhabitants were fo dif- 
treffed that they were even compelled to drink 
the water of their cattle. Chalk was produced 
there and thence called Creta , and .vith it the 
Romans marked their lucky days in their calen¬ 
dar. Horat.li od. 36, v. 10. epod. 9.— Ovid* 
Fajl. 3, V. 444. Epif. IO. V. I06. — Vul: Max % 
7, c. 6.— Strab. 10.— Lucan. 3,v. 184. — Virg % 
JEn. 3, v. 104.— Mela, 2, c. 7 .—Pi in. 4, c* 
12 . 

Cretxeus, a poet mentioned by Propertius* 
2, el. 34, v. 29. 

Crete, the wife of Minos. Apol/cd. 3, 
c. 1. " — A daughter of Deucalion. Id. 3, c. 3. 

Ctetea, a country of Arcadia, where 
Jupiter was educated, according to fome tra¬ 
ditions. Pauf. 8, c. 38. 

Cretes, inhabitants of rete. Virg* JEn* 
4, v. 146. 

Creteus, aTrojan, diftlnguilhed as a poet 
and mufitian. He followed ./Eneas, and was 

killed by Turnus, Virg. JEn. 9, v. 774. - - 

Another, killed by Turnus. Id. 12, v. 538. 

Cretheis, the wife of Acaftus, king of 
lolchos, who fell in love with Peleus, fon of 
Abacus, and accufed him of attempts upon her 
virtue, becaufe he refufed to comply with her 
wifties, &c. She is called by fome Hippolyte 
or Aftyadamia. Pindar. Nem. 4. 

Cretheus, a fpn of JEolus, father of 

JEfon, 





CT 


cu 


wars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received 
ample glory, in being the place where Pytha¬ 
goras eftabhihed his fchool. Herodot. 8, c. 47. 
— Strab. 6.— Flirt. 2, c. 96.— Liv . I, C. 18, 
L 2,4, c. 3.— JuJlin. 20, C. 2 . 

Crotoniatje, the inhabitants of Crotona. 
C'C. de inv. 2, C. I. 

Crotoniatis, a part of Italy, of which 
Crotona is the capital. Thucyd. 7, c. 35. 

Crotopiades, a patronymic of Linus, as 
grandfon of Crotopus. 

Cro 1 opias, the patronymic of Linus, 
grandfon of Crotopus. Ovid, in Jl> 480. 

Crotches, a king of Argos, fon of Age- 
nor, and father to Pfa^nathe the mother of 
Linus by Apollo. Ovid, in lb. 480. 

Crotus, a fon of Eumene the nurfe of the 
Mufes. He devoted his life to the labors of 
the chace, and after death Jupiter placed him 
among the cojiftellations under the name of 
Sagittarius. Pauf. 9, c± 29. 

t.RUNos,a town of Peloponnefps. Mela y 2, 

c. 2 . 

Crusis, a place near Olynthos. 

Crust umerjum & Crustumrria, a 
town of the Sabines. Liv. 4, c. 9,1. 42, c 34. 
—Virg. JEn. 7, v. 631. 

CrustumInum, a town of Etruria, near 
Veii, famous for pears; whence the adje&ive 
Cruftumia . Virg. G. 2 , v. 88. 

CrustiJmium, Crustunus & Crus- 
turn enius, now Conca, a river flowing from 
the Apennines by Aritninum. Lucan. 2. v. 
406. 

Crynis, a river of Bithynia. 

Crytta, a paflage through mount Paufi- 
lypus. Vid. Paufilypus. 

Cteatus, one of the Grecian chiefs be¬ 
fore Troy. Pauf. 5, c. 4. 

Ctemene, a town of Theflaly. 

Ctenos, a harbour of Cherfonefus Tau- 
irica. 

Ctesias, a Greek hiftorian and phyfieian 
ef Cnidos, taken prifoner by ArtaxerxesMne- 
mon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the 
king’s wounds, and was his phyfieian for 17 
years. He wrpte an hillory of the A (Tyrians 
and Perfians, which Juftin and Diodorus have 
partially preferred to that of Herodotus. 
Some fragments of his comppficions have been 
preferved by Photius, and are to be found in 
Wefleling’s edition cf Herodotus. Strab. 1. 

—Athen. 12.—Pint in A/rlax. --A fyco- 

phant of Athens.-An hiftorian of Ephtfrs. 

CteSieius, a mathematician of Alexan¬ 
dria, who florifhed 135 years B. C. He was 
the inventor of the, pump, and other hydraulic 
inftruments. He alfo invented a clepfydra , or 
a water clock. This invention of mealuring 
time by water was wonderful and ingenipus. 
Water was made to drop upon wheels, which 
it turned. The wheels communicated their 
regular motion to a fmall wooden image, which 
by a gradual rife, pointed with a flick to the 
proper hours and months, which were engraved 


on a column near the machine. This artful 
invention gave rile to many improvements; 
and the modern manner of mealuring time 
with an hour gl^fs is an imitation of the clep¬ 
fydra of Ctefibius. Vitruv. de Archit. 9. c. 9. 

-A' cvnic philofopher.-An hiflorian, 

who florifhed 254 years B. C. and died in his 
104th year. Pint, in Bern. 

Ctesicles, a general of Zacynthos. 

Ctesidemus, a painter who had Antiphi- 
lus for pupil. PI in. 2>5-> c. I O. 

CrEsiiiocHUs,-a noble painter, who re- 
prefented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. 
Plin. 35, C. II. 

Ctesiphon, an Athenian, fon of Leof- 
thenes, who advifed his fellow-citizens pub¬ 
licly to prefent Demofthenes with a golden 
crown for his probity and virtue. This was 
oppofed by the orator iEfchines, the rival of 
Demofthenes, who accufed Ctefiphon of fe- 
ditious views. Demofthenes undertook the 
defence of his friend, in a celebrated oration 
ftill extant, and iEfchines was banilhed. Be- 
mojl. tsf JEfchin. de Corona -A Greek ar¬ 

chitect, who made the plan of Diana’s temple 

at Ephelus.-An elegiac poet, whom king 

Attalus fet over his pofleflions in iEolia. 

Athen. 13.-A Greek hiftorian, who wrote 

an hillory of Boeotia, hefides a treatife on trees 

and plants. Plut. in The/. -A large village 

of Affyria, now Elmodain , on the banks of the 
Tigris, where the kings of Parthia generally 
redded in winter on account of the mildnefs of 
the climate. Strab. 15-— Plin. 6, c. 26. 

Ctesippus, a fon of Chabrias. After his 
father’s death he was received into the houfe 
of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocien 
attempted in vain to correCl his natural foibles 

and extravagances. Plut. in Phoc. -A man 

who wrote an hiftory of Scythia.-One of 

the defendants of Hercules. 

Ctimene, the youngeft daughter of La-, 
ertes by Anticlea. Homer. Od. 15, v. 334. 

CularO, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, 
called afterwards Graiianopolis, and now Gre¬ 
noble. Cic. ep. 

Cuma & Cumi, a town of iEolia, in Ada 
Minor. The inhabitants have been acculed of 
ftupidity for not laying a tax upon all the goods 
which entered their harbour during 300 years. 
They were called Cttmani. Strab. 13.— Pa- 

ierc. 1, c. 4.-A city of Campania, near 

Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and 
Cuma?, of iEolia, before the Trojan \va^. 
The inhabitants were called Cutruei arid Cu - 
mani. There was one of the Sibyls, that fixed 
her refidence in a cave in the neighbourhood, 
and was called the Cumeean Sibyl. Vid, Si¬ 
bylla?. — Ovid. Met. 15, V. 712. Fajl. 4, v. 
138. Pont. 2, el. 8, v. 41.— Cic. Pull. 2, c. 
26. — Paterc. I, c. 4. — Virg. JEn. 3, V. 441.—. 
Liv. 4.— Ptol. 3.— Strab. 5. 

Cumanum, a country houfe of Pompey 

near Cuma?. Cic.' ad Attic. 4, ep. 10.-- 

Another of Varro. Id. Acad. 1, c. 1. 

'Cunaxa, 







cu 


.t'CNAXA, a place of Aflyria, 500 ftadia 
fron*! Babylon, famous for a battle fought there 
between Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus 
the younger B. C. 401. The latter entered 
the field of battle with 113,000 men, and the 
former’s forces amounted to, 900,000 men. The 
valor and the retreat of tire 10,000 Greeks, 
who were among the troops of Cyrus, are well 
known, and have been celebrated by the pen 
of Xenophon, who was preient at the battle, 
and who had the principal care of the retreat. 
Pint, in Artax. — Cttjias. 

Cun eus, a'cape of Spain, now Algarve, 
extending into the lea in the form of a wedge. 
Jl ■Tela, 3, c, I ,—^-Pli/i. 4, c. 22 . 

Cupavo, a foil of Cyc ius who aflifted 
./Eneas againlt Turnus. Virg. JEn. ic, v. 
* 86 . 

CupkntiIs, a friend of Turnus, killed by 
./Eneas. Virg. JEn. r a, v. 539. 

CupTdo, a celebrated deity among the an¬ 
cients, god of love, and love itfelf. There are 
different traditions concerning his parents. 
Cicero mentions three Cupids $ one foil of 
Mercury and Diana; another ion of Mercury 
and Venus; and the third, of Mars and Venus. 
Plato mentions two; Hefiod, the moil ancient 
theogonift, fpeaks only of one, who as he 
fays, was produced at the fame time as Chaos 
and the Earth. There are, according to the 
more received opinions, two Cupids, one of 
whom is a lively ingenious youth, ion of Jupi¬ 
ter and Venus ; whilft the other ion of ^Nox 
and Erebus, is diftinguiilied by his debauchery 
and riotous difpofition. Cupid is reprefented 
as a winged infant, naked, armed with a bow 
and a quiver full of arrows. On gems, and all 
other pieces of antiquity, he is reprefented as 
amuiing himfelf with fome childifli diverflon. 
Sometimes he appears driving a hoop, throwing 
a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching a but¬ 
terfly, or trying to burn with a torch ; at other 
timer, he plays upon a horn before his mother, 
or clofely embraces a fvvan, or with one foot 
raifed in the air, he, in a mufing polture, teems 
to meditate fome trick. Sometimes, like a 
conqueror, he marches triumphantly with a 
helmet on his head, a fpear on his iTioidder, 
and a buckler on his arm, intimating that even 
Mars himfelf owns the fuperiority of love. 
His power was generally known by his riding 
on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or 
breaking to pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. 
Among the ancients he was worfhipped with 
the fame folemnity as his mother Venus, and 
as his influence was extended over the heavens, 
the lea, and the earth, and even the empire of 
the dead, his divinity was univerially acknow¬ 
ledged, and vows, prayers, and lacritices were 
daily offered to him. According to fome ac¬ 
counts, the union with Cupid with Chaos gave 
birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit 
the earth, and even the gods themfelvps were 
the offspring of love before the foundation of 
the world. Cupid, like the reft of the gods, 
affumed different ftupes; and we rind him in 


CU 

the /Eneid putting on, at the requeft of hi« 
mother, the form of Afcanius, and going to 
Dido’s court, where he inlpired the queen with 
love. Virg. JEn. I,V. 693, &C. — Cic. de Nat. 
D. 3.— 'Ovid. Met. I. fab. 10.— Hefiod. Theog. 
v. 121, &c.— Oppian. Hali. 4. Cyneg. 2.-— 
Bion Idyll. 3.— Mfchus.—Eurip. in Hippol « 
Theocrit. Idyll. 3> II. &c. 

Cupiennius, a friend of Auguftus, who 
made himfelf ridiculous for the nicety and 
effeminacy of his drefs. Hof at. 1, Sat. 2, v. 

Cures, a town of the Sabines, of whic 
Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called 
Quirites, were sarried to Rome, of which 
they became citizens. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 292.* 

1 . 8, v. 638.— Liv. I, c. 13,— Macrob. I, c. 9. 
— Ovid. Fajl. 2, V. 477, & 480. 1 . 3, v. 94. 

Curetes, a people of Crete, called alfo 
Corylantes, who, according to Ovid, were 
produced from rain. Their knowledge of all 
the arts was extenlive, and they communicated 
it to many parts of ancient Greece. They 
were entruftedwith the education of Jupiter, 
and to pre vent his being difeovered by his father, 
they invented a kind of dance, and drowned 
his cries in the harfh founds of their fhlelds and 
cymbals. As a reward for their attention, 
they were made priefts and favorite minillers 
of Rhea, called alfo Cybele, who had entrufted 
them with the care of Jupiter. Dionyf. Hal . 

2 . — Virg. G. 4, V. 151.— Strab. TO. — Pauf. 
4. c. 33.— Ovid. Met. 4,v. 282. Paf. 4, v. 2TO. 

Curetis, a name given to Crete, as being 
the refidence of the Curetes. Ovid. Met. 8, 
c. 136. 

Curia, a divifion of the Roman tribes. 
Romulus originally divided the people into 
three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curia;. 
Over each Curia Was appointed a prieft, who 
officiated at the facrificcs of his refpedtive af- 
fembly. The facrifices were called Curionia 
and the prieft Curio. He was to be above the 
age of fifty. His morals were to be pure and 
unexceptionable, and his body free from all 
defe&s. The Curiones were elected by their 
refpetfive Curiae, and above them was a fu- 
perior prieft called Curio maximus, chofen by 

all the Curia? in a public aflembly.--The 

word Curia , was all'o applied to public edifices 
among the Romans. 'Ihefe were generally 
of two forts, divine and civil. In the former 
were held the aflemblies of the priefts, and of 
every religious order for the regulation of re¬ 
ligious facrifices and ceremonies. The other 
was appointed fpr the fenate, where they af- 
fembled for the difpatch of public bufinefs. 
The Curia was folemnly confecratcd by the 
Augurs, before a lawful aflembly could be con¬ 
vened there. There were three at Rome 
which more particularly claim our attention; C«- 
ria Hof ilia, built by king Tullus Hoftilius ; 
Curia Pompeii , where Julius Csefar was mur¬ 
dered ; and Curia Augufi, the palace and court 

of the emperor Auguftus.-A town of the 

Rhccti, now Coire, the capital of the. Grifons. 

£ CuRfA 





cu 


CY 


Curia lex, de comitvs, was enabled by 
M/Curius Dentatus, the tribune. It forbade 
the convening of the Comitia , for the ele&ion 
of magiftrates, without a previous permiffion 
from the fenate. 

Curias. Hid. Curium. 

Curiatii, a family of Alba, which was 
«3rried to Rome by Tullus Hoftilius, and 
entered among the Patricians. The three 
Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, and loft the 
victory,• were Of this family. Flor. I, c.3.— 
Dionyf. Hal. gs-~-Liv. I, C. 24 * 

Q. Curio, an excellent orator, who called 
Ccel'ar in full fenate, Omnium mulierum virum, 
et omnium virorum mulierem. Tacit. 21. ann. 

C. 7.— Suet, in Caf 49 —Cic. in Brut. - 

His foft', C. Scribonius, was tribune of the 
people, and an intimate friend of Csefar. He 
faVed Catfar’s life as he returned from thefe- 
nate-houfe, after the debates concerning the 
punilhments which ought to be inflicted on the 
adherents of Catiline. He killed himfelf in 
Africa. Flor. 4, c. 2.— Plut. in P K omp. It? 
Caf. 49.— Hal. Max. 9, c. l.—Lucan.\. 268. 

Curiosout-s;, a people among the Celtae, 
who inhabited the country which now forms 
Lower Britany. Caf Bell. G. 2. c. 34. L 3. 
e. ii. 

Curium, a town of Cyprus, at a fmall 
diftance from which, in the fouth of the bland, 
there is a cape which bears the name of Cu¬ 
rias. Hero dot. 5, C. 113. 

Curivs Dentatus, Marcus AnnjUs, 
a Roman, celebrated for his fortitude and fru¬ 
gality. He was three times conful, and was 
twice honored with a triumph. He obtained 
'decifive viflo^ies over the Samnites, the Sa¬ 
bines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyr¬ 
rhus near Tarentum. The nmbafladors of the 
Samnites vifited his cottage, while he was 
boiling feme vegetables in aii earthen pot, and 
they attempted to bribe him by the offer of 
large preients. He refused their offers with 
'contempt, and faid, I prefer my earthen pots 
to all youf vgffels of gold and ulver, and it is 
jeny wflli to command thole who are in poflelfion 
of money, while I am deprived of it, and live 
in poverty. Plut. in Cat. Cenf — -Horai. 1 . od. 

12,y. 41. — Flor. 1. c. 15.- A lieutenant of 

C.efar’s cavalry, to whom fix cohorts of Pom- 
pey revolted, Sec. Caf. Bell. Civ. 24. 

Curtia, a patrician family, which migra¬ 
ted with Tatius to Rome. 

Curtillus, a celebrated epicure, Sec. 
Herat. 2, Sat, 8,v. 52. 

M. Curtius, a Roman youth who de¬ 
voted himfelf tp the gods Manes for the lafety 
of his country about 360 years B. C„ A 
wide gap called afterwards Curtius Incus, had 
iuddenly opened in the forum, and the ora¬ 
cle had faid that it never would dole before 
’Rome threw Into it whatever it had moft 
precious. Curtius immediately 'perceived that 
no lefs than a human facrihce was required. 
Itie armed himfelf; mounted his horfe, and 
threw' himfelf.into the gulf, which 


inflantly clofed over his head. Lfo. 7,0. 6.— 
Hal. Max. 5,c. 6.—— Q. Rufus. Hid. Quin¬ 
tus.-Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with 

Pompey, &c. Suet, de Gr.~ -Montanus, au 

orator and poet under Velpafian. Tacit . 4. 
Ann. -Atticus, a Roman knight, who ac¬ 

companied Tiberius in his retreat into Qam- 

pania. Tacit. An. 4.-Lacus, the gulf into 

which Curtius leaped. Hid. M. Curtius.- 

Pons, a ftream which conveyed water to Rome 
fiom the diftance of 40 miles, by anaqueduit 
fo elevated as to be diftributed through all the 
hiils of the city. Plin. 36, c. 15. 

■ URULI 3 Maoistratus, a ftate officer, 
at Rome, who had the privilege of liming in 
an ivory chair in public affemblies. The dic¬ 
tator, the confuls, the cenlors, the praetors, 
and ediles, claimed that privilege, and there¬ 
fore were called curules magijlratus. The fe- 
nators who had palled through the above- 
mentioned offices were generally carried to 
the fenate-houle in ivory chairs, as all gene¬ 
rals in their triumphant proceflion to the capi- 
tol. When names of diftin&ion began to be 
known among the Romans, the defendants 
of curule magiftrates were Called nohi’es, the 
firft of a family who difeh^rged that office 
were known by the name of noti , and thole 
that had never been in office were called 
ignobiles. 

CussiEi, a nation of Alia, deftroyed by 
Alexander to appeafe the manes of Hephsef- 
tion Plut. in Alex. 

Cusus, a river of Hungary falling into the 
Danube, now the Hag, 

Cutilium, a town of the Sabines, near a 
lake which contained a floating ifiand ; and of 
which the water was of an unufually cold qua¬ 
lity. Plin. 3,0.12, 1 . 31, C. 2.— Sen sea. Q. N* 
3,e. 25<r~Tiv. 26*0. n. 

Cyamosorus, a river of Sicily. 

Cyane, a nymph of Syracufe, to whom 
her father offered violence in a fit of drunken- 
nefs. She dragged her raviiher to the altar, 
where foe facrificed him, and killed her- 
felf to flop a peftilence, which,, from that 
circumftance, had already begun to afflidi 
the country. Plut. in Par all.' ——A nymph 
of Sicily, who endeavoured to affift Proferpine 
when lhe was carried away by Pluto. The 
god changed her into a fountain now called 
Pifme , a few miles from Syracufe. Ovid. 

Met. 5, v. 112.-A town of Lycia. Plin. 

5, c. 27.- Aq innkeeper, &c. Juv. 8, v.- 

162. 

Cyanej., now the Pavorane, tWo rugged 
iffands at the entrance of the Euxine lea, 
about 20 ltndia from the mouth of * the 
Thracian Bofphorus. Gne of them is on the 
fide of Alia, and the other on the European 
eoaft, and, according to Strabo, there is only 
afyace of 20 furlongs between them. '1 he 
waves of the lea, which continually break 
againll them with 4 violent nolle, fill the a.E 
with a darkening foam, and render the paf- 
fage extremely dangerous. The ancients 
3 fuppoied 








CY 


CY 

fupp^fc? that thefe iflands floated, fltnl even 1 
iometimes united to crufh veffels into pieces 
when they paired through the ftraits. This 
tradition arofe from their appdarinc', like all 
other objects, to draw nearer when naviga¬ 
tors approached them. They were Iometimes 
called Symplegades and Planet a. Their 
true fituation and form was firft explored 
arid afcertained by the Argonauts, Plin. 6, c. 
12.— Hero lot. 4, c.85. Apollon. 2, v. 317 & 
^OO.— Lycopbm 1285. — Strab I & 3. — Mehz, 
2 , C. 7 — Ovid. Trijl. I, el. 9, V. 34 

Cyanee & Cyanea, a daughter of the 
Maeander, mother of Byblis and Caunus, by 
Miletus, Apollo’s fon. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 451. 

Cyaneus, a large river of Colchis. 

Cyan/ppe, a daughter of Adraftus. 

Cyanxppus a Syracufan, who derided 
♦he orgies of Bacchus, fop which impiety the 
god fo inebriated him, that he offered violence 
to his daughter Cyane, who faoificed him on 

the altar. Plut. in Par all. -A Thelfalian, 

whole wife met with the fame fate as Procvis. 
Plut. in Pxirall. 

Cyaraxes, orCYAXARES, fon of Phra- 
ortes, was king of Media and Perfia. He 
bravely defended his kingdom, which tile 
Scythians had invaded. He made war 
againft Alyattes, king of Lydia, and fub- 
jected to his power all Afia beyond the river 
Halvs. He died after a reign of 40 years, 
B. C. 385. Died. %.—Herodot. i. c. 73 * & 

J03.-—Another prince, fuppofed by feme 

to be the fame as Darius the* Mede. He was 
the fan of Aftyages, king of Media. He 
added leven provinces to his father’s domini¬ 
ons, and made war againft the Aftyrians, 
whom Cyrus favored. Xen. Cyrop. I. 

Cyj&ybe, a name of Cybele, from 
becaufe in the celebration of her feftivals men 
were driven to madnels. 

Cybele, a godiefs, daughter of Ca-lus 
and Terra, and wife of Saturn She is iup- 
pofed to be the fame as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, 
Vefta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecyn- 
thia, Dindymene, &c. According to Dio¬ 
dorus," (he was the daughter of a Lydian 
prince called Menos, by his wife Dindy¬ 
mene, and he adds, that as foon as Ihe was 
bain fee was expo&d on a mountain. She 
w'as. premvsd and fuelled by feme of the 
>.ild be;ifls of .the foreft, and received 'he 
nante of Cybele from the mountain where 
her life had been preferved. When fee re 
turned to her father’s court, flie had an iri- 
jrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth, whom 
her father mutilated, &c. All the mytho- 
ioglfto are unanimous in mentioning the 
amours of Atys and Cybele. The partiality 
of the gcddels for Atys feerr.a to arife from 
his having firlt introduced her Worfhip in 
phry'gia. She enjoined him perpetual ~c:li 
bacy, and the violation of his promife was 
ie£piated by voluntary mutilation. In Phry¬ 
gia the feftivals of Cybele were oblerved 
with thp greateft folemnity. Her pripfts 


called Corybantes, Galli, &c. were not 
admitted in the lervice of the goddefs with-* 
out a previous mutilation. In the celebra¬ 
tion of the feftivals, they imitated the man¬ 
ners of madmen, and filled the air with 
dreadful ihrieks and bowlings, mixed with 
the confufed * noile of drums, tabrets, buck¬ 
lers and fpears. This was in commemo*/ 
ration of the forrow of Cybele for the lots 
of her favorite Atys. Cybele was generally 
reprelented as a robuft woman, far advanced 
in her pregnancy, to intimate the fecundity 
of the earth. She held keys in her hand, 
and her head was crowned with rifing turrets, 
and fometimes with the leaves of an oak. 
She fometimes appears riding in a chariot 
drawn by two tame lions; Atys follows by 
her fide, parrying a ball ill his hand, N and 
fupporting himfelf, upon a fir-tree, which is 
facred to the goddefs Sometimes Cybele is 
reprefeiited with a feeptre in her hand, with 
her head covered with a tower. She is alfo 
feen with many breads, to fhew that the 
earth gives aliments to all living creatures; 
and flie generally carries two lion 3 under her 
arms. Prom Phrygia t£»e worftiip of Cybele 
1 pafTed into Greece, and was folemnly efta- 
blilhed at Eleufis, under the name of the Eleu- 
linian myfteries of >' eires. The Romani, by 
order of the Sibylline books, brought the fta- 
tue of tl]e goddefs from Peffinus into Italy ; 
and when the Ihip which carried it had run 
on a feallowbank of the Tiber, the virtue and 
innocence "of Claudia were vindicated iq re¬ 
moving it with her girdle. It is iuppoled 
that the myfteries of ybele were fifft known 
about 1580 years B. . The Romans were 
particularly fupenlitiouS ill waffling every 
year, on the 6th of the calends of April, 
the Ihrine of this goddefs in the Waters of 
the river Ahnen. There prevailed many 
obicenides in the obferv.ition of the feftivals, 
and the priefts themfelves were the molt 
eager to ufe indecent expreffions, $nd to feew 
their unbounded licentiouineft by the impu¬ 
rity of their actions. Vid. Atys, Eleufis, Rhea, 
orybantes, Galli, Isfc. — Augujlin. do Civ it. 
D. tff c.—La&ant.—*•Lucian in Dea Syr.—- 
Diod, 3.— Virg. JEn. 9, v. 617. 1 . 10, V. 
252 '.— Lucan. I, v. 566.— -Ovid. Trijl , 4, V, 
210 Iff 361.— Plut. de Loquac. — Cic. ad 
Attic.— Cal. Rhod. 8 , c. 17, &c. 

Cybele Sc Cybela, a town of Phrygia? 
Apollud. 3, c. 5, 

Cybelus, a mountain of Phrygia, y/ners 
Cybele was worfiibped. 

cItbira, a town of Phrygia, whence Cy<* 
biraticus. Horat. 6, v.33. 

CVbistria, a town cf Cappadocia, Cic* 
Div. 15 . 

CYtESiuM,ato\yn ofPeJoponnefus,nearPiIa ? 

Cychreus, a fon of Neptune and Sala- 
mis. After death he was honored as a god 
in Salamis and Attica. As he left no chili, 
dren, he made Telamon his l'uccafibr, becaufe 
' he had freed the country from a mortftroM* fer- 

U a vm 






CY 

pent. Pauf. I, C. 35.— Pint, in Thef — 
Apollod. 3, c. 12. 

Cyclades, a name given to certain iflands 
of the iEgean fea, thofe particularly that 
furround Delos as with a circle; whence the 
name arc ulus ). The were about 

53 in number, the principal of which were 
Ceos, Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seri- 
phos, Gyarus, Tenedos, &c. The Cyclades, 
were reduced under the power of Athens by 
Miltiades; but during the invafion of Greece 
by the Perfians, they revolted from their 
ancient and natural allies. C. Nep. in Mil. 
2 . — Plin. 4, C. 12.— Mela, 2 , C. 7.— Ptol. 3, 
C. 15.— Strab. 10.— Dionyf. Pcrieg. — Ovid. 
Met. 2, v. 64.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. \2f. 1 . 8, 
v. 692.— Sil. 4, v. 247. 

Cyclopes, a certain race of men of gi¬ 
gantic ftature, fuppofed to be the ions of 
Goelus and Terra. They had but one eye 
in the middle of the forehead ; whence their 
name {xvxk^ circulus^yp oculus). They were 
three in number, according to Kefiod, called 
' Arges, Brontes, and Steropes. Their num¬ 
ber was greater according to other mytholo- 
gifts, and in the age of Ulyffes, Polyphemus 
was their king. [Vid. Polyphemus.] They 
inhabited the weftern parts of the ifland of 
Sicily ; and becaufe they were uncivilized in 
their manners, the poets fpeak of them as 
men-eaters. The tradition of their having 
only one eye originates from their cuftom 
©f wearing i'mall bucklers of Iteel which co¬ 
vered their faces, and had a fmall aperture 
in the middle, which correlponded exactly 
to the eye. From their vicinity to mount 
JEtna, they have been fuppofed to be the 
^ workmen of Vulcan, and to have fabricated 
the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The mod folid 
walls and impregnable fortrefles were laid, 
among the ancients, to be the \york of the 
Cyclops, to render them more refpe&able, 
and we find that Jupiter was armed with 
what they had fabricated, and that the-lhield 
of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were 
the produce of their labor. The Cyclops 
. were reckoned among the gods, and we find 
a temple dedicated to their fervice at Co¬ 
rinth, where facrifices were folemnly offered. 
Apollo deftroyed them all, becaufe they had 
made the thunderbolts cf Jupiter, with which 
his fon iElculapius had been killed. From 
the different accounts given of the Cyclops 
by the ancients, it may be concluded that 
they were all the fame people, to whom va¬ 
rious functions have been attributed, which 
cannot be reconciled one to the other, with¬ 
out drawing the pencil of fidlion or mytho¬ 
logy. Apollod. X, c. X Sc 2.‘— Homer. Od. X 
ic ty.—HeJlod. Tbeog. v. 140 ,~—Theocrti. Id. 
I, Sic..-—Strab. 8.— Virg. G. 4, v. 170. JEn. 
<>, v. 630. 1. 8. v. 418, &c. L 11, v. 263. 

*~Ovid.Met. 13, V. 780. L 14 , V. 249.- 

A peopleof Alia. 

Cycnus, a fon of Mars by Pelopea, kill- 
iby Hercules. The manner #f his death 


C Y 

provoked Mars to fuch a degree, that here-* 
folved feverely to punilh his murderer, but he 
was prevented by the thunderbolts of Jupi¬ 
ter. Hygin. fab. 31 & 261 ,-^-Hefod. in 
Scut. Here. -A fon of Neptune, invulne¬ 

rable in every part of his body. Achilles 
fought againfl: him; but when he faw that 
his darts were of no effeft, he threw him on 
the ground and fmothered him. He dripped 
him of his armour, and faw him fuddenly 
changed into a bird of the fame name. Ovid. 

Met. 12. fab. 3.-A fon of Hyrie, changed 

into a l'wan.-A fon of Sthenelus, kinjtof 

Liguria. He was deeply afflidted at the 
death of his friend and relation Phaeton, and 
in the midft of his lamentations he was me- 
tamorphofed into a fwan. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 367. 
— Virg. JEn. IO, v. 189.— Pauf. I, C. 30. 
-—A horfe’s name. Stat.b.Thcb . v. 324. 

(. ydas, a profligate Cretan, made judge at 
Rome by Antony. Cic. in Phil. 5 & 8. 

Cydias, a Athenian of great valor, &c. 

Pauf. 10, c. 21.-A painter who made a 

painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated 
piece was bought by the orator Hortenfius, 
for 164 talents. Plin. 34. 

Cydipte, the wife of Anaxilaus, &c. 
Hcrodot. 7, c. 165.—The mother of Cleo- 
bis and Biton. Vid . Cleobis-A girl be¬ 
loved by Acontius Vid. Acontius.-Oiie 

of Gyrene’s attendants. Virg. G. 4, v. 329. 

Cydnus, a liver of Cilicia, near Tarius, 
where Alexander bathed when covered with 
fweat. The coniequences proved almoft fatal 
to the monarch. Curt. 3, c. 4.— Juflin. 11, c. 8. 

Cydon, a friend of Turnus againft JEneas. 
Virg. JEn. IO, v. 335. 

Cydon & Cydonia, now Canea , a town 
of Crete, built by a colony from Samos. It 
was fuppofed that Minos generally refided 
there. Hence Cydoneus. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 22. 
— Virg. JEn. 12, v. 858. — Sil. 2 , v. 109. — 
Liv. 37, c. 60.— Lucan. 7,y. 229. 

Cydonia, an ifland oppofite Lelbos. 
Plin. 2 & 4. 

Cydrara, a city of Phrygia. Heredct. 7, 
c. 30. 

CtdrolXus, a man who led a colony t© 
Samos. Died. 5. 

Cygnus. Vid. Cycnus. 

Cylabus, a place near Argos Pelopon- 
nefus. Plut. in Pyrrh. 

Cyi.Siani, mountains of Phrygia where 
the Cayfter takes its rife. Plin. 5, e. 29. 

Cylices, a people among the Illyrians. 
There was in their country a monument ia 
honor of Cadmus. Athen. 

Cylinous, a fon of Phryxus and Cal¬ 
liope. • 

(JyllabariS, a public place for exercifes 
at Argos, where was a ftatue of Minerva. 
Pauf. in Cor. 

Cyllabarus, a gallant of the wife of 

Diomedes, &c. 

Cyllarus, the molt beautiful of all the 
Centaurs, pa©(HMl»ly fond ©f Hylonome. 

'thief 






CY 


CY 


They perilled both at the fame time. 6 vid. 
J2. Met. v. 408.——A celebrated horfe of 
Pollux or of Cador, according to Seneca. 
Virg. G. 3, v. 90. 

Cyllen, a Ion of Elatus. Pauf. 8, c. 4. 

Cyj.le$je, the mother of Lycaon, by 

Pelafgus. Apollod. 3,c. 8.-A naval ftation 

of Elis in Peloponneft.s. Pauf. 4, c. 23.-~ 

A mountain of Arcadia, with a (mail town on 
it£ declivity, which received its name from 
Cyllen. Mercury was born there ; hence his 
furname of Cyllencius, which is indifcriminately 
applied to any thing he invented, or over which 
he prefixed. Lucan I, v. 663.— Horat. ep. 
* 3 » v * I 3 *— Pauf. 8. c. 17.— Virg. ASn. 8, v. 
* 39 - — Ovid. Met. 13, v. 146. A. A. 3, v. 147. 

Cyllenkius, a furname of Mercury, 
from his being born on the mountain Cyllene. 

Cyllyrii, certain (laves at Syracufe. He- 
tedot. 7, c. IJ 5 * 

Cylon, an Athenian, who afpired to ty¬ 
ranny. Herodot. 5, C. 71. 

Cyma or Cvmj., the larged and mod 
beautiful town of ASolia, called alfo Phrico- 
fiity and Pbricontis , and Cumee. Vid. Cums. 
Lw. 37, C, II.— Cic Place. 20.— Herodot. I, c. 

149- 

Cymodoce, Cyme, and Cym-o, one of 
the Nereides. Heftod. Thcog. v. 255.— Virg. 
G. 4,v. 388. 4 

Cymolus, & Cimolus, an ifland of the 
Cretan fea. Ovid. 7. Met. v. 463. 

t ymothoe, one of the Nereides, repre- 
fented by Virg. JEn . 1, v. 148, as affUting 
the Trojans with Triton after the dorm with 
which AEolus, at the requed of Juno, had 
afflicted the fleet. 

Cynara, one of Horace’s favorites, 4 QJ. 
I.v- 4 - 

CynjegTrus, an Athenian, celebrated 
for his extraordinary courage. He was bro- 
tlier to the poet AEfchylus. After the battle 
of Marathon, he purfued the flying Perfians 
to their (hips, and feized one of their veffels 
with his right hand, which was immediately 
levered by the enemy. Upon this he feized 
the veflel with his left hand, and when he 
had lod that alfo, he dill kept his hold with 
his teeth. Herodot. 6, c. 114 — Juftin. 2, c. 9. 

Cyn^thium, a town of Arcadia, founded 
by one of the companions of iEneas. 
JDionvf. Hal. 

Cynane, a daughter of Philip, king of 
Macedonia, who married Amyntas, fon of 
Perdiccas, by whom lhe had Eurydice. Po- 
lyan. 8. 

Cy napes, at river falling into the Euxine. 
Ovid. 4, Pont. el. IO. v. 49. 

Cynaxa. Vid. Cunaxa. 

Cyneas. Vid. Cineas. 

Cynesii & Cynetje, a nation on the 
remoted (hores of Europe, towards the ocean. 
Herodot. 2, c. 33. 

Cynethussa, an ifland in (he AEgean 
&a. P/in. 4, c. 12. j 

Cynia, a lake of Acarnania. Strab. 16. 


CynKci, a fe<ft of philofophers founded 
by Antidhenes the Athenian. They received 
this name a canina mordacitate, from their, 
canine propenfity to- criticife the lives and 
adlions of men, or becaufe, like dogs, they 
were not afnamed to gratify their criminal 
defires publicly. They were famous for their 
contempt of riches, for the negligence of their 
drefs, and the length of their beards. Dio¬ 
genes was one of their le£f. They generally 
(lept on the ground. Cic. 1. Off. 35 & 41. 

Cynisca, a daughter of Archidamus, 
king of Sparta, who obtained the fird prize 
in the chariot races at the Olympic games. 
Pauf. 3,C. 8, 

C yno, a woman who prel'ervedthe life of 
Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. HO. 

Cynocephai-e, a town of Theffaly, where 
the proconful Quintius conquered Philip of 
Macedon, and put an end to the fird Mace¬ 
donian war, B. C. 197. JAv. 33,c. 7. 

Cynocephali, a nation in India, who 
have the head of a dog, according to fome 
traditions. Plin. 7,c. 2. 

Cynophontis, a fedival at Argos, ©b- 
ferved during the dog-days. It received its 
fame too xwxs foyuv, killing dogs , be¬ 
caufe they ufed to kill all the dog they met. 

Cynortas, one of the ancient kings of 
Sparta, fon of Amyelas and Diomede. Pauf. 3, 
c. 1. 

Cynortjon, a mountain of Peloponnefus, 
Pauf. 2, c. 27. 

Cynos, a town ofLocris.-Another in 

Theffaly, where Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, was 
buried. 

Cynosarges, a furname of Hercules. - - 

A fmall village of Attica of the fame name, 
where the Cynic philofophers had edablilhc^l 
their fchool. Herodot. 5 & 6. 

Cynosskma, ( a dog's tomb), a promontory 
of the Thracian Cherl'onefus, (where Hecuba 
was changed into a dog, and buried. Ovid. 13, 
Met.S 69. 

Cy nosura, a nymph ©f Ida in Crete. She 
nurfed Jupiter, who changed her into a fiar 
which bears the fame name. It is the fame as 
the Urfa Minor. Ovid.Faf.^,\. 107. 

Cynthia, a beautiful woman, who was 
midrefs to Propertius. -A furname of Di¬ 

ana, from mount Cynthus, where (he was born. 

Cynthius, a furnatne pf Apollo, from 
mount Cynthus. 

Cynthus, a mountain of Delos, fo high 
that it is laid to overihadow the whole ifland. 
Apollo was furnamed Cynthius , and Diana 
Cynthia , as they were born on the mountain, 
which was (acred to them. Virg. G. 3, v. 36. 
— Ovid. 6. Met. v. 304. Faff 3, v. 346. 

Cynurenses, a people of Arcadia. Pauf. 
8, c.27. 

Cynus, a naval dation of Opus. Id. io* 

c.i. 

Cyparissi & Cyparissia, a town of 
Peloponnefus,near Meflenia. Liv» 3 2,0.31. 
-—Plin. 4, c. J. 

Q 3 Cvp/$- 



CY 


C*pari$sus, a youth, Ton of Telephus of j 
Cea, beloved 'by Apollo. He killed a favorite 1 
flag of Apollo’s, for which he was to forry that 
he pined away and was changed by the god into 
a cyprefs tree. Virg. JEn. 3, v; 680.— Ovid. 

Met. 10, v. zii.- A town near Delphi. 

Mela, 2, c. 3. 

CyphaRa, a fortified place of Theffaly. 
Liv. 32, c. 13. 

Cyprianus, a native of Carthage, who, 
though born of heathen parents, became a 
convert to chriftianity, and the bilhop of his 
country; 'I'o be more devoted to purity and 
fttidyv he abandoned his wife ; and as a proof 
of his charity lie diftributed his goods to the 
poor. He wrote 81 letters, befides feveral 
treatifes, de Dei mat id, de •oirAnum habit u, Sec. 
and rendered his competitions valuable by the 
information he conveys of the difeipline of the 
ancient church, and by the foundnefs and 
purity of his theology. lie died a martyr, 
A»D. 258. The beft editions of . vprian are, 
that of Fell. fol. Oxon. 1682; and that re¬ 
printed Arnft. 1700. 

Cyprus, a daughter of Antony and Cleo¬ 
patra, who married Agrippa.--A large 

Ifland in the Mediterranean lea, at the fonth 
of Cilicia, and at the weft of Syria, for¬ 
merly joined to the continent near Syria, ac¬ 
cording to Pliny. It has been anciently cal¬ 
led Acamaniisy Amathujta, Afpelia , CerajUs, 
Co’enicZj or Colinia, Macaria, and Spec,hi a. 
ft has been celebrated for giving birth to 
Venus fumamed Cypr/s, who was the chief 
ftcity of the place, and to whofe fcrvice many 
places and temples were conlecrnfed. It was 
anciently divided into nine kingdom?, and 
was for ibtne time under the power of Egypt, 
and afterwards of the Hermans. '1 he Greeks 
made themfefves mailers of it, and it was 
taken from them by the Romans. ’Its length 
according to Strabo, is 1400 ftadin. 'i here 
were three celebrated temples there, two 
Sacred to Venus, and the other to Jupiter. 
The inhabitants were given much to pleafure 
and diffipation, Strab. 16.— Frol. 3. c. 14. 

-—FI or. 3, c. 9.— JuJUn. 18, C. 5.— Plin. 
12, c. 24. I.33, c. 5. 1.36, c. 26.— Mela , 

*-• 7 » ^ ^ ' 

Cyfselides, the name of three princes 
as 'defeendants of Cypfelus, who reigned at 
Corinth during 73 years. Cypfelus was luc- 
cecded by his foil Periander, who left his 
kingdom after a reign of 40 years, to Cyp- 
Felus II. 

CYPskr tts-, a king of Arcadia, who mar- 
tied the daughter of Gtefiphcn, to ftrengthen 
.himfelf agaiiiit the HeracTidae Pauf. 4, c. 3. 

~-A man of t.erinth, Ton of Eetion, and 

father of Periander. He deft rayed the Bac-u 
ehiad.se, and ftrzcd upon the fovereign power, 
about 659 years before Thrift. He reigned 
30 years, and was fucceeded fey his ion. 
Periander had two ions, Lycophron and Cyp 
jfefcis was insane. Cypfelus received ids 
isaaaie from the Greek word a coffer* * 


CY 

becaufe when tire Bacchiadae attempted to kill 
him, his motherfaved his life by concealing him 
in a coffer. Pauf. 5, c. 17.— -Cic. Tufc. 5, c. 37. 
— Hercdot. I. c 114. 1 . 5. c. 92, &C. — Arifot. 

Polit. -The father of Miltiades. Herodot, 

6 ,c„ 35 . 

‘-yraunis, an ifland of Libya. Id. 4^ 
c. * 95 - 

CyRbiana, a province of the Elymteans. 

Cyrf., a fountain near Cyrene. 

Cyrenaxca, a country of Africa of which 
Cyrene is the capital. Vid. Cyrene. 

Cyrenaici, a left of philosophers who 
followed the dodlrine of Ariftippus. They 
placed their fummum bonvm in pleaiure, and 
fa id that virtue ought to be commended be- 

cauie- it gave pleafure. Lqert. in Arif. - 

Cic. de Nat. I). 3: 

Cyrene, tlie daughter of the river Peneus, 
of whom Apollo became enamoured. He 
carried her to that part of Africa which is 
called Cyrer.aica, where flie brought forth 
Ariftteus. She is called by fome daughter of 
Hypleus, king of the Lapitha;, and fon of the 
Peneus. Virg. G. 4, v. 321.— ‘Jujiin. 13, 

c. 7.— Pindar. Pyth. 9.-A celebrated 

city of Lybia, to which Artftteus, who was 
the chief of the colonifts fettled there, gave 
his mother’s name. Cyrene was fituate in 
a beautiful and fertile plain, about eleven 
miles from the Mediterranean fea, and it be¬ 
came the capital of the country, which was 
called Pcntapolis , on account of the five cities 
which it • contained. It gave birth to many 
great men, among whom were Callimachus, 
Eratofthenes, Carneades,Ariftippus, Sec. The 
town of c yrene was built by Battus, B. C. 
630, and the kingdom was bequeathed to the 
Romans, B. C. 97, by >nhg Ptolemy A^ pion. 
Herodot. 3 & 4.— Pauf. 10, c. 13.— Strab. 17# 
— Mela, 1 . c. 8. — Plin. 3 , C. 3 .— Tacit. Ann. 
3>c. 70. 

t yrjades, one of the thirty tyrants who 
harafled the Roman empire, in the reign of 
Galliemis. Pie died A. D. 259. 

Cyrillus. a bifliop of JerufaTem, who 
died A. D, 386. Of his writings, compofed 
in Greek, there remain 23 catachcfes, and a 
letter to the emperor Conftantine, the bed 
edition of which is, Miiles, fol. Oxon, 1703. 

-Abiibop of Alexandria, who died A. I). 

444. T he beft edition of his writings, which 
are moftlv controverfial, in Greek, is that of 
Paris, fol. 7 vols. 1638. 

Cyrne, a place of Euboea.* 

Cyrnus, a driver in the games which Scipio 

exhibited in Africa, See. Itol. 16, v. 342.-- 

A man of Algos who founded a city of Cher- 

fonefus. Di d. 3.-A river that falls 

into the Cafpian fieo. Pint, in Pomp. -- 

An ifland on the coaft of Liguria, the iarrie as 
Cor flea; and called after C-yrnus, the fon of 
Hercules. Virg. Ed. 9, v. 30 .—Pa if. io, 
c.17. 

C'srRWiT'.f, a people of ^Ethiopia. 

(.YEftKAH;*:, aii Indian nation. 

CvRrhe*. 












Cy iguiES, a people of Macedonia, near 
Pella. 

* yrrhestica, a country of Syria near 
Cilicia, of which the capital was called Cyrr- 
tum. P/in. .5 , C. 23.— Cic. Att. J, ep. 18. 

Cyrrhus &. Cyrus-, a river of Iberia, in 
Ana. 

Cyr situs, an Athenian, Honed to death 
hy his countrymen, becaufe he advifed them 
to receive the army of Xerxes, and to fubmit 
to the power ofPerfia. Demojlh. de Corona. 
— Cic.$,de Ojjic.c.. ii. ^ 

Ctrus, a kin" of Perfia, fon of Canibyfes 
and Mandane, daughter of Aftyages, king of 
A^Iedia. His father was of an ignoble family^ 

I whole marriage with Mandane had been con- 
iummated on account of the apprehenfions of, 
Aftyages, {Fid. Aftyages.) Cyrus was ex- 
i-pofed as loon as born ; but he was prelerved 
lAty a ihepherdefs, who educated him as her 
own ion. As he was playing with his equals 
in years, he was elected king in a certain di- 
verlion, and he exercifed his power with fuch 
ian independent fpirit, that he ordered one of 
I his play companions to be leverely whipped 
for difobedience. The father of the youth, 
who was a nobleman, complained to the king 
of the ill treatment which his fon had received 
from a Ihepherd’s fon. Aftyages ordered 
^ Cyrus before him, and difcovered that he was 
Mandane’s fon, from whom he had fo much 
to apprehend. He treated him with great 
coldneis ; and Cyrus, unable to bear his ty- 
'ranny, cfcaped from his confinement, and 
r began to levy troops to dethrone his grand¬ 
father. He was alii it ed and encouraged by, 
'the minifters of Aftyages, who were difjfleafed 
with the king’s oppreflion. He marched 
againft him, and Aftyages was defeated in a 
battle, and taken prifoner, B. C. 559. From 
this victory the empire of Media became tri- 
. but3ry to the Perlians. Cyrus fubdued the 
eaflern parts of Alia, and made war againft 
Crcefus, king of Lydia, whom he conquered, 
C. 548. He invaded the kingdom of 
Aflybia, and took the city of Babylon, by 
drying the channels of the Euphrates, and 
marching his troops through the bed of the 
river, while the people were celebrating a 
grand feftival. He afterwards marched 
•againft Tomyris, the queen'of the Maflagette, 
k Scythian nation, and was defeated in a bloody 
battle, B. C. 530. The vidorious queen, 
"-who had loft her fon in a previous encounter, 
was fo incenfed againft Cyrus, that lKe cyf 
fcff his head and threw it into $ vefTei filled 
with human blood, exclaiming, Satin le 
Jangitim quern fitifti. j Xenophon has written 
the life of Cyrus ; but his hiftory is not per- 
fedly authentic. In the character of Cyrus, 
he delineates a brave and virtuous prince, and 
often puts in his mouth many of the fayings 
of Socrates. The chrcpolcgy is falfe •, and 
Xenophon, in lais narration, has given 'exill- 
once to perfons whom no other hiftorinn ever 
mentioned. The CyrofaJui, therefore, la 


not to be looked upon as an authentic hiftory, 
of Cyrus the Great, but we nui(t confider it. 
as fliewing what every good and virtuous 
prince ought to be. Died. l.—Herodoi.i, c. 
75, &c.— JujUn. 1, c. 5 & 7.——The 
■ounger Cyrus, was the younger fon of Darius 
>»othus, and the brother of Artaxerxes. He 
was fent by his father, at the age of fixteen, 
to aftift the Lacedaemonians againft Athens. 
Artaxerxe> lucceeded to the throne at the, 
death of Nothus; and Cyrus, who was of an 
afpiring foul, attempted to afTailinate him. 
He was difcovered, and would hive been^ 
puniflied with death, had not his mother,' 
Paryfatis, faved him from the hands of the 
executioner by her tears and entreaties. This' 
circumftance did not in the leaft check the 
ambition of Cyrus; he was appointed over 
Lydia and the lea coafts, where he fecretly 
fomented rebellion, and levied troops under 
various pretences. At laft he took the field 
with an army of 160,000 barbarians, and 
13,000 Greeks under the command of Cle- 
archits. Artaxerxes met him with 900,000 
men near Cunaxa. The battle was long and 
bloody, and Cyrus might hare perhaps ob¬ 
tained the viftory, had not his uncommon 
raftmefs proved his ruin. It is faid that the 
two royal brothers met in perfon, • and en¬ 
gaged with the mod inveterate fury, and their 
engagement ended in-the death of Cyrus, 401 
years B. C. Artaxerxes was fo anxious of its 
being univerfally reported that his brother 
had fallen by his hand, that he put to death 
two of his iubjedls, for boafting that they had 
killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who were en¬ 
gaged in the expedition, obtained much glory 
in the battle; and after the death of Cyrus, 
they remained vidlorious in the field without 
a commander. They were not, however, 
dilcouraged, though at a great diftance from 
their country, and lurrounded on every fide 
by a powerful enemy. They unanimoufly 
united in the election of commanders, and 
travelled all Alia, in fpite of the continual 
attacks of the Perlians ; and nothing is more 
truly celebrated in ancient hiftory than the bold 
retreat ofihe ten thohf.ind. The journey that 
they made from the place of their firft em¬ 
barkation, till their return, has been calcu¬ 
lated at II55 leagues, performed in the Ipace 
of 15 months,including all th^time which was 
devoted to talceAeft and refrelhment. This 
retreat has been celebrated by Xenpphpn, who 
was oi;ecf their leaders, and among the friends 
and fuppovters of" Cyrus. It is laid, that in 
the letter he wrote to Lacedzemon, to lolicit 
auxiliaries, Cyrus boafted his philolbphy, his 
royal blood, and his ability to drink more 
wine than his brother without being intoxi¬ 
cated. Pint, in Art ax — Diod. 14 .-— JuJUa. 

5, c. 11.-A rival of < ; orace, in the affec¬ 

tions of one of his miltreftes, 1. od. 17, v. 24, 

——A poet of Panopolis,in the age of Thco- 
doljus. 

Cyku c & CyroW>ms, a city of Syria 
y 4 bu:i .. 








CY 


CY 

\ 

Wilt by the Jews in honor 1 of Cyrus, whole | 
humanity in relieving them from their capti¬ 
vity they wifhed thus to commemorate. 

Cyrus, a river 9f Perfia, now Kur. 

Cyta, a town of Colchis, famous for the 
poifonou6 herbs which it produces, and for 
the birth of Medea. Flacc. 6, v. 693.— Pro- 
pert. 2, el. 1, v. 73. 

Cytjf.is, a furname of Medea, from her 
being an inhabitant of Cyta. Propert. a, el. 4, 
7 - " j 

Cythera, now Cer/go, an ifland on the 
coaft of Laconia in Peloponnelus. It was 
particularly facred to the goddels Venus, 
who was from thence furnamed Cytheraa , 
and who role, as fome fuppole, from the fea, 
near its coalts. It was for fome time under 
the power of the Argives, and always confi- 
deredas of the higheft importance to maritime 
powers. The Phoenicians had built there a 
famous temple to Venus. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 
* 62 . 1 . IO, y. s.T—Pauf. 3, c. 33. —Ovid Met. 
4, v. 288.' 1 .15, v. 386. Pajl. 4, v. 15.— 
Herodot. 1, c. 29. 

CythSrjea, a furname of Venus. 

Cytheris, a certain courtezan, much re- 
fpeCted by the poet Gallus, as well as by 
Antony. 

Cytiikron. Vid. Cithaeron. 

CYtherun, a place of Attica. 

Cytiierus, a river of Elis. Pauf. 6 ,c. 22. 

Cytjinos, now Thermit* , an ifland near 
Attica, famous for its cheefe. It has been 
called Ophioufa and Dryopis, Ovid. Met. 5, 
V. 252. 

Cytineum; one of the four cities called 
Tetrapolis, in Doris. Strab. y.—Thucyd. 1, 
C. 107. 

Cytissorus, a fon of Phryxus, &c. Hero- 
dot. 7, c. 197. 

CytSrus, now Kudros , a mountain and 
town of Galatia, built by Cytorus, fon of 
Phryxus, and abounding in box wood. Catull. 


4, V. 13.— Ovid. Met. 4, V. 311.— Strab. It, 
— Virg. G. 2, V. 437. 

Cyzicum, or Cyzicus, an ifland of the 
Propontis, about 530 ftadia in circumference, 
with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander- 
joined it to the continent by two bridges, and 
from that time it was called a peninlula. It 
had two harbours called Paiiormus and Chy- 
tus, the firft natural, and the other artificial. 
It became one of the moft considerable cities of 
Alia. It was befieged by Mlthridat.es, and 
relieved by Lucullu§. Plor. 3, c. 5.-— PHn. 5, 
c. 32.— Died. lS. 

Cyzicus, a fon of CEneus and Stilba, 
who reigned in Cyzicus. hie hofjatably re¬ 
ceived the Argonauts, in their expedition 
againlt Colchis. After their departure from 
the coaft of Cyzicus, they were driven back 
in the night,by a ftorm, upon the coaft; and 
the inhabitants feeing luch an unexpected 
number of men, furioufly attacked them, 
fuppofing them to be the Pelafgi, their an¬ 
cient enemies. In this noCturnal engage¬ 
ment, many were killed on both tides, and 
Cyzicus perifiied by the hand of Jal'on him- 
felf,who honored him with adplehdid funeral, 
and railed a ltately monument over his grave. 
A polled. I, c. 9*— Place. — A pollen... — Orpheus. 

-The chief town of the ifland of Cyziaim, 

built where the ifland is joined by the bridges' 
to the continent, It has two excellent har¬ 
bours called I anormus and Chytus. The. 
former is naturally large and beautiful, and the 
other owes all its conveniences to the hand of 
art. The town is fituate partly on a moun¬ 
tain, and partly in a plain. 1 he Argonaut^ 
built a temple to Cybele, in the neighbour¬ 
hood. It deriv es its pame from Cyzicus, vvhq 
was killed there by Jafion. The Athenians 
defeated neap this place, their enemies of 
Lacedaemon, aflilted by Pharnabazus, B. C. 
410. Plor. 3, c. 5, &C —Strab.—Apollon, l] 
Propert. 3, el. 22.— place. 2, V. 636. 


DA 

D AM, Dahal or Dai, now the Dahif. 

tan, a people pf Scythia, who dwelt on 
the borders of the Caipian lea. Sil. T3,v. 764. 
—Lucan. 7, v. 4 z^.—Pirg. JEn. I, v. 728. 

Daci & Dacal, a warlike nation of Ger¬ 
many, beyond the Danube, whofe country, 
called Dacia, was conquered by the Romans 
tinder Trajan, after a war of 15 years, A. D. 
403. The emperor joined the country to Mce- 
lia, by ereCting a magnificent bridge acrois the 
Danube, considered as the heft of his works, 
Which however the envy of his fticceftbr 
Adrian demolifhed. Dacia now forms the 
modern countries of Walachia , Tranfylvania, 
and Moldavia. Lucan. 2, v. 53, 

Dacicus, a furname afTumed by Domitian 
»n his pretended victory over the Dacians. 
jfuv. 6, v. 204. 


P-& 

Dactyii, a name given to the priefts of 
Cybele, which fome derive from 
finger, becaufe they were ten, the fame number 
as the fingers of the hand. Pauf. 1, c. 8. 

Dadjcal, a people of Afiatic Scythia. H<;- 
rodot. 3, c. 91. 

Palda la, a mountainand city ofLycia, 
where Daedalus was buried according to Pliny 

5, c. 27.-A name given to Circe, from 

her being cunning, (fiuiUXes), and like Da- 
dalus, addicted to deceit and artifice!. Vir*. 

PPn. 7, v. 282.--Two feftivals in Bceotia. 

One of thefe was oblervefl at Alalcomenos by 
the Plata*ans, in a large grove, where they 
expofed, in the open air, pieces of boiled 
Hefh, and carefully ohferved whither the 
crows that came to prey upon them directed 

their 







tVirlr flight. All the trpes upon which any 
*f thefe birds alighted, were immediately 
cut down, and with them ftatucs were made, 

called Dadala, in honor of Daedalus.- 

The other f^fliyal was of a more folemn kind. 

It was celebrated every fixty years, by all the 
cities of Bocotia, as a compenl'ation for the 
jntermifVon of die fmaller feftivals, for that 
number (>f years, durir;' the exile of the Pla- 
toeans. Fourteen of the ftatues, cailjd D;e- 
dala, were diftributed by lot among the Pla- 
taeans, I.ebadoeans, Coroneans, Orchotqe- 
nians, Thdfpians, Thebans, Tanagnpans, 
and Cliaroncans, becaufc they had ffedted 
a reconciliation among the Plataeans, and 
caufed tjtem to be recalled from exile, about 
the time that Thebes was reftored by Caftan 
tfer, the Ion of Antipater. During this fel- 
ti/al, a woman in the habit of a bride-mayl 
accompanied a ftatue, which was drefled in 
temab- garments, on the banks of the Euro- 
tas. 'This proceflion was attended to the top 
of mount Citharon, by many of the Boeo¬ 
tians, who had places afiigned them by lot. 
Here an altar of fquare pieces of wood, ce¬ 
mented together like ftones, was erected, 
and upon it were thrown large quantities of 
comhuftiblc materials. Afterwards a bull 
was faerrficed to Jupiter, and an ox or heifer 
to Juno, by every one of the cities of Baeo- 
tia, and by the moll opulent that attended. 
The pooreft citizens offered fmall cattle ; and 
all thefe oblations, together with the Dardala, 
were thrown in the commou heap and let 
on fire, and totally 'reduced to afhes. They 
originated in this : When Juno, after a quar¬ 
rel with Jupiter, had retired to Eubcea, and 
refufed to return to his bed, the god, anxious 
for her return, went to conlult Citharron king 
of Platara, to find fome effectual meafure to 
break her ojrflinapy. £iti.oeron adviled him 
40 drefg a ffatue in woman's apparel, and carry 
it in a chariot, and publicly to report it was 
.Platara, the daughter of Afopus, whom he was 
going to marry. The advice was followed, and 
Juno, informed of her hufband's future mar¬ 
riage, repaired in hafte to meet the chariot, and 
was eafily united to him, >vhcn (he difeovered 
the artful me?lures he made ufe of to effedt a 
reconciliation. , Faufan. Flut. 

Dj oauon, a fun .of Lucifer, brother to 
Ceyx, and father of Pbiloms. He was fo 
afBi&edat the death of Pbilonis, whom Diana 
- had put to death, that he threw himfelf down 
from the top of mount PamafTus, and was 
changed intp a falcon by Apollo. Ovid. Mrt. 
II, v. 495. 

DjkdXlos, an Athenian, fon of Eupala- 
mus, deicendcd from Erechtheu3 v king of 
Athens. He was the moft ingenious artift 
of his age, and to him we are indebted for 
the invention of the wedge, the axe, the 
>vimble, the level, and many other mecha¬ 
nical inftruments, and the fails of (hips. He 
made ftatues, which moved of themfelves, and 
[eemed to be endowed with life. Talus, his 


ftfter*s fon, promifed to be as great as himfrff, 
by the ingenuity of his inventions; and 
therefore, from envy, he threw him down 
from a window and killed him. After the 
murder of this youth, Daedalus, w ith his fba 
Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where 
Minos, king of the country, gave him 4 
cordial reception. Daedalus made a famous 
lahvrinth for Minos, and affifted P diphae, 
the queen,to gratify her unnatural paffionfor 
a bull. Fcr this action, Daedalus incurred the 
difoleafure of Minos, who ordered him to he 
confined in the labyrinth which he had con- 
(trudted. Here lie made himfelf wings with 
feathers and wax, and carefully fitted them 
to his body, and to that of his fon, who was 
the companion of his confinement. They 
took their flight in the air from Crete ; but 
the heat of the fun meltc"* the wax on the 
wings of Icarus, whole flight was too high, 
and he fell into that'part of the ocean, which 
from him has been called the Icarian fea. 
The father, by a proper management of his 
wings, alighted at Cumae, where he buijt a 
temple to Apollo, and thence directed his 
courfe to Sicily, wlwjre he was kindly re¬ 
ceived by Cocalus,*who reigned ©ve.r part of 
the country. He left many monuments of 
his ingenuity in Sicily, which dill exifted in 
the age of Diodorus Siculus. He wa3 dif- 
patched hy Cocalus, who was afraid of the 
power of Mimrt, who had declared war 
agajftft him, becaufe he had given an afvlum 
to Dadalus. 'I he flight of Daedalus from 
Crete, wit!) wings, is explained, hv ohfeiv- 
ing that he svas the inventor of fails, which 
in his age mi^ht pafs at a diftance for wing3. 
Pmf I, 7 & 9.— Dind. 4. — Ovid. Mrt. 8, 
fab. 3. Hrroid. 4. Dr Art. Am. 2 . Triji. 
3, el. 4.— Hygin. fab. 40. — Virv. JFn. (>, v. 

14- ApblloJ. 3,C. I,&C — Herodot. 7, C. I70. 

--There were two ftatuaries of the fame 

name, one of Sicyon, fon of Patroclus, the other 
a native of Bithynia. Favf. 7,c. 14-— Arrian. 

lJjt.MoN, a kind of fpirit which, as the 
ancients fuppoied, prefided over the aftions 
of mankind, gave them their private counfcls, 
and carefully watched over their mod fecret 
intentions. Some of the ancient philofophers 
maintained that every man had two of thel'c 
Daemons; the one bad, and the other good. 
Thefe Daemons had the power of changing 
themfelves into whatever they pleafed, and 
of affuming whatever fnapes were moft fub- 
lervient to their intentions. At the moment 
of death, the Daemon delivered up to judg¬ 
ment the perfon with whofe care he had been 
enrrufted ; and according to the evidence he 
delivered, fentc-nce was paffed over the body. 
The Daemon of Socrates is famous in hiftory. 
That great philofopher afferted that th** ge¬ 
nius informed him when any of his friends 
was going to engage in fome unfortunate enter- 
prize, and (lopped him from the commiftion 
of all crimes and impiety. 1 hefe Genii or 
Damon;, though at firft reckoned only as the 
S fubo*. 




DA 


i 


fubordinate minifters of the fuperior deities, 
received divine honor in length of time, and 
we find altars and ftatues erected to a Genio 
loci , Genio Augujli, funonibus , &C. Cic. Tufc. 
X. — Pint, de Gen. Socr. 

Dah^e. Fid. Day, 

Dai, a nation of Perfia, all fliepherds. 
Hero dot. r, c. 125. 

Daici.es, a vibior at Olympia, B. C. 753. 

Daidis, a folemnity obierved by the 
1 'Greeks. It lafted three days'. The firlt 
was in commemoration of Latona’s labor. 
The fecond in memory of Apollo’s birth ; 
and the third in honor of the marriage of 
Podalirius, and the mother of' Alexander. 
Torches were always carried at the celebra¬ 
tion ; whence the name. 

Daimachus, a matter of hprle at Syra- 
Cufe, &c. Poly ten. I. 

Daimenes, a general of the Achaeans. 

Pavf. 7, c. 6.-An officer expofed on a 

crol's, by Dionyfius of Syracufe. JDiod. 14. 

Daii’hkon, a fon of iEgyptus, killed by 
his wife, 6 cc. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

DaIha, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
Eleulisby Mercury. Pauf 1,0.38. 

Daldia, a .town of Lydia. 

Dalmatjus, one of the CnffiarS, in the 
age of v onftantine, who died A. D. 337. 

Dalmatia, a part of Ulyricum, at the 
edt of the Adriatic, near Liburnia on the 
weft, whofe inhabitants, called Da/mata, were 
conquered hv Metellus, B. t. 118. They 
cl 1 icily lived upon plunder, and from thSr re¬ 
bellious fpirit were troubleibme to the Roman 
empire. They wore a peculiar garment 
called Dalmatica , afterwards introduced at 
Rome. Pier at. 2, od. I, v. 16.— Lamp rid. in 
Commod. 8.— Strab. 7.— Ptol. 2. 

Dalmium, the chief town of Dalmatia. 
Strab. 7. 1 

Damagktus, a man of Rhodes, }vho en¬ 
quired of. the oracle what wife he ought to 
marry? and received for an f\ver the daughter 
of the bravelt of the Greeks, l ie applied to 
Ariftomencs and obtained his daughter jn mar 
iiage, B. C. 670. Pavf. 4, c. 24. 

Damalis, a courtezan at Rome, in the 
age of Horace, 1 od..36, v. 13. 

Dam as, a Syra< ui'an in the inter eft of Aga 
thdcles. Died. 19. 

Damascena, a part of Syria near mount 
j jibaous. 

Damascus, aftoic ofDamafcus, who wrote 
a philosophical hiftory, the life of Ilidorus, and 
four books on extraordinary events, in the age 
of Juftmian. His works, which are nqw loft, 
were greatly efteenu d according to Photius. 

D/ mascus, a lich and ancient city of Da 
rnafeene . in Syria, where Demetrius Micar.or 
\v?s defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the 
modern Hamas or Slum, inhabited by about 
8c CCO fouls. Lucan. 3, V. 2 IJ— JaJUn. 36, 

C. 2.-— Mela y I, C. II. 

Dam a si a ,a town called alfo Augifla, now 
Aufiurg) in Swabia on "the Lsdw 


DA 

Damasichtiion, a king of Thebes*, 
Pauf. 9, c. 5. 

Damasippps, a captain in Philip’s army. 

-A fenator who accompanied Juba when 

he entered Utica in triumph. Caf. Bell. C . 

2. . A great enemy of Sylla. Paterc. 2, 

c. 22.-An orator. Juv. 3, v. 185.-- 

A merchant of old feals and veflels, who after 
Iofing his all in unfortunate lchemes in com¬ 
merce, afTumed the name and habit of a ftoic 

philofopher. Horat. 2, Sat. 3.-One of 

Niobe’s fons. 

Damasistratus, a king of Platcea, who 
buried Lai us. Apollod. 3, c. 5. 

Damasithynus, a fon -of Candaules, ge¬ 
neral in the army of Xerxes. IPerodot , 7, c. 

98.-A king of t'alyndae, lunk in his Ihip 

by Artemifia. Id. 8, c. 87. 

Damastes, a man of Sigaeum, difciple of 
Hellamcus about the age of Herodotus, &c. 
Dionyf -A famous robber. Fid. Procr\}ftes*. 

Damastor, a Trojan chief, killed by Pa- 
troclus at the fiege of.Troy. Homer. II. 1 6, 
v. 416. 

Pamia, a furname of Cybele.-A wo¬ 

man to whom the Epidaurians raifed a ftatue. 
Herodot. J, C. 82 

Damias, a ftatuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, 
in the age of Lylander. Pauf 10, c. 9. 

Damippus, a Spartan taken by Marcellus 
as he failed out of the port of Syracufe. Pie 
difeovered to the enemy that a certain part of 
the city was negligently guarded, and in con- 
fequenceof this dilcovery Syracui'e was taken. 
Polyan. . 

Damis, a man who diiputed with Ariftode- 
mus the right of reigning over the Meftenians. 
Pauf 4, c. IO. 

Damnii, a people at the north of Britain. 

Damnonii, a people of Britain, nowfup- 

poled Devonfhire. 

Damnorix, a celebrated Gaul, in ^he in- 
tereft of Julius Carfar, &c. 

Damo, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by 
order of her father, devoted her life to perpe¬ 
tual celibacy, and induced others to follosv her 
example. Pythagoras^ at his death entrufted 
her with all the fecrets of his philofophy, and 
gave her the unlimited care of his compofitions, 
under the promile that fhe never would part 
with them. She faithfully obeyed his Injunc¬ 
tions; and though in the extremeft poverty, 
fhe refuted to obtain money by the violation 
of her father’s commands. Lacit. in Pytbag.. 

Damoci.es, one of the flatterers of Dio- 
ryfius the elder, of Sicily. He admired the 
tyrant’s wealth, and pronounced him the hap- 
pieft man on earth. Dionyfius prevailed upon 
him to undertake for a while the charge of 
royalty, and be convinced of the happinefs 
vvhii;h a l'overeign enjoyed. Damocles afeended 
the throne, and while he gazed upon the wealth 
and lplendor 1 that furrounded^him, he per¬ 
ceived a fword hanging over his head by a 
horle hair. This i'o terrified him that all his 
imaginary felicity vandhad at once, and he 

begged 











DA 


DA 


J>eg2ed Dionyfius to remove him from a foli¬ 
ation which expofed his life to fuch fears and 
dangers. Cie. in Tufcul, 5, c. 21. 

I Da.mocrates, a hero, See. Pint, in Arif. 

Damocrita, a Spartan matron, wife of 
Alcippus, who feverely punilhed her enemies 
who had baniihed her hufband, &c. Pint, in 
1 Parall. 

Damocritus, a timid general of the 

1 Aehseans, &c. Panfi 7, c. 13.-A Greek 

! writer, who compoled two treatifes, one upon 
the art of drawing an army in battle array, 

aijd the other concerning the Jews.--A man 

who wrote a poetical treatit'e upon medicine. 

Damon, a vidlor at Olympia, Olymp. 102. 

•- Paif. 4> c. 27. — —A poet and mufician 

of Athens, intimate with Pericles, and dif 
tinguilhed for his knowledge of government 
and fondnels of difeipline. He was baniihed 
for his intrigues about 430 years before 
Chrift- C. Nef>. 15, C. 2.— Pint, in Pericl. 
--A Pythagorean phllofopher, very inti¬ 

mate with Pythias. When he had been con¬ 
demned to death by Dionyfius, he obtained 
from the tyrant leave to go and fettle his do- 
meitic affairs, on promile of returning at a 
Hated hour to the place of execution. Pythias 
pledged himlelf to undergo the punishment 
which was to be inflated on Damon, lhould 
he not return in time, and he consequently 
delivered himlelf into the hands of the tyrant. 
Damon returned at the appointed moment, 
and Dionyfius was fo ftruck with the fidelity 
of thole two friends, that he remitted the 
punilhment, and entreated them to permit 
him to (hare their friendlhip, and enjoy their 

confidence. Val. Max. 4, c. 7.- A man 

of Cheronaa, who killed a Roman officer, and 
was murdered by his fellow-citizens. Pint, in 

Cim. -A Cyrenean, who wrote an hiftory 

of philofophy. Laert. 

Damopiiantus, a general of Elis, in the 
age of Philopoemen. Pint, in Phil. 

DAMoruiLA, a poetels of Lelbos, wife of 
Pamphilus. She was intimate with Sappho, 
and not only wrote hymns in honor of Diana 
and of the gods, but opeiled a fchool, where the 
younger perions of her fex were taught the va¬ 
rious powers of nmfic and poetry. Philojlr. 

Damophilus, an hiftorian. Diod. -A 

Rhodian gOneraT againil the fleet of Deme¬ 
trius. Diod-. 20. 

Damopuon, a fculptor of Meffenia. Pauf. 
7, c. 23. 

Damostratus, a philolopher who wrote 
a treadle concerning fillies. JElian. V. II. 
I3» c. 21. 

DAMqxENUS, a comic writer of Athens. 

Alien. 3.-A boxer of Syracule, baniihed 

for killing his adverlary. Pauf. 8, c. 40. 

Dam v rias, a river of Sicily. Pint, in Tiuiol. 

Dana, a large town of Cappadocia. 

Danace, the name of the piece of money 
which Charon, required to convey the de^d 
over the Styx. Saidas. 

Dan-ae, the daughter of Acrifius. king of 


Argos, by Eurydice. She was confined in a 
brazen tower by her father, who had been 
told by an oracle, that his daughter’s ion 
would put him to death. His endeavours to 
prevent Danae from becoming a mother proved 
fruitlefs; and Jupiter, who ,vas enamoured of 
her, introduced himlelf to her bed, by changing 
himlelf into a golden lhovver. From his em¬ 
braces Danae had a ion, with whom lhe was 
expoled on the lea by her father. The wind 
drove the bark which carried her to the coalts 
of the illand of Seriphus, where lhe was faved 
by fome filhermen, and carried to Polydeeies 
king of the place, whofe brother called Ditiys, 
educated the child called Perieus, and tenderly 
treated the mother. Polydedtes fell in love 
with her ; but as he was afraid of her fon, he 
lent him to conquer the Gorgons, pretending 
that he wifhed Medttfa’s head to adorn the 
nuptials which he was going to celebrate with 
Hfppodamia, the daughter of CEuom’aus. 
When Perieus had vidtorioufly finilhed his 
expedition, he retired to Argos with Danae, to 
the houle of Acrifius, whom lie inadvertently 
killed. Some fuppofe that it was Proctus the 
brother of Acrifius, who introduced himlelf to 
Danae in the brazen tower ; and ijiltead of 
a golden lhower, it was maintained, that the 
keepers of Danae were bribed by the gold of 
her leducer. Virgil mentions that Danae came 
to Italy with fomc fugitives of Argos, and 
that lhe founded a city called Ardoa. Ovid. 
Met. 4.^ 6l X. Art. Am. 3, v. 415. Amor. 
2, el. Iy^v. 27.— llorat. 3, od. 16.— Homer. 
II. 14, v. 319. — Apdlod . 2, c. 2 & 4.— Stat. 

Ibeb. l,v. 255.— yirg. sEn 7,v. 410.-A 

daughter of Leontium, midrefs to Sophron, 

governor of Ephelus.- A daughter of Da- 

naus, to whom Neptune offered violence. 

Danai, a name given to the people of 
Argos, and promilcuoufly to all the Greeks, 
from Datiaus their king. Virg. & Ovid, 
pajftm. 

Dan aides, the fifty daughters of Danaus 
king of Argos. When their uncle Asgyptus 
came from Egypt with his fifty fons, they 
were promifed in marriage to their coufins i 
but before the celebration of their nuptials, 
Danaus, who had been informed by an oracle 
that he was to be killed by the hands of one 
of his lons-in-law, made his daughters fo- 
leinnly promile that they would deltroy their 
hulbands. They were provided with daggers 
by their father, and ail, except Ilypennnef- 
tra, llamed their hand* with the blood of 
their coufins, the firft night of their nup¬ 
tials ; and as a pledge of their obrdience to 
their father’s injunctions, they pr&ienud him 
each with the head of the murdered fons of 
ASgyptus. Hypermneltra was lummuned to 
appear before her father, and anfwer for h :x 
dilbbedience in fuffering her hufband, Lyu- 
ceus, to efcape, but the unanimous voice of 
the people declared her innocent, and ia 
confequesce of heir honorable acquittal, foe 
dedicated a temple to the goddefs of periua- 










BA 


BA 


fen. The fitters were purified of this mur¬ 
der by Mercury ar.d Minerva, by order of 
Jupiter; but acoording to the more received 
opinion,they mere condemned to fevere pu- 
nilhment in hell, and were compelled to fill 
with water a veflel full of holes, fo that the 
water ran out as foon as poured ipto it, and 
therefore their labor was infinite, and their 
jjunilhment eternal The names of the Da- 
naides and their hulbands, were a s follows, 
nccording to Apollodorus: A mymone married 
Enceladus ; Automate, Hufiris ; Agave, 
I^ycus ; Scea, Dayphron; Hippodamia, liter ; 
Rhodia, Chalcedon ; Calyce,another JLynceus; 
KJorgophone, Proteus ; Cleopatra, jAgenor ; 
Afteria, Cha-tus; Glance, Aleis ; Hippodamia,' 
Diacorytes; Hippomedufa, Alcmenon ; Gorge, 
Hippothous; Iphimedufa, Euchenor; Rhode, 
Hippolytus; Pirene, Agaptolemus; Cerceftis, 
Dorion; Pharte, Eurydamas; Mneftra, JE- 
giusEvippe, Arigius; Anaxibia, Archelaus ; 
Nelo, Melacinfs ; < lite, CTttus; Stenele, Ste- 
Jielus; Chryfippe, Chrylippus; Autonoe^ Eu- 
rylochus; Theano, Phantes; Eledlra, Perift- 
henes ; Etirydice, Dryas; Glaucippe, Pota- 
mon ; Autholea, Cifieus ; Cleodora, Lixus ; 
Evippe, Imbrus; Erata, Bromius ; Stygue, 
Polyftoi*; Bryce,Chtonius; A6lea, Periphas ; 
Podarce, (Eneus; Dioxippe, iEgyptus ; Adyte, 
Menalces ; Ocipete, Lampus;Pilarge, Idmou ; 
Hippodice, Idas ; Adiante, Daiphron ; Callidia, 
Pnndion; CEme, Arbelus ; Celena, Hbbius ; 
Hyperia, Hippocorittes. The head^fbf the 
funs of ./Egyptus were buried at Argos; but 
their bodies were left at Lerna, where the 
murder ha^ been committed. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 
— Horat. 3 , od. 1 1. — Strab. Z.-r-Pauf, a , c. 16 . 
— Hygin . fab. 168, &c. 

Danala, a cattle of Galatia. 

Danapris, now the JVieper, a name given 
in the middle ages to the Boryflher.es, as Da- 
najlcr the Neifter, was applied to the Tyras. 

Danaus, a Ion of Belus and Anchinoe, 
who, after his father’s death, reigned con¬ 
jointly with his brother jEgyptus on the 
throne of Egypt. Some time aftety a dif¬ 
ference arofe between the brothers, and Da¬ 
naus fet fail with his fifty daughters in quell 
of a fettlement. He vifited Rhodes, where 
he confecrnted a ftatue to Minerva, and ar¬ 
rived fafe on the coall of Peloponnefus, where 
he was hofpitably received by Gelanor, king 
of Argos. Gelanor had lately afeended the 
throne, and the full years of his reign were 
marked with diffenfions with his lubjedls. 
Danaus took advantage of Gelanor’s unpo¬ 
pularity, and obliged him to abdicate the 
crown. In Gelanor, the race of the Inachida 
was extinguilhed, and the Pelides began to 
reign at Argos in Danaus. .Some authors fay, 
that Gelanor voluntarily refigned the crown to 
Danaus, on account of the wrath of Neptune, 
who had dried up all the waters of Argolis, to 
punilh the impiety of Inachus. The fuccefs of 
Danaus, invited the fifty Tons of iEgyptus to 
embark for Greece. They were kindly re¬ 


ceived by their uncle, who, either apprehenfive 
of their number, or terrified by an oraclewhicfy 
threatened his ruin by one of his fons-in law, 
caufed his daughters, to whom they were pro- 
mifed in marriage, to murder them the firft 
night of their nuptials. His fatal orders were/ 
executed, hiit Hypermneftra alone lpared the 
life of Lynceus. [Vi'd. Danaide$») Danaus, 
at firft, perfecuted Lynceus with unremitted 
fury, but he was afterwards reconciled to him, 
and he'acknowledged him for his fon-in-law, 
and fucceftor, after a reign of 50 years. Ha 
died about 1425 years before the t hriftian era, 
and after death, he was honored with a fplendid 
monument in the town of Argos, which ftill 
exiited in the age of Paufanias. According to 
JEfchylus, Danaus left Egypt, not to be pre¬ 
fect at the marriage of his daughters, with th$ 
fons of his brother, a c«nneiiion which hs 
deemed unlawful and impious. The fhip in 
which Danaus came, to Greece, was called A r- 
tfiais, and was the firtl that had ever appeared 
there. It is faid that the uf$ of pumps was firft 
introduced into Greece by Danaus. Apollod. 
2, c. I.— Pat//. 2, c. 19.— Hygin. fab. 168, &g. 
—rJFIerodot. 2 , C. &C. 7, c. 94 

Dandari & Dan da rid:*:, certain inhabi¬ 
tants near mount Caucafus. Tacit.i2,Ann.c.l$. 

Dandon, a man of Illyricura, who, as 
Pliny 7, c. 48, reports, lived 500 years. 

DAnubius, a celebrated river, the greateft 
in Europe, which rifes, according to Herodotus, 
near the town of Pyrene, in the country cf the 
C'eltce, and after flowing through the greateft. 
part of Europe, falls into the Euxine fea. 
The Greeks called it IJler\ but the Roman* 
diftinguifhed it by the appellation of the Da¬ 
nube , from its fource till the middle of its 
cowrie, and from thence to its mouths, they 
called it Ifrer-, like the Greeks. It falls into 
the Euxine through feven mouths, or fix ac¬ 
cording to others. Herodotus mentions five, 
and modern travellers difcover only *wo. 
The Danube was generally fuppofed to be 
the northern boundary of the Roman empire 
in Europe $ and therefore, feveral cattles were 
ere£led on its banks, to check the incurfions 
of the barbarians. It was worlhipped as 3 
deity by the Scythians. According to modern 
geography, the Danube riles in Suabia, and 
after receiving about 40 navigable rivers, finilh- 
es a courfe of 1600 miles, by emptying itfelf 
into the Black fea. Dionyfi Perieg. — Hero- 
dot. 2, C. 33. 1 . 4, c. 48, &c.— Strab. 4 .—Plin. 
4, C. 12 .— Ammian . 23. 

Daocuus, an officer of Philip, Sic. Plut. 
in Dcmojlh, 

Daphnje, a town of Egypt, on one of the 
mouths of the Nile, 16 miles from Pelufium. 
Herodot. 2, c. 30. 

Dapiin.zeus, a general of Syracufe, againft 
Carthage. Poly an. 5. 

Daphne, a daughter of the river Peneus 
or of the Ladon, by the goddefs Terra, of 
whom Apollo became enamoured. This 
paflion had been railed by Cupid, with whom 

Apollo^ 



DA 


DA 


Apollo, proud of his late conqueft over the , 
ierpent Python, had difputed the power of j 
his darts. Daphne heard with horror the 
addreffes of the god, and endeavoured to re¬ 
move herie^t from his importunities by flight. 
Apollo pursued her ; and Daphne, fearful of 
being caught, intreated the affiftance of the 
gods, who changed her into a laurel. Apollo 
crowned his head with the leaves of the lau¬ 
rel, and for ever ordered that that tree Ihould 
be lacred to his divinity. Some fay that 
Daphne was admired by Leucippus, fon of 
CEnomaus king of Pita, who, to be in her 
company, dilguifed his fex, and attended her 
in the woods, in the habit of a huntrefs. 
Leucippus gained Daphne’s efteem and love ; 
but Apollo, who was his powerful rival, dif- 
covered his fex, and Leucippus was killed by 
the companions of Diana. Ovid. Met. i, v. 
452, &c.— Partben. Erotic, c. 15.— Pauf. 

X, c. 20.- A daughter of Tirefias, prieftels 

in the temple of Delphi, fuppofed by fome 
to be the fame as Manto. She was conl'e- 
crated to the lervice of Apollo by the Epi- 
50111, or according to others, by the goddeis 
Tellus. She was called Sibyl, on account of 
tlie wildneis of her looks and expreffions, 
when (he delivered oracle*. Her oracles 
were generally in verle, and Homer, according 
tr^feme accounts, has introduced much of her 
poetry in his compofitions. DioJ. 4.— Pauf. 

xo, c. 5.-A famous grove near Antioch, 

confecrated to voluptuoufnels and luxury. 

Daphneiuioria, a feftival in honor of 
Apollo, celebrated every ninth year by the 
Bmotians. It was then ufual to adorn an 
©live bough with garlands of laurel and other 
flowers, and place on the top a brazen globe, 
•n which were iufpended fmaller ones. In 
the middle was placed a number of crowns, 
and a globe of inferior fize, and the bottom 
was adorned with a faffron colored garment. 
The globe on the top reprefented the Sun, or 
Apollo ; that in the middle was an emblem of 
the moon, and the others of the ftars. 
•The crowns, which were 65 in number, re¬ 
prefented the fun’s annual revolutions. This 
bough was carried in folemn proceffioh by a 
beautiful youth of an illuftrious family, and 
whole parents were both living. The youth 
was drefled in rich garments which reached 
to the ground, his hair hung loofe and dilhe- 
veled, his head was covered with a golden 
«rown, and he wore on his feet Ihoes called 
Jpbicratida , from Iphicrates an Athenian 
who firft invented them. He was called 
^xptnQogoi, laurel-bearer , and at that time he 
executed the office of prieft of Apollo. He 
was preceded by one of his neareft relations, 
bearing a rod adorned with garlands, and behind 
him followed a train of virgins with branches in 
their hands. In this order the procefllon ad¬ 
vanced as far as the temple of Apollo, fur- 
named Ifmenius, where ltipplicatory hymns 
were lung to the god.—This feftival owed its 
•rigin to the following circumftaace; when an 


oracle advifed the iEtolians, \*ho inhabited 
Arne and the adjacent country, to abandon 
their ancient poflelfions, and go in quell of a iet- 
tlement, they invaded the Theban territories, 
which at that time were pillaged by an army of 
Pelalgians. As the celebration of Apollo’s fef* 
tivals was near, both nations, who religioufly 
obferved it, laid afide all hoftilities, and accord- 
I ing to cuftom, cut down laurel boughs from 
mouiit Helicon, and in the neighbourhood of 
the river Melas, and walked in proceffion in 
honor of the divinity. The day that this fo- 
lemnity was obferved Polemates, the general 
of the Boeotian array, law a youth in a dreartl 
that prefented him with a complete fuit of 
armour, and commanded the Boeotians to offer 
folemn prayers to Apollo, and walk in procef¬ 
fion with laurel boughs in their hands everf 
ninth year. Three days after this dream, the 
Boeotian general made a Tally, and cutoffthe 
greateft part of the befiegers, who were com* 
pelled by this blow to relinquifh their entejw 
prize. Polemates immediately inrtituted a no* 
vennial feftival to the god who feemed to b# 
the patron of the Boeotians. Pauf. Baotic. &c. 

Daphnis, a fhepherd of Sicily, fon of 
Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. He was edu¬ 
cated by the nymphs, Pan taught him to ling 
and play upon the pipe, and the mules infpi- 
red him with the love of poetry. It is fup¬ 
pofed he was the firft who wrote paftorai 
poetry, in which his fuccefTor Theocritus fo 
happih^xcelled. He .was extremely fond of 
hunt™; and at his death, five of his dogs, 
from their attachment to him, refufed all ali¬ 
ments, and pined away. From the celebrity 
of this fhepherd, tha name of Daphnis has 
been appropriated by the poets, ancient and 
modern, to exprefs a perl'on fond of rural 
employments, and of the peaceful innocence 
which accompanies the tending of flocks. 

JElian. V. H . IO, C. 18.— Diod. 4.- 

There was another fhepherd on mount Ida of 
the lame name changed into a rock, accord¬ 
ing to Ovid. Met. 4, v. 275.-A lervant of 

Nicocrates, tyrant of Cyrene, &c. Polya/.:, 

8.--A grammarian. $met. d& Gr,—. - A 

fon of Paris and CEnone. 

DAViiNus,a river of Locris, into which the 
body of Hefiod was thrown after his murder. 

Plut. de Symp. - A phyfician who preferred 

a fupper to a dinner,becaule he fuppofed that 
the moon affifted digeftion. Atben. 7. 

Daraba, a town of Arabia. 

Darantasia, a town of Belgic Gaul, 
called alfo EorUm Ciaudii, and now Motier. 

Daraps, a king of the Gangarida, &c. 
Place. 6, v. 67. 

Dardani, the inhabitants of DardSnia. 

-Allb a people of Mcefia very inimical to 

the neighbouring power of Macedonia. Lins, 
26,0.25. I.27, c. 33. 1. 31, c. 28.1. 40, 
c. 57.— Plin. 4, c. 1. 

DardXnia, a town or country ofTroas, 
from which the Trojans were called Dardani 
land DarJauida. Thejre is alio a country of 

the 











DA 


DA 


the Tame name near lllyricum. This appel¬ 
lation is alio applied - to Samothrace. Vi r g* 
idf Ovid. paJjl?A.-~-Strcb. J. 

Dardanioes, a name given to /Eneas, 
as defeended from Dardanus. The word, 
in the plural number, is applied to the Tro¬ 
jan women. Virg. JEn. 

Daroanium, a promontory of Troas, 
called from the i'mall town of Dardanus , 
about feven miles from Abydos. The two 
cattles built on each fide of the (trait by the 
emperor Mahomet IV. A. D. 1659, gave the 
name of Dardanelles to the place. Strcb. 13. 

Dardanus, a Ion of Jupiter and EJedtra, 
who killed his brother Jafius to obtain the 
kingdom of Etruria nfter the death of his re¬ 
puted father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, 
and thence to Afia Minor, where he married 
Batia, the daughter ofTeucer, king of Teu- 
cria. After the death of his father-in-law he 
afcended the throne, and reigned 62 years. He 
built the city of Dardania, and was reckoned 
the founder of the kingdom of T roy, He 
was fucceeded bv Erichthoniivs. According 
to fome, Corybas, his nephew, accompanied 
him to Teucria, where he introduced the 
vvoilliip of Cybele. Dardanus taught his 
fubjedls to worlhip Minerva; and he gave 
them two ttatues of the goddeis, one of which 
!s well known by the name of Palladium. 
Virg.JEn. 5, v 167.— Pauf. 7. c. 4 .—Hy- 
gin. fab. 155 ISf 275. — Apollod. 3-"-JXomer. 
XI. 20.-A Trojan killed by Achillas. Ho¬ 

mer. II. 20, v. 460. 

Dardakii, a nation near the Palus 
Mentis. Pint, in Lucull. 

Dares, a Phrygian, who lived during the 
Trojan war, in which he was engaged, and 
of which he wrote the hiltory in Greek, 
This lottery was extent in the age of ./Elian ; 
the Latin tranflation, now extant, is univer- 
fally believed to be fpurious, though it is at¬ 
tributed by l'ome to Cornelius Nepos. The 
bed edition i$ that of Smids cum not. var. 
4to. & 8vo. Anift. 1702.— Homer, 11 . 5, v. 

10 & 27.-One of the companions of 

./Eneas', defeended from Amycus, and cele¬ 
brated as a pugilift at the funeral games in 
honor of Leftor, where he killed,Butes. He 
\vas killed by Turnus in Italy. Virg. JEn. 

5, v. 369.I. 12, v. 363. 

Daretis, a country of Macedonia. 

Daria, a town of Mesopotamia. 

DariaVes, the name of Darius in Perfian. 

Sfrab. 16 .* 

Dariobrigum, a town of Gaul, now 
Venues in Britany. 

Da kItaj, a people of Perfia. Herodot. 
% c. 92. 

Darius, ? noble fatyap of Perfia, fon of 
Kyftalpes, who confpired with fix other no¬ 
blemen to deftroy Smerdis, who ufurped the 
crown of Perfia after the death of Cambyfes. 
On the murder of the Ufurper, the feVen con- 
fpirators universally agreed, that he wholc- 
horfe neighed firft fhould be appointed king. 


In confequetice of this rc-folution the groont 
of Darius previoufiy led his matter's horfa 
to a mare at a place near which the feven 
noblemen were to pais. On the morrow 
before fun-rife, when they proceeded all to¬ 
gether, the horfe recollecting the "mare, fud- 
denly neighed; and at the fame time a clap 
of thunder was heard, as if in approbation of 
the choice. The noblemen difmounted from 
their horfes, and faluted Darius king ; and 
arefolution was made among them, that the 
king’s wives and concubines (hould be taken 
from no other family but that of the confpira- 
tors, and that they (hould for ever enjoy the 
unlimited privilege of being admitted into the 
king’s prefence without previous introduc¬ 
tion. Darius was 29 years old when he af¬ 
cended the throne, and he loon dillinguifh- 
ed himfelf by his activity and military ac- 
complilhments. He befieged Babylon; 
which he took after a fiege of 20 months, 
by the artifices of Zopyrus, From thence he 
marched againlt -the Scythians, and in his 
way conquered Thrace, This expedition 
was unfuccefsful; and, after feveral lodes 
and difafters in the wilds of Scythia, the'king, 
retired with (hame, and foon after turned 
his arms ngainft the Indians, whom he fub- 
dued. The burning of Sardis, which was 4 
Grecian colony, incenfed the Athenians, 
and a war was kindled between Greece and 
Perfia, Darius was lb exafperated againtt 
the Greeks, that a fervant every evening, by 
his, order, repeated thefe words 1 “ Remem¬ 
ber, O king, to puniih the Athenians.” 
Mardonius the king’s fon-in law, was en- 
trulted with the care of the war, but his aiv 
my was deftvoyed by the Thracians; and 
Darius, more animated by his lofs, fent a' 
more confiderable force, under the command 
of Datis and Artaphernes. They were con¬ 
quered at tile celebrated battle of Marathon, 
by 10,000 Athenians ; and the Perfia ns loll 
in that expedition no lefs than 206,000 men. 
Darius was not dilheartened by this fevere 
blow, but he rcfolved to carry on the war in 
perlon, and immediately ordered a dill larger 
army to be levied. He died in the midtt of 
his preparations, B. C. 48,5, after a reign of 
36 years, in the 65th year of his age. He- 
rotlot. I, 2 , &C. — IXiod. %.—juJ}inS I, c. 9.—• 

Pint.in Ariji .-— C. Hep. in JHUtiad. - Toe 

fecund king of Perfia, of that name, was.alfo 
called Ochusy or Noihuty becaufe he was thb, 
illegitimate fon of Artaxerites by a .concubine. 
Soon after the murder of Xerxes he afcended 
the throne of Periia, and married Paryfatis his^ 
filler, a cruel and .ambitious woman, by^® 
whom he had Artaxerxes Memnon, Amefr 
tris, and C yrus the younger. ITe. carried oil 
many wars with fuccefs, under the condu£t; 
of his generals and of his fon Cyrus. He died 
B. C. 4C4, after a reign of 19 years, and 
was fucceeded by his ion Artaxerxes, .who 
afked hijn on his death bed, what had been 
die guide of his conduit in the management 

• P* 








-DA 


DA 

rf the empire that he might imitate him ? 
The dilates of jufiee and of religion, replied 
the expiring monarch. Jufin. 5. c. 11.— 

Diod. 12. -The thud of that name was the 

laft king of Perfia, lurnamed Codomanus, He 
was fon of A rlanes and Syfigambis, and de¬ 
fended from Darius Nothus. The eunuch 
Bagoas railed him to the throne, though not 
nearly allied to the rdyal family, in hopes 
that he would be fubfervient to his will ; but 
he prepared to poifon him, when he law him ■ 
del pile his advice, and aim at independence. 
Darius difeovered his perfidy, and made him 
drink the poifon which he had prepared 
again!! his life. The peace of Darius was 
early dirturbed, and Alexander invaded Per¬ 
fia to avenge the injuries which the Greeks 
had luffered from the predecelfors of Darius. 
The king of Perfia met his adverlary in per- 
fon, at the head of 600,000 men. This army 
w as remarkable, more for its opulence and 
luxury, than for the military courage of its 
foldiers; and Athenteus mentions, that the 
camp of Darius vyas crowded with 277 cook', 
29 waiters, 87 cup-bearers, 40 fervants to 
perfume the king, and 66 to prepare gar¬ 
lands and flowers to deck the dilhes and 
•meat which appeared on the royal table. 
With thefe forces Darius met Alexander. A 
battle was fought near the Granicns, in whi$h 
the Perfians were eafilv defeated. Another 
was foon after fought near Ilfus; and Alex¬ 
ander left 110,OCX? of the enemv dead on the^ 
field of battle, and took among the pxifoners 
of war, the mother, wife, and children of 
Darius. The darknefs of the night favored 
the retreat of Darius, and lie laved himlelf 
by flying in difguile, on the horle of his ar¬ 
mour-bearer. Thefe Ioffe* weakened, but 
dil'couraged not Darius, he affembled ano¬ 
ther more powerful army, and the lalt deci- 
five batttle was fought at Arbela. The vidiory 
was long doubtful; but the intrepidity of 
Alexander, and the fuperior valor of the Ma¬ 
cedonians, prevailed over the effeminate Per¬ 
fians; and Darius, fenfible of his difgrace 
and ruin, fled towards Media. His misfor¬ 
tunes were .rtouf completed., Beffus, the go¬ 
vernor of Badbiana, took away bis life, in 
hopes of fucceeding him on the throne; and 
Darius was found by the Macedonians in his 
Chariot,* covered with wounds, and almolt 
expiring, B. C. 331. He alked for water, 
and exclaimed, when he received it from the 
hand of a Macedonian, “ It is the greatest of 
my misfortunes that I cannot reward thy hu¬ 
manity. Beg Alexander to accept my 
warmeft thanks, for the tendemefs with 
which he has treated my wretched family, 
tvhilft I am doomed to periffi by the hand of 
st man, wboifi I have loaded with kindnefs.” 
Thefe words of the dying monarch were re¬ 
ported to Alexander, who covered the dead 
body with his own mantle, and honored it 
with a miit magnificent funeral. The trai¬ 


tor Beffus met with a due punilhment front 
tho conqueror, who continued his kindnels 
to the unfortunate family of Darius. DariuS 
has been accui'ed of imprudence, for the im¬ 
perious and arrogant manner in which he 
wrote hislettcrs to Alexander, in the midlf 
of his misfortunes. In him the empire of 
Perfia was exringuiihed 228 years after it had 
been firft founded by Cynis the Great. Diod. 
17. — Plut. in Alex. — Jufin. io, 11. Sec. — 

Curtins. -A Ion of Xerxes, who married 

Artaynta, and was killed by Artabanus. 
Herodot. 9. c. 108.' — Diod. 1 1. — - A fon of 
Artaxerxes declared fucceffor to the throne, 
as being the eldeft prince. He conlpired 
againft his father’s life, and was capitally 
punifhed. Plut. in Art ax. 

Da scon, a man who founded Camarlna. 
Thucyd. 6,0.5. 

Dascvlxtis, a province of Perfia. Id, 
r,c. 129. 

Da sc ylus, the father of Gyges. Hero- 
dot. i, c. 8. 

Dasea, a town of Arcadia. Pauf. 8, c. 27. 

Dasjus, a chief of Salapia, who favored 
AnnibaL Liv. 26, c. 38. 

Dassareta:, DassarTtje, Das&ark- 
ni, or DASSAJtrrn, a people of lllyricum, 
or Macedonia. Plut. in Plum. 

Datames, a fon of Camiffar.es, governor 
of Caria, and general of the armies of Artaa 
xerxej^tThe influence ofhis enemies at court 
obliged Him to fly for fafety, after he had 
greatly signalized himlelf by his military 
exploits. He took up arms in his own de¬ 
fence, and the king made war againft. hjm. 
He was treacheroufly killed by Mithrichtes. 
who had invited him under pretence of en¬ 
tering into the moft inviolable conne&ion ar.<$ 
friendfliip, 362 B. C. C. Nep. in Datum. 

Dataphernes, one of thefriendsof Befv 
fu^.- After the murder of Darius, he betray¬ 
ed Beffus into Alexander’s hands. He alfo 
revolted from the conqueror, and was deliver¬ 
ed up by the Dahae. Curt. 7,c. 5 & 8. 

Datis, a general of Darius ift, fent with 
an army of 200,000 foot, and 10,000 horfe, 
againft the Greeks, in conjunction with Ar- 
taphernes. He was defeated at the celebrated 
battle of Marathon» by Miltiades, and fome 
time after put to death by the Spartans. C. 
Nip. in Milt. 

Datos, or Datov, a town of Thrace, on 
a fmall eminence, near the Strymon. There 
is in the neighbourhood <l fruitful plain, from 
which Proferpine, according to lome, was 
carried away by Pluto. That city was fo 
rich, that the ancients generally made ufe.,0^ 
the word Datos , to expreis abundanpe. 
When the king of Macedonia conquered it he 
called it Philippi , after hii own name. Ap* 
pian ds Civ, 

Davara, a hill near, mount Taurus, in 
Alia Minor. 

Daulis, a nymphj from whom tire city 









BE 

of Daulis in Plioqs, anciently called Anacris , 
received its name. It was there that Philo 
vnela and Proene made Tereus eat the flefti of 
his lbn, and hence the nightingale, into which 
Philomela was changed, is often called Dau- 
lias avis, Ovid. ep. 15, V. 154.-— Strab. 9 
— Patif. 10, c. 4 .—Ptol. 3, e. 15 .—Liv 32, 
C. 18.— Plin. 4, c. 3. ' 

Daunj, a people on the eaftern part of 
Italy, conquered by Daunus, from whom 
they received their name. 

Daunia, a name given to the northern 
parts of Apulia, on the court of‘the Adriatic. 
It receives its name from Daunus, who fet¬ 
tled there, and is now called Capitanata. 
Virg. JEn. 8, V. 146.— Sil. 9, V. 500. 1 . 12, 

v. 429.— Horat. 4, od. 6, v. 27.-Jutur 

11a, the lifter of Ttirnus, was called Daunia, 
after ihe had been made a goddefs by Jupi¬ 
ter. Virg. JEn. 12, V. 139 & 785. 

Daunus, a foh of Pilumnus and Danae. 
He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where 
he reigned over part of the country, which 
from him was called Daunia, and he was ftill 
-on the throne ■when Diomedes came to Italy. 

Ptol. 3, c. 1— Mela , 2, c. 4.— Strab. - 

A river of Apulia, now Carapelle. Horat. 3, 
od. 30* 

Daurifer & Daurises, a brave general 
of Darius, treacheroufly killed by the Carians 
Heroddt.5, c.116, &c. 

Davus, a comic chara&er, in the Andria 
®f Terence. Horat. 1 ,Sat 10, v. 40^^ 

Debje, a nation of Arabia. DiodJ%. 

Decapolis, a diftridl of Judea from its 
10 cities. Plin. 5, c. 18. 

Decebalus, a warlike king of the Daci, 
who made a lnccelsful war againft Domitian. 
He was conquered by Trajan, Domitian’s 
fucceflbr, and he obtained peace. His adiive 
fpirit again kindled rebellion, and the Roman 
emperor marched againft him, and defeated 
him. He deftroyed himfelf, and his head 
was brought to Rome, and Dacia became a 
Roman province, A.D. 103. Dio. 68. 

Deceleum, or ea, now Biala Cajlro , a 
fmall village of Attica, north of Athens; which, 
when in the hands of the Spartans, proved a 
very galling garrifon to the Athenians. The 
Peloponnefian war has occafionally been 
called Decelean, becaule for fome time hos¬ 
tilities were carried.on in its neighbourhood. 
C. Nep. 7 , C. 4. 

Dece&us, a man who informed Caftor 
and Pollux, that their filler, whom Theieus 
had'Carried away, was concealed at Aphidnze. 
Jicrodot. 9, C. 73. 

Decemviri, ten magiftrates of abfolute 
authority among the Romans. The privi¬ 
leges of the patricians railed dilfatisfadlion 
among the plebeians ; who, though freed from 
thp power of the Tarquins, ftill law that the 
adminiftration«,of jullice depended upon .the 
Will anc( caprice of their lpperiors, without 


any written flatute to direft them, and corf* 
vince them that they were governed with 
equity and impartiality. The tribunes com¬ 
plained to the leriate, and demanded that a 
code of laws might be framed for the ufe and 
benefit of the Roman people; This petition 
was complied with, and three ambaftador? 
were fent to Athens, and to all the other Gre¬ 
cian ftates, to colledt the laws of Solon, and 
of the other celebrated legiflators of Greece. 
Upon the return of the commiflioners, it was 
univerfally agreed, that ten new magiftrates, 
called Decemviri , lhould be elected froffi the 
fenate, to put the projsdf into execution. 
f Their power was ablolute; all other offices 
ceafed after their election, and they prefided 
over the city with regal authority. They 
were inverted with the badges of the coniul, 
in the enjoyment of which they fucceeded by 
turns, and only one was preceded bv the tat- 
ces, and had the power of alFembling the fe- 
irate, and confirming decrees. Thefirftvde- 
cemvirs were Appius Claudius, T. Genu- 
tius, P. Sextus, Sp. Veturius, C. Julius, A. 
Manlius, Ser. Sulpitius Pluriatius, T. Romu¬ 
lus, Sp. Pofthumius, A. U.C. 303. Under 
them, the laws which had been expofed to pub* 
lie view, that every citizen might lpeak hi* 
fentitnents, were publicly approved of as con- 
ftitutional, and ratified by the priells and au¬ 
gurs in the mod lblemn and religious manner. 
Thele laws were ten in number, and were en¬ 
graved on tables of brafs; two were afterwards 
added, and they were called the laws of the 
twelve tables, leges duodecim tabularum , and 
leges decemvir ales. 1 he decemviral power, 
which was beheld by all ranks, of people with 
the greateft fatisfa&ion, was continued; but 
in the third year after their creation, the de¬ 
cemvirs became odious, on account of their 
tyranny; and the attempt of Ap. Claudius 
to ravifii Virginia, was followed by the total 
abolition of the office. The people were fo, 
exafperated againft them, that they demanded 
them from the fenate, to burn them alive. 
Confuls were again appointed, and tranquillity 

re-eftahliftied in the ftate.-There were 

other officers in Rome, called decemvirs , whe 
were originally appointed, in the abfence of the 
praetor, to adminifter juftice. Their appoint* 
ment became afterwards necgfTary, and they 
generally allifted at Tales called fubhajlationcs t 
becaule a lpear, bojia, was fixed at the door 
of the place where the goods were expoled 
to fale. They were called decemviri lit'tbut 
judicandis. The officers whom Tarquin ap¬ 
pointed to guard the Sibylline books, were 
alfo called decemviri. They were originally 
two in number, called, duumviri , till the 
year of Rome 338, when their number was 
increafed to teu, five of which w ere choleni 
from the plebeians, and five from the patrici¬ 
ans. Sylla incrdaled thek number to fifteea 
called quin decemvirs. 


Decetla 






' DE 

DecetIjA, a town of Gaul. Caf. 

Decia lex, was enabled by M. Decins 
tlie tribune, A. U. C. 442, to empower the 
people to appoint two proper perfons to fit and 
lepair the fleets. 

L. Decidius Saxa, a Celtiberian in Cte* 
far’s camp. Caf. Beil. Civ. 1. 

Decin eus, a celebrated foothfayer. Strab. 

Decius Mus, a celebrated Roman conful, 
who, after many glorious exploits, devoted 
himfelf to the gods manes for the fafety of 
his country, in a battle againft the Latins, 
338 years, B. C. His fon Decius imitated 
his example, and devoted himfelf in like 
manner in his fourth confullhlp, when fight¬ 
ing againft the Gauls and Samnites, B. C. 
296. His grandfon all'o did the lame in the 
\Var againft PyrrhuS and the Tarentines, B. 
C. 280. '! his action of devoting onelelf, 

was of infinite fervice to the ftate. The fol- 
diers were animated by the example, and in¬ 
duced to follow with intrepidity, a com¬ 
mander who, arrayed in an unufual drels, 
and addrefling himfelf to the gods with fo- 
lemn invocation, rulhed into the thickeft 
part of the enemy to meet his fate. Liv. 8, 
9, &c.'— Pill. Max 5, C. 6. — Polyb. 2 . — 

Firg. JE». 6. v. 82.4.-Brutus condn&ed 

Caelar to the lenate-houfe the day that he was 

murdered.--(Cn. Metius, Q. Trajanus) a 

native of Pannonia, fent by the emperor Phi¬ 
lip, to appeafe a feditlon in Moefia. Inftead, 
of obeying his mafter’s command, he aflumed 
the imperial purple, and foon after marched 
againft him, and at his death became the only 
emperor. He fignalized himfelf againft the 
Perfians ; and when he marched againft the 
Goths, he pulhed his horfe in a deep marfh, 
from which he could not extricate himfelf, 
and he perifhed with all his army by the 
darts of the barbarians, A. D. 251, after a 
feign of two years. This monarch enjoyed 
the chara6fer of a brave man, and of a great 
dilciplinarian; and by his juftice and exem¬ 
plary life, merited the title of Opthnus , 
Which a fervile fenate lavifhed. upon him. 

Decurio, a lubaltern officer in the Ro¬ 
man armies. He commanded a decuria , 
whidh confifted of ten men, and was the third 
part of a turvta, or the 30th part of a legio of 
horfe, which was compofed of 30O men. 
The badge of the Centurions was a vine rod or 
fappling, and each had a deputy called optio. 
There were certain magiftrates in the provin¬ 
ces, Called decuriones fnunicipalei , who formed 
d body to represent the Roman lenate in free 
and corporate towns. They confifted of ten, 
whence the name; and theit duty extended 
to watch over the interefl of their fellow-citi¬ 
zens, and to increafe the revenues of the com 
hnonwealth. Their court was called curia 
deiurionum, and AiinCr fenatus ; and their de- 
c tees, called dec ret a decuriar.um, were marked 


d£ 

with two D. D. at the top, They generally 
Ityled themfelves civitatum patres curiales, arid 
honor a ii muni, ipicr urn ftnatores. They were 
elected with the fame eetemonies as th# 
Roman fenators^ they were to be at lead 25 
years of age, and to be pofTefled of a certain 
futri of money. The election happened on 
the calends of March. 

DecuMaTes aG*i, lands in Germany, 
which paid the iCth part of their value to the 
Romans. Tacit. G. 29. 

Deditam£n£s, a friend of Alexander 
made governor of Babylonia. Curt. 8, c. 3. 

Deois, a brother of Dfccebalus king of the 
Daci. He came as ambafTador to the court of 
Domitian. Martial , 5, ep. 3. 

DeJanIra, a daughter of CEneus, king 
of yEtofia. Her beauty procured her many 
admirkrs, nnd her father promlfed to give heC 
in marriage to him only who proved to he the 
ftrongeft of all his competitors. Hercules 
obtained the pri2e, and married Dejanira, by 
whom he had three children, the moil known 
of whom is Hyllus. As Dejanira was once 
travelling with her hufbarld, they Were (top¬ 
ped by the fwollen ltreams of the Evenus, 
and the centaur Neflus offered Hercules to 
convey her fafe to the oppofite fhore. The 
herd coniented; but no fooner had Neflus 
gained the bank, than he attempted to offer 
violence to Dejanira, and to carry her away 
in thfr^ht of her hufband. Hercules, upon 
this, aimed, from the Other Ihore, a poi- 
lbncd arrow at the feducer, and mortally 
wounded him. NefTus, as he expired, wished 
to avenge his death upon his murderer; and 
he gave Dejanira his tunic, which was co¬ 
vered with blood, poifoned and infected by 
the arrow, obferving, that it had the power 
of reclaiming a hufband from unlawful bves. 
Dejanira accepted the prefent; and when 
Hercules proved faithlefs to her bed, (he fent 
him the centaur’s tunic, which inftantly 
caufed his death. {Fid. Hercules.) Dejanira 
was fo difconfolate at the death of her huf¬ 
band, which fhe had ignorantly occafioned, 
that flie deftroyed herfelf. Ovid. Met. 8 & 9. 
—- D'tod . 4 . — Senec. in Hercul.—~Hygin. fab. 
34 . 

Detcoon, i Trojan prince, fon of Prrga- 
fus, intimate with ^.neas. He was killed 

by Agamemnon. Honer. II. 5, v. 534.-- 

A fon of Hercules and Megara. Apellod. 3, 
c. 7. 

DeiOamIa, a daughter of Lycomedes, 
king of Scyros. She bore a fon called Pyr¬ 
rhus, or Neoptolemus, to Achilles, who w-rt 
dllguit'ed at her father's court in woman’s 
cloatha, under the name of Pyrrha. Propcrt. 

2, el. 9-— Apollod. 3, c. 13.--A daughter 

of Pyrrhus, killed by the Ep’fots. Po'yan, 

--A daughter of Adraftus, king of Argos, 

called alfo Hippodamia. 

DeILEov, a companion of Hercules in hit 
R «r£editiun 




DE 


,DE 

expedition againli die Amazons. Place. 5, 
v. 11 j. 

Dejlochus, a fon of Hercules. 

Detmachus, .a ion of‘Neleus and Chloris, 
was killed, with aii his brothers, except Neftor, 
qy Hercules. ApolloJ. 1, c. 9.--The fa¬ 

ther of Enarette. Id. i, c. 7. , 

Djeioo.es,, a fon-of Phtnnrt^s, by whofe 
moans the Medes delivered themselves from 
the yoke of the Afiyrians. He prefided as 
judge among his countrymen -and his great 
popularity and love of equity raifed him to 
*he throne, and he made himfelf abfolute, 
B. C. 700. He was Succeeded by his fon 
Phraortes, after a reign of 53 years. He 
built' Echatana according to .Herodotus, and 
fur rounded it with fevetr different walls, in the 
middle of which was the royal palace. Hero- 
dot I, c. 96, &C .— Poly&n. 

Dejochus, a Greek captain, killed by 
Paris in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 15, v. 
J4l-_ w 

. DeTone, the mother of Miletus by 
Apollo. Miletus is, often called Hemidet , 
on account of his mother. Ovid. Met. 9. v. 
442 . ^ 

DeIon eus, a king of Phocis, who married 
Diomede,-daughter of Xuthus, by whom he 
had Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in mar¬ 
riage to Ixion, who promiied to make a pre- 
fent to his father-in-law. Deroneus accord¬ 
ingly vifited the houfe of Ixion, and wajj thrfovni 
into a large/hole filled with burning coils, by 
his fort-in-law. Hygin. fab. 48 & 241 .— Apcd- 
kd. 1, c. 7 & 9.1. 2, c. 4. 

DEiopeia, a nymph, the fairefl of all rhe 
fourteen nymphs that attended upon Juno. 
Xhe goddels promifed her in marriage to _£o- 
his the god of the winds, if he would deftroy 
the fleet of iEneas, which was failing for 
Italy. Firg. JEa, I, v. 76.—-—One of the 
attendant nymphs of Cyrene. Firg. G. 4, v. 
343 - 

DeioTarus, a governor of Galatia, made 
king of that province by the Roman people,* 
In the civil wars of Pompey and C^fur, Deio- 
tarus followed the intereit of the former. 
After the battle of Pharfails, Cadar fever ely 
reprimanded Deiotarus for his attachment to 
Pompey, deprived him of part of his king¬ 
dom, and left him only the bare title of roy¬ 
alty. When lie was accufed by his grand, 
fbn, of attempts upon Caifar’s life, Cicero 
ably defended him in.the Roman fenate. He 
joined Brutus with a large army, and faithfully 
Supported the republican caufe. . His wife was 
barren ; but fearing that her .fyutband might 
die without ifllte,’(he prefeqped him with a 
beautiful Eave, uijd tenderly educated, as her 
own, .the children of- fliis uiiion. .Deiotarus 
died, in advanced old age. Sirak- 12.— 
Zvea-o.y, vl'SS* 

. y K^d,, Bqipyle, ; s ,;r 

• a fiby^apf Cum®, oaugnter of 


1 Glaucus. It is fuppofea that (he led JEne «3 
to the infernal regions. {Fid. Sibyllae.)— Virgs 
JEn. 6, v. 36. 

DEiphobus, a fon of Priam and Hecuba, 
who, after tbe death o( his brother Paris, 
married Helen. His wife unworthily be- 
. trayed him and introduced into his cham¬ 
ber her old hufband Menelaus, to whom (he 
wilhed to reconcile herfelf. He was flvame- 
fully mutilated and killed by Menelaus. 
He had highly diflinguifhed himfelf during 
the war, efpecially in his two combats with 
Merion, and in that in which he flew Afca- 
laphus fon of Mars. P"\rg. JEn. 6, v. 495. 

Homer. IL 13.-A fon of Hippolytus, who 

purified Hercules after the murder of Iphitus. 
Apollod. 2, c. 6. 

Deiphon, a brother of Triptolemus, fon 
of Celeus and Metanira. When Ceres tra¬ 
velled over tire world, (he ’flopped at his 
father’s court, and undertook to nurfe him 
and bring him up. To reward the hoi'pi- 
tality of C.eleus, the goddefs began to make 
his fon immortal ; and every evening (he 
placed him on burning coals to purify him 
from whatever mortal particle's he ftill pof- 
fefled. The uncommon growth of Deiphon 
aftouilhed Metanira, who wilhed to fee what 
Cer es did to make him fo vigorous. She was 
frightened to fee her fon on burning coals, 
and the fhrieks that fhe uttered, difturbed the 
myllerious operations of the goddefs, and 
Deiphon perifhed in the flames. Apollod. 1, 
c. 5.——The hufband of Hyrnetho, daughter 
of Temenus, king of Argos. Id. 2, c. 7. 

Deipuontes, a general of Temenus, who 
took Eprdauria, Sec. Pouf. 2, c. 12.——A 
general of the Dorians, &c. Poly ten. 

Deipyi.e, a daughter of Adraflus, who 
married Tydeus, by whom Ihe had Diomedes. 
Apollod. 1, c. 8. 

Deipylus, a fon of Stheflelus,in the Tro¬ 
jan war. Homer. II..y. 

Dexpyrus, a Grecian chief, during the 
Trojan war, Homer. II. 8 . 

Deldon, a king of Myfia, defeated by, 
CrafTus. 

D?lja, a feftival celebrated every fifth 
year in the nland of Delos, in honor of 
Apollo. It was. firft inftituted by Thefeus, 
who, at his return from Crete, placed a fla¬ 
ttie there, which he had received from Ari¬ 
adne. At the celebration, they crowned the 
-ftatue of the goddefs with garlands, appointed 
a choir of mufic, and exhibited horfe-races. 
1 hey afterwards led a dance, in which., they 
imitated, by their motions, the various wind¬ 
ings of the Cretan labyrinth, from whichl'he- 
feus, had extricated himfelf,by Ariadne’s af- 

fi(lance.—-Tfiere was alfo another feilival.of 

tbe lame name, yearly celebrated by the Atlie- 
nianain Delos.. It was alfo- inflituted by 'j'he- 
leus, who, when he was going to Crete, made 
avow, that if he returned victorious,, he would 



DE 


D E 

yearly vifit, in a folemn manner, the temple 
of Delos. The perl'ons employed in this an¬ 
nual proceffion were called Delia/}a and Tbeori, 
The lhip, the fame which carried Theleus, and 
had been carefully prelerved by the Atheni¬ 
ans, was Called Tbeoria and Delias. When 
the lhip was ready for the voyage the prieft 
of Apollo folemnly adorned the ftern with 
garlands, and an univerfal luftration was made 
all over the city. The Tbeori were crowned 
with laurel, and before them proceeded men 
armed with axes, in commemoration ofThe- 
ieus, who had cleared the way from Trcezene 
to Athens, and delivered the country fr^m 
robbers. When the fhip arrived at Delos, 
they offered folemn facrifices to the god of the 
iiland, and celebrated a feftival in his honor. 
After this, they retire^ t * their lhip, and 
failed^ back to Athens, udiere all the people of 
the city ran in crowds to meet them. Every 
appearance of fettivity prevailed at their ap¬ 
proach, and the citizens opened their doors, 
and proftrated themfelves before the Deliafta?, 
as they walked in proceflion. During this fef¬ 
tival, it was unlawful to put to death any ma* 
lefn&or, and on that account the life of So¬ 
crates Was prolonged for thirty days. Xcnq~ 
fbon. Memor. in Conv, — Plut. in PbceJ - 
Senec. ip. JO. 

Delia, a furname of Diana, becaufe ihe 
was born in Delos. Kirg. Eel. 3, v. 67. 
Deliades, a fon of Glaucus, killed by lik 

brother Bellerophon. Apollod. 2, c. 3.- 

The prieftefles in Apollo’s tfemple. Homer. 
Hymn, ad Ap. 

Delium, a temple of Apollo.-A town 

ofB<rotia oppofite Calchis, famous for a battle 
fought there, B. C. 424, &c. Liv. 31. c. 45, 
* 35 \ c- 5i- 

Delius, a furname of Apollo, becaufe 

he was born in Delos.-Quint, an officer of 

Antony, who, when he was fent to cite Cleo¬ 
patra before his matter, adviled her to make 
her appearance in the mod captivating at¬ 
tire. The plan fucceeded. He afterwards 
abandoned his friend, and fled to Auguftus, 
who received him with great kindnefs. Ho¬ 
race has addrefled, 2 od. 3. to him. Plut. in 
Anton. 

Delmatius, FI. Jul. a nephew of Con- 
ftantine the Great, honored with the title of 
Cadar, and put in pofleflion of Thrace, Ma¬ 
cedonia, and Achaia. His great virtues were 
Unable to fave him from a violent death, and 
he was aflaffinated by his own foldiers, Sec. 

Dslminium, a town of Dalmatia. Flor. 

4 , c.12. 

Delos, one of the Cyclades at the north 
of Naxos, was feverally called I.agia, Orty- 
gia, Afteria, Chlamidia, Pelafgia, Pyrpyle, 
Cynthus, and Cyrmhus, and now hears 
the name of Sailles. It was called Delos from 
becaufe it luddenly made its appear - 
ame on the lurface of the lea, by the power 


of Neptune, who, according to the mytftcv. 
logifts, permitted Latona to bring forth 
there, when Ore was perfecuted all over 
the earth, and could find no lafe afylum. 
{Kid Apollo.) 'Phe ittand is celebrated for 
the nativity of Apollo and Diana; and the. 
lblemnity with which the feftivals of thefe 
deities were celebrated there, by the inhabi¬ 
tants of the neighbouring iflands and of the 
continent, is well known. One of the al¬ 
tars of Apollo, in the iiland, was reckoned 
among the feven wonders of the world. It 
had been erebfed by Apollo when only four 
years old, and made with the horns of goats, 
killed by Diana on mount Cynthus. It was 
unlawful to facrifice any living creature upon 
that altar, which was religioufly kept pure 
from blood and every pollution. The whole 
ifland of Delos was held in fuch veneration, 
that the Perfians, who had pillaged and pro¬ 
faned all the temple^ of Greece, never of¬ 
fered violence to the temple.of Apollo, but 
refpeited it with the moft awful reverence. 
Apollo, whofe image was in the fhape of a 
dragon, delivered there oracles during the 
fummer, in a plain" manner without any 
ambiguity or oblcure meaning. No dogs, 
as Thucydides mentions ,were permitted tb 
entef the ifland. It was unlawful for a mant 
to die, or for a child to be born there; and 
whenjhe Athenians were ordered to purify 
the place, they dug up all the dead bodies 
that naubeen interred there, and tranlportcd 
them to the neighbouring iflands. An edi& 
was alfo iflued, which commanded all per- 
Ions laboring under any mortal or danger¬ 
ous deleafe to be jnftantly removed to the 
adjacent ittand called Rhone. Some mytho- 
logitts fuppoie that Afteria, who. changed 
herielf into a quail, to avoid the importuning 
addrefTes of Jupiter, was metamorphofed 
into this ittand, originally called Ortygia ah 
o?n-v%, a quail. The people of Deles are de* 
feribed by Cicero Acad. 2, c. 16 & 18. 1 4, c. 
18, as famous for rearing hens. Strab. 8 Sc 
10.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 329. 1. 6, v. 333.— 
Mela, 2, C*. J.—Plin. 4, C. 12.— Plut. d* 
Sclert. Anim. lafe. — Tbucyd. 3, 4, IZfc. — King. 
JEn. 3, V. 73. — Ptol. 3, c. 15. — Callim. de 
Del. — Claudian. de 4. Cotif. Hon. 

Delphi, now Cajlri , a town of Phocis, 
fltuate in a valley at the fouth-weil fide of 
mount Parnaflus. It was alio called Pytho, 
becaufe the ferpent Python was killed there.; 
and it received the name of Delphi , from. 
Delphus, the fon of Apollo. Some have alio 
called it Parnajfia Nape, the valley of Par- 
naflus. It was 'famous for a temple of 
Apollo, and for an orafle celebrated in 
every age and country. The origin of the 
oracle, though fabulous, is deferibea as fome- 
thing wonderful. A number of goats that 
were feeding on mount, PnmafTus, came 
near a place which had a deep and long 
R 2 parlor: rich 





DE 

; r/.lt A‘(Xt V ' 

perforation. The fteam which iflued froth 
'the hole, feehoed to infpirc the goats, and 
they played and friiked about in fuch an 
"uncommon manner, that the goat herd was 
'‘tempted to lean' on the hole, and fee what 
myftertes the place contained. Hfe was im- 
-mediately feized with a fit of enthtifiafm, and 
'Ins expfefiibns were wild and extravagant, and 
'palled for prophecies. This circumftance 
Vns Toon known about the country, and 
many experienced the fame enthuflaftfc in- 
-fpiration. The place was revered, and a 
Temple was foon after erected in honor of 
Apollo, and a city built. According to fome 
-accounts, Apollo v/as not the firft who gave 4 
oracles-there ; but Terra, Neptune, Themis, 
‘amf Phoebe, were in pofleflion of the place 
fce'forfe the fon of Latona. The oracles were 
generally given in verfe; but when it had 
neen farcaftically obferved that the god and 
'pafron of poetry was the mod imperfect 
poet in the world, the prieftefs delivered 
Tier atllwers* in prcl'e. The oracles were al¬ 
ways delivered by a prieftefs called Pythia. 
(Fid.' Py thta.) The temple was built and 
deftroyed feveral times. It was cuftomary 
for thofe who confulted the oracle to make 
'^ichTprefents to the god of Delphi; and no 
monarch diftinguiihed himfelf more by his 
donations than Crcelts. This facred repo- 
fttory -of opulence was often the object of 
plunder; and' the people of Phoci$ Seized 
I 0 ,oo 9 talents from it, and Nero v carried 
jrway no lei's than 500 ftatues of brafs, 
partly of the gods, and" partly of tire molt 
illuftrious heroes. In another age, Con- 
ftantine the Great removed its mod fplendid 
ornaments to his new capital. It was univer¬ 
sally' believed, and lupported, by the an- 
tients, that Delphi was in the middle of the 
earth;' and on that account it was called 
terra umbilicus. This, according to mytho¬ 
logy, was firft found out by two doves, which 
Jupiter had let loofie from the two extremi¬ 
ties of the earth, and which met at the place 
where the temple < f Delphi was built. Apol- 
l<>n. 1. v. 706.— Dior '. 16.— Pint, de Dtfcfl. 
it roc. — Par//. IO, c. 6, &C. — Ovid. Met. 

1 6; V. x68 .— S'mb. 9. 

I Din phicus, a luraarne ©f Apollo, from 
the worlhip paid to his divinity at Delphi. 

DelphTnia, feftivals at iEgina, in honor 
•f Apollo of Delphi. 

DelpuInicm, a place in Bmotia, oppofite 
Euboea. 

Delfhis, the prieftefs of Delphi. Mar- 
tiol. 9, ep. 43. 

Del mus, a fon of Apollo who built 
Delphi, and coftfedrated it to his. father. The 
name of his mother is differently men¬ 
tioned Sh* is called by. Tome Cekeno, by 
others Mektne daughter of Cephis, and by 
others” Thyas daughter of Caftah’us, the firft 
who was prieftefs to Bacchus. Itjiin. 161. 

JTO, c. 6. 


BE 

Dei.pmyne, a ferpent which watched 0 vie 
Jupiter. Apollo'’. 1 , c. 6. 

Delta, a part of Egypt, which received 
that name frorrr its refemblance to the form 
of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. 
It lies between the Canopiah and l elufian 
mouths of the Nile, and begins to be formed 
where the liver divides itl'elf into leverai 
ftreams. It has been formed totally by the 
mud and find, which are wafhed down from 
the upper parts of Egypt by the Nie, accord¬ 
ing t^ antient tradition. Caf. Alex . c. 27.— 
Strab. 15 and 17.— Horodot. 2, c. 13, &c. 

-pPfin. 3 , C. 16. 

^•EiemXdes, an Athenian, who, from a 
Tailor, became an eloquent orator, and ob¬ 
tained much influence in the ftate. He was 
taken prifoncr at the battle of Cherontea, by 
Philip, and .inijrptifts^d himfelf into the fa¬ 
vor of that pfince, by whom he was greatly 
efteemed.t He was put to death, with his fon, 
on lufpicion of trealbn, B. C. 312. One of his 
orations is extant. Died. 16 & 17. -Plut. in Dorn. 

Demjknetus, a rhetorician of Syracuse, 
^nemy to Timoleon. C. Np. in Tim. 5. 

Demagoras, one of Alexander’s flatter¬ 
ers.-An hiftorian who wrote concerning 

jhe foundation of Rome. D onyf. Hal. i- 
BDemarata, a daughter of Hiero, &c. 
Liv. 24, c. 22. 

Brmaratus, the fon and fucceffor of 
Arillon on the throne of Sparta. B. C. 526. 
He was banifhed by the intrigues of Cleo- 
menes, his royal colleague, as being illegi¬ 
timate. He retired into Afia, and was kind¬ 
ly received by Darius Ion of Hyftafpes king 
of Perfia. When the Perlian monarch made 
preparations to invade Greece, Demaratus, 
though perfecuted by the Lacedaemonians, 
informed them of the hpitilities which hung 
over their head. H redot. 5, c. 75, &c. 1. 6, 

c 50, &c.-A rich citizen of Corinth, of 

the family of the Bacchiadte. When Cypfe- 
lus had ufurped the fovereign power of Co¬ 
rinth, Demaratus, with all his family, mi¬ 
grated to Italy, and fettled at Tarquinii, 658 
years before Chrift. His fon, Lucumon, 
was king of Rome, under the name of Tar- 
quinius Prifcus. Dionyf Hal . — - A Co¬ 
rinthian exile at the court of Philip king of 
Macedonia. Plut. in Alex. 

DemaRchus, a Syracufan, put to death by 
Dionyfius. 

Demareta, the wife of Gelon. Died. 15. 

Dkmariste, the mother of Timoleon. 

DiImatria, a Spartan mother, who killed 
her lbn, becaule he returned from a battle 
without glory. Plut. Lac. Inji. 

IDemetria, a feftival in honor of Ceres 
called by the Greeks D.meter. It was then 
cuftomary for the votaries of the goddefs to 
lafti themfelves with whips made with the 
bark of trees. The Athenians had a folem- 
nity of the fame name, in honor of Deme¬ 
trius Poliorcctes, 


DilMETRIAS. 



ED 


DE 


Demetrias, a town of Thettaly.—The ' 
same was, common to other places. 

Demetrius, a Ion of Antigonus andj 
Stratonice, furnamed Poliorcetes, defrayer of 
iowns. At the age of 22, he was lent by his 
father againil Ptolemy, who invaded Syria 
He was defeated near Gaza, hut he loon re- j 
paired his lofs, by a viftory over one of the i 
generals of the enemy. He afterwards failed J 
with a rieet of 150 lhips to Athens, .and I 
rcftored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing i 
them from the power of Cattander and 
Ptolemy, and expelling the garriion, W^'fch 
was ftationed there under Demetrius* PJ^rrle- 



rmopylae Mis • receptiaffi 
Athens, after thefe victories, was attended 
with the greateft fervility; and t^e Atheni¬ 
ans were not alhamed to raile altars to him 
as to a god, and to confult his cyades. This 
uncommon iuccefs raifed the jealoufy of the 
fuccettors of Alexander; and Seleucus, Caf- 
fauder, and I.yfimachus, united to deftroy 
Antigonus and his fon. Their hoftile armies 
met at Ipfus, B. C. 301. Antigonjts ^vas 
killed in the battle; and Demetrius, after a 
Jfevere lofs, retired to Ephefus. His ill luc* 
cels railed him many enemies; and the Athe¬ 
nians, who had lately adored him as a god, 
refufed to admit him into their city., He 
foon after ravaged the territories of Lyfima- 
'chus, and reconciled himfelf to Seleucus, to 
whom he gave his daughter £tratonicejin 
marriage. Athens now labored under ty¬ 
ranny ; and Demetrius relieve^ and par¬ 
doned the inhabitants. The 'Ids'of his pof- 
feffions in Alia, recalled him from Greece, 
and he eftablifhed himfelf on the throne of 
Macedonia, by the murder of Alexander the 
fort of Callander Here he was continually 
at war with the neighbouring *ftates; and the 
fupeyior power of his adverfarics obliged him 
to leave Macedonia, after he had fat on the 
throne for feven years, fie palled into Afii, 
and attacked fqme of the provinces of Lyfi- 
machas with various fuccefs; but famine 
and pelfilence deftroyed the greatelt part of 
his army, and h.e retired to the court of Se¬ 
leucus for fupport and affiitance. He met 
with a kind reception, but hoftilities were 
foon begun; and after he had gained fome 
advantages over his fon-in-law, Demetrius 
was totally forfaken by his troops in the field 
of battle,, and became an ealy prey to the; 
enemy. Though he was kept in confinement 
by his fyn-jn-htw, yet he maintained himfelf> 
like- a prince, and patted his time in hunting 
and t\i every laborious exercile. His ion 
Antigonus offered Seleucus afl his potteflions, 
and even his perfon, to procure his father’s, 
liberty.; hut all ^proved unavailing, and Deme-' 
p-ius died in the 54th year of his age, alter' 
a confinement of three years, 286 E. Gf His,' 
"“ V I 


remains were given to Antigonus, and honor¬ 
ed with a fplendid funeral pomp at Corinth, 
and thence conveyed to Demctrias His 
pofterity remained in pofleftion of the Mace¬ 
donian throne till the age of Perfeus, who 
was conquered by the Romans. Demetriua 
has rendered himfelf famous for his fondnelir 
of diflipation when among the dilTblute, and 
his love of virtue and military glory in the 
field of battle. He has been commended as a 
great warrior, and his ingenious inventions, hie 
warlike engines, and ftupendous machines irj 
his war with the Rhodians, juftify his claims to 
that perfect chara&er. He has been blamed 
for his voluptuous indulgences; and his hio P 
grapher obferves, that no Grecian pripce had 
more wives and concubines than Poliorcetes. 
His obedience and reverence to his fajhey 
kma been Juftly admired; and it has been ob- 
lrarvc-J, that Antigonus ordered the ambatt*- 
dors of k foreign prince particularly to remark 
the cordiality and friendfriip which fubfifted be¬ 
tween him and his fon. Pint, in vitd.—Diod. 

17.— Jfin. 1, c, 17, &c.-A prince who 

fucceeded his father Antigonus on the throne 
of Macedonia. He reigned 11 years-, and 
was fucceeded by Antigonus Dofon. JuJUn. 

26, c. 2. — Polyb. 2.-A fon of Philip king 

of Macedonia, delivered as an hollage to the 
Romans. His modefty delivered his father from 
a heavy accufation laid beforethe Roman fanate. 
When he returned to Macedonia, he wap 
falfely accufed by his brother Perfeus, who 
was jealous of hi? popularity, and his fathef 
too *ereduloully contented to his death, B . C. 
180. Liv. 40, c. 20.— JuJUn. 32, t:. 2. 

-A Magnefian.-^*—A fervant of Cafliqs. 

-A fon of Demetrius of Cyrene.——-A 

freed man of Pompey, — • \ fon of Deme¬ 
trius, lurnampd Slender.-A.pripce fur? 

named Soter, was fon of Seleucus Philopater, 
the fon of Antjpchus the Great, king of Sy¬ 
ria. His father gave him as a hoftage to the 
Romans. After the de^th qf Seleucus, An- 
tiochus Epiphanes, the deceas'd monarch’s 
brother, ufurped the klngdopi of Syria, and 
was fucceeded by his fon Antiochus Eupator. 
This ulurpatiori difplealed Demetrius, who 
was detained at Rome; he procured his liber¬ 
ty on pretence of going to hunt, and fled to 
Syria, where the troops received him as theiy 
lawful foyereign, B. G l . 162. He. put to 
death Eupator and Lyfias, and eftablitbed him- 
felfon his throne by cruelty and opprefliom 
Alexander Bala, the foil of AtjrjoeHu$ Epi- 
phanes, laid claim to the crmvn of Syria, 
and defeated Demetrius in a battle,, in The 
1 2th year of his reign. Strai. X 6. — Afptan. 

-— fujlin. 34, c. 3.-—iTifi ' 2d, furiintnei 

JSfieunor, OT Conqueror, was foil of Soter, 
i to whom he fucceeded by the atliftance of 
j Ptolemy f hilotnetey, after be -had driven dui 
! tile ufxfrper Alexander Bala, B» C. 1-46. He 
!'mirrici ; Cleopatra, «.daughter yf Ptslem*; 





BE 


BE 


wkp-.wa?, before, .-the wife, of the expelled 
, Demetrius gave himielf. up to,lux¬ 
ury and voluptuoufneCs, and buffered his king- 
<fou to be governed by his favorites.. At 
that time a pretended ion of Bala, calk'd Dio- 
c^arus Tryphon, s feizpd a part of Syria; and 
lDiIte.trius,. to,, oppufe his antagonift, made an 
aEkince with the Jews, and marched into the 
eait, where he was taken by the Parthians. 
Dhraatss, king of Partiiia, gave him his 
<^ughter Rhodogync in marriage; and Cleo¬ 
patra was ip incenfed at this new conne6iipn ; 
t^iat die gave herfelf up to Antiochus Sidetes, 
her brother-in-law, and married him. Sidetes 
was killed in a battle agaiuft the Partisans, and 
Demetrius regained the poifeffion of his king-, 
opm. H;s pride and opprefiion rendered him 
odious, and his fubjc&s aiked a king of the 
houfe . of Seleucus, from Ptolemy Phyfcon, 
king of Egypt; and Demetrius, unablerlo 
relift the power of his enemies, fled to Pro- 
lemais, which was then in the hands of his 
wife Cleopatra, d.he gates were flint up 
again ft his approach, by Cleopatra; and he 
was killed by order of the governor of Tyre, 
whither he nad fled for protection. He was 
Succeeded by Alexander Zebina, whom Pto¬ 
lemy had railed to the throne, B. C. 127. 
ffufin. 36, &c.— Appian de Bell . Syr .— 
jfofcph .——The 3d, linnamed Eucerus, was 
ion of Antiochus Gryphus. After the ex¬ 
ample, of his brother Philip, who had feized 
Syria, he made himfelf. mafter of Damafcus, 
B. C n 93> and foon aft^r obtained a victory 
ovpr inis brother. He was taken in a battle 
agaiuft the Parthians, and died in captivity. 
1.—Phdereus, a difciple of Theo- 


jjhraftus, who gained fuch an influence over 
th>e Athenians, by his eloquence, and the 
purity of His manners, that he was elected 
decennial arphon, B. C. .317. He fo pmbel- 
liflied the c^y, ,and. rendered himielf fo popu¬ 
lar by His munificence, that the Athenians 
railed 360 brazen ftatups to his honor. Yet 
in the midft of all this popularity, hi? enemies 
railed a iedition againft him, and he was con¬ 
demned to death, and all his ftatues thrown 
. jlcnvn, after obtaining the fovereign power for 
jo years, tie fled without concern or p,or- 
pflcation to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, 
wh^re he. met with kindnefs and cofdiahty. 
The Egyptian, monarch confulted him' con¬ 
cerning the fiicceftion of his children; and 
Demetrius advifed him to raife to the throne 
the children of Eurydice, in preference to the 
offspring of Berenice. This counfel fj irri¬ 
tated Philadelphus, the fon of Berenice, that 
after his father’s death he fent the philofopher 
juto Upper Egypt, and there,detained him in 
ftrift confinement. Demetrius, tired with his 
iituatibn, put.an end to his life by the bite of 
■ jtyj, afp, 284 B. C f According to fome, De- 
. jpetrius enjoyed the cpnfidence of Philadelphus, 
"aiid smiched his library's* Alexandria with 


200,000 volumes. AH the works of De¬ 
metrius, on rhetoric, hiilory, and eloquence, 
are loft; and the treatife on rhetoric, falfely 
attributed to him, is by fome fuppofed to be the 
compofition of Halicarnaflus. The laft editi¬ 
on of this treatfie is that of Glalgow, 8vo. 
1743. JDiog. in vita. — Cic. in Brut. de 
OJJie. 1. — Pint, in Exil. — A Cynic philofo¬ 
pher, difciple of Apollonius Thyaneus, in the 
age of. Caligula. The emperor wiflied to gain 
the philofopher to his intereft by a large pre- 
fent; but Demetrius refuted it with indignation 
and. laid, If Caligula withes to bribe me, let 
him' fend me his crown. Vefpafian Was dif- 
phufed with' his infolence, and banilhed him 
toj^njfijiiid. The Cynic derided the punifh- 
a^tut, and bitterly inveighed againft the em¬ 
peror. He died in a great old age; and Se¬ 
neca obferves, that nature had brought him 
forth , to Jhcw mankind , that an exalted genius 
can live fecurely without being corrupted by the 
vices of the furroUnding world. Senec. — Bhi- 
lofr. in ApoH. -One of Alexander’s flat¬ 

terers.—A native of Byzantium, who wrote 
on the Greek poets.——An Athenian killed 
at Mantinea,-when fighting againft the The¬ 
bans. Poly ecu. - A writer ' who publifhed 

an hiftory of the irruptions of the Gauls into 

Afia.-A philological writer, in the age of 

Cicero. Cic. ad Attic. 8, ep. 11.-A ftage 

player. Juv . 3,v. 99 .— — Syrtis, a rhetori¬ 
cian at Athens. Cic. in Brut. c. 1 74. —«—A 
geographer, furnamed the Calatian. Strab.i . 

Demo, a Sibyl of Cumae. 

Demoan assa, the mother of Aigialeus. 

DEMOQKDES, # a celebrated phyfician of 
Crotona, foil of Calliphon, and intimate with 
Polycrates. He was carried as a prifener 
from Samos co Darius king of Perfia, where 
he accquired great riches and much reputation 
by curing the king’s foot, and the breaft of 
Atofla. He was fent to Greece as a fpy by 
fhe king, and fled away to Crotona, where he 
married the daughter of the wreftler Milo. 
Milan. V. H. 8,c. l8.-r- Herodot. 3, c. 124, Sec. 

Dem8char£s, an Athenian fent with 
fotne of his countrymen with an embafly to 
Philip king of Macedonia, The monarch 
gave them audience, and when he afleed them 
what he could do to pleafe the people of 
Athens ? Demochares replied, “ Hang your- 
felf.’ x This impudence raifed the indignation 
of all the hearers; but Philip mildly difmifled 
them, and hade them afk their countrymen, 
which deferved moft the appellation of wife 
and moderate, either they who gave fuch ill 
language, or 'he who received it without any 
ligns of refentment ? ' Senec. de Jrd , 3.— 
JElian V. H. 3, 7, 8, 12.— Cic. in Brut. 3, de 

Oral. 2.--A poet of Soli, who compoied a 

comedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. Plut. in 
Dem .—— A ftatuary, "who wifhed to make a 
ftatne of mount Athos. Vitf uv. -A gene¬ 

ral of Pompey the younger, who, died B. C, 36. 

^)2atoc i.zs- 









JU 1 s 


DPmoci.es, a man accufed of difiafteftion 
Cowards Dicnyliu's, &c. Pbl\,vn. 5,——A 
beautiful youth, paffionately loved by Deme¬ 
trius Poliorcetes. He threw hhnlelf into a 
cauldron of boiling water, rather than iub- 
mit to the unnatural lulls of the tyrant. Pint, 
in 

Democoon, a natural fon of Priam, who 
came from his refidence at Abydos to proteil 
his country againft the Greeks ' We wa^, ! 
after a glorious defence, killed by Ulyfles. 
Homer. 1J. 4 . 

Democrates, an archite^l of Alexan¬ 
dria.- A wrelller. jEl'utn. V. It. 4, c. 

J5--——An Athenian who fought on the fide 
of Darius, againft the Macedonians, dirt. 
6, c._5^ 

Democritus, a celebrated philofopher of 
Abdera, difciple to Leucippus. He travelled 
over the greateft part of Europe, Alia, and 
Africa,, in quell of knowledge, and returned 
home in the greateft poverty. There Was a 
law at Abdera, which deprived of the honor 
of a funeral the man who Ifad reduced him- 
felf to indigence; and Democritus, to avoid 
ignominy, repeated before his countrymen 
Vne of his compositions called Diaccfmus. It 
was received with fuch uncommon applaule, 
that he was prefented with 500 talents; fta- 
tues were erefled in his honor; and a decree 
palTed that the expences of his funeral Ihoujhl 
be paid from the public treafury. He retired 
to a garden near the city, where he dedicated 
his time to lludy and folitude ; and according 
to forne authors he put out his eyes, to apply 
himfelf more clofely to philofophical inquiries. 
He was accufed of infanity, and Hippocrates 
was ordered to inquire into the nature of his 
diforder. The phyfician had a conference 
with the philofopher, and declared that not 
Democritus, but his enemies were infane. 
He continually laughed at the follies and va¬ 
nity of mankind, who diftraft themlelves 
with care, and are at once 3 prey to hope 
and to anxiety. He told Darius who was 
inconfolable for the lofs of his vyife, that he 
would raife her from the dead, if he could 
find three perfons who had gone through life 
without adverfity, whofe names he might en¬ 
grave on the queen’s monument. The king’s 
inquiries to find fuch perfons proved unavail¬ 
ing, and the philofopher in fome manner 
Toothed the forrow of iris fovereign. He taught 
his difciples that the foul died with the body; 
and therefore, as he gave no credit to the exiit- 
ence of ghofts, forad youths, to try his forti¬ 
tude, drafted themfelves in a hideous and de¬ 
formed habit, and approached his cave in the 
dead of night, with whatever could create 
terror and aftonifnment. The philofopher re¬ 
ceived them unmoved; and without even Rook¬ 
ing at them, he delired them to ceafe making 
themfelves fuch obje£ls of ridicule and folly. 
He died in the 109th year of his age, B. C. 


vj 

361. His father was fo rich, Hint enter¬ 
tained Xerxes, with all his army, as’Te wift 
marching againft Greece. All the works 'of 
Democritus are loll He was the author of 
the doctrine of atoms’,-and firft taught that the 
milky way was occafioned by a confuted light 
from a multitude of liars. H’e may be coir- 
fidered as the parent of experiment*! philotbi 
phy, in the profecution of which he lhowed 
himfelf fo ardent that he declared? he would 
prefer the dil’covery of one of the caufes of 
the works of nature, tCr the diadem of Perfia. 
He made artificial emeralds, and tinged them 
with various colors; he likewife dlftolved 
Hones, and foftened ivory. Evfebx 14, C. 

27.-2)»V. in n'ttS.-^-JFAian. V. H. 4, c. 

20.— Cic. de Finib .— Pal. Max. 8 , c. j .— 

Strab. i Sc i <f.-An Ephefiarf, Who wrote 

a book on Diana’s temple. See. Diog.' - 

A powerful man of Naxos. Herodot. 7, c, 46. 

DyMODxcr;, the wife of Cretheus, king" oif 
Iolchos. Some call her Biadice, or Tyrq, 
Hygbi. p. A. 2, c. 20. 

DEmodochus, a mufician at the court of 
Alcinous, who lang, in the pretence of Uiyfles, 
the lecret amours of Mars and Venus, See. 

Homer. Od. 8, v. 44.-— Plot de Mu/,— - -A 

Trojan chief who came with iT.neaS into 
Italy, where he was killed. Pirg. JEti. XO, 
v. 413.-An hiftofia'n. Plut. de Plum. 

Dkmoleus, a Greek, killed by JKneas in 
the Trojan war. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 26 O. 

Demoleox, a centaur, killed by Thefeus 
at the nuptials of Pirithous. Okitt. Met. 12, 

v. 356.-A fon of Antenor, killed by 

Achilles. Homer. II. 20| v. 395. 

Demon, an Athenian, nephew to Demof- 
thenes. He was at the head of the govern¬ 
ment during the abfence of his uncle, and 
obtained a decree that Demofthenes fhould 
be recalled, and that a (hip Ihould be Cent to 
briag him hack. 

Demonassa, n daughter of Amphiaraus 
who married Therfander. Pernf. 9, c. 5. 

Dkmonax, a celebrated philofopher of 
Crete, in the reign of Adrian. He ffiewed 
no concern about the neceflaries of life; but 
when hungry, he entered the firll houfe he 
met, and there fatisfied his appetite. He 

died in his .100th year.-A man of Man- 

tinea, lent to fettle the government of Cy« 
rene. Herodot. 4,c. 162. 

DkmonTca, a wotnah who betrayed Ephe- 
fus to Bremuis. Plut. in Pat all. 

Demophantus, a general killed by An~ 
tigonus, &c. Pauf. 8, c. 49. 

Demqphile, A name given to the fibyi 
of Curme who, as it is luppofed by fome, 
fold the fibylline books to Tarquin* Parrc 
afrud La6l. I, c. 6. 

Demophilus, an Athenian archon.- — * ■ 
An officer of Agathoclfes. Died. 19 

Demufhon, ?n Athenian, wha affifled 

R 4 tV? 








tmi 

fji* -Thebans in reecvejriug Cadmea-, Sec. 
JPiod. IS- 

Pkmophoon, fon of T-hefeus and Phaedra, 
was king of Athens, B. C. n8i, and reigned. 
33 years. . At his return from the Trojan war, 
he vifited Thrace, where he was tenderly re¬ 
ceived and treated by Phyllis. He retired to 
Athens, and.forgot the kindnefs and love of 
Phyllis, who hanged herfelf in defpair. Chid. 

Jleroid. %.-~-Paitf„ 10, p. 55-A friend of 

AEneas, killed by Camilla. Vtrg. Mn. II, 
v. 675 

DEmopolis, a fon of Themiftodes. Plut. 
in Them, 

Demos, a place of Ithaca. 

DEmcstuenES, a celebrated Athenian, 
fon. of a rich blacksmith, called Demofthenes, 
and of Cleobule. He was but feven years of 
age when his father died. His guardians neg¬ 
ligently managed his affaiis, and embezzled the 
greateit part of his pofleljions. His education 
was totally neglected; and for whatever ad¬ 
vances he made in learning, he was indebted to 
his induftry and application. He became the 
.pupil of llaeus and Plato, and applied himfelf 
to ftudy the orations of liberates. At the age 
of 17 he gave an early proof of his eloquence 
and abilities againft his guardians, from whom 
lie obtained the retribution of the greateft 
part of bis eftate. His rifing talents were 
however impeded by v^eak lungs, and a 
difficulty of. pronunciation,, especially of the 
letter ^, but thefe obftades were loon conquer¬ 
ed bv unw.earied application. To correct the 
flammering.of hi$ voice,.he fpoke with peb¬ 
bles in hi? mouth; and removed the diftortion 
ci his features, which accompanied his utter¬ 
ance, by watching the motions of his pounte- 
rance in a looking glafs. That,his pronuncia¬ 
tion might be loud and full of emphafis, he 
frequently ran up the fteepeft and moft uneven 
walks, where hi? voice acquired force and 
energy; and on the fea-ftiore, when the 
waves vyere violently agitated, he declaimed 
aloud, to accuftom himfelf to the noife and 
tumults of a public alfembly. He alio con¬ 
fined himfelf in a fubterranepus cave, to de¬ 
vote himfelf more clofely to ftudioys pur- 
luits; and to eradicate all enriofity of appear¬ 
ing in, public, he flu wed one half of his head. 
In this folitary retirement, by the help of a 
glimmering- lamp, lie compoled -the greateft 
part of his orations, wh^ch have, ever been; 
the admiration of every age, though his. con-; 
temporaries and rjvalsq fey.er.ely inveighed 
againft them, and ohferved th,,t they.fmelt of 
oil, H<is abilities, as an orator, raifed him \a 
^opfequence at Athens, and he was loon 
placed at the head of the government. In 
this public, capacity he routed his countrymen 
from their indolence, and animated them 
(againft the encroachment? ,of Philip of Mace-t 
dpnia. In the battle of Cheror.aja, however, 
Penjoflhenes 'betrayed his pufillanimity, and 


37 E 

faved his life by flight. After the death of 
Philip, he declared himfelf vyarmly againft his 
fon and fucceflor., Alexander, whom he brand¬ 
ed with the appellation of boyand when the 
Macedonians, demanded of .the Athenians 
their orators, Demofthenes reminded his 
countrymen of the fable of the theep which 
delivered their dogs to the wolves. Though 
he had boafted that all the gold of Maced® 11 ’ 1 * 
could not tempt him; yet he fullered himfelf 
to be bribed by a 1'mall golden cup from Har- 
palus. The tumults which this' occafioned, 
forqed him to retire from Athens; and in his 
banifhment, which he parted at Trcezene and 
AGgina, he lived with more effeminacy than 
true he-roifm. When Antipater made war 
againft Greece, after the death of Alexander, 
Demofthenes was publicly recalled from his 
eixle, and a galley was lent to fetch him from 
A£gij)a. His return was attended with much 
fplejidor, and all the citizens crowded at the 
: Piraews to fee him land. His triumph and 
popularity, however, were Ihort. Antipater 
|and Craterus were near Athens, and demand¬ 
ed all the orators to be delivered up into their 
hands. Demofthenes with al| his adherents 
fled to the temple of Neptune in Calauria, 
and when he faw that all hopes of fafety were 
banifhed, he took a dofe of poifon, which he 
always carried in a quill, and expired on the 
dnjjf that the Thefmophoria were celebrated, in 
the 60th year of his age, B. C. 322. The 
Athenians raifed a brazen ftatue to his honoi 
with an infeription trauflated into this diftich; 

Si till par menti robur, Vir ma^ne, fuijfet, 
Gracia non Mace ’a fuccubuijfet hern. 
Demofthenes has been defervedly called tiro 
prince of orators : and Cicero, his fuccefsful 
rival among the Romans, calls him a perjt<T 
model, and fuch as he 1 wilhed to be. Thefe 
two great princes .of eloquence have often been 
compared together; but the judgment hefl- 
tates to which to give the pref rence. They 
both arrived at perfedion; but the meafures 
by which .they obtained it, w ere diametrically 
oppolite. Demofthenes has. been compared, 
and with propriety, by his rival iElchines, to 
a Siren,, from the melody of his exprelfions. 
No orator can be faid to have exprefted the 
various paffions of hatred, refentment, or in¬ 
dignation, with more energy than he; and its 
a proof of his uncommon application, it need 
only be mentioned, that he tranferibed eight 
or even io times, the’hiftory of Thucydides, 
that he might not only imitate, blit pofrefs tiro 
force and energy of the great hiftbrian. The 
beft editions of his works‘lire that of Wolfing, 
foj. irankof, 1604; that left unfinished by 
Taylor, Cantab. 4to. and th^t huhliflied in \z 
vpIs. ; 8yo. 1720, Scc.Xipf. by Reifke and'hie 
vyjdo.w, Many of the orations of Demof- 
then.es have been. published fepar'ately. Plut. 
in ’pita, — JDiod. 1 (>. — Cic. in O'/at, &c.— Pavf. 
i, c. 8.T. 2, c. 33.—«—-An Athenian'general. 

fern 







fent to fucceed Alcibiades in Sicily. He 
attacked Syracuse with Nicias, but Wu efforts 
were ineffectual. After many calamities he 
fell into the enemy’s hands, and his army w as 
confined to hard labor. The accounts about 
the death of Demoilhenes are various; fome 
believe that he (tabbed himfelf, while others 
fuppofe that he. was put to death by the Syra- 
cufans, B. C. 413. j Pint, in Nic.—~Tbucyd. 4, 

&c.— D10J. 12.-The father of the orator 

Demofthenes. He was very rich, and em¬ 
ployed an immenfe number of Haves in the 
bufinefs of a fword cutler. Piut. in Dem . 

A governor of Czrlare?., under the Roman 
emperors. 

Demostratus, an Athenian orator. 

DemOchus, a Trojan, ton of Philetor, 
killed by Achilles* Homer. 11 . 20, v. 457. 

Dem ylus, a tyrant who tortured the philo- 
Jfopher Zeno. Piut. d- Stoic. Up. 

DE.NSEi.ETiE, a people of Thrace. Cic. 

34 - 

Deobrica, a town on the Iberus in Spain, 
now Mirandi dr Ebro. 

Deodatus, an Athenian who oppofed the 
cruel relolutions of Cleon againft the captive 
prifoners of Mitylene. 

Deois, a name given to Proferpine from 
her mother Ceres, who was called Deo. This 
name Ceres received, hecaule when (he fought 
her daughter all over the world, all wiihed 
her fuccels in her purfuits, with the word 
Irtug, invert ies ; a invcnio . Ovid. Met. 6, 

y 114. 

Derje, a place of Meffenia. 

Derbe, a town of Lycaonia at the north of 
mount Taurus in Afia Minor, now Aiah-Dag. 
Cc. P.m. il, ep. 73. 

Derbices, a people near Caucafus, who 
killed all thoi'e that had reached their 70th 
year. 'JTiay buried fuch as died a natural 
death, Strab. 

Derce, a fountain in Spain, whofe Waters 
were faid to be uncommonly cold. 

Dercennus, an ancient king is Latium. 
Virg.'JEn. n, v. 850. 

Dercbto 8 f Dercetis, a goddefs of Sy¬ 
ria, called alio Atergatis, whom fome fup- 
pofed to he the lame as AHarte. She was 
reprefonted as a beautiful woman above the 
walte, and the lower part terminated in a 
fifh’s tail. According to Diodorus, Venus, 
whom (he had offended, made her pafllonately 
fond of a young pried:, remarkable for the 
beauty of nis features. She hud a daughter 
by him, aiid became fo afhamed of her in¬ 
continence, that’Hie removed her lgver, ex- 
pofed the fruit of her amoyr, and threw' her- 
felf into a lake. Her body was transformed 
into a fifli, and tier child was preserved, apd 
called Semiramis. As fne was chiefly wor-; 
fnipped in Syria, and reprefonted like a fifli, ; 
the Syrian.; anciently ahftau.ed from fifhes. 
Lrnian. IdK lira ‘Sxr. — P‘ir C, *C. I ^—-Ovid.i 
'“SfeU 4i '<* 41 — bird- Z . 


Dercti.lTdas, a general of Sparta,"celiV' 
hrated for itis military exploits. He took rthi& 
different cities in eight days, and freed’ C her- 
lbnefus from the inroads of the Thracians 
by building a wall acrofs the country. He 
lived B. 1. 399. Died. I4.— Xenopb. Hi ft. 
Greer. I. kc. 

Dercyllus, a man appointed over Attica 
by Antipater. C Nep. in Phoc . 2. 

Dkrcynus, a lbn of Neptune, killed by 
Hercules. Apollon. 2, c. 5. 

Der3iei, a people of Thrace. 

Derthona, now Tortona , a town of Id- 
gum, between Genoa and Placentia, where 
a Roman colony was fettled. Cic. JDh. 
11 . 

Dertose, now Tortofciy a town of Spain 
near the Iberus. 

Deru si.ci, a people of Perfia. 

Desudaba, a town of Media. Liv. 44, 

c. 26. 

Deva, a town of Britain, now Cbejler, on 
the Dee. 

Deucalion, a fon of Prometheus, who 
married Pyrrha, the daughter of Epimetheus. 
He reigned over part of Theffaly, and in his 
age the whole eari;h was overwhelmed with 
a deluge. The impiety of mankind had ir¬ 
ritated Jupiter, who relolved to deftroy man¬ 
kind, and immediately the earth exhibited 
a boundlefs icene of waters. The higheft 
mountains were climbed up by the frightened 
inhabitants of the country; but this feeming 
place of fecurity was foon over-topped by the 
riling waters, and no hope was left of efcaping 
the univerfal calamity. Prometheus advifcd 
his fon to make himlelf a {hip, and byvthis 
means he laved himfelf and his wife Pyrrha, 
Theveffel was toffed about during nine fuc- 
ceflive day^s, and at laft Hopped o« the top of 
mount Parnaffus, where Deucalion remained 
till the waters hadfubfided. Pi dar and Ovicf 
make no mention of a velfel built by the advice 
of Prometheus; but, according to their relation, 
Deucalion faved his life by taking refuge on 
the top of Parnaffus, or according to Hyginus, 
of ./Etna in Sicily. As foon as the waters 
had retired from the furface cf the earth, 
Deucalion and his wife went to eonfult the 
oracle of Themis, and were dire&ed to repair 
the lofs of mankind, by throwing behind 
them the hones of their grandmother. This , 
was nothing but the Hones of the earth ; and 
after fome Kefitation about the meaning of 
the oracle, they obeyed. The Hones thrown 
by D.eucalion became men, and thofc of 
Pyrrha women. According to JuHin, Deu¬ 
calion was not the only one. who. ^efcaped 
from the .univerfal calamity. Many faved 
their, lives by afeending the higheH moun¬ 
tains, or trulliug themfelves in fmall veffeis 
to the mercy of-the waters. This deluge 
which chiefly happened in Theffaly, Record¬ 
ing to the relation of fome writers, was pro- 
duced.by the inundation of the wate.s of the 

jfive# 




DI 

river Peneus, whofe regular co.urfe was flop¬ 
ped by an earthquake near mount Offa and 
Olympus. According tq Xenophon, there 
were no lefs than five deluges. The fitft 
happened under Ogyges, and laded three t 
mouths. The fecond, which was in the age 
of Hercules and Prometheus, continued but 
one month.. During the third, which hap¬ 
pened in the reign of another Ogyges, all; 
Attica was laid walle by the w aters. Theffaly 
Was totally covered by the waters during the 
fourth, which happened in the ace Of Deu- j 
calioji. The lad was before the Trojan war, 
and its efferis were feverelr ftlt by the inha- > 
bitar.ts of Egypt. There prevailed a report 
in Attica, that the waters of Deucalion’s j 
deluge had difappeared through a I'm a H ap'cr- 
ture about a cubit w-ide, near Jupiter Olym- : 
pius’s temple; and Paufanias, who law it,] 
further, adds that a yearly offering of flour j 
and honey was thrown into it with religious' 
ceremony. The deluge of Deucalion, fo ] 
much celebrated in ancient hiftory,'is fappo- 
led to' have happened 1503 years B. C.! 
Deucalion had two Tons by Pyrrha, Hetlen,) 
called by lorne fon of Jupiter, and Arrtphic- 
fyon king of Attica, and alio a daughter, 1 
Protogenia, who became mother of ilithliu'S j 
by Jupiter. Find. 9. Olymp. — Ovid. Met. I, 
fab. 8. Heriod. 45, v. 167. Apollod. I, c. 
7. — Pauf. L, c. IO. 1. 5; c. 8. — Juv. I. v. 
8l.— Hygtn. fab. 153.— *Jujlin. 2 , c. 6.— 
JDiod. 5.— Lucian. de Led Syria. — Virg. G. I. 

v. 62.-One of the Argonauts.-A Ion 

of Minos. Apollod. 3. c. 1.-A ion of 

Abas. 

Deuce Tins, a Sicilian general. Diod. 11. 

Deudorix, one of the Cherufci, led in 
triumph by Germanicus, 

BexamenI, one of the Nereides. Homer. 
Jl. 18. 

Dexamemcs, a man delivered by Her¬ 
cules from the hands of his daughter’s fuitors. 

Apollod. a,. c. 5.--A king of Olenus in 

Achai?, whole two daughters married the Ions 
of Attor. Pauf. 5, c. 3. 

Dexippus, a Spartan who affifted the peo¬ 
ple of Agrigentum, &c, Diod. 13. 

Dexithea, the wife of Minos. Apollod. 
3, c. 1. 

Dexius, a Greek, father of Iphinous, killed 
by Glaucus in the Trojan war, see. Homer. 

Mi¬ 
nt a, a daughter of Deion, mother of Pi- 

rithous by Ixion.-An illand in the ASgean 

fea, 17 miles from Delos. It is the fame as 
Naxos. Vid. Naxos. 0 %id. Met. 8, v. 157. 

-Another on the coaft of Crete, now 

Stan Dia. -A city of Thrace. —— 

Eubcea.-Peloponnelus.-Lulitauia.-- 

Italy, near the Alps.-Scythia, near the 

Phafis.-Carla.-Bithynia, and Thef- 

faly. 

Djactorxdes, one of Agariffa’s fuitors. 


DI 

H.rodot. 6, c. 127.-——The father of Fury- 
dame the wife of Leutychides. Id. 6, c* 7j. 

Dieeus, of Megalopolis, a general of the 
Achaeans, who killed' Ihmfelf when his affairs 
became defperate. Pauf. 7, c. i6. 

DiaSumeniXnus, a fon of Macrinus, who 
enjoyed the title of Caefar during^jis father’s 
life-time, Sec. 

Diagon & Diagum, a river oi Pclopon- 
nefus, flpwiilg into the Alpheus, and Sepa¬ 
rating Pifa from Arcadia, Pauf 6 , c. 21. 

Diago?;das, a Theban who abolifhed all 
nocturnal fy'rrjfices. CU. de Leg. 2, c. 15. 

DtagIoras, an Athenian' phtlofopher. 
His father’s name was Telecryfus. From the 
greateft fuperftition, he became a moft .un 
conquerable atheift; becaufe he faw a man 
Who laid a falfe claim to one qf Ins poems, 
and who perjured' hlmfelf,, go unpunHbed. 
His great impiety and blafphemies provoked 
his countrymen, and the Areopagites pro- 
mifed one talent to him who brought b*s 
head belore their tribunal, and two if he yv;ere 
produced alive. He lived about 416 yearst 
before Chrift.. Cic. de fiat. D. I, c. 2fr\ 3, 

c. 37, 8cc. — Val. Max. I, c. I.-An athlete 

of Rhodes, 460 years beforfe the Chriftiau 
ana. Pindar celebrated his merit in a beau¬ 
tiful ode ftill extant, which was written in 
eolden letters in a temple of Minerva.. 
He faw his three fons crowned the fame 
day at Olympia, and died through excefs of 
joy. Cic. Tufc. 5 .— Plut. in Pel.* — Pauf. 6 . 
c. 7. 

DiAlis, a pried of Jupiter fit Rome, firft 
inftituted by Numa. He was never permitted 
to (wear, even upon public trials. Varro. L. 
L. 4, C. 15.— Dionyf. — Liy. I, C. 2a 

Diallus, an Athenian, who wrote an 
hiftory of all the memorable occurrences of his 
age. .. . 

Diamastigosis, a feftival of Sparta in 
honor of Diana Orthia, which received that 
name a,wo <reu /uxsiyovvy from •wbipping i be¬ 
caufe boys were whipped before the altar of 
the goddefs. Thefe boys, called Bomonica?, 
were originally free-born Spartans: but, in 
the more delicate ages, they were of meap 
birth, and generally of a ilavifh origin. Thjs 
operation was performed by an officer in a 
fevere and unfeeling mannerj and that no 
compaffion Ihould be railed, the prieft flood 
near the altar With a fmall light ftatue of the 
goddefs, which fuddenly became heavy and 
infupportable if the lath of the whip was more 
lenient or lefs rigorous. The parents of the 
children attended the folemnity, and exhort¬ 
ed them not to commit any thing either by 
fear or groans, that might be unworthy of 
Laconian education. Thefe flagellations were 
fo feyere, that the blood guthed in profufe 
torrents, and many expired under the lath 
of the whip without uttering a groan, or 
betraying any marks of fear. Such a death 

' w as 






was reckoned very honorable, and the corpfe 
was buried with much lblemnity, with a gar¬ 
land of flowers on its head. The origin of 
this feftival is unknown. Some fuppofe, that 
Lycurgus fird inftituted it to inure the youths 
of Lacedmmon to bear labor and fatigue, and 
render them infenfible to pain and wounds. 
Others maintain, that it was a mitigation of 
an oracle, which ordered that human blood 
ffiould be (lied on Diana’s altar; and ac¬ 
cording to their opinion, Oreites fird intro¬ 
duced that barbarous cuflom, after he had 
brought the ftatue of Diana Tauricn into 
Greece. There is another tradition winch 
mentions, that Paufanias, as he was offering 
prayers and facrificos to the gods, before he 
engaged with Mardonius, was fuddenly at¬ 
tacked by a number of Lydians who difturbed 
tire facrifice, ?nd were at lafl repelled with 
ftaves and Hones, the only weapons with 
which the Lacedaemonians were provided 
at that moment. In commemoration of this, 
therefore, that whipping of boys was infti- 
tuted at Sparta, and after that the Lydian, 
proceffion. 

Diana was the goddefs of hunting. Ac¬ 
cording to Cicero, there were three of this 
name; a daughter of Jupiter and Prol'erpine, 
who became mother of Cupid; a.daughter 
of Jupiter and Latona, and a daughter of 
Upis and Glauce. The fecond is the molt 
celebrated, and to her all the antients allude. 
She was born at the fame birth as Apollo; 
and the pains which fhe faw her mother fuf- 
fer during her labor, gave her fuch an aver- 
fion to marriage, that fhe obtained from her 
father the permiffion to live in perpetual celi¬ 
bacy, and to prafide over the travails of wo¬ 
men. To fhun the fociety of men, lhe de¬ 
voted herfelf to hunting, and obtained the 
permiffion of Jupiter to have for her attend¬ 
ants 60 of the Oceanides.and 20 other nymphs, 
all of whom, like herfelf, abjured the ufe of 
marriage. She is reprefented with a bent 
bow and quiver, and attended with dogs, 
and fometimes drawn in a chariot by two 
white Hags. Sometimes (he appears with 
wings, holding a lion in one hand, and a 
panther in the other, with a chariot drawn 
by two heifers, or two horfes of different 
colors. She is reprefented taller by the head 
than her attendant nymphs, her face has 
Something manly, her legs are bare, well 
fhaped, and ftrong, and her feet are covered 
with a bufkin, worn by huntreffes among the 
antients. Diana received many furnames, 
particularly from the places where her wor- 
fhip was eftablifhed, and from the functions 
over which (he prefided. She was called 
Lucina, llythia, or Juno Proriuba, when in¬ 
voked by women in childbed, aud Trivia 
when worfhipped in the crof6-ways where 
her ftatues were generally erefted. She was 
(bppoi^d «to be the fame as the moon, and 


Proferpine or Hecate, and from that circum- 
dance (lie was called Triformis; and lbme 
of her llatucs reprefented her with three 
heads, that of a horfe, a dog, and a boar. 
Her power and functions under thefe three 
chandlers have been beautifully expreffed in 
thele two verfes; 

Turret , lujlrat , a git, Proferpina, Luna , Diana t 
Tua,fi/prema,feras } fceptro,fulgore,ftgittd. 

She was all'o called Agrotera, Orthia, Tau- 
rica, Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She was 
fuppofed to be the lame as the Ifis of the 
Egyptians, vvhofe worfhip was introduced into 
Greece with that of Ofiris under the name 
of Apollo. V/hen Typhon waged war againft 
the gods, Diana is laid to have metamor- 
pholed herfelf into a cat, to avoid his fury. 
The goddefs is generally known in the figures 
that reprefent her, by the crefcent on her 
head, by the dogs which attend her, and by 
her hunting habit. The moft famous of her 
temples was that of Ephefus, which was one 
of the l'even wonders of the world. [ Vid. 
Ephefus.] She was there reprefented with a 
great number of breads, and other fymbols 
which (ignified the earth, or Cybelc. Though 
(he was the patroneis of chaftity, yet (he 
forgot her dignity to enjoy the company of 
Endymion, and the very familiar favors which, 
according to mythology, (he granted to 
Pan and Orion are well known. [ Vid. En¬ 
dymion, Pan, Orion.] The inhabitants of 
Taurica were particularly attached to the 
worfhip of this goddefs, and they cruelly 
offered on her altar all the drangers that were 
(hipwrecked on their coads. Her temple in 
Aricia was ferved by a pried who had al¬ 
ways murdered his predeceflbr, and the Lace¬ 
demonians yearly offered her human vidlims 
till the age of Lycurgus, who changed this 
barbarous cudom for the facrifice of flagel¬ 
lation. The Athenians generally offered her 
goats, and others a white kid, and fome¬ 
times a boar pig, or an ox. Among plants 
the poppy and the ditamy were l'acred to 
her. She as well as her brother Apollo, had 
fome oracles, among which thole of Egypt, 
Cilicia, and Ephefus are the mod known. 
Ovid. Taf. 2 , v. 155. Met. 3, v. 156. 1. 7. 
v. 94 & 194, &c.— Cic. de’Nat. 2). 3.— Hotat. 
3, od. 22. — Virg. G. 3, V. 3 OZ. JEn. I, y. 
505. — Homer. Od. $. — Pauf. 8, C. 31 & 37.— 
Catuil.—Stat. 3. Silv. I, V. 57.— Ajollod. I, 
c. 4>&c. 1. 3, C. 5, &c. 

Dian asa, the mother of Lycurgm. Pint, 
in Lye. 

Dianium, a town and promontory of 
Spain, now Cape Martin , where Diana was 
worfhipped. 

Diasia, fedivals in honor of Jupiter at 
Athens, They received their name arro reu 
’h& > Kcit rnt arm. from Jupiter and misfor - 
tune , becaufe, by making applications to 
Jupiter, men obtained relief from their mis¬ 
fortunes. 






DI 


Dr 


fortunes, and were delivered from dangers. 
Inuring this feftiv^l ’things of all kinds were 
expofed to lale. 

Dibio, a town of France, now Dijon in 
Burgundy. 

Dic.^ea & Dicjearchea, a town of 
Italy. ItaL 13, y. 385. 

Dicje.US, *n Athenian who was fuper- 
naturaily apprifed of the defeat of the Persians 
in Greece, llerodot. 3, c. 6 5 . 

Dice, oiie of the Horae, daughters of Ju¬ 
piter. Apollod. i, C. 3. 

Dicearcjics, a Meffenian famous for 
his knowledge of philofophy, hiitory, and 
mathematics. He was one of Ariftotle’s dif- 
ciples. Nothing remains of his numerous 
eompofitiolls. He had compofed an hiftory 
of the Spartan republic, which was publicly 
»ead over every year by order of the magi- 
flrates, for the improvement and inflrucfion of 
youth. 

DiceneCs, a« Egyptian philofopher in 
the age of Auguftus, who travelled into Scy¬ 
thia, where he ingratiated himfelf with the 
king of the country, and by his inftruftions 
foftened the wildnets and rufticity of his 
manners. He alfo gained fueh an influence 
over the multitude^ that they deftroyed all 
the vines which grew in their country, to 
prevent the riot and dilfipation which the 
wine occafioned among them. He wrote all 
his maxims and his laws in a book, that they 
might not lofe the bene lit of them after his 
death. 

Dicomas, a king of the Geta». Plut. w 
Anton. 

Dictje, & Dicf.T.rjs too&s, a mountain 
of Crete. The ifland is often known by the 
name of Difiga arva. Virg. Eel. 6. JEn. 

3, v. 171.-Jupiter was called DiSlaus, 

becaule worfhipped there, and the fame epi¬ 
thet was applied to Minos. Virg. G. 2, v. 
536.— Ovid. Met. 8. v. 43.— Ptol. h c. 17.— 
Strab. 10. 

Dictamnum & Dictvjina, a town of 
'Crete, where the herb called dltlamnus chiefly 
•grows. Virg. JEn.t2, v. 412.— Cic. de Nat. 
D a, c. 50. 

DictatoK, a magiftrate at Rome inverted 
"with regal authority. This officer, whole 
hrixgiftracy'teems to have been'borrowed from, 
■the cuftoms of. the Albans or Latins, was firft 
choien during the Roman wars ag&inlt the 
Latins. The eonfuls . being unable to raife 
forces for the defence of the flute, bepauie 
the plebeians refilled‘to inlift, if they were 
hot difeharged from all the debts they had 
contracted with the patricians, the- iemfte 
found it neceflary tp e}fe£l a new rttagiftrate 
with abfolute and meontrolable power to'take 
care of the ftate. 'i he dilator remained ifi 
office for fix months, after which Ire *was 
'again elected, if the affairs of the ftate leemed 
to be deaerate 5 but if tranquillity was re- 


eftabliihed, he generally laid down his power 
before the time was expired. He knew no 
iuperior in the republic, and even the laws 
were fubjePted to him. He was called dic¬ 
tator, becaufe d flus, named by the conful, 
or quo main diejis ejus parebat pop ulus., becaufe 
the people implicitly obeyed his command. 
He was named by the conful in the night, 
viva voce , and his ele&ion was confirmed 
by the auguries, though fometimes he was 
nominated or recommended by the people. 
As his power was abfolute, he could pro¬ 
claim war, levy forces, conduct them againft 
an enemy, and difband them at pleafure. 
He punilhed as he pleafed; and from his 
decifion there was no appeal, at leaft till 
1 iter times. He was preceded hy 24 lidlors, 
with the fufees : during his adminiltration, 
all other offices, except the tribunes of the 
people, were fufpended, and he was the 
mailer of the republic. But arnidft all this 
independence he was not permitted to go 
beyond the borders of Italy, and he was al¬ 
ways obliged to march on foot in his expedi¬ 
tions} and he never could ride in difficult 
and laborious marches, without previoufly 
obtaining a formal leave from the people. 
He was chcfeu only whetf the ftate was in 
imminent dangers from foreign enemies or 
inward (editions. In the time of a peftilence, 
a dictator was fometimes elected, as alfo to 
hold the comitia , or to celebrate the public 
feflivj,ls, to hold trials, to chufe fenators, or 
drive a nail in the capitol, by which fuper- 
ltitious ceremonies the Romans believed that 
a plague could be averted, or the progrefs of 
an enemy flopped This office, fo refutable 
and illuftrious in the firft ages of. the republic* 
became odious by the perpetual ufurpatipnsof 
Svlla and j. Caefar; and after the death of the 
latter, the Roman lenate, on the motion of the 
conful Antony, palled a decree, which for ever 
after forbade a di£lator to exift in Rome. The 
dictator, as foon as ele£led, chofe a fubordi- 
nate officer, called his mailer of horfe, magijler 
equitutn. , This officer was ‘ refpedlable, but 
he was totally fubfervient to the will of the 
di&aror, and could do nothing without his 
exprefs order, though he enjoyed thfc privk. 
lege of ufing a horfe, and had the feme in- 
(ignia as the praetors. This fu bo rd illation, 
however, was lome^time after removed; and 
during the fecund Futile war the mailer of 
the horfe was invefted with a power equal to 
that of phe didlator. A fecotuj dictator was 
allb chofen for the election of magillrates at 
Rome, 'after the battle of Cajinte. The dic- 
tatorfhip was originally coUfined" 1 fo the pa¬ 
tricians, hut the" plebeians were afterwards 
admitted t© fhare It. Titus Larrius flavus 
was the firft delator, A. DrC. 253. * Dionyf 
Nal.*—-Cic. de Peg. 3. — Dio. — Plut. in Eab.~* 
Appidn. 3. — Pdlyb. 3— Raterc. 2 ? c. 28.—>■ 
Div. 1, c. 23. 1 2} c. 18, h 4, c. 37; 1. 9, c. 3». 

Pisuk, 




Djctidiinses, ^certain inhabitants of 
mount Athos. Tbucyd. 5, c. 8a. 

IUcTynna, a nymph of Crete, who firft 
invented hunting nets. She was one of Di¬ 
ana’s attendants, and for that realon the god- 
dels is often c died Didiynnia. Some have 
fuppofed that Minos puriued her, and that to 
avoid his importunities, (he threw herfelf into 
the lea, and was caught in fiihermen’s nets, 
whence her name. There was a fel- 
tival at Sparta in honor ot Diana, called Dic- 

trnnia. P«uf. 2, e. 30. L 3, c. 12.-A city 

«f Crete. 

Dictys, a Cretan, who went with Ido- 
meneus to the Trojan war. It is luppofed 
that he wrote an hiftory of this celebrated war, 
snd that at his death he. ordered it to be laid 
in his tomb, where it remained till 3 violent 
earthquake in the reign of Nero opened the 
monument where he had been buried. This 
oonvulfion of the earth threw out his hiftory 
of the Trojan war, which was found by fome 
fnepherds, and afterwards carried to Rome. 
Tiiis wiyfterious tradition is defervedly 
deemed fabulous; and the hiftory of the 
Trojan war, which is now extant, as the 
compoficion of Didftys of Crete, was coip- 
pofed in the. 15th century, or according to 
others, in the age of Conllantine, and falfidy 
attributed to one of the followers of Idome- 
neus. The edition of Didtys is by Mafellus 

Venia, 4to. Mediol. 1477-A king of 

the iiland of Setiphus, Ion of Magnes and 
Nays. He married the nymph Clymehe, 
and was made king of Seriphus by Perfeus, 
who depofed Polydedtes, becaufe he behaved 
with wantonnels to Danae. Vid. Polydedfcs. 

A polled, x, c. 9. I. 2, c. 4.-A centaur, 

killed at the nuptials ofPirithous. Ovid. Met. 
is, v. 334. 

Didas, a Macedonian who was employed 
by Perfeus to render Demetrius iuipedted to 
his father Phijip. Liv. 40. 

Didia lei, de Sumptibus , by Didius, 
A. U. C. 606, to reftrain the expences that 
attended public feftivals and entertainments, 
and limit the number of guefts .which 
generally attended them, not only at 
Rome, but in all the provinces of Italy. 
By it, not pnly thofe who received guefts 
in the£« feftive meeriilfs, but the guefts 
themlelves, were liable to be fined. It 
was an extenfion of the Oppian and Fannian 
laws. 

Dmit/s, a governor of Spain, conquered 
by Sertorius. Pint, in Strt. - -A man who 
brought Qefar the head of Pompey’s eldeft 
fon. Plot.- -A governor of Britain, un¬ 
der Claudius.-Julian us, a rich Roman, 

who, after the murder of Pertinax, bought 
the empire which the pretorians had expofed 
to fale, A. D. 192. His great luxury and 
extravagance rendered him odious; and when 
he refufed to pay the money which he had 
3 


promiied for. the imperial purple, the foldiors 
revolted againft him, and put him to death, 
after , a fhort reign. Severus was made em¬ 
peror after him. 

DTno, called, alfo EHJfti, a daughter of 
Belus king of Tyre, who married Sichsus, 
or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was prieft of 
Hercules. Pygmalion, who fucceeded-to.tbe 
throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered Si- 
cliaeus, to get poftellion of the immenfe riches 
which he poftelfed; and Dido, difconfolate 
for the lols of a hufband whom (he tenderly 
loved, and by whom (he was equally es¬ 
teemed, let fail in queft of a fettlement, with 
a number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty 
of the tyrant became od'ous. According to 
fome accounts, fhe threw into the fea the 
.riches of her hufhand, which Pygmalion fo 
greatly defired; and by that artifice com¬ 
pelled the (hips to fly with her, that had 
come by order of the tyrant to obtain the 
riches of Sichsus. During her voyage, Dido 
vifited the coaft of Cyprus, where (he carried 
away 50 women, who proftituted themfelves 
on the lea (hove, and gave them as wives to 
her Tyrian followers, A ftonn drove her 
fleet on the African coaft, and (he bought of 
the inhabitants as rnuih land as could be co¬ 
vered by a bull’s hide, cut into thongs. 
Upon this piece of land Ihe hiTilt a citadel, 
called Byrfa, [Vid. Evrfa.] and the increase 
of population, and the riling commerce 
amdng her lubj*6ls, foon obliged her to en¬ 
large her city, and the boundaries of her do¬ 
minions. her beautv, as well as the fame 
of her enterprise, gained her many admirers; 
and her fubjedls wiftied to compel her to 
marry Iarbas, king of Mauritania, who 
threatened them with a dreadful war. Dido 
begged three months to give her decifive an- 
fwer; and during that time, Ihe eredted a 
funeral pile, as if wifhing, by a folemn fa«* 
crifice to appeale the manes of Sichteus, to 
whom (he had promiied eternal fidelity. 
When all was prepared, (lie ftabbed herfelf 
on the pile jn prefence of her people, and by 
this uncommon adtion obtained the name of 
Dido, valiant rvornan, inftead of Eliffii. Ac* 
cording to Virgil and Ovid, the death of Di¬ 
do was caufed by the flidden departure of 
iEneas, of whom ihe was deeply enamoured, 
and whom (he could not obtain as a hufbafld. 
This poetical fid!ion reprefents 'JEneis as living 
in the age of Dido, and introduces ah ana- 
chronilm of near 300 years. Dido left Phoe¬ 
nicia 217 years after the Trojan war, or thjt 
age of ^Eneas, that is, about 953 years B. C % 
This chronological error proceeds not from the 
ignorance of the poets, but it is fupported by 
the authority of Horace, 

“ Aut famam fetjuere, cut fibi conveniently 

/ ' 

Hgfl* 

While Virgil defences, in a beautiful epifbds, 
the defperate love of Did.o, and th‘§ fubrfyLTiph 

of 





DI 


DI 

of ?®neas to the will of tlje gods; he at the 
fame time gives an explanation of the hatred 
which exifted between the republics of Rome 
9ud Carthage, and informs his readers that 
their mutual enmity originated in their very 
firft foundation and was apparently kindled 
by a more remote caufe than the jealoufy 
and rivallhip of two florilhing empires. Dido, 
after her death, was honored as a deity by 
her fubje&s. jujlin. 1 8 , c. 4, Sec. — Paterc. 1 , 
C. 6.— Firg. J£n. — Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 2. 
Her oid. 6.—Appian. Alex.—Or of. 4. — Hero- 
dian.—Diouyf. Hal. 

Didyma, a place of Miletus. Pauf 2, 

c. 9.-An ifland in the Sicilian fea. Pauf. 

10, c. 11. 

Didymieus, a furname of Apollo. 

Did ymAon, an excellent artift, famous 
for making fuits of armour. Virg. JEn. 5, 
v. 359 - 

DiDYME,one of the Cyclades. Ovid. Met. 

7, v. 469.-A city of Sicily. Id. Fuji. 4, 

v. 475.-One of the Lipari iiles, now Saline. 

-A place near Miletus, where the Bran- 

chidre had their famous oracle. 

DiDYMUM,a mountain of Alia Minor. 

Didymus, a freed man of Tiberius, &c. 
Tar. Ann. 6, c. 14.-A fcholiaft on Ho¬ 
mer, furnamed florilhed B. C. 

40. He wrote a number of books which are 
now loft. The editions of his commentaries 
are, that in 2 vols. Venet.'apud Aid. 1528. 
and that of Paris, 8vo. 1330. 

Dieneces, a Spartan, who, upon hearing, 
before the battle of Thermopylae, that the 
Perfians were fo numerous that their arrows 
would darken the light of the fun, obferved, 
that it would be a great convenience, for they 
then Ihould fight in the fhade. Herodot. 7, 
c. 226. 

Piespiter, a furname of Jupiter, as being 
the father of light. 

Digentia, a fmall river which watered 
Horace’s farm, in the country of th£ Sabines. 
Horat. I, ep. 18, v. 104. 

Dicma, a part of the Piraeus at Athens. 

D11, the divinities cf the ancient inha¬ 
bitants of the earth were very numerous. 
Every object which 'caufes terror, infpites 
gratitude, or bellowed affluence, received the 
tribute of veneration. Man faw a fuperior 
agent in the ftars, the elements, or the trees, 
and fuppofed that the waters which commu¬ 
nicated fertility to his fields and poflefiions, 
were under the influence and diretlion <?f 
fome invifible power, inclin.ed to favor and 
to ’benefit mankind. Thus arofe a train of 
divinities, which imagination arrayed in dif¬ 
ferent forms, and armed with different pow¬ 
ers. They were endowed with underftand- 
ing, and were aefuated by the fame paflions 
which daily afflict the human race, and thole 
children of fuperftition were appeafed or pro¬ 
voked as the. imperfect being which gave 


them birth. Their wrath was mitigated by 
facrifices and incenfe, and fometimes hu¬ 
man victims bled to expiate a crime which 
fuperftition alone fuppofed to exift. The 
fun from its powerful influence and ani¬ 
mating nature, firft attracted the notice, and 
claimed the adoration of the uncivilized in¬ 
habitants of the earth. The moon alfo was 
honored with facrifices, and addrefled in 
prayers; and after immortality had been li¬ 
berally bellowed on all the heavenly bodies, 
mankind claffed among their'deities the brute 
creation, and the cat and the fow lhared 
equally with Jupiter himfelf, the father of 
gods and men, the devout veneration of their 
votaries. This immenfe number of deifies 
have been divided into different clalfes, ac¬ 
cording to the will and pleafure of the my- 
thologifts. The Romans, generally Ipeaking, 
reckoned two claffes of the gods, the dii ma- 
jorum gentium , or dii confulentes, and the dii 
minorum gentium. The former were twelve 
in number, fix males and fix females. [Fid. 
Confentes.] In the clafs of the latter, were 
ranked all the gods who were word tipped 
in different parts of the earth. Befides thefe,” 
there were fome called dii fele&i, fometiir.es 
clalfed with the twelve greater gods; thefe 
were Janus, Saturn, the Genius, the Moon, 
Pluto, and Bacchus. There were alio fome 
called demi-gods, that is, who deierved im¬ 
mortality by the greatnefs of their .exploits, 
and for their uncommon fervices to mankind. 
Among thefe were Priapus, Vertumnus, 
Hercules, and thofe whole parents were 
fome of the immortal gods. Befides thefe, 
there were fome called topiciy whofe worlhip 
was eftablilhed at particular, places fuch as 
Jfis in Egypt, Aftarte in Syria, Uranus at 
Carthage, &c. In procefs of time alio, all 
the paffions and the moral virtues, were 
reckoned as powerful deities, and temples 
were raifed to a goddefs of concord, peace. 
Sec. According to the authority of Hefiod, 
there were no lels than 30,000 gods that in¬ 
habited the earth, and were guardians of 
men, all fubiervient to the power of Jupiter. 
To thele fucceeding ages have added an al- 
moft equal number; and indeed they were 
lb numerous, and their fun&ions lo various; 
that we find templfes ere&ed, and facrifices 
offered to unknown gods. It is obfervable, 
that all the gods of the ancients have lived 
upon earth 3S mere mortals; and even Jupi¬ 
ter; who was the ruler *"of heaven, is repre- 
fented by the mythologifts as a helplefs 
child; and we are acquainted with all the 
particulars that attended the birth and edu¬ 
cation of Juno. In procefs of time, not 
only good and virtuous men who. had been 
the patrons of learning and the fupporters 
of liberty, but alftT thieves and t pirates, 
were admitted among' the ;^pds ; and the 
Roman fenate tfourtcoufly -granted imrnor-' 

ttlity 



DI 


D I 


t-iiUty to the moft. auel and abandoned of their 
emperors. 

l)n, a people of Thrace, on mount Rho¬ 
dope. 

Dimassus, an ifland near Rhodes. Plin. 

5 * c- 3 i- 

Dinarchus, a Greek orator, foil of Sof- 
tratus, anddifciple to Theophraltus, at Athens. 
He acquired much money by his compo- 
hffcps* and fufFered himfelf to be bribed by 
the enemies of the Athenians, 307 B.C. Of 
64 of his orations, only three remain. Cic. 

•It Orai. 2, c. 53-A Corinthim amhai- 

lador, put to death by Polyperchon. Plut. 

in P’ooc -A nativfe of Delos, who col- 

leited fome fables in Crete, kc. Dionxf. 

Dindymus or a (ervz*,) a mountain of 
Phrygia, near a town of the fame mme in 
tlie neighbourhood of Cyzicus. It v.as from 
tnis place that Cybele was called Dindymene , 
as her worftiip was ertablifhed there by Jafon. 
Strab. 12. — Sint. I. S\lv. t, v <).-—Horat,l, 
Q&. l6, V. 5.— Virg.JRn. 9, v. 617. 

Dinja, a town of Phrygia, Liv. 38, c. 5. 
—■:—A town of Gaul, noy Digne in Pro¬ 
vence. 

D.nias, a general of CuiTander. Diod. 

19.-A man of Phera;, who feized the 

fyprenie power at Cranon. Poly an. 2. -A 

man who wrote an hiftory of Argos. Plut. in 
A rat. 

Din/cue, the wife of Archidamus. Pauf. 
3 » c. 10. 

Dinochares, an architect, who finifhed 
the temple of Diana at Ephefus, after it had 
been burnt by JEroftratus. 

Dinocrates, an architect of Macedonia, 
who proposed to Alexander to cut mount 
Athos in the form of a liatue, holding a city 
;n one hand, and hi the other a bafon, into 
which all the waters of the mountain fhouid 
empty themlelves. This projedt Alexander 
rejected as too chimerical, hut he employed 
the talents of the artilt in building and beau¬ 
tifying Alexandria. He began to build a tem¬ 
ple-in honor of Arfinoe, by order .of Pto¬ 
lemy Philadelphus, in which he intended to 
fulpend a ftatue of the queen, by means of 
koadftones. His death, and that of his royal 
patron, prevented the execution of a work 
which would have beeu the admiration of fu¬ 
ture ages. PI in. 7. c. 37 — Mur eel. 22 . c. 

40.-7- Pluf. in Alex. -A general of Aga- 

thocles.-A MelTetiian, who behaved with 

great effeminacy and wantonnefs. He de¬ 
feated Philoptrmen, and put him to death, B. 
C. 183. Plut. in Flam. 

DiNonocHUS, a fwift runner. Pauf. 6 c. f. 

Dtx olqchi:s, a Syracufan, who com- 
pofed 14 comedies. JElian. de Anim. 6. c. 
5 . 2 - • 

Di\om£nf$, a tyrant of Syracufe. Pauf. 
3 ,;C. 42 , 


Dinon, a governor of Dan aibus, unde# 

Ptolemy, &c. Poly an. 4. -The father of 

Clitarchus, who wrote an hiftory of Perfia in 
Alexander’s age. He is efteemed a very, 
authentic hiftorian by C. Nej>. in Conon .— 
Plut. in Alex.—~Diog. 

Dinostuenes, a man who made himfelf 
a ftatue of an Olympian victor. Pauf. 6, 
c. 16. 

DinqstrXtus, a celebrated geometrician 
in the age of Plato. 

Dioclea, feftivals In the fpring at Mega-, 
ra, in honor of Diodes, who died in the de¬ 
fence of a certain youth, to whom he was ten¬ 
derly attached. There was a contention on. 
his tomb, and the youth who gave the fvreet- 
eft kifs, was publicly rewarded with a gar¬ 
land. Theocritus has deferibed them in his 

12 Idyll, v. 27.-A town on the coaft of 

Dalmatia. Plin. 3, c. 23. 

Diocle 3, a general of Athens, &c. Po¬ 
ly an. 5.——A comic poet of Athens. ■ . 

An hiftorian, the firft Grecian who ever wrote 
concerning the origin of the Romans, and the 
fabulous hiftory of Romulus. Plut. in Rom. 
——One of the four brothers placed over the 
citadel of Corinth, by Archelaus, &c. Po¬ 
ly an. 6 .——A rich man of Meflenia. Pauf. 
4, c. 2. -A general of Syracufe. Diod. 13. 

i/ioc letian oPorts, a town of Theflaly, 
called fo in honor of Diocletian. 

Diocletianus, (Caius Valerius Jovius) 
a celebrated Roman emperor, born of an ob- 
feure family in Dalmatia. He was firft a 
common foldfer, and by merit and fuccefs he 
gradually role to the office of a general, and 
at the death of Numerian, he was inverted 
with the imperial purple. In his. high ftation, 
he rewarded the virtues and fidelity of Max¬ 
imum, who had flu l ed with him all the fub- 
ordinate offices in the army, by making him 
his colleague on ihe throne. He created two 
fubordbute, emperors, Conftantius and Ga- 
lerius, whom, he called Cdefars , whilfl he 
claimed for himfelf and his colleague the fu- 
perior title of Augujluu Diocletian has been 
j celebrated for his military virtues.; and tho’ 
he was naturally unpolilhtd by education and 
I ftudy, yet he was the friend and patron of 
i learning and true genius. He was bold and 
J refolute, arrive and diligent, and well ac? 

! quainted with the arts which endear a fove- 
rxign to his people, and make him refpe&a- 
ble even in the eyes of his enemies. His 
cruelty, however, agaioft the followers of 
t .hriftunity has been defervedly branded with 
the appellation of unbounded tyranny^ and 
infolenr wantonnefs. Alter he had reigned 
21 years in the greateft-profperity, he pub¬ 
licly abdicated the crown at Nicomedia, on 
the firlt of May A. D, 304, and retired to a 
private ftation at Salona*. Maximian, his 
colleague, followed hjs example, but not from. 
Voluntary choice; and when he Tome; lime 
% after 






Dl 

after endeavoured to roufe the Ambition of 
Diocletian, and perfuade him to feaflume the 
imperial purple, he received for anfvver, that 
Diocletian took now more delight in cultiva¬ 
ting his little garden, than he formerly en¬ 
joyed in a palace, when his power was ex¬ 
tended over all the earth. He lived nine 
years after his abdication in the greateft fe- 
curity and enjoyment at Salona, and died in 
the 68th year of his age. Diocletian is the 
firft fovereign who voluntarily refigned his 
power: a philofophical refolution, which, in a [ 
later age, was imitated by the emperor Charles 
the fifth of Germany. 

Diodorus, an hiftorian, furnamed Siculus , 
beCaufe he was born at Argyra in Sicily. 
He wrote an hiftory of Egypt, Perfia, Syria, 
Media, Gr«?ce, Rome, and Carthage, which 
was divided into 40 books, of which only 15 
are extant, with tome few fragments. This 
valuable compofition was the work of an ac¬ 
curate inquirer, and it is faid that he vifited 
nil the places of which he has made mention 
in his hiftory. It Was the labor of 30 years, 
jhough the greater part may be eonlidered as 
nothing more than a judicious compilation 
from Berofus, Timaeus, Tlieopompus, Cal- 
lifthenes, and others. The author, however, 
is too credulous in tome of his narrations, 
and often wanders far from the truth. H>s 
ftyle is neither elegant, nor too labored; but 
it contains great fimplicity, and unaffected 
correftnefs. He often dwells too long upon 
fabulous reports and trifling incidents, while 
events of the greateft importance to hiftory 
are treated with brevity , and fomeiimes patted 
over in filence. His manner of reckoning, 
by the Olympiads, and the Roman confuls, 
will be found very erroneons. The hiftorian 
ftorilhed about 44 years B. C. He fpent 
much time at Rome to procure information, 
and authenticate his hiltorical narrations. The 
heft edition of his works, is that of Weftel- 

ing, 2 vois. fol, Amft. 1746.-A difciple 

of Euclid, in the age of Plato. Diog. in vita. 

-A comic poet.-A fon of Echeanax, 

who, with Iris brothers Codrus and Anaxago¬ 
ras, murdered Hegefias the tyrant of Ephelus, 

&c. Polyern. 6.-An Ephefian, who wrote 

an account of the life of Anaximander. Diog. 

-An orator of Sardes, in the time of the 

Mithridatic war.-A ftoic philofopher, 

preceptor to Cicero. He lived and died in 
the houle of his pupil, whom he intlru&ed 
in the various branches of Greek literature. 

Cic. in Brut. -A general of Demetrius. 1 

-A writer, lurnamed Pcriegetes, who wrote 

a dcfcriptvon of the earth. Plut. in Them. 
--An African, &c. &c. Plut. 

Dioetas, a general of Achaia, &c. Po- 
fyctn. 2. 

DfSoENTES, a celebrated Cynic philofopher 
6f Sinope, banifhed from his country for 
coining faife mouey. From Sinope, he re- 


Dt 

tired to Athens, where he became the difciple 
of Antifthenes, who was at the head of the 
Cynics. Antifthenes, at firft, refund to ad¬ 
mit him into his houle, and even ftruck him 
with a flick. Diogenes calmly hore the re¬ 
buke, and fifid, ftrike me Antifthenes, but 
never (hall you find a flick fufficiently hard to 
remove trie from your prefenCe, \yhilft there is 
atly thing to be learnt, any information to 
be gained from your converfaticm and ac¬ 
quaintance. Such firmnefs recommended him 
to Antifthenes, and he became his moft devoted 
pupil. He drefted himfelf in the garment 
which diftinguifhed the Cynics, and walked 
about the ftrcets with a tub on his head, which" 
ferved him as a houfe and a place of l epofe. 
Such Angularity, joined to the greateft con¬ 
tempt for riches, loon giined him reputation, 
and Alexander the Great confeicended to 
vifit the philofopher in his tub. He afked 
Diogenes if there was anv v thing in which he 
could gratify or oblige him, Get out of my 
fun-ftune, was the only anfwer which the 
philofopher gave. Such an independence of 
mind fo pleafed the monarch, that he turned 
to his courtiers, and laid wire I not Alexan¬ 
der, 1 would wifi to be Diogenes. He was once 
fold as a Have, but his magnanimity lb pleated 
his matter, that he made him the preceptor 
of his children, and the guardian of his ef- 
tat^s. After a life fpent in the greateft nai¬ 
lery and indigence, he died B. C. 324, in 
the 96th year of his age. He ordered hij 
body to be caretefsly thrown into a ditch, and 
fome duft to be fprinkled over it. His orders 
were, however,difobeyed in this particular, and 
his friends honored his remains with a mag¬ 
nificent funeral at Corinth. The inhabitants 
of Sinope i‘aifed ftatues to his memory; and 
the marble figure of a dog was placed on a 
high column erected on his tomb. His bio¬ 
grapher has tranfmitted to pofterity a number 
of flyings, remarkable for their fimplicity 
and moral tendency. The life of Diogene*, 
however, thrinks from the eye of a ftrift ex¬ 
amination, he boafted of his poverty, and was 
lb arrogant that many have obferved that the 
virtues of Diogenes arole from pride and va¬ 
nity, not from wifdom and found philosophy - 
His morals were corrupted, and he ga\te way 
to his moft vicious indulgenties, and his un¬ 
bounded wantonnefs has given occafion to 
fome to- obferve, that the bottom of his tub 
would not hear too clofe an examination. 
Diog. ih vita. — Plat, in Apoph.—Ci* de Nat4 
D. 3. C. 36, —A ftoic of Babylon, dif¬ 

ciple of Chryfippus. He went to Athens, and 
was font ns ambalTador to Rome, with Carne.i- 
des and Critolaus, 155 years before Chrift. 
He died in the 88th year of his age, after 2 
life of the moft exemplary virtue. Some fiup- 
pol'e that he was ftrangied by order of Anti- 
ochus king of Syria, for fpeaking dilrefpe£l- 
ftilly of his family in one of his treatites. 

'Qjuintib 






' Bl \ 

fyuntil, I, c. I.- Albert. 5, c. II.— Cic. de 

Offic. 3, c. 51.-A native of Apollonia, cele¬ 

brated for his knowledge of philofophy and phy- 
fic. He was pupil to Anaxagoras. Diog.in vita. 

-Laertius, an epicurean philofopher, born 

in Cilicia. He wrote the lives of thfe philofo- 
phers in ten books ftill extant. This work 
contains an accurate account of the ancient 
philofophers, and is replete with all their anec¬ 
dotes and particular opinions. It is compded 
however, without any plan, method, or pre- 
cifion, though much neatnefs and concifenefs 
are oblervable through the whole. In this 
multifarious biography the author does not 
teem particularly partial to any left, except 
perhaps it be that of Potamon of Alexandria. 
Diogenes died A. D. 222. The bell editions of 
his works are that of Meibomius, 2 vols. 4to. 

Amft. 1692, and that of Lipf. 8vo. 1759. - 

A Macedonian, who betrayed SalamistoAratus. 

Pauf 2, c. 8.-There was a philofopher of 

that name wbo attended Alexander in his Afia- 
tic expedition for the purpole of marking out 
and delineating his march, Sec. 

Diooenia, a daughter of Celetis. Pauf. 

I, c. 38.-A daughter of the Cephilus, who 

married Erechtheus. ■ Apollod. 

Diogknus, a man who coofpired with 
Dymnus againlt Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 7. 

Diognetus, a philofopher who inltriifted 
Marcus Aurelius in philolophy, and in writing 
dialogues. 

Diomeda, a daughter of Phorbas, whom 
Achilles brought from Lemnos, to be his niif- 
trels after the lofs of Brifeis. Homer. II. 9, 
v. 661.—The wife of Deion of Amyclas. 

Diomedes, ion of Tydeus and Deiphyle, 
was king of /Etolia, and one of the braved 
of the Grecian chiefs in the 'Trojan war. He 
engaged Heftor and ./Erie&s, and by repeated 
a.fts of valor obtained much military glory. 
He went with Uly fifes to Heal the Palladium 
from the temple of Minerva at Troy ; and 
affilted in murdering Rhelus, king of Thrace, 
and carrving away his horl’es.- At his return 
from the liege of Troy, he loll his way in tire 
durkuefs of the night, and landed in Attica, 
Where his companions plundered the country, 
and loti the Trojan Palladium. During his 
long abfence, his wife Aigi.de forgot her mar- 
li.tge vows, and prollitutid he tie If to Cometes, 
one of her fervants. This lalcivioulncfs of the 
queen was attributed by lome to the refent- 
ment of V\>nus, whom Diomedes had leverely 
wounded yi the arm in a battle before Troy. 
The infidelity of ASgiale was highly difplea- 
ling to Diomedes. He xelblved t<> abandon 
his native country which was the feat of his 
dil’grace, and the attempts «f his wife to take 
away his life, according to fome accounts, did 
not a little contribute to haften his departure. 
He came to that part, of Italy which has been 
called Magna Gracia, where he built a city 
called Argyrippa, and married the daughter of 


DI 

Daunus, the king of the country'. He died 
there in extreme okhage, of, according to a 
certain tradition, he periihed by the hand of 
his father-in-law. His death was greatly la¬ 
mented by his Companions, who in the excels 
of their grief were, changed into birds re- 
fembling fwans. Thefe birds took flight into a 
neighbouring illand in the Adriatic, and be¬ 
came remarkable for the tamenefs ivith which 
they approached the Greeks, and for the hor¬ 
ror with which they fliunned all other nations. 
They are called the birds of Diomedes. Altars 
were railed to Diomedes, as to a god, one of 
which Strabo mentions at 'limavus. Virg. 
JEn. I, v. 756.I. II, v. 243, kc.—Ovid. Met . 
14 , fab. IO.— Apollod. i,c. 8.1. 3 , C. 7.— Hy- 

gin. fab. 97, 112 & 113 .—Pauf 2,C. 30.- 

A king of Thrace, foil of Mars and Cyrene, 
who fed his horles with human flelh. It was 
one of the labors of Hercules to deltroy him ; 
and accordingly the hero attended with fome 
of his friends, attacked the inhuman tyrant, 
and gave him to be devoured by his own hories 
which he had fed lo bnrbaroufly. Diod. 4.— 

Pauf. 3, c. 18.— Apollcd. 2, c. 5.-A friend 

of Alcibiades. Plui. in Alcih. - A gram¬ 

marian. 

Djomkdon, an Athenian general, put to 
death for his negligence at Arginufte. Tbucyd. 

8, 5.19.-A man of Cyzicus,in the intertill, 

of Artaxerxes. C. Hep. in Ep. 

Dion, a Syraculan, Ion of HipparinuS* 
famous for his power and abilities. He was 
related to -Dionyfius, and often adviled him, 
together with the philofopher Plato, who at 
his requelt had come to relide at the tyrant’s 
court, to lay alide the fupreme power. His 
great popularity rendered him odious in the 
eyes of the tyrant, who banilhed him to 
Greece. There he collefted a numerous force, 
and encouraged by the influence of his name, 
and the hatred of his enemy, he refolved to 
free his country from tyranny. He entered 
the port of Syracuse only with two lhips, and 
in three days reduced under iris power an 
empire which had already ftibfifted for 50 
years, and which was guarded by 500 lhips 
of war, and 100,000 foot, and 10,000 boric. 
The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept 
the power in his own hands, fearful of the 
afpiring ambition of fome of the friends of 
Dionyiius. He was however lhamefully be¬ 
trayed and murdered by one of his familiar 
friends, called Callicrates, or Callipus, 354 
years before the chriftian era, in the 55th 
year of his age, and four years after his re¬ 
turn from PeloponnefiuS^ His death wasiuri- 
verially lamented hy the Syracuians, and a 
monument was railed to. his memory. Died. 
16.— C. N<p. in vita.—* —A tqvvn of Mace¬ 
donia. Pauf. 9, c. 36.-. alliuS, a native 

of Niciea in Bithynia. His facher’s name 
was Aprenianus. He was railed to the great- 
eit oftices of ltate in the Aoraan empire by 
8 Fortins* 


1 










DI 


DI 

Fertinax and his three fucceflbrs. Naturally 
fond of ftudy, he improved himfelf by un¬ 
wearied application, and was ten years in 
ccHedting materials for an hiftory of Rome, 
which he made public in 80 books, after a 
laborious employment of 12 years jin com- 
poling it. This valuable hiftory began with 
the.arrival of ./Eneas in Italy, and was con¬ 
tinued down to the reign of the emperor 
Alexander Severns. The 34 firft books are 
totally loft, the 20 following are mutilated, 
and fragments are all that we poflefs of the 
•laft 20. In the compilation of his extenlive 
-hiftory, Dion propofed to himlelf Thucydides 
for a model ; but he is not perfectly happy 
in his imitation.' His ftyle is pure arid ele¬ 
gant, afll his narrations are judicially ma¬ 
naged, and his reflections learned ; but upon 
the whole he is credulous, and tbe bigotted 
(lave of partiality, fatire, and flattery. H« 
inveighs againfl the republican principles of 
Brutus and Cicero, and extols the caufe of 
Caefar, Seneca is the objeCt cf his fatire, and 
he represents him as debauched and licentious 
in his morals. Dion floriflied about the 
■230th year of the chriftian era. The bed 
edition of his works is that ofReimarus, 2 
vols. fol. Ham’o. 1750.--A famous Chrif¬ 

tian writer, furnamed Gbryfojlom , &c. 

Dionjea, a lurname of Venus, fuppofed 
to be the daughter of Jupker and Dione. 

Dione, a nymph, daughter of Nereus 
and Doris. She was mother of Venus, by 
Jupiter, according to Homer and others. 
Hefiod, however gives Venus a different 
origin. \Vu 1 . Venus.] Venus is herlelf l’ome- 
times called Dione. Virgi 3. Mn. v. 19.— 
Homer. II. 5, V. 381.— Stat. I . Sylv. I, v. 
86 . 

Dionysia, feftivals in honor of Bacchus 
among the Greeks. Their form and l'olem- 
riity were firft introduced into Greece from 
Egypt by a certain Melampus, and if we 
admit that Bacchus is the fame as Ifis, the 
Dionyfia of the Greeks are the lame as the 
feftivals celebrated by the Egyptians in honor 
of Hit. They were obferved at Athens 
with more lplendor • anuT ceremonious l'uper- 
ftition than in any other part of Greece. 
The years were numfis-red by their celebra¬ 
tion, the Archoil afiilted at the folemnity, and 
the priefts that officiated were honored with 
the moll dignified feats at the public games. 
At firft they were celebrated with great fim- 
pljcity, and the time was confecrated to 
mirth. It was then ufuul to bring a vefiel 
of wine adorned with a vine branch, after 
' which followed a goat, a balket of figs, and 
the 'ipecXXoi. The worfbippers imitated in 
thdf dfefs and actions the poetical fi&ions 
concerning Bacchus. They clothed them- 
feives in fawn’s fkins, fine linen, and 
' miti:es, they carried thyrfi, drums, pipes, and 
and crowaed tbeoi&lves with garlands 


of ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated SJ- 
lenus, Pan, and the Satyrs by the uncouth 
manner of their«drefs, and their fantafticafc 
motions. Some rode upon alfes, and others 
drove the goats to daughter fbr the lacrifice. 
In this manner both fexes joined in the fo- 
lenniity, and ran about the hills and country, 
nodding their heads, dancing in-ridiculous 
pollutes, and filling the air with hideous 
Ihrieks and Ihouts, and crying aloud, Evoe 
Bacche f Io ! Io ! Evoe ! Iacche'! IoBacche l ■ 
Evohe 1 With fuch folemnities were the fel- 
tivals of Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, 
particularly r e Athenians. In one of thefe 
there followed a number of perlbns carrying 
lacred velfels, one of which contained water. 
After thefe came a lelett number of noble 
virgins carrying little balkets of gold filled: 
with all forts of fruits. This was the moll 
mylterious part of the folemnity. Serpent# 
were fometimes put in the balkets, and by 
their wreathing and crawling out they arau- 
fed and aftonfihed the beholders. After the 
virgins, followed a company of men carry¬ 
ing poles, at the end of which were fatten¬ 
ed tyccXXot. The heads of thele men, who 
were called QtcXXoQogoi, were crowned wkb 
ivy and violets, and their faces covered with 
other herbs. They marched linging fongs 
upon the occafion of the feftivals, called 
(fiaXXtxec ee.ery.arec. Next to the QaXXcipogc* 
followed the &v<paXXoi in women’s apparel, 
with white ftriped gaiments reaching to the 
ground ; their heads were decked with gar¬ 
lands, and on their hands they wore gloves 
compofed of flowers. Their geftures and ac¬ 
tions were like thofe of a drunken man. 
Belides thefe, there were a number of per¬ 
lbns called XizMtpogot who carried the Xixvvi. 
or mufical van ■ of Bacchus ; without their 
attendance none of the feftivals of Bacchus 
were celebrated with due folemnity, and on 
that account the god is often called Xixvitvi?- 
The feftivals of Bacchus were slmoll innu¬ 
merable. The name of the moll celebrated 
were the Dionyfia a^meurs^a, at Limnae in 
Attica. The chief perlons that officiated 
were fourteen women called venera¬ 

ble. They were appointed by one of the 
archons, and before their appointment they 
folemnly took an oath before the archon or 
his wife, that their body was free from all 
pollution.—■—The greater Dionyfia, fome¬ 
times called ufixa or r« xar ce.su, as being 
celebrated ivitbin tbe city , were the moll fa¬ 
mous. They were luppofed to be the fame 

as the preceding.--The leis Dionyfia, 

fometimes called rex. xetr exy^ous, becaulb 
celebrated in the country , or Xr,veua from Xr,vc$ 
a ivine prefs, were to all appearance a pre¬ 
paration for the greater feftivals. They 
were celebrated in autumn.--1 lie Diony¬ 

fia (i^ccvouvfst, obferved at JBrauron in Attica, 
were a Icene of lewdnefs, extravagance, and 
8 debauchery. 







D I 


BI 


e ebauchery.——-The Dionyfia wurfiXia were 
obferved by the Athenians in honor of Bac¬ 
chus Ny&elius. It was unlawful to reveal 
whatever was feen or done" during the cele¬ 
bration.--The Dionyfia called Mju.e<paymc, 

becaufe human viCHms were offered to the 
tod, or becaufe the priefts imitated the eating 
°f raiv JieJb, were celebrated with much 
Solemnity. The priefts put ferpents in their 
nair, and by the wildnefs of their looks, 
and the oddity of their a&ions, they feigned 

mlanity.-The Dionyfia aoxaSutct were 

yearly obfsrved in Arcad'13, and the children 
who had been inftrudted in the fnufic of 
Philoienus and Timotheus, were introduced 
in a theatre, where they celebrated the fefti- 
vais of Bacchus by entertaining the fpe&a- 
tors with fongs, dances, and different exhi¬ 
bitions. There were befides thefe, others of 
inferior note. There was alfo one obferved 
every three years Called Dionyfia tgurn^ixa,, 
and it is laid that Bacchus inftituted it him- 
felf in commemoration of his Indian expe¬ 
dition, in which he fpent three years. There 
is alfo another, celebrated "every fifth year, 
as mentioned by the fcholiaft of Ariftophanes. 

-All thefe feftivals in honor of the god 

of wine, were celebrated by the Greeks with 
gteat licentioulnefs, and they contributed 
much to the corruption of morals among all 
ranks of people. They were alfo introduced 
into Tulcany, and from thence to Rome. 
Among the Romans both fexes promifeu- 
ouflv joined in the celebration during the dark- 
nefs of night. The drunkennefs, the de¬ 
bauchery, and impure aCticms and indul¬ 
gences, which foon prevailed at the folem- 
nity, called aloud for the interference of the 
fenate, -and the confuls Sp. Pofthumius Al- 
binus, and Q. Martius Philippus, made a 
ftriCt examination concerning the propriety 
and fuperftitious forms of the Bacchanalia. 
The diforder and pollution which was prac- 
tifed with impunity by no lefs than 7,000 
votaries of either fex, were beheld with hor¬ 
ror and aftonilhment by the confuls, and the. 
Bacchanalia were for ever banifhed from 
Rome by a decree of the fenate. They were 
again reinftituted there in length of time, but 
not with fuch licentioufnefs as before. Eurip. 
in Baec. — Vhrg. JEn. II, V. 737.— Diod. 4. 
— Ovid . Met. 3, v. 533, 1 . 4, v. 391. 1 . 6, 
v. 587. 

DioNrsiADES,two fmall iflandsnear Crete* 

-Feftivals in honor of Bacchus. Pauf. 3, 

c. 13 . 

DioNvsiA8,a fountain. Pauf. 4, c. 36. 

Dionysides, a tragic poet of Tarfus. 

Dionysiodorus, a famous geometer. Plin. 

1, e.109.-A Boeotian hiftorian. Diod. 15. 

-A Tarentine, who obtained a prize at 

Olympia in the 100th Olympiad. 

Dionysion, a temple of Bacchus in At¬ 
tica. Pa if. i, c. 43* 


DionSsiyolis, a town of Thrace. Mela, 
2, c. 2. 

Dionysius, ift, or the elder, was fon of 
Hermocrates He fignalized himfelf in tb* 
wars which the Syracufans carried on againft 
the Carthaginians, and taking advantage of 
the power lodged in his hands, he mad» 
himfelf abfolute at Syracufe. To ftrengthel* 
himfelf in his ufurpation, and acquire popu¬ 
larity he encreafed the pay of the foldiers, 
and recalled thofe that had been banilhed. 
He vowed eternal enmity againft Carthage ? 
and experienced various luccefs in his wars 
againft that republic. He was ambitious of 
being thought a poet, and his brother Theo- 
dorus was commiflioned to go to Olympia, 
and repeat there Tome verfes in his name, 
with other competitors, for the poetical 
prizes. His expectations were fruftrated, 
and his poetry was received with groans and 
'hides. He was not however, itT unfuccefsful 
at Athens, where a poetical prize was pub¬ 
licly adjudged to one ,of his compofitions. 
This victory gave him more pleafure than 
all the victories he had ever obtained in the 
field of battle. His tyranny and cruelty -ap 
home rendered him odious in the eyes of hi? 
fubje&s, and he became fo fufpicious that h« 
never admitted his wife or children to his 
private apartments without a previous ex¬ 
amination of their garments. He never 
trufted his head to a barber, but always 
burnt his beard. He made a fubterraneous 
cave in a rock, faid to be ltill extant, in th* 
form of a human ear, which meafured 80 
feet in height and 250 in length. It was call- 
ed the ear of Dionyfius. The founds of 
this fubterraneous cave were all neceflarity 
direCled to one common tympanum, which 
had a communication with an adjoining room, 
where Dionyfius fpent the greateft part of 
his time to hear whatever was laid by thofe 
whom his fufpicion and cruelty had confined 
in the apartments above. The artifts that 
had been employed in making this cave were 
all put to death by order of the tyrant, for 
fear of their revealing to what purpofes a 
work of fuch uncommon conftruclion was to 
be appropriated. His impiety and lacrilege 
were as confpicuouS as his fufpicious credu¬ 
lity. He took a golden mantle from the 
ftatue of Jupiter, obferving that the fon of 
Saturn had too warm a covering for the Sum¬ 
mer, and too cold for the winter, and he 
placed one of wool inftead. He alfo robbed 
iEfculapius of his golden beard, and plun¬ 
dered the temple of P-rolerpine. He died of an 
indigeftion in the 63d year of his age. B.C. 368, 
after a feign of 38 years. Authors, however, 
are divided about the manner of his death, 
and fdme are of opinion that he died a vio¬ 
lent death. Some fuppofe that the tyrant 
invented the catapulta , an engine which pro¬ 
ved of infinite fervice for the dircharging of 
S 2 fhowers 





m 


D I 


flimvex of darts and Hones itt tho time of a 
ficge. J)iod. 13, 14, & c.—fujliti. 20, c. I. 
life. — Xenoph. Hif. Grau.—C. Nep. Timol .-— 

Pint, in Diod. -The fecoild of that name, 

furnamed the younger, was foil of Dionyfius 
the 1 ft, by Doris. He fucceeded his father 
.is tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice of Dion 
his brother in law, he invited the philofo¬ 
pher Plato to his eourt, under whom he flu- 
died for a while. The philofopher adviled 
him to lay afide the fupreme power, and. in 
his admonitions he was warmly feeonded by 
Dion. Dionyfius refuted to confent, and 
Toon after Plato was leized and publicly fold 
as a Have. Dion likewife, on account of 
his great popularity, was feverely abul’ed 
and in fill ted in his family, a 11$ his wife given 
in marriage to another. Such a violent be¬ 
haviour was highly refented ; Dion, who 
was banifhed, collected fome forces in 
Greece," and in three days rendered himfelf 
mailer of Syracufe, and expelled the tyrant 
B. C. 337. [ Vid. Dion.] Dionyfius re¬ 

tired to I.ocri, where he behaved with the 
greatest opprefiion, and was ejected by the 
citizens. He recovered Syracufe ten years 
after lws expulfion, but hrs triumph was 
fhcrt, and the Corinthians, under the con¬ 
duct of Timoleon, obliged him to abandon 
the city. He fled to Corinth, where to flip- 
port himfelf he kept a-fchooi, as Cicero ob¬ 
serves, that he might flill continue to be 
tyrant ; and as lie could not command over 
men, that he might Hill exercile his power 
over bCys, It is laid that he died from an 
excels of joy when he heard that a tragedy 
of his own . compofition had been rewarded 
with a poetical prize. Dionyfius was as 
eruel as his father, but he did not like him 
poftefs the art of retaining his power. This 
was lec-n and remarked by the old man, who, 
when he faw his lbn attempting to debauch 
the wives of iome of his 1'ubjefts, alked 
him with the greateft indignation, whether 
he had ever heard of his having adted fo 
brutal a part in his younger days ? No 
anfwored the foil, became you were not the 
foil of a king. Well, my fon, replied the 
old man, never flialt thou be the father of a 
ktri£. fufin. 21, c. I, 2, &c— Diod. J5, 
&C.— sEliatt. V. H. 9, c. 8.— Quintil. 8, C. 
6.—6\ Nep} in Dion.* — Cic. , Tufc. j, c. 2. 

-An hiftorian of Halt car najfus, who left 

his country and came to refide at Rome, 
that he plight carefully ftudy all the Greek 
and Latin writers, whole compofitions treated 
of the Roman hiftory. He finned an ac- 
quaintauce with all the, learned of the age, 
and derived much information from their 
company and convertatiotl. After an un¬ 
remitted application, during 24 years, be 
g'-ve to the world his Roman antiquities in 
20 books, of which only the 11 full are now 
extent, nearly containing the account of 312 
yews, H«j cGtBgofition has been greatly 


i valued by the ancients as well as the moderns 
j for the eafinels of his Hyle, the fidelity of 
his clironolegy, and the judieioufnels of his 
remarks and criticifim. lake a faithful hif- 
torian, he never mentioned any thing, but 
what was authenticated, and he totally difre- 
garded the fabulous traditions which fill and 
difgrace the pages of both his predecelfiors 
and followers. To the merits of the elegant 
hiltorian, Dionyfius, as may be feen in his 
treadles, has alto added the equally relpedt- 
able character of the eloquent orator, the cri- 
I tic, and the politician. He lived during the 
j Augultan age, and came to Rome about 30 
j years before the Chriltian era. The belt 
editions of his works are that of Oxford, 2, 
vols. fob 1704, and that of Reilke, 6 vols. 

8vo. Lipfi 1774.-A tyrant of Heraclea in 

Pontus, in the age of Alexander the Great. 
After the death of the conqueror and of Per- 
diccas, he married Ameltris, the niece of 
king Darius, and affirmed the title of king. 
He was of fiueh an uncommon corpulence 
that he never expofed his perlon in public, 
and when he gave audience to foreign am- 
bafladors he always placed himfelf in a chair 
which was conveniently made to hide his 
face and perlon from the eyes of the lpedla- 
tprs. When he was afleep it was impollible 
to aivake him without boring his fleih with 
pins- He died in the 55th year of his age. 
As his reign was remarkable for mildnefs 
and popularity, his death was feverely la¬ 
mented by bis lubjedts. He left two fens 
and a daughter, and appointed his widow 
queen regent .—~-A furname of Bacchus. 

-A dilciple of Chteremon.-A native 

of Chalcis, who wrote a book entitled x*urut 

or the origins of cities. -A commander of 

the ♦Ionian fleet againH the Perfians, who 
went to plunder Phoenicia. Haodot. 6, o. 

17.-A general of Antiochus Hierax. 

-A philofopher of Heraclea, dilciple to 

Zeno. He starved himfelf to death, B. C. 

279, in the 81ft year of his age. Diog. - 

An epic poet of Mitylene.-A fdphift of 

Pergamus. Strab. 13.-A writer in the 

Augultan age called Periegetes. He wrote 
a very valuable geographical treatife in Greek 
hexameters, Hill extant. The belt edition 
of his treatife is that of Henry Stephens, 4'to. 
1577, with the lcholia, and that of Hill, 

8vo. Lond. 1688.-A Clmftian writer, 

A. D. 492, called Areopagita. The belt 
edition of his works is that of Antwerp, 7, 

vols. iol. 1634.-‘ I he mufic mailer of 

Epaminondas. C. Nep. - A celebrated 

critic. [ Vid. Longinus.]-A rhetorician of 

Magnefia.-A MelTenian madman,&c. Pint. 

in Alex. -A' native of Thrace, generally 

called the Rhodian, becaufe be lived there. He 
wrote fome grammatical treatifes and commen¬ 
taries, B. C. 64. Strab. 14.-A painter of 

Colophon. 

Diofhanes, a matt whd joined" Peloport- 

nofus 



















D I 


nefus to the Achaean league. Pan/. 8, ci 30. I 
-A rhetorician intimate with Tib. Grac¬ 
chus. Pint, in Gracch, 

Diophantus, an Athenian' general of 
the Greek mercenaty troops in the fervice of 

Nedtanebus king of Egypt. Diod. 16.- 

A Greek orator of Mitvlene, preceptor to 

I'ib. Gracchus. Cic. in Brut. - A native 

of Alexandria, in the fourth century. He 
wrote 13 books of ar ithmetical quell ions, of 
which 6 are Hill extant, the belt edition of 
which is that in folio, Tolotie, 1670. He 
died in his 84th pear, but the age in which 
he lived is uncertain. Some place him in the 
reign of Auguftus, others under Nero and 
the Antonines. 

Diopcenus, a noble fculptor of Crete. 
Plin. 36, C. 4. 

Diopulis, a name given to Cabira, a 
town of Paphlagonia, by Pompey. Strab. 
ll. 

Dio res, a friend of ./Eneas, killed by 
Turnus. Hd had engaged in the games exhi¬ 
bited by ./Eneas, on his father's tomb in 
Sicily. Firg. JEn. 5,v. 297. 1 . 12, v. 509. 

Dioryctus, a place of Acarnania, where 
a canal was cut ( toytrtu) to make Leu- 
cadia an ifland. Plin. 4, c. 1. 

Dioscorides, a native of Cilicia who 
was phyScian to Antony and Cleopatra, or 
lived as fome fuppofe in the age of Nero. 
He was originally a foldier, but afterwards 
he applied himfelf to Ihidy, and wrote a 
book upon medicinal herbs, of which the 
belt edition is that of Saracenus, fol. Franco!'. 

1598.-A man who wrote an account 

of the republic of Lacedaemon.-A ne¬ 
phew of Antigonus. Diod. 19.-A Cy¬ 

prian, Mind of one eye, in the age of Ptolemy 

Philadelphus.-A difciple of liberates. 

-An aiirologer fent ambafTador by J. 

Ctefar. to Achillas, Sz c. Co./. Bell. Civ. 3, c 

Dioscoridis insula, an ifland fituate at 
the fouth of the entrance of the Arabic Gulph, 
and now called Soeoiara. 

Dioscuri, or fans of Jupiter, a name 
given to Caltor and Pollux. There were 
feltivals in their honor, called Dio/curia, 
celebrated by the people of vJorcyra, and 
chiefly by the Lacedaemonians. They were 
obl'erved with much jovial feftivity. The 
people made a free life of the gifts of Bac¬ 
chus, and diverted themfelves with iports, 

which wreftling matches always made a^ 
part. 

Dioscurias, a town of Colchis. Plin. C , 

c. 28. 

Diospage, a town or Mel'opotamia. Plin. 
6, c. 16. 

DiosrSr.ts, or Tiieba:, a famous city of 
Egypt, formerly called Hecatompylos. Fid 
Theha*. 

Piotime, a woman who gave lectures 


D 1 

upon philofophy, wliich Socrates attended. 
Pint, in Symp. 

DiotTmus, an Athenian fkillvd in ma¬ 
ritime a!Fairs, See. Polyeen. 5.--A fluic 

who florilhed 83, B. C. 

Diotrepues, an Athenian officer, & c. 
Tbuoyd. 3, c. 75. 

Dioxippk, one of the Dana ides. Apoilod. 
2, c. 1. 

Dioxippus, a foldier of Alexander, who 
killed one of his fellow-foldiers in a fury, 

&c. JElian. -An Athenian boxer, &c. 

Diod . 17.-A Trojan killed by Turnus. 

Firg. JEn. 9, v. 574, 

Dipjeje, a place of Peloponnefus, where 4. 
battle was fought between the Arcadians and 
Spartans. Herodet.f), c. 15. 

Diphilas, a.man fent to Rhodes by the 
Spartans to deltroy the Athenian faction 

there. Diod. 14.-A governor of Babylon ‘ 

in the interelt of Antigonus. Jd. 19.-An 

hiftorian. 

DIphilus, an Athenian general, A. U. C. 

311.-An architect lb flow in finifliing his 

works, that Diphilo tardior became a proverb. ' 
Cic adFratr. 3.———A tragic writer. 

Dxpiioridas, one of the F.phori at Sparta. 
Pint in Age/ 

Di plena:, a town of Arcadia. Pauf. 8, 
c. 31. ^ 

Dipolis, a name given to Lemnos, as ha¬ 
ving two cities, Hephneltia and Myrina. 

Dipsas (antis), a river of Cilicia, flow¬ 
ing from mount Taurus. Lucan.\ 8, v. 255. 
- (adis ), a profligate and incontinent wo¬ 
man mentioned by Ovid. Am. 1, v. 8.-A 

kind of ferpent. Lucan. 9. 

Di pylon, one of the gates of Athens. 

Dirje, the daughters of Acheron and Nox, 
who persecuted the fouls of the guilty. They 
are the lame as the Furies, and fome fup¬ 
pofe that they are called Furies in hell, Har¬ 
pies on earth, and Dirae in heaven, 'I hey 
we're represented as ltanding near the throne 
of Jupiter, in an attitude which exprefled 
their eogernefs to receive his orders, and the 
power of tormenting the guilty on earth with 
the mod excruciating punilhments. Fug. 
JEn. 4, v. 473. 1 . 8, v. 701. 

Dirce, a woman whom Lyons, king of 
Thebes, married after he had divorced Am 
tiepe. When Antiope became pregnant 
by Jupiter, Dirce l'ulpedtod her hutbnnd of 
infidelity to her bed, ami imprifoned An- 
tiope, whom !he tormented with the great- 
eil cruelty. Antiope eicaped from her con¬ 
finement, and brought forth -.Amphion and 
Zethus on mount Citharron. When thole 
children were informed of the cruellies to 
which tiieir mother had been expofcd, they 
bvlieged T’hebes, put I.ycus to death, amf 
tied the cruel Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, 
which dragged hi r over rocks and pro:ijpiyei, 
arid expofed bfjr tc the molt poignant pains. 











tilL the gods,• pitying her fate, changed, her. 
into a fountain, in the neighbourhood of 
Thebes. According to i'ome accounts. An- 
tiope was mother of Amphion and Zethus, 
before (he was. confined and expoled to the 
tyranny of Dirce. {Vid. Amphion, Anti ope.) 
Propert. 3, el. 15, v. 37.— Pauf 9, c. 26. — 
JpLian. V. H. 12, c. 57 ,-~-Lucan. 3, v. 175. 1 . 

4 , v. 55 o. 

JDircenna, a cold fountain of Spain, near 
Bijbilis, Martial. I, epc 50, v. 17. 

Dirphyia, a fur name of Juno, from 
Dirphya, a mountain of Bceotia, where the 
goddefs had a temple. 

J)i9, a god of the Gauls, the fame as 
Pfyto the god of hell. The inhabitants of 
Gaul fuppofed themfelves defcended from that 
deity. Caf. Bell. G. 6. — Tacit. 4, Hijl. c. 84. 

Discordia, a malevolent deity, daugh¬ 
ter of Nox, and After to Nemefis, the Parcas 
and death. She wps driven from heaven by 
Jupiter, becaufe fhe fowed diftenfions among 
the gods ; and was the caufe of continual quar¬ 
rels. When the nuptials of Peleus and Theti's 
were celebrated, the goddefs of difcord was 
not invited, and this leeming negledt fo ir¬ 
ritated her, that The threw an apple into the 
midftofthe affembly of the gods with the in- 
fcription of detur pulchriori. This apple was 
the caufe of the ruin ofTroy, and of infinite 
misfortunes to the Greeks. {Vid. Paris.) She 
is reprefented with a pale ghaftly look, her 
garment is torn, her eyes iparkle with fire, 
$nd in her bofom fhe holds a dagger concealed. 
Her head is generally ent wined with ferpents, 
and fhe is attended by Bellona. She is iup- 
pofed to be the caufe of all diftenfions, mur¬ 
ders, wars, and quarrels, which arite upon 
earth, public as well as private. Virg. JRn. 
8, V. 702.— Hejipd. Thecgn. 225. — Pe- 
tronius. 

Dithyrambus, a furname of Bacchus, 
whence the hymns lung in his honor were 
called Dithyrambics. Horat. 4, od. 2. 

Dittani, a people of Spain^, 

Divi, a name chiefly appropriated to thofe 
who were made gods after death, fuch as he¬ 
roes, and warriors, cr the Lares, and Penates, 
and other domeftic gods. 

Divitiacus, one of the iEdui, intimate 
with CaTar. Cic. I. dc. Dir. 

Dium, a town of Euboea, where there 

were hot baths- PI in. 31, c. 2. -A pro- 

'montory of Crete.—A town of Macedonia. 
Liv. 44, c. 7. 

DivonuauMj.a town of Gaul, now Iv'Tstz 
in Lorrain. 

Divug Fidius, a god of the Sabines, wor- 
flupped alfo at Rome. Dionyf. 

Djyllus, an Athenian hiftorian. Died. 
16.-A ftatuary. Pauf. IO, c. 13. 

Doberes, a people of Paeonia. Hero Jot. 

5, c. 16. 

Docixis, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned 
by Horat. X, ep.i8, v. i^, 


Doer Mrs, a man of Tarenturrt, deprived 
_of his military dignity hy Philip, fon of A- 
myntas, for indulging himfelf with hot baths. 

Polyaen. 4. -An officer of Antigonus. Died. 

19.-An officer of Perdiccas, taken by An¬ 

tigonus. Id. 1 3 . 

Dodona, a town of Thefprotia in Epirus, 
or according to others, in Theflaly. There 
was in its neighbourhood, upon a fmall hill 
called Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter 
The town and temple, of the god were full 
built by Deucalion, after the universal de¬ 
luge. It was fuppofed to be the moft an¬ 
cient oracle of all Greece, and according to 
the traditions of the Egyptians mentioned by 
Herodotus, i was founded by a dove. Two 
black doves, as he relates, took their flight 
from the city of Thebes, in Egypt, one of 
which flew to the temple of Jupiter Am¬ 
mon, and the other to Dodona, where with a 
human voice they acquainted the inhabitants 
of the country that Jupiter h^d confecrated 
the ground, which in future would give ora¬ 
cles.' The exlenfive grove which i'urrouncted 
Jupiter’s temple was endowed with the gift 
of prophecy, and oracles were frequently de¬ 
livered by the facred oaks, and the doves 
which inhabited the place. This fabulous 
tradition of the oracular power of the doves, 
is explained by Herodotus, who obferves 
that feme Phoenicians carried away two 
priefteftes from Egypt, one of which went 
to fix her refidence at Dodona, where the 
oracle, was eftablifhed. It may further be 
obl'erved, that the fable might have beeg. 
founded upon the double meaning of th% 
word viXiieti, which fignifies dares, in molt 
parts of Greece, while in thp dialed of the 
Epirots, it implies old women. In ancient 
times the oracles were delivered hy the mur¬ 
muring of a neighbouring fountain, but the 
cuftom was afterwards changed. Large ket¬ 
tles were fufpended in the air near a brazen 
ftatue, which held a lafli in its hand. When 
the wind blew ftrong, the ftatue was agitated 
and (truck againft one of the kettles, which 
communicated the motion to all the reft, and 
railed that clattering and difeordant din 
which continued for a while, and from 
which the artifice of the priefts drew their 
predi&ions. Some fuppol'e that the noil's 
was occafioned by the (baking of the leaves 
and boughs of an old oak, which the fuper- 
ftition of the people frequently confulted, 
and from which they pretended to receive 
oracles. It may be obferved with more pro¬ 
bability that the oracles were delivered by 
the priefts, who, by artfully concealing; 
themfelves behind the oaks, gave occafion 
to the fuperftitious multitude to believe that 
the trees were endowed with the power of 
prophecy. As the fhip Argo was built with 
fome of the oaks of the foreft of Dodona, 
there were tome beams in the veflel which gave 

orade§ 








curies to the Argonauts, and warned them 
againtt the approach of calamity. Within 
the foreft of Dodona there were a ftream and 
a fountain of cool water, which had the 
power of lighting a torch as foon as it touched 
it. This fountain was totally dry at noon 
day, and was reftored to its full courie at 
midnight, from which time till the following 
noon it began to decreale, and at the ufual 
hour was again deprived of its waters. The 
oracles of Dodona were originally delivered 
by men, but afterwards by women. [Vid. 
Dodonides.) Plin. ft, c. 103.— Herodot. 2, c. 
j; — D/Tele, 2, C. 3.— Home-. Od. 14. II .— 
Pauf. 7, C. 21. — Strab. 17-«— Pltit, in Pyrrb. 
— -Apollod. I, c. 9.— Lucan. 6, v. 427.— 
Ovid. Trijl. 4, el. 8, V. 23. 

Dodonveus, a furname of Jupiter from 
Dodona. 

DodSne, a daughter of Jupiter and Eu- 

ropa.-A fountain in the foreft of Dodo- 

Ha. Vid. Dodona. 

Dodonides, the prieftefles who gave 
oracles in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. 
According to I'ome traditions the temple 
was originally inhabited by feve-n daughters 
•f Atlas, who nurl'ed Bacchus. Their names 
were Ambrolia, Eudora, Pafithoe, Pytho, 
Plexaure, Coroais, Tythe or Tyche. In 
the latter ages the oracles were always deli¬ 
vered by three old women, which cuftom 
was lirft eftablifhed when Jupiter enjoyed the 
company of Dione, whom he permitted to 
receive divine honor in his temple at Dodona. 
The Boeotians were the only people of Greece 
who received their oracles at Dodona from 
aaen, for reafons which Strabo 1 . 9, fully ex¬ 
plains. 

Don, 2 people of Arabia Felix. 

Dolabella P. Cor’n. a Roman who 
married the daughter of Cicero. During 
the civil wars he warmly elpoufcd the in- 
tereft of J. Caefar, whom he accompanied 
at the famous battles at Pharfalia, Africa, 
and Munda. He was made conl'ul by his 
patron, though M. Antony his colleague op- 
pefed it. After the death of J. Ctefar, he 
received the government of Syria, as his 
province. Caflius oppoled his views, and 
Dolabella, for violence, and for the aflafTi- 
nation of Trebonius, one of Csefar s mur¬ 
derers, was declared an enemy to the re¬ 
public of Rome. He was befieged by 
Caflius in Laodicea, and when he faw that 
all was loft, he killed himfelf, in the 27th 
year of his age. He was of a imall ftature, 
which gave occafion to his father-in-law to 
alk him once when he entered his houle, 
who had tied him fo cleverly to his fvvord. 

A proconful of Africa.-Another 

who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, and 

Boii at the lake Vadimonis, B. C. 283.-- 

The family of the Dolabella diftinguiihed 
themfelves* at Rome, and one of them, L. 
Com. conquered Lufitania, B. C. 99* 


Dolichaon, the father of the Hcbrus, 
&c. Vi-g. JEn. 10, v. 696. 

DolTche, an illand in the iEgean fea. 

Apollod. 2, c. 6.-A town of Syria-of 

Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 53. 

Dolius, a faithful lervant of Ulyfles. 
Horn. Od. 4, v. 675. 

Dolomena, a country of Aflyria. Strab . 

16. 

Dolon, a Trojan, (bn of Eumedes, fa¬ 
mous for his fwiftnels. Being lent by Hec¬ 
tor tolpy the Grecian camp by night, he was 
leized by Diomedes and Ulyfles, -to whom he 
revealed the fituation, fchemes, and refolu- 
tions of his countrymen, with the hopes ,of 
eicaping with his life. He was put to death 
by Diomedes, as a traitor. Homer. II. 10, 

v. 314. — Virg. JEn. 12, V. 349, &c. - A 

poet. Vid. Sufarion. 

Doi.ONCi, a people of Thrace. Herodot. 
6, c. 34. 

Dolopes, a people of Theflaly, near 
mount Pindus. Peleus reigned there and 
lent them to the Trojan war under Phoenix. 
They became alfo mailers of Scyros, and 
like the reft of the ancient Greeks, were fond 
of migration. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 7. — Place 2, 
v. to.— Liv. 36, c. 33.— Strab. 9.— Plul. in 
Cimon. 

Dolopia, the country of the Dolopes, 
near Pindus, through which the Achelous 
flowed. 

Dolops, a Trojan, fon of Lampus, killed 
by Menelaus. Homer. 11 . 15, v. 525. 

Domiducus, a god who prefiled over 
marriage. Juno all'o was called Domiducd , 
from the power Ihe was luppofed to have in 
marriages. 

DomTnica, a daughter of Petronius, who 
married the emperor Valens. 

DomTtia lex de Religione , was enabled 
by Domitius Ahenoharbus, the tribuqe*, 
k. U. C. 650. It transferred the right of 
electing priefts from the college to the 
people. / 

Do mit 1 a LongTna, a Roman lady who 
boafted in her debaucheries. She was the 
wife of the emperor Domitian. 

DomTtianus, Ti"us Flavius, fon ofVef- 
pafian and Flafia Domatilla, made himfelf 
emperor of Rome, at the death of his brother 
Titus, whom according to lbme accounts he 
deftroyed by poilbn. The beginning of his 
reign promiled tranquillity to the people, but 
their expectations were foon frustrated. Do¬ 
mitian became ciuel, and gave way to incel- 
tupus and unnatural indulgences. He com¬ 
manded himfelf to be called God and Lord 
in all the papers which were prelented to 
him. He palfed the created part of the day- 
in catching flies and killing them withjja bod¬ 
kin, fo that it was wittily anl'svered by Vi* 
bius to a perfon who allied him who was 
with the emperor, no body, not even a fly* 
S4 fn 






DO DO 


Jn the latter part of his reign Domitiart be¬ 
came fufpicious, and his anxieties were in¬ 
creased by the predictions of aftrologers, but 
fall mpre poignantly by the fangs of remorle. 
He was fa diilruftful even when alone, that 
round the terrace, where he ufually walked, 
he bijilc a wall with Ihining (tones, that from 
them he might perc i/e. as in a looking glal's 
whether any body followed him. Ah thefe 
precautions were unavailing, he perilhed by 
the hand of an affaffin the 18th of September 
A- D. 96, in the 45th yepi* of his age, and 
the 15th of his reign. He was the laft of the 
ya Caffiars. He difanguifaed himfelf for his 
love of learning, and in a little treatife, which 
{19 wrote upon the great care which ought to 
he taken of the hair to prevent baldnefs, he 
dilplayed much tafte and elegance, according 
to thp obfervations of his biographers. After 
his death he was publicly deprived by the 
Senate of all the honors which had been pro- 
fufely heaped aipon him, and even his body 
was left in the open air without the honors of 
a funeral. This dilgrace might proceed from 
the refentment ®f the fenators, whom he had 
expofed to terror as well as to ridicule. He 
once aflembled that augult body to know in 
wbat vefiel a turbot might be molt conve¬ 
niently drefied. At another time they re¬ 
ceived a formal invitation to a feaft, and 
when they arrived at the palace, they were 
introduced into a large gloomy hall lmng wi.h 
black, and lighted with a few gljmmering 
tapers. In the middle*were placed a number 
of coffins, on each of which was inicribed the 
name of feme one of the invited fenators. 
On a fudden a number ol men burft into the 
jroom, clothed in black, with drawn i'words 
and flaming torches, and after they had for 
feme time terrified the guefts, they permitted 
them tp retire. Such were the amufements 
and cruelties of a man who, in the firll part 
of his reign, was looked upon as the father of 
his people, and the reftorer of learning and 
liberty. Suet, in vita-, — Entrap. 7, 

- D0MITI14A, Flavia, a woman who mar¬ 
ried Vefpafian, by whom fne had 'i itus a 
year after her marriage, and ir years after 

Domitian.-A niece of the emperor Do- 

rnidau, by whom (lie was banifhed. 

Domitius DomjtiAnus, a general of 
Diocletian in Egypt. He affirmed the impe- 
r.ii purple at Alexandria, A. D. 28S, and 
iupported the dignity of emperor for about 

two-, years He died a violent death.- 

Lucius. Viet. Ainobarbus.-Cn. JEnobar- 

fcus,, a Rorpan conful, who conquered intui¬ 
tu? rhe Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy 
on the fieli of battle, and took 3C00 prifoners. 
-—-A grammar.an in the reign rf Adrian. 
Ipe w*»s remarkable for his virtues, and his 

melancholy; difapfitioifc-A Roman who 

jre. ited -rotn Antony to Auguftus. He was 
at t.Te baulfe' of Pharfalia, and farced Pompey 


to fight by the mere force of his ridicule,- 1 

The father of Nero, famous for his cruelties 
and debaucheries. Suet, in Iter .——A tri¬ 
bune of t^ie people, who conquered the AR 

lobroges. Pint. --A conlul, during wholq 

confulate peace was concluded with Alexan¬ 
der king of Epirus. JLiv. 8, c. I 7 >-A 

conful under Caligula. He wrote lovne few 
things now loft.—-—A Latin poet called alio 
Marfas in the age ctf Horace. He wrote epi^ 
grams, remarkable for little befides their in¬ 
delicacy. Ovid, de Pont. 4, eL 16 v. 5.- 

Afer, an orator, who was preceptor to Quin¬ 
tilian. He dilgraced his talents bv his adula¬ 
tion, ar.fl by praitifing the arts of an infor-: 
mer under Tiberius and his fucceffiors. He 
was made a confui by Nero, and died A. D- 
59 - . 

^lids Douatus, a grammarian who 
florifaed A. D. 333.—A biiliop of Nmnidia a 
promoter of the Ddnatifts. A. D. 311.—A bi^ 
fhop of Africa ,bamfaed fiom Carthage, A. D. 
350 - 

Doniiaus, a prince of Gallograecia, who 
a flirted Pompey with 300 horfemen againft 
J. Caefar. 

Don Oca, a mountain of Thrace, Liv* 
40, P57. 

Donysa, one of the Cyclades, in the 
iEgean, where green marble is found. Virg. 
PE,?. 3, v.123. 

Dor acte, an ifland in the Perfian gulph. 

Dores, the inhabitants of Doris. Fid. 
Doris. 

Dori & Dorica, a part of Achaia near 
Athens. 

Doricus, an epithet applied not only to 
Doris, but to all the Greeks in general. Virg. 
JEh.z jv.ay. 

Dorienses, a people of Crete.'-of 

Cyrene. 

Dorjeus, a fan of Anaxandridas, who 
went with a colony into Sicily becaufe lie. 
could not bear to be under his brother at 
home. He-odot. 5 . c. 42. &c.—Pa,f 3 , c „ 

3 & 16, Sic. -A ion of Diagoras of Rhodes. 

Pauf. 6, c. 7. 

Dorilas, a rich Libyan prince, killed 
in the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, 
fab 4. ' , 

Dorilaub, a general of the great Mithrk 
dates. 

Dorion, a town of Theflaly, where Tha- 
myras the mufleian challenged the Mules to 
atrial of fkill. Stat. Tleb._ 4, v. 182.— 
Prcpert. 2, el. 22, v 1 <y.—~Lucan. 6, v. 352. 

Doris, a country of Greece, between Pho-* 
cis, Theflaly, and Acaroania. It received 
its name from Dorus the fan of Deucalion*, 
who made a fettlemcns there. It was ceiled 
Tetropolis , from the four cities of Pitidus cr 
Dryopis, Erineum, Cytinium, Borium, which 
it contained. To thefe four fame add Like- 
urn and Carphia, and therefore callit Hexa- 

polis. 












DO 


DR 


polis. The name of Doris has been common 
to many parts of Greece. The Dorians, in 
the age, of Deucalion, inhabited Phthiotis, 
which they exchanged for Hillizeotis, in the 
age of Dcrus. prom thence they were driven 
by the Cadmteans, and came to fettle near 
the town of Pindus. Prom thence they palled 
into Drvopis, and afterwards into Pelopon- 
nefus. Kercnles having re-ellablilhed ./Egi- 
mius king of Phthiotis or Doris, who had 
been driven from his country by the Lapitlia, 
the grateful king appointed Hyllus, the ion of 
hi.> patron, to be his fuccelfor, and the Hera- 
clidte marched from that part of the country 
to go to recover Peloponnefus. The Dorians 
Cent many colonies into different places, which 
bore the fame name as their native country. 
The rnoft famous of thefe is Do ts in AJia 
Minor % of which Halicarnaffus was once 
the capital. This part of Alia Minor was 
called Hexapolij, and afterwards Pentapolis, 
after the exdufion of HalicarnaiTu% Strao. 
9 , Sec.— Fir g. JEn. 2, V. 2'].—Plin. 5, c. 
zg — <Apollo(L 2. — Herodot . I, c. 144. 1 . X, 

c. 31.-A goddels of the fea, daughter of 

Dceanus and Tethys. She married her bro¬ 
ther Nereus, by whom the had 50 daughters 
called Nereides. Her name is often ufed to 
txprels the fea itfelf. Propert. 1, el. 17, 
v. 25. — Firg. Del. 10 P/jiOfj. 240. 

-A woman of Locri, daughter of Xene- 

itis, whom Dionyfius the elder, of Sicily, 
fnarried the fame day with Arillonuche. Cic, 

Tuf. 5.-One of the ,50 Nereides. Hefted. 

Th. 2^0.— Hornet'. II. 18, v. 4. c * 

Dokiscus, a place of'I'hrace near the .fea, 
vhere Xerxes numbered his foices. Herodot. 
7- c.59. 

Dorium, a town of Peloponnefus. Pauf. 
A > c * 33 -- One of the Danaides. Apollod. 

DoRius,a mountain of Alia Minor. Pauf. 
6, C- 3 f 

Dorsennus, a comic poet of great merit 
in the Ahguftan age. Plin. 14, c. 13.— Hp- 
rat. 2, ep. 10. v. 173. 

Dorso, C. Fabiu c , a Roman, who when 
Rome was in the poflefiion of the Gauls, if- 1 
filed from the Capitol, which was then be- 
lieged, to go and offer a fan ifice, which was 
to be offered on mount QuirinalU. He 
drelTed himfelf in facerdotnl robes, and carry¬ 
ing on his fhoulders the ftatues ot his country 
gods, palled through the guards of the ene¬ 
my, without betraying the leafl ligns of fear. 
When he had finitl.ed his facrifice, he re¬ 
turned to the capitol unmolested by the ene 
my, who were aftonilhed at his boldnefs, and 
did not oi>firu£t his paflage or moleft his la- 
cririce. _ Liv.$, r. 46. 

Dorus, a fon of Pollen and Orfeis, or ac¬ 
cording to others of Deucalion, who left 
Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and went 
to make a fettlemenr with fome of his com¬ 
panions near mount Offa. The country was 
called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. 


Herodot. i, e. <6, &q.-A city of Phoeni¬ 

cia, whofe inhabitants are called Do ienles. 
Pauf. 10, c. 24. 

Doryasus, a Spartan, father to Agefi- 
laus. 

Dor?ci.us, an illegitimate fon of Priam, 
killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer. 

II. xi. -A brother of Phineus king of 

Thrace, who married Beroe. Firg. JEn. f> 
v. 620. 

Dokyl.’eum Se Doryl^us, a city of 
Phrygia, now Efki Si.br. Plin. 5, c. 29. — 
Cic. Place. 17. 

DaRyLAS, one of the centaurs killed by 
Thefeus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 180. 

Dory Lius, a warlike perfon intimate with 
Mithridates Evergetes, and general of the 
Gnomans, B. C. 125. Strut. 10. 

Doryssus, a king of Lacedaemon, killed 
in a tumult. Pauf. 3, c. 2. 

Dosci, a people near the Euxlne. 

Dosiaoas, a poet who wrote a piece of 
poetry in the form of an altar (/ 5 upes), which 
Theocritus has imitated. 

Dosiades, a Greek, who wrote an hiltory 
of Crete. Diod. 5. 

Doson, a furname of Antigonus, bec.iufO 
he promifed and never performed. 

Dossenus. Fid'. Dorlennus. 

Do r adas, a king of Meflenia, Sec. Pauf. 

4 , c- 3- 

Doto, one of the Nereides. Virg. JEn. 9, 
v. 102. 

Dotus, a general of the Paphlagonians, in 
the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 72. 

Doxandkr, a man mentioned by Arif. 

S PM*- 

Dracantjs , a mountain where Jupiter 
took Bacchus from his thigh. Tbeoctit. 

Draco, a ce'ebrated lawgiver of Athens. 
When he exercifed the office of archotl, he 
made a code of laws, B. C. 623, for the ufe 
of the citizens, which, on account of their le- 
verity, were faid to be written in .letters of 
blood. By them, idlenels was punilhed with 
as much feverity as murder, and death was 
denounced agaiaift the one ns well as the 
other. Such a code of rigorous laws gave oc- 
cafion to a certain Athenian to afk of the le- 
gillator, why he was lo levere in lus puniflt- 
ments, and Draco gave for anfwer, that as 
thefmalleft tranlgreffion had appeared to him 
delerving death, he could not find any punifh- 
ment more rigorous for mere atrocious crimes. 
Thefe laws were at firlt enforced, but- they 
were often neglected on account of their ex¬ 
treme le.verity, and Solon totally abohlued 
them, except that one which punilhed a mur¬ 
derer with death. The popularity of Draco 
was uncommon, but the gratitude of his ad¬ 
mirers proved fatal .ro him. When onc^ be 
appeared on the theatre, he was received with 
repeated apphufes, and the people, accordin' 
j to the cuftom of the Athenians, (hewed their 
; re-fpeit to their lawgiver, - by throwing gnr- 
‘ » meats 








merits up©n him. This was done in fueh pro- 
fufion, that Draco was loon hid under them, 
and fmothered by the too great veneration of 
his citizens. Flut. in Sol. —A man who in¬ 
truded Plato in mufTc. Id. dc Muftc. 

Dracontides, a wicked citizen of Athens. 
flirt, in Soph. 

Dracus, a general of the Achaeans,’ con¬ 
quered by Mummius. 

Du ancf.s, a friend of Latinus, remarkable 
for his weaknefs and eloquence. He ihovved 
himfelf an obftinate opponent to the violent 
me^ftires which Turnus pmTued againft the 
Trojans. Some have imagined that the poet 
vvifhed to delineate the character and the elo¬ 
quence of Cicero under this name- Virg. 
JEn. II, V. 122. 

Dr an gina, a province of Pcrfia. Diod. 

17 - 

Drapes, a feditious Gaul, &c. Caf. fell. 
Call. 8, C. 3p. 

Dravus, a river of Noricum, which falls 
Into the Danube near Mupfa. 

Drepana & Drepanum, now Trapani, 
a town of Sicily near mount Bryx, in the form 
of a icy the, whence its name, (&p‘ora,vov,falx.) 
Anchifes died there, in his voyage to Italy 
with his Ton iEneas. The Romans under Cl. 
Pulcher were defeated near the coaft, B. C. 
249, by the Carthaginian general Adherbal. 
Tirg* JEn. 3, v. 707.— Cic. Terr. 2, c. 57 *~ 

Ovid. Fuji. 4, v. 474.-A promontory of 

Peloponnefus. 

Drilo, a river of Macedonia, which falls 
into the Adriatic at Lifliis. 

Drimachus, a famous robber of Chios. 
When a price was fet upon his head, he or¬ 
dered a young man to cut it off and go and re¬ 
ceive the money. Such an uncommon inftance 
of generofity fo pleafed the Chians, that they 
railed a temple to his memory, and honored 
him as a god. Atben. 13. 

Drinu s, a l'mall river falling into the Save 
and Danube. 

Drio hides, an Athenian ambaffador fent 
to Darius when the peace with Alexander had 
been violated. Curt. 3, c. 13. 

Drios, a mountain of Arcadia. 

Droi, a people of Thrace. Thucyd. 2, 

c. 101. 

Dromjeus, afumame 6f Apollo in Crete. 

Dropi ci, a people of Peilla. Herodot. i, 
e. 125 * 

Dropion, a king of Piconia. Fauf. 10. 
c. 13 - 

DrueNTIDS & Drurntta, now Durance , 
a rapid river of Gaul, which falls into the 
J^hone between Arles and Avignon. Sil. Ital. 
3, v. 468.— Strab. 4. 

Dkugeri, a people of Thrace. Flirt. 4, 
c. 11. 

DruiTje, the minifters of religion among 
the ancient Gauls and Britons. They were 
di'. ided into different daffes, called the Bardi, 
Tubages, the Vates, the Semno^hei, the Sar- 


ronides, and the Samothei. They were held 
in the gpeateft veneration by the people. '1 heir 
life was auftere and reclule from the world, 
their drefs was peculiar to themlelvcs, and they 
generally appeared with a tunic wl.jch reached 
a little below the knee. As the chief power 
was lodged in their hands, they punilhed as' 
they pleafed, and could declare war and make 
peace at their option! Their power was ex¬ 
tended not only over private families, but they 
could depofe magid rates and even kings, if 
their actions in any manner deviated from the 
laws of the ffrre. They had the privilege of 
naming the magiitrates which annually prefided 
over their cities, and- the kings were created 
only with their approbation. They were en- 
trulted with the education of youth, and all 
religious ceremonies, feftivals, and lacrifices 
were under their peculiar care. They taught 
the dodtrine of the metempfyehofis, and be¬ 
lieved the immortality of the foul. They were 
profeffionally acquainted with the art of magic, 
and from their knowledge of aftrology, they 
drew omens and faw futurity revealed before 
their eyes. In their lacrifices they often im¬ 
molated human vidfims to their gods, a barba¬ 
rous cuftom which continued long among them, 
and which the Roman emperors attempted to 
. abolifh to little purpole. The power and pri¬ 
vileges which they enjoyed were beheld with 
admiration by their Countrymen, and as their 
office was open to every rank and every na¬ 
tion, there were many who daily propofed 
themfelves as candidates to enter upon this im¬ 
portant fundtion. r lhe rigor, however, and 
ieverity of a long noviciate deterred many, and 
few were willing to attempt a laboir, which 
enjoined them during 15 or 20 years to load 
their memory with the long and tedious maxims 
of druidical religion. Their name is derived 
from the Greek word 'Ipvs, an oak, becaufe the 
woods and lolitary retreats were the places of 
their refidence. Caf. Fell. G. 6, c. 13.— 
Flin. 16, c. 44.— Diod. 5. 

Druna, the Drome , a river of Gaul, fall¬ 
ing into the Rhone. 

Drusilla Livia, a daughter of Germa, 
nicus and Agrippina, famous for her debauch¬ 
eries and licentioulnefs. She committed inceft 
with her brpther Caligula, who was fo tenderly 
attached toller that in a dangerous illnels he 
made her heirefs of all his poffellions, and com¬ 
manded that Ihe ihould fuc:eed him in the 
Roman,empire. She died A. D. 38, in the 
23d year of her age, and was deified by her 
brother Caligula, who furvived her for fome 
time.--A daughter of Agrippa king of Ju¬ 

dea, &c. 

Druso, an unffcilful hiftorian and mean 
ufurer, who obliged his debtors, when they 
could not pay him, to hear him read his com- 
pofitior.s, to draw fiom them prailes and flat¬ 
tery. Horat. I, Sat. 3, v. 86. 

Drusus, a fon of Tiberius and Vipfania, 
who made himfelf famous by his intrepidity 

and 






and courage In the provinces of Illyrlcum and 
Pannonia. He was railed to the greatell 
honors of the Hate by his father, but a blow 
which he gave to Sejanus, an audacious liber¬ 
tine, proved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Li- 
via the wife of Drul'us, and in conjun&ion 
with her he caufed him to be poifoned by an 
eunuch, A.D. 23,— r —A fan of Germanicus 
and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices of the 
greateft truft under Tiberius. His enemy 
Sejanus, however, effected his ruin by his infi- 
nuations; Drulus was confined by Tiberius, 
and deprived of all aliment. He was found 
dead nine days after his confinement, A. D. I 

33 --A ton of the emperor Claudius, who 

died by fwallowing a pear thrown in the air. 

• -An ambitious Roman, grandfather to 

Cato. He was killed for his ledirious conduct. 

Paterc. I, c. 13.-Livius, father of Julia 

Augufta, was intimate with Brutus, and killed 
himfelf with him after the battle of Philippi. 

Paterc. 2, c. 71. - M. Livius, a celebrated 

Roman who renewed the propofals of the 
Agrarian laws, which had proved fatal to the 
Gracchi. He was murdered as he entered his 
houfe, though he was attended with a number 

, of clients and Latins, to whom he had propofed 
the privileges of Roman citizens, B.C.190. 

Cic. ad Her. 4, c. I a.-Nero Claudius, a 

ion of Tiberius Nero and Livia, adopted by 
■ Aoguftus. He was brother to Tiberius, who 
was afterwards made emperor. He greatly 
fignalizefj himfelf in his wars in Germany and 
Gaul againft the Rhoetiand Vindelici, and was 
honored with a triumph. He died of a fall 
from his hoffe in the 30th year of his age, 
B. C. 9. He left three children, Germanicus, 
Livia, and Claudius, by his wife Antonia. 

Dion. -M. Livius Salinator, a conful who 

conquered Afdrubal with his colleagueClaudius 
Nero. Horat. 4, od. 4.-— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 

824.-Caius, an hidorian, who being one 

day miffed from his cradle, was found the next 
on the higheft part of the houfe, with his face 

turned toward? the fun.-Marcus, a praetor, 

See. Cic. ad Her. 2, c. 13. - The plebeian 

family of the Drufi produced eight confuls, two 
cenfors, and one dictator. The furname of 
prulus was given to the family of the Livii, as 
fome fuppofe, becaule one of them killed a 
Gaulilh leader of that name. Virg. in 6. JEn. 
v. 824, mentions the Drufi amoug the illuftri- 
ous Romans, and that perhaps more particu¬ 
larly becaufe the wife of Auguftus was of that 
family. 

Dryadf.s, nymphs that prefided'over the 
woods. Oblations of milk, oil, and honey, were 
offered to them, and lometimes the votaries 
Sacrificed a goat, They were not generally 
confidered immortal, but as genii, whofe lives 
were terminated with the tree over which they 
were fuppofed to prefide. Virg. G. 1, v. 11. 

Dryantjades, a patronymic of Lycurgus, 

* king of Thrace, fon of Dryas. He cut his 
Jegs as he attempted to deftroy the vines, that no 


llbationa might be made to Bacchus. Ovid, ire 
lb. v.345. 

Dryas, a fon of Hippolochus, who tv^-s 
father to Lycurgus. He went with Eteocles 
to tho Theban war, where he perifhed. Stat, 

Thcb. 8, v. 351;.-A fon of Mars, who went 

to the chace of the Calydonian boar. Apollod t 

l,c. 8.-A centaur at the nuptials of Piri- 

tho»s, who killed Rl'.oetu . Ovid. Met. 12, 

v. 296.-A daughter of Faunus, who lb 

hated the fight of men, that fhe never appeared 

in public.-A fon of Lycurgus killed by his 

own father in a fury. Apollod. 3, c. 5. - - 

A fon of iEgyptus, murdered by his wife Eu- 
rydice. Id. 2, c. 1. 

Drymjea, a town of Phocis. Pauf. io, 
c- 33 - 

Drymo, a fea nymph one of the attendants 
of Cyrene, Virg. G. 4, v. 536. 

Drymus, a town between Attica and* 
Btcotia. 

Dryope, a woman of Lemnos, whofe thape 
Venus affumed, to perluade all the females of 
the ifland to murder the men. Place. 2, v. 

174.-A virgin of CEchafia, whom Andra:- 

mon married after fhe had been ravilhed by 
Apollo. She became mother of Amphifus, 
who, when Icarce a year old, was with his 
mother changed into a lotus. Ovid. Met. 10, 

v. 331.- . A nymph, mother of Tarquitus 

bv Faunus. Virg. JEn. 10. v. 551.-A 

nymph of Arcadia, mother of Pan by Mer¬ 
cury , according to Homer, hymn in Pan. 

Dryopeja, an amiiverfary day ohlerved at 
A fine in Argoiis, in honor ofDryops the ion 
of Apollo. 

Dryopf.s, a people of Greece, near mount 
CEta. 'i hey afterwards paffed into the Pelo- 
ponnefus, where they inhabited the towns of 
Afine and Hermione, in Argoiis. When they 
were driven from Afire, by the people of 
Argos, they fettled among the Meflenians, 
and called a town by the name of their ancient 
habitation Afine. Some of their deicendants 
went to make a fettlement in Afia Minor to¬ 
gether with the Ionians. Herodot. 1, c. 146 
1 . 8, C. 31 .—PauJ. 4, c. 34 ,—Strab. 7,8,13. 
— Plin. 4, c. I.— Virg. JEn. 4, v. 146.— 
Lucan. 3, v. 179. 

Dryopib 8 c Dryopida, a fmall country 
at the foot of mount (Eta in Theflaly. Its 
true fituation is not well alcertained. Accord¬ 
ing to Pliny, it bordered on Epirus. It was 
for fome time in the pofTeffion of the Hellenes, 
after they were driven from Hilliaeotis by the 
Cadmcans. Herodot. 1,0.56. 

Dryops, a fon of Priam.-A fon of 

Apollo Pauf. 4, c. 34 —A friend of iEneas, 
killed by Claufus in Italy. Virg. JEn. IQ, 
v. 346. 

Dry peti s,the younger daughter of Darius, 
given in mariage to Hephaeftion by Alexander. 

Diod. 18. 

Dubis, or Alduadubis, the Daux , a 
rivet of Gaul falling into theSaoue. 

Dubhis. 










DU 


Dubris, a town of Britain, fupp'ofed to be 
Dover. 

Docetjus, a Sicilian general, who died 
B.C. 440. 

Duilma Lex, was enabled by M. Duil- 
lius, a tribune, A. U. C. 304. k made it a 
capital ciime to leave the Bern an people with¬ 
out its tribunes, or td create any new magil- 
tralc without a fufficient * ante. Idv. 3, c. 55. 

*-Another, A- U. C. 392, to regulate what 

intered ought to be paid for money lent. 

C Dt-iLurs Kti’os, a Roman conlul, the 
frit who obtained a victory over the naval 
power of Carthage, B. C. 260. He took 50 
of the enemy’s fliips, and was honored with 
' a naval triumph, the fird that ever appeared 
at Rome. The lenate rewarded his valor by 
permitting him to have malic playing and 
torches lighted, at the public cxpence, every 
day while lie was at fupper. There were 
feme medals {truck in commemoration of this 
victory,and there Hill exiiis a column at Rome, 
which was erected on the oceafion. Cic. de 
Settee. — Tacit. Ann. I, c 12- 

Dulichutm, an ifland cf the Ionian fea, 
oppofite the Achelous. It was part of the 
kingdom of Ulyffies. Ovid. Trift. 1, cl. 4, c. 67. 
Met. 14 , v. 226. R. A. 272. — Martial. II. 
ep. 70, v. 8.— Virg» Eel. 6 , v. 76. 

Dumkctktx, a powerful chief among the 

./belli 1. Caf. Bell. G. 1, c. 9. 

Dun ax, a mountain of Thrace. 

Duratjus Picto, a Gaul, who remained 
in perpetual friendship with the Roman peo¬ 
ple. Caf. Bell. G. 8, c. 26. 

Du»is,an hiftorian of Samos, who florifhed 
B. C. 25.7. He wrote the life of Agathocles 
of Syracuie, a treatile on tragedy, an hiftory 
of Macedonia, Sec. Strab. 1. 

Duriu s, a large river of ancient Spain, now- 
called the Dueto , which falls into the ocean, 
near modern Oporto in Portugal, after a courfe 
of nearly 300 miles. Sil. i,v. 234. 

Durocasses, the chief residence of the 
Druids in Gaul, now Dreux. Caf. Bell. G. 6, 
c. J.T 

Duronia, a town of the Snmnites. 

Dusn, fome Deities among the Gauls. 
Augujl de C I). 13, c. 23. 

Duumviri, two noble patricians at Rome, 
firlt appointed by Tarcjuin to keep the Sybil¬ 
line books, which were fuppofed to contain 
the fate of the Roman empire. Thefo 1 acred 
hooks were placed in„ the capitol, and lecured 
in a cheft under the ground. They were con- 
lultcd but feldora, and’ only by an order of the 
fenate, when the armies hrd been defeated in 
war, or when Ronpe feenied to be threatened 
by an invafioh, or hy leefet fedition?. Thefe 
priefts continued in their original inditution 
till the year IJ.C. 388, when a law was pro- 
poled by the tribunes to encreafe the number ! 
to ten, to be chofen promi^eiioufly from patri¬ 
cian and plebeian families. They-were from 


DY 

! their n umbel - called Decemviri, and feme time' 
after Sylla encreafed them to fifteen, knpwn 

by the name of Quindecemviri.-There 

were allb certain magillrates at Rome, called 
Duumviri pcrdaelliones jive capitales. 1 hey 
were flrd created by Tullus Hodilius, for 
trying fuch as were accufed of treal’on. This 
office was aholilhed as unneceffary, but Cicero 
complains of their revival hy Labienus the tri¬ 
bune. 0 )at.pro Rabir. Sonic of the com¬ 
manders of the Roman veffiels were alfo called 
Duumv iri, cfpecially when there were, two to¬ 
gether. They were fird created, A. U. C. 
542. There were allb in the municipal 
towns in the provinces two magillrates called 
Duumviri tnunicipales. They w-ere chofen 
from the Centurions, and their office was much 
the fame asth t of the two conluls of Rome. 

"I'hey were fometimes preceded by two lifters 
with the fa ces. Their mngiltraCy continued 
for five years, on which account they have 
been called Quin quen vales tnagif- at us. 

DyAgondas, a Theban legillator, who 
abolished all nodturnal facrifices. Cic. de Leg. 2 , 
c. 15. 

DyaRdf.nses, a river in thfe extremities of 
India. Curt. 8, c. 9. 

Dv mA t, a town of Achaia. Liv. 27, c. 31. 

I . 32, c.22^~Pauf. 7, c. 17. 

Dymjei, a people of /Ktolia. Died. 19. 

Dymas, a Trojan, who joined himfelf to 
./Eneas when Troy was taken, and was at lad 
killed by his countrymen, who took him to be 
an enemy bec.iufe he had drafted himfelf in the 
armour of one of the Greeks he had (Iain. 
Virg.JEn. 2, v. 340. and 428-The fa¬ 

ther of Hecuba. Ovid. Met. ir, v. 761. 

Dymnus, one of Alexander's officers. He 
confpired with many of his fellow foldiers 
againd his mailer’s life. The confpirncv was 
discovered, and Dymnus dabbed himfelf be¬ 
fore he was brought before the king. Curt. 6 
c -7- w w 

DynXmene, one of the Nereides. Homer . 

II. 18, v. 43. 

Dynaste, a daughter of Thefpius. Apol- 
lcd. 

Dvras, a river ofTrachinia. It rii'es at 
the foot of mount Gita, and falls into the bay 
ofMalia. Herodot. 7, c. 198. 

Dyraspks, a river of Scythia. Ovid. Pont. 
4, el. ic, v. 54. 

Dyr is, the name of mount Atlas among 
the inhabitants of that neighbourhood. 

Dyrrhaciiium, now Durazzo, a large city 
of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic fea, 
founded by a colony from Corcyra, B , C. 623. 
It was anciently called Rpidamnus , which the 
Romans, confidering it of ominous meaning, 
changed into Dyrracbium. Cicero met with 
a favorable reception there during his exile. 
Mela, 2 , c. -3.— Rauf 6, c. 10. — Plut. — Cic. 

A tt. 22. 

Dysaui.es, a brother of Celeus, vyho irr- 

rtitmwi 






DY 

ftituted the myfteries of 'Ceres at Celeae 
Pauf. 2,c. 14. 

Dyscinetus, an Athenian archon. Pauf. 

4, c. 27. 


DY 

DysOrum, a mountain of Thrace. Her* 
dot. 5, c. 22. 

DYSi’ONTiipa people of Elis. Pauf. ^ 
c. 22. • . 


EC 


EC 


I ^ANES, a man fuppofed to have killed | violence to Phoehas the priedefs of Apollo’* 
Patroclus, and to have fled to Peleus in temple at Delphi From this circumJftance a 

?y 


Patroclus, and to have fled to Peleus in 
Theffaly. St mb 9. 

Eanus, the name of Janus among the 
ancient Latins. 

Ear|nus, a beautiful boy, eunuch toDo- 
mitian. Stat. 3, Sylv. 4. 

Basium, a town of Achaia in Peloponne- 
fus. Pauf. 7, c. 6. 

Ebdome, a feftival in honor of Apollo at 
Athens on the feventh day of every lunar 
month. It was ufual to fing hymns in honor 
of the god, and to carry about houghs of laurel. 

-There w;rs alio another of the fame name 

celebrated by private families the feventh day 
after the birth of every child. 

Ebon, a name given to Bacchus by the 
people of Neapolis. Macrob. 1, c. 18. 

Ebora, a town of Portugal, now Evota. 
EborXcum, Yoik, in England. 

Ebud.e, the weftern ifles of Britain, now 


temple at Delphi, 
decree was made by which no woman was ad¬ 
mitted to the office of priedels before the age 
of fifty. Diod. 4. 

Echedamia, a town of Phocis. Pauf. 10. 
c. 3. 

EIciiei atus, a man who led a polony t» 
Africa. Strab. 8 

Echelta, a fortified town in Sicily. 

Ecui'lus, a Trojan chief, killed by Pa¬ 
troclus.-Another, lonofAgenor, killed by 

Achilles. Homer. II. t6 & 20. 

Echembrotus, an Arcadian, who ob¬ 
tained the prize at the Pythian games. Pauf. 
10, c. 7 l 

Echemon, a fon of Priam, killed by Djo- 
medes. Homer. II. 5, v. 16d. 

F.chrmus, an Arcadian, who conquered 
the Dorians when tney* endeavoured to reco¬ 
ver Peloponnelus under Hyllus. Pauf. 8, c. 
5.-A king of Arcadia, who joined Ariftos 


Hebrides. 

Ebukonf.s, a peoj le of Belgium, now the menes againft the Spartans 
county of Liege. C.vf. B. G. 2, c. 4, 1 . 6,1 
c.5.-The Eburo/ices Aulerci were the! 


people of Evreux in Normandy, 
e. 17. 

Eatfsus, one of the Baleares, 100 miles in 
circumference, which produces no hurtful ani¬ 
mals. It is near the coalt of Spain in the Me¬ 
diterranean, and now bears the name of Tvica, 
and is fafnous for pafturage and for fig . Plin. 

3, c. 5.-A man engaged in the Rutulian 

War. Virg. JEn. 12, V. }()f. 

Ecbatana (drum) now Hamedan , the 


Ceef ib. 3 , : lod. I , C. 9 


Echenkus, a Phenciad. Homer. OJ. 7. 
Echepiiron, one of Ncftor’s lonsl Apal- 


•A 


A fon of Priam. Id .— 
foil of Hercules. Pauf. 8, c. 24. 

Echepous, a Trojan, fon of -ThafTuS, 
killed bv Anttlochus. Homer. II. 4, v. 458^ 
Eciif.sjrX rus, a fon of Agis id, king of 
Sparta, who fucceeded his father, B. C. I < 3 $ 8. 
Herodot. 7,c. 204. ^ . 

Echevethenses, a people of Tegca In 
Arcadia. Pauf 8, c. 45. 

Echidna, a celebrated mender fprung 
capital of Media, and the palace of Deioces | from the union ot c hryfaor with Callirhoe, 
king of Media. It was furrounded with leven the daughter of Oce-mus. She is represented 
walls, which role in gradual aicent, and were . as a beautiful woman in the upper parts of 
painted in leven different colors. The mod ; the body, but as a lerpent below the vvaid. 
diitant was the lowed, and the innermost, j She was mother by Typhon, of Orthos, fie - 
which was the mod celebrated, contained the : ryon, CerberiP., the Hydra, See. According 
royal palace. Parmenio was put to death | to Herodotus, Hercules had three children 
there by Alexander’s orders, and Hephtrltion by her, Agathyrlus, Gelcnns, and Scvthju 
died there alio, and received a mod magnificent ] Herodot. 3, c. ro8.— Hejlod. Ti>eog. — Apol- 

18.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 


Strab. 21.— Curt. ! tod. 2. 

158 . 


burial. Herodot. I, c. 98. 

3, c. 5. 1. 5, c. 8. 1. 7, c. 10.—Diod. 17. 

-A town of Syria, where Cambyfes gave 

himfelf a mortal wpund when mounting on 
horleback. Herodot. 3— Ptol. 6, c. 2.— Curt. 
5 ,C. 8 . ; 

Ecechiria, the wife of Tphitus. Pauf. 5, 
c. 10. 

Ecbtra, a town of the Volfci. 
c. 2,'. 1- 3, c. 4. 


- Pauf . 8, 


EcueorX.tbSj a Theffelian, who offered ; Strab. 2. 


Echidorus, a river of Thrace. Ptol, 3.. 
EchTnXues or Echinjt., five fmall iflands 
near Acarnania, at the mouth of the river 
Achelous. They have been formed by the 
inundations of that river, and by the fand 
and mud which its waters carry down, and now 
lav. 2, b?ar the name of Crirzolari. Plin. 2, c. 8 c. 
; — Herotlol. .2, C. IC. — Oviu. List. 8, V. 588.— 


EchTnon, 











£t> 

KcHTnoN, a city of Thrace, Mela, 2 , c. 3, 

Echinus, an ifland in the JEgean.-A 

town of Acarnania-—of Phthiotis. Liv; $ 2 , 

«♦ 33 ' 

Ecuinussa, an ifland near Euboea, called 
afterwards Cimolus. Plitn 4, c. 12. 

. Echion, one of thole men who lprong 
from the dragon’s teeth fown by Cadmus. 
He was one of the five who furvived the fate 
of his brothers, and aflifted Cadmus in build¬ 
ing the city of 1 hebes. Cadmus rewarded 
his fervices by giving him his daughter 
Agave in marriage. He was father of.Pen- 
theus, by Agave. He l'ucceeded his' father- 
in-law on the throne of Thebes, as fome 
have imagined, and from that circumftance 
Thebes has been called Ecbivn'ue , and the in¬ 
habitants Ecbionidec . Ovid. Met. 3, v. 3II. 

Tr/Ji. 5. el 5, V. 53.-A fon of Mercury 

and Antianira, who was the herald of the 

Argonauts. Flacc. 1, v. 400.-A man 

who often obtained a prize in running. Ovid. 
Met. 8, v. 292.—■ 1 —A mufician at Rome in 

Domitian’s age. Juv. 6, v. 76.-A fta- 

tuary.-A painter. 

EciijonidEs, a patronymic given to Pen- 
theus as delcended from Echion. Ovid. 
Met. 3. 

Echionius, an epithet applied to a perfon 
horn in Thebes, founded with the aflillance of 
Echion. Virg. JEti. 12, v. 515. 

Echo, a daughter of the Air tmd Tellus, 
who chiefly refided in the vicinity of the Cfc- 
phifus. She was once one of Juno’s attend¬ 
ants, and became the confidant of Jupiter’s 
amours. Her loquacity however dilpleafed 
Jupiter; and fhe was deprived of the power 
of fpeech by Juno, and only permitted to 
anfwer to the queftions which were put to 
her. Pan had formerly been one of her ad¬ 
mirers, but he never enjoyed her favors. 
Echo, after fhe had been punilhed by June* 
fell in love with Narciflus, and on being ue- 
fpiied by him, fhe pined away, and was 
changed into a flone, which ftiil retained the 
power of voice. Ovid. Met. 3, v 358. 

Ecnomos, a mountain of Sicily, now Li- 
cata. 

Edessa & Edesa, a town of Syria. 

Edess2E tortus, a harbour of Sicily, near 
Pacbynus. Cic. Verr. 5,0. 34. 

Edeta or Leria, a town of Spain along 
the river Sucro. Plln. 3, c. 3.— Liv. 28, c. 
24-— Sil. 3, v. 371. 

Edissa & AEdes'SA, a town of Macedonia 
taken by Caranus, and called iEgte, or ifigeas. 

Vid. AvdefTa. 

Edon, a mountain of Thrace, called alfo 
Edonus. From this r.-ountain that part of 
Tlirace is often called Ecknm which lies be¬ 
tween the Strymon and the NefFus, and the 
epithet is generally applied not only to Thrace 
but to a cold northern climate. Virjr. JEn. 
-12. v. 32^— Plin. 4, c, 11 . — Lucan. I, v. 
« 74 - ' 


tt 

Edoni or Edones, a people of Thrace, 
near the Strymon. Apollod. 3, c. 5. 

Edonides, a name given to thepriefteffeS 
of Bacchus, becaufe they celebrated the fefti- 
vals of the god on mount Edon. Ovid. Meti 
11, v ,69* t 

Edylius, a mountain which Sylla feized 
to attack the people of Clieronapa. Plut. in 
SylL 

Eetiok, the father of Andromache, and 
of feven Ions, was king of Thebes in Cilicia* 
He was killed by Achilles. From him the 
word Eetioncus is applied to his relations of 
defeendants. Homer. 11 . 12 .——The com¬ 
mander of the Athenian fleet conquered by 
the Macedonians under Clytus, near tfte 
Echinades. Diod. 18. 

Egejlidu 3, a river of Etruria. Virg. JEn. 
8, v. 610. 

Egeria, a nymph of Aricia in Italy, 
where Diana was particularly worfhipped. 
Egeria was courted by Numa, and according 
to Ovid fhe became his wife. This prince 
frequently vifited her, and that he might more 
fuccefsfully introduce his laws and new re¬ 
gulations into the ftate, he folemnly declared 
before the Roman people, that they were 
previouflv lan&ified and approved by the 
nymph Egeria. Ovid fays that Egeria was 
fo difconfolate at the death of Numa, that fhe 
melted into tears, and was changed into a- 
fountain by Diana. She is reckoned by many 
as a goddefs who prefided over the pregnancy 
of women, and lbme maintain that fhe is the 
fame as Lucina, or Diana. Liv. 1, c. 19.— 
Ovid Met. 15, v. 547.— yirg. JEn. 7, v. 775. 
— Martial. 2. ep. 6, v. it). 

Egesaretus, a Theffalian of Larifla, who 
favored the interefl of Pompey during -the 
civil wars. Caf. 3. Civ. c. 35. 

EgesTnus, a philofopher,pupil toEvander. 
Ci{. Acad. 4, c. 6. 

Egesta, a daughter of Hippotes the Tro¬ 
jan. Her father expofed her on the fea, for 
fear of being devoured by a marine monfter 
which laid wafte the country. She was car¬ 
ried fafe to Sicily, where fhe was ravithed by 
the river Crinifus.——A town of Sicily. Vid. 
ASgefta. 

Egnatia Maximill'a, a woman who 
accompanied her hufbandintobanifhmentui\d(ir 

Nero, &c. Ti.fi/. Ann. 15, c. 71•-A town. 

Vid. Gnatia. 

P. Egnatius, a crafty and perfidious,Ro¬ 
man in the reign of. Nero, who committed the 
greateft crimes for the fake of money. Tacit* 
Hijl. 4, c. 10. 

Eion, a commercial place at the mouth of 
the Strymon. Pan/. 8 , c. 8. 

Eione 3, a village of Peloponnefus on the 

fea coaft. 

Eioneus, a Greek kdled by He&cr in the 

Trojan war. Homer. 11 . 8.-A Thracian, 

father to Rhefus. Id. 10. 

Ei*Afi0taA3, a river near Ancfoch. Strab. 





Elba, a town ofiEolia. Liv. 36, c. 43. 
-*~Pauf 9, c. 3.-An ifland in the Pro¬ 

pontis. 

El^us, a part of Epirus.-A furname 

of Jupiter.-A town of the Thracian Cher- 

lonefus. Liv. 2,1, c. 16. 1. 37, c. 9. 

Elacabalus, the lurnanie of the fun at 
Emefij. 

Elaites,* grove near Canopus in Egypt. 
Elaius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pauf. 8, 
fi* 41 * 

Elaphijea, a furname of Diana in Elis. 
Id. 6, C. 22. 

Elaphus, a river of Arcadia. Id. 8, c. 36. 
Elaphebolia, a feftival in honor of Dia¬ 
na the Huntrefs. In the celebration a cake 
was made in the form of a .deer, 
and offered to the goddeis. It owed its in¬ 
stitution to the following circuniftance; 
when the Phocians had been feverely beaten 
by the Theflulians, they refolved, by the per- 
fuafion of a certain Deiphantus, to r.iile a 
pile of combull'.ble materials, and burn their 
wives, children, and effects, rather than fub- 
mit to the enemy. This refolution was 
imanimoufly approved by the women, who 
decreed Deiphantus a crown for his magna¬ 
nimity. When every thing was prepared, 
before they fired the pile, they engaged their 
enemies and fought with fuch defperate fury, 
that they totally routed them, and obtained a 
complete victory. In commemoration of this 
unexpected fuccefs this fellival was inilituted 
to Diana, and obferved with the greatefl folem- 
nity, fo that even one of-the months of the 
year march was called Elaphebolion from this 
circumitance. 

Klaptonius, a youth who confpired 
againft Alexander. Curt. 8, c,6. 

Ei.au a, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupiter, 

Apollod. 1, c. 4. -A .daughter of Orchome- 

nus king of Arcadia. Strab. 9. 

ElatJa, the largeft town of Phocis, near 
the Lephilus. Pauf. ic, c. 34. 

Elatia, a town of Phocis. Liv. 28, c. 7. 
- - Of Thefialy. Id 42, c. 54. 

Elatus, one of the firft Ephori of Sparta, 

B. C. 76c. Plat, in Lyc. -The father of 

Ceneus. Ovid. Met. 1 2, v. 497.-A moun¬ 
tain of Alia. of Zacynthus.- 1 he father 

of Polyphemus the Argenaiu, by Hip'eia. 

Apollod. 3. c 9-The fon of Areas king of 

Arcadia, by Erato, who retired to Phoc.s. Id. 

ib. — Pauf. 8,c. 4.- A king in the army of 

Priam, killed by Agamemnon. Homer 11 . 6. 

-One of Penelope’s fuitors, killed by 

Eumeus. Homer . Od 22,v. 267. 

Elaver, a river in Gaul falling into the 
Loire, now the Allier. 

Et. ea, a town of Campania, whence the 
followers nf Zeno were called the Elec.tic feCl. 
Cic. Acad. 4, c. 42. Tuft. 2, C. 21 & 22. N. 
X>. 3, c. 33.-of iEolia. 

Elect r a, one of the Oceanides, wife of 
AtJ?s, «u;d mother of Pardanus, by Jupiter. 


Ovid. TjJI. 4, v. 31.-A daughter of Adas 

and Pleione. She was changed into a con- 

ftellation. Apollod. 3, c. 10 & 12.-On« 

of the Danaides. Id. 2, c. 1.-A daugh¬ 

ter of Agamemnon king of Argos. She firft 
incited her brother Oreftes to revenge his fa¬ 
ther’s death by aflaflinating his mother Cly- 
temneftra. Oreftes gave her in marriage to 
his friend Pylades, and (he became mother 
of two Ions, Strophius and Medon. Hcf 
adventures and misfortunes form one of th« 
interefting tragedies of the poet Sophocles. 
Hygin. fab. 122.— Pauf. 2, c. 16 .—JR Han. 

V. H. 4, c. a6, &c.-A filter of Cadmus. 

Pauf. 9, c. 8.-A city and river of Mel- 

fenia in Peloponneius. Pauf. 4, c. 33- 

One of Helen’s female attendants. Id. io, 
c. 25. 

Elected, a gate of Thebes. Pauf. 9, 
c. 8. . 

Electri'des, ifl.inds in rhe Adriatic fea, 
which received their name from the quantity 
of amber, ( elettrutn ) which they produced. 
They were at the mouth of the Po, accord¬ 
ing to Apollonius of Rhodes, but tome hif- 
torians doubt of their exigence. Plin. 2. c. 26. 
1 . 37,'C. 2 .— Mela , 2, C. 7. 

Electryon, a king of Argos, fon of Per- 
feus and Andromeda. He was brother to 
Alcieus, whole daughter Anaxo he married 
and by her he had feveral Tons and one 
daughter, Alcmene. He fent his Ions againft 
the Teleboans, who had ravaged his country, 
and they were all killed except Licymnius. 
Upon this EleCtryon promised his crown -and 
daughter in marriage to him who could under¬ 
take to punilh the Teleboans for the death of 
his fons. Amphitryon offered himfelf and 
fucceeded. Electryon inadvertently perilhed 
by the hand of his fon-in law. [Vid. Amphi¬ 
tryon Alcmena.J Apollod. 2* c. 4.— Pauf. 

Elei, a people of Elis in Pelopouxefus. 
They were formerly called Epei. In their 
country was the temple of Jupiter, where alia 
were celebrated the Olympic games, of which 
they had the luperintendance. Their horfes 
were in great repute, hence Kiel eqv.i and 
Elea palma . Proper!. 3, el. 9, v, 18.— Pauf. 5. 
— Lutan. 4, v. 293. 

Eleleus, a furname of Bacchus, from the 
word t?.iXsu, which the Bacchanals loudly, re¬ 
peated during his feftivals. His prieftefles were 
in confequecce called Eleleis-idcs, Ovid. Met. 
4 » v-* 5 - 

Eleon, a village of Bcsotia.—-—Another 
in Phocis. 

Eleontum, a town of the Thracian 
Cherfonefus. 

Elephantis, a poetefs who wrote laf- 
civioue verfes. Martial. 12, ep. 43 —*—A 
princefs by whom Danaus had two daughters. 

Apollod. 2.-An ifland in the river Nile, iq 

Upper Egypt, with a town of the fame name, 
which is often called Elcphantina. by fome 
authors, Strab, 1 f—Herodot. 2, c 9,&c. 

E^ephan- 


















EL 


Elepiiantopiiagi, a people of JEthio- 

pia. 

Elpiiknor, fen of Chnlcedon, was one of 
Helen’s fuitors. Homer. II. 2, v. 47. 

Eeeforus, a river of Magna Grtecin. 

Eleuchia, a daughter of 'I'hefpius. Apol- 

lod. 

Eleu-s, a city of Thrace.-A.river of 

Me !ia.-A king of Elis. Pauf. 5, c. 3. 

EleusTnia, a gieat feilival oblerved 
every fourth year by the Celeans, Phliafians, 
os alio by the Pheneatte, Lacedaemonians, 
Parrhafians, and Cretans; but more parti¬ 
cularly by the people of Athens, every fifth 
year at Eleufis in Attica, where it was in¬ 
troduced by Eumolpus, B. C. 13.56. It was 
the moll celebrated of all the religious cere¬ 
monies of Greece, whence it is often called 
by wav of eminence, /zutrrvoia, the myjleries. 
It was lb l'uperllitioufly oblerved, that if any 
one ever revealed it, it was fuppofed that he 
had called divine vengeance upon his head, - 
and it was unfafe to live in the fame houfe 
with him. Such a wretch was publicly put to 
an ignominious death, d his feilival was fa- 
cred to Ceres and Prolcrpine, every thing con¬ 
tained a myllery, and Ceres herfelf was known 
on'y by the name of u% 3 -ucc from the farrow , 
and grief (a^S 5 >) which Ihe luffered for the 
loft of her daughter. This myfterious lecrecy 
wnslolemnly oblerved, and enjoined to all the 
votaries of the goddeis; and if any one ever 
appeared at the celebration, either intention¬ 
ally, or through ignorance, without proper in¬ 
troduction, he was immediately puniihed with 
death. Parlous of both fexes and all ages were 
initiated at this lblemnity, and it was looked 
upon as lb heinous a crime to neglect this ia- 
cred part of religion, that it was one of the 
heavied acculafions which contributed to the 
condemnation of Socrates. The initiated 
were under the more particular care of the 
deities, and therefore their life was fuppoi'ed 
to be attended with more happinels and real 
fecurity than that of other men. This benefit 
was not Only granted during life, but it extend¬ 
ed beyond the grave, and they were honored 
with the lirlt places in the Elyiian fields, while 
others were left to wallow in perpetual filth 
and ignominy. As tire benefits of expiation 
were fo extenfive, particular care was taken in 
examining the character of fuch as were pre- 
feuted for initiation. Such as were guilty of 
murder,- though again it their will, and luch as 
were convibted of witchcraft, or any heinous 
crime, were not admitted, and the Athenians 
fuderod none to be mil iated but fuch as were 
members ot their city. This regulation, 
which compelled Hercules, Caltor, and Pollux, 
to become citizens of Athens, was ftricHy ob- 
ferved in the lirit ages of the inititution, but 
afterwards all perfons, barbarians excepted, 
were freely initiated. The feitivals were 
divided into greater and lels.n yileries. The 
lels were kifucuted from the following cir- 
3 


LL 

cumftance. Hercules paffed near Eleufis 
while the Athenians were celebrating the 
mylteries, and defired to be initiated. As 
this could not tie done, becaule he was a 
ftranger, pafid as Eumolpus was unwilling 
to difpleale him on account of his great 
power and the lervices which he had done 
to the Athenians, another feilival Was infti- 
tuted without violating the laws. It was' 
called fuzfct, and Hercules was folemnly ad¬ 
mitted to the celebration and initiated : Thele 
lels mytleries were oblerved at Agree near 
the lliffus. The greater were celebrated at 
Eleufis, from which olace Ceres has been called 
Eleulinia. In later times the lfnaller fetlivals 
were preparatory to the greater, and no perfon 
could be initiated at Eleufis without a previous 
purification at Agree. 1 his purification they 
performed by keeping themfclves pure, chalfe, 
and unpolluted during nine days, after which 
they came and offered lacrifices and prayers, 
wearing garlands of fiowe. s, called nrtu a, or 
ifts a., and having under their feet £uos zcahior, 
Jupiter's Jhin , which was the fkin of a victim 
offered to that god. The perfon who affiited 
was called tuipavos from udart water, which 
was uled at the purification, and they them- 
lelves were called gv'r/.i, the initiated A 
year after the ini'iutioft at the lei’s mvfteries 
they facrificed a low to Ceres, and were 
admitted in the greater, and the lecrets of die 
feitivals were folemnly revealed to them, from 
which they were called tQogdi and toroorrutt 
infpeciors. The inftitution was performed m 
-the following manner. 'Pile candidates, 
crowned with myrtle, were admitted by night 
into a place called (zvsikos anzos the mfiical 
temple, a vaft and ftupendous building. As 
they entered the temple they purified them- 
ielves by walking their hands m holy water, 
and received for admonition that they were to 
come with a mind pure and undefiled, with¬ 
out whjch the channels of the body would be 
unacceptable. After this the holy myfteries 
were read to them, from a large book called 
e:iTos>[;.u , becaule made of two ftones , •xiv^tziy 
fitly cemented together. After this the prieft, 
called U^c^Kvrr.;, propoled to them certain 
queitions, to which they readily anCwered. 
Auer this, flrange and amazing objects preient- 
ed themfelvcs to their fight, the place often 
teemed to quake, and to appear fuddenlv re- 
lplendent with fire, and immediately covered 
with gloomy darknefs and horror. Sometimes- 
thunders were heard, or llalhes of lightning 
appeared on every fide. At ocher time9 
hideous n cites and how lings were heard, and 
the trembling fpettators were alarmed bv fud- 
den and dreadful apparitions. This was called' 
intuition. After this the it it iated 
were dilnv.ffed with the barbarous words of 
zoy'i, ofirccQ. The garments in which they 
were initiated, were held {acred, and of no 
lels efficacy to avert evils than charms- 
and incantations. From this circumftance, 
v thcr fibre., 







EL 


therefore, they were never left off before they 
were totally unfit for wear, after which they 
were appropriated for children, or dedicated 
to the goddefs. The chief perl'on that at¬ 
tended at the initiation was called I tpoQxvrn;, 
the reveafsr of facred things. He was a citi¬ 
zen of Athens, and held his office during life, 
though among the Celeans and Phliafians it was 
limited to the period of four years. He was 
obliged to devote himfeif totally to the fervice 
t>f the deities; -his life was chafte and fmgle, 
and he ulually anointed his body with the 
juice of hemlock, which is laid, by its extreme 
coldnefs, to extinguiffr in a great degree, the 
natural heat. The Hierophantes had three 
attendants; the firlt was called ^ov^os, torch 
hearer , and was permitted to marry. The 
fecond was called a cryer. The third 

adminiftered at the altar, and was called o im 
Gup*. The Hierophantes is laid to have been 
a of the powerful creator of aU things, 
Auoou^og of the fun, Krgvt, of Mercury, and 
o t-Tt fcufjLu of the moon. There were be- 
iides thefe other inferior officers who took-' 
particular care that every thing was performed 
according to cuftom. The firlt of thefe, called 
{bctffiXivf, was one of the Archons; he offered 
prayers and facrifices, and took care that 
there was no indecency or irregularity during 
the celebration. Befides him there were four 
others called teriptiKnrut, curators, elected by 
the people. One of them was cholen from 
the facred family of the Eumolpidte, the other 
was one of the Ceryces, and the reft were from 
among the citizens. There were all'o ten per¬ 
sons who affifted at this and every ether fefti- 
val, called Itgoorotoi. becaufe they offered fact i- 

f.es. -Phis feltivjl was obferved in the 

month Boediomion or September, and con¬ 
tinued nine days, from the i^th till the 23d. 
During that time it was unlawful to arreft any 
man, or prefent any petition, on pain of for¬ 
feiting a thoufand drachmas, or, according to 
others, on pain of death. It was alfo unlaw¬ 
ful for thole who were initiated to fit upon 
the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, or 
wenzels. If any woman rode to Eleufis in a 
chariot. Hie was obliged by an edidVof I.y- 
curgus to pay 6oco drachmas. 1 he defign 
of this law was to deftroy all diftin&ion between 
the richer and poorer l'ort of citizens.—The 
fir ft day of the celebration was called uyo^pcog, 
affembly , as it might be laid that the worlhip- 
pers- firlt met together. The fccond day was 
called & ptuzcii, to the fea, you that are 
initiated , becaule they were commanded to 
purify themfelves. by bathing in the lea. On 
the third day facrifices, and chiefly a rpullet, 
were offered ; as alfo barley from a field of 
Eleufis. Thefe oblations were called ©i/«, 
and held fo facred that the prielts themfelves 
were not, as in other facrifices, permitted to 
partake of them. On the fourth day they 
,in-.de a folemn proceftion, in which the 
holy bajiet of Ceres , wa* car lied 


Et 

about in a eonfecrated cart, while otl iverf 
fide the people lhouted x KI $ s Awftnrtg, HttH 
Ceres ! After thefe followed women, called 
xi?o<po£oi who carried bafkets, in which were 
felamum, carded wool, grains of lalt, a ferpent, 
pomegranates, reeds, ivy boughs, certain 
cakes, &c. The fifth was called H ra* 
XctpteruSaiv bi/tctpa, the torch day , becaule on th® 
following night the people ran about with, 
torches in their hands. It was itfual to dedi¬ 
cate torches to Ceres, and contend which 
(hould offer the biggeft in commemoration of 
the travels of the goddefs, and of her lighting 
a torch in the flames of mount i£tna. The 
fixth day was called lax%og, from lacchus, the 
Ion of Jupiter and Ceres, who accompanied 
his mother in her fearch of Proierpine, with a 
torch in his hand. From that circumftance his 
ftatue had a torch in its hand, and was carried 
in folemn proceftion from the Ceramicus to 
Eleufis. The ftatue, with thofe that accom¬ 
panied it, called I ax%aya>yo{, were crowned 
with myrtle. In the way nothing was heal'd 
but finging and the nolle of brazen kettles, as 
the votaries danced along. The way througli 
which they ifiued from the city was called Up* 
ch;, the facred nvay ; the refting place Up* 
trvKti, from a fig-tree which grew in the neigh¬ 
bourhood. They alfo flopped on abridge over 
the Cephifus, where they derided thole that 
paffecl by. After they had pafied this bridge 
they entered Eleufis by a place called fcutr]iX7i 
iurobog, the myfilcal entrance. On the leventh 
day were fports, in which the vi£tors were 
rewarded with a mealure of barley, as that grain 
had been firlt fown in Eleufis. '1 he eighth day 
was called Jueribauptcov yuspec, becaufe once 
TElculapius, at his return from Epidaurus to 
Athens, was initiated by the repetition of the 
lels myfteries. It became cuftomary, there¬ 
fore, to celebrate them a fecond time upon this, 
that fuch as had not hitherto been initiated 
might be lawfully admitted. I he 9^ ar, d laft 
day of the feftival was called TlXvuo x eeu * 
earthen vejfels , becaule it was ufual to fill two 
fuch veffels with wine, one of which being 
placed towards the ealt, and the other towards 
the weft, which, after the repetition of feme 
myllical words, were both thrown down, and 
the wine being fpilt on the ground was offered 
as a libation. Such was the manner of cele¬ 
brating the Eieufininn myfteries, which have 
been deemed the molt facred and folemn of 
all the feltivals obferved by the Greeks. Some 
have fuppofed them to be obfeene and abomin¬ 
able, and that from thence proceeded all the 
myfterious lecrecy. They were carried from 
Eleufis to Rome in the age of Adrian, where 
they were obferved with the fame ceremonies 
as before, though perhaps with more freedom 
and licentioufnefs. They halted about r 8 oo 
years, and were at la ft abolilhed by Theodofius 
the Great. JEJian. V . H. 12 , c. 24 Cic. Je 
Lea. a, c. l^—Paif. io, c. 3E &c .—Pint, 

* T Ej»eu»]Si 




EL 


EL 


Elf.usis, or Elsusxn, a town of Attica, 
equally dittant from Megara and the Piraeus, 
celebrated for the feftivals of Ceres. \Vid 
Eleufinia.] It was founded by Triptolemus. 
Ovid. 4. Fajl. 5, v. 507.— Pduf. 9, c. 24. 

Eleuther, a fon of Apollo.-One of 

the Curetes, from whom a town of Bceotia, 
and another in Crete, received their name. 
Pi. uf. 9, c. 2 Sc 19. 

■Eleutherje, a village of Bceotia, between 
Alegar a and Thebes, where Mardoftiiis was 
defeated with 300,000 men. Plin. 4, c. 7. 1 . 
34, f. 8, 

Eleltiikria, a feftival celebrated at 
Platsea in honor of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the 
aflertor of liberty, by delegates from almoit 
all the cities of Greece. Its inftitution ori¬ 
ginated in this ; after the vittorv obtained 
by the Grecians under Paufanias over M<jr- 
donius the Perfian general, in the country of 
Plataea, an altar avd llatue were erected to 
Jupiter Eleutherius, who had Jreed the 
Greeks from the tyranny of the barbarians. 
It was lurther agreed upon in a general af- 
fembly, by the advice of Aridities the A- 
thenian, that deputies ftiould be lent every 
fifth year from the different cities of Greece 
to celebrate Eleutheria fjlivals of liberty. 
The Plataeans celebrated alio an aftniverfarv 
feftival in memory of'thofe who had lott then- 
lives in that famous battle. The celebration 
was thus : At break of day a protellion was 
made with a trumpeter at the head, founding a 
fignal for battle. After him followed cha¬ 
riots loaded with myrrh, garlands, and a Hack 
bull, and certain free young men, as no ligns 
of lervility were to appear during the l'olem- 
»ity, bccaufe they in whole honor the feftival 
was inftitutcd had died in the defence of their 
country. They carried libations of wine and 
milk in large eared vefTelswith jars of oil and 
precious ointments. I.aft of all appeared the 
chief magiftrate, who though not permitted 
at othfer times to touch iron, or wear gar¬ 
ments of any color but white, yet appeared 
clad in purple; and taking a water pot out 
«tf the city chamber, proceeded through the 
middle of the town with a lword in his hand, 
towards the lepulchres. There he drew wa¬ 
ter from a neighbouring fpring, and wafhed 
and anointed the monuments; after JwhrchTie 
iacrificed a hull upon a pile of wood, invoking 
Jupiter and infernal Mercury, and inviting to 
the entertainment the fouls of thole happy 
heroes who had perilled in the defence of 
their country. After this he filled a howl with 
wine, faying, 1 drink to thole who loft their 
lives in the defence of the liberties of Greece. 
There wasalfo a feftival of the lame name ob- 
ferved by the Samians in honor of the god of 
i .ove. Slaves alfo, when they obtained their 
liberty, kept a holiday which they called Eleu- 
ihtria. 

SIXTHS!, a ftiimn'e wf Juho Lusina 


from her pi'eliding over the delivery of preg¬ 
nant women. P'lrtdar. 0 ymp. 6. 4 

Ei eutherocilices, a people of Cilicia, 
never fubjeft to kings. Cic. 15, ad Fam. ep. 
4. 1 . 5, ad Att .2 0. J * 

Eleutiikros, a river of Syria, falling into 
the Mediterranean. Plin. 9, c. 10. 

Elicius, a lurname of Jupiter, worfhipped 
on mount Aventine. Ovid. Faf. 3, v 328. 

Eliensjs & Eliaca, a fe<ft of philofo. 
phers founded by I 3 h ted on of Elis, who was 
originally a (lave, but reftored to liberty by 
Alcibiades. Diog. — Hr ah. 

Kfimea, or Eumiotis, a diftrift of Ma¬ 
cedonia, or of Illyrieum according to others. 
Liv. 42, c. 53. 1. 45» c. 3 a 

Elis, a country of Peloponnelus at the 
weft of Arcadia, and north of Mcflenia, ex¬ 
tending along the coaft, and watered by the 
river Alpheus. The capital of the country 
called Elis, now Belvidere , became large and 
populous in the age of Demofthe,nes, though 
ifi the age of Homer it did not exift. It was 
originally governed by kings, and received its 
name from EJeus, one of its monarchs Elis 
was famous for the horl'es it produced, whofe 
celerity was lb often known and tried at the 
Olympic games. Strab. 8.— Plin. 4, c. 5.— 
Pauf 5.-— Ovid Met. 5, V. 494.— Cic.Fam. 
13 , ep. 26.de Div. 2, C. 12. — Liv. 27,0.32. 
— Virg. G. l,v. 59.I.3, v. 202. 

Eli ph a six, a people of Peloponnefus. 
Polyb. 11. 

Ei.issa, a queen of Tyre, more com¬ 
monly known by the name ol Dido. Vid, 
Dido! 

Ei.issus, a rive r of Elis. 

Ellopia, a town of Eubcca.-An an¬ 

cient name of that ifland. 

Elorus, a river of Sicily on the eaftern 
coaft called after a king of the fame name* 
herodot. 7, c. 145. 

ELOs,acityof Achaia, called after a ier- 
vant maid of Athamas of the lame name. 

Elotje, rid. Belotte. 

Ei.I’Enor, one of the companions of U- 
lyftes, changed into a hog by Circe’s potions, 
ard afterwards reftored to his former lhape. 
He fell from the top of a houfie where he was 
(leeping, and was killed. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 
252. — Homer. Od. 10, v. 552. 1. II, V. 51. 

F.lpinTce, a daughter of Miltiades, who 
married a man that premifed to releale from 
confinement her brothel and lnilband, whom 
the laws of Athens had made refponfible for 
the line impoled on his father. C. Nep. in 
Cim. 

EluI^a, 3furname of Ceres. 

Elyces, a man killed by Perfcus. Ovid. 
Met. 5, fab. 3. 

Elymais, a country of Perfia, between 
the Perfxin gulf and Media. The capital of 
the country was called Elymais, and was fa¬ 
mous for a rich temple of Diwia, which An- 

woclvus 





EM 


EN 


tiocluis Epipjianes attempted to plunder. Tiie 
Efymeans aflifted Antiochus the Great in his 
wars againtt the Romans. None of their 
kings are named in hiftory. Strabo. 

Elymi, a nation delcended from the Tro¬ 
jans, in alliance with the people of Carthage. 
?auf IC, C. 8. 

Ei.ymus, a man at the court of Aceftes in 
Sicily. Vitg JEn. 5, v. 73. 

Ei.yrus, a town of Crete. Id. 10, c 16. 

Elysium, & Elysii Cam pi, a place or 
iflahd in the infernal regions, where according 
to the mythology of the anticnts, the l'ouls of 
the virtuous were placed after death. There 
liappinefs was complete, the pleafures were in¬ 
nocent and refined. Bowers for ever green, 
delightful meadows with plealant dreams were 
the melt ftriking objects, i he air was whole- 
fome, ferene, and temperate; the birds con¬ 
tinually warbled in the groves, and the inhabi¬ 
tant-. were blefled with another fun and other 
ftars. The employment of the heroes who 
dwelt in thefe regions of bills were various; 
the manes of Achilles are reprelented as wa¬ 
ging war with the wild beads, while the Tro¬ 
jan chiefs are innocently exercifing themfelves 
in managing hori'es, or in handling arms. To 
thefe innocent amufements tome poets have 
added continual leading and revelry, and they 
fuppofe that the Elvfian lields were tilled with 
all the incontinence and voluptuoulnefs which 
could gratify the low defires of the debauchee. 
The Llyfian fields were, according to lbme, in 
the Fortunate Illands on the coalts of Africa, in 
the Atlantic. Others place them in the ifland 
of Leuce; and, according to the authority of 
Virgil, they were fituate in Italy. According 
to Lucian, they were near the moon; or in 
the centre of the earth if we believe Plutarch. 
J'i rtr, JEn. 6, v. 638. — Homer. OJ. 4— Pin- 
Jar.- — Tibuil. I, el. 3, v. 57. — Lucian. — Plut. 
Jc Confol. 

Emathia, a name given anciently, and 
particularly by the poets, to the countries 
which formed the empires of Macedonia and 
ThelTaly. Hirg. G. 1, v. 492. h 4 > v - o 9 °*— 
Lucan. 1, v. I. 1 . 10, v. 50. 1 . 6, v. 620. 1 . 7, 
v. 427.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 314. 

Em at mo n, a foil of Titan and Aurora, 
who reigned in Macedonia. 1 he country was 
called Emathia from his name. Some fup- 
poi'e that he was a famous robber dedroyed 
by Hercules. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 313.— JuJlin 

•7, c. 1.-A man killed at the nuptials of 

Pcrfeus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. J, v. 
ICO. 

Emathion, a man killed in the wars of 
Tumus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 37 

EmbXtwm, a place «f Afia, oppofite 
Chios. 

EmboeIma, a town of India. Cur*. 8, 

c. 12. 

Emekita, a town of Spain, famous for 
dying wool. Phv. 9, c. 41. 

' Em ess a & Emissa, a towa of Phcnicia. 


Emoda, a mountain of India. 

Empedocles, a philofopher, poet, and 
hiftoriau of Agrigentum in Sicily, who Ho- 
rifhed 444. B. C. He was the dilciple of Te- 
lauges the Pythagorean, and warmly adopted 
the dodrine of transmigration. He wrote a 
poem upon the opinions of Pythagoras, very 
much commended, in which lie l'poke of the 
various bodies which nature had given him. 
He was firft a girl, afterwards a boy, a dirub, 
a bird, a fifh, and laftly Empedocles. His 
poetry was bold and animated, and his verles 
were lb univerfally efteemed, that they were 
publicly recited at the Olympic games with 
thole of Homer and Hefiod. Empedocles was 
no Id's remarkable for his humanity and Ibcial 
virtues than for his learning. He (hewed him- 
felf an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and 1 - 
ful'ed to become the l'overeign of his country. 
He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often alle¬ 
viated the anxieties of his mind as well as the 
pains of his body with mufic. It is reported 
that his curiofity to vifit the flames of the 
crater of A£tna, proved fatal to him. Some 
maintain that he wilhed it to he believed that 
he was a god, and that his death might be un¬ 
known, he threw himfelf into the crater and 
perilhed in the flames. His expectations, 
however, were fruflrated, and the volcano by 
throwing up one of his fandnls, dilcovered to 
the world that Empedocles had perilhed by 
fire. Others report that he lived to an ex¬ 
treme old age, and that he was drowned in die 
lea. Horat. I, cp. 12, v. 20.— Cic. dc Orui. 
I, C. 50, &C.— Diog. in vita. 

EmperAmus, a Lacedaemonian general in 
the l'econd Meflenian war. 

Empoclus, an hiftoriau. 

EmpSrxa Punica, certain places near die 

Syrtes. 

Emporia, a town of Spain in Catalonia 
now Ampurias. Liv, 34> c * 9 anc ^ ^ 
c. 19. 

EncelXdus, a fon of I it an and 1 erra, 
the moft powerful of all the giants who con- 
lpired againft Jupiter. He was (truck with 
Jupiter’s thunders, and overwhelmed under 
mount ./Etna. Some luppofe that he is the 
lame as Typhon. According to the poets, 
the flames of ./Etna proceeded from the breath 
of Enceladus; and as often as he turned his 
weary fide, the whole illand of Sicily felt the 
motion, and (hook from its very foundations. 

Vir". JEn . 3, V. 5/8, life, - A Ion of 

Aigyutus. 

Excheleje, a town of Illyricum, where 
Cadmus was changed into a lerpent. Lucan . 
3, v. 189.— Strab. 7. 

Endeis, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. 
She married iEacus king of Aigina, by whom 
(he had Peleus and Telamon. Ppuf. 2, c. 29. 
— Aptllod. 3, c. 12. 

Endera, a place of ./Ethiopia. 

Endymion, a fhephevd. Ion of A^olius 
and Calyca. It u laid that he required of Ju- 
T * l'b-w 





plter to grant to him to be always, young, and 
to fleep as much he would; whence came 
the proverb of Endymionis forttnum dormire , to 
exprefs a long fleep. Diana flaw him naked 
as he flept on mount Latinos, and was To 
ftruck with his beauty that fhe came down 
from heaven every night to enjoy his company. 
Endymiort-married Chromia, daughter of Ito- 
nus, or according to fome, Hyperipne, daughter 
of Areas, by whom he had three fons, Paeon, 
Epeus, and iEolus, and a daughter called Eu- 
rydice; and fo little ambitious did he fliew 
himielf of lovereignty, that he made his crown 
the prize of the belt racer among his fons, an 
honorable diftinction which was gained by 
Epeus. The fable of Endymion’s amours with 
Diana, or the moon, arifes from his knowledge 
of aftronomy, and as he patted the night on 
fome. high mountain, to obfervfe the heavenly 
bodies, it has been reported that he was courted 
by the moon. Some fuppofa that there were 
two of that name, the fon of a king of Elis, 
and the Ihepherd or aftronomer of Caria. 
The people of ITeraclea maintained that En~ 
dymion died on mount Latmos, and the Eleans 
pretended to drew his tomb at Olympia in 
Peloponnefus. Propert. z, el. 25.— Cic. Tufc. 

1. — Juv. 10.— —Theocrit. 3* —P a uf. 5, c. 1. 1 . 

6, c. 20. 1 

Eneti, or HeneTi, a people near Pa- 
phlagonia. 

Engyum, now Gangi, a town of Sicily 
freed from tyranny by Timoleon. Cic. Per. 
3, c. 43. 1 . 4, c. 44.— Ital. 14, v. 250. 

Enienses, a people of Greece. 

Enxopeus, a charioteer of Hector, killed 
by Diomedes. Homer. II. 8, v. 120. 

En.ipeus, a river of 1 'heffaly flowing near 

Pharfaiia. Lucan. 6, v. 373.- A river of 

Elis in Peloponnefus, of which Ty ro the 
daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. 
Neptune aflumed the thape of the river god to 
enjoy the company of Tyro, Ovid. Am. 3, 
el. 5*— Strab . 

Enispe, a town of Arcadia . ’Pauf. 8, c. 

* 5 - 

Enna, llow Cajlro fanni, a town in the 
middle of Sicily, with a beautiful plain, where 
Proflerpine was carried away by Pluto. Mela , 

2, c. 7.— Cic. Per. 3, c. 49 1. 4, c. 104.— 
Ovid. Fuji. 4, v. 522.— Liv. 24, c. 37. 

Ennia, was the wife of Macro, and after¬ 
wards of the emperor Caligula. Tacit. Ann. 
6 , c. 45. 

Q. Ennius, an ancient poet, born at Ru~ 
dii in Calabria. He obtained the name and 
privileges of a Rbman citizen by his genius 
and the brilliancy of his learning. His ftyle is 
rough and unpolifhed, but his defects, which 
are more particularly attributed to the age in 
which he lived, have been fully compenfated 
by the energy of his expreffions and the fire of 
his poetry. Quintilian warmly commends 
*:m, and Virgil has Ihewn. his merit hy pitro- 
many whole dines from bis poetry into 


his own competitions, which he calls pearls 
gathered from the dunghill. Ennius wrote in 
heroic verfe 18 books of the annals of the 
Roman republic, and difplayed much know¬ 
ledge of the world in fome dramatical and fa- 
tirical competitions. He died of the gout, 
contracted by frequent intoxication, about 169 
years before the Chriftian sera, in the 70th 
year of his age. Ennius was intimate with,the 
great men of his age; he accompanied Cato in 
his queftorfhip in Sardinia, and was efteemed 
by him of greater value than the honors of a 
triumph; and Scipio, on his death-bed, or¬ 
dered his body to be buried by the fide of his 
poetical friend. This epitaph was Paid to be 
written upon him l 

Afpicite, 0 cives, fenis Ennii imaginis formant! 

Hie vejlrum pinxit maxima fadla pat rum. 
Nemo me lacrymis decoret , neque funera fetu 

Faxit; cur ? volito vivus per ora virum. 

Confcious of his merit as the firft epic poet of 
Rome, Ennius bellowed on himielf the appeb- 
lation of the Homer of Latium. Of the tra¬ 
gedies, comedies, annals, and fatires which he 
wrote, nothing remains but fragments happily ■ 
collected from the quotations of ancient au« ! 
thors. The belt edition of thefe is by Heffe- 1 
lius, 4to. Amft. 1707. Ovid. 2, Trijl. v. j 
424.— Cic. de Ftnib . I, c. 4, de Ojfc. 2, c. 18. 
— Quintil. IO, c. I. — Lucret. I, v. 117, &C.-~• 
C. Nep.in Catone. 

Ennomus, a Trojan prince killed by ; 
Achilles. Homer. II. 2, v. 365, 1 . 11. v. 422; ] 

Ennosig^eus, terra concuffor, a furname 
of Neptune, 10, v. 182. 

E vo pe, a town of Peloponnefus, near Pylos. 
Par/. 3, c. 26. 

Enops, a Ihepherd loved by the nymph 
Nets, by whom he had Satnius. Homer. II , 

14.-The father of Theltos.-A Trojan 

killed by Patroclus. II. 16. 

Enos, a maritime town of Thrace. 

Enosichthon, a furname of Neptune. 

Enotocgetje, a nation whofe ears are 
deferibed as hanging down to their heels, 1 
Strab. 

Entella, a town of Sicily inhabited by ; 
Campanians. Ital. 14, v. 205.— Cic. Per. 3, 1 

c ‘ 43- V ] 

EnTellus, a famous athlete among die 
friends of iEneas He was intimate with- 
Eryx, and entered the lifts againlt Dares 
whom he conquered in the funeral games :V of 
Anchifes, in Sicily. Pirg. JEn. 5, v. 387, 
*&c. 

Emyalicfs, a furname of Mars. 

En yo, a lifter of Mars, called by the La¬ 
tins Bellpna, fuppofed by fome to be daughter 
of Phorcys and Ceto. Ital. 10, v, 203. 

Eone, a daughter of Thefptus. Apollod. 

Lord.’ea, a diftricl at the weft of Mace¬ 
donia. Liv. 31, c. 39. 1 . 33, c. 8. 1 . 42, 
c. 5*3 • 

Eos, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, 

whence 





EP 


EP 


whence the epithet Eous is applied to all the 
eaftcrn parts of the world Ovid. Fa/I. 3,, v. 
406. A. A. 3, v. 537. 1 . 6, v. 478 .t ->7 rg. G. 
i> v. 288.I. 2, v. 115. 

Eous, one of the horfes of the fun. Ovid. 
Met. 2,v. 153, Sec. 

EpAgris, one of the Cyclades, called by 
Ariftotle Hydruffa. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Epaminondas, a famous Theban de¬ 
fended from the ancient kings of Bceotia. 
His father’s name was Polymnus. He has 
been celebrated for his private virtues and mi 
litary accomplifhments. His love of truth was 
to great that he never difgraced himfelf by 
fall'ehood. He formed a moll facred and in¬ 
violable friendlhip with Pelopidas, whofe life 
he laved in a battle. By his advice Pelopidas 
delivered Thebes from the power of La- 
ceda?mon. This was the fignal of war. Epa- 
minondas was fet at the head of the Theban 
armies, and defeated the Spartans at the cele¬ 
brated battle of Leudra, about 3 71 years 
B. C. Epaminondas made a proper ufe of 
this vidorious campaign, and entered the ter¬ 
ritories of Lacedsemon with 50,000 men. Here 
he gained many friends and partizans; but at 
his return to Thebes he was l'eized as a traitor 
for violating the laws of his country. While 
he was making the Theban arms victorious on 
every fide, he negleded the law which forbad 
any citizen to retain in his hands the lupreme 
power more than one month, and all his emi¬ 
nent lervices feemed unable to redeem him 
from death. He paid implicit obedience to 
the laws of his country, and only begged of 
his judges that it might be hjfcribed on his 
tomb that he had fuffered death for faving his 
country from ruin. This animated reproach 
was felt ; he was pardoned, and inverted again 
with the ibvereign power. He was fuccefsful 
in a war in Thefialy, and aliifted the Eleans 
againlt the .Lacedaemonians. The hoftile ar- 
jnies met near Mantinea, and while Epami¬ 
nondas was bravely'fighting in the thickeft of 
the enemy, he received a fatal wound in the 
breaft, and expired exclaiming that he died 
pneonquered, when he heard that the Boeoti¬ 
ans obtained the victory, in the 4,8th year of 
his age, 363 years before Chrift. The The¬ 
bans feverely lamented his death ; in him their 
power was extinguilhed, for only during his 
life they had enjoyed freedom and indepen¬ 
dence among the Grecian Hates. Epaminon¬ 
das was frugal as well as virtuous, and he re¬ 
futed with indignation the rich prefents which 
were offered to him by Artaxerxes the king'of 
Perfin. He is reprefented by his biographer 
as an elegant dancer and a fkilful mufician, ac¬ 
compli fliments highly erteemed among his 
countrymen. Pint, in Parall. — C. Nep. in 
vita. — Xenopb. Qutfft. Grac. —r Diotf. 15 .• — 
folyb. I. 

Epantelii, a people of Italy. 

EpapiirodTtus, a freed man punifhed with 
death for alerting I'fero to tieftioy Imnlelf, 


Suet, in Ker. -A freed man of Auguflus 

lent to l'py Cleopatra. Pint. -A name 

affirmed by Sylla. 

Epaphus, a fon of Jupiter and Io, who 
founded a city in Egypt, which he called 
Memphis, in honor of his wife, who was the 
daughter of the Nile. He had a daughter 
called Libya, who became mother of AEgyptus 
and Danaus by Neptune. He was worfhipped 
as a god at Memphis. Hcrodof. 2, c. 153,— 

, Ovid. Met. I, v. 699, Sec. 

Epasnactus, a Gaul in alliance with 
Rome, Sec. Ceef Bel .G. 8, c. 44. 

Epebolus, a foothlayer of Meffenia, who 
prevented Aiiftodemusfrom obtaining the fo- 
vereignty. Pauf. 4, c. 9, &c. 

Epei and Elei, a people of Peloponnefus. 
Pdn. 4, c. 5. 

Epetium, now Fifcio, a town of lllyricum. 

Epeus, a fon of Endyimon, brother to 
Pteon, who reigned in a part of Peloponnefus. 
His fubjeCts were called from him Epei. 

Pauf. 5, c. 1.-A fon ofPanopeus, who was 

the fabricator of the famous wooden horl'e 
which proved the ruin of Troy. Virg. JEn. 
2 , v. 264.— Jitfin. 20, c. 2.— Pauf. IO, C. 26. 

Ephesus, a city of Ionia, built as Juftin 
mentions, by the Amazons, or by Andro- 
chus, ton of Codrus, according to Strabo; 
or by Ephefus, a fon of the river Cayfter. 
It is famous for a temple of Diana, which 
was reckoned one of the l'even wonders of the 
world. This temple was 425 feet long and 
200 feet broad. The roof was fupported by 
127 columns, fixty feet high, which had been 
placed there by lb many kings. Of thefe 
columns, 36 were carved in the moft beautiful 
manner, one of which was the work of the fa¬ 
mous Scopas. This celebrated building was not 
totally completed till 220 years after its foun¬ 
dation. C'tefiphon was the chief architect. 
There was above the entrance a huge ftone, 
which,' according to Pliny, had been placed 
there by Diana herfelf." The riches which 
were in the temple were immenfe, and the 
goddefs who prefided over it was worfhipped 
with the mail awful folemnity. This cele¬ 
brated temple' was burnt on the night that 
Alexander was born, [Fid. Eroltratus] and 
loon after it role from its ruins with more 
fplcndor and magnificence. Alexander offered 
to rebuild it at his own expence, if the Ephe- 
fians would place upon it an infeription which 
denoted the name of the benefadlor. This 
generous offer was refilled by the Ephefians, 
who oblerved in the language of adulation, 
that it was improper that one deity lliould 
raife temples to the other. Lyfirnachus or¬ 
dered the town of Ephefus to be called Arfinoe, 
in honor of his y/ife ; but after his death the 
new appellation was loft, and the toyq was 
again known by its antient name. Though 
modern authors are not agreed about the qn- 
j cient ruins pf this once famed city, fome have 
; ^iven the tarKuous name of to what 


t 





they conjecture to be the remains ofEphefus. 
The words liter* Epheftce are applied to letters 
containing magical powers. Flirt. 36, c. 14.— 
Strab. 12 & 14. — Mela, I, C. 17. — Pavf. 7, 
C. 2.— Flirt, in Alex. — Jufin.2, c. 4.— Callim. 
in Dian. — Ptol. 5. — Cie. de Nat. D. 2. 

Ephetje, a number of magiftrates at Athens 
firft militated by Demophcon, the fon of 
Thefeus. T hey were reduced to the number 
of 51 by Draco, who according to fome, firft 
eftablifhed them. They were fuperior to the 
Areopagites, and their privileges were great 
and numerous. Solon, however, leflened their 
power, and entrufted them only with the trial 
©f manflaughter and cenlpiracy againft the life 
of a citizen. They were all more than fifty 
years old, and it was required that their man¬ 
ners fhould be pure and innocent, and their 
behaviour auftere and full of gravity. 

Ephialtes or Ephialtus, a giant, fon 
©f Neptune, who grew nine inches every 
month. [Fid Aloeus.]-An Athenian fa¬ 

mous for his courage and ftrength. He fought 
with the Perlians againft Alexander, and was 

killed at Halicarnaftus. Diod. 17.-A Tra- 

chinian who led a detachment of the army of 
Xerxes by a i'ecret path to attack the Spartans 
at Thermopylae. Pauf. 1, c. 4.— Ilcrodot. 7, 
c. 

Ephori, powerful magifirates at Sparta, 
who were firlt created byl.ycurgus; or, ac¬ 
cording to l'ome by Thecpompus, 13 . C. 760. 
They were five in number. Like cenfors in 
the ttate, they could check and reftrain the 
authority of the kings, and even imprifon 
them, if guilty of irregularities. They fined 
Archidamus for marrying a wife of fmall fta- 
turc, and impritoned Agis for his unconftitu- 
tionalbehaviour. They were much the fame 
as the tribunes of the people at Rome, created 
to watch with a jealous eye over the liberties 
and rights of the populace. 7 hey had the 
management of the public money, and were 
the arbiters of peace and war. Their office 
was annual, and they had the privilege of con¬ 
vening, proroguing, and diffblving the greater 
snd lefs aflemblies of the people. The former 
was compofed of 9000 Spartans, all inhabi¬ 
tants of the city ; the latter of 33,000 Lace¬ 
daemonians, inhabitants of the inferior towns 
and villages. C. Ncp. in Pauf. ,3. '—Arijlot. 
Pol. 2, C. 7. 

EpnoRus,an orator and hiftoria-n of Cumae 
in ^Eolia, about 352 years before Chrift. He 
was difciple to liberates, by whofe advice he 
wrote an hiftory which gave an account of all 
the adions and battles that had happened be¬ 
tween the Greeks and barbarians for 750 
years. It was greatly efteemed by the an¬ 
cients. It is now loft. Ouintil. 10, c. I. 

Ephyra, the ancient name of Corinth, 
which it received from a nymph of the fame 
name, and thence Epbyreus is applied to 
Dyrrhachium, founded by a Grecian colony 
Virg. G% 2, v. 264.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 239.-— 


ucan 6, v. IJ.—Stat. Thtb. 4, v. 59.— hul. 

,v. 181.-A city of Threfpotw in Epirus. 

—.—Another in Elis.-VEtolia.-One of 

Gyrene’s attendants. Virg. G. 4, v. 343. 

Epicaste, a name of Joeafta the mother 

and wife of CEdipus. Pnf 9> c. 5.-A 

daughter of iEgeus, mu.ther of Thelialus by 
Hercules. 

Epicerides, a man of Cyiene, greatly 
^deemed by the Athenians for lys beneficence. 

Demojl. 

EpiciiXris, a woman accufed of confpiracy 
againft Nero. She refuted to cpnfel's the aiio- 
ciates of her guilt, though exposed to the 
greatelt tprments, &c. Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 51. 

EiucHARMys, a poet and Pythagorean 
philofopher pf Sicily, who introduced comedy 
at Syracufe, in the reign of Hiero. His com- 
pofitions were imitated by Plautus, He wrote 
l'ome treadles upon phjlpfophy and medicine, 
and obleryed that the gods fold all their kind- 
nefTes for toil and labor. According to Arif- 
totle and Pliny, he added the two letters 
and $ to the Greek alphabet- He flprilhed 
about 440 years before Chrift, and died iq 
the 90th year pf his age. Jfo-at. 2, ep 1, 
V. j8.— Diog. 3 & 8.— Cic . ad Attic. I, ep. 

19. 

Emcees, 4 Trojan prince killed py Ajax. 
Jfqmer. Jl. 12, v, 378. 

EpiclXdes, a Lapedaemcnian of the family 
of the Eurylthemdae. He was railed to the 
throne by his brother C leomenes 3d. in the 
place of ^.gis, againft the laws and conftitutioq 
of Sparta. Pauf. 2, c. 9. 

Epicrates, 4 Milefiap, fervant to Jf. 

•Caelbr.-A poet of A mbracia. Milan. 

The name is applied to Pompey, as expreiliv? 
of fujireme authority. Cic. ad Alt. 2, ep. 3. 

Epictetus, a htoic philofopher of Hiero- 
polis in Phrygia, originally the Have of Epa- 
phroditus, the freednmn of Nero. Though 
driven from Rome by Domitiart, he returned 
after the emperor’s death, and gained the 
efteem of Adrian and Marcus Aurelius. Lijcp 
the Stoics he fupported the dodrine of the 
immortality of the l'oul, but he declared him-, 
felf llrongly againft luicide, which was lo 
warmly adopted by his led. He died in a 
very advanced age. The earthen lamp of 
which he made ufe, was ibid fome time after 
his death at 300 drachmas. His Enchiridion 
is a faithful picture of the ftoic philofophy, 
and his differtations which were delivered to 
his pupils, were colleded by Arrian. His 
ftyle is concife and devoid of all orqament, full 
of energy and ufeful maxims. The value of 
his compofitions is well known from the laying 
of the'emperor Antoninus, who thanked tho 
gods he could colled from the writings of 
Epidetus wherewith to condud life with honor 
to himfelf and advantage to his country. 
There are feveral good editions of the works 
of Epidetus, with thofe of Cebes and others; 
the molt valuable of which, perhaps, will be 

found 







fc>und to be that of Relmdj Trajett. 4to. 
1711 ; and Arrian’s by Upton, 2 vols. 4to. 
Lond. 1739. 

EricuRus, a celebrated philofopher, Ton of 
Neocles and Chereltrata,born at Gargettus in 
Attica, Though his parents were poor and 
ot an obfcure origin, yet he was early lent to 
fthool, where he didinguilhed himlelf by the 
brilliancy of his genius, and at the age of 12, 
when his preceptor repeated to him this verfe 
from Hefiud, 

hrst f&iy 'rwrica. X u ^ &C. 

In the beginning nj things the Chaos ivas 
created1 

Epicurus earnedly afked him who created it ? 
To this the teacher aniwered that he knew 
not but only philofophers. “ Then,” lays 
the youth, “ philofophers henceforth lhall in- 
llruct me.” After having improved himlelf, 
and enriched his mind hv travelling. Ire vilited 
Athens, -w hich was then crowded by the fol¬ 
lowers of Plato, the Cynics, the Peripatetics, 
«tnd the Stoics. Here he eftahliihed himlelf 
and foon ,t trailed a number of followers hv 
the fweetnels and gravity of his manners, and 
by his Modal virtues. He taught them that 
the happinefs of mankind confilted in nleafure, 
net luch as arilcs from feulual gratification, or 
from vice, but from the enjoyments of the 
mind, and the l'weets of virtue This doc 
trine was warmly attacked by the philofophers 
of the different l'eds, and particularly by the 
Stoics. They obferved that he dilgraced the 
gods by representing them as inactive, given 
up to plcafure, and unconcerned with the af¬ 
fairs of mankind. He refuted all the ac- 
cufutmis of his adversaries hv the purity of his 
morals, and by his frequent attendance on 
places of public worfhip. When Leontium, 
one of his female pupils, was accul'ed of pro- 
Hituting herfejf to her mailer and to all his dif- 
ciples, the philofopher proved the falfity of 
the acculation by filence and an exemplary 
life. His health was at laff impaired by cot> 
tinual labor and he died of a retention of 
urine which long fuhjeded him to the moll 
excruciating torments, and which he bore with 
unparalleled fortitude. His death happeued 
2.70 years before diriff, in the 72d year of 
his age. His difciples llxewed their rei'peil for 
the memory of their learned preceptor, by 
the unanimity which prevailed among them. 
While philofophers in every feil were at war 
with mankind and among themfelves, the fol¬ 
lowers of Epicurus enjoyed perfect peace, and 
lived in the molt folid friendlhip. I he day of 
his birth was oblerved with univerfal feftivity, 
and during a month all his admirers gave 
themfelves up to mirth and innocent amu le¬ 
nient. Of all the philofophers of antiquity, 
Epicurus is the only one whole writings de¬ 
serve attention for their number He wrote 
no lels than 300. volumes, according to Dio¬ 


genes Laertius; and Chryfippus was fo jealous 
of the fecundity of his genius, that no l'ooner 
had Epicurus publithed one of his volumes, 
than he immediately compofed one, that he 
might not he overcome in the number of his 
productions. Epicurus, however, advanced 
truths aifd arguments unknown before; but 
Chryfippus laid, what others long ago had faid, 
without (hewing anv thing which might be 
called originality. The followers of Epicurus 
were numerous in every age and country, his 
doctrines were rapidly dilfemiuated over the 
world, and when the gratification of the lenle 
was fubllituted to the practice of virtue, the 
morals of mankind were undermined and de- 
ltroyed. Even Rome, whole aultere limpli- 
city had happily nurtured virtue, felt the at¬ 
tack, and was corrupted. When Cyneas 
fpoke ol the tenets of the Epicureans in the 
Romanfenate, Fabricius indeed intreated the 
gods that all the enemies of me republic might 
become his followers. But thole were the 
feeble efforts of expiring virtue; and when 
Lucretius introduced the popular doctrine in 
his poetical composition, the lmeothnels and 
beauty of the numbers contributed with the 
effeminacy of the Epicmeans, to enervate 
the conquerors of the world. Diog. in 'vita. — 
JElian. T. H. 4. c. 13.— Cic.de JVat. D. I, 
c. 24 and 25 . Tafc. 3. 49 . de finib, 2, c. 22. 

Ecicydes, a tyrant ofSyracwte, B. C. 213, 

Kpjdamnus, a town ot Macedonia on the 
Adriatic, nearly oppoGce Prundufium. 'I'he 
Romans planted there a colony which they 
called Dvrrachium , conlidering the ancient 
name (ad damnum) ominous. Pan/. 6, c. IO. 
— Plin. 3, C. 23.— Plautus, Men . 2, act I , 
v. 42. 

Eiudapune, a town of Syria, called alio 
Antioch. Uermanicus, ion of Drufus, died 
there. Tacit. Ann. 2, e. 83 

Ei’idaukia, a feltival at Athens in honor 

of ,/Eiculapius.-A country of Peiopon- 

nefus. 

Epjdaurus, a town at the north of Ar- 
golis in Pelnponnelus, chiefly dedicated to the 
worlliip of yiilcujapius, who had there a fa¬ 
mous temple. It received its name from Epi- 
daurus, a Ion pf Argus and hvadne. It is now 
called Pidmtra St-ah. 8. — Tirg. G. 3, v. 44. 

— Pan/. 3, C. 21.— Mela. 2, C. 3.-A 

town of Dalmatia, now Paguji Vccchio. -of 

i .aconia. 

Em dium, one of the wellern ifles of Scot¬ 
land, or the Mull of Cantyre accordingto force 
Ptolem. 

EiMDius, a man who wrote concerning un» 
ulual prodigies. Plin. 16, c. 25. 

Epidotje, certain deities who prefided over 
the birth and growth of children, and were 
known among the Romans by the name of 
Dii Averrunci. They were vvorlhipped by the 
Lacedaemonians, and chiefly invoked by thole 
who were perfecuted by the ghofts of the dead, 
&c. Tauf.^t c.i7, &c. 

T 4 , Epigenk^ 








EF 


EF 


Erro^KF.s, a Babyloniait aftrologer and 
hiftoriap. Plin. 7,0.56. 

Epigeus, a Greek killed byHedtor. 

Epigoni, the fons and defcendants of the 
Grecian heroes who were killed in the firft 
Theb an war. The war of the Epigoni is fa¬ 
mous in ancient hiftory. It was undertaken 
ten years after the firft. The fons of thofe 
who had perifhed in the firft war, refolved to 
avenge the death of their fathers, and marched 
again;!: Thebes, under the command ofTher- 
fander ; or according to others, of Alcmzeon 
the Ion of Amphiaraus. The Argives were 
affifted by the Corinthians, the people of 
Menenia, Arcadia, and Megara. The The¬ 
bans had engaged all their neighbours in their 
quarrel, as in one common caufe, and the two 
holtile armies met and engaged on the banks 
of the Qlifia?. The fight was obftinate and 
bloody, but vi&ory declared for the Epigoni, 
and fome of the Thebans fled to Ulyricum 
with Ldodamas their general, while others 
retired into Thebes, where they were foon 
befieged and forced to iurrender. In this 
war iEgialeus alone was killed, and his father 
Adraftus was the only perfon who efcaped 
alive in the firft war. 1 his whole war, as 
Paufanias oblerves, was written in verfe; and 
Callinus, who quotes fome of the veries, al- 
cribes them to Homer, which opinion has 
been adopted by many writers. For my part, 
continues the geographer, I own that next to 
the Iliad and Odyfley of Homer, I have never 
feen a finer poem. Pauf. 6, c. 9 and 25.— 
Apctlod. 1 and 3.— Diod. 4.-—This name has 
been applied to the fons of thofe Aiacedonian 
veterans who in the age df Alexander formed 
cenneftions with the women of Afia. 

Epigonus, a mathematician of A mbraefa. 

Epigranea, a fountain of Breotia. P/in. 
4 > c. 7* 

Epii andE pe 1, a people of Elis. 

Epilaris, a daughter of Thefpius.— Apol- 

hd. 

E v im elides, the founder of Corpne. Pauf. 

4 , c.34.^ 

Episjenes, a man who confpired againft 
Alexander’s life. Curt. 8, c, 6. 

Epimenides, an epic poet of Crete, con¬ 
temporary with Solon. His father’s name 
was Agiafarclms and his mother’s Blafta. He 
is reckoned one of the feven wjie men, by 
thofe who exclude Periander from: the num¬ 
ber While he was tending his nocks one 
day, he entered into a cave, where he fell 
afteep. His fteep continued for 40, or 47, or 
according to Pliny 57 years, and when he 
awoke he found every object fo- confiderably 
altered, that lie fcaive knew where he was. 
His-brother appriled him. of the length of his 
ffeep to his great aftohiihment. It is- fuppofed 
that he lived 299 years. After death he was 
revered as a gbd, and greatly honored by the 
Athenians, whom he' had delivered from a 
plague, and to whom he had given many good 


andufeful counts. He is Paid to be the firft 
who built temples in the Grecian communities. 
Cic. de Div. I, c. 34— Diog. in vita. — Paij. 

1, c. 14.— Pint, in Soldi .— Val. Max. 8, C. 
X 3,— Strab. IO .— Plin. 7, c. 12. 

Epimetheus, a fon of Japetus and Cly- 
mene, one of the Oceanides, who inconfide- 
rately married Pandora, by whom he had 
Pyrrha, the wife of Deucalion. He had the 
curiofity to open tire box which Pandora had 
brought with her, [ Fi‘d. Pandora] and from 
thence iftued a train of evils, which from that 
moment has never ceafed to afflict the hu¬ 
man race. Hope was the only one which re¬ 
mained at the bottom of the box, Hot having 
fufficient time to efcape, and it is Hie alone 
which comforts men under misfortunes. Epi¬ 
metheus was changed into a monkey by the 
gods, and lent into the ifland of Pitheads. 
Apollod. I, c. 2 and 7.— Hygin , fab.— plefiod\ 
Theog. [^//.Prometheus.] 

EpiMethis, a patronymic of Pyrrha, the 
daughter of Epimetheus. Ovid. Met. I, v, 
39°- 

Epiochus, a fon of Lycurgus, who re-r 
ceived divine honors in Arcadia. 

Epione, the wife of iEfculapius. Pauf. 

2, c. 29. 

Epiphanea, a town of Cilicia, near Iffus,. 
now Surpendkar. Plin. 5, c. 27.— Cic. ad 

Fam. 15, ep. 4.-Another ofSvria on the 

Euphrates. Plin. 5, c. 24. 

Epiphanes, ( illufrious ,) a furname given 

to the Antiochus’s kings of Syria.-\ fur- 

n ime of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the 
houfe of the Lagidte. Strab. jj. 

Epiphanius, a bilhop of Salamis, who 
was adtive in refuting the writings of Origen ^ 
but his compofitions are more valuable for the 
fragments which they preferve than for their 
own jntrinfic mer.t, The only edition is by 
Dionyf. Priavius , 2 vols, Paris, 1622. The 
bilhop died A. D. 403. 

Epipolte, a diftriCf of Syracufe, on the 
north fide, lurrounded by a wall, by Diony- 
lius, who to complete the work expeditioully, 
employed 60,000 men upon it, fo that in 30 
days he finiihed a wall 4ft miles long, and of 
great height and thicknefs. 

Erir.us, a country fituate between Mace¬ 
donia, Achaia, and the Ionian lea. It was 
formerly governed by-kings, of whom Neo- 
ptolemus, ion of Achilles, was one of the firft. 
It was afterwards joined to the empire of Ma¬ 
cedonia, and at lait became a part of the Ro¬ 
man dominions. It is now called Larta. 
Strab. 7. — Meier, 2, C. 3.— -Ptol. 3, €. 14.— 
Plin. 4, c. I.— Virg. G. 3. V. 121. 

Epistrophus, a fon of Iphitus- king of 
Phocis who went to the Trojan war. Flamer. 

in ■ 

Epitaues, a mar. who firft violated a law* 
of Lycurgus, which forbad laws to be- made.. 
Flat hr Agid. 

EriTifs.- Fid,. Epytusc 


v Epiukt,- 







ER 

Epium, a town of Peloponnefus on the bor- 
c 3 ers of Arcadia. 

Epona, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it'is 
faid, of a man’s union with a mare. 

Epoprus, a fon of Neptune and Canace, 
who came from ThefTaly to Sicyon, and car¬ 
ried away Antiope, daughter of Ny&eus king 
of Thebes. This rape was followed by a war, 
in which Nytteus and Epopeus were both 
killed. Piuf. 2, c. 6. —A polled, i, c. 7, &c. 

-A fon of Aloeus, grandi'on to Phoebus. 

He reigned at Corinth. Pauf. 2,c. 1 and 3. 
—-—One of the Tyrrhene Tailors, who at¬ 
tempted to abufe Bacchus Ovid. Met. 3, v. 
619. 

Eporrdorix, a powerful perfon among 
the ./Edui, who commanded his countrymen 
in their war againlt the Sequani. Caf. Bell. 
G. 7, c. 67. 

Epui.o, a Rutulian killed by Achates. 
Virg. JEn. I 2 , v. 459. 

Epytides, a patronymic given to Peri- 
pirns the' Ton of Epytus, and the companion of 
Al canius. Virg JEn. 5, v. 547. 

Epytus, a king of Alba. Ovid. Fajl. 4, 

v. 44.-A king of Arcadia.-A king of 

MeflPenia, of the family of the Heraclida?. 

•-The father of Periphus, a herald in the 

Trojan war. Homer > 71 . 17. 

Equajusta, a town ofTheflaly. 

EqCicoi.us, a Rutilian engaged in the 
wnis of ./Eneas. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 684. 

Eouiria, feftivals eftabliflied at Rome by 
Romulus, in honor of Mars, when horfe races 
and games were exhibited in the Campus 
Martius. Varro. de L. L. 5, c. 3.— Ovid 
Fnp. 2, v. 859. 

E quo tut?cum, now Cafel Franco, a little 
town of Apulia, to which, as lome luppofe, 
Horace alludes in this verle, 1, Sat. j, v. 87. 

tf Manfi/ri oppidulo, verfu quod dicere non ejlf 

Eracon, an officer of Alexander, impri- 
foned for his cruelty. Cut 1. 10. 

Erjea, a city of Greece, deftroyed in the 
age of Strabo, 3. 

Erana, a fniall village of Cilicia on mount 
Amanus. Cic. Fam. 15, ep. 4. 

Erasenus, a river of Peloponnefus, 
flowing for a little fpace under the ground 
in Argolis. Ovid. Met.' 15, v. 275. —FI in. 
3 , C. 13. 

Erasippus, a fon of Hercules and Ly- 
fippe. 

Erasxstratus, a celebrated phyfician, 
grandfon to the philofppher . Arillotle. He 
difeovered by the motion of the pulfe the love 
which Antiochus had conceived for his mother- 
in-law Stratonice, and was rewarded with 100 
talents- for the cure by the father of Antiochus. | 
He was a great enemy to bleeding and violent 
pbyfic. He died B. C. 257. Val. Max. 5, 
C. 7 — Pint, in Hemet'. 

Erato, one of the mufes who prefided 
Over lyric, tender, and amorous poetry. She 


ER 

| is reprefented as crowned with rofes and 
i myrtle, holding in her right hand a lyre, and 
a lute iu her left, mufical inftruments of 
which flie is confidered by fome as the in- 
ventrels. Love is fometimes placed by her 
fide holding a lighted flambeau, while lhe 
herfelf appears with a thoughtful, but oftener 
with a gay and animated look. She was in¬ 
voked by lovers, efpecially in the month of 
April, which, among the Romans, was more 
particularly devoted to dove. Apollod . 10.-— 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 37.— Ovid, de art. am. 2, v. 

425.-One of the Nereides. Apollod. I, 

c. 2.-One of the Dryades, wife of Areas, 

king of Arcadia. Pauf. 8, c. 4.-One of the 

Danaides who married Bromius.-A queen 

of the Armenians, after the death of Ariobar- 
zanes, &c. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4. 

Eratosthenes, fon of A glads, was a 
native of Cyrene, and the fecond entrufled 
with the care of the Alexandrian library. He 
dedicated his time to grammatical ciiticifm 
and philol’ophy, but more particularly to 
poetry and mathematics. He has been called 
a lecond Plato, the cofmographer, and the 
geometer of the world. He is lunp.ofed to be 
the inventor of the armillary fphere. With 
the inftruments with which the muniflcence of 
the Ptolemies fupplied the library of Alex¬ 
andria, he was enabled to mealure the obli¬ 
quity of the ecliptic, which he called 2a|, 
degrees. He alio meafured a degree of the 
meridian, and determined the extent,and cir¬ 
cumference of the earth with great exa£lnels, 
by means adopted by the moderns. He ftar- 
ved himfelf after he had lived to his 82d 
year, B. C. 194. Some few fragments re¬ 
main of his compofitions. He colle&ed the 
annals of the Egyptian kings by order of one 
of the Ptolemies. Cic. ad Attic. 2, ep. 6.—■ 
Varro de R.R. I, C. 2- 

Eratostratus, an Epheftan who burnt 
the famous temple of Diana, the fame night 
that Alexander the Great was born. II his 
burning, as fome writers have o|)ferved, was 
not prevented or feen by the goddels of the 
place, who was then prelent at the labors 
of Olympias, and the birth of the conqueror 
of Perlia. Eratofiratus did this villainy 
merely to eternize his name by fo uncommon 
an action. Pint, in Alex. — Val. Max. 8, 
c. 14. 

Eratus, a fon of Hercules and Dynafte. 

Apollod. -A king of Sicyon, who died 

B.C. 1671. 

Erressus, a town of Sicily north of 
Agrigentum, now Monte Biuma. Liv. 24, 
c. 30. 

Erchia, a fmall village of Attica, the birth 
place of Xenophon. Ijaert. 2, c. 48. 

Erebus, a deity of bell, fon of Chaos and 
Darknefs. He married Night, by whom he 
| had the light and the day. The poets often 
| ufed the word Erebus to fignify hell itfelf, 
land particularly that part where dwelt the 

fouls- 







fouls of thofe who had lived a virtuous life, 
from whence they palled into the Elylian 
iields. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 17.— Vvg. JEn. 
4, v 26. 

Erechtheus, fon ofPandion ift, was the 
fixth king of Athens. He was father of 1 e- 
crops ad, JV/erion, Pandorus, and four 
daughters, Creufa,, Orithya, Procris, and 
Othoma, by Praxithea. In a war againft 
Eleufts he facrificed Othonia, called alfo 
C'hthonia, to obtain a victory which the ora¬ 
cle prom ifed for fuch a facrifice. In that war 
he killed Eymolpus, Neptune’s fon, who 
was the general of the enemy, for which he 
was ftruck with thunder by Jupiter at Nep¬ 
tune’s requeft. Some fay that he was 
drowned in the fea. After death he received 
divine honors at Athens. He reigned 50 
years, and died B. C. 134', According to 
fome accounts, he firft introduced the royfte 
ries of Ceres at Eleulis. Ovid. Met. 6,v. 877. 
— Pauf. 2, C. 25.— Apellod. 3, c. 15.— Cic. 
fro Sext. 21. Tvfc. I, c. 48. Nat. J). 3, 
C< IS ‘ 

Erechtuxdes, a name given to the Athe¬ 
nians, from tlieir king Erechtheus, Ovid, 
Met. 7, v. 430. 

Erembi, a people of Arabia. 

Eremus, a country of ./Ethiopia. 

Erenea, a village of Megara. Pauf, 1, 
c. 44 - 

Eressa, a town of -/Eolia, 

Erks-us, a town of Lellios, where Theo- 
'phraftus was born. 

ErEtria, a city of Euboea on the Euripus, 
anciently called Mdatuis and Arotria. It 
was destroyed by tjie Perfians, and the ruins 
were lurdly vilible in the age of Strabo. It 
received its name from Eretrius, a fon of 
Phaeton. Pauf. 7, e. 8, <5cc. — Mela, 2, c. 
7 .—Plin, 4, c. T 2.— C. Nep. in Milt. 4. 

Eretum, a town of the Sabines near 
the Tiber, whence came the adjedtive Ere- 
tinus. Virg. JEn. 7, V. 7 11, — Tihull , 4, 
el. 8, v. 4. 

Ereuthai.Ion, a man killed' by Neftor 
in a war between the Pylians and Arcadians 
Jlovier. JL 

Ergane, a river whole waters intoxicated 
as wine.-A iurname of Minerva, Pauf. 

c- 14 . 

Ergenna, a celebrated foothfayer of 
Etruria. Petf. 2, v. 26. 

Ergias, a Rhodian who wrote a hiftory of 
his country. 

ErgInus, a king of Orchomenos, fon of 
Clymenus. He obliged the Thebans to pay 
him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, becaufe his 
father had been killed by a Theban. Her¬ 
cules attacked his fervants, who came to raife 
the tribute, and mutilated them, and he af¬ 
terwards killed Erginus, who attempted to 
avenge their death by invading Bceotia with 

an army. Pauf. 9, c. 17.-A river of 

Thrace. Mela, c. 2. -A fon of 


Neptune.-One of the four brothers whe 

kept the Acrocorinth, by order of Antigonus. 
Po/yatt. 6. 

Erginnus, a man made matter .of the 
fhip Argo by the Argonauts, after the death 
of'Ey phis. 

Eribcea, a furname of Juno Horner * 
II. 5.-The mother of Ajax Telamon. 

-Siphocl. 

P.RiKOTES,-a man (killed in medicine, &c. 

Orpheus. 

Ericetes, a man of I.ycaenia, killed by 
Meflapus in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 
749. 

Erichtho, a ThefTaltan woman fatnons 
for her knowledge of poifonous herbs and 

medicine, Lucan. 6, v. 507.-One of the 

Furies. Ovid. — Hcjiod, 2, v. 151. 

Ekichthonius, the fourth king of Athens, 
fprung from the feed of Vulcan which fell 
upon the ground when that g< d attempted to 
offer violence to Minerva. He was very de¬ 
formed, and had the tails of ferpents inftead 
of legs Minerva placed him in a bafket, 
which flie gave to the daughters of Peer ops, 
with ltricf itiiundfions not to ectamjne its con?, 
tents. Agiauros, one of the filters, had the 
cufiofity to open the bafket, for which the 
goddeis punifhed her indilcretion hy making 
her jealous of her lifter Herle'. [ Vid, Herfe.] 
Erichthon was young when he alcended the 
throne of Athens. He reigned 50 years, and 
died B. C ,1437. The invention of chariots 
is attributed to him, and the manner of har- 
neffing horfes to draw them. He was made 
a conftellation after death under the name of 
Bootes. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 553.— Hygin. fab. 
166 .—ApolleJ. 3, 0. 14. — Pauf 4, c. 2. — 

Virg. G . 3, v. 113.T-A fon of Dardanus, 

who reigned in Troy', and died 1374 B. C. 
after a long reign o! about 75 years. Apol~ 
led. 3, c. 10. 

Euicinium, a town of Macedonia 

Ericusa, one of the Eipari ifles, now 

Alicudi. 

Eri'davus, one of the largeft rivers of 
Italy, riling in the Alps and falling into the 
Adriatic by feveral mouths; now called the 
Po. It was in its neighbourhood that the He- 
hades, the lifters of Phaeton were changed 
into poplars, according to Ovid. Virgil calls 
it the king of all rivers, and Lucan compares 
it to the Rhine and Danube. An Eridanus is 
mentioned in heaven. Cic. in Arat. 143.-— 
Claud tan de Conf. Hon. 6, V. 1 7 5.—Ovid. 
Met. 2, fab. 3. — Pauf. I, C. 3 .—Strah. 5. 

• — Lucan, i, v. 409*— Virg. G. I, V, 482. 
JEn. 6, v. 659. 

Erigone, a daughter of Icarius, who hung 
herielf when fhe heard that her father had 
been killed by fome Ihephevds whom he had 
intoxicated. She was made a conftellation, 
now known under the name of Virgo. Bac¬ 
chus deceived her by changing himlelf into 
a beautiful grape. Ovid. Mtt. 6, Jab. 4 — 

Slat. 







ER 


E R 

iStat. II. Theb. V. 644.— Virg. G. T, v. 34. 

.—A polled. 3, C. 14. — Hytrin, fab. I & 24. 

--A daughter of A£gllthus and Clytem- 

rel^ra, who had by her brother Oreftes, Pen- 
rbdus, who (hared the regal power with 
*1 iinafenus, the legitimate foil of Oreftes and 
iderm’ume. Pauf. 2, c. 18.— Paterc. I, 

C. X. 

Erigoneius, a name applied to the Dog- 
ftar, became looking towards Erigone, &c. 
Ovid. Ff?$. v. 723. 

ErjgSnus, a river of Thrace.-A pain¬ 

ter. Piiu. 33,0. Tl. 

Eaiatui, a Mitylenean, one of Alexan¬ 
der’s officers. Curt. 6,0.4. 

Erh.i.us, a philofopher of Carthage, con¬ 
temporary with Zeno. Diog. 

Erindes, a river of A'*' 1 , near Papthia. 
Tacit. Ann. IJ, C. t6. 

Erinna, a poetefsof Lefbos, intimate with 
Sappho. Pin;. 34, c. 8. 

Jvrinnys, the Greek name uf the Eumc- 
jiides. Tiie word fignijies the fury of the wind, 
seif vov$. [Hid. Eumenides.] EV/ ^. Ain. 2 , 

y. 337.-A furname of Ceres, on account 

of her amour with Neptune under the form of 
3 horle. Pouf 8, c. 25 & 42. 

Erioi js, a daughter of Twedea. Pauf 2, 

c. 3* 

Kru’iianis, a Greek woman famous for 
her poetical compofitions. She was extremely 
fond of the hunter Mt-lampus, and to enjoy 
his company lhe accuftomed herfelf to live 
in the w lock. Athen. 14. 

Eripuidas, a Lacedamor.ian who being 
fent to fupprels a (edition at Heraclea, a He in - 
bled the people, and beheaded yco of the 
ringleaders. f)iod. 14. 

ErI*l*HVj.e, a filler of yXdraftus king of 
Argos, who married Amphiaraus. . She was 
daughter of Tabus and Lyfimache. When 
her hylbann concealed himlejf that he might 
not accompany the Argives in theii expedi¬ 
tion againlt I hebes, where he knew he was 
to perilh, Eriphyle lwffered herfelf to be 
bribed by Polynices with a golden necklace 
which had been formerly given to Hermionc 
fcv the goddefs Venus, and fhe difeovered 
where Amphiaraus was. This treachery of 
Eriphyle compelled him to go to the war; but 
before he departed, lie charged bis fon Alc- 
irueon to murder his mother as loon 4s he was 
informed of his death. Amphiaraus perithed 
jn tiie expedition, and his death was no (boner 
known than his hit injunctions were obeyed, 
iind Eriphyle was murdered by the hands of 
her fon. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 445.— Horner. OJ. 
II — Ci:. in Vetr. 4, c. 18 .—A polled. I, c. 9 
I- 3» c. 6 & 7. — Hygin. fab. 73.— Pauf. 3, 
x. 17. 

Eris, the goddefs of difeord among the 
Greeks. §he is jthe fame as the Difcordia of 
the Latins. Vid. T fifeordia. 

Erisiciitiion, a TheflTalian, fon of Triops, 
Pvho derided Ceres and cut down her groves. 


This impietv irritated the goddefs, who af- 
Hivted him with continual hunger. He 
lquandered all lus poHeilions to gratify the 
cravings of his appetite, and at Lit he de¬ 
voured his ow n limbs for want of food. Hit 
daughter Metra had the power cf transform¬ 
ing herfelf into whatever animal (lie pleated, 
and lhe made life oi that artifice to maintain 
her father, who fold her, after which the at- 
fumed another fhnpe and became again his 
property. Ovid. Met. fab. 18. 

Erithus, a ion of Actor, killed by Pci- 
feus. 0 vid. M:t. 5 • 

L*uxo, a Roman knight condemned bv the 
people for having whipped his fon to death. 
Settee. I ■ de CUm T do 

Ekociius, a town of Phocis. Pauf. to. 

C. 3. 

Eropus or/E roiws, a king of Macedo¬ 
nia, who when in the cradle lucceeded his 
father Philip rft. B. C. 602. He made war 
againlt the Illyrians, whom Ire conquered. 
jufiri. i , c. 2. 

Eros, a ten ant of whom Antony demanded 
a fword to kill himlclf. Eros produced the 
inftrument, but inttead of giving it to his 
matte? he killed himfelf in his pretence. 
Pint, in An on ■ — A comedian. Cic. pro 

Rofc. 2. -A fon of Chronos or Saturn, 

god oflove. T'id. Cupido. 

Erq stratus. Vid Eratoftratus. 

Erc i ja, a feftival in honor of Eros'the 
god of love. It was celebrated by the Thet- 
pinns every fifth year with fports and games, 
when mufi.ians and all others contended. It 
any quarrels or fed Toys had ariien among the 
people, it was then ulna’ to offer l'acrifices 
sud praversto the god, that he would totally 
remove them. 

ErrDca, a town of the Volfci of Italy. 

Erse, a daughter of Cecrops. Vid. 
He ri’e 

Erxias, a man who wrote an hiftory of 
Colophon. He is perhaps the lame ns the 
pel foil who wrote an hiftory of Rhodes, 

}• ryalus, a Trojan chief killed hy Pa- 
t'rod us. Horn. II. 16, v. 411. 

Erybiuw, a town at the foot of mount 
Parnaflus. 

KrycTna, a furname of Venus from mount 
Eryx, where die had a temple. She was, 
alio vvorlhipped at Rome under this appella¬ 
tion. Ovid. Faf. 4, v. 874.— Horat. I, Od. 2 
v. 33-^ 

Ekymanthij. 2 furname of Califto, as an 

inhabitant of Erynunthus.-Arcadia is alio 

known by tlwit name. 

Erymanthus, a mountain, river, and 
town of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a 
prodigious boar, which lie carried on his 
(boulders to Euryftheus, who w as fo terrified 
at the fight that he hid himfelf in a brazen 
veflel. Pauf. 8, c. 24. — Virg. Ain. 6, v. 
8 c2.— Plin. 4, c. 6.— .Cic. Tufc. J, c. 8. 1 . 4, 
C. 22 .— Ovid. Met. 2, Y. 499. 

Ef,VMA 5 ? 







E $ 


ET 


Erymas, a Trojan killed by' Turnus. 
P"irg. Jh'.n. 9, v. 702. 

Erymnj:, a town of Theflaly. Pauf. 8 , 
e. 24--Of Magnefia. 

Ervmneus, a peripatetic philofopher who 
fiorilhed B. C. 126. 

Erymus, a huntfman of Cyzicus. 

Erythea, an iiland between Gades and 
Spain, where Geryon reigned. Pint. 4, c. 22. 
— Alda-, 3, c. 6. — Propert, 4, el. 10, V. I.— 

«S'/Y. 16, v. 195.— Ovid. Fuji. 5, v. 649.-A 

daughter of Geryon. Pauf. ic, c. 37. 

ErythIni, a town of Paphlagonia. 

Erythr-e, a town of Ionia, oppofite Chios, 
once the refidence of a Sybil. It was built by 
Neleus the fon of Codr us. Pauf. 10, c. 12. 

— Liv. 44, c. 28. 1 .38, c. 39.-A town of 

Boeotia. Id. 6 , c. 21 - One in Libya, - 

another in Locris. 

Eryturjeum mare, a part of the ocean 
on the coait of Arabia. As it has a commu¬ 
nication with the Perfian gulf, and that of 
Arabia or the Red Sea, it has often been nail- 
taken by the ancient writers, who by the word 
Erythrean, underftooa indifcrinainately either 
the Red Sea or the Perfian gulf. It received 
this name either from Erythras, or from the 
rednefs (idvQoos , ruber ) of its fend or waters. 
Curt. 8, C. 9. — Pint. 6, c. 23. — Herodot. I> 
e. 180 & 189. 1. 3, c. 93.' I.4, c. 37.— Meld) 
3 ) c - 8. 

Erythras, a fon of Hercules. Apollcd. 

-A Jon of Perfeus and Andromeda, 

drowned in the Red Sea, which from him was 
Called Erytbrceum, Arrian. Ind. 6, c. IO. — 
Mela,3, c. 7. 

Erythrion, a fon of Athamas andThe- 
miftone. Apollo d f 

Er^thros, a place of Latium. 

Eryx, a fon of Butes and Venus, who 
relying upon his ftrength, challenged all 
flrangers to fight with him in the combat of 
the ceflus. Plercules accepted his challenge 
after many had yielded tohss fuperior de:;te 
lity, and Eryx Was killed in the combat, and 
buried on the mountain, where Ire had built 
a temple to Venus. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 402. 

-An Indian killed by his fubjedfs for 

oppofing Alexander, &c Curt 8, c. ti. 

-A mountain of Sicily now Giulia no near 

Drepanum, which received its name from 
Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain 
was fo fleep that the houles which were built 
upon it feenred every moment ready to fall. 
Daedalus had enlarged the top, and enclofed 
it with aftrong wall. Pie alio confecrated 
tiiere to Venus Erycina a golden heifer, which 
b much relembled life, that it feemed to 

:ceed the power of art. Ovid Fuji. 4, v. 478. 
Aygin. fab. 16 & 260.— Liv. 22, c. 9.— Mela , 
2 , c. 7.— Pauf. 3, c. 16. 

Eryxo, the mother of Battus, who artfully 
killed, the tyrant Learchus who courted her. 
Herodot. 4, c. 160. 

Eser^; u s, a famous gladiator. Cit, 


Esqe'ili^. Sc esquilinus mons, one of 
the feven hills of Rome, which was joined to 
the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey gene¬ 
rally came to devour the dead bodies of cri¬ 
minals who had been executed there, and 
thence they were called Efquilina alites. Liv. 
2,c. II.— Herat.*,, epod. v. IOO.— Tacit. Ann. 


2, c.32. 

Essedones, a people of Afia, above the 
Pains Mieotis, who eat the flefh of their pa¬ 
rents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded 
the head and kept it as lacred. Mela , 2, c. 1. 
-—Plin. 4 , C.T 2 . 

Essui, a people of Gaul. 

Estx.'eotis, a diltridt of Theflaly on the 
river Peneus. 

Psula, a town of Italy near Tibur. Horat. 


3, Od. 29, v. 6. 

Estiaia, folemn facrifices to Vefta, of 
which it was unlawful to carry away any thing 
or communicate it to any body. 

Etearchus, a king of Oaxus in Crete f 
After the death of his wife, he married a 
woman who made herfelf odious for her ty¬ 
ranny over her ftep-daughter Phronima. 
Etearchus gave ear to all the accufations which 
were brought againft his daughter, and or¬ 
dered her to be thrown into the lea. She had 
a lbn called Battus, who led a colony to Cyrene. 
Herodot. 4, C. 154. 

Eteoci.es, a fon of (Edipus and Jocafla. 
After his father’s death, it was agreed be¬ 
tween him and his brother Polynices, that 
they fhould both fhare the royalty, and reign 
alternately each a year. Eteocles by right of 
feniori'ty firft' afeended the throne, but after 
the firft year of his reign was expired, he re- 
fufed to give up the crown to his brother ac¬ 
cording to their mutual agreement. Poly¬ 
nices, refolving to punifh fuch an open violation 
of a folemn engagement, went to implore the 
affiftance of Adraftus, king of Argos. He 
received that king's daughter in marriage, 
and was foon after aflifted with a flrong ar¬ 
my, headed by feven famous generals. Thele 
hoftile preparations were watched by Eteo¬ 
cles, who on his part did not remain inac¬ 
tive. Pie chofe feven brave chiefs, to oppofe 
the feven leaders of the Argives, andftationed 
them at the feven gates ofjj the city. Pie 
placed himfelf againft his brother Polynices 
and he oppofed Alenalippus to Tydeus, Po¬ 
ly pliontes to C’apaneus, Megareus? to Eteo- 
clus, Hyperbius to Parthenopasus, and Laf- 
thenes to Amphi'araus. Much blood was fhed 
in light and unavailing lkirmifhes, and it was 
at lail agreed between the two brothers that 
the war fhould be decided by Angle combat. 
They both fell in an engagement conduced 
with the moft invtterate fury on either fide* 
and it is even laid that the afhes of thefetwo 
brothers, who had been fo inimical one to the 
other, foparated thernfelves on the burning 
pile, as if even after death, fenfible of refent- 
ment, and hoftile to reconciliation. Slat. 

The it 








EV 


E V 


Thel .— Apoliod. 3, c. 5, &C. — JFfctyt. Sept, 
ante Theb. — Eurip. in Pbanif. — Pauf. 5, c. 9. 

1 . 9, c. 6.-A Greek, the firft who railed 

altars to the Graces. Pauf. 

Eteoclus, one of the leven chiefs of the 
army of Adraftus, in his expedition againft 
Thebes, celebrated for his valor, for hie difin- 
terellednefs and magnanimity. He was kill¬ 
ed by Megareus, the fon of Creon, under 
the walls of Thebes. Eurip. — Apoliod. 3, c. 6. 
-A fon of Iphis. 

^Eteocretje, an ancient people of Crete. 
Eteones, a town of Bccotia on the Afo- 
pus. Slat. Theb. 7, v. 266. 

Eteoneus, an officer at the court of Me- 
nelaus, when Telemachus vifited Sparta. 
He was fon Qf Boethus. Homer. QJ. 4, 
v. 22 . 

EteonTcus, a Lacedcemonian general,who 
upon hearing that Callicratidas was con¬ 
quered at Arginufse, ordered the meffengers 
of this news to be crowned, and to enter Mi- 
tylene in triumph. This fo terrified Conon, 
whobefieged the town, that he concluded that 
the enemy had obtained fome advantageous 
victory, and he railed the fiege. Diod. 13.— 
Polyaii. I. 

Etesjje, periodical northern winds of a 
gentle and mild nature, very common for five 
or fix weeks in the months of l'pring and au¬ 
tumn. Lucret.y. v. 741. 

Ethalion, one of the Tyrrhene failors 
changed into dolphins for carrying away 
Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 647. 

Etheleum, a river of Alia, the boundary 
of Troas and Myfia. Strab. 

Ethoda, a daughter of Amphion and 
Niobe. 

Ethemon, a perfon killed at the marriage 
of Andromeda. Ovid. Met. .<?, v. 163. 

Etias, a daughter of iEneas. Pauf. 3, 

c. 22. 

Etis, a town of Peloponnefus. Id. ib. 
Etruria. Fid. Hetruria. 
r Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etruria, fa¬ 
mous for their fuperltitions and enchautments. 
Fid. Etruria. Cic. ad Fam. 6, ep. 6.— Liif. 2, 
c. 34 - 

Etylus, the father of Theocles. JJ. 6, 

c. 19. 

Evadne, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles 
of Argos, who flighted the addreffes of Apol¬ 
lo, and married Capaneus one of the leven 
chiefs who went againft'.Thebew When her 
hufband had been llruck with thunder by 
Jupiter for his blalphemies and impiety, and 
his allies had been ieparated from tnofe of 
the.reft of the Argives,' Ihe threw herlelf on 
hisTurning pile, and perifhed in the flames. 
Firg. M11. 6, v. 447.— Propert. I, el. 15, 
v. 21.— Stat. Theb. 12, v. 800.-A daugh¬ 

ter of tffe Strymon and Nesera. She married 
Argus, by whom Are had four children. 
4 AfolloJ. 2% 


Evaces, a poet famous for his genius tut’ 
not for his learning. 

Evagoras, a king of Cyprus who retook 
Salamis, which had been taken from his fa¬ 
ther by the Perlians. He, made Avar againlt 
Artaxerxes the king of Perfia, with the affift- 
ance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Tyrians, 
and obtained fome advantage over the fleet 
of his enemy. The Perlians however loon 
repaired their Ioffes, and Evagoras faw him- 
felf defeated by lea and land, and obliged to 
be tributary to the power of Artaxerxes, and 
to be lhipped of all his dominions except the 
town of Salamis. He was aflaflinated Icon 
after this fatal change of fortune, by-an eu¬ 
nuch, 374 B. C. He left two fons, ‘Nicocles, 
who fucceeded him, and Protagoras, who de¬ 
prived his nephew Evagoras of his poffeflions. 
Evagoras delerves to be commended for his 
fohriety,. moderation, and magnanimity, and 
if he was guilty of any political error in the 
management of his kingdom, it may beffaid, 
that his love of equity was a full compenla- 
tion. His grand fon bore the fame name, and 
lucceeded his father Nicocles. Me fhevved 
himfelf opprefiive, and his uncle Protagoras 
took advantage,of his unpopularity to deprive 
him of his power. Evagoras fled to Arta¬ 
xerxes Ochus, who gave him a government 
more extenlive than that of Cyprus, but his 
, oppreflion rendered him odious, and he was 
jcCufed before his benefaftor, and by his or¬ 
ders put to death. C. Nip. 12, c. 2 . — Diod. 

14 . — Pauf. I, c. 3.— fufiin. 5, C. 6.-A 

man of Elis who obtained a prize at the 
Olympian 'games. Pauf. 5, c.8-— — A Spar- 
t.iin famous for his itrvices to the people of 

Elis. Id. 6, c, 10.-A lbn of Ncleus and 

Chloris. Apoliod .1, c. 9.-A fon of Priam. 

Id. 3, c. 12.-A king of Rhodes.-An 

hiftorian of Lind os.-Another of T halos, 

whole works proved lerviceable t@ Piiny 
in the comple.. jii of his natural hiftory. Plin. 
10. * • 

EvXgore, tne of the Nereides Apoliod. 

Evan, a fur name of Bacchus which, he 
received from the wild ejaculation of Evan ! 
Evan ! by his prieftefies. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 

15. — Fug. Mr.. 6 , v. 517. 

Evander, a lbn of the prophetefs Car- 
menre king of Arcadia. An accidental 
murder obliged him to leave his country,' and 
he came to Italy, where he drove the Abori¬ 
gines from their ancient poffeflions,' and 
reigned in that part of the country wlifere 
Rome was afterwards.founded. He kindly 
received Hercules when he returned from the 
conqueft of Geryon ; and lie was the firft 
who railed him altars. He gave JErieas 
affiftance againft the Rutuli, and diftinguifhed 
himlelf by his hoipitality. It is laid that'he 
firft brought the Greek alphabet info Italy, 
and introduced there the worlhip of the 
Greek deities. He was honored a 5 *a god 
3 alter 










After death, by his fubje&s, who raifed him 
an altar on mount Aventine. Pauf. 8, c. 43. 
— Liv. I, C. 7 .—I till: 7, v. 18.— Dictiyf. 
Hal. I, C. 7.— Ovid. Fuji. I, V. 500. 1 . v. 91. 
•— Virg. JEti. 8, v. IOO, &c.-A philofo¬ 

pher of the 2d academy, who Horifhed B. C. 
2x5. 

Evanoklus, a Greek hiftoriati.-A 

comic poet. 

EVanoor^des, a man of Elis, who wrote 
an account of all tlvofe who had obtained a 
prize at Olympia, where he himlelf had been 
victorious. Pauf 6, c. 8. 

Evantuks, a man who planted a colony 
in Lucania at the head of i'ome Locrians 

-A celebrated Greek poet.-An hifto- 

rian of Miletus.-A philofopher of Samos. 

.—A writer of Cyzicus.- A Ion of CEno- 

pion of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. 
Pauf. 7, c.4. 

EvarcIius, a river of Alia Minor flowing 
into the Euxine on the confines of Cappadocia- 
Flac. 6, V. 102. 

Evas, a native of Phrygia who accompa- 
niedzEneas into Italy, where he was killed by 
Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 702. 

Evax, an Arabian prince who wrote to 
Nero concerning jewels. Plin. 2;, c. 2. 

Eubacks, certain priefis held in great vene¬ 
ration among the Gauls and Britons. Vid. 
Druidte. 

Eubatas, an athlete ofCyrene, whom the 
courtezan Lais in vain endeavoured to l’educe. 
Pauf.Eliae. I. 

Eubxus, an obfccnc writer, Sec. Ovid. 
Trijl.2,v. 415. 

Eukcxa, the large!! if!and in the Aegean 
fea after Crete, now called Negropont. It is 
feparated from the continent of Boeotia by the 
narrow ftraits of tlie Euripus, and was an¬ 
ciently known by the different names of 
Fdacrisy Oche , Flln pi a , Chalets , Abantis , Afo- 
pis. It is 150 miles long, and 37 broad in 
its moll extenfive parts, and 365 in circum¬ 
ference. The principal town was Ohalcis ; and 
it was reported that in the neighbourhood of 
C halcis, the ifland had been formerly joined 
to the continent. Euboea was fubje£ted to the 
power of the Greeks ; I'ome of its cities, how¬ 
ever, remained for I'ome tine independent. 
Plin. 4, c. 12 .—St rub. io,— Ovid. Met. 14, 

r. 155.-One of the three daughters of th-e 

river Afterion, who was one of the nurfes of 

Juno. Pauf. 2, c 17.-One of Mercury’s 

miftrefles.-A daughter of Thefpius. 

Apollhd. 2.—•—A town of Sicily near Hybla. 

Euboicus, belonging to Euboea. The 
epithet is alio applied to the country of Cu- 
mae, becaul'e that city was built by a colony 
from Chalcis a town of Euboea. Ovid. Fuji. 4, 
v. 257.— Virg. FF-n. 6, v. 2, 1 . 9,v. 710. 

Eubote, a daughter of Thefpius. Apol~ 
lad. 

Eubotes, a fyn of Hercules. Id,a. 


EwbT/Ie, an Athenian virgin, daughter ol 
Leon, facwficed with her lifters, by order o* 
the oracle of Delphi, for the fafety of her 
country, which labored under a famine. 
FElian. V. H. 12, c. 18. 

EubulTdi.s, a philofopher of Miletus, pu¬ 
pil and lucceflbr to Euclid. Demoftheties was 
one of his pupils, and by his advice and en¬ 
couragement to perfeverance be was enabled 
to conquer the difficulty lie felt in pronounc¬ 
ing the letter R. He l'everety attacked the 

doctrines of Ariftotle. F)iog -An hifto- 

rian who wrote an account of Socrates, and of 

Diogenes. Iuaerlius. -A famous, ftatuary 

ofAtliens Pauf. 8,0.14. 

Eunux.us, an Athenian orator, rival to 

Demofthenes.-A comic poet.-A11 

hiftorian who wrote a voluminous account ol 
Mithras.-A philofopher of Alexandria. 

Euckrus, a man of Alexandria accufed 
of adultery with Ocffavfa, that Nero might 
have occafion to divorce her. Tacit. Ann. 14, 
c. 60. 

Evchenor, a fon ofiFgyptus and Arabia. 
Apollod. 

Euchipes, an Athenian who went to Del¬ 
phi and returned the fame day, a journey of 
about 107 miles. The object of his journey 
was to obtain i'acred fire. 

Euci.Ides, a native of Megara, difciple of 
Socrates, B. C. 404. When the Athenians 
had forbidden all the people of Megara on 
pain of death to enter their city, Euclides 
dil'guifed himfelf in women’s cloaths to intro¬ 
duce himlelf into the prefence of Socrates. 

Flog. in Socrate. - A mathematician of 

Alexandria, who florifhed 300 B. C. He 
diftinguilhed himlelf by his writings on mu. 
lie and geometry, but particularly by 15 
books on the elements of mathematics, 
which confift of problems and theorems with 
demoniiration;. This work has been greatly- 
mutilated by commentators. Euclid was l'o 
refpedled in his life time, that king Ptolemy 
became 011c of his pupils. Euclid eltablifhed 
a lchool at Alexandria, which became lb fa¬ 
mous that, from his age to the time of the 
Saracen conqueft, no mathematician was found 
hut what had ftudied at Alexandria. He wa$ 
lb refpe^led that Plato, himfelf a mathemati¬ 
cian, being alked concerning the building of an 
altar at Athens, referred his enquirers to the 
mathematician of Alexandria. The lateft 
edition of Euclid’s writings is that of Gregory, 
fol.Oxon. 1703. Val. Max.Z, c. 12.— Cic. 
de Or at. 3, c. 72. 

Euclus, a prophet of Cyprus, who fore¬ 
told the birth and givatnels of the poet Ho¬ 
mer, according to I’ome traditions. Pauf. 10. 
c. 12. 

Eucrate, one of the Nereides. Aptl- 
lod. * r 

EucrXtes, the hither of Procles the hif¬ 
torian. Paiif. 2, c. 21 . 

Eucritus., 




















EV 


E V 


Eucrtttts, Vid. Evephenus. 

Euctemon, a Greek of Cuma?, expofed 

to great barbarities. Curt. 5, c. 5.-An 

nitronomer who florilhed B. C. 431. 

Eoct resii, a people of Peloponnefus. 

Ki'oxmon, a general of Alexander. 

Eu da mi das, a ion of Archidamus 4th, 
brother to Agis 4th. He fucceeded on the 
Spartan throne, after his brother’s death, 15 . 
C. 330. Pauf. 3, c. 10. — ——A fon of Ar^ 
chidamus, king ot Sparta, who fucceeded B. 

C. 268.-The commander of a garrifon 

Ihtioned at Trcezene by Craterus. 

Eudamus, a fon of Agefilaus of the He- 

raclidu*. He fucceeded his father.-A 

learned naturaliit and philofopher. 

Eudkmus, the phyfician of Livia, the wife 

•f Drulus, &c. "Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 3.-An 

orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to Philopcc- 
men.-An hiitorian of Naxos. 

EunociA, the wife of the emperor Theo- 
dofius the younger who gave the public lbme 
compofitions. She died A. D, 460. 

Eudocimus, a man who nppeafed a mutiny 
among lbme loldiers by telling them that an 
hoftile army was in fight. Poly an. ' 

EunfiRA, one of the Nereides.-One of 

ihe Atlantidcs. 

Eudorus, a fon of Mercury and Polimela, 
who went to the Trojan war with Achilles. 
Homer. II. 16. 

Eudoxi Specula, a place in Egypt. 

Eudoxi a, the wife of Arcadius, &c. - 

A daughter of Theodofius the younger, who 
married the emperor Maximus, and invited 
Genferic the Vandal over Into Italy. 

Eudoxus, a fon of j&fchines of Cnidus, 
who diltinguifhed himfelf by his knowledge of 
ahrology, medicine, and geometry. He was 
the firlt who regulated the year among the 
Greeks, among whom he firlt brought from 
Egypt the celellial lphere and regular aftrono- 
my. He fpent a great part of his life on the 
top of a mountain, to Itudy the motion of the 
liars, b y vvhofe appearance he pretended to 
foretel the events of futurity. He died in his 
53d year, B. C. 352. Lucan. IO, v. 187.— 

fitog. — Pctrcn. 88.-A native of Cyzicus, 

who failed all round the coait of Africa from 
the Red Sea, and entered the Mediterranean 

by the column* of Hercules.-A Sicilian, ion 

of Agathocles.-A phyfician. Diog. 

Evflthon, a king of Salamis in Cyprus. 

Euemkrjiia?, an hiflorian of Cnidus. 

Evkmerus, an ancient hiitorian of Meffe- 
l^ia, intimate with Caflander. He travelled 
over Greece and Arabia, and wrote an hiftory 
of the gods, in which he proved that they all 
had been upon earth, as mere mortal men. 
Ennius tranflated it into Latin. It is now 
loft. 

Even or, a painter, father to Parrhafius. 
Tim. 35, c. 9. 

Evf nus, an elegiac poet of Paros.-A 

liver running through Aitoiia, ami tailing into 


the Ionian fea. It receives its name from Eve- 
nus, fon of Mars and Sterope, who being un¬ 
able to overcome Ida-., who had promifed hind 
hi' daughter MarpciTa in marriage, if he fur-* 
paifed him in running, grew fo del’perate, that 
he threw himfelf into the, river, which after¬ 
wards bore his name. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 104, 

— Strab. 7.-A fon of Jafon and Hvpfipyle, 

queen of Lemnos. Homer. II. 7, v. 467 

Evephenus, a Pythagorean philofopher, 
whom Dionyfius condemned to death becaufe 
he had alienated tl^e people of Metapontum 
from his power. The philofopher begged 
leave of the tyrant to go and marry his filler, 
and promifed to return in fix months. Diony¬ 
fius confented by receiving Eucritus, who pledg¬ 
ed himfelf to die if Evephenus did not return 
in time. Evephenus returned ?.t the appointed 
moment, to the aflonilhmcnt of Dionyfius, 
and delivered his friend Eucritus from the 
death which threatened him. The tyrant was 
fo pleated with thefe two friends, that he par¬ 
doned E’ ephenus, and begged to {hare their 
friendlhip and confidence. Polyan. 5. 

Everes, a fon of Pteralaus, the only one 
of his family who did not perilh in a battle 

a tainft Tleciryon. Apollod. 2. -A fon of 

Hercules and Parthenope.-The father of 

Tirefias. Apollod. 

Ever get.*:, a people of Scythia called all* 
Arimafpi. Curt. 7. c, 3. 

Ever gktls, a l'r.rnnme fignifying ben factor, 
given to Philip of Macedonia, and to Antigo- 
nus Dofon, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was 
alfo commonly given to the kings of Syria arvd 
Pontus, and we often fee among the former an 
AlexaiHfer Evergetes, and among the latter a 
Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman 
emperors alfo claimed that epithet, I’o expref* 
five of benevolence and humanity. 

EvESPERlDES,a people of Africa. Hcrodet. 
4, c. 171. 

Euga ’ej, a people of Italy on the borders 
of the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled by 
the Trojans, feized upon a part of the Alps. 
Hit. 8, v. 604.— Liv. 1, c. 1. 

Eugeon, an ancient hiitorian before the 
Peloponnefian war. 

Eugenius, an ufurperofthe imperial title 
after the death of Valentinian the 2d, A. D: 
39 2, 

Euhemerus. Vid. Evemerus. 

Eu 11 yd rum, a town of Theflaly. Liv. 32. 
c. 13. 

Euhyus & Evius, a fumame of Bacchus, 
given him in the war of the giants againlt Ju¬ 
piter. Hor at. 2, Od II, v. 17. 

Evitpe, one of the Danaides who married 

and murdered Imbras.-Another. Apollod. 

2 , c. r.-The mother of the. Pierides, who 

w'ere changed into magpies. Ovid. Met, 5, v. 
3 °V 

Evn-pus, a fon of Theltius, king of Pleu- 
ron, killed by his brorher Iphichis in the ehate 

ol the Calydonian boa.'. Apoilvd. 1, c. 7 *- 

5 A Tro- 














A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Homer. 11 . 16, 
v. 417 - 

Eulimene, one of the Nereides. 

EumXchius, a Campanian who wrote an 
biftory of Annibal. 

Eumteus, a herdfman and Reward of U- 
lyffies, who knew his mailer at his return home 
from the Trojan war after 20 years’ abfence, 
and affifted him in removing Penelope’s fuitors. 
He was originally the fon of the king of Scy- 
ros, and upon being carried away by pirates, he 
was fold as a (lave to Laertes, who rewarded his 
fidelity and fervices. Homer. Od. 13, v. 403. 
1. 14, v. 3. 1.15,v. 288. 1, 16 & 17. 

Eumedes, a Trojan Ion of Dolon, who 
came to Italy with ./Eneas, where he was kill¬ 
ed by Turnus. Virg.JEn. 12, v.346.— Ovid. 
Tri/i. 3. el. 4, 27. 

Eumeiis, a famous augur. Star. 4. Sylv. 
8, v. 49 l 

EL’.melus, a fon of Admetus, king of 
Pheras in ThefTaly. He went to the Trojan 
war, and had the fleeteft horles in the Grecian 
army. He diftinguilhed himfelf in the games 
made in honor of Patroclus. Homer. II. 2, 

& 23.-A man whofe daughter was changed 

into a bird. Ovid. Met. 7,-v. 390.-A man 

contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom he 
learned the art of agriculture. Pauf. 7, c. 18. 
—One of the followers of ./Eneas, who 
firft informed his friends that his fleet had been 
fet on fire l»y the Trojan women. Virg. JEn. 

5, v. 665.-One of the Bacchiadse, who 

wrote, among other things, a poetical hiftory 
of Corinth, B. C. 75Q, of which a fmall frag¬ 
ment is ltill ex tint. Pauf. 2, c. I.-A king 

of the Cimmerian Bolphorus, who died BrC. 

3° 4- 

Eumenes, a Greek officer in the army of 
Alexander,, fon of a charioteer. He was the 
mod worthy of all the officers of Alexander 
to lucceed after the deatli of his matter. He 
conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of 
which he obtained the government, till the 
power and jealoufy of Antigonus' obliged him 
to retire. He joined his forces to thole of 
Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neop- 
tolemus. Neoptolemus perilhefl by the hands 
of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed 
during the war, his remains received an ho¬ 
norable funeral from the hand of the conque¬ 
ror ; and Eumenes, after weeping over the 
afhes of a man who once was his dearett 
friend, fent his remains to his relations in 
Macedonia. Eumenes fought againft Anti¬ 
pater and conquered him, and after the death 
of Perdiccas, his ally his arms were directed 
again ft Antigonus, by whom he was con¬ 
quered, chiefly by the treacherous conduit of 
his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to 
dilb'and the greateft part of his army to fe- 
cure himlelfa retreat, and he fled with only 
700 faithful attendants to Nora, a fortified 
place on the confines of Cappadocia, where 
he was loon befieged by the conqueror. He 


fupported tfie fiege for a year with -couragd 
and refolution, but fome disadvantageous fkir~ 
mifhes fo reduced him, that his foldiers, 
grown defperatq, and bribed by the offers of 
the enemy, had the infidelity to betray him 
into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, 
from fhame or remorfe, had not the courage 
to vifit Eumenes; but when he was afked by 
his officers, in what manner he vvifhed him to 
be kept, he anlvvered, keep him as carefully 
as you would keep a lion. This fevere com¬ 
mand was obeyed; but the afperity of Anti¬ 
gonus vanifhed in a few days, and Eumenes, 
delivered from the weight of chains, was per¬ 
mitted to enjoy the company of his friends. 
Even Antigonus hefitated whether he fhould 
not reftore to his liberty a man with whom he . 
had lived in the greateft intimacy while both 
were ftibfervient to the command of Alex¬ 
ander, and' thefe fecret emotions of pity and 
humanity were not a little increafed by the 
petitions of his fon Demetrius for the releafe 
of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition pre¬ 
vailed ; and when Antigonus recollected what 
an active enemy he had in his power, he or¬ 
dered Eumenes to be put to death in the prifon; 
though’ fome imagine he was murdered with¬ 
out the knowledge of his conqueror. His 
bloody commands were executed B. C. 315. 
Such was the end of a man who railed himfelf 
to power by merit alone. His lkill in public 
exerciies first recommended him to the notice 
of Philip, and under Alexander his'attachment 
and fidelity to the royal perfon, and particu¬ 
larly his military accomplifhments, promoted 
him to the rank of a general. Even his 
enemies revered him; and Antigonus, by 
whole orders he perilhed, honored his re¬ 
mains with a fplendid funeral, and conveyed 
his afhes to his wife and family in Cappado¬ 
cia. It has been ohferved that Eumenes had 
Inch an univerfal influence over the fucceffiors 
of Alexander, that none during bis life time 
dared to a Hume the>title of king; and it does 
not a little' reflect to his honor, to confider 
that the wars he carried on were not from 
private or interefting motives, but for the good 
and welfare of his deceafed benefactor's chil¬ 
dren. Pint. <sf C. Hep. in vita —^Diod. 19. 

— yujiin. 13.— Curt, io .—*~Arian. -A king 

of Pergamus, who lucceeded his uncle Phi- 
letaerus on the throne, B C. 263. He made 
war againft Antiochus the ion of Seleucus, 
and enlarged his poffieflions by feizing upon 
many of the cities of the kings of Syria. , He 
lived in alliance with the Romans, and mad* 
war againft Prufias, king of Bithynfa. He 
was a great patron of learning, and given much 
to wine. He died of an excels in drinking, 
after a reign of 22 years. He was fucceeded 

by Attains.. Strab. 15.—-The fecond of 

that name fucceeded his father Attains ou the 
throne of Alia and Pergamus. His kingdom 
was fmall and.poor, but he rendered it power¬ 
ful and opulent, and his alliance vvirh the 

Romans 









EU 


Romaas did not a little contribute to the en- 
creale of his dominions after tHf victories ob¬ 
tained over Antiochus the Great. He carried 
his arms againlt Prufias and Antigonuss and 
died B. C. 159, after a reign of 38 years, leav¬ 
ing the kingdorfi to his fon Attalus 2d. He 
has been admired for his benevolence and mag¬ 
nanimity, and his love of learning greatly en¬ 
riched the famous library of Pergamus, which 
had been founded by his predeceflors in imita¬ 
tion ot the Alexandrian collodion of the Ptole¬ 
mies. His brothers were fo attached to him 
and devoted to his intereft, that they enlilted 
hmong his body guards to ihow their fraternal 
fidelity. St rob. 13. — JuJlih. 31 and 34. — 

Folyb. - A celebrated orator of Athens about 

the beginning Df the fourth century. Some of 

his harangues and orations are extant.-A 

hiiloric.il writer in Alexander’s army. 

Eumenia, a city of Phrygia, built by At¬ 
talus in honor of his brother Eumenes.- 

A city of Thrace,-of Caria. Plin. 5, c. 

39.-of Hyrcania. 

Eumenidks * Eumenes, a man men¬ 
tioned Ovid. 3. Trijl. el. 4, V. 27. 

Eumenidfs, a name given to thg. Furies 
by the ancients. They fprang.-from the drops 
ot blood which flowed from^the wound which 
Ccelus received from his fon Saturn. Accord¬ 
ing to others they were > daughters of the 
earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn 
Some make them daughters of Acheron and 
, Night, or Pluto and Proierpine,' or Chaos 
and Terra, according to Sophocles, or as Epi- 
meniefts reports, of Saturn and Evonyme. 
According to the moft received oppinions, they 
were three in number, Tifiphone, Mcgara, 
and Aleito, to which fome add Nemefis. 
Plutarch mentions only one,- called Adrafta, 
daughter of Jupiter and Nec?ffity. They were 
fuppoled to be the minifters of the vengeance 
of the gods, and therefore appeared Hern and 
inexorable; always employed in punifhing the 
guilty upon earth, as well as in the infernal 
regions. They inflided their vengeance upon 
earth by wars, peltilence, and indentions, and 
by the iecret ltings of confcience; and in hell 
they punilhed the guilty by continual flagella¬ 
tion and torments. They were alfo called 
Furia’, Erinnyes , and Dir a and the appella¬ 
tion of Eumenides, which fignifies benevolence 
and compaflion, they received after they had 
ceated to perfecute Orefles, who in gratitude 
offered them facrifices, and eredied a temple 
in honor of their divinity. Their worfhip 
was almoft univerlal, and people prefumed not 
to mention their names or fix their eyes upon 
their temples. They were honored with fa¬ 
crifices and libations, and in Achaia, they had 
a temple, which when entered by any one 
guilty of crimes, fuddenly rendered him furi¬ 
ous, and deprived him of the ufe of his reafon. 
In their facrifices the votaries ufed branches of 
cedar and of alder,'hawthorn, faffrbn, and ju- 
»iper, and the victims were generally turtle 


EU 

doves and Iheep, with libations of wide and 
honey. They were generally reprefented 
with a grim and frightful afpett, with a black; 
and bloody garment, and fprpents wreathing 
round their head inftead of hair. They held 
a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of 
fcorpions in the other, and were always at¬ 
tended by terror, rage, palenefs and death* 
In hell they were feated around Pluto’s throne, 
as the rainilters of his vengeance. JRfchyl. iv. 
Rumen .— -Sophocl. in CEdip . Col. 

Eu me nidi a, fe&lvals in horior of the Eu* 
menides, called by the Athenians tripyat B-tat p 
venerable goddtfjes. They were celebrated, 
once every year with facrifices of pregnant 
ewes, with offerings of cakes made by the 
moft eminent youths, and libations of honey 
and wine. At Athens none but free-born ci¬ 
tizens were admitted, fuch as bad led a life the 
moft virtuous and unfullied. Such only were 
accepted by the goddeffes who punifhed alL 
forts of wickednefs in a feVere manner. 

Eumenius, a Trojan killed by Camilla in 
Italy, yirg. JEn. 11, v. 666 

Eumolpe, one of the Nereides. Apolloi, 

Eumolpid2E, the priefts of Ceres at the 
celebration of her feltivals of Eleufis. All 
caufes relating to impiety or profanation were 
referred to their judgment, and their decifionsi 
'though occafionally fevere, were confidered as 
generally impartial. The Eumolpidse were 
defeended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, 
who was made prieft of Ceres by Erechtheus 
king of Athens. He became fo powerful after 
his appointment to the priefthood, that he 
maintained a war againll Eiechjheus. ■ Lis 
war proved fatal to both ; Erechtheus and E i- 
molpus were both killed, and peace was re- 
eftablifhed among their defendants, on con¬ 
dition that the priefthood fhould ever remain 
in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal 
power in the houfe of Erechtheus. The prieft¬ 
hood continued in the family of Eumolpus foil 
1200 years; and this is ftill more remarkable, 
becaufe he who was once appointed to die holy 
office, was obliged to remain in perpetual ce¬ 
libacy. Pauf. 2, c 14. 

Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, fon of Nep¬ 
tune and Chione. He was thrown into the lea 
by his mother, who wiflied ter conceal her 
fhame from her father. Neptune laved his 
life, and carried him into ./Ethiopia, where he 
was brought up by Amphitrite, and afterwards 
by a woman of the country, one of whofe 
daughters he married. An adt of violence to 
his fifter-in law obliged him to leave ./Ethiopia, 
and he fled to Thrace with his fon Ifmarus, 
where he married the daughter of Tegyrius 
the king of the country. This connexion with 
the royal family rendered him ambitious; he 
confpired againft his father-in-law, and fled, 
when the confpiracy was dif:overed, to Attica 
where he was initiated in the myfteries of 
Ceres of Eleufis, and made Hierophantes or 
High Prieft, He was afterwards reconciled 
V \9 





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to Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He 

* made war againft JErechtheus, the king of 
Athens, who had appointed him to the office 
of high prieft, and perilhed in battle. His 
defcendants were alio inverted with the prieft- 
bood, which remained for about 1200 years 
in that family. Fid. Eurnolpida?. Apollod. 2, 
■c. 5, &c .—Hygin. fab, 73.— D.od. 5.— Pan/. 
2 , C. 14. 

Eumonides,' a Theban, &c. Pint. 
Eun2eus, a fon of Jafon by Hypflpyle. 
daughter of Thoas. Homer. II- 7. 

Eunapius, a phyfician, fophift, and- hifto- 
rian, born at Sardis. He florilhed in the reign 
of Valentinian and his fucceffors, and wrote a 
hiftory of the Ctefars, of which few fragments 
remain. His life of the philofophers of hjs 
age is ftill extant. It is compofed with fidelity 
*nd elegance, precifion and corre&nefs. 

Eonomia, a daughter of Juno, one of the 
Horae. Apollod. 

EunSmus, a fon of Prytanes, who fuc- 
ceeded his father on the throne of Sparta. 

Pauf 2 , c. 36.-A famous mufician of 

Locris, rival to Arirton, over whom he ob¬ 
tained a mufical prize at Delphi. Strab. 6. 

• -A man killed by Hercules. Apollod. 

——A Thracian, who advifed Demofthenes 
not to be difcouraged by his ill fuccefs in his 
firrt attempts to fpeak in pyblic. Plut. in 

. Hem. -Tlie father of Lycurgus killed by a 

kitchen knife. Plut. in Lyc. 

Eunus, a Syrian flave, who inflamed the 
minds of the fervile multitude by pretended 
iufpiration and enthufiafm. fie filled a nut 
with fulphur in his mouth, and by artfully 
conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames to 
the aftqnilhment of tire people, who believed 
him to be a god, or fomething more than 
human. Opprefiiori and mifery compelled 
aooo (laves to join his caufe, and he loon law 
himi'elf at the head of-60,000 men. With 
fuch a force he defeated the Roman armies, 
till Perpenna obliged him to furrender by fa¬ 
mine, and expofed on a crofs the greateft part 
ef his followers; B. C. 132. Pint, in Serf. 
Euonymos, one of the Lipari ifles. 

Euoras, a grove of Laconia. Pauf. 3, c. 
10. 

Eupagium, a town of Peloponnefus. 
Eopalamon,. one of the hunters of the 
Calydonian boar. O-vid. Met. 8, v. 360. 

EupalXmus, the father of Daedalus and of 
Metiadwfa. Apollod. 3, c. 15. 

Eupator, a fon of Antiochus.-The 

furname of Eupator was given to many of the 
Afiatic princes, luch as Mithridates, &c. 
Strab. 12. 

EupXtoria, a town of Paphlagonia, built 
by Mithridates, and called afterwards Pom- 

peiopolis by Pompey. Plin. 6, c. 2 . - 

Another called Magnopolis in Pontus, now 
‘Tehenikeb. Strab. 12. 

Eupeithes, a prince of Ithaca,’father to 
Autinous. 


had fled before the vengeance of the Thefpro- 
tians whofe* territories he had laid wafte ill 
the purfuit of fome pirates. During the ab- 
fence of Ulyfies he was one of the moft im¬ 
portuning lovers of Penelope. Homer. Od. 
16. 

Euphaes, fucceeded Androcles on the 
throne of MdlTenia, and in his reign the firft 
Meflenian war began. He died B. C. 730. 
Pauf. 4, c, $ & 6* 

Eupuantus, a poet and hirtorian of Olyn- 
thus, Ion of Eubulides, and preceptor to Anti- 
gonus king of Macedonia. Diog. in Eucl. 

Eupheme, a woman who was nurfe t© 
the Mules, and mother of Crocus by Pan. 
Pauf 

Eu phemus, a fon of Neptune aud Europa, 
who was among the Argonauts, and the hun¬ 
ters of the Calydonian boar. He was fo fwift 
and light that he could run over the fea with¬ 
out fcarce wetting his feet. Pindar. Pyth. 4. 

— Apollod. I, c. 9 .—Pauf 5, c. 17.- 0 .*ie 

of the Greek captains before Troy. Horner. 
II. 2, v. 353. % 

Euphorbus, a famous Trojan, fon „of 
Panthous, the firrt who wbitnded Patroclus, 
whom Hedhor killed. He perifhed by the 
hand of Menelaus, who hung his Ihield in the 
temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras the 
founder of the'dodlrine of the metempfyehofis, 
or tranfmigration of l'ouls, affirmed that he had 
been once Euphorbus, and that his foul recol¬ 
lected many exploits which had been done 
while it animated that Trojan’s body. As a 
further proof of his artertion, he (hewed at 
firrt fight the Ihield of Euphorbus in the 
temple of Juno. Ovid. Met. 15,' v. i6q. — 

Pauf. 2. c. 17 .— Homer. H. 16 and 17. - A 

phyfician of Juba, king of Mauritania. 

Euphorion, a Greek poet of Chalcis in 
Eubcea, in the age of Antiochus the Great* 
Tiberius took him for his model for corredt 
writing, and was fo fond of him that he hung 
his pictures in all the public libraries. His 
father’s name was Polymnetus. He died in 
his 56th year B. C. 220. Cicero de Hat. D. 

2, c. 64, calls him Gbfcurum. -The father 

of iEfchylus bore the lame name. 

Eupuranor, a famous painter and fculp- 

tor of Corinth. Plin. 34, c. 8.-This name 

was common to many Greeks. ^ 

Euphrates, a difciple of Plato who go¬ 
verned Macedonia with abfolute authority in 
the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himfclf 
odious by his cruelty and pedantry. After 
the death of Perdiccas, he was murdered by 

Parmenio.-A ftoic philofopher in the age 

of Adrian, who dertroyed himfelf, with the 
emperor’s leave, to elcape the miferies of old 

| age, A. D. rio. Dio. -A large and cele- 

| hrated river of Melopotamia, riling from 
mount Taurus in Armenia, 5 nd diicharging 
itielf with the Tigris into the Perfian gulf. 

It is very rapid in its courfe, and partes 
In the former part of his life lie j through the middle of the city of Babylon. 













It inundates the country of Mefopotamia at a 
certain feafon of the year, and, like the Nile, 
in Egypt, happily fertilises the adjacent fields. 
Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and changed 
the cotirfe of the waters when he belieged 
Babylon Sirab. n. —Mela , i, c. 2. 1 . 3, 
c. 8.— Plin. 5, c. 24.— Virg. G. I, v. 509. 1 . 4. 
v. j 6 o. 

Euphrom, an afpiring man of Sicyon, who 
enllaved his country by bribery. Died. 15. 

Euphrosy na, one of the Graces, filter to 
Aglaia and Thalia* Patfl 9, c. 35. 

Eupl^a, an illand of the Tyrrhene lea, 
near Neapolis. Slat. 3, Silv, I, 149. 

Eupqus, a comic poet of Athens, who 
fiorithed 435 years before the t hriftian era, 
and feverely tallied the vices and immora- 
iities of his age. It is faid that he had com- 
pofed 17 dramatical pieces at the age of 17. 
He had a dog fo attached to him, that at his 
death he refuled all aliments, and itarved 
himfelf on his tomb. Some luppofe that Al- 
cibiades put Eupolis to death becaufe he had 
ridiculed him in a comedy which he had 
written again!! the Baptis, the priefts of the 
goddefs (. otytto,-and the impure ceremonies 
of their worfliip; bpt S.uidas maintains that 
he perilhed in a lea fight between the Athe- 
- nians and the Lacedemonians in the Hellef- 
pont, and that on that account his country, 
men, pitying his fate, decreed, that no poet 
fliould ever after go to war. Horat. 1. Sat. 
4, 1 . 2, Sat. IO. — Cic. ad- Attic. 6, ep. I. — 
TElian. 

Eupomtus, a geometrician of Macedonia. 

•-A painter. Pirn. 34, c. 8. 

Eurianassa, a town near Chios. Plin% 5, 

c. 31. 

Euripides, a celebrated tragic poet born at 
Salamis the day on which the army of Xerxes 
was defeated by the Greeks. He ftudied 
eloquence under Prodicus, ethics under So¬ 
crates, and philolbphy under Anaxagoras. He 
applied himfelf to dramatical compefition, and 
his writings became fo much the admiration of 
his countrymen* that the unfortunate Greeks, 
who had accompanied Nicias in his expedition 
again!! Syracufe, were freed from flavery, only 
by repeating fome verfes from the pieces of 
Euripides. The poet often retired from the 
fociety of mankind, and confined himfelf in a 
fclitary Cave near Salamis, where he wrote and 
finifiied his molt excellent tragedies. The 
talents oLSophocles were looked upon by 
Euripides with jealoufy, and the great enmity 
which always reigned between the two poets, 
gave an opportunity to the comic mule of 
Ariftophanes to ridicule them both on the ftage 
with fuccefs and humor. During the repre* 
fentation of one of the tragedies of Euripides, 
the audience, difpleafed with fome lines in 
the compofition, defired the writer to ftrike 
them off. Euripides heard the reproof with 
indignation; he advanced forward on the 
ftage, and told the fpc&ators, that he came 


there to mftrudt them, and not to receive 
inttrudtion. Another piece in which he 
called riches the fummurn bonum and the ad¬ 
miration of gods and men, gave equal dif- 
fatisfadtion, but the poet defired the audience 
to liften with lilent attention, for the conclu- 
fion of the whole would ihow them the punilh- 
ment which attended the lovers of opulence. 
The ridicule and envy to which he was conti¬ 
nually expofed, obliged him at laft to remove 
from Athens. He retired to the court of 
Archelnus king of Macedonia, where he re¬ 
ceived the molt confpicuous marks of royal 
munificence and friendlhip. His end was as 
deplorable as it was uncommon. It is faid that 
the dogs of, Archelaus met him in his l'olitary 
walks, and tore his body to pieces 407 years 
before the Chriltian era, in the 78th year of 
his age. Euripides wrote 75 tragedies, of 
which only 19 are extant; the molt approved 
of which are his Phacnillae, Oreltes, Medea, 
Andromache, Eledtra, Hippolytus, Ipliigenia in 
Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules and the 
Troades. He is peculiarly happy in ex- 
prelfing the paffions of love, efpecially the 
more tender and animated. To the pathos he 
has added lublimity, and the molt common ex- 
preflions have received a perfed^ polilhi from 
his pen. In his perfon, as it is reported, he 
was noble and majeltic, and his deportment 
was always grave and ferious. He was slow 
in compofing, and labored with dilficulty, 
from which circumftance a foolifh and malevo* 
lent poet once oblerved, that he had written 
IOO verfes in three days, while Euripides had 
written only three. True , lays Euripides, but 
there is this difference between your poetry and 
mine ; yours 'will expire in three days, but mine 
/ hall live for ages to come. Euripides was fueb. 
<»n enemy to the fair fex that fome have called 
him fcitroyvvris woman hater, and perhaps from 
this averfion arife the impure and diabolical 
machinations which appear in his female cha- 
radters, an obfervation, however, which he 
refuted, by faying he had faithfully copied 
nature. Jin lpite of all this antipathy he was 
married twice, but his connediions were fo 
injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce 
both his, wives. The belt editions of this 
great poet are that of Mufgrave, 4 vols. 4to. 
Oxon. 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 
i2mo. 2 vols. 1597; and that of Barnes, foU 
Cantab. 1694. There are alfo feveral valuable 
editions of detached plays. Diod. 13 .—VaU 
Max. 3, c. 7.— Cic. In. I, C.50. Or. 3, C. 7, 
Acad. I, 4. Offic. 3; Finib. 2. Tt/fc. I & 4, 
&c. * 

EurIpus, a narrow flrait which feparatej 
the ifiand of Euboea from the coaft of Boeotia. 
Its flux and reflux, which continued regular 
during 18 or19 day.*> and were uncommonly 
unfettled the reft of the month, was a matter 
of deep inquiry among the ancients, and it is 
faid that Ariftotle threw himfelf into it becaufp 
he was unable to find out the caufes of that 
U % phanomenofij, 






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phenomenon. Liv. 28, c. 6.— Mela, t, c. 7. 
— Plin. 2, C. 95.— Strab. 9. 

Eoristhenes. Vid. Euryfthenes. 

Euromus, a city of Caria. Liv- 32, c. 33. 
1. 33) c. 30. 

Europa, one of the three grand divifions 
of the earth, known among the ancients, ex¬ 
tending, according to modern fufveys, about 
3000 miles from north to fouth, and 2500 
from eaft to weft. Though inferior in extent, 
yet it is fuperior to the others in the learning, 
power, and abilities of its inhabitants. It 
is bounded on the eaft by the iEgean fea, 
Hellefpont, Euxine, Palus Mceotis, and the . 
Tanais in a northern direction. The Medi¬ 
terranean divides it from Africa on the fouth, 
and on the weft and north it is walhed by the 
Atlantic and Northern Oceans. It isfuppofed 
to receive its name from Europa, who was 
carried there by Jupiter. Mela, 2, c. 1.— 
Plin. , C. I, &C.— Lucan. 3, v. 27^.— Virfr. 

JEn. 7, v. 222.-A daughter of Agenor 

king of Phoenicia, and Telephafla. She was 
I'o beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of 
her, and the better to feduce her he affumed 
tlie lhapeof a bull and mingled with the herds 
of Agenor, while Europa, with her female 
attendants, were gathering flowers in the 
Ineadows. Europa carefTed the beautiful ani¬ 
mal, and at laft had the courage to fit upon his 
hack. The god took advantage of her fituation, 
and with" precipitate fteps retired towards the 
Jhore, and crofted the i’ea with Europa on his 
back, and arrived fafe in Crete. Here he 
allumed his original fhape, and declared his 
love. The nymph contented, though the had 
once made vows of perpetual celibacy, and Ihe 
became mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rha- 
damanthus. After this dillinguifhed amour 
with Jupiter, ihe married Atterius king of 
Crete. This monarch feeing himfelf without 
children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her 
amours with Jupiter, and always cfteemed 
Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamamhus, as 
bis own children. Some fuppoie that Eu- 
;fbpn lived about 1552 years before the Chrif- 
tian era. Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 13.— Mofch. 

Idyl. — Apollod. 2, c. 5. 1 . 3, c. r.-One 

of the Oceanides. Hefwd. Th. 356——A 
part of Thrace near meunt Hremus. 'JvJUn. 
3, e. 1. 

EurSp^Eus, a patronymic of Minos the fon 
•f Europa. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 23. 

Eunors* a king of Sicyon, fon' of 
^Egiateus, who died B. C. 1993, Pauf. 2, 

«-J. 

Europus, a king of Macedonia, &c. fuftin. 

3, c. r.-A town of Macedonia on the 

Axius. Plin.. 4, c. id. 

EurStas, a fon of Lelex, father to Sparta, 
who married Lacedaemon. He was one of the 
firft kings of Laconia, and gave his name to the 
river which flows near Sparta. Apollod. 3,. 

c. 16.— Pauf. 3, c. r.-A river of Laconia, 

Rawing by Sparta. It was called by \yay of 
10 


eminence. Bafilipotamos the king of riven t 
and worfhipped by the Spartans ns a powerful 
god. Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives gr err 
on its banks in great abundance. Strab. 8.— 
Pauf. 3, c. I— Liv. 35, c. 29.— Virg. Eel. 

6 , v. 82. — Ptol. 4 .- A river in Theffaly 

near mount Olympus, called alfo Titarefus. 
It' joined the Peneus, but was not fuppoled 
to incorporate with it. Strab. 6.— Plin. 4, 
c. 8 . 

Euroto, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxd 

Apollod. 

Eurus, a wind blowing from the eaflerrr 
parts of the world. The Latins fometimes 
called it Vulturous. Ovid. Trif. i, el. 2, 

Met. II, &C.' 

Euryale, a queen of the Amazons, who 
aftifted iEetes, &c. Flacc. 4.-A daugh¬ 

ter of Mines, mother of Orion by .Neptune. 

-A daughter of Prretus, king of Argos. 

-One of the Oorgons who was immortal. 

Heftod. Theog. v. 207. 

Euryalus, one of the ' Peloponnefian 
chiefs who went to the Trojan war with 80 

lhips. Homer. II. 2.-An illegitimate fon 

of Ulyftes and Evippe. Sdphocl. -A fon 

of MelSs, taken prifonet* by Hercules, &c. 

Apollod. I,' c. 8.-A Trojan who came 

with ./Eneas into Italy, and rendered himfelf 
famous for his immortal friendlhip with Ni- 
fus. Vid. Nifus. Virgi JEn. 9, v. 179.- 
A pleafant place of Sicily near Syracufe. Liv. 

25^ c. 25.--A Lacedaemonian general in the 

fecond Mefleman war. 

Eurybates', a her'ald in the Trojan war 
who took Briieis from Achilles by order of 
Agamemnon. Homer. P. 1, v. 32.— Ovid. 

Heruid. 3.-A warrior of Argos, often 

victorious at the Nernean games, See. Pavf. 
1, c. 29.-One of the Argonauts. 

Eurybia, the mother of Lucifer and all 

the ftars. Hefwd. -A daughter of Pontus 

and Terra, mother of Aftreus, Pallas, and 

Perfes, by Crius-A daughter of Thefpius. 

Apollod. 

Eurybiades, a Spartan general of the 
Grecian fleet at the battles of Artemifium and 
: Salamis againft Xerxes. He has Been charged 
with want of courage, and with ambition. He 
offered to ftrike Themiftocles when he wifhed 
to fpeak about the manner ef attacking the 
Peril.ms, upon which the Athenian faid, ftrike 
me, but hear me. Herodot. 8, c. 2, 74, Sec —. 
Plut. in Them. — C. Nep. in The m. 

Eurybius, a fon of Eurytus king of 
Argos, killed in a war between his country* 
men and the -Athenians.- Apollod. 2, c. *8. 

-A fon of Nereus and Chloris. Id. r, 

c. 9. 

Euryclea, a beautiful daughter of Ops of 
Ithaca. Laertes bought her lor 20 oxen, and 
gave her his fon Ulyftes to nurfe, and treated 
her with much tendernefs and attention. 
Homer. Od. 19. 

Euryci.es, afc ora for of Syracufe whb 

proposed 













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propafed to put Nicias and Bemofthenes to 
death, and to confine to hard labor all the 

Athenian foldiers in the quarries. Plut. - 

A Lacedaemonian at the battle of Aftium on 

the fide of Auguftus. Id. in Anion. -A 

foothfayjr of Athens. 

Eurycrates, a king of Sparta, defcended 
from Hercules. Herodot. 7, c. 2Qq. 

Eukycratxdas, a ton ©f Anaxander, &c. 
Herodot. 7, c. 204. 

'EurydX.mas, a Trojan fkilled in theun- 
terpretation. of dreams. His two fons were 
killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. 

Homer. //. 5, v. 148.-One of Penelope’s 

fuitors. Od. 22, v. 283.-A wreltler of 

Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth 
dulhed to pieces by his antagonift, which he 
fwallowed without iho'ving any figns of pain, 
or difeominuing the fight. JEiian. V. H. 10, 

19.-A fon of JEgyptus. ApolloJ. 

EoP-Ydame, the wile of Leotychides, king 
of Sparta. Herodot. 

Ecrydamjdas, a king of Lacedaemon, of 
the family of the Proclidx. Puuf. 3, c. 10. 

Eurydice, the wife of Amyntas, king of 
Macedonia. She had by her hufband, Alex¬ 
ander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daugh¬ 
ter called Euryone. A criminal partiality for 
her daughter’s hulband, to whom fhe offered 
her hand and the kingdom, made her confpire 
againft Amyntas, who uiuft have fallen a 
vidtim to her infidelity had not Euryone dif- 
covered ir. Amyntas forgave her. Alexander 
afeended the throne after his father’s death, 
and perilhed by the ambition of his mother. 
Perdiccas who fucceeded him fhared his fate; 
but Philip, who was the next in fuccetljon, 
fecurcd himfelf againft all attempts from his 
mother, and afeended the throne with peace 
and univerfal fktisxadlion. Eurydice fled to 
Iphicrates the Athenian general for protedlion. 
The manner of her death is unknown. C. Hep. 

in Iphic. 3.-A daughter of Amyntas, who 

married her uyde Arkhms, the illegitimate 
fon of Philip. After the death of Alexander 
the Great, Arid®us afeended the* throne of 
Macedonia, but he was totally governed by 
the intrigues of his wife, who called back Cal- 
fander, and joined her forces with his to march 
againft Polyperchon afid Olympias. Eurydice 
was fqrlaken by her troops, Aridjeus was 
pierced through with arrows by order of 
Olympias, who commanded Eurydice to de- 
ftroy herfelf either by poifon, the iword, or 

the halter. She chofe the latter.--The 

wife of' the poet Orpheus. As Hie fled before 
Ariftaius, who wifhed to offer her violence, 
fhe was bit by a ferpent in the grafs, and died 
of the wound. Orpheus was io difconlojate 
jtfyat he ventured to go to he 1, where, by the 
melody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto 
the reltoration of his wife to life, provided he 
did not look behind before he came upon 
He violated the conditions, as his 


j engernefs to fee his wife rendered him forget¬ 
ful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was 
for ever taken froih him. [Fid. Orpheus ] 
Virg. G. 4, v. 457, &c.— Pauf. 9, c. 30.— 
Ovid. It let. 10, r. 30, &c. ■ ■■■■■ A daughter of 

Adrafius. Apollod. 3, c. 12.-One of the 

Dan aides who married Dyas. Id. 2, c. 1. 

-The wife of Lycurgus, king of Neman 

in Peloponnefus. Id. 1, c. 9.-A daughter 

ofA£tor. Id. -A wife of iEneas. Pauf. 

10, c. 26.—-A daughter of Amphiaraus. 

Id. 3, c. 17.——A daughter of Antipater, 
who married one of the Ptolemies. Id. 1, 

c. 7.-A daughter of king Philip. Id. 5, 

c. 17.-A daughter of Lncedsemon. Id. 3, 

c. 13.--A daughter,qf Clymenus, who 

married Neff or. Homer. Od. -A wife of 

Demetrius, defcended from Miltiades. Plut. 
in Demetr. 

Eurygania, a wife of (Edipus. Apollod. 

Euryjle6n, a king of the Latins, called 
alfo Alcanius. 

Eurylochus, one of the companions of 
Ulyfies, the only one who did not tafte the 
potions oT Circe. His prudence however 
forfook him in Sicily, where he carried away 
the flocks facred to Apollo, for which lacri- 
legious crime he was lhipwrecked. Homer. 

Od. 10, v. 205, 1 .. 12, v. 195.- Ovid. Met. 

14, v. 287.-A man who broke a conduit 

which conveyed water into Cyrrhae, See. 

Polysn. 6. - A man who difeovered the 

conlpiracy which was made againft:' Alexander 
by Hermolaus and others. Curt, 8, c. 6. 

Eurymachus, a powerful Theban, who 

feized Plataea by treachery, &c.-One of 

Penelope’s luitors.- — —A fon of Ante nor.— 

A lover of Hippodamia. Pauf. 

Eurymf.de, the wife of Glaucus king of 
Ephyra. Apollod. 

1 .urymeoq.n, the father of Peribcca, by 
whom Neptune had Naufithous. Homer. Od. 
7.——A river of Pamphylia, near which the 
Perfians were defeated by the Athenians un¬ 
der Cimon, B. C. 470. L'w. 33, c. 41. 

1 . 37, c. 23.-A man who acculed Arif- 

totle of propagating profane doctrines in the 
Lyceum. 

Eurymenes, a fon of Neleus and Chloris, 

Apollod. 

Eurynome, one of the Oceanides, mother 

of the Graces, Hefiod. -—A daughter of 

Apollo, mother of Adraftus and Eriphyle, 

-A woman of Lemnos, Sec. Place. 2, 

v. 136.——The vyife of Lycurgus fon, of 

Alcus. Apollod. 3, c. 9.-The mother of 

Afopus by Jupiter. Id. 3, c. 12.-One of 

Penelope’s female attendants. Homer. Qd.ij , 

v. 515.--An Athenian Cent with a reii)* 

forcement to Nicias in Sicily, Pint, in Hie. 

Eurynomus, one of the deities of heU. 

‘ Pauf. IO, C. 28. 

Euryone, a daughter of Amyntas king of 
MacuJoiha, by Eurydice. 

U 4 EV3?m. 



















EU 


EU 

Eurypon, a king of Sparta, fon of Sous. 
His reign was fo glorious that iii; defendants 
were called Evrypvr.tidce. Pauf. 3, c. 7. 

Eurypyle, a daughter ofThelpius. 

Eury iYlus, a fon of Telephus and Af- 
tyoche, was killed in the Trojan war by 
Pyrrhus. He made his court to Calfimdra. 

homer. II. 11.--A Grecian at the Trojan 

war. Homer. IL 2. -A prince of Olenus 

who went with Hercules agninlt Laomedon. 

Pauf. 7, c.19-A fdn of Mecifteus who 

fignalized himl'elf in the wan of the Epigoni 

againft Thebes. Apoilod. 3,-A fon ot 

Temerius king of Meflenia, vvno confpired 

againft his father’s life. Id. 3, c. '(>. -A 

fon of Neptune killed by Hercules. Id. 2, 

c. 7.-—One of Penelope’s fuitors. Id. 3, 

c. 10.-A TheflTalian who became delirious 

for looking into a box which fell to his fhare 
after the plunder of Troy. Pauf. 7, c. 19. 

--A foothfayer in the Grecian camp before 

Troy, fent to confult the oracle of Apollo, 
how his countrymen could return fife home. 
The refult of his enquiries was the injunction 
to offer an human lacriilce. Pi g-. JE;i. 2, 
v. 114.— Ovid. 

Eurysthenes, a fon of Ariflodcmus, who 
lived in perpetual diifention with his twin 
brother Erodes, while they both lat on the 
Spartan throne. It was unknown which of 
the two was born firft, the mother, who 
wilhed to lee both her fons raifed on the 
-throne, refufed to declare it, and they were 
both appointed kings of Sparta by order of 
the oracle of Delphi, B. C. U02. After the 
death of the two brothers, the Lacedaemoni 
ans, who knew not to what family the right 
of feniority and fucceifion belonged, permitted 
two kings to fit on the throne, one of each 
family. The defendants of Euryfthenes were 
called Euryfhenida ; and thole of Procles, 
Proclida. It was inconfiftent with the laws 
of Sparta for two kings of the fame family to 
afeend the thrqne together, yet that law was 
fometimes violated by opprefiion and tyranny. 
Euryfthenes had a fon called Agis, who fuc- 
ceeded him. His defeendants were called 
Agida. There fat on the throne of Sparta 31 
kings of the family of Euryfthenes, and only 
24 of the Proclidae. The former were the 
more illuftrious. Herodot. 4, c. 147. 1 . 6, c. 
52.— Pauf. 3, c.i. — C. Nep. in Agef. 

Eurysthenidje, Pid. Euryfthenes. 

EUrystheus, a king of Argos and My¬ 
cenae, fon of Sthenelus and Nicippe the 
daughter of Pelops. Juno haftened his birth 
by two months, that he might come into the 
world before Hercules the fon of Alcme¬ 
na, as the younger of the two was doomed 
by order of Jupiter to be fubfervient to the 
will of the other. [Pid. Alcmena.] This 
natural right was cruelly exercifed by Euryf- 
theus, who was jealous of the fame of Her¬ 
cules, and who, to deftroy fo powerful a re¬ 
lation, impofed upon him the moft dangerous 


and uncommon 'enterprizes well known by 
the name of the twelve labors of Hercules. 
The fuccefs of Hercules in atchicving thole 
perilous labors alarmed Euryftheus in agreater 
degree, and he furnifihed himfelf*with a bra¬ 
zen veflel, where he might fecure himfelf a 
fafe retreat in cafe of danger. After the death 
of Hercules, Euryftheus renewed his cruelties 
againft his children, aneb made war againft 
Ceyx king of Trachinia becaufe he had given 
them fupfort, and treated them with hofpi- 
tali tv. He was killed in the profecution of 
this war by Hylius the Ion of Hercules. His 
head was fent to Alcmena the mother of Her¬ 
cules, who, mindful of the. cruelties which her 
fon'had luffered, infulted it and tore out the 
eyes with the molt inveterate fury. Euryl- 
theus was locceeded on the throne of Argos 
by Atreus his nephew. fly gin. fab. 30 & 32. 
— Apoilod. 2, c. 4‘, See. — Pa1f.iyC.33, 1 -3,c.6. 
— Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 6.— Pirg. JEn 8, v. 292: 

Euryte, a daughter.of Hippodamus, who 

married Parthaon. Apoilod. - *1 he wither 

of Hallirhotius, by Neptune. Id. ~ 

Euryte®, a town ofAchaia. Pa iff ,c. 18. 

Euryteik, a daughter of Thelpius.- 

A daughter of Leucippus. Apolod. 

Euryt n?.Mis,the wife of 1 hellius. Apoilod. 

- Eurythion Sc Eurytic n, a qentaup 
whole inlbler.ee to Hippodamia was the caufe 
of the quarrel between the I.apithae and t en- 
taurs, a| the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met.' 

.12 . — Pauf. 5, c. 10.— Hefiod. Theog■■ -c-A 

herdfman of Geryon killed by Hercules. 

Apoilod 2.-A king of Sparta who feized 

upon Mnntinea by ftratagevn. Poly<sn. 2 -* 

One cf the Argonauts Ovid. Met. 8, v. 311. 

-A fon of Lvcaon, who fignalized himfelf 

during the funeral games exhibited in Sicily 

by -/Eneas. Pirg. JEn. 5, v. 495.-A lil- 

verfmith. Id. 10, v. 499.— : —A man of 
Heraclea convi/'fed of adultery. His punifh- 
ment was the caufe of the abolition of the ' 
o.igarchical power there. Arifot. 5 Polit. 

Eurytis, ( idos ) a patronymic of Iole 
daughter of Eurytus. Ovid. Met. 9, fab. ii;. 

Eurytus, a fon of Mercury, among the 

Argonauts. Place. 1, v. 439.--A king of 

CEchalia, father to Iole. He offered his 
daughter to him who fhot a bow better than 
himfelf. Hercules conquered him, and put 
him to death* becaufe he refnfed him h s 
daughter as the prize of his viftory. Apoilod. 

2, c. 4 & 7.-A fon of Aftor, concerned 

in the wars between Augias and Hercu'es, 

and killed by the hero.-A fon of Augias 

killed by Hercules as he was going to Corinth 
to celebrate the Ifthmian games. Apotlod. 

-A per fon killed in hunting the Calydo- 

nian boar.-A fon-of Hippocoon. Id. 3, c. 10. 

-A giant killed by Hercules or Bacchus 

for making war againft the gods. 

Eusebia, an emprefs, wife to Conftantius, 
&c. She died A. D. 360, highly and defer- 
vedly lamented. 

Eusebius* 


















EU 


EX 


Eusebios, a bilhop of Colfarea in great 
favor with the emperor Conftantine. He was 
concerned in the theological difputes of Arius 
and Athanafius, and "tiiftinguiilied himfelf by 
his writings, which confifted of an ecclefiafti- 
cal hiftory, the life of Conllantine, Chroni- 
con, Evangelical preparations, ahd other nu¬ 
merous treatifes, moil of which are now loft. 
The belt edition of his Praeparatio & Demon- 
llratio Evangelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols. 
folio; Rothomagi, 1628; and of his ecclefi- 
aftical hiftory by Reading, folio Cantab. 1720. 

Eusebius, a furname ofBacchps. 

Eusepus k Pedasus, the twin fons of 
Bucolion killed in the T rojan war. Hojner. II. 6. 

Eustathius, a Greek commentator on 
the works of Homer, The beft edition of 
this very valuable author, is that published at 
Balil, 3 vols. folio, 1560. It is to be la¬ 
mented the defign of Alexander Poiitus, be¬ 
gun at Florence in 1735, and publifhed in the 
firfl 5 books of the Iliad, is not executed, as 
a Latin tranflation of thefe excellent com¬ 
mentaries is among the defiderata of the pre- 

fent day.-A man who wrote a very foolilh 

romance in Greek, entitled Je Ifmeniee ■ 13 ’ 
Ifmenes amoribus, edited by Gaulminus, 8vo. 
Paris, 1617. 

Eutjea, a town of Arcadia. Pauf. 8, c 27. 

Eutelidas, a famous ftatuary of Argos. 

Id. 6. c. 10. 

Euterpe, one of the Mufes, daughter to 
Jupiter and Mnemofyne. She prefided over 
mulic, and was looked upon as the inventrefs 
of the flute and of all wind inftrumenis. She is 
reprefented as crowned with flowers and 
holding a flute in her hands. Some mytholo- 
gifts attributed to her the invention of tragedy 
471 ore commonly fuppofed to be the produc¬ 
tion of Melpomene. Vid. Mufee. -The 

name of the mother of Themiltodes accord¬ 
ing to fome. 

Euthycrates, a fculptor of Sifyon, fon 
of Lyfippjis. He was particularly happy in 
tlie proportions of his ftatues. Thole of Her¬ 
cules and Alexander were in general efteem, 
and particularly that of Medea, which was 
carried on a chariot by four horfes. PI in. 34, 

c. 8.-A man who betrayed Olynthus to 

Philip. 

Eutuydemus, an orator and rhetorician 
who greatly diftinguiihed himfelf by his elo¬ 
quence, Sec. Strab. 14. 

Euthyaius, a celebrated boxer of Locri 
in Italy, &c. Pauf. 6, c. 6. 

Eutrapelus, a man defcribed as artful 
and fallacious by Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 31. 

-A hair-dreffer. Martial. 7, ep. 82I 

•'Eutrapelus, (Volumn.) a friend of 
M. Antony, &c. Cic. Fam. 32. 

Eutropius, a Latin hiftorian in the age 
of Julian, under whom he carried arms in the 
fetal expedition againft the Perfians. His 
origin as well as his dignity are unknown; 
yet fome fuppofe, from the epithet of C/arif- 


ftmus prefixed to his hiftory, that he was a 
Roman fenator. He wrote an epitome of the 
hiftory of Rome, from the age of Romulus 
to the reign of the emperor Valens, to whom 
the work was dedicated. He wrote a treatife 
on medicine without being acquainted with' 
the art. Of aH his works the Roman hiftory 
alone is extant. It is compoled with concife* 
nefs and precifion, but without elegance. 
The beft edition of Eutropius is that of Ha- 
verkamp, Cam notis variorum , 8vo. L. Bat * 

1729 & 1762.-A famous eunuch at the 

court of Arcadius the fon of Theodofius the 
great, &e, 

EutychTde, a woman who was thirty 
times brought to bed, and carried to the grave 
by twenty of her children. Plin. 7, c. 3. 

Eutychides, a learned fervant of Atti- 
cus, &c. Cic. 15. ad Attic. -A fculptor. 

Euxanthius, a daughter of Minos and 
Dexithea. Apollod. 

Euxenidas, a painter, &c. Plin. 35. 

Euxenus, a man who wrote a poetical 
hiftory of the fabulous ages of Italy. Dionyf. 
Hal. 1. 

EuxTnus Pontus, a fea between Afia 
and Europe, partly at the north of Afia Mi¬ 
nor and at the weft of Colchis. It was anti- 
ently called inhofpitable, on account 

of.the favage manners of the inhabitants on 
its coafis. Commerce with foreign nations, 
and the plantation of colonies in their neigh- 
' bourhood, gradually foftened their roughnefs, 
and the fea was no longer called Axenus, but 
Euxenus, bofpitable. The Euxine is fuppofed 
by Herodotus to be 1387 miles long atld 420 
broad. Strabo calls it noo miles long and 
in circumference 3125. It abounds in ail 
varieties of filh, and receives the tribute of 
above 40 rivers. It is not of great depth, ex¬ 
cept in the eaftern parts, where fome have 
imagined that it had a fubterraneous commu¬ 
nication with the Calpian. It is called the 
Black fea, from the thick dark fogs which 
cover it. Ovid Trijl. 3, el. 13, 1 . 4, el. 4. 
v. 54.— Strab. I, kc. — Mela, I, c. I.— Plin , 
3.— Herodot. 4, c. 85. 

Euxippe, a woman who killed herfelf be¬ 
cause the ambafladors of Sparta had offered 
violence to her virtue, &c. 

Exadius, one of the Lapithze at the nup¬ 
tials of Pirithous. Homer. II. I, v. 264.—* 
O vid. Met. 12, v. 266. 

ExiETiiEs, a Parthian'who cut off" the 
head of Craflus, &c. Polyan. 7. 

Exagqnus, the ambaffador of a nation in 
Cyprus who came to Rome and talked fo 
much of the power of herbs, lerpents, &c. 
that the confuls ordered him to be thrown into 
a veflel full of ferpents. Thefe venomous 
creatures far from hurting him, carefled him 
and harmlefsly licked him with their tongues. 
Plin. 28, c. 3. 

Exomatra:, a people of Afiatip Sarma- 
tin. Place, 6, V. 144. 

U 4 



FA 


FA 


F ABARIA, feftivals at Rome in honor of 
Carna wile of Janus, when beans (faba) 
were prefented as an oblation. 

FarTris, now Farfa , a river of Italy in 
the territories of the Sabines, called alio 
Far farm. Ovid. Met. 14,'V. 330/ — Virg- 
JEa. 7, v. 715. 

Fabia. Vid Fabius Fabricianus. 

Fabia lex, de amliiu, was to circumfcriie 
the number of Seblatores of attendants which 
v.'ere allowed to candidates in canvafting for 
fome high office. It was propofed but did 
not pafs. 

Fabia, a tribe at Rome. Herat. I, ep. 7, 
v. 52.——A veftal virgin, lifter to Terentia, 
Cicero’s wife. 

Fabianj, fome of the Luperci at Rome ; 
inftituted in honor of the Fabian family. 

Fabii, a noble and powerful family at 
Ron e, who derived their name from faba , a 
bean, becaufe fome of their anceftors cultivated 
this pulfe. They were laid to be defeended 
from Fabius, a fuppofed fon of Hercules by. 
*n Italian nymph; and they were once fo nu¬ 
merous'that they took upon tbemlelves to, 
wage war a^ainft the v Veientes. They came 
tc a general engagement near the Cremera, 
in which all the family, confiding of 306 men, 
were totally {lain. B. C. 477. There only 
remained one whole tender age had detained 
him at Rome, and from him arofe the noble 
Fabii in the following ages. The family was 
divided into fix different branches, the Amluf.i, 
the Max:mi. the Vibulani , tile Biiteones , the 
Horfcjies, and the Pictures, the three firft of 
which are frequently mentioned in the Roman 
Ixiftory, but the ethers feldom. JDioityf. 9. 
c. 5.— 1 iv. 2, c. 46, &c.— Flo'. 1, c. 2.— 
Ovid. Triff. 2 , v. 233.'— Fitg. As n. 6, V. 845. 

Fabius Adaximus Rullianus was the firft 
of the Fabii who obtained the 1‘urname of 
Max ’/Urs 5 for lelfening the power of the po¬ 
pulace at elections. He was maftc-r of horfe, 
and his vifftories over (he Samnites in that 
capacity, nearly coft him his life, becaufe he 
'engaged the enemy without the command of 
the dictator. He was live times conful, twice 
di&atOr, and once cenfor. He triumphed 
over feven different nations in the neighbour¬ 
hood of Rome, and rendered himfelf iiluftrious 
b, his patiiotifm.——— Rufticus, an hiftorian in 
the age of Claudius and Nero. He was inti 
mate with Seneca, and the encomiums which 
Tacitus p.iffes upon his ftyle, make us regret 
the lofs of his com portions.—— Marcellimss, 
a hiftorian in thp lecond century.—A Ro 
man lawyer whom ’ Herat. 1. fat. 2, v. 134, 
ridicules as having been caught in adultery. 


- Q. Maximus, a celebrated Roman, firft 

furnamed Ferrucofus from a wart on his lip, 
and Agnicitla from -his inoffenfive manners. 
From a dull and unpromifiiig childhood he 
biirft into deeds of valor and heroifm, and 
was gradually railed by merit to the higheit 
offices of the- ftate. . In his firft confulfhip, he 
obtained a victory ever Liguria, and the fatal 
battle of Thrafy menus occnfioned his election 
to the diftatorfhip. In this important office 
he began to oppole Annibal, not by fighting 
him in the open field; like his predeceflors, 
but he continually haraffed his army by coun¬ 
termarches and srobufeades, for which he re¬ 
ceived the furname of Cun£lator or delayer , 
Such operations for the commander of the 
Roman armies, gave offence to lome, and Fa¬ 
bius was even accufed of cowardice. He, 
however, ftill purfued the meafures which pru¬ 
dence and refieftion feemed to dilate as mof£ 
falutary to Rome, and he patiently bore to 
lee his mafter of horfe raifed to fhare the dic¬ 
tatorial dignity with himfelf, by means of his, 
enemies at home. When he had laid down 
his office of dictator, his fucceffors for a while, 
followed his plan ; but the rafhngfs of Varro, 
and }>is contempt for the operations of Fabius, 
occafioned the fatal battle of Cannse. Taren- 
tum was obliged to lurrender to his arms after 
the batt e of Cannse, and on that occafion the 
Carthaginian enemy obferved that Fabius was 
the Annibal of Rome. When he had made 
an agreement with Annibal for the ranfomof 
the captives, which was totally dil'approved by 
the Roman fenate, he fold all his eftates to 
pay the money, rather than forfeit his word to 
the enemy. The fcpld propofal of young 
Scipio to go and carry the war from Italy to 
Africa, was rejected by Fabius as chimerical 
and dangerous. He did not, however, live to 
lee the luccefs of the Roman arms under Sci¬ 
pio, and the conqueft of Carthage, by meafures 
which he treated with contempt and heard 
with indignation. He died in the 100th year 
of his age, after he had been five times qonful, 
and twice honored with a triumph. The Ro-' 
mans were fo fenfible of h:s great merit and 
lervices that the expences of his funeral were 
defrayed front the public treafury. Pint, in 

Fitd.—Flor. 2, c. (j.—rLiv .— Polyl,- -His 

fen bore the fame name, and Ihewed himfelf 
worthy of his noble father’s virtues. During 
his confulfhip he received a vifit from his 
father on horfeback m the camp: the fon or¬ 
dered the father to difmount, and the old man 
cheerfully obeyed, embracing his fon, and fay- 
hig, I wifhed to know whether you knew what 
it is t© be conful He died before his father, 

3*4 






FA 


PA 


and the Cun£htor, with the moderation of a 1 
philofeph r. delivered a funeral oration over 
the dead body of his Ion. Pint in Fabio. 

-Pidfor, the Hr ft Rorqpn who wrote an 

hiftorical account of his country, from the age 
of Romulus to the year of Rome 536. He 
florifhed B. C. 225. The work which is now 
extant, and which is attributed to him, is a 

fpurious compofition.--A loquacious perfon 

mentioned by Hordt. i:’ Sat. 1, v. 14.-A 

Roman confui, iurnamed Ambuftus, beo.ule 

he was ftruck with lightning.-A lieutenant 

of Ca?far in Gaul.-‘■Fabricianus, a Roman 

aflaftinated by his wife Fabia, th.1t fhe might 
more freely enjoy the company of a favorite ' 
youth. His foil was faved from his mother’s 
cruelties, and when he came of age he avenged 
his father’s death by murdering his mother 
aird her adulterer. The fenate took cogniz¬ 
ance of the action, and patronised the parri 

cide. Pint, in Pat all. -A chief prieft at 

Rome when Brennus took the city. Plut. 

•-A Roman fer.t to confult the oracle of 

Delphi, while Annibal was in Italy.-Ano¬ 

ther chofen didtaterr merely to create new fe- 

liators - - A lieutenant of Lucullus defeated 

by Mithridates. A ten of Paulas ./Emilius, 
adopted into the family of the Fabii. — A 
Roman furnamed Allobrogicus from his vic¬ 
tory over the Allobroges, &c, Flor. 2, c. 17. 
*——Another cholen general againft the Car¬ 
thaginians in Italy. He loft all his forces in a 
battle, and fell wounded by the fide of Anui- 

bal. Plut. in Pavail. -A confui with J. 

Caefar, who conquered Pompey’s adherents in 
Spain.-A high prieft v\ho wrote fome an¬ 

nals, and made war againft Viriathus in Spain. 

Liv. 30, c. 26. — Flor. 3, c. 2 ,-Dorfo. 

Vid. Dorfo. 

Fabraterja, a colony and town of the 
Volfci in Latiurn. Jtal. 8. v. 398.— Cic. Pam. 
9 > e P* * 4 * 

Fabuicius, a Latin writer in the reign 
of Nero, who employed his pen in fatiriz- 
ing and defaming the fenators. His works 

were burnt by order of Nero.-Caius Lui- 

cinus, a celebrated Roman who, in his firft 
confulfhip obtained feveral victories over the 
Samnites and Lucanians, and was honored 
with a triumph. The riches which were ac¬ 
quired in thpfe battles were immenfe, the 
foldiers were liberally rewarded by the con¬ 
fui, and the trenfury was enriched with 400 
talents. Two years after Fabricius went as 
ambaffador to Pyrrhus, and refuled with con¬ 
tempt the prefents, and heard with indignation 
the offers, which might have corrupted the 
fidelity of a lefs virtuous citizen. Pyrrhus 
had occafion to admire the magnanimity of 
Fabricius; hut his aftoniflunent was more 
powerfully awakened vvhpn he oppofed him in 
the field of battle, and when he faw him make 
a difeovery of the perfidious offer of his phy¬ 
sician, who pledged himlelf to the Roman ge¬ 
neral for a fum of money to poifoa his royal 


mafter. To this greatnefs of foul were added 
the moft confummate knowledge of military 
affairs, and the greateft fimplicity of manners. 
Fabricius never ufed rich" plate at his table ; 
a fmall lalt-cellar, whofe feet were of horn, 
was the only filver veffet which appeared in 
his houfe. This contempt of luxury and 
ufelefs ornaments Fabricius wifhed to infpire 
among the people; and during his cenforfhip 
he baniihed from the fenate Cornelius RufL 
nus, who had been twice confui and dictator, 
becaufe he kept in his houfe more than tea 
pound weight of filver plate. Such were the 
manners of the conqueror of Pytrhus, who 
01^6^0^ that he wifhed rather to command 
thofe that had money than poffefs it himlelf. 
He lived and died in the greatelt poverty. 
His body wak buried at the public charge, and 
the Roman people were obliged to give a 
dowry to his two daughters, when they had 
arrived to marriageable years. Val. Max. 2 , 
c. 9. 1 . 4, c. 4 — <Flor. 1 , c. 18. — Cic. 3, de 
Ojffic. — Plut. in Pyr r h. — Virg. JEn. 6, V. 844. 

-A bridge at Rome, built bv the confui 

Fabricius, over the Tiber. Horat. 2. Ser. 3, 
v. 36. 

Fa BUI. la, a proftitute, &c. Juv. 2 , v. 68. 

Facelina, a fipall place on the north of 
Sicily, where Diana had .1 tempi®. Servitq 
ad Virg. JEn. 9, v. llJ.—Hygin, 261. 

Fadus, aRutulian killed in the night byEu- 
ryalus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 344, 

F^esultk, now Firfale, a town of Etruria, 
famous for its augurs. Cic. Mur. 24.— IiaL 
8, V. 478.— Sallujl. Cat. 27. 

Falcidia lex was ena&edby the tribune 
Falcidius, A U. C. 713, concerning wills and 
the right of heirs. 

Faleria, a town of Picenum, now Ful- 
lerona, of which the' inhabitants were called 
Falerieqles. Plut. 3, c. 13. 

FaLE itit, (or ium,) now Patari, a town.of 
Etruria, of which the inhabitants are called 
Falifci. The Romans borrowed fome of their 
laws frpm Falerii. The place was famous fcur 
its pallures, and for a peculiar fort of faufage. 
Vid. Falifci. Martial. 4, ep. 46.— Liv. 10, 
c. 12 & 16.— Ovid. Pajl. I, v. 84. Pont. 4. 
el. 8, v. 41. —Cato R R. 4 Sc 14 .—Servius in 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 695.— PI in. 3, c. 5. 

Falfrina, a tribe at Rome, ik 9, c, 
* 3 - 

Falernus, a fertile mountain and plain of 
Campania, famous for its wine, which the 
Roman poets have greatly celebrated, Liv. 
22 , C. 14. — Martial. 12, ep. 57. — Virg. G. 2 , 
V.' 96. — Horat. I, od. 20 , V. IO. 2 Sat. 4, 
v. 15.— Strab . .5.— Flor. I, c. 15. 

Falisci, a people of Etruria, originally a 
Macedonian colony. When they were be- 
fieged by Camillas, a fchool-mailer went out 
of the gates of the city with his pupils, and 
betrayed them into the hands of the Roman 
enemy, that by luch a poffclfion he mi girt 
eafily oblige the place to furrender. Camillas 












FA 


FE 


heard the propofal with indignation, and or¬ 
dered the man to be dripped naked and whip¬ 
ped hack To the town by thole whom his per¬ 
fidy vvifhed to betray. This inftance of gene- 
roh'ty operated upon the people fo powerfully 
that they furrendered to the Romans. 1 Plut. 
in Camil. 

Faliscus Gratius. Fid. Gratius. 
Fama, (fame,) was worfhipped by the an- 
tients as a powerful goddefs, and generally re- 
preiented blowing a trumpet, &c. Slut. 3. 
TJ>eb. 427. 

Fannia, a woman of Minturnae, who 
hoipitably entertained Marius in his flight 
though he bad formerly fat in judgment 
upon her, and divorced her from her hul- 
band. 

.Fannia. lex, de fimptibus , by Fannius 
the conful, A. U. C. 593. It enadled that 
no perfon fhould fpend mere than 100 ajfes a 
day at the great fettivals, and 30 ajfes on other 
days, and ten at ail other times. 

Fan Nil, two orators of whom Cicero fpeaks 
in Brut. ' 

Fannius, an inferior poet ridiculed by 
Horace becaufe his poems and pidiure were 
confecrated in the library of Apollo, on mount 
Palatine at Rome, as it was then ufual for fuch 
4 $ poiTeffed merit. Horal. I, Sat. 4, v. 21. 

• -A perfon who killed himlelf when appre¬ 

hended in a confpiracy againft Augnftus Mart. 

12, ep. 80.-Caius, an author in Trajan’s 

reign, whofe biftory of the cruelties of Nero 
is greatly regretted. 

Fanum Vacunie, a village in the country 
of the Sabines. Horai. I, ep. 10, v. 49. 

Farfarus, a river of the Sabines, falling 
into the Tiber, abgve Capena. Ovid. Met. 14, 
v. 33<>- 

Fascei.is, a furname of Diana, becaufe 
her ilatue was brought from Taurica by fphi- 
genia in a bundle of hicks, (fafeisj and placed 
at Aricia. 

Fa sc ellina, a town of Sicily near Panor- 
mus. Sil. 14, v. 2$i. 

Faucula, a profLitute who privately con¬ 
veyed foou to the Roman pril'oners at Capua. 
JLiv. 26, c. 33. 

Faventia, a town of Spain. Plin. 3, c. T. 

--Of Italy. Ital. 8, v. 597.— Plin. 14, 

C. 15. — Martial. 2, ep* 74, 

Faveria, a town of Iltria. Liv. 41, 

.11. 

Faula, a miftrefs of Hercules, 

Fauna, a deity among the Romans, daugh¬ 
ter of Picus, and originally called Marica. 
Her marriage with F-sunus procured her the 
name of Fauna, and her knowledge of futu¬ 
rity that of Patna and Falidica. It is faid 
that Ihe never faw a man after her marriage 
with Faunus, and that her uncommon'chaltity 
octafioned her being ranked among the gods 
after death. She is the fame, according to 
fome, as Bona Mater. . Some mythologies 
accuf^her of drunkennefs, and fay that Ihe 


expired under the blows of her hufband, for 
an immoderate ufe of wine. Firg. JEn. 7, 
V. 47, Sec. — Far>o. — Jufin. 43, c, I. 

FauN'alxa, feltivais fat Rome in honor of 
"Faunu'. 

Fauni, certain deities of the country, re- 
prefented ns having the legs, feet, and ears of 
goats' and the reft of the body human. They 
were called fatyrs by* the Greeks. The pea- 
fants offered them a lamb or a kid vvjth great 
folemnity. Firg. G. i,v. io.— Ovid. Met. 6, 
v. 392. 

Faunus, a fon of Picus, who is faid to have 
reigned in Italy about 1300 years B. C. FI is 
bravery as well as wifdom have given rile to 
the tradition that he was f6n of Mars. He 
railed a temple in honor of the god Pan, called 
by the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the Pa¬ 
latine hill, and he exerciled hoipitaiity towards 
ftrangei.s with a liberal hand. His great po¬ 
pularity, and his fondnefs for agriculture, made 
iiis fubje&s revere him as one. of their country 
deities after death. He was repreleiited with 
all the equipage of the fatyrs, and was con- 
fulted to give oraclesf Dienyf I, c 7.— Firg. 
JEn. 7, v. 47.I. 8. v. 314. L 10, v. SS •— Ho- 
rat. I, od. 17. 

Favo, a Roman mimic, who at the fu¬ 
neral of Vefpafian imitated the manners and- 
geitures of the deceafed emperor. Suet, in 
Fefp. 19. 

Favorinu 3, a pfiilolbpher and eunuch un« 
der Adrian, &c. 

Fausta, a daughter of Syll.a, &c. Horat . 
r. Sat. a, v. 64.—*\—The wife of the empeior 
Conltantine, diigraced for her cruelties and 
vices. . . 

Faustina, the wife of the emperor An¬ 
toninus, famous for her debaucheries. Her 
daughter, of the fame name, blefled with 
beauty, livelmefs, and wit, became the moll 
abandoned of her fex. She married M. Au¬ 
relius.-The tliifd wife of the emperor He- 

liogabalus bore that name. 

Faustitas, a goddefs among the Ro¬ 
mans fuppofed to prelide over cattle. Horat. 

4. od. 5, v. 17. 

Faustulus, a fhepherd ordered to expofe 
Romulus and Remus. He privately brought 
them up at-home. Liv. 1, c. 4.— Juflin. 43., 

C. 2.— Plut. in Rom. 

Faustus, an obfeure poet under the firfl 
Roman emperors, two of whole dramatic 
pieces, Thebx and Tereus, Juvenal mentions, 

7. v. 12. 

Februus, a god at Rome, who prefided 

over purifications.-The Feralia, lacrifices 

which the Romans offered to the gods manes, 
were alfo called Februa , whence the name of 
the month of February, during which the ob¬ 
lations were made. 

Feciales, a number of priefts at Rome, 
employed in declaring war and making peace. 
When the Romans thought themfelves in¬ 
jured, one of the lacerdotal body was em¬ 
powered 










FE 


FE 

powered to demand redrefs, and after the al¬ 
lowance of 33 days to confider the matter,' 
war was declared if fubmiffions were not made, 
and the Fecialis hurled" a bloody Ipear into 
the territories of the enemy in proof of in¬ 
tended hoftilities. Liv. i, c 3. 1 . 4, c. 30. 

Felqjnas, a Roman knight ki led by 
Pompoy at Dyrrachium. Caf. 3, Bril. Civ. 

Felix, M. Antonius, a freed man of 
Claudius Caffar, made governor of Judrea, 
Samaria, and Paledine. He is called by 
Suetonius tne hufband of 3 queens, as he mar¬ 
ried the a'Drafillte, one grand- daughter of 
Antony and Cleopatra, and the other a Jewifti 
' princels, lifter of Agrippa. The name of his 
third wife is unknown. Surf, in Cl. 18.— 
Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 14. 

Fei.tr ia, a*town of Italy at the north of 
Venice. 

Fe \estf. li. a, a Roman hi dorian in the 

age of Auguftus. Fie died at Cumze.- 

One*of the gates at Rome. Ovid. Fajl. 6, 

v. 3/8. 

Fenni or Finni, the inhabitants of Fin- 
ningia or Fningia, confidered as Finland. 
Tacit. G. 46.— Plin. 4, c. 13. 

Feralia, a feltival in honor of the dead, 
obferved at Rome the 17th ©r 2tft of Fe¬ 
bruary. It continued for 11 days, during 
which time prefects were carried to the graves 
of the deceafed, marriages were forbidden, and 
the temples of the gods were ihut. It was 
univerfally believed that the manes of their 
departed friends came and hovered over their 
graves, and feafted upon the provilions that 
the hand of piety and affection had procured 
for them. Their punkhments in the infernal 
regions were alio fufpended, and during that 
time they c-njoyed reft and liberty. 

FerentInum, a town of the Kernici, at 
the eaft of Rome. The inhabitants were 
called Ft) catenates or Fcrenlini. Si:. 8, v. 394. 
— Liv. I, c. 50. 1 . 9, C. 43 & 44 - 

Ferentum, or Forentcm, a town cf 
Apulia, now Forenra. Horn*. 3 > od. 4, v. 15. 

, — Liv. 9,C, 16 & 20. 

Feretrios, a furname of Jupiter, aferen- 
do , becaufe he had. afiifted the Romans, or 
a feriendo , becaufe hi had conquered their 
enemies under Romulus. He had a temple 
at Rome, built by Romulus, where the fpoils 
called op'una were always carried. Only two 
generals obtained thefe celebrated fpoils after 
the age of Romulus. Liv. 1, c. 10.— Plut.in 
Roms- — C. Nep. in Alt. 10. 

Feriie Latins, feftivals at Rome infti- 
tuted by Tarquin the Proud. The principal 
magiftrates of 47 towns in Latium ufually af- 
fembled on a mount near Rome, whert they 
altogether with the Roman magiftrates offered 
a bull to Jupiter Latialis r of which they carried 
home feme part after the immolation, after 
they had fworn mutual friendlhipand alliance. 
It continued but one day originally, but in pro¬ 
ofs of time four days were dedicated to its 


celebration. Ficnyf. hat. 4,. c. 49.— Cic. 
Ep. 6.— Liv. 21, &c. The fieri# among the 
Romans were certain days fet apart to cele¬ 
brate feftivals, an.d during that time it was un¬ 
lawful for any perfon to work. They were 
either public or private. The public were of 
four different kinds. . The ferine Jlaiiva were 
certain immoveable days always marked hi 
the calcndar v and obferved by the whole city 
with much feftivity and public rejoicing. The 
feria conceptiv 4 were moveable feafts, artd the 
day appointed for the celebration was always 
previoufly fixed by the magiftrates or priefts. 
Among tl)efe were the feria Latin#, which 
were firft eftablilhed by Tarquin, and obferved 
by the confute regularly before (hey fet out 
for the provinces; the Compitalia , Sec. The 
feria ii iperativce were appointed only by the 
command of the conful, dictator, or pra?tor, 
as a public rejoicing for l'ome important vidlory 
gained over the enemy of Rome. The feria 
Nandi no: were regular day?, in which the 
people of the country and neighbouring towns 
aflembled together and expo fed their reipedlive 
comrhodities tofale. They were called Nun- 
din# becaufe kept every ninth day. T he fa ix 
private were obferved only in families, m 
commemoration of birth days, marriages, fune¬ 
rals, and the like. Tho days on which the feria 
were obferved were called by the Romans ffi 
dies, becaufe dedicated to mirth, relaxation, and 
feftivity. 

Fkkonia, a goddefs at Rome, who pre- 
fided over the woods and-groves. The name 
is derived a ferendo, becaufe fhe gave aftiftance 
to her votaries, or perhaps from the'town Fe- 
r®nia, near mount Soradle, where fhe had a 
temple. It was ufual to make a yeai ly/acri- 
fice to her, and to vvalh the face and hands in 
the waters of the facred fountain, whichflowed 
ne.r her temple. It is faid that thofe who 
were filled with the fpirit of this goddefs could 
walk barefooted over burning coals without 
receiving any injury from the flames. The 
goddefs had a temple and a grove about 3 mifea 
from Anxur, and alfo another in the diftridit 

of Capena. Liv. 33, c. 26.- Firg. JEn. 7, 

v. 697 & 8co.— Varro de A. L. 4, c. 10.__ 

I la I. 13. Strab. 5. — Horat. 1. Sat. 5, 
v. 24. 

FesceniIia, (jorum or turn,) a town of 
Etruria, now Galefe, where the Fefennine 
verfes were firft invented. Thefe verfes, the 
name of which conveys an idea of vulgar ob- 
feenity, were a lort of rullic dialogue ipoken 
extempore, in which the adftors expofed before 
their audience the failings and vices of their 
adverfaries, and by fatjrical humor and mer¬ 
riment endeavoured to raite the laughter of 
the company. They were often repeated at 
nuptials, and many lafeivious expreffions were 
ufed for the general diverfion, as alio at,har- 
veft home, when geftures were made adapted 
to the fenfe of the unpolifhed verfes that were 
ufed. They were prolcribed by Auguftus 

as 






FL 


FL 


as of immoral tendency. PJln. 3, c. 5.— 
JTirg. JEu. 7 > V. 695. — Horat. 2 , I, 
V. US* 

Fesul.*, or Faefulte, a town of Etruria, 
where Sylia fettled a colony. C*V. Cat. 3, 
c. 6. 

Festus, a friend of Domitian, who killed 

himfelf in an illnefs. Martial 1, ep. 79.- 

Porcius, a proconful who fucceeded Felix as 
governor of Judrea, under Claudius. 

Fibrknus, a river of Italy, falling into the 
Liris through Cicero’s farm at Arpinum. Sil. 
S, v. 400.— Cic. Leg. 2 , c. I. 

Ficana, a town of Latium, at the fouth 
©f Rome near the Tiber. Liv. 1, c. 33. 

Ficaria, a fmall ifland on the ealt of Sar¬ 
dinia, now Serpatter a. Pirn. 3, c. 7. 

Ficulea or Ficulnea, a town of Latium 
beyond mount Sacer at the north of Rome. 
Cicero had a villa there, and the road that 
led. to the town wjs called Ficulnenjis , after¬ 
wards Isomentar.a Via. Cic* 12. Att, 34 -~~ 
I, c. 38. h 3, C. 52. 

FipEK a, an inland town of Latium, 
whofe inhabitants are called Fidenaies. The 
place was conquered by the P-cfnans B. C. 
435 * ^ ir S' »■ 6,v. 773.— Juv. 1, v. 44.— 
Ziv. i, c. J4> ii & 27. L 2, c. 19. 1. 4, c. 17 
& 21 . 

Fidentia, a town of Gaul on the lbuth 
of the Po»between Placentia and Parma. Veil. 
3 , c. i%.—Plin. 3,c. 15*— Cic. In. f. 54. 

Fipes, the goddefs of faith, oaths, and 
honefty, worlhipped by the Romans, Numa 
was the firit who paid her divine honors. 

FjjijcuLX, a place of Italy. Val. Max. J, 

t. 6. 

Fid Jus Dius, a divinity by whom the 
Romans generally fwore. Fie was aifo called 
Sancus or San< 5 !us and Semipater, and he 
was iolemnly addrefTed in prayers the 3th of 
June, which was yearly coni'ecrated to his 
fervice. Some fuppofe him to be Hercules. 
Ovid* Fajl. 6, v. 213. —Varro de L. L. 4, c. 
lO.—Fionyf Hal. 2, & 9. 

Fimbria, a Roman officer who befieged 
Mitbridntes. ii> Pritane, and failed in his 
attempts to take him prifoncr. Fie was de¬ 
ferred by his troops for his cruelty, upon which 
hp killed himfelf. Plut. in Lucul. 

Eirmum, now FermOf a tovvn of Picenum 
on the Adriatic, the poit of which was called 
Cajiellum Firm a tram. Cic. 8, Alt, I2.< — Plin. 

7 , C. 8 .'— Velleius, If C. 14 . 

M. Firmius, a powerful native of Seleucia 
who proclaimed himfelf emperor, and was at 
lift conquered by AureUan. 

Fiscellus, a part of the Apennine moun¬ 
tains in Umbria, where the Nar rifts, ltal. 

8, v. 518.— Plin. 3, q. 12. 

», Fi.Acn.LA Antonia, a Roman matron 
in Nero’s age, &c. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 7. 

Flaccets, a conful who marched again!! 
SyHa, and was affaffinated by Fimbria. Pint. 
-A poet. Vid, Valerius.^— A governor 


of Egypt, who died A. D. 39-Verrlus * 

grammarian, tutor to the two granifons of 
Auguftus, and fuppofed author of the Ca- 

pitoline marbles,-A name of Horace. Vid. 

Horatius. 

JElia Flacilla, the mother of Arcadius 
and Honorius, was daughter of Antouius, a 
prefc£t of Gaul. 

Flaminia Lex agrar'ta , by C. Flaminius, 
the tribune, A. U. C. 525. It required that 
the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls 
Senones had been expelled, fhould be divided 
among the Roman people. 

Flaminia via, a celebrated road which 
led from Rome to Aritmnum and Aqui- 
leia. It received its name f om Flaminius, 
who built it, and was killed at the battle of 

Thrafymenus again!! Annibal.-A gate cf 

Rome, opening to the fame road, now dal 
popolo. 

C. Flaminius, a Roman conful of a 
turbulent difpofition, who was drawn into a 
battle near the lake of Thrafymenus, by the 
artifice of Annibal. He was .killed'in the 
engagement, with'' an immenfe number of 
Romans, B. C. 217. The conqueror wifhed 
to give a burial to his body, but it was not 
found in the heaps of flain. While tribune 
of the people he propoled an agrarian law 
again!! the advice of his friends, of the fenate, 
and of his own father. Cic.de Inv. 2, c. 17.— 
Liv. 22, C. 3, isfe. — Folyb. — Fl»r. 2, C. 6.—■ 
Val. Max. I, c. 6. 

T. Q. Flaminius or Flamininus, a 
celebrated Roman, raifed to the confullhip 
A. U. C. 556. He was trained in the art 
of war again!! Annibal, and he the wed him¬ 
felf capable in every refpeft to diicharge with 
honor the great office with which he was 
entrufted. He was lent at the head of the 
Roman troops again!! Philip, king of Mace¬ 
donia, and in his expedition he met with 
uncommon fuccc-fs. The Greeks gradually 
declared themfelves his furmeit fupporters, and 
he totally defeated Philip on the confines of 
Epirus, and made ail Locris, Phocis, and 
Theflaly, tributary to the Roman power. 
Fie granted peace to the conquered monarch, 
and proclaimed all Greece free and indepen¬ 
dent at the Illhmian games. This cele¬ 
brated action procured the name of patrons 
of Greece to the Romans, and infesnfibly 
paved their way to univerlal dominion. 
Flaminius behaved among them with the 
greateft. policy, and by his ready compliance 
with their national coftoms and prejudices, 
he gained uncommon popularity, and received 
the name of father and deliverer of Greece! 
He was afterwards lent ambaffiador to king 
Prufias, who had given refuge to Annibal, 
and there his prudence mid artifice haftened 
out of the world a man who had long been 
the terror of the Romans. Flaminius was 
found dead in his bed, after a life fpent in/ 
the greateft glory, in which he had imitated 





FI 


FO 


with fuccefs the virtues of his model Scipio. 
JP>ut. in -vita.——Flo? ... — Lucius, the brother 
of the preceding, finalized himfelf in the 
wars of Greece. He was expelled from the 
fenate for killing a Gaul, by Gato his bro¬ 
ther’s colleague in the cenforfhip, an action 
which \va* highly refented by Tktyf*, Pint, 
in Flam.—— Calp. Flamma, a tribune, who 
at the head of 300 men faved the Roman 
army in Sicily, B. C. 258, by engaging 
the Carthaginians and cutting them to 
pieces. 

Flanaticus sinus, a bay of the Flanates, 
in Liburnia on the Adriatic, now the gulf of 
Carnero . Pi in. 3, c. 19 & 21. 

Fla vi a lex agraria, by L. Flavius, 
A. U. C. 693, for the diitribution of a cer¬ 
tain quantity Of lands among Poinpey’s fol- 
diers, and the commons. 

Flavianum a town of Etruria, on the 
Tiber, called alfo Flaviniufb. Vtrg. JEn. 

■ 7, v. 696.— Sil. 8, v. 49a. 

Flavikia, a town of Latiivm, which 
affifted Turnvs againit ./Eneas. Virg. JEn. 
7, v. 696. 

Flavius, a fenator who confpired with 

pifo againft Nero, Sec. Tacit. -A tribune 

of the people depofed by J. Casfar.-A 

Roman who informed Gracchus of the vio¬ 
lent mealures of the fenate againft him.- 

A brother of Vefpafian, See. -A tribune 

who wounded one of Annibal's elephants in 

*n engagement.-A fchoolmafter at Rome 

in the age of Horace. 1 Sat. 6, v. 72.- 

One of the names of the emperor Domitian. 
Ju*. 4> v. 37. 

Flevus, the right branch of the Rhine, 
which formed a large lake on its falling into 
the lea, called Flevo , now Zuider-Zee. It 
was afterwards called Helium , now UHe y when 
its breadth became more contracted, and a 
fort ereCted there, obtained the name of 
Flevum Ftijiorum. Tacit. An. 2, c. 6. 1 . 4. V. 72. 
-— Piin. 4, c v 15.— Mela , 3. c. 2. 

Flora, the goddel's of flowers and gar¬ 
dens among the Romans, the lame as the 
Chloris of the Greeks. Some "fuppofe that 
(he was originally a common courtezan, 
who left to the Romans the immenfe riches 
which (he had acquired by proilitution and 
laicivioufnefs, in remembrance of which a 
yearly feitival was inftituted in her honor. 
She was worlhipped even among the Sa¬ 
bines, long before the foundation of Rome, 
and likewife among the Phoceans who 
built Marseilles long before the exiftence of 
the capital of Italy. Tatius was the flrft 
who railed her a temple in the city of Rome, 
ft is faid that (he married Zephyrus, and that 
(he received from him the privileges of pre- 
liding over flowers, and of enjoying perpetual 
youth. [ Fid. Floralla ] She was represented 
as crowned with flowers, and holding in her 
hand the horn of plenty. Ovid. Fuji. 5, v. 
195, \&c.—Varro ds R. R. i.—Lattunt, 1, c. 


20. - - —- A celebrated courtezan pafflonateljr 
loved by Pompey thp Great. 1 She was 10 
beautiful that when the temple of Caftor 
and Pollux at Rome was adorned with 
paintings, her pi< 5 hire was drawn and placed 
among the reft.— ’Another courtezan, &c. 
Juv. 2, v. 49. 

Flora li a, games, in honor of Flora at 
Rome. They svere inftituted about the age 
of Romuhis, but they were not celebrated 
with regularity and proper attention till the 
year U. C. 580. They were obferved yearly, 
and exhibited a feene of the molt unbounded 
licentioufnels. It is reported that Cato 
wilhed once to be prefent at the celebration, 
and that when he faw that the deference for 
his pretence interrupted the feaft, he retired, 
not ebufing to be the fpectator of the 
proftitution of naked women in a public 
theatre. This behaviour fo captivated the 
degenerate Romans, that the venerable fe¬ 
nator was' treated with the moft uncommon 
applaufe as he retired. Val. Max. 2, c. 10. 
—Varro de L. L. I.— Paterc. c. I.— Plin, 
18. c. 29. 

Flore ntia, a town of Italy on the Armis; 
now Florence , the capital of Tufcany. 
Tacit. An. I, c. 79.— Flor. 3, c. zr.— Plin . 
3 »£ 5 - 

Florianus, a man who wore the im¬ 
perial purple at Rome only for two months, 
A. D. 276. 

Florus, L. Annaeus Julius, a Latin hifto- 
rian of the fame family which produced 
Seneca and Lucan, A. D. 116. He wrote 
an abridgement of Roman annals in four 
books, compofed in a florid and poetical 
ftyle, and rather a panegyric on many of the 
great actions of the Romans than a faithful 
and corredl recital of their hirtory. He alio 
wrote poetry, and entered the lifts againft 
the emperor Adrian, who (atirically re¬ 
proached him with frequenting taverns and 
places of dillipation. The belt editions of 
Florus are Duker’s, 2 vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 1722 
& 1744; and that of J. Frid. Fiicher, 8va 

Lipf. 1760-Julius, a friend of Horace, 

who accompanied Claudius Nero in his 
military expeditions. The poet has addrefled 
two epiftles to him. 

Fluonia, a furname of Juno Lucina, 
who under that appellation was invoked by 
the Roman matrons to ftop excefiive dil- 
charges of blood. Fejl. de V.fg. 

Folia, woman of Ariminum, famous for 
her knowledge of poilbuous herbs and foe 
her petulance. Horat. ep. 5, v. 42. 

Fons Solis, a fountain in the province of 
Cyrene, cool at mid-day and warm at the 
rifing and letting of the fun. Herodot. 4. 
c. 181- 

Fontanus, a poet mentioned by O^id. 
Pont. 4, el. 16. ' 

Font hi a, a veftal virgin. Cic. 

Font^ius Capito, an intimate friend of 

• Heme. 


/ 









FO 


FO 


Horace, i Sat. 5, v. 32.-A Roman who 

railed commotions in Germany after the 

dead) of Nero. Tacit. Hijt. I, c. 7.- 

A man who conducted Cleopatra into Syria 
by order of Antony. Pint, in Ant. 

Formiie, a maritime town of Campania 
at the fouth-eaft of Caieta. !r was antie.ntly 
the abode of the Lseftrygones, ai.d it be¬ 
came known for its excellent wines, and was 
called JMatnurrarum uris, from a family or 
confequence and opulence who lived there- 
Lin). 8. c. 14. 1. 38, c. 36.— Horai. I. od. 20. 
v. II. 1. 3. od. 17. Sat. I, 5, v. 37.— Plin. 
36. c. 6. 

Formianum, a villa of Cicero near For- 
miae, near which the orator was aflaflinated 
Cic. Pam. II, < p. 27. 1. l6. ep. IO. — Tacit. 
Ann. 16, c. IO. 

Formio, now Rifa.no , a riyer of Iftria, 
the antient boundary of Italy eallward, af- 


Evil, Peaceful, Virgin, &c. On the ill of 
April, which was conlecrated to Venus 
among the Romans, the Italian widows and 
j marriageable virgins affembled in the temple 
I of Virile fortune, and after burning incenfe 
' and 11 ripping themielyes of their garments, 

J they intreated the goddefs to hide from 
I the eyes of their hufbands whatever defefts 
there might be on their bodies. The god- 
dels of Fortune is reprefented 0:1 antient 
monuments with a horn of plenty, and l'omd- 
times two in her hands. She is blind-folded, 
and generally hoios a wheel in her hand as 
an emblem of her inconftancy. Sometimes 
flie appears with wings, and treads upon 
the prow of a fhip, and holds a rudder ;n 
her hands. Dionyf. Hal. 4. —Ota id. Fajl, 6, 

v. 569.— Pint, do fort. Rom. iff- in Cor - 

Cic. de Din. 2— Li' v. 10.— Airgufiin. de Civ. 
1 ). 4. —I lor. l.— Pal. Flax. I, C. 5 —Lucan 


ter wards extended to the Aril a. P tin. 3, 

c. 18 & 19. 

Fornax, a goddefs at Rome, who pre- 
fided over the baking of bread. Her fellivals, 
called Fornacalia , were firlt iniiituted by 
Numa. Ovid. Fajl. 2, v. 525. 

Foro Appii, a people of Italy, whofc 
capital was called Forum Appii. Plin. 3, 
C-5- 

Fortuna, a powerful deity among the 
antients, daughter of Oceanus according- to 
Homer, or one of the Parcte according to 
Pindar. She was the goddefs of fortune, 
and from her hand were derived riches and 
poverty, pleasures and misfortunes, blef- 
iings and pains. She was worlhipped in 
different parts of Greece, and in Achaia her 
ltatue held the horn of plenty in one hand, 
and had a winged cupid at its feet. In 
Eoeotia fhe had a ftatue which reprefented 
her as holding " ) lutus the god of riches in 
her arms, to intimate that fortune is the 
fource whence wealth and honors flow. Bu- 
palus was the firlt who made a ftatue of 
Fortune for the people of Smyrna, and he 
reprefented her with the polar liar upon her 
head, and the horn of plenty in her hand. 
The Romans paid particular attention to 
the goddefs of Fortune, and had no lei's 
than eight different temples eroded to her 
honor in their city. Tullus Holiilius was 
the firlt who built her a temple, and from 
that circumftance it is enlily known when 
her worlhip was firlt introduced among the 
Romans. Her molt famous temple in Italy 
was at Antiutn, in Latium, where prefents 
and offerings were regularly lent from every 
part of the country. Fortune lias be^n 
called Pherepolis, the protedrels of cities, 
Acrea from the temple of Corinth on an 
enunence, e&xcn;. She was called Preneltine 
at PrtLnelte in Italy, where Ihe had alio a 
temple. Befides file was worlhipped among 
the Romans under different names, luch as 
Female fortune, Virile fortune, Equeltvian, 


2, b'V. 

Fortunatie insulie, iilands at the welt 
of Mauritania in the Atlantic lea. They 
are luppoied to be the Canary ifles of the 
moderns, thought to be only .two in number, 
at a little diitance one from the other, and 
10,000 fladia from the fhores of Libya. 
They were reprefented as the feats of the 
blelfed, where the fouls of the virtuous were 
placed after death. The air was whelefome 
and temperate, the earth produced an im- 
menfe number of various fruits without the 
labors of men. When they had been de- 
feribed to Sertorius in the molt enchanting 
colors, that celebrated general expreffed n 
wifn to retire thither, and to remove himfelf 
From the nolle of the world, and the dan¬ 
gers of war. Slrab. I.— Pint, i i Sertor.— 
Ho:at. 4. od. 8, v. 27. Epod. 16.— Plin. 6. 
c. 3 r Sc 32. \ 

Foruli, a town of the Sabines built on 
a Itony place. Slral). 3.— Pirg. PEn. 7, V. 
714. 

Forum —atpii, a town of Latium on 
the Appia via. Cic. 1, Alt. 10.— Herat- 

1, fat. 3, v. 3.-Auguftum, a place at 

Rome. Ovid. Faf. 5, v. 352.-Allieni, a 

town of Italy, now Ferrara. Tacit, pi. 3, 

c. 6.-Aurelia, a town of Etruria, now 

FAontalto. laic. Cat. I, c. 9.-Claudii, 

another in Etruria, now Oriolo. -Cornelii, 

another, now Imola, in the Pope’s domi¬ 
nions. Plin. 3, c. 16.— Cic. Pam, 12. ep. 5, 

-Domitii, a town of Gaul, now Fron- 

iignan , in Languedoc-Voconii, a town 

of Gaul, now Got f iron, between Antibes 

and Marfeilles. C c. Fam. 10. cp. 17.- 

Lepidi, a town of antient Gaul, fouth of 

the Po.-Popilii, another at the fouth of 

Ravenna, on the Adriatic.-Flaminii, a 

town of Umbria, now San Giavane. Plin * 

3, c. 14-Gallorum> a town of Gaul To- 

gata, now Cafel Fraud, in the Bolognefe- 

Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 30.-All'o a town of 

Venice called Forajulienfis urbs , now Friuli ■ 

♦ 1 . Cic . 

















FR 


FU 


Ch. Fam. 12. ep. 26.-Julium, a town of I 

Gaul Narbonenfis-, now Frcjus, in Provence 

Cic. Fam. IO. ep. 17.— Str.ib. 4.-Leb- 

norum, a town of Infubria. Polyb.-, - 

b'empronii, a town of Umbria, Sec. Many 
other places bore the name of Forum vvhere- 
ever there was a public market,, or rather 
where the pnetor held his court cf jullice, 
(forum uel conventut ,) and thence they were 
called iometimes couventut as welT as fora 
into which provinces were generally divided 
under the adminiftration of a ieparate go¬ 
vernor. Cie. Ver. 2 , C. 20 1 . 4, C. 48 1 . 5, 
C. II. Vatin. 5. Fam. 3. ep. 6 & 8. Attic- 

S-'p-z 1. 

Fosi, a people of Germany near the Elbe 
confidered as the Saxons of Ptolemy. Tacit. 

G.36. 

Fossa, the ftraits of Bonifacio- between 
Corfica and Sardinia, called alio Taphros. 

P/in. 3, c. 6.-Drufi or Drufiana, a cay.il, 

8 miles in length, opened by Drufus from 
the Rhine to the Iflel, below the reparation 
of the Waal. Suet. Claud. I — Tacit. H'jl. 5, 

c. 23.-Mariana, a canal cut By Marius 

from the Rhone to Maileilles during the 
Cimbrian war, and now called Ga/ejon. 
Sometimes the word is ufed in the plural, 
Fifle, as if more than one canal hid been 
formed by Marius. PJin. 3, c. 4.— Strab. 
4.-— Mela. 2, c. 5. 

Fossa: Piiiustjna, one of the mouths 
cf the Po. Tacit H'if. 3, c. 9. 

Fra nci, a people cf Germany and 
Gaul, whole country was called Francia. 
Claudia n. 

Fra us, a divinity worthipped among the 
Romans, daughter of Orcus and Night. Sh£ 
prefided over treachery, See. 

Fregella, a famous town of the Vplfci 
in Laly on the Liris, dedroyed for revolting 
from the Romans. Ital. 5, v. 452.— Liu. 
8, c. 22. 1 . 27, c. IO, See. — Cic. Fam. 13, 
ep. 76. 

- FREGE.viE, a town of Etruria. Plin. 3.. 

c -5 

Frentani, a people of Italy, near 
Apulia, who received their name from the 
river Frento , now For tore, which runs through 
the eaftern part of their country, 1 and falls 
into the Adriatic oppofite the iflands of 
Diomede. Plin, 3, c. II.— Liu. 9, c. 45.— 
Sil. 8. v. 520. 

Fretum, (thefed) is fometimes applied by ‘ 
eminence to the Sicilian fea, or the ftraits of 
Medina. Caf. C . 1, c. 29.— Flor. 1, 26.— 
flic. 2. Att. 1. 

Frigidus, a river of Tufcany. 

Fkisii, a people of Germany near the- 
Rhine, now the Ft'fons of Brief. and.Tacit. A , 
I, c. 60. Hi/l. 4 v c. 15 Sc 72. G. 34. 

Sex. Jul. Frontinus a celebrated 
geometrician, who made himfelf known by 
the books which he wrote on aquedu6fs and 
lira taverns dedicated to Trajan. He ordered 


[ at his death that no monument 1 fhould hi 
raifed to his memory, faying, memoria nofri 
durabit , ft uitam meruiiftus. The bed edition 
of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, 8vo. L. 
Bat. 1779. 

Fronto, a preceptor of M. Antoninus 

by whom he was greatly efteemed__ 

J ulius, a learned Roman, who was fo partial 
to the company of poets, that he lent them 
his houle and gardens, which continually re-, 
echoed the compolitions of his numerous 
vifitors. Juv. I Sat. v. I2. 

Frusino, a l'rnall town of the Volfci on one 
of the branches of the Liris. Juv. 3. v. 

223.— Liu. 10, c. 1.— Sit. 8, v 399.- Cic. 

Att. II. ep. 4 & 13. 

Foci n us, a lake of Italy in the country 
of the Marfi, at the north of the Liris, at¬ 
tempted to be drained by J. Caelar and after¬ 
wards by Claudius, by whom 30,000 men 
were employed for eleven years to perforate 
a mountain to convey the water into the 
Liris, hut with ho permanent fuccefs. The 
lake lurrounded by a ridge of high mountains 
is now called Ce/ano, and is l'uppoled to be 
47 miles in circumference, and not more 
than 12 feet deep on an average. Plin. 36, 
C. Ip.—Tacit. Ann. 12, C. 56.— Virg. JEln. 

7- v. 7,59. 

Fufidicjs, a wretched ufurer, Sec. Horat. 
I, Sat. 2. 

Fufius Geminus, a man greatly pro¬ 
moted by the intereft of Livia, See. Tacit. 
Ann 5, c. I & 2. 

Fugalia, feftivals at Rome to celebrate 
the flight of the Tarquins. 

Folci nates, (fing. Fulgijiits ) a people of 
Umbria, whole chief town was Fulginu.n, 
now Fdigno. Sil. It. S, v. 462.— Plin. 1, 
c. 4 - 1 . 3, c. 14- 

Q. FulgInus, a brave officer in Cafar’s 
legions, ike. Caf. Bed. Civ. 

Pjlgora, a goddefs at Rome who pre- 
fided over lightning. She was addreifed to 
I' ve her votaries from the effeihi of vio¬ 
lent ftortns of thunder. Aug. de Civ. I). 6. 
c. 10. 

Fullinum & FuLcinum, a fmall town of 
Umbria. 

Fui.via lex was propofed but rejected 
A. U. C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius. It 
tended to make all the people of Italy 
citizeus of Rome. 

" Fulvia, a bold and ambitious woman 
who married the tribune Clodius, and after 
wards Curio, and at laft M. Antony. She 
took a part in all the intrigues of her hus¬ 
band’s triumvirate and fhewed herfelf cruel 
as well as revengeful. When Cicero’s head 
had been cut off by order of Antony, Fulvia 
ordered it to be brought to her, and with 
all the infolence of barbarity, (he bored the 
orator’s tongue with her golden bodkin. 
Antony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, 
upon which fhe attempted 10 avepge. her 

wrongs, 








wrongs, by , perfuading Auguftus to take 
up arms agajnft her hufband. When this 
Scheme did not fucceed, the raifed a fadlioil 
againft Auguftus, in which Hie engaged L 
Antonius her brother-in-law, and wheq all 
her attempts proved frjuitlcTs, fhe retired 
into^the eaft, where her hujbalid received her 
with great coldnefs and indifference. This 
ynkindnefs totally broke her heart, and fhe 
foon after died, about 40 years before the 

Chriftian era. Pint . in Cic. to 3 Anton. - 

A woman who discovered to Cicero' the 
defigns of Catiline upon his life. Pint, in 
Cic. 

Fulvius, a Roman Senator, intimate 
with Auguftus. He diicloied the emperor’s 
^ecrets to his wife who made it public to 
all the Roman matrons, for which he received 
fo fevere a reprimand from Auguftus, that 
he and his wife hanged themfelves in def- 

pair.-A friend of C. Gracchus who 

was killed in a fedition with his fon. His 
body was thrown into the river,' and his 
widow was forbidden to put on mourning 

for his death, Pint, in Gracch. -Flaccus 

Ccnfor, a Roman who plundered a marble 
temple of Juno, to finifh the building of 
one which he had eredled to Fortune. He 
was always unhappy after this facrilege.- 

Liv. 25, c. 2.--Ser. Nobilior, a Roman 

ronful who went to Africa after the defeat 
of Regulus. After he had acquired much 
glory againft the Carthaginians, he was fiiip- 
wrecked at his return with 200 Roman 
Ships- His grandfon Marcus was Sent to 
Spain, where he greatly iignalized himSelf. 
He was afterwards rewarded with the con- 
fullhip. 

Fund anus, a lake near Fundi in Italy, 
which difcharges itfelf into the Mediterranean, i 
'Tacit. Hijl. 3, C. 96, 

Fundi, a town of Italy near' Caieta, on 
the Appian road, at the bottom of a Small 
deep bay called Lacus Fundam! s. Herat. I, 
Sat. 5, v. 34.— Liv. 8, c. 14 & 19. 1 . 38, c. 
36.— Plin. 3,c. 5.— Cic. Pull. 2, c. 25.— Tacit. 
An. 4, C. 59.— Strab. 5. 

Furije, the three daughters of Nox and 
Acheron, or of Pluto and Proferpine, accord¬ 
ing to feme. Vid. Eumenides. 

Furii, a family which migrated from 
Medulliu in Latium and came to fettle at 
Rome under Romulus, and was admitted 
among the patricians. Camillus was of this 
family, and it was he who firft raifed it to 
diftinilion. Pint, in Catnil. 

Furia lex de Tejlamcntis , by C. Furius 
the tribune. It forbad any perfon to leave as 
a legacy more than a thoufand afics, except 


to the relations of thd mafter who manu¬ 
mitted, with a few more exceptiQns. Cic. X. 
Vr. 42,— Liv. 35 * 

Furina, the goddeSs of robbers, wor- 
ihipped at'Rome. Some fay that fhe is the 
Same as the Furies. Her feftivals were called 
Furinalia. Cic. de Nat. 3. c. 8 .—Varro, de 
E- T. 5, v c. 3. 

Furius, a military tribune with Camillus. 
He was Sent againft the Tufcans by his 

colleague.-A Roman flave wha obtained 

his freedom, and applied himfelf with un¬ 
remitted attention to cultivate a Small portion 
of .land which he had purphafed. The 
uncommon fruits which he reaped from 
nis labors rendered his neighbours jealous 
of his prosperity. He was accuSed before 
a Rom n tribunal of vvhichcraft, but hono¬ 
rably acquitted.-M. Bibaculus, a Latin 

poet of Cremona, who wrote annals in 
iambic veri'e, and was univerfally celebrated 
for* the wit and humor of his expreflions. 
It is Slid that Virgil- imitated his poetry 
and even borrowed fome of his lines. Horace 
however has not failed to ridicule his verfes. 
Quinta. 8, c. 6, See. — Horat. 2, Sat. 5, 
v. 40. 

Furnius, a man accufed of adultery with 
Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, &c. Tacit. 

Hijl. 4, v. 52.-‘A friend of Horace, 

who was conful .and’ diftinguifhed himfelf 
by his elegant hiftorical writings. 1 Sat % 
10, v. 36. 

Arist. Fuscus, a friend of Horace as 
confpicuous for the integrity and propriety of 
his manners, as for his learning and abilities. 
The poet addreffed his 22 Od. Lib. I and I 

Ep. 10, to him.-Corn, a praetor Sent by ~ 

Domitian againft the Daci, where he perifhed. 
juv. 4, v» 1X2. - 

Fusia lex de Comitiis, A, U. C. 527, 
forbad any bufinefs to be tranfadted at the 
public alfcmblies on certain days, though 

among the faji, -Another, A U. C. 69c, 

which ordained that the votes in a public 

affembly fhould be given feparately.-- 

Caninia, another by Camillus & C. Cani- 
nius Galbus, A. U. C. 731, to check the 
manumifiion of flaves. 

Fusius, a Roman orator. Cic. 2. de Or at. 

c. 22.-A Roman, killed in Gaul, while 

he prefided there over one of the provinces. 

Caf. Bell. G. 7, c. 3.-A Roman adtor, 

whom Horace ridicules. 2 Sat. 3, v. 60 
He intoxicated himfeif; and when on the 
ftage he fell afleep whilft he perfonated 
Ilione, where he ought to have been routed 
and moved by the cries of a ghoft; but h> 
vain. 













G A 


G A 


G ABALES, a people of Aqultaiti. Plln. 
.4, c. 19. 

Gabaza, a country of Alia, near Sogdi- 
ana. Curt. 8, c. 4. 

Gab ell us, now La Seccbia , a river fall¬ 
ing in a northern direction into the Po, op¬ 
pose the Mincius. Plin. 3, c. 16. 

Gabkne & Gabiene, a country of Per- 
fia. Lind. 19. 

Gabia & Gabina, Vid. Gabina. 
Gabienus, a friend of Auguftus, beheaded 
by order of Sext. Pompey. It is maintained 
that he fpoke after death. 

Gabti, a city of the Volfci, built by the 
kings of Alba, but now so longer in exiftence. 
It was taken by the artifice of Sextus, the fon 
of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the 
inhabitants bydeierting to them, and pretend 
ing that his father had HI treated him. Ro 
muius and Remus were educated there, as it 
was the cuftom at that time to fend there the 
young nobility, and Juno was the chief deity 
of the place. The inhabitants had a peculiar 
mode of tucking up their drefs, whence Ga- 
binus cindlus. Virg. JEn. 6, V. 773. 1 . 7, v. 
612 & 682.— Liv. 5, c. 46, 1 . 6, c. 29. 1 . 8, c. 
9. 1 . IO, C. 7.— Ovid. Faft. 2. V. 709.— Plut. in 
Romul. 

GXbIna, the name of Juno, worihipped at 
Gabii. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 682. 

GabInia lex dc Comitiis , by A. Gabinius, 
the tribune, A. U. C. 614. It required that 
in the public aflemblies for ele&ing magiftrates, 
the votes Ihould be given by tablets, and not 

•viva voce. ' . Another for convening daily the 

fen ate from the calends of February to thofe 

of March.-Another de Comitiis , which 

made it a capital punilhmen^ to convene any 
clandeftine affembly, agreeable to the old law 

of the twelve tables.-Another de Militia , 

by A. Gabinius the tribune, A. U. C. 685. 

It granted Pompey the power of carrying on 
the war againft the pirates, during three years, 
and of obliging all kings, governors, and ftates, 
to fupply him with all the necefiaries he 
wanted, over all the Mediterranean fea, and 
in the maritime provinces, as far as 4C0 ftadia 

from the fea.--Another de Ufura. by Aul. 

Gabinius the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It or¬ 
dained that no action Ihould be granted for the 
recovery of any money borrowed upon fmall 
v intereft, to be lent upon larger. This was aa 
ufual pra&ice at Rome, which obtained the 

name of verfuram facere. -Another, againft 

fornication. 

Gabinianus, a rhetorician, in the reign 
of Vefpafiah. 

Gabinius, a Roman hiftorian,——Anlius, 


a Roman cohful, who made war in Juda m, and 
re-eftabltfhed tranquillity there. He luffered 
himfelf to be bribed, and replaced Ptolemy 
Auletes on the throne of Egypt. He was 
accufed, at his return, of receiving bribes. 
Cicero, at the requelt of Pompey, ably de¬ 
fended him. He was banilhed, and died about 

40 years before Chrift, at Salona.-A 

lieutenant of Antony.-A conful, who be¬ 

haved with uncommon rudenefs to Cicero. 

Gades (mow), Gadis (is), &*GadTra, a 
fmall ifland in the Atlantic, on the Spanifh 
coaft, 25 miles from the columns of Hercules. 
It was fometimes called Tarteffus and Erytbia , 
according to Pliny, and is now known by the 
name of Cadi a. Geryon, whom Hercules kil- 
ed, fixed his refidence there. Hercules fur- 
named Gaditanus , had there a celebrated tem¬ 
ple, in which all his labors were engraved with 
excellent workmanfhip. The inhabitants were 
called Gaditani , and their women were known 
for their agility of body, and their incontinency. 
Horat. 2 , od. 2, v. II. — Stat. 3. Sylv. 1, v. 
183.— Liv. 21, c. 21. 1 . 24, C. 49. 1 . 26, c. 43. 
— Plin. 4, c. 23. — Strab. 3.— Cic. pro Gab. — 
JuJlin. 44, C. 4 .— Pauf. 1, C. 35.— Ptol. 2 , C. 4. 
— Paterc. I, c. 2. 

GadTtanus, a furname of Hercules, from 
Gades. Vid. Gades. 

G;esaT 7E, a people on the Rhone, who 
affifted the Senones in taking and plundering 
Rome under Brennus. Strab 5. 

Gjetulia, a country of Libya, near the 
Garamantes, which formed part of king Ma- 
finifla’s kingdom. The country was the fa¬ 
vorite retreat of wild beafts, and is now called. 
Bildulgerid. Sallujl. in fug- — Sil. 3, v. 287* 
— Plin. 5, c. 4. 

GiETu lic us, Cn. Lentulus, an officer in 
the age of Tiberius, fcc. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 

42.-A poet who wrote fome epigrams in 

which he difplayed great genius, and more 
wit, though he often indulged in indelicate 
exprelfions. 

Gala, father of Mafinifla, was king of Nu- 
midia. 

Galabrii, a nation near Thrace. 

Galac roPHAGi, a people of Asiatic Scy¬ 

thia. Homer. II. 3. 

Ga lies us. Vid. Galefus. 

Galanthis, a fervant maid of Akmena, 
whofe l'agacity ealed the labors of her miftrefs. 
When Juno refolved to retard the birth of 
Hercules, and haften the labors of the wife of 
Sthenelus, (he folicited the aid of JLucina; 
who immediately repaired to the houfe of Alc- 
mena, and in the form of an old woman, fat 
near the door with her legs aofftd, and her 
X fingers 










GA 


GA 


fingers joined. In this pofture (he uttered 
i'ome magical words, which ferved to prolong 
the labors of Alcmeha, and render her Hate 
the more miferable. Alcmena had already 
patTed fome days in the moll excruciating tor¬ 
ments, when Galanthis began to lufpeCt the 
jealoufv of Juno; and concluded that the did 
woman, who continued at the door always in 
the fame unchanged pofture, was the inftru- 
ment of the anger of the goddefs. With fuch 
fuQiicions Galanthis ran out of the houfe, and 
with a countenance expreffive of joy, the in¬ 
formed the old woman that her miftrefs had 
jult brought forth. Tucina, at the words, rofe 
from her pofture, and that inftant Alcmena 
was fafely delivered. The uncommon laugh 
which Galanthis raifed upon this, made Lamina 
fufpeCl that (lie had been deceived. She feized 
Galanthis by the hair, and threw her on the 
ground; and while fire attempted to refill, the 
was changed into a weazel, and condemned to 
bring forth her young, in the mod agonizing 
pains, by the mouth, by which (he had uttered 
falfehood. This transformation alludes to a 
vulgar notion among the ancients, who be¬ 
lieved this of the weazel, becaufe (he carries 
her young in her mouth, and continually fhifts 
from place to place. The Boeotians paid great 
veneration to the weazel, which, as they lup- 
pofed, facilitated the labors of Alcmena 
JEl'art. H. Anim. 2. — Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 6. 

Galata, a town of Syria.-An ifland 

near Sicily.-A town of Sicily.-A moun¬ 

tain of Phocis. 

Galatce, the inhabitants of Galatia. Vid. 
Galatia. 

Galatjf.a & Galath^a, a fea nyntph, 
daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was paf- 
lionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, 
whom (he treated with coldnefs and difdain ; 
whileAcis, a (hepherd of Sicily, enjoyed her 
unbounded affeCtion. The happinefs of thefe 
two lovers was dillurbed by the jealoufy of the 
Cyclops, who crufhed his rival to pieces with a 
piece of a broken rock, while he fat in the 
bofom of Galatcea. Galattea was inconlolable 
for the lofs of Acis, and as (he could not reilore 
him to life, (he changed him into a fountain. 
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 789.— y^irg. JEn. 9, v. IO3. 

-—The daughter of a Critic king, from whom 

the Gauls were called Galataj. Ammian. 15. 
- - A country girl, Sec. Virg. Eel. 3. 

. Galatia, or Gallogr^cia, a country 
of Alia Minor, between Phrygia, the Euxine, 
Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It received its 
name from tlie Gauls, who migrated there 
under Brennus, fome time after the lacking of 
Rome, Slrab. 12 .— ’JuJlin. 37, c. 4.— Liv. 38 , 
c. 12, 40.— Lucan. 7, v. 540.— Cic. 6. Att. 5. 

— Plin. 5, c. 32.— JPtol. 5, c. 4.- The name 

of ancient Gaul among the Greeks. 

Galaxia, a feftival, in which they boiled a 
mixture of barley, pulle, and milk, calied 
by the Greeks. 

Galba, a iurname of the firft of the Sul- 


picii, from the fmallnefs of his ftature. The 
word fignifies a fmall worm, or according to 
fome, it implies, in the language of Gaul, 
fatnefs, for which the founder of the Sulpician 

family was remarkable.-A king among the 

Gauls, who made war againft J. Caefar. C<rf. 
Bell. Gall. 2 , c. 4- - A brother of the em¬ 

peror Galba, who killed himfelf, &c. A 
mean buffoon, in the age of Tiberius. Juv. 

^ --Servius, a lawyer at Rome, who 

defended the caufe of adulterers with great 
warmth, as being one of the fraternity. Ho¬ 
race ridicules him 1. Sat. 2, v. 46 Servius 
Sulpicius, a Roman who rofe gradually to the 
greateft offices of the Hate, and exercifed his 
power in the provinces with equity and unre- 
mitted diligence. He dedicated the greateft 
part of his time to folitury pursuits, chiefly to 
avoid- the lulpicions of Nero. His disappro¬ 
bation of the emperor’s oppreffive command in 
the provinces, was the caufe of new diflur- 
bances. Nero ordered him to be put to death, 
but he efcaped from the hands of the execu¬ 
tioner, and was publicly faluted emperor. 
When he was feated on the throne, he fuffered 
himfelf to he govenmd by favorites, who ex- 
pofed tofale the goods of the citizens to gratify 
their avarice. Exemptions were fold at a high 
price, and the crime of murder was blotted 
out, and impunity purchafed with a large fum 
of money. Such irregularities in the emperor’s 
minifters, greatly ditpleafed the people; and 
when Galba refufed to pay the foldiers the 
money which he had^romifed them, when he 
was raifed to the throne, they affalunated him 
in the 73d year of his age, and in the eighth of 
his reign, and proclaimed Otho emperor in his 
room, January 16th, A D. 69. The virtues 
which had ftione lo bright in Galba, when q 
private man, totally difappeared when he al- 
cended the throne ; and he who fhowed him¬ 
felf the moll impartial judge, forgot the duties 
of an emperor, and of a father of his people. 
Sueton. Pint, in vita — Tacit. -A learn¬ 

ed man, grandfather to the emperor of tho 
fame name. Suet, in Galb. 4.——Sergius, a 
celebrated orator before the age of Cicero. 
He (bowed his Ions to the Roman people, and 
implored their protection, by which means he 
laved himfelf from the puniftiruent .^yhioh 
either his guilt or the perlualive eloquence of 
his adverlaries, M. Cato and L. Scribonius, 
urged as due to him. Cic. de Or at.. I, c. 53. 
ad Her. 4 , C. 5 . 

Galknus Claudius, a celebrated phy- 
fician in the age of M. Antoninus and his 
lucceffors, born at Pergamus, the fon of an 
architect. He applied himfelf with unremit¬ 
ted labor to the ftudy of philofophy, mathe¬ 
matics, and chiefly of phyfic. He vifited tire 
mod learned femiuaries of Greece and Egypt; 
and at laft came to Rome, where he foon ren¬ 
dered himfelf famous by his profeffion. Many 
aftonilhed at his cures, attributed them to ma¬ 
gic, and laid that tie had received all his know¬ 
ledge 







GA 


GA 


ledge from enchantments. He was very inti¬ 
mate with Marcus Aurelius, the emperor, 
after whofe death he returned to Pergamus, 
where he died, in his 90th year, A. p. 193. 
He wrote nolefs than 300 volunies, the great- 
elf part of which were burnt in the temple of 
Peace at Rome, where they had been depofit- 
ed. Galenus confefled himlelf greatly indebt¬ 
ed to the writings of Hippocrates, for his me¬ 
dical knowledge, and bellowed great encomiums 
upon him. To the diligence, application and 
experiments of thefe two celebrated phyficians, 
the moderns are indebted for many uleful dif- 
coveries; yet often their opinions are ill- 
grouhded, their conclufions hafty, and their 
reafoning falfe. What remains of the works 
of Galen, has been publillied, without a latin 
tranllation, in 5 vols fol. Balil. 1538.—Galen 
' was likewile edited, together with Hippocrates 
by Charterius, 13 vols. fol. Paris 1679, ^ ut 
very incurred!. 

Galeol.*;, certain prophets in Sicily. Cic. 

Gai.eiJia, one of the Roman tribae.- 

The wife of Vitellius. Cafar. — Tacit. Hijl. 

Z, c. 60.. - Fautiina the wife of the empe- 

rojt Antoninus Pius. 

Gai.Erius, a native of Dacia, made em¬ 
peror of Rome, by Diocletian. Vid. Mnxi- 
mianus. 

GalesUS, now Galefo , a river of Calabria 
flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The poets 
have celebrated it for the lhady groves in its 
neighbourhood, and the fine flaeep which leed 
on its fertile banks, and whofe fleeces were 
faid' to be rendered loft when they bathed in 
the ftream. Martial. Z, ep . 43. 1 . 4, ep. 28. 
<—Virg. G. 4, v. 126— Horat. 2 , od. 6, v. 

10.-A rich perfon of I.atium, killed as 

he attempted to make a reconciliation be¬ 
tween the Trojans and Rutulians, when Af- 
canius had killed the favorite flag of Tyr- 
rheus; which was the prelude of all the en¬ 
mities between the hottile nations. Virg. 
JZn. 7, v. 335. 

Galiijea, a celebrated country of Syria, 
often mentioned in Scripture. 

Galinthiadia, a feftival at Thebes, in 
honor of Galinthias, a daughter of Proems. 

It was celebrated before the feftival of Her¬ 
cules, by whofe orders it was firlt inftituted. 

Gal li, a nation of Europe, naturally 
fierce, and inclined to war. They were very 
luperftitious, and in their lacrifices they 
often immolated human vi&ims. In fome 
places, they had large ftatues made with 
twigs, which they filled with men, and re¬ 
duced to alhes. They believed themfelves 
defcended from Pluto; and from that cir- 
cumftance they always reckoned their time 
not by the day, as other nations, but by the 
nights. Their obfequies were fplendid, and 
not only the moft precious things, but even 
Haves and oxen, were burnt on the funeral 
pile. Children, among them, never ap¬ 
peared in the prefence of their fathers, before 


they were able to bear arms in the defence of 
their country. Caf. bell. G. — Strab. 4 .— 
Tacit. Vid. Gallia.——The priefts of Cy- 
bele, who received that name from the river 
Gallus, in Phrygia, where they celebrated the 
feftivals. They mutilated themlelves, before 
they were admitted to the priefthood, in imi¬ 
tation of Atys, the favorite of Cybele. {Vid. 
Atys.) The chief among them was called 
Archigallus, who in his drefs relembled a 
woman, and carried, fufpended to his neck, 
a large collar with two representations of the 
head of Atys. Vid. Corybantes , Dafiyli, See . 
Died. 4.— Ovid. Fajl. 4, v. 36.— Lucan. I, 
v. 466 .—Lucian .de Dcd Syria. 

Gallia, a large country of Europe, called 
Galatia by the Greeks. The inhabitants 
were called Gallic Celtiberi , and Ccltqfcytba, 
by themlelves Celts, by the Greeks Galata. 
Antient Gaul was divided into four different 
parts by the Romans, called Gallia Belgica, 
Narbonenfis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gal¬ 
lia Belgica , was the largeft province bounded 
by Germany, Gallia Narbonenfis, and the 
German ocean; and contained the modern 
country of Alface, Lorraine, Picardy, with 
part of the Low Countries, and of Cham¬ 
pagne, and of the ifle of France. Gal^a 
Narbonenfvt , which contained the prov.a^es 
now called Languedoc, Provence, Dauphine, 
Savoy, was bounded by the Alps and Pyre¬ 
nean mountains, by Aquitania, Belgium, 
and the Mediterranean. Aquitania Gallia, 
now called the provinces of Poitou, Santonge, 
Guienne, Berry, Perigord, Quercy, Limofin, 
Galcogny, Auvergne, &c. was fituate between 
the Garumna,the Pyrenean mountains, and the 
ocean. Gallia Celtica , or Lugdunenfs , was 
bounded by Belgium, Gallia Narbonenfis, 
the Alps and the ocean. It contained the 
country at prefent known by the name of 
Lyonnais, Touraine, Franche Comte, Sene- 
nois, Switzerland, and part of Normandy. 
Befides thefe great divifions, there is pften 
mention made of Gallia Cifalpina, or Cite- 
rior ; Tranfalpina or Ulterior, which refers to 
that part of Italy which was conquered by 
fume of the Gauls who crofted the Alps. By 
Gallia Cifalpina , the Romans underftood that 
part of Gaul which lies in Italy; and by 
Tranfalpina , that which lies beyond the 
Alps, in regard only to the inhabitants of 
Rome. Gallia Qifpadana, and Tranfpadana % 
is applied to a part of Italy, conquered by 
fome of the Gauls, and then it means the 
country on this fide of the Po, or beyond the 
Po, with refpedl to Rome. By Gallia Toga - 
ta\ thq Romans underftood Cifalpine Gaul, 
where the Roman gowns, toga, were ufually 
worn, as the inhabitants had been admitted 
to the rank of cuizenflrip at Rome. Gallia 
Narbonenfis, was called Rraccata , on account 
of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants for 
their thighs. The epithet of Comata, is ap¬ 
plied to Gallia Celtica, becaufe the people 
X 7, fuffered 





GA 


GA 


fuffered their hair to grow to an uncommon 
length, 'l he inhabitants were great warriors; 
and their valor overcame the RoVnan armies, 
took the cities of Rome, and invaded Greece, 
in different ;.ges. They fpread themlelves 
over the greateft part of the world. They 
were ve r y fuperftitious in their religious cere¬ 
monies, and revered the facerdotal order, as 
if they had been gods. ( Fid. Druids.) They 
long maintained a bloody war againft the 
Romans; and Caefar refuted io y»ears in their 
country before he c»uld totally fubdue them. 
Cxf ball. Gall.—Pauf. 7, c. 6 .—Strait. 5, 
.Ice. 

Gallic anus mons, a mountain of Cam¬ 
pania. 

Gallictus Ager, was applied to the 
country between Picenum and Ariminum, 
whence the Galli Senopei, were bnniflied, and 
which' was divided among the Roman citi¬ 
zens. Liv. 23, c. 14- 1 * 39 > c - 44 -— Sic. 

tat . 2.— Caf. Civ. I, C. 29.-Sinus, a 

part of the Mediterranean on the coaft of 
Gaul,' now called the gulph of Lyons. 

Gallienus Publ. Lucinius, a for) of the 
emperor Valerian. He reigned conjointly 
with his father for feven years, and al'cended 
the throne as lole emperor, A. P. 260. In 
his youth, he fhowed his activity and military 
character, in an expedition againft the Ger¬ 
mans and Sarmatie ; hut when he came to 
the purple, he delivered himfelf up to plea- 
fure and indolence. His time was fpent in 
Ihe greateft debauchery ; and he indulged 
himfelf in the groffisft and mod lafeivious 
manner, and his palace difplayed a feene, at 
ence, of effeminacy and thame, voluptuouf- 
riefs and immorality. He often appeared 
with his hair powdered with golden dull; 
and enjoyed tranquillity at home, while his 
provinces abroad were torn by civil quarrels 
and {editions. He heard of the lofs of a rich 
province, and of the execution of a malefactor, 
with the fame indifference; and when he 
was apprized that Egypt had revolted, he 
only obferved, that he could live without the 
produce of Egypt. He was of a dilpofition 
naturally inclined to raillery and the ridicule 
others. When his wife had been deceived 
fey a jeweller, Gallienus ordered the ranle- 
lactor to be placed in the circus, in expecta¬ 
tion of being expoled to the ferocity of a 
lion. While the wretch trembled at the ex- 
pe&ation of inftant death, the executioner, 
fey order of the emperor, let Ioofe a capon 
upon him. An uncommon laugh was railed 
upon this, and the emperor obferved, that he 
who had deceived others, ihoukl expert to be 
deceived himfelf. In the rrydlt of. thefe ridi¬ 
culous diverfions, Gallienus was alarmed by 
the revolt of two of his officers, who had af- 
fumed the imperial purple. This intelligence 
joufed him from his lethargy; he marched 
againft his antagonifts, and put all the rebels 
w the fword, without ffiowing the leaft favor 


either to rank, fex, or age. Thefe crsalties 
irritated the people and the army ; emperors 
were ele&ed, and no lefs than thirty tyrants 
afpired to the imperial purple. Gallienus re- 
folved boldly to oppole his adverfaries; but 
in the midit of his preparations, he was nftal- 
finated at Milan by feme of his officers, in the 
50th year of his age, A. D. 268., 

Gallinaria Sylva, a wood near Cumae 
in Italy, famous as being the retreat of rob¬ 
bers. Juv. 3,v. 307. 

Gallipoi.is, a fortified town of the Sa- 
lentines, on the Ionian lea. 

GallograiCJa, a country of Afia Minor, 
near Bithynia and Cappadocia. It was inha¬ 
bited by a colony of Gauls, who affiimed the 
name of Gallcgraci , becaule a number of 
Greeks had accompanied them in their emi¬ 
gration. Strab. 2. 

C. Gallon iif3, a Roman knight ap¬ 
pointed over Gades^.&c. 

P. Gallonius, a luxurious Roman, who, 
as was obferved, never dined wetf, becaule lie 
was never hungry. Cic. de Pin. 2, c. 8 
& 28. 

Gallus. Fid. Ale&ryoR.--A general' 

of Oho, &c. Plat. -A lieutenant of 

Sylla.-An officer of M. Antony, Ice. 

-Caius, a friend of the great Africanus. 

famous for his knowledge of aftrenomy, and 
his exaCt calculations of eclipfes. Cie. di 

ScneSl. -iElius, the 3d governor of Egypt 

in the age of Auguftus.-Cornelius, 

a Roman knight, who rendered himfelf 
famous by his poetical, as well as military 
talents. He was paffionately fond of the 
Have Lycoris or Cytheris, and celebrated 
her beauty in his poetry. She proved un¬ 
grateful, and forlbok him to follow M. An¬ 
tony, which gave occafion to Virgil to 
write his tenth eclogue. Gallus, as well as 
the other poets of his age, was in the favor 
of Auguftus, by whom he was appointed 
over Egypt. He became forgetful of the fa¬ 
vors he received; he pillaged die province, 
and even conlpired againft his benefaCfor 
according to fome accounts, for which he 
was banilihed by the emperor. This dif- 
grace. operated fo powerfully upon him, 
that he killed himfelf in defpair, A. D. 26. 
Some few fragments remain of his poetry, 
and it teems that he particularly excelled in 
elegiac compofition. It is laid, that Virgil 
wrote an eulogium on his poetical friend, 
and infer ted it at the end of his Georgies; 
but that he totally fupprefled it, for fear *>f 
offending his imperial patron, of whole fa¬ 
vors Gallus had fhown himfelf to undeferv- 
ing, and inftead of fhat he iubftituted the 
beautiful epilbde about Ariftaeus and Eury- 
dice. This eulogium, according to lonu\ 
was fupprefled at the particular defire of 
Auguftus. Quintil. IO, C. 8. — Virg. Eel. 6 

& IO.— Ovid. Amat. 3, el. 15, v. 29.-- 

Vibius Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul, 

is 











m the age of Auguftus, of whofe orations 

Seneca lias prelerved lbme fragments.- 

A Roman who alTaflinated Deeins, the em¬ 
peror, and railed himlelf to the throne. He 
fliowed himlelf indolent and cruel, and be¬ 
held with the greatell indifference the revolt 
of his provinces, and the invafion of his em¬ 
pire by the barbarians. He waj at lad 

alfadinated by his foldiers, A. D. 253.- 

Havius Claudius Condantinus, a brother of 
the emperor Julian, railed to the imperial 
throne under the title of Csefar, by Con- 
dantius his relation. He conlpired againft 
liis benefactor, and was publicly condemned 

to he beheaded, A. D. 354.-A iiuall 

liver of Phrygia, whole waters were laid to 
be veiy efficacious, if drunk in moderation, 
in curing madnefs. Pirn. 32, c. 2.— Ovid. 
F.t/l. 4, v. 361. 

Gamaxds, an Indian prince, brought in 
chains before Alexander for revolting. 

G a mel I a, a furname of Juno, as Game- 
lias was « f Jupiter,'on account of their pre- 

liding over marriage-..-A feltival privately 

ohierved at three different times. Tile fird 
was the celebration of a marriage, the lecond 
was in commemoration of a birth-day, and 
the third was an anniversary of the death of a 
perlon. As it was oMerved generally on the 
Ilf of January, marriages on tlm day were 
confidered as of a good omen and the month was 
called Gamelion among the Athenians. Cic. 
de Fin. 2, c. 31. 

Ga n d a rTt/e, an Indian nation. 

Gangama, a place near the P.d us 
Ma’otis. 

Ganoarid.’E, a people near the mouths 
of die Ganges. They were lb povveiful that 
Alexander did not dare to attack them Some 
attributed this to the wearinels and indoLpce 
of his troops. ’I hey were placed by Valer. 
Flaccus among the defarts of Scythia. JtlJlin. 
12, C. 8.— Curt. 9, C. 2.— Virg. JEn. 3, V. 27. 
— Flacc. 6, v. 67. 

Ganges, a large river of India, falling into 
the Indian ocean, faid by Lucan to be the 
boundary of Alexander’s victories in the eail. 
It inundates the adjacent country in the fcim- 
mcr. I.ike other rivers, it was held in the 
greateft veneration by the inhabitants, and this 
fuperliicion is faid to exift ftill in fome particular 
inftances. The Ganges is now dilcovtred to 
life in the mountains of Thibet, and to run ; 
upwards of 20CO miles before it reaches the 
lea, receiving in itscoMifc the tiibute of leveral 
rivers, 11 of which are fuperior to the Thames, 
and often equal to the great body of the 
waters of rlie Rhine. I^nc.tn. 3, v. ^30,— 
Strab. 5 — Plin. 6, c. 87.— Curt. 8, C. </.— 
Afcla, 3, c. 7.— Virg, JEn. 9, v. 31. 

Ganna sous, an ally of Rome, put to death 
by Corhulo, the Roman general, kc. Tacit. \ 
Ann. II, C. 18. 

Ganymede, a goddefs, better known by ; 
the name of llebe. She was worfbipped ; 


under this name in a temple at Phiiiv.s in Pe- 
loponnefus. Pauf. 2, c. 13. 

Ganymkdes, a beautiful youth of Phry¬ 
gia, Ion of Pros, and brother to Hus and 
Aflaracus. According to Lucian, lie was 
Ion of Dardanus. He was taken up to hea¬ 
ven by Jupiter as he was hunting, or ra¬ 
ther tending his father’s flocks on mount 
Ida, and fie became the cup-bearer of the 
gods in the place of Hebe. Some fay that 
he was carried away by an eagle, to f.ttisfy 
the fhameful and unnatural defires of Jupiter. 
He is generally reprel’cnted fitting on the 
back of ;r flying eagle in the air. Pcif 5, c. 
24. — Homer. II. 20, V. 231 .— Vitg. JEn. 5 , 
v. 252.— Ovid. Met. 10, y. 135.— Herat. 4, 
od. 4. 

Gar.t.ticum, a town of Africa-* 

GaraMANTES, (ling. Gammas) : a people 
in the interior parts of Africa, now called 
the delarts of Zaara. 'I'liey lived in com¬ 
mon, and acknowledged as their own only 
Inch children as relembjed them, and fenree 
clothed themfelvc-s, on account of the warmth 
of their climate. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 198. 1 . 
6, v. 795.— I.ucan. 4, v. 334.— Strab. 2. 
— Plin. 5, C. 8.— SiL It. I, V. I42. L II, 

V. 181. 

GarXmantis, a nymph who became 
mother of Iarbas, Phiieus, and Pilummis, by 
Jupiter. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 198. 

Gar am as, a king of Libya, whofe 
daughter was mother of Ammon by' Jupi¬ 
ter. 

Gar at as, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, 
on the banks of which Pan had a temple, 
Pauf. 8, c. 44. 

Gakea i a:, a people of Arcadia. Pauf. 8 , 
c. 45 

Garfatkyra, a town of Cappadocia. 

Strab. I 2. 

Garoanus, now St. Angelo, a lofty moun¬ 
tain of Apulia, which advances in the form of 
a promontory into the Adriatic lea. Virg. 
JEn. 11, v. 25 7. —I mean. 5, v. 880. 

Garcaphia, a valley near Plattea, with a 
fountain of the fame name, where ACheon was 
torn to pieces by bis clogs, Ovid. Met. 3, 
v. i t 6. 

Gargaris, a king of the Curetes, who 
firft lbui.d the manner of collecting honey. 
He h id a fo:i by his daughter, whom he at¬ 
tempted in vain to dedray, Pie made him his 
lucccfibr. J 44 , c * 44 - 

Garoakos. (nlur. a. orum,) a town an-d 
mouM’ain of Tiops, near mount Ida, famous 
for its fertility- Virg. G. I, v. 103.— 
Mac mb. 5, C. 20. — Strab. 13.— Plin. 5, 

c - 3 °.' 

Gakcrttus, a village of Attica, the 
birth place of Epicurus. Cic. Fan. 15, ep, 
l(y. 

Gargii ms, Martiai ts, an hiftorian. 
-A celebrated hunter. Herat, i, ep. 6 , 


GaR«!TTIV*» 










GE 


GE 


<?argittius, a dog which kept Geryon’s 
flocks. He was killed by Hercules. 

Garites, a people of Aquitajn, in Gaul. 

Garumna, a liver of Gaul, now called 
Garcnne, riling in tiie Pyrenean mountains, 
and ieparating Gallia Celtica from Aqeita- 
r.ia. It tails into the bay of Bifcay, and has, 
by the perfevering labors of Lewis 14th, a 
communication with the Mediterranean by 
the canal of Languedoc, carried upwards of 
100 miles through hills, and over vallies. 
Lida, 3, c. 2. 

G.vstron, a general of Lacedaemon, &c. 

Pol\'<EH. 2. 

Gatjheje, a town of Arcadia. Pauf. 8, 
c. 34. 

Gatiieatas, a river of Arcadia. Id. Ib. 

Gaugamela, a village near Arbela be¬ 
yond the Tigris, where Alexander obtained 
his 3d victory over Darius. Curt. 4, c. 9.— 
Strab. 2 & 16. 

Gaulus»& Gaullon, an ifiand in the 
Mediterranean fea, oppofke Libya. It jro- 
duces no venomous creatures. Plin. 3, c. 8. 

Gaurus, a mountain of Campania, famous 
for its wines. Lucan. 2, v. 667.-6':/. 12, 
V. 160. — Stat. 3, Sylv. 5 , v. 99. 

Gaus Sc Gaos, a man who followed 
the intereit of Artaxerxet, from whom he 
revolted, and by whom he was put to death. 
Died 15. 

Gaza, a famous town of PaleHine, once 
well fortified, as being the frontier place 011 
the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it after 
a liege of two months. Died. 17. 

Geben&a, a town and mountain of Gaul. 
Lucan. r, v. 435. 

Gedrosia, a barren province of Perfia. 
near India. Strab. 2. 

Geganii, a family of Alba, part of which 
migrated to Rome, under Romulus. One 
ot the daughters called Gegania was the 
firlt of the veftals created by Luma. Pint, in 
Liu fit. 

Gel A, a town on the fouthern parts of 
Sicily, about 10 miles from the lea, accord¬ 
ing to Ptolemy, which received its name 
front a fmall river in the neighbourhood, 
called Clelas. It was built by a Rhodian 
and Cretan colony, 713 years before the 
Chrillian era. After it had continued 111 
existence 404 years, Phintias, tyrant ofAgri- 
genuim, carried the inhabitants to Phintias , 
a town in the neighbourhood, which he had 
founded, and he employed the Itones of 
Gela to beautify hie own city. Phintias was 
alfo called Gela. The inhabitants were called 
Ge!etijl’s t Gcloiy and Gclatti. Fir*. JEn. 3, v. 
702 — Pauf. 8, c. 46. 

Gelanor, a king of Argos, who fucceeded 
Jus father, and was deprived of his kingdom by 
Ehnaus the Egyptian. Paul. 2, c. 16. Fid. 
JDanaus. 

Grllia Cornelia LEjt, de Civitate, by 
L. Gellius and Cfi. Cornel Lentulus. A. U. C. 


682. It enacted, that all thofe who had been 
prefented with the privilege of citizens of 
Rome by Ponipey, Ihould remain in the pol- 
fellion of that liberty. 

GkLlias, a native of Agrigentum, famous 
for his munificence and his hofpitality. Died. 
13.— Fal. LI ax 4, c. 8. 

Gellius, a cenfor, See. Pint, in Pomp --- 

A conful who defeated a party of Germans, ill 
the intereft of Spartacus. Plut. 

Aulus Gellius, a Roman grammarian 
in the age of M. Antoninus, about 130 A. D. 
He publifhed a work which he called Nodes 
Attica , becaufe he_ com poled it at Athens du¬ 
ring the long nights of the winter. It is a col¬ 
lection of incongruous matter, which contains 
many fragments from the ancient writers, and 
ofien ferves to explain antique monuments. 
It was originally compofed for the improvement 
of his children, and abounds with many gram¬ 
matical remarks. The bell; editions of A.Gel¬ 
lius are, that of Gronovins, 4to. L’. Bat. 
1706, and that of Conrad, 2 vols. 8vo, Lipf. 
1762. 

Gelo & Gei.on, a fon of Dinomenes, 
who made himfelf abfolute at Syracufe, 
491 yejrs before the Chrillian era. He con¬ 
quered the Carthaginians at Himera, and 
made his opprellion popular by his great 
equity and moderation. He reigned feven 
years, and his death was univerfally lamented 
at Syracufe. He was called the. father of 
his people, and the patron of liberty, and 
honored as a demigod. His brother Hiero 
fuccceded him. Pauf 8, c. 42— Heredot. 7, 
c. 1.53, 6cq — Died. 11-A man who at¬ 
tempted to poifon Pyrrhus.-A governor of' 

Bteo'io-A fon of Hiero the younger. 

Pauf. 6, c. 9.-A general of Phocis, de- 

llroyed with his troops by the Theflalians. 
Pauf. 10, C. t. 

GELQi,the inhabitants of Gela. Fitg. JEn. 
3, V.J701. 

Gelones & Gf.loni, a people of Scythia, 
inured from their youth to labor and fatigue. 
They paint themfelvc-s to appear more ter¬ 
rible in battle. They were defeended from 
Gtlonus, a fon of Hercules. Firg. G. 2, v. 15. 
JEn. 8, v. 725.'— Lida, I, C. I .—Claudicut in 
Uuf. 1, v. 315. 

Gelo 5, a port of Carla. LI el a, 1, c. 16. 

Gemini, a fign ’of the zodiac which re- 
prelents Caitor and Pollux, the twin fons of 
Leda. 

Geminius, a Roman, who acquainted 
M. Antony, with the fituation of his affairs 

at Rome, &c.-An inveterate enemy of 

Marius. He feized the perfon of Marius, 
and carried him to Minturnae. Plut, in Lla- 

ric -A friend of Pompey, from whom he 

received a favorite mbird's called Flora. 
Pint. 

Geminus, an allronomer and mathemati¬ 
cian of Rhodes B. C. 77 

Gejuonite, a place at Rome where the 

carcal'es 












GE 


tarcafts of criminals were thrown. Suet. Tib. 
53 & 61.— Tacit HtJ} 3, c. 74. 

Genabum, a town of Gaul, now Orleans, 
on the Loire. Cuf. B. C. 7, c. 3.— Luum. 1, 
v. 440. 

Genauni, a people of Vindelicia. Herat. 
4. Oa\ 14, v. 10. 

Geneva, an ancient, populous, and 
well fortified city in the country of the 
Allobroges on the lake Lemanus, now of 
Geneva. 

GenIsus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the 
Argonauts, Sec. place. 3, v. 45. 

Genius, a fpirit, or daemon, which, ac¬ 
cording to the ancients, prefided over the birth 
and life of every man. Fid. Diemon. 

Genseric, a famous Vandal prince, who 
paffed from Spain to Africa, where he took 
Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Van¬ 
dal kingdom in Africa, and in the courte of his 
military expeditions, invaded Italy, and lacked 
Rome in July 455. 

Gentius, a king of Illyricum, who im- 
priloned the Roman amballadors at the re- 
queft of Perftus king of Macedonia. This 
oltence was highly relented by the Romans, 
and Gentius was conquered by Anicius and 
led in triumph with his family, B. C. 169. 
Liv. 43, c. 19, &c. 

Genua, now Genoa, a celebrated town of 
Liguria, which Annibal deftroyed. It was re¬ 
built by the Romans. Liv. 21, c. 32. 1 . 28, c. 
46. 1. 30, c. r. 

Genucius, a tiibune of the people.-A 

conl'ul. 

CenOsus, now r'Scmno, a river of Macedo¬ 
nia, failing into the Adriatic above Apoilonia. 
Lucan. 3,y. 462. 

Genutia lex, de magi[lrat'd)us, by L. 
Genutius the tribune, A. U. C. 411. It or¬ 
dained that no perl'on Ihouid exercite the fame 
magiltracy within ten years, or be inverted 
with two offices in one year. 

Georgica, a poem of Virgil in four books. 
The lirll treats of ploughing the ground ; the 
lecond of lowing it; the third ipeaks of the 
management of cattle, Sec. and in the fourth, 
the poet gives an account of bees, and of the 
manner of keeping them among the Romans. 
The word is derived from yea. terra and igyov 
opus, becaufe it particularly treats of hufbandry. 
The work is dedicated to Maecenas the great 
patron of poetry in the age of Virgil. The 
author was feveu years in writing and polilhing 
it, and in that compoliuon he Ihewed how 
much he excelled all other writers. He imi¬ 
tated Defied who wrote a poem nearly on the 
fame fubjeCt, called, Opera iff Dies. 

Georgius, Pisiija. Fid. Pifida. 

Geeh^ra, one of the cities of the Seleucidie 
ia Syria. Strab. 9. 

Geehyr.ei, a people of Phoenicia, who 
pa^Ted with Cadmus into Bccotia, and from 
thence into At ica. Jieredot. 5, c. 57. 

Ger.estus, a port of Euboea. Liy. 31, c. 45. 


G E 

Gerania, a mountain between Megata 
and Corinth. 

Geranturje, a town of Laconia. Pan/. 
3> c- *• 

Geresticus, a harbour of Teios in Ionia, 
Liv. 37, c. 27. 

Gergithum, a town near Cumae in iEolia. 
Plin. 5, c. 30. 

Gcrgovia, a town of Gaul. C.tf. B. G. 7, 
c. 9. 

Gerion, an ancient augur.. 

Germania, an extenfive country of Eu¬ 
rope, at the eaft of Gaul. Its inhabitants 
were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and 
always proved a watchful enemy againft the 
Romans. Cartar firit entered their country, 
but he rather checked their fury than con¬ 
quered them. His example was followed 
by his imperial fuccelTors or their generals, 
who lometimes entered the country to chal- 
tife the inlolence of the inhabitants. The an¬ 
cient Germans were very fuperftitious, and, in 
many inftances, their religion was the (lime as 
that of their neighbours, the Gauls; whence 
fome have concluded that thefe two nations 
were of the fame origin. They paid uncom¬ 
mon refpeft to their women, who as they 
believed, were endowed with fomething more 
than human. They built no temples to their 
gods, and paid great attention to the heroes 
and warriors whom their country had produced. 
Their rude inftitutions gradually gave rile to 
the laws and manneri which ftill prevail in the 
countries of Europe, which their arms invaded 
or conquered. Tacitus, in whole age even let¬ 
ters were unknown among them, oblerved their 
cuftoms with nicety, and has delineated them 
with the genius of an hiftorian, and the re¬ 
flection of a philofopher. Tacit, de Mo rib. 
Ge.'m. — Ldela, I, C. 3> 1* 3> 5* — Bell. G. 
— Strab. 4. 

Germanicijs C.n'.SAR, a fon of Drufus 
and Antonia, the niece of Augurtus. He 
was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and 
railed to the moft important offices of the 
Hate. When his grandfather Augufttis died, 
he was employed in a war in Germany, 
and the afteition of the foidiers unanimoufly 
faluted him emperor. He refuled the un- 
l'eafonable honor, and appealed the tumr.lt 
which his indifference occalioned. He con¬ 
tinued his wars in Germany, and defeated 
the celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded 
with a triumph at his return to Rome. Ti¬ 
berius declared him emperor of the eaft, 
and fent him to appeafe the feditions of the 
Armenians. But the luccets of Germanicus 
in the eaft was foon looked upon with an 
envious eye by Tiberius, and his death was 
meditated. He was fecredy poifoned at 
Daphne near Antioch by Pile, A. D. 19, 
in the 34th year of his age. The news of 
his death was received with the greateft: 
grief, and the moft bitter lamentations, and 
Tiberius feemed to be the only one who 
X 4 rejoiced 




GE 


G I 


rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus. He had 
married Agrippina, by whom he had nine 
children, one of whom, Caligula, difgraced 
the name of his illuftrious father. Germa¬ 
nicus has been commended, not only for his 
military accomplilhments, but alio for his 
learning, humanity, and extenfive benevo¬ 
lence. In the midft of war, he devoted 
fome moments to ftudy, and he favored the 
world with two Greek comedies, fome epi- 
grams, and a tranflation of Aratus in Latin 
verle. Sueton. -—This name was com¬ 

mon in the age of the emperors, not only 
to thofe who had obtained victories over the 
Germans, but even to thofe who had entered 
the borders of their country at the head of an 
army. Domitian applied the name of Ger- 
nanicus, which he himfelf had vainly affumed, 
to the month of September in honor of him- 
ielf. Suet, in Bom. 13— Martial. 9, ep. 2, 
• 4 - 

Germanii, a people ofPerfia. Herodot. 

1, c. 125. 

Gerrh®, a people of Scythia, in whofe 
country t/ie Boryfthenes riles. Thg kings of 
Scythia were generally buried in their ter¬ 
ritories, Id. 4. c. 71. 

Gerus & Gerrhus, a river of Scythia. 

Id. 4, c . 56. 

Geronthr®, a town of Laconia, where a 
yearly feftival, called Geronthr cea , was ob- 
lerved in honor of Mars. The god had there 
a temple with a grove, into which no woman 
was, permitted to enter, during the time of 
the l'olemnity. Pattf. Lacon. 

Geryon & Geryones, a celebrated 
mender, born from the union of Chryfaor 
with Callirhoe, and represented by the poets 
as having three bodies nd three heads. He 
lived in the ifland of Gades, where he kept 
numerous flocks, which were guarded by a 
two-headed dog, called Orthos, and by Eu- 
rythionv Hercules, by order of Euryflheus, 
went«to Gades and deflroyed Geryon, Or¬ 
thos, and Eurythion, and carried away all his 
flocks and herds to Tirynthus. Hejiod. Theog. 
187.— Virg • JEn. 7, v. 66l. 1 . 8, v. 202,— 
Ital. I, v. 277.— Apollod. 2.— Lucrst. 5, 
V. 28. 

Gessat® a people of Gallia Togata. 
Pint, in Marcell. 

Gessorjacum, a town of Gaul, now 
Boulogne , in Picardy. 

GESbUS, a river of Ionia. 

Geta, a man who raifed feditions at 
Rome in Nero’s reign, &c. Tacit. Jfiji. 

2, c. 72.-Septimius a fon of the em¬ 

peror Sevc-rus, brother to Garacalla. In the 
eighth year of his age he was moved with 
companion at the fate of fome of the partizans 
of Niger and Albinus, whp had been ordered 
to be executed; and his father, ftrurk with 
his humanity, retraced his fentence. After 
his father’s death he reigned at Rome, con¬ 
jointly with his brother; but Camalla, who 


envied his virtues, and was jealoas of his po¬ 
pularity, ordered him to be poifened; and 
when this could not be effected, he murdered 
him in the arms of his mother Julia, who, 
in the attempt of defending the fatal blows 
from his body, received a wound in her arm, 
from the hand of her fon, the 28th of March, 
A. D. 212. Geta had not reach:d the 23d 
year of his age, and the Romans had reafon 
to lament the death of fo virtuous a prince, 
while they groaned under the cruelties and 
eppreffion of Caracalla. 

Get®, (Getes , ling.) a people of European 
Scythia, near the Daci. Ovid, who was 
banilhed in their country, delcribes them as a 
fav.'ige and warlike nation. The word Geticus 
is frequently uled for Thracian. Ovid, de 
Pont. Trijl. 5, el. v. III.— Strab. 7 .—St at. 2. 
Sylv. 2 , v, 6 r. 1 . 3> f. I, V. 17. — £ucan. 2 , 
V. 54. 1. 3,v. 95. 

Getui.ia. Vid. Gaetulia. 

Gigantes, the Ions of Ccelus and Terra 
who, according to Hefiod, iprang from the 
blood of the wound which Ccelus received 
from his fon Saturn; whilft Hyginus calls 
them fons of Tartarus and Terra. They are 
reprefented as men of uncommon ltature, 
with ftrength proportioned to their gigantic 
fize. Some of them, as Cottus, Briareus, and 
Gyges, had 50 heads and 100 arms, and fer- 
pents inftead of legs. They were of a ter¬ 
rible afpedl, their hair hung loole about their 
lhoulders, and their beard was luffered to 
grow untouched. Pallene and its neigh¬ 
bourhood was the place of their refidence. 
The defeat of the Titans, with whom they are 
often ignorantly confounded, and to whom 
they were nearly related, inccnfed them 
againft Jupiter, and they all confpired to 
dethrone him. The god was alarmed, and 
called all the deities to aflift him againft a 
powerful enemy, who made ufe of rocks, 
oaks, and burning woods for their weapons, 
and who had already heaped mount OfTa 
upon Pelion, to fcale with more facility the 
walls of heaven. At the fight of iuch dread¬ 
ful adverfaries, the gods fled with the greateft 
confternation into Egypt, where they afTumed 
the fhape of different animals to lereen them- 
felves from their purfuers. Jupiter, however, 
remembered that they were not invincible, 
provided he called a mortal to his affiftance; 
and by the advice of Pallas, he aimed his 
fon Hercules in his caufe. With the aid 
oi this celebrated hero, the giants were foon 
put to flight and defeated. Some were 
crufhed to pieces under mountains ar buried 
in the lea; and others were Head .alive, or 
beaten to death with club^. {Vid. Pr.ce- 
ladus, Aloides , Pcrphyricn, Typhon , Otus y 
Titanss , &c.) The exiftence of giants has 
been fupported by all the writers of antiquity, 
and received as an undeniable truth. Homer 
tells us, that Tityus, when extended on the 
ground, covered nine-acres; and that Poly? 

fhemus 





GL 


G L 


phemus eat two of the companions of Ulyffes 
at once, and walked along the (hores of 
Sicily, leaning on a ftaflf which might have 
ferved for the maft of a (hip. The Grecian 
heroes, during the Trojan war, and Turnus 
in Italy, attacked their enemies by throwing 
(tones, which four men of the fucceeding 
ages would have been unable to move. Plutarch 
alio mentions, in fupport of the gagantic 
IVcture, that Sertorius opened the grave of 
Antaeus in Africa, and found a ikeleton which 
meafured fix cubits in length. Apollod. I, c. 

6.— Pauf. i, c. 2, &c.— Ovid. Met. I, v. 
151.— Plut. in Sertor.—Hygin fab. 28, &C. — 
Homer . Od. 7 & 10.— Virg. G. I, v. 280. JEn. 
6, v. 580. 

Gigartum, a town of Phoenicia. 

Gigis, one of the female attendants of 
Paryfatis, who was privy to the poifoning of 
Statira. Plut. in Artax. 

Gildo, a governor of Africa, in the reign 
of Arcadius. He died A. D. 398. 

Gidlo, an infamous adulterer, in Juvenal’s 
age. Juv. 1, v. 4°. 

Gin Danes, 3 people of Libya, who fed 
on the leaves of the lotus. Herodot. 4, c. 
176. 

Gindes, a river of Albania, flowing into the 

Cyrus.-Another of Mefopotamia. Tibul. 

4, el. 1, v. 141. 

Ginge. Fid. Gigis. 

Gingunitm, a mountain of Umbria. 

Gippius, a Roman who pretended to deep, 
that his wife might indulge her adulterous 
propenfities, &c. 

Gisco, fon of Hamilcon the Carthaginian 
general, was banifhed from his country by the 
influence of his enemies. He was afterwards 
recalled, and empowered by the Cartha¬ 
ginians to punilh in what manner he pleated, 
thole who had occafioned his banilhment. 
He was fatisfied to fee them proftrate on the 
ground and to place his foot 011 their neck, 
(hewing that independence and forgivencfs are 
two of the mod brilliant virtues of a great 
mi d. He was made a general foon after, in 
Sicily, againft the Corinthians, about 309 
years before the Chriltian aera; and by his 
I'uccefs and intrepidity, he obliged the ene¬ 
mies of his country to fue for peace. 

Glaoiatorii ludi, combats originally 
exhibited on the grave of deceafed perfons at 
Rome. They were fir ft introduced at Rome 
by the Biuti, upon the death of their father, 
A. U. C- 488. It was iuppofed that the 
ghofts of the dead were rendered propitious 
by human blood; therefore at funerals, it 
was ufual to murder (laves in cool hlood. In 
fucceeding ages, it was reckoned lei's cruel to 
oblige them to kill one another like men, 
than to daughter them like brutes, therefore' 
the barbarity was covered by the fpecious 
(hew of pleafure and voluntary combat. 
Originally captives, criminals, or difobedient 
(laves, were trained up .for- combat; but 


when the diverfion became more frequent, 
and was exhibited «n the (mailed occafion, 
to procure efteem and populavty, many of 
the Roman citizens enlifted themielves among 
the gladiators, and Nero, at one ihew, exhi¬ 
bited no lei's than 400 fenators and 600 
knights. The people were treated with thefe 
combats not only by the great and opulent, 
but the very priefts had their Ludi pontifi - 
sales, and Ludi facerdotates. It is iuppofed 
that there were no more than three pair 
of gladiators exhibited by the Bruti. Their 
numbers, however, increafed with the luxury 
and power <Jf the city; and the gladiators 
became fo formidable, that Spartacus, /one 
of their body, had courage to take up arms, 
and the i'uccefs to defeat the Roman armies, 
only with a train of his fellow.fufferers. The 
more prudent of the Romans were fenfible of 
the dangers which threatened the ftate, by 
keeping fuch a number of defperate men in 
arms, and therefore many falutary laws 
were propofed to limit their number, as well 
as to fettle the time in which the (how could 
be exhibited with fafety and convenience. 
Under the emperors, not only fenators and 
knights, but even women engaged among the 
gladiators, and feemed to forget the inferiority 
of their lex. When there were to be any 
lhows, hand-bills wefe circulated to give 
notice to the people, and to mention the 
place, number, time, and every circumftance 
requifite to be known. When they were firft 
brought upon the arena , they walked round 
the place with great pomp and l'olemnity, 
and after that they were matched in equal 
pairs with great nicety. They firft had a 
(kirmilh with wooden files, called rudes or 
arma luforia. After this the effective wea¬ 
pons, fuch as fwords, daggers, &c. called 
arma decretoria were given them, and the 
lignal for the engagement was given by the 
found of a trumpet. As they had all pre- 
vioufly (worn to fight till death, or fuffer 
death in the moll excruciating torments, the 
light was bloody and obftinate, and when one 
(ignified hus fubmifilon by lurrendering his 
arms, the viflor was not permitted to grant 
him his life without the leave and apnrobation 
of the multitude. This was done by clench¬ 
ing the fingers of both hands between each 
other, and holding, the thumbs upright 
clofe together, or by bending back their 
thumbs. The firft of thefe was called 
poliicem premcre, and fignified the wifh of the 
people to fpare the life • of the conquered. 
The other fign, called politem veriere , figni¬ 
fied their difapprobation, and ordered the’ 
victor to put his autagonift to death. The 
victor was generally rewarded with a palth, 
and other expreftive marks of the people’s 
favor. He was- mod - commonly - pufenred 
with a pileus and: riidir. When one of the 
combatants received a remarkable wonnd, the 
.people exchimed habit, and expreifed their 

exaltatioa 






G L 


GL 


exaltation by (bouts. The combats of gladiators 
were fotnetimes different either in weapons or 
drefs, whence they were generally diftinguilhed 
into the following orders: The fccutores were 
aimed with a fworcl and buckler, to keep 
off the net of their antagonists, the retiarii. 
Thefe Iaft endeavoured to throw their net 
over the head of their antagonift, and in that 
manner to entangle him, and prevent him 
from (hiking. If this did not fuCceed, they 
bdtook . the,m(elves to flight. Their drels 
was a Short coat with a hat tied under the 
chin with broad ribbon. They wore a trident 
in their left hand. The Threces , originally 
Thracians, were armed with a falchion, 
and firall round Shield. The myrmilloncs , 
cdlled alio Galli , from their Gallic dreii, 
were much the fame as the fecutores. They 
were, like them, armed with a (’word, and, 
on the top of the head-piece, they wore 
the figure of a filh, emboffed, called 
whence their name. The Hoplomacbi , were 
completely armed from head to foot, as their 
name implies. T he Sammies , armed after 
the manner of the Samnites, wore a large 
Shield broad at the top, and growing more 
narrow at the bottom, more conveniently to 
d 'fend the upper parts of the body. The 
Jeff.dant, generally fought from the ejfedum, 
or chariot ufed by the ancient Gauls and 
Britons. The andabat ( E,(cvatotrot.i, fought on 
horfeback, with a helmet that covered and 
defended their faces and eyes. Hence anda- 
batarum more pugnare , is to fight blindfolded. 
The meridiani , engaged in the afternoon. 
The poJiulatiHi, were men of great Skill and 
experience, and Such as vve/e generally pro¬ 
duced by the emperors. The ffcales were 
maintained out of the emperor’s treafury, 
fife us. The dimachari fought with two (words 
in their hands, whence their name. After 
thele cruel exhibitions had been continued for 
the amufement of the Rjoman populace, they 
were abolilhed by Conftantine the Great, 
near 600 years after their firft inftitution. 
They were, however, revived under the reign 
of Conftantius and his two fucceffors, but 
Honorius for ever put an end to thefe cruel 
barbarities. 

•Gi.anis, a river of Cumae.-Of Iberia. 

.-Of Italy. Ital. 8, v. 454. 

Glanum, atown of Gaul, now St. R.mi y in 
prove nee. 

Glaphyre & Glaphyra, a daughter of 
Archol.u s the high prielt of Bellona in Cap¬ 
padocia, celebrated for her beauty and in¬ 
trigues. Site obtained the kingdom of Cap¬ 
padocia for her two ions from M. Antony, 
whom the corrupted by defiling the bed of 
her hufband. This amour of Antony with 
’Glaphyra, highly difpleafed his wife Fulvia, 
who wifhed Augufius to avenge his infidelity, 
py receiving from her the fame favors which 

Glaphyra received from Antony.-rHer 

£.-• ar.d-daughter here the fame n .me. She 


was a daughter of Archelaus long of Cap¬ 
padocia, and married Alexander, a fon of 
Herod, by whom (lie had two fons. After the 
death of Alexander, Ihe married her brother- 
in-law Arc.ielaus. 

Glapiiyru 3, a famous adulterer. Juv. 6, 
_v. 77. 

Glauce, the wife of A£laeus, daughter of 

Cycfiraeus. Apoilod. -A daughter of Cre- 

theus, mother of Telamon.-One of the 

Nereides.——A daughter of Creon, who 

married Jafon. \V">d. Creufit.]--One of the 

Danaides. Apoilod. 

Glaucia, a lurname of the Servilian fa¬ 
mily. Cic. Or at. 3. 

Glaucippe, one of the Danaides. A* 

pollod. 

Glaucippus, a Greek who wrote a 
treatife concerning the iacred rites obferved at 
Athens. 

Glaucon, a writer of dialogues at Athens. 
Diog. in vit. 

Glauconome, one of the Nereides. 

Glaucopis, a furname of Minerva, from 
the bluenels of her eyes. Homer. — Hefytd. 

Glaucus, a fon of Hippolochus, the fon 
of Bellerophon. He affilted Priam in the 
Trojan war, and had the fimplicity to exchange 
his golden luit of armour with Diomedes 
for an iron one, whence came the proverb 
of Glauci et Diomcdis permutali to ex- 
prefs a foolilh pyrchr.fe. He behaved with 
much courage and was killed by Ajax. Hirg. 
JEn. 6, V. 483— Marita'-. 9, ep. 96. — Horn. 

II. 6.-A filherman of Anthedonin Bceotia, 

fon of Neptune and Nais, or according to 
others of Polybius the fon of Mercury. 
As he was hilling, he obferved that ail the 
fifhes which he laid on the grafs received 
freih vigor as they touched the ground, and 
immediately efeaped from him by leaping 
into the lea. He attributed the caufe of it 
to the grafs, and by tailing it, he found him- 
lelf fuddenly moved with a defire of living in 
the fea. Upon this he leaped into the water, 
and was made a fea deity by Oceanus and 
Tethys, at the requeft of the gods. After 
this transformation he became enamoured of 
the Nereid Scylla, whole ingratitude was 
feverely punched by Circe. [ Vid. Scylla.] 
He is reprelented like the other fea deities 
with a long beard, delhevelled hair, and 
ihaggy eyebrows, and with the tail of a fifh. 
He received the gift of prophecy from Apollo, 
and according to fome accounts he^was the 
interpreter of Kerens. He alfifted the Ar¬ 
gonauts in their expedition, and foretold them 
that Hercules, and the two fons of Lc-da 
would one day receive immortal honors, 
i he fable of his metamorphofis has been 
explained by fome authors, who obferve that 
he was an excellent diver, who was devoured 
by fifhes as he was fwimming in the fea. 
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 905, kc .— Hygin. fab. 199. 
Alien. 7.— ApoiUn. 1. — Died. 4.— Ariflol. de 







GO 


GL 


Hep. Del — Pauf. 9, c. 22.-A fon of 

Silyphus king of Corinth, by Me rope the 
daughter of Atlas, born at Potnia a village 
of Bceotia. * e prevented his mares from 
having any commerce with the ftallions, in the 
expectation that they would become fwifter 
in running, upon which Venus infpired the 
mares with fuch fury, that they tore his body 
to pieces as he returned from the games 
which Adraftus had celebrated in honor of 


defeendants reigned in Ionia.——An athlete 

of Euboea. Pauf. 6, c. 9.--A fon of Priam. 

ApolloJ. 3.——A phyfician of Cleopatra. 

Pint, in Anton. -A warrior, in the age of 

Phocion. Id. in Pboc. -A phyfician ex- 

poled on a crofs, becaufe Hephseftion died 

while under his C-ire. Id. in Alex. -An 

artift” of 'Chios. Pauf. - A Spartan. Id. 


-A grove of Bmotia. Id. 

Carla, now the gulf of Macri. 
his father. He was buried at Potnia. Hygin. hillorian of Rhegium in Italy, 
fab. 23c.— Firg. 0 . 3, v. 367.— ApolloJ. i & ( river of I.ibya. 

2 . -A fon of Minos the ad, and Pafiphae 

who was fmothered in a calk of honey His 
father, ignorant of his fate, coniulted the 
oracle to know where he was, and received 
for anfwer, that the foothfayer who bell 
deferibed him an ox, which was of three 
different colors among his flocks, would heft 


-A bay of 

Id. -An 

— A bay and 

Of Peloponnefus.-Of 

Colchis falling into the Phafis. 

Gi.autias, a king of Illyricum, \vho edu¬ 
cated Pyrrhus. 

Glicon, a phyfician of Panfa, accufed of 
having poil'oned the wound of his patron, &c. 
Suet, in Aits'. II. 

Gmssas, a town of Bocotia, with a fmall 


give him intelligence of his fon’s fituation. ! river in the neighbourhood. Pauf. 9, c. 19. 
Poiyidus was found iuperior to all the other | Glyckra, a beautiful woman, celebrate 


foothlayers, and was commanded by the king ' by Horace 1, od 19. 30. 
to find the young prince. When he had 
found hir^, Minos confined him with the 
dead body, and told , him that he never 
would reftore his liberty, if he did not reftore 
him to life. Poiyidus was ftrtick with the 
king's feverity, but while he ltood in afto- 


celebrared 
A courtezan of 
Sicyon lb dkilful in making garlands, that 
fome attributed to her the inveution of them. 
A famous courtezan, whom Harpalus 


brought from Athens to Babylon. 

Gi.y cerium, a harlot of Thelbis, who 
prefented her countrymen with the painting of 
nilhment, a ferpent lbddenly came towards j Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her.—The 
the body and touched it. Poiyidus killed ! miftrels of Pamphilus in Terence’s Andria. 
the ferpent, and immediately a iecond came,! Gl y con. a man remarkable Lor his ftrength. 

who feeing the other without motion or fiens ! Horat. 1, ep. I, v. 30.-A phyfician 

of life, difappeared, and foon after returned who attended Patvfi, and was.acculed of 
with a certain herb in his mouth. This herb 1 poifoning his patron’s wound. Suet. Au*. 11. 
he laid on the body of the dead ferpent, who j GtLymi'es, a town on the borders of the 
was immediately reftored to life. Poiyidus, Lacedemonians and Meflenians. Polyb. 4. 

Gnatia, a town of Apulia, about thirty 
miles from Brundufium, badly l'upplied with 
water. Ilorat. I, Sat. 5. 

Gnidus.' Hid Cnidus. 

Gnossis & Gnossia, an epithet given to 


who had attentively confitlered whfit pafifed 
feized the herb, and with it he rubhed the 
body of the dead prince, who was inftamly 
railed to life. Minos received Glaucus v\ ith 
gratitude, but he refufed to reftore Poiyidus 
to liberty, before he taught his fon the ait of j Ariadne, becaufe ihe lived, or was born at 
divination and prophecy. He contented with Gnoffus. The crown which Ihe received 
great reludlance, and when he was at Lilt 


permitted to return to Argolis his native 
country, he defired his pupil to fpit in his 
mouth. Glaucus willingly confented, and 
from that moment he forgot all the knowledge 
of divination and healing, which he had re¬ 
ceived from the inftrudlions of Poiyidus. 
Hyginus aferibed the recovery of Glaucus to 
iElcuJapius. Apollod a, c. $.—Hygin, 136 

& 251, &r.-A fon of Epvtus, who fuc- 

ceeded his father on the throne of Meflenia, 
about 10 centuries before the Auguftan age. 
He introduced the worlhip of Jupiter among 
the Dorians, and was the firft who offered 
fncrifices to Machaon the fon of iElculapius. 

Pauf. 4, c. 3.-A fon of Antenor, killed 

by Agamemnon. Difiys Cret. 4.--An 

Argonaut, the only one of the crew who was 
not wounded in a battle againft the I yrrhe- 

nians. Atben. 7, c. 12.-A fon of Im- 

brafus, killed by Turnus. Firg. JEn. 12. 
v. 343.-A lbn of Hippolytus, whole 


from Bacchus, and which was made a con- 
llellation, is called Gnojfia Stella. Firg. G. 
I, v. 222. 

Gnossus, a famous city of Crete, the 
refidence of king Minos. The name of 
GnoJJia te'lusy is often applied to the whole 
ifland. Firg. Mn. 6, v. 23.— St tab. 10.—» 
Hortier. Od. 

Gobanitio, a chief of the Arverni, 
uncle to Vercingetorix, Caf. Bell. G. 7. c. 4. 

Go bar, a governor of Mefopotamia, who 
checked the courfe of the Euphrates, that it 
might not run rapidly through Babylon. 
Plin. 6, e. 26. 

Gobar.es, a Perfian governor, who furrea-. 
deredto Alexander, &c. Curt. 5. c. 31. 

Gobryas, a Perfian, one of the lever* 
noblemen who conl’pired againft the ufurper 
Smerdis. Fid. Darius. Herodot. 3, c, 70. 

Golgi, (orum) a place of Cyprus, facred 
to Venus Golgia , and to Cupid. Pauf. 8, 
c.5. 

Go M PHI. 


9 


















GO 


GoMPin, a town of Tlpeflaly, near the 
fprings of the Peneus at the foot of tire 
Pindus. 

Gonatas, one of the Antigorii. 

Goniades, nymphs in the neighbourhood 
of the river Cytherus. Strab. 8. 

Gonippus & Panormus, two youths of 
Andania, who difturbed the Lacedaemonians 
when celehrating the feltivals of Pollux. Pauf. 
4, c. 27. 

Gonni & Gonocondylos, a town of 
Thelfaly at the entrance into Tempe. Liv. 
36, c. IO. I 42 > C. 54.— Strab. 4. 

Gonoessa, a town of Troas. Setiec. in 
Tread. 

Gonussa, a town ofSicyon. Pcvf 

Gordi-tei, mountains in Armenia, where 
the Tigris rifes, fuppoled to be the Ararat of 
feripture. 

Gordianus, M. Antonius Africanus, a 
ton of Metius Marcellus, deicended from 
Trajan by his mother’s fide. In the greatelt 
affluence, he cultivated learning, and was an 
example of piety and virtue. He applied 
himlelf to the ftudy of poetry, and compofed 
a poem in 30 books upon the virtues of 
Titus, Antoninus, and M. Aurelius. He was 
i'uch an advocate for good breeding and 
politenefs, that he never fat down in the 
prefence of his father-in-law, Annius Severus, 
who paid him daily vifits, before he was pro¬ 
moted to the praetorfflip. Pie was fometime 
alter elected conful, and went to take the 
government of Africa in the capacity of 
proqpnlul. After he had attained his 80th 
year in the greatelt fplendor and domeftic 
tranquillity, he was roufed from his peaceful 
occupations by the tyrannical reign of the 
Maximini, and he was proclaimed emperor 
by the rebellious troops of his province. He 
long declined to accept the imperial purple, 
but the threats of immediate death gained his 
compliance. Maximinus marched againft 
him with the greatelt 'indignation; and 
Gordian lent his fon, with whom he lhared 
the imperial dignity, to oppole the enemy. 
Young Gordian was killed; and the father, 
worn out with age, and grown delperate on 
account of his misfortunes, ftrangled himftlf 
at Carthage, before he had been fix weeks at 
the head of the empire, A. D. 236. He was 
univerfally lamented by the army and peo¬ 
ple.-M. Antonius Africanus, ion of Gor¬ 

dianus, was inflrudted by Serenus Samno- 
ticus, who left him his library, which con- 
lifted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened 
vinderftanding, and his peaceful dilpolition, re¬ 
commended him to the favor ol the emperor 
Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of 
Rome, and afterwards conlul, by the emperor 
Alexander Severus. He pafled into Africa, in 
the chara&er of lieutenant to his father .who 
had obtained that province; and feven years 
after he was levied emperor, in conjunction 
with him. He marched agsinlt the partisans 


, GO 

of Maximinus, his antagonift in Mauritania, 
and was killed in a bloody battle on the 
25th of June, A. D. 236, after a reign of 
about fix weeks. He was of an amiable 
i difpofition, but he has been juftly blamed by 
his biographers, on account of his lalcivious 
propenfities, which reduced him to the 
weaknefs and infirmities of old age, though 
he was .but in his 46th year at the time of 

h’3 death.-M. Antonius Pius, grandlou 

to the firft Gprdian, was hut 12 years old 
when he was honored with the title of 
Caefar. He was proclaimed emperor, in the 
16 year of his age, and his election was 
attended with univerfal marks of approbation. 
In the 18th year of his age, he married 
Furia Sabina Tranquillina, daughter of Mifi¬ 
theus, a man celebrated for his eloquence 
and public virtues. Miiitheus was entrufted 
with the molt important offices of the ftate 
by his fon in-law; and his adminiftration 
proved how deferving he was of the con¬ 
fidence and affection of his imperial mailer. 
He correaled the various abufes which 
prevailed in the ftate, and reftored the 
antient dilcipline among the. foldiers, By. 
his prudence and political fagacity, all the 
chief towns in the empire were ftored with 
provifions, which could maintain the emperor 
and a large army during 15 days upon any 
emergency. Gordian was not lefs active 
than his father-in-law; and when Sapor, the 
king of Perfia, had invaded the Roman 
provinces in the eaft, he boldly marched to 
meet him, and in his way defeated a large body 
of Goths-, in Moefia. He conquered Sapor 
and took many floriihing cities in the ealt, 
from his adversary. In this fucedfs the fenate 
decreed him a triumph, and fainted Mifitheus 
as the guardian of the republic. Gordian 
was afiafflnnted in the eaft, A. D. 244, by 
the means of Philip, who had fucceeded 
to the virtuous Mifitheus, and who uiurped 
the fovereign. power by murdering a war¬ 
like anfl amiable prince. The fenate, fenfible 
of his merit, honored him with a mod 
lplendid funeral on the confines -ot Perfia, 
and ordered that the deicendants of the 
Gordians fiiould ever be free, at Rome, 
from all the heavy taxes and burdens oFthe 
ftate. During the reign of Gordianus, there 
was an uncommon ecliple of the fun, m 
which the ftars appeared in the middle of the. 
day. 

Gordium, a town of Phrygia. JuJiin. H 
c. 7.— Liv. 38, c. l8.— Curt. 3, c. I. 

Gordius, a Phrygian, who, though origi? 
nally a pealant, was railed to the throne. Dur¬ 
ing a fedition, the Phrygians coufulted the 
oracle, and were told that all their troubles 
would ceafe as Icon as they chole for their 
king, the firft man they met going to the tem¬ 
ple of Jupiter, rhounted oh a ‘chariot. Gor¬ 
dius was the'ohject of their choice, and he im¬ 
mediately confecrated his chariot in the templo 

cf 







GO 


GO 


of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke to 
the draught tree, was made in fuch an artful 
manner that the ends of the c'ord could not be 
perceived. From this circumltance a report 
was foon l'pread, that the empire of Alia was 
promiled by the oracle to him that could untie 
the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conqueft 
of Alia, pa(Ted by Gordium ; and as he wiihed 
to leave nothing undone which might itifpire 
his foldiers with courage, and make his ene¬ 
mies believe that he was born to conquer Alia, 
he cut the knot with his Iword ; and from that 
circumltance alTerted that the oracle was really 
fulfilled, and that his claims to univerfal em¬ 
pire were fully juftified. fuftin. 11,0.7.— 

Chrt. 3, c. I.— Arrian. 1.-A tyrant of 

Corinth. Arifot. 

Gorgasus, a man who received divine ho¬ 
nors at Pherae in Meflenia. Pauf. 4, c. 30. 

Gorge, a daughter of CEneus, king of 
Calydon, by Althaa, daughter of Theftius. 
She married Andremon by whom (he had 
Oxilus, who headed the Heraclidae when 
they made an atterhpt upon Peloponnefus. 
Her tomb was Teen a^ AmphifTa in Locris. 
Pauf. 10, c. 38.— ApodoJ. 1 tf f 2.— Ovid. 

■Mtt. 8, v. 542.-One of the Danaides. 

Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

Gorgias, a celebrated fophift and orator, 
fon of Carmntides, furnamed Lccntinus , be- 
caufe born at Leontium in Sicily. He was 
lent by his countrymen to folicit the afli(lance 
of the Athenians againft the Syraculans, and 
was fuccefsful in his embafly. He lived to 
his 108th year, and died B. C. 400. Only- 
two fragments of his compofitions aie extant. 
Pauf. 6, c. 17.— Cic. in Or at. 22, life. Sene ft. 

IC, in Brut. 15.— QuintiJ. 3 ilf 12.-An 

officer of Antiochus Epiphanes.-An Athe¬ 

nian, who wrote an account of ail the profti- 

tutes of Athens. Athen. -A Macedonian, 

forced to war with Amyntas, &c. Curt. 7, 
c. 1. 

Gorgo, the wife of Leonidas king of 

Sparta, &c.-The name of the Ihip which 

carried Perfeus, after he had conquered Me¬ 
dufa. 

Gorgones, three celebrated fillers, daugh¬ 
ters of Phorcys and Ceto, whofe names were 
Stheno, Euryale, and Medula, all immortal 
except Medufa. According to the mytholo- 
gills, their hairs Were entwined with ferpents, 
their hands were of brafs, their wings of the 
color of gold, their body was covered with 
impenetrable ftalesj and their teeth were as 
long as the tulks of a wild boar, and they 
turned to (tones all thofe on whom they fixed 
their eyes. Medufa alone bad ferpents in her 
hair, according to Ovid, and this prooaeded 
from the relentment of Minerva, in whole 
temple Medufa had gratified the paffion of 
Neptune, who was enamoured of the beauti¬ 
ful color of her locks, which the goddels 
changed i^ta ferpents. «/Efchylus fays, that 
sfaey had only one tooth and one eye between 


them, of which they had the ufe each in he* 
turn ; and accordingly it was at the time that 
they were exchanging the eye, that Perfeus 
attacked them, and cut off Medufa’s head. 
According to feme authors, Perfeus, when he 
went to the conqueft of .the Gorgons, was 
armed with an inftrument like a lcythe by- 
Mercury, aud provided with a looking-glals 
by Minerva, befides winged (hoes, and a 
helmet of Pluto, which rendered all objects 
clearly vilible and open to the view, while the 
perl'on who wore it remained totally invifible. 
With weapons like thel'e, Perfeus obtained 
an eafy vi/lory; and after his conqueft, re¬ 
turned his arms to the different deities whofe 
favors and affiftance he had lb recently ex¬ 
perienced. The head of Medufa remained 
in his hands; and after he had finifhed all hk 
laborious expeditions, he gave it to Minerva, 
who placed it on her aegis, with which Ihe 
turned into Hones all fuch as fixed their eyes 
upon it. It is faid, that after the conqueft of 
the Gorgons, Perfeus took his flight in the 
air towards ./Ethiopia; and that the drops of 
blood which fell to the ground from Medufa’s 
head were changed into ferpents, which have 
ever fince infeltcd the Tandy deferts of Libya. 
The horfe Pegaius alfo arofe from the blood! 
of Medufa, as well n^Chryfaor with his golden 
fword. The refidence of the Gorgons was 
beyond the ocean- towards the weft, according 
to Hefiod. ./Efchylus makes them inhabit the 
ealtern parts of Scythia ;'and Ovid, as the molt 
received opinion, lupports that they lived in 
the inland parts -of Libya, near the lake of 
Triton, or the gardens of the Helperides. 
Diodorus and others explain the fable of the 
Gorgons, by l’uppofing that they were a war¬ 
like race of women near the Amazons, whom 
Perfeus, with the help of a large army, totally 
deftroyed. Hejiod,. Tbeog. tS* 'Scut .— Apol- 

lon. 4.— Apollod. 2, C. I & 4, &.C. — Homer, fl. 
5 & II.— P’irg. JEn. 6, See. — Diod. I & 4.— 
Pauf 2, C. 20, &c.— JEfchyl. Prom. Aft. 4.— 
Pindar. Pylh. 7 & 12. Qlytnp. 3.— Ovid. 
P/Pet. 4, v. 6l8, &C. — Pal^pbat. de Pborcyn . 

Gorgonia, a lurname of Pallas, becaufe 
Perfeus, armed with her ffiield, had conquered 
the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple with 
Neptune. 

Gorgonibs, a man ridiculed by Horace 
for his ill fmell. Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 27. 

Gorg5?hone, a daughter of Perfeus and 
Andromeda, who married Perieres king of 
Meflenia, by whom Ihe had Aphareus and 
Leucippus. After the death of Perieres, Ihe 
married CEbalus, who made her mother of 
Icarus and Tyndarus. She is the firft whom 
the mythologifts mention as having had 3 fe- 
cond hulband. Pauf. 4, c. i .— Apollod. 1, 

2 , Sc 3.-One of the Danaides. Apollod. 2, 

c. 1. 

Gorgophonus, a fon of Ele&ryon and 
Anaxo. Apollod. 2, c. 4. 

Gorgopuora, a furname of Minerva, 

from 






GR 


GR 


from her aegis, on which wa« the head of the 
gorgon Medufa. Cic. 

GoRcus, the foil of Ariftomenes the Mef- 
fenian. He was married, when young, to a 
virgin, by his father, who had experienced the 
greateft kindnefles from her humanity, and 
had been enabled to conquer feven Cretans 
who had attempted his life, Sec. Pouf. 4, 

c. 19.-A fon of Theron tyrant of Agri- 

gentum.- •—A man whofe knowledge of me- 
'tals proved very lerviceable to Alexander, 
See. 

Gorgvtiiion, a fon of Priam, killed by 
Teucer. Horn II. 8. 

Gortuje, a people of Euboea, who fought 
with the Medes at the battle of Arbela. 
Curt. 4, c. 12. 

Gortyn, Gortys, & Gortyna, an 
inland town of Crete. It was on the inhabi¬ 
tants of this place, that Annibal, to fave his 
money, pra&iled an artifice recorded in C. 
Hep. in Ann. 9. — Plin. 4, C. 12.— Lucan. 6, 
v. 214 , 1 . 7, v. 214.— Virg JEr.. 11, v. 773. 

Gortynia, a town of Arcadia in Pelo- 
ponnefus. Pauf. 8, c. 28. 

Gottiii, a celebrated nation of Germany, 
called alfo GothoneS, Gutones, Gythones, and 
Guttones. They were warriors by profelfion, 
as well as all their favage neighbours. They 
extended their power over all parts of the 
world, and chiefly dire&ed their arms againft 
the Roman empire. Their firfl attempt 
againft Rome was on the provinces of Greece, 
whence they were driven by Conftantine. 
They plundered Rome, under Alaric, one of 
their moil celebrated kings, A D. 410. From 
becoming the enemies of the Romans, the 
Goths gradually became their mercenaries; 
and as they were powerful and united, they 
foon dictated to their imperial inafters, and 
introduced diibrders, anarchy, and revolutions 
in the weft of Europe. Tacit. Ann. 2, c, 2. 
Sec. 

Gracchus, T. Sempronius, father of Ti¬ 
berius and Caius Gracchus, twice conful, and 
once cenfor, was diftinguilhed by his integrity, 
as well as his prudence and fuperior ability 
either in the fenate or at the head of the ar¬ 
mies. He made war in Gaul, and met with 
much fuccefs in Spain. He married Sem- 
pronia, of the family of the Scipio’s, arwoman 
of great virtue, piety, and learning. Cic. de 
Orat. i, c. 48. Their children, Tiberius 
and Caius, who had been educated under the 
watchful eye of their mother, rendered tiiem- 
felves famous for their eloquence, feditions, 
and an obflinate attachment to the interells 
of the populace,, which at laft proved fatal to 
them. With a winning eloquence, afFe&ed 
moderation, and uncommon popularity, Ti-' 
berius began to renew the Agrarian law, which 
had already caufed fuqh difrenfions at Rome. 
(Vid. Agraria.) * By the means of violence, 
his proportion paffed into a law, and he was 
appointed commiffisner, with his father-in- 


law Appius Claudius, and his brother Cains, 
to make an equal diviiion of the lands among 
the people. The riches of Attains, which 
were left to the Roman people by will, were 
diftributed without oppofition; and Tiberius 
enjoyed the triumph pf his fuccefsful enter- 
prize, when he was aflTaffinated in the midft 
of his adherents by P. ^lafica, while the po¬ 
pulace were all unanimous to re-ele£t him to 
ferve the office of tribune the following year. 
The death of Tiberius checked for a while 
the friends of the people ; but Caius, fpurred 
by ambition and furious zeal, attempted to 
remove every obftacle which flood in his way 
by force and violence. He fupported the 
caufe of the people with more vehemence, 
but lei's moderation than Tiberius; and his 
fuccefs ferved only to awaken his ambition, 
and animate his refentment againft the nobles. 
With the privileges of a tribune, he foon be¬ 
came the arbiter of the republic, and treated 
the patricians with contempt. This behaviour 
hallened the ruin of Caius, and in the tu¬ 
mult he fled to the temple of Diana, where 
his friends prevented him from committing 
fuicide. This increaled the fedition, and he 
was murdered by order of the conful Opimjus, 
B. C. 121, about 13 years after the unfortu¬ 
nate end of Tiberius. His body was thrown 
into the Tiber, and his wife was forbidden to 
put on mourning for his death. Caius has 
been accufed of having ftained his hands in 
the blood of Scipio Africanus the younger 
who was found murdered in his bed. Pint, 
in •vita .— Cic. in Cat. I.— Lucan . 6,v. 796.— 
Flor. 2, c. 17. 1 . 3, c. 14, &c.-Sempro¬ 

nius, a Roman, baniflied to the coaft of Africa 
for his adulteries with J ulia the daughter of 
Auguftus. He was aflaffinated by order of 
Tiberius, after he had beenbanilhed 14 years. 
Julia alfo (hared his fate. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 53. 

-A general of the Sabines, taken by Q. 

Cincinnatus.-A Roman conful,. defeated 

by Annibal, &c. C. Nep. in Ann. 

GradTvus, a furname of Mars among the 
Romans, perhaps from KgaSxtvuv, brandifhing 
a Jpear. Though he had a temple without the 
walls of Rome, and though Numa had efta- 
blifhed the Salii, yet his favorite refidence was 
fuppofed fo be among the fierce and favage 
Thracians and Get<e, over whom he parti¬ 
cularly prefided. T'irg. JEn. 3, v. 35.—* 
Hotner. II. — Liv. I, C. 20, 1. 2, C. 45. 

Grajci, the inhabitants of Greece. Vid . 
Grceeia. 

Gracia, a celebrated country of Europe, 
bounded on the well by the Ionian fea, fouth 
by the Mediterranean fea, eaft by the Aegean, 
and north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is 
generally divided into four large provinces; 
Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and 
Peloponnefus. This country has been rec¬ 
koned fuperior to everv other part of the 
earth, on account of the lalubrity of the air, the 
temperature of the climate, the fertility of the 

foil. 






GR 


GR 


foil, and above* all, the fame, learning, and 
arrs of its inhabitants. The Greeks have 
leverally been called Achteans, Argians, Da- 
nai, Dolopes, Heilenians, Ionians, Myrmidons, 
and Pelalgians. The moil celebrated of their 
cities were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, 
Thebes, Sicyon, Mycense, Delphi, Truezene, 
Salamis, Megara, Pylos, &c. The inhabitants, 
whole hiltory is darkened in its primitive ages 
with fabulous accounts and traditions, fup- 
ported that they were the original inhabitants 
of the country, and born from the earth 
where they dwelt; and they heard with 
contempt the probable conjectures, which 
traced their origin among the firlt inhabitants 
of Afia, and the colonies of Egypt. In the 
firft periods of their hiltory, the Greeks were 
governed by monarchs; and there were as 
many kings as there were cities. The mo¬ 
narchical power gradually decrealed; the love 
of liberty eftablilhed the republican govern¬ 
ment; and no part of Greece, except Mace¬ 
donia, remained in the hands of an abi'olute 
fovereign, The expedition of the Argonauts 
firlt rendered the Greeks relpeCtable among 
their neighbours; and in the fucceeding age, 
the wars of Thebes and Troy gave opportu¬ 
nity to their heroes and demi-gods to difplay 
their valor in the field of battle. The fim- 
piicity of the antient Greeks rendered them 
virtuous; and the eftablilhment of the Olym¬ 
pic games in particular, where the noble re¬ 
ward of the conqueror was a laurel crown, 
contributed to their aggrandizement, and 
made them ambitious of fame, and not the 
flaves of riches. The aufterity of their laws, 
and the education of their youth, particularly 
i*t Lacedaemon, rendered them brave and 
active, infenfible to bodily pain, fearlefs and 
intrepid in the time of danger. The celebrated 
battles of Marathon, ThermopyUe, Salamis, 
Plataea, and Mycale, lufficiently ihew what fu- 
perk rity the courage of a little army can obtain 
over millions of undilciplined barbarians. After 
many fignal victories over the Perfians, they 
became elated with their fucceis; and when 
they found no one able to dilpute their power 
abroad, they turned their arms one againft 
the other, and leagued with foreign ftates to 
dertroy the molt florifhing of their cities. The 
Meflenian and Peloponnefian wars are ex¬ 
amples of the dreadful calamities which arife 
from civil dilcord and long profperity, and the 
itrccefs with which the gold and the lword of 
Philip and of his ion corrupted and enflaved 
Greece, fatally proved that when a nation 
becomes indolent and diffipated at home, if 
ceafes to be relpeCtable in the eyes of the 
neighbouring ftates. The annals of Greece 
however abound with lingular proofs of he- 
xoii'm and resolution. The bold retreat of 
the ten thoufand, who had aflifted Cyrus 
againft his brother Artaxerxes, reminded their 
countrymen of their fuperiority over all other 
iwtions* and ta»gb.t Alexander that the con- 


queft of the eaft might be effefted with a 
handful of Grecian l'oldiers. While the 
Greeks rendered themlelves fo illuitrious by 
their military exploits, the arts and feiences 
were altifted by conqueft, and received frefh 
luftre from the application and induftry of 
their profeffors. T he labors of the learned 
were received with admiration, and the merit 
of a compofition was determined by the ap- 
plaule or disapprobation of a multitude. Their 
generals were orators; and eloquence feemed 
to be fo nearly connefted with the military 
profeflion, that he was defpiibd by his foldiers 
who could not adilrels them upon any emer¬ 
gency with a ipirited and well-delivered ora¬ 
tion. The learning, as well as the virtues of 
Socrates, procured him a name; and the 
writings of Ariftotle have, perhaps, gained him 
a more lafting fame than all the qonquefts and 
trophies of his royal pupil. Such were the 
occupations and accomplifhments of the 
Greeks, their language became almoft univer- 
fal, and their country was the receptacle of the 
youths of the neighbouring ftates, where they 
imbibed the principles of liberty and moral 
virtue. The Greeks planted feveral colonies, 
and totally peopled the weftern coafts of Afia 
Minor. In the eaftern parts of Italy, there 
were alfo many fettlements made; and the 
country received from its Greek inhabitants 
the- name of Magna Gracia. For feme time 
Greece fubmitted to the yoke of Alexander 
and his fuccefiors; and at laft, after a fpi- 
rited though ineffectual ftruggle in the Achaean 
league, it fell under the power of Rome, and 
became one of its dependent provinces go¬ 
verned by a proconlul. 

GRiEciA magna, a part of Italy, where 
the Greeks planted colonies, whence the 
name. Its boundaries are very uncertain; 
fome fay that it extended on the fouthern 
parts of Italy, and others fuppofe that Magna 
Gracia comprehended only Campania and 
Lucania. To thefe fome add Sicily, which’ 
was likewife peopled by Greek colonies. 
Ovid. Fajl. 4, V. 64.— Strab. &c. 

Gra;cTnus, a fenator put to death by Ca¬ 
ligula, becaufe he refultd to accufe Sejanus, 
&c. Senec. de Benef. 2. 

Grjkcus, a man from whom fome fuppofe 
that Greece received its name. Arijlot. 

Graius, an inhabitant of Greece. 

Grampius mons, the Grampian moun¬ 
tain* in Scotland., Tacit. Agric. 29. 

GranTcus, a river of Bithynia, famous 
for the battle fought there hetween.the armies 
of Alexander and Darius, 22 d of May, B. C. 
334, when 600,000 Perfians were defeated by 
30,000 Macedonians. Diod. 17.— Flat, in 
Alex. — JuJlin. — -Ourt. 4, c. I. 

Gran-jus Petronius, an officer, who 
being taken by Pompey’s- generals, refufed 
the life which was tendered to him; ob- 
ferving that Caffar’s foldiers received not, but 
granted life. He killed himleif. Flat, in 
4 Citf* 




OR 


GR 


Caf. -A queftor whom Sylla had ordered 

to be ftrangled, only one day before he died 
a natural death. Pint ——A fon of the wife 

of Marius, by a former hufband.-Quintus, 

a man intimate with Cralfus and other illuf- 
trious men of Rome, whofe vices he laflied 
with an unfparing hand. Cic. Brut. 43 & 46. 
Or at. 2, c. 60. 

Gratije, three goddefles. Vid. Cha- 
rites. 

Gratianus, a native of Pannonia, fa¬ 
ther to the emperor Valentinian ift. He 
was raifed to the throne, though only eight 
years old; and after he had reigned for l'ome 
time conjointly with his father, ke became 
foie emperor in the 16th year of his age. 
He foon after took, as his ■imperial colleague, 
Theodofius, whom he appointed over the eaft- 
ern p rts of the empire. His courage in the 
held is as remarkable as his love of learning, 
gnd fondnefs of philofophy. He flaughtered 
30,000 Germans in a battle, and fupported 
the tottering ftate by his prudence and intre¬ 
pidity. His enmity to the Pagan fuperftition 
of his fubjecis proved his ruin; and Maximi¬ 
nus, who undertook the defence of the wor- 
ihip of Jupiter and of all the gods, vfas joined 
by an infinite number of difcontented Romans, 
and metGmian near Paris in Gaul. Gratian 
was forl'aken by his troops in the field of bat¬ 
tle, and was murdered by the rebels, A. D. 

383, in the 24th year of his age.-A Roman 

l'oldier, invefied with the imperial purple by 
the rebellious army in Britain, in opposition 
to Honorius. He was aflaffinated four months 
after, by thofe very troops to whom he owed 
his elevation, A. D. 407. 

Gratidia, a woman at Neapolis, called 
Canidia by Horace. Epod. 3. 

Gration, a giant killed by Diap*. 

Grattus Faliscus, a Latin poet, con¬ 
temporary with Ovid, and mentioned only by 
him among the more antient authors. He 
wrote a poem on courting, called Cynegcticon , 
much commended for its elegance and perfpi- 
cuity. It may be compared to the Georgies 
of Virgil, to which it is nearly equal in the 
number of verfes. The lateft edition is of 
Amft. 4to. 1728. Ovid. Pont. 4. el. 16, 
v. 34- 

Gravii, a people of Spain. Ital. 3, v. 
366. 

Graviscje, now Eremo 4 e St. Augufino , 
a maritime town of Etruria, which affifted 
^Ene<<s againft Turnus. The air was un- 
wholeiVme, on account of the mgrfhes and 
ftagnant waters in its neighbourhood. Virg. 
JEn. 10, v. 184.— Liv. 40, c. 29. 1 . 41, c. 16. 

Gravjus, a Roman knight of Puteoli, 
killed at Dyrrachium, &c. Caf. Bell. Civ. 

Gregorius, Theod. Thaumaturgus, a 
difciple of Origen, afterwards bifhop of 
Neocilarea, the place of his birth. He died 
A. D. 266, and it is faid he left only feven- 
teen idolaters ia his dioaele, where he had 


found only feventeen Chriftiahs. Of his 
works , v are extant his gratulatory oration t<* 
Origen, a canonical epiftle, and other trea-* 
tifes in greek, the beft edition of which is 

that of Paris, fol. 1622.-Nazianzen, fur- 

named the Divine, was biftiop of Conftanti- 
nople, whicli he refigned on its being dif* 
puted. His writings rival thofe of the mod 
celebrated orators of Greece, in eloquence, 
fublimity, and variety. His fermons are 
more for philofophers, than common hear¬ 
ers, but replete with ferioufnefs and devo 
tion. Erafmus faid, that he was afraid to 
tranflate his works, from the apprehenfion 
of not transfufing into another language the 
fmartnefs and acumen of his ftyle, and the 
ftatelinefs and happy dibtion of the whole. 
He died. A. D. 389. The beft edition is 
that of the Benedidtins, the firft volume of 
which, in fol. was publiftied at Paris, 1778. 

-A biftiop of Nyfia, author of the Nicene 

creed. His ftyle is reprefented as allegorical 
and affedted; and he has been accufed of 
mixing philofophy too much with theology. 
His writings confift of commentaries on ferip- 
ture, moral difeourfes, fermons on myfterie c ? 
dogmatical treatifes, panegyrics on faints; the 
heft edition of which is that of Morell, 2 vols. 
fol. Paris, 1615. The biftiop died, A. D. 396. 

•-Another Chriftian writer, whole works 

were edited by the Benedidtins, in 4 vols. fol. 
Paris, 1705. 

Gri-nnes, a people among the Batavians. 
Tacit. Hi ft. 5, C. IO. 

Grospiuts, a man diftinguifhed as much 
for his probity as his riches, to whom Horace 
addrefled 2 Od. 16. 

Grvdii, a people tributary to the Nervii, 
fuppofed to have inhabited the country near 
Tour nay or Bruges in Flanders. Caf. G. 5, 

c. 38. 

Grtjmentum, now Armento, an inland 
town of Lucania on the river Aciris. Liv. 23, 
c. 37.1. 27, c. 41. 

Gryllus, a fon of Xenophon, who. killed 
Epaminondas, and was himfelf flain, at the 
battle of Mantinea, B. C. 363. His father 
was offering a facrifice when he received the 
news of his death, and he threw down the gar¬ 
land which was on his head; but he replaced 
it, when he heard that the enemy’s general had 
jjllen by his hands; and he obferved, that his 
death ought to be celebrated with every de- 
monftration of joy, rather than of lamentation. 

Arifot. — Pa:f. 8, c. 11, &c.-One of the 

companions of Ulyfles, changed into a fvvine by 
Circe. It is faid that he refufed to be re- ' 
ftored to his human fhape, and preferred 
the indolence and inadtivity of this lquallid 
animal. 

Gryneum & GrynIum, a town near Cla- 
zomena:, where Apollo had a temple with an 
oracle, on account of which he is called Gry - 
naus. Stirab. 13.— Virg* Eel. 6, y. 72. JEn. 4. 
v. 345 * 


3 


GrynEvs 








Onvx'us, one of the Centaurs, who fought 
agunft tfie Lapi'thfc, &c. Ovid. Met, 12, 
v. 260. 

GvXllus & GyXros, and ifland in the 
jEgean lea, near Delos. The Romans were 
wont to fend their culprits there. Ovid. 7, 
Met. v. 407. 

Gyas, one of the companions of iEneas, 
who diftlnguilhed himfelf at the games ex¬ 
hibited alter the death of Anchifes in Sicily. 

Firg. JEn. 5, V. 118, See. -A part of the 

territories qf Syrncufe, in the poffeflion of 

Dionyfius.-A Rutulian, fon of Melam- 

pus, killed by ^neas in Italy. Firg. JEn. ro, 
v. 318. 

^ G?ga:os, a iake of Lydia, 4O ftadia froth 
bardis. Ptopert, 3, eh h, v. 18. 

Gygk, a maid of Paryfatis. 

Gyges or Gyes, a fon of Ccelus and Terra, 
reprelented as having 50 heads and a hundred 
hands. He, with his brothers, made war 
againlt the gods, and was afterwards punifhed 
m 1 artarus. Ovid. Triji. 4, el. 7. v. 18. ■ 

A Lydian, to whom Candaules, king of the 
country, thewed his wife naked. The queen 
was fo incenl'ed at this inftanee of imprudence 
and infirmity in her hofband, that (lie ordered 
Gyges, either to prepare for death himfelf, or 
to murder Candaules, He chole the latter, 
and married the queen, and afeended the 
vacant throne, about 718 years before the 
Chnllian era. He was the firft of the Merm- 
nadae, who reigned in Lydia. He.reigned 38 
years, and diftinguilhed himlelf by the immenl'e 
prefents which he made to the oracle of Delphi. 
According to Plato, Gvges delcended into a 
chaflft of die earth, where he found a brazen 
horie, whole fides lie opened, and law within 
die body the carcale of a man of uncommon 
Cze, from whole finger he took a famous 
brazen ring. This ring, when put on his 
finger, rendered him invifible; and by means 
of its virtue, he introduced himlelf to the 
queen, murdered her hufband and married 
her, and ufurped the crown of Lydia. Heredot. 
I, c. 8.— Pint. d/al. 10. de rep.—KaL Max. 

7, c. l.—Cic. OJjfic. 3, 9.-A mati killed 

by Turnus, in his wars with jEneas. P’irg. 
JEn. ()■ v. 762.——A beautiful boy of Cni¬ 
dus, in the age of Horace. Horat. 2, Od. 5, 
r. 30. 

Gvi-iprus, a Lacedemonian, lent B. C. 
414, by his countrymen to aflift Syracufe, 
againlt the Athenians. He obtained a cele¬ 
brated victory over Nicias and Demofthenes, 
the enemy’s generals, and obliged them to 
furrender. He accompanied Lyl'ander, in his 
expedition againlt Athens, and was prefent 
at the taking of that celebrated town. After 
the fall ©f Athens, he was intruded by the 
conqueror with the money which had been 
taken in the plunder, which amounted to 
2500 talents. As he conveyed it to Sparta, 
be had the meannels to unlew the bottom of 
the bags which contained it, and fetreted 


about three hundred talents. His theft was 
difeovered; and to avoid th& pumfhment 
which he deferved, he fled from his country 
and by this* ait of meannels tarnifhed the 
glory of his victorious adtions. Tibull. 4 
el. 1, V'. 199 . — Pint, in Nicia. -An Arca¬ 

dian in the Rutulian war. Virg. AZ'i. 12, 
v, 272. 

Gymnasia, a large city near Colchis, 
Died. 14 . 

Gymnasium, a place among the Greeks, 
where all the public exerciles were performed 
and where not only wreftlers and d mcers 
exhibited, but alfo philolophers, poets, and 
rhetoricians repeated their compofitions. The 
room was high and fpacious, and could contan, 
many tlvoulands of fpedtators. The laborious 
exerciles of the Gvmnafnim were running 
leaping,' throwing the quoit, vvreftling, and 
boxing, which was called by the Greeks 
‘TivTaS-Xov, and by the Romans quinqvert a. 
In riding, the athlete led a horfe, on which h# 
fometimes was mounted, conducing another 
by the bridle, and jiimping from the one upon 
the other. Whoever came firft to the goal, 
and jumped with the greateft agility, obtained 
the prize. In running a-foot the athletes 
were l'omctimes armed, and he who came firft 
was declared victorious. Leaping was an ufe- 
ful exercife: its primary object was to teach 
the foldiers to jump over ditches, and pafs over 
eminences during a fiege, or in the ^eld of 
battle. In throwing the quoit, the prize was 
adjudged to him who threw it fartheft. The 
quoits were made either with wood, ftone, or 
metal. The wreftlers employed all their dex¬ 
terity to bring their adverfary to the ground, 
and the boxers had their hands armed with 
gauntlets, called alfo cejlus. Their blows were 
dangerous and often ended hi thedeath of one 
of the combatants. In wrellling and boxing, 
the athletes were often naked, whence the 
word Gymnafium, yvf/As;, vudus. They 
anointed themfelves with oil to brace their 
limbs, and to render their bodies flipperv, and 
more difficult to be grafped. Plin . 2 Ep. 17, 
— C. Nep. 20, c. 5. 

Gymnksije, t\ * iflands near the Iberus in 
the Mediterranean, called Baleares by the 
Greeks. Plut. 5, c. 8.— Strab. 2. 

Gymnetes, a people of ^Ethiopia, who 
lived almolt naked. Pi in. 5, c. 8. 

Gymnije, a town of Colchis. Xcr.opb. 
Anal. 4. 

GYMNosopinsTiE, a certain feCt of phi- 
loibph-ers in India, who according to fome, 
placed their Jummum bonum m pleafure, and 
their fummum malum in pain. They lived 
naked as their name implies, and for 37 years 
they expofed themfeives in the open air, to 
the heat of the fun, the inclemency of the 
feafons, and the coldnefs of the night. They 
were often feen i-n the fields fixing their eyes 
full upon the dii'e of the fun from the tim* 
of its riling till the hour of it*'felting, Some- 
Y " ’ times 








GY 


GY 


times they flood whole days upon one foot 
in burning fand without moving, or (hew¬ 
ing any concern for what lurrounded them. 
Alexander was aftonifhed at the fight of a 
fe£t of men who feemed to defpife bodily 
pain, and who inured themielves to fuffor 
the greateft tortures without uttering a groan 
or exprelfing any marks of fear. The con¬ 
queror condefcended to vifit them, and his 
aftonifhment was encreafed when he faw 
one of them afeend a burning pile with 
firmnefs and unconcern, to avoid the in¬ 
firmities of old age, and (land upright on one 
leg and unmoved, while the flames furrounded 
him on every fide. Vid . Calanus. The- Brach- 
tnans were a branch of the fedt of the Gymno- 
l'ophifta*. Vid. Brachmanes. Strab. 15, &c. 
—Flirt. 7, C. 2. — Cic. Tufc. 5. —Lucan . 3, 
V. 24O.— Curt. B, C. 9.— Dion. 

Gynjeceas, a woman faid to have been the 
wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bacchus and 
ef Midas. 


GyntcotiiOENas, a name of Mars a* 
Tegea, on account of a facrifice offered by the 
women without the afliftance of the men, who 
were not permitted to appear at this religious 
ceremony. Pouf. 8, c. 48. 

Gyndes, now Zeindeh , a river of Aflyria, 
falling into the Tigris. When Cyrus marched 
againft Babylon, his army was (lopped by this 
river, in which one of his favorite horfes was 
drowned. This fo irritated the monarch that 
he ordered the river to be conveyed into 360 
different channels by his army, fo that after 
this divifion it hardly reached the knee. He* 
rodot. I, C. 189 & 202 ; 

Gytiieum, a fea port town of Laconia, 
at the mouth of the Eurotas, in Peloponne- 
fus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who had 
there defifted from their quarrels. The inha¬ 
bitants were called Gytheata. Cic. Ojfic. 3, 
c. 11. 


HA HA 


H ABIS, a king of Spain, who hrft taught 
his fubjebts agriculture, Sec. Juf in. 44, 

c 4. 

Hadrtanopolis, a town of Thrace, on 
the Hebrus. 

Hadrianus, a Roman emperor. Vid. 
Adrianus.—~^-C. Fabius, a prsetor in Africa, 
who was burnt by the people of Utica, for con- 
fpirrng with the (laves. Cic. Verr. I, c. 27. 1 . 5, 
c. 26. 

Hadriaticum mare. Vid. Adrrati- 
eum. 

HiEDUI. Vid. JEdui. 

Hjemon, a Theban youth, fon of Creon, 
who was fo captivated with the beauty of 
Antigone that he killed himfelf on her tomb, 
when Ire heard that (he had been put to death 
by his father’s orders. Propert. 2, el. 8, v. 21. 

- . -A Rutulian engaged in the wars of Tur- 

nus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. ( ».7.-A friend of 

-/Eneas againft Turnus. He was a native of 
JLycia. . Id. 10, v. 126. 

HjeMonia. Vid. JTmonia. 

Hjemus, a mountain which feparates 
•Thrace from Theffaly, fo high that from its 
top are vifible the Euxine and Adriatic feas, 
though this however is denied by Strabo. 
It receives its name from Haunus, fon of 
Boreas and Orithyia, who married Rhodope, 
and was changed into this mountain for afpiring 
to divine honors. Strab. 7, p. 313 .—PI in. 4. 

e. 11.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 87.-A ftage- 

player. Juv. 3, v. 99. 

Hages, a brother of king Porus who op- 

Jxffcd Alexander, 8 cc. Curt. 8, c. 5 & 14.- 

One of Alexander’s fUttelers,—A man 


of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Place. 3, v. 
191. 

Hagno, a nymph. - A fountain of Ar¬ 

cadia. Pavf. 8, c. 38. 

Hagnagora, a filler of Ariftomenes. 

Pauf 

Hal.t.su s & Halesus, a fon of Aga¬ 
memnon by Brifeis or Clytcmneftra. When 
he was driven from home, he came to Italy, 
and lettled on mount Mafticus in Campania, 
where he built Falifci, and afterwards afiifted 
Turnus againft AEneas. He was killed by 
Pallas. Virg. JEn. 7. v. 724. 1 . JO, v. 352. 

-A river near Colophon in Afia Minor. 

Plin. 5, c. 29. 

FIalala, a village at the foot of mount 

Taurus. 

Halcyons. Vid. Alcyone. 

Halentum, a town at the north of Sicily. 
Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43. 1 . 4, c. 23. 

Hales a, a town of Sicily. Cic. Verr. 2 , 
c. 7. Fam. 13, ep. 32. 

Halesius, a mountain and river near 
iEtrna, where Proferpine was gathering flow¬ 
ers when foe was carried away by Pluto* 
Colutn. 

Halia, one of the Nereides. Apolhd. 

-A feftival at Rhodes in honor of the 

fun. 

Haliacmon, a river which feparates 
Theffaly from Macedonia, and foils into the 

Sinus Thermaicus. Caf. Civ. 3, c. 36._ Plin. 

31. C. 2 .— Herodot. 7, c. 127. 

HAliartus, a town of Bceot/a, founded 
by Haliartus, the fon of Therfander. The 
monuments of Pandion kins of Athens, and 

•f 










of Lyfander the Lacedemonian general, were 
feen in that town. Liv. 42, c. 44 Sc 63. 

—Pauf. 9, c. 32.-A town of Pelopon- 

nefus. 

Halicarnassus, now Podroun, a ma¬ 
ritime city of Caria, in Afia Minor, where 
the maufoleum, one of the ieven wonders 
of the world, was ercdted. It was the refi- 
dence of the Sovereigns of Caria, and was 
celebrated for having given birth to Herodotus, 
Dionyfius, Heraclitus, &c. Maxim. Tyr. 35. 
*— Vit run), de Arch .<— Diod. 17. — Herodot. 2, 
C. 178.— Strab. 14.— Liv. 27, c. 10 Sc 16. 1 . 33, 
c. 20. 

' Halicyal, a town of Sicily, near Lily- 
b£um, now Saleme. Plin. 3, c. 8.— Cic. Ve'rr. 

c - 33— Diod. 14. 

Ha li ei s, a town of Argolis. 

Halimede, a Nereid. 

Halirrhotius, a i'011 of Neptune and 
Euryte, who raviflied Alcippe, daughter of 
Mars, becaule Ihe flighted his addreffes. This 
violence offended Mars, and he killed the 
ravilher. Neptune cited Mars to appear before 
the tribunal of juflice to anlvver for the mur¬ 
der of his fon. The caule was tried at Athens, 
in a place which has been called frem thence 
Areopagus, («;« Alars, and zrxyof village?) 
and the murderer was acquitted. Apcllod. 3, 
C. 14- Pan/. I, C. 21. 

Halithersus, an old man, who fore¬ 
told to Penelope’s fuitors the return of 
Uiyffes, and their own deftru&ion. Homer. 
Od. I. 

Ha Lius, a fon of Alcinous, famous for his 
Ikill in dancing. Homer. Od. 8, v. 120 & 370. 

■--A Trojan, who came with ./Eneas into 

Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. Virg. 
JEn. 9, V. 767. 

Halizones, a people of Paphlagonia. 
St mb. 14. 

Halm u s, a fon of Silyphus, father to Chry- 
fogone. He reigned in Orchomenos. Pan/. 9, 
c- 35 - 

Halmydessus, a town of Thrace. Mela, 

2 , C. 2 . 

Halocrates, a fon of Hercules and Olym- 
pufa. Apollod. 

Halone, and ifland of Propontis, oppofite 
Cyzicus. Plin. 5, c. 31. 

Halonnesus, an ifland on the coaft of 
Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus Ther- 
miacus. It was inhabited only by women, who 
had flaughtered all the males, and they de¬ 
fended themfelves againft an invafion. Mela, 
2 , c. 7. 

Halotia, a festival in Tegea. Pauf. 

Halotus, an eunuch, who ufed to tafte 
the meat of Claudius. He poifoned the em¬ 
peror’s food by order of Agrippina. Tacit. An. 
2, c. 66. 

Halus, a city of Achaia — — of Theffaly 
•——of Parthia. 

Halyjeetus, a man changed into a bird of 
ths fame name, Ovid. Met- 3, v. 176, 


Halyattes. Vid. Alyattes. 

Halycus, now Platani, a river at the fduth 
of Sicily. 

Halys, pow Kizil-ermarl, a river of Afia 
Minor, riling in Cappadocia, and falling into 
the Euxine lea. It received its name aoro tow 
a-Xoc from fait, becaufe its waters are of a fait 
and bitter tafte, from the nature of the foil over 
which they flow*. It is famous for the defeat 
of Croefus, king of Lydia, who was mifiakeu by 
the ambiguous word of this oracle : 

Xfioiffos AXvv dtc&Zxs fiiya.\r,v ctf>%riv^ixXtnrn. 

If Crafus faj/es over the Halys , he Jhall 
dejltoy a great empire. 

That empire was his own. Cic. de Div. 2, 
c. 56.— Curt. 4, c. II. — Strab. 12.— Lucan. 

3, v. 272. — Herodot. I, c. 28. - A mail 

of Cyzicus killed by Pollux. Val. Pi. 3, 
v- 157 - 

Halyzia, a town of Epirus near tht 
Achelous, where the Athenians obtained a 
naval vi&ory over the Lacedaemonians. 

Hamadkyades, nymphs who lived in the 
country, and prefided over trees, with which 
they were laid to live and die. The word is 
derived from etg.u. fimul, and fyvg quercus. 
Virg. Eel. 10.— Ovid. Met. I, v. 647. 

Hamje, a town of Campania near Cumse. 
Liv. 23, c. 25. 

Hamaxia, a city of Cilicia. 

Hamilcar, the name of lome celebrated 
generals of Carthage. Vid. Amilcar. 

Hammon, the Jupiter of the Africans. 
Vid. Ammon. 

Hannibal. Vid. Annibal. 

Hanno. Vid. Anno. 

Harcalo, a man famous for his know¬ 
ledge of poifonous herbs, Sec. He touched 
the molt venomous ferpents and reptiles 
without receiving the fmalleft injury. Sil. 1 
v. 406. 

Harmatelia, a town of the Brachmanes 
in Ipdia, taken by Alexander. Diod. 17. 

Harmatkis, a town of /Eolia. 

Hamillus, an infamous debaucheo. Ju*. 
10, v. 224. 

Harmodius, a friend of Ariftogiton, wh® 
delivered his country from the tyranny of the 
Pififtratidaj, B. C. 510. [ Vid. Ariftogiton.] 

The Athenians, to reward the patriotilm of 
thefe illuftrious citizens, made a law that u® 
one Ihould ever bear the name of Ariftogiton 
and Harmodius. Herodot. 5, c. 35.— Plin. 34, 
C. 8.— Senec, Ir. 2 . 

Harmonia, or Hf.rmionea, {Vid. Her 
mione,) a daughter of Mars and Venus, who 
married Cadmus. It is laid, that Vulcan, to 
avenge the infidelity of her mother, made he? 
a prefent of a veftment dyed in all forts or 
crimes, which in fome raeafure, inlpired all the 
children of Cadmus with wickednefs. and im¬ 
piety. Pavf. 9, c. 16, Sec. 

Harmonjdes, a Trojan beloved by Mi¬ 
nerva. He built the (hips in which Paris car¬ 
ried away Helen. Homer II. 5. 

X * Ka** 




HA 


HA 


. Harpagos, a general of Cyrus. HeJ 
conquered Alia Minor after he had revolted j 
from Aftyatres, who had cruelly forced him 
to eat the flefti of his fon, becnule he had 
difoheyed his orders in not putting to death 
the infant Cyrus. Herodot. I, c. ioS.— 
JuJlin. i, c. 5 & 6.——A river near Colchis. 
Died. 14. 

Ha r pX lice. T^’.^J-Iarpalyce. 

Harpamon, a fun of PyHmenes king 
of Paphlagonia, who a (lifted Priam during 
the Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. 
Homer. 11. 13 , V. 643. ' 

Harpalus, a man entrufted with the 
treafures of Babylon by Alexander. His 
hopes that Alexander would perifh in his 
expedition, rendered him diffipate, negli¬ 
gent, and vicious. When he heard that the 
conqueror was returning with great rei'ent- 
ment he fled to Athens, where, with his mo¬ 
ney, he corrupted the orators, among whom 
was Demofthenes. When brought to juftice, 
be' efcaped with impunity to Crete, where 
he was at laft afTafhnated by Thimbro B. C. 
325. Pint, in Phoc. — Died. 17 •-A rob¬ 

ber who (horned the gods. Cic, 3, de Nat. 

D. -A celebrated aftronomer of Greece, 

480 years B. C. 

Hasi'ai.vce, the daughter of Hqrpalycus, 
king of Thrace. Her mother died when 
(lie was but a child, and her father fed her 
with the milk of cows and mares, and inured 
her early to fuftain the fatigues of hunting. 
When her father’s kingdom was invaded 
by Neoptolcmus, the foil of s Arhilles, (he 
repelled and defeated the enemy with 
manly courage. 1 he death of her father, 
which happened foon after in a (edition, 
rendered her difconfolate; fhe fled the fo- 
ciety of mankind, and lived in the forefts 
upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt 
to fecure her proved frmtlefs, till her great 
Ivviftneis was overcome by intercepting her 
with a net. After her death the people 
of the country difputed their refpe<ftive 
right to the poffelllons which lhe had acquired 
by rapine, and they foon after appealed her 
manes by proper oblations on her tomb. 
Hirg. JRn. 1, V. 321.— Hyain. fab. 193 & 

252.-A beautiful virgin, daughter of 

Clymenus and Epicafte of Argos. Her 
father became enamouied of her, nnd gained 
her confidence, and enjoyed her company 
by means of her mirfe, who introduced 
him as a ftranger. .Some time after fhe 
married Alaftor; but the father’s paftion 
became more violent and uncontroulable 
in his daughter’s abfence, and he mur¬ 
dered her hufband to bring her back to 
Argos. Harpalyce, iirconfolable for fhe death 
of her hufband, and athamed of her father’s 
paflion, which was then made public, refolved 
to revenge her wrong£. She killed her 
younger brother, or a c cor din to fome, the 
frwit of hey baceft, and lerved it before her 


I father. She begged the gods to remove he t 
| from the world, and (lie was changed into 
an owl, and Clytnenus killed himfelf. Hy%in. 

fab. 253. &C .—'Par then, in Erot. -A 

miftrefs of Tphiclus, fon of Theftius. She 
died through defpair on feeing herfelf del- 
pifed by her lover. This mournful ftory 
was compofed in poetry, in the form of a 
dialogue called Harpalyce. Atberi. 14 . 

Harpal-?cus, one of the companions of 
jEneas, killed by Camilla. Virg. JEn it,v, 

675.-The father of Harpalyce, king of 

the Amymneans in Thrace. 

HarpXsa, a town of Caria. 

Hari’asus, a river of Caria. Liv. 38, 
c ‘ ** 3 - 

HarpocrXtes, a divinity fuppofed to 
be the fame as Orus the fon of His, atnon^* 
the Egyptians. He is reprefented as holding 
one of his ringers on his mouth, and from 
thence he is called the god of filence, and 
intimates, that the myfteries of religion and 
philofophy ought never to be revealed to the 
people. The Romans placed his ftatues at 
the entrance of their temples. Catul. 75.-— 
Hirrro. de. L. L. 4, c. IO. 

Harpocration, a platonic'pbflofopher of 
Argos, from whom btobams compiled hib 

eclogues.-A fophift called alfo Aihus.- 

Valerius, a rhetorician of Alexandria, author 

of a I.exicon on ten orators.-Another, 

lurnamed Caius. 

Harpyia', winged monfters, who had the 
face of a woman, the body of a vulture, and 
had their feet and fingers armed with fliarp 
claws. They were three in number, Aello, 
Oeypete, and Geleno, daughters of Neptune 
and Terra. They were fent by Juno tf* 
plunder the tables of Phmeus, whence they 
were driven to the iflands called Strophades 
by Zethes and Calais. They emitted an 
infeirious fmell, and lpoiled whatever they 
touched by their filth and excrements. 
They plundered ./Eneas during his voyage 
towards Italy, and predicted many of the 
calamities which attended him. Virg. JEr.. 

3, v. 212. 1 . 6, v. 289.— Hefiod. Thetg* 
26 5. 

Harudics, a people of Germany. Caf. G. 

I, c. 31. 

Harospex, a foothfayer at Rome, who 
drew omens by coni'ulting the entrails of 
heafts that were lacrificed. Ha received the 
name of A tuff: ex, ab arts afpiciendis , and that 
of Extfpex, ab extis infpiciendis. The order 
of Arulpices was firft eftabliflhed at Rome by 
Romulus, and the firft Artifpices were 
Tufcans by origin, as they were particularly 
famous in that branch of divination. They 
had received all their knowledge from a boy 
named Tages, who, as was commonly reported, 
fprung from a clod of eartU [ Vid. Tages.] 

They were originally three, but 'the Roman"* 
fenate yearly fent fix noble youths, or, ac¬ 
cording to others, twelve, to Etruria, to be 

kiftru&etl 








HA 


HE 


«iilru£cd in all the myfteries of the art. 
The office of the Harut'pices confided in 
obierving thefe four particulars; the beaft 
before it was facrificed; its entrails; the flames 
which conlumed the l'acrifice ; and the flour, 
frankincenie, &c. which was ufed. If the 
beaft was led up to the altar with difficulty, 
it it clVaped from the conductor’s hands, 
roared when it received the blow, or died in 
agonies, the omen was unfortunate. But, on 
the contrary, if it followed without compul- 
fion, received the blow without refiltancc, 
and died without groaning, and after much 
effufion of blood, the haruipex foretold prol- 
perity. When the body of the victim was 
opened, each part was icruDuloufly examined. 
If any thing was wanting, if it had a double 
liver, ora lean heart, the omen was unfor¬ 
tunate. If the entrails fell from the hands of 
the harufpex, or l’eemed befmcared with too 
much blood, or if no heart appeared, as for 
inftance it happened in the two victims which 
J. Caflar offered a little before his death, the 
omen was equally unlucky. When the flame 
was quickly kindled, and when it violently 
conlumed the l'acrifice, and arol'e pure «a'nd 
bright, and like a pyramid, without any 
palenels, imoke, lparkling, or crackling, the 
omen was favorable. But the contrary 
augury was drawn, when the fire was kindled 
with difficulty, and was extinguilhed before 
the l'acrifice was totally conlumed, or when it 
rolled in circles round the victim with inter¬ 
mediate i'paces between the flames. In re¬ 
gard to the frankincenie, meal, water, and 
wine, if there was any deficiency in the 
quantity, if the color was different, or the 
quality was changed, or if any thing was done 
with irregularity, it was deemed inaufpiciolis 
This cuftom of conlulting the entrails of 
victims did not originate in Tulcany, but it 
was in ufe among the Chaldean?, Greeks, 
Egyptians, ice. and the more enlightened part 
of mankind well knew how to render it fub- 
fc-rvient to their willies or tyranny. Agelilaus, 
when in Egypt, railed the drooping fpirits of 
his foldiers by a luperftitious artifice. He 
fecretly wrote in his hand the word vikti 
victory, in large characters and holding the 
entrails of a victim in his hand till the im- 
preffion was communicated to the flelh, he 
fliewed it to the foldiers, and animated them 
by obierving, that the gods fignified their ap¬ 
proaching victories even by marking it in 
the body of the l'acrificed animals. Cic. de 
Div. 

H A s d R u b a L . Fid , Aid rtibal, 

Q. Hatfiuus, a patrician and orator at 
Rome under the firft emperors. He died 
in the 90th year of his age. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 

61.-S-Agrippa, a fenator in the age of 

Tiberius, hated by the tyrant for his inde¬ 
pendence. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 4--Antoninus, 

a diflipated fenator, whole extravagance was 
iupported by Nero. Id. 13, c. 34. 


Haustanes, a man who confpired with 
Belfus agajuft Darius, &c. Cart. 8, c. 5. 

Heudoee. Fid. Ebdome. 

Hebe, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. 
According to l'ome lhe was the daughter of 
Juno only, who conceived her after eating 
lettuces. As lhe was fair, and always in 
the bloom of youth, flie was called the 
gotldel’s of youth, and made by her mother 
cup-bearer to all the gods. She was dif- 
milfed from her office by Jupiter, becaufe 
lhe fell down in an indecent pofture as lhe 
was pouring .neCtar to the gods at a grand 
feftival, and Ganynredes, the favorite of 
Jupiter, lucceeded her as cup-bearer. She 
was employed by he-r mother to prepare her 
chariot, and to harnefs her peacocks when¬ 
ever requifite. When Hercules was railed 
to the rank of a god, he was reconciled to 
Juno by marrying her daughter Hebe, by 
whom he had two Ions, Alexiares and Ani- 
cetus. As Hebe had the power of relloring 
gods and men to the vigor of youth, fbe, at the 
inftance of her hulband, performed that kind 
office to Idas his friend. Hebe was vvor- 
fhipped at Sicyon, under the name of JJia, and 
at Rome,under the name of i Juventai. She 
is reprelcnted as a young virgin crowned with 
flowers, and arrayed in a variegated garment. 
Tauf. 1 , c. 19. 1 . 2, c 12 .— Ovid. Met. 9 , 
v. 400. Tajl. 9, v. 76.— A polled. 1, c. 3. 

1. 2, c. 7* 

HkbRsus, a Rntulian, killed in the night 
by Euryalus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 344. 

Hebrus, now MaAJfa, a river of Thrace, 
which w:.; luppoled to roll its waters upon 
goldeu lands. It falls into the Aigean fea. 
The head of Orpheus was thrown into it 
after it had been cut off by the Ciconian wo¬ 
men. It received its name from Hebrus Ion 
of Cafi'ander, a. king of Thrace,, who was 
laid to have, drowned himl'elf there. Mela y a, 

C. 2.— Slrab. 7.— Firg. JEn. 4, v. 463.—• 

Ovid. Met. II, v. 50.-A youth of Lipara, 

beloved by Neobule. Horat. $, od. 12 .- -A 

man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Tlacc. 3. c« 

149..-A friend of ./Eneas Ion of Do- 

lichaon, killed by Mezentius in the ilutulian 
war. Firg. JEn. 10, v. 696. 

Hecale, a poor old woman who kindly- 
received Theleus as he was going againft the 
bull of Marathon, Sec. Flat, in The/. ■ ■ A 
town of Attica. 

Hecai.es.ia, a feftivnl in honor of Jupiter 
of Hecale, inflituted by Theleus, or in com¬ 
memoration of the kindnefs of Hecale, which 
Theleus had experienced when he went againft 
the bull of Marathon, &c. 

HfcamEde, a daughter of Arfinou?, who 
fell to the lot of Neftor after the plunder of 
Tenedos by the Greeks. Homer. 11 . n. v 
623. 

Hecat.v. fanum, a celebrated tempi* 
facred to He.cate at Stratonice t in Cari*. 

Si mb. 14 . 

Yj 


Hec* 








HE 


HE 


Hecatjeus, an hiftorlan of Miletus, tern 
549 years before Chrift, in the reign of Da¬ 
rius Hyftafpes. Herodot. 2, c. 143.-A 

Macedonian intimate with Alexander. Diod. 

17.-A Macedonian brought to the army 

againft his will by Amyntas, &c. Curt. 7, c. 1. 

Hecate, a daughter ofPerfes and Afteria, 
he fame as Proferpine, or Diarta. She was 
Called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and 
Hecate or Proferpine in hell, whence her 
name of Diva triformis , tergemina , triseps. 
She was fuppofed to prefide over magic and 
enchantments, and was generally reprefented 
like a woman with three heads, that of a 
horfe, a dog, or a boar, and fometimes the 
appeared with three different bodies, and 
three different faces only with one neck. Dogs, 
lambs, and honey, were generally offered to 
her, efpecially in high ways and crofs roads, 
whence fhe obtained the name of Trivia. 
Her power was extended over heaven, the 
earth, fea, and hell, and to her, kings and 
nations fuppofed theml'elves indebted for their 
profperity. Ovid. 7, Met. v. 94.— Hejtod. 
Tbsog.—Horat , 3, od. 22.— Pauf. 2. C. 22 .— 
Virg. Mn.ff, v. 511. 

Hecate sia, a yearly feftival obferved by 
the Stratonicenfians in honor of Hecate. The 
Athenians paid alfo particular worfhip to 
this goddefs, who was deemed the patronefs 
of families and of children. From this cir- 
cumftance the ftatues of the goddefs were 
erected before the doors of the houfes, and 
upon every new moon a public fupper was 
always provided at the expence of the richeft 
people, and fet in the ftreets where the 
poorefl of the citizens were permitted to 
retire and feaft upon it, while they reported 
that Hecate had devoured it. There were 
alfo expiatory offerings to fupplicate the goddefs 
to remove whatever evils might impend on 
the head of the public, &c. 

Hecato, a native of Rhodes, pupil to 
Pantrtius. He wrote on the duties of man, 
bee. Cic. 3, Off. 15. 

Hecatomboia, a feftival celebrated in 
honor of Juno by the Argians and people of 
,/Egina. It receives its name from ixxrov, & 
a facrifice of a hundred hulls, which 
were always offered to the goddefs, and the 
fieih diftributed among the pooreft citizens. 
There were alfo public games firft iniiituted 
by Archinus, a king of Argos in which the 
prize was a fhield of brai's with a crown of 
myrtle. 

Hecatomphonia, afolemn facrifice offer¬ 
ed by the Meftenians to Jupiter, when any of 
them had killed an hundred enemies. Pauf. 
4, c. 19. 

Hecatomfolis, an epithet given to 
Crete, from tne hundred cities which it once 
contained. 

FIecatompyi.os, an epithet applied to 
Thebes in Egypt on account of its hundred 
fates, Ammiqn. 22, c. 16.-Alfo the 


capital ®f Parthia, in the reign of the Arfa- 
cides. Ptol. 6, C. J— Strab. II. — Plin. 6 , C. 
15 Sc 2 5. 

Hecatonnesi, fmall iflands between 
Lefbos and Alia. Strab. 13. 

Hector, fon of king Priam and Hecuba, 
was the moft; valiant of all the Trojan chiefs 
that fought againft the Greeks. He married 
Andromache the daughter of Eetion, by whom 
he had Aftyanax. He was appointed captain 
of all the. Trojan forces, when Troy was 
befieged by the Greeks; and the valor with 
which he behaved fhewed how well qualified 
he was to difcharge that important office. 
He engaged with the braved of the Greeks, 
and according to Hygmus, no lefs than 31 
of the moft valiant of the enemy perifhed 
by his hand. When Achilles had driven 
back the Trojans towards the city, Tiedhor 
too great to fly, waited the approach of his 
enemy near the Scean gates, though his father 
and mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed 
his rafhnels and entreated him to retire. 
The fight of Achilles terrified him, and he 
fled before him in the plajp. The Greek 
pufued and Hedfor was killed, and his 
body was dragged in cruel triumph by the 
conqueror round the tomb of Patroclus whom 
Hedtor had killed. The body, after it had 
received the groffeft infults, was ranfomed by 
old Priam, and the Trojans obtained from 
the Greeks a truce of lbme days to pay the 
laft offices to the greateft of their leaders. 
The Thebans boafted in the age of the 
geographer Paul'anias that they had the afhes 
of Hedfor prefetved in an urn, by order of 
an oracle; which promifed them undifturbed 
felicity if they were in pefleftion of that hero’s 
remains. The epithet of Hettoreus is ap¬ 
plied by the poets to the Trojans, as beil 
expreflive of valor and intrepidity. Homer. II. 
I, &C. — Pirg. JRn. I, &C. — Ovid. Met. 12 & 
13. — Dittys Cret .— Dares Pbryg.—- Hygin. 
fab. 90 H2.— Pauf. 1 . 3 & 9, c. 18*— 

Quintil. Smyrn. 1 & 3.-A fon of Parmenio. 

drowned in the Nile. Alexander honored 
his remains with a magnificent funeral. Curt. 
4. c. 8. 1. 6, c. 9. 

Hecuba, daughter of Dymas a Phrygian 
prince, or according to others, of Cilfeis, a 
Thracian king, was the feconfld wife of Priam 
king of Troy, and proved the chafteft of 
women, and the moft; tender and unfortunate 
of mothers. When fhe was pregnant of 
Paris, fhe dreamed that fhe had brought into 
the world a burning torch which had reduced 
her hufhand’s palace and all Troy to afhes. 
So alarming a dream was explained by the 
foothfayer?,' who declared that the fon fhe 
fhould bring into the world would prove the 
rum of his country. When Paris was born 
(he expofed him on mount Ida to avert the 
calamities which threatened her family; but 
her attempts to deftroy him were fruidefs 
and the prediction pf the foothfayers was 

fulfilled; 







HE 


HE 


fulfilled. \Vid. Paris.] During the Trojan 
xvar Ihe faw the greateft part of her children 
perifh by the hands of the enemy, and like a 
mother ihe confefled her grief by her tears 
and lamentations particularly at the death of 
Hector her eldeft foil. When Troy was 
taken) Hecuba as one of the captives, fell 
to the lot of UlyflTes, a man whom (lie 
hated for his perfidy and avarice, and {he 
embarked with the conquerors for Greece. 
The Greeks landed in the Thracian Cherfo- 
nefus to load with frelh honors the grave of 
Achilles. During their ftay the hero’s ghoft 
appeared to them, and demanded, to enfure the 
fafety of their return, the facrifice of Polyxena, 
Hecuba’s daughter. They complied and Po¬ 
lyxena was torn from her mother to be fa- 
crificed. Hecuba was inconfolable, and her 
grief was Hill more increafed at tlve fight of 
the body of her fon Polydorus walked on the 
fhore, who had been recommended by his 
father to the care and humanity of Polymneftor 
king of the country. \Vid. Polydorus.J She 
determined to revenge the death of her fon, 
and with the greateit indignation went to the 
houfe of his murderer and tore his eyes, 
and attempted to deprive him of his life. 
She was hindered from executing her bloody 
purpofe, by the arrival of fomo ThVacians, 
and (he fled with the female companions of 
her captivity.- She was puriued and when Ihe 
ran after the ftones that were thrown at her 
{he found herfelf fuddenly changed into a 
hitch, and when {he attempted tofpeak, found 
that {he could only bark. After this me- 
tamorphofis {he threw herfelf into the lea, 
according to Hyginus, and that place was, 
from that circumftance, called Cyneum. He¬ 
cuba had a great number of children by 
Priam, among whom were HeCtor, Paris, 
Deiphobus, Pammon, Helenus, Holytes, An¬ 
tiphon, Hipponous, Polydorus, Troilus, and 
among the daughters, Creufa, Ilione, Laodice, 
Polyxena, and Caflandra. Ovid. Met. n, 
v. 761. J. 13, v. ji y.—Hygin. fab III. — 
Virg. JEn. 3, v. 44.— Juv. 10, v. 371.— 
St mb. 13.— Diclys Cret. 4 & 5.— Apollod .3, c. 12. 

HecSbje Sefulciirum, a promontory of 
Thrace. 

Hedila, a poetefs of Samos. 

Hedonjeum, a village of Bceotia. Pauf. 

9,0.31. 

Hedui. Vid. jT.dui. 

Hedymklks, an admired mufician in Do- 
mitian’s age. The word fignifies fweet mujic. 
*Juv. 6, v. 381. 

Hegei.ochus, a general of 6000 Athenians 
fent to Mantinea to ftop the progrefs of Epa- 

roinondas. Diod. 15.-An Egyptian general 

who florilhed B. C. 128. 

Hegemon, a Thafian poet in the age of 
Alcibiades. He wrote a poem called Gi- 
gantomachia, befides other works. JElian. V'. 

H. 4, c. 11.-Another poet, who wrote a 

poem on the war of LeuCtra, &c. JElian. 

V. U. 8, c. iw 


HegesiXnaX, an hlftorian of Alexandar, 
who wrote an account of the Trojan war. 

Hegesias, a tyrant of Ephel'us under 

the patronage of Alexander. Pcly<tri.~6. -- 

A philofopher who fo eloquently convinced 
his auditors of their failings and follies, and 
perluaded them that there were no dangers 
after death, that many were guilty of filicide. 
Ptolemy forbade him to continue his doCtrines. 

Cic. Tuft, i, c. 34.-An hjftorian.-A 

famous orator of Magnefia who ”torrupted the 
elegant diCfion of Attica, by the introduction 
of Afiatic idioms. Cic: orat. 67, 69. Brut. 
83.— Strab. 9. — Plut. in Alex. 

Hegesilochus, one of the chief ma- 
gifirates of Rhodes in the reign of Alexander 

and his father Philip.-Another native of 

Rhodes, 171 years before the chriftiaii era. 
He engaged his countrymen to prepare a fleet 
of 40 (hips to affift the Romans againlt Perfeus 
king of Macedonia. 

HKGEsiNous,a man who wrote a poem on 
Attica. Pauf. 2, c. 29. 

Hegesinus, a philofopher of Pergamus, of 
the 2d academy. He florifhed B. C. 193. 

Hegesiffus, an hiltorian who wrote ibme 
things upon Pallene, &c. 

Hegesipyle, a daughter of Oloruskingof 
Thrace, who married Miltiades and became 
mother of Cimon. Plut. 

Hegesxstratus, an Ephefian who con- 
fulted the oracle to know in what particular 
place he fhould fix his refidence. He was 
directed to fettle where he found peafants 
dancing with crowns of olives. This was in 
Afia, where he founded Elea, &c. 

Hegetorides, a Thafian, who, upon 
feeing his country befieged by the Athenians, 
and a-lr.w forbidding any one on pain of death 
to fpeak of peace, went to the market place 
with a rope about his neck, and boldly told 
his countrymen to treat him as they pleafed 
provided they faved the city from the cala¬ 
mities which the continuation of the war 
feemed to threaten. The Thafians were 
awakened, the law was abrogated, and He¬ 
getorides pardoned, &c. Poly an. 2. 

Helena, the mod beautiful woman of her 
age, fprung from one of the eggs which Leda, ‘ 
the wife of king Tyndarus, brought forth after 
her amour with Jupiter metamorphofed into a 
fvvan. [ Vid. Leda.] According to fome 
authors, Helen was daughter of Ndmefis by 
Jupiter, and Leda was only her nurfe; and 
to reconcile this variety of opinions fome ima¬ 
gine that Nemefis and Leda are the fame 
perlbns. Her beauty was fo utiiverfally 
admired, even in her infancy, that Thefeus 
wjth his friend Pirithous, carried her away 
before {he had attained her tenth year, and 
concealed her at Aphidnae, under the care of 
his mother A'lthra. Her brothers, Cafior and 
Pollux, recovered her by force of aims, and 
Ihe returned fafie. and unpolluted to Sparta, 
her native country. There exifted, however, 

Y 4 a tr*- 





HE 


HE 


a tradition recorded by PaufamaS, that Helen 
was of nubile years when carried away by 
Thefeus, and that ihe had a daughter by her 
ravither, who was entrufted to the care of 
Clytemneilra This violence offered to her 
virtue did net in the lead diminifh, but it 
rather augmented, her fame, and her hand 
was eagerly folicited by the young princes of 
Greece. The moil celebrated of her luitors 
were Ulyfles, fon of Laertes, Antilochus 
fon of Ncftor, Sthenelus fon of Capaneus, 
Diomedes fon of Tydeus, Amphilochus fon of 
Cteatus, Meges fon of Phileus, Agapenor 
fon of Ancasus, Thalpius fon of Eurytus, 
Mneftheus fon of Peteus, Schedius fon of 
Epiftrophus, Polyxenus fon of Agafthenes, 
Amphilochus fon of Amphiaraus, Afcalaphus 
and Ialmus fons of the god Mars, Ajax fon 
of Oileus, Eumelus ion of Admetus, Poly- 
pcetes ion of Pirithous, Elphenor fon of Chal- 
codon, Podalirius and Machaon ions of 
./fifculapius, Leonteus ion of Coronus, Phi- 
lodletes ion of Pasan, Protefilaus fon of 
Iphiclus, Eurypilus fon of Evemon, Ajax and 
Teucer fons. of Telamon, Patroclus fon of 
Mencetius, Menelaus fon of Atreus, Thoas, 
Idometieus, and Merion. Tyndarus was 
rather alarmed than pie Ted at the fight of 
fuch a number of illuflrious princes who 
eagerly folicited each to become his fon-in- 
law. He knew that he could not prefer one 
without diipleafing all the re!t, and from this 
perplexity he was at laft drawn by the artifice 
of Ulyfles, who began to be already known 
in Greece by his prudence and fagacity. 
This prince, who clearly law that his preten¬ 
tions to Helen would not probably meet with 
fucceis in oppofition to fo many rivals, pro- 
poled to extricate Tyndarus from all his 
difficulties, if he would promife him his 
niece Penelope in marriage. Tyndarus con- 
fented, and Ulyfles advifed the king to 
bind, by a iolemn oath, all the fuitors, that 
they would approve of the uninfluenced 
choice which Helen ihould make of one 
among them; and engage to unite together to 
defend her perfon and character if ever any 
attempts were made to raviih her from the 
arms of her hufband. The advice of Ulyfles 
was followed. the princes confented, and Helen 
fixed her choice upon Menelaus and married 
him. Hermione was the early fruit of this 
union, which continued for three years with 
mutual haptinefs. After this, Paris, foil of 
Priam king of Troy, came to Laceckemon 
on pretence of facrificing to Apollo He was 
•kindly received by Menelaus, but ihamefully 
abided his favors, and in his abfence in rete he 
corrupted the fidelity of his wife Helen, and 
ptrfuade' her to follow him to Troy *>. C 
1198 A r his return Menelaus, highly ien- 
Jible of.the injury he had received, aflembled 
the Grecian princes, and reminded them of 
their folcim promtfes. They refolved to make 
war aganrft the Trojans; but they preyioufly 


fent ambaffhdors to Priam to demand the refti- 
tution of Helen. ' The. influence of Pal is at 
his father’s court prevented the reiteration 
and the Greeks returned home without re¬ 
ceiving the fatisfa&ion they required. Soon 
after their return their combined forces af- 
fembled and failed for the coaft of Ah 3, i he 
behaviour of Helen during the Trojan war is 
not clearly known. Some aflert that ihe had 
willingly followed Paris, and that ihe warmly 
lupported the cayle of the Trojans; while 
others believe that ihe always fighed after her 
hufband, and curfed the day in which ihe had 
proved faithlefs to his bed. Homer repre¬ 
sents her as in the iaft iullance, and fome 
have added that ihe often betrayed the fchemes 
and refolutions of the Trojans, and fecretly 
favored the caufe of Greece. When Paris 
was killed in the ninth year of the war, fhe 
voluntarily married-Deiphobus, one of Pri* 
arn’s fons, and when Troy was taken ihe made 
no fcruple to betray him, and to introduce the 
Greeks into his chamber, to ingratiate her- 
felf to Mepelaus.. She returned to Sparta, 
and the love of Menelaus forgave the errors 
which (lie had committed. - .Some however 
lay that ihe obtained her life even with diffi¬ 
culty from her hufband, whofe relentment 
(lie had kindled by her infidelity. After Ihe 
had lived for fo,me years in Sparta, Menelaus 
died, and fhe was driven from Peloponneiiis 
by Magapenthes and Nicottratus, the illegi¬ 
timate foils of her hufband, and ihe retired to 
Rhodes, where at that time Polyxo, a native 
of Argos, reigned over the country^ Polyxo 
remembered that her widowhood originated 
m Helen, and that her hulband Tlepolemus 
had been killed in the Trojan war, which 
had been cauled by the debaucheries of He¬ 
len, therefore ihe meditated revenge. While 
Helen retired one day to bathe in the river, 
Polyxo difguifed her attendants in the habits 
of furies and lent them with orders to murder 
her enemy. Heleit was tied to a tree and 
ftrangled, and her misfortunes were after¬ 
wards remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo 
expiated by the temple which the Rhodians 
railed to Helen Dendritis. or tied to a tree . 
There is a tradition mentioned bv Herodotus, 
which lays that Paris was driyen, as he re¬ 
turned from Sparta, upon the coal! of Egypt, 
where Proteu§, king of the country, expel¬ 
led him from his dominions for his ingrati¬ 
tude to Menelaus, and confined Helen.. Prom 
that circumftance, therefore, Priam informed 
the Grecian ambafladors that neither Helen 
nor her pofleflions were in Troy, but in the 
hands of the king of Egypt. In lpite of this 
aflertion tjie Greeks befieged the town and 
took it after ten years’ fiege, and Menelaus 
by viiiting Egypt, as he returned home, re¬ 
covered Helen at the court of Proteus, and 
was convinced that the Trojan war had beei^ 
undertaken on very uniuft a^d unpardonable 
grounds. Helen was honored after death as 

a ged- 





HE 


HE 


a goddefs, and the Spartans built her a temple 
at Therapne, which' had power of giving 
beauty to all the deformed women that en¬ 
tered it. Helen, according to i'ome, was 
carried into the illand of Leuce after death, 
where fhe married Achilles, who had been 
one of her warmeft admirers.—The age of 
Helen has been a matter of deep enquiry 
among the chronologilts. If fhe w. s born 
pf the lame eggs as Callor and Pollux, who 
accompanied the Argonauts in their expedi¬ 
tion againlt Colchis about 35 years before the 
Trojan war, according to foine, lhe was no lei's 
than 60 years old when Tfoy was reduced to 
alhes, fuppoiing that her brothers were only 
15 when they embarked with the Argonauts. 
But lhe is reprelented by Homer fo incompa¬ 
rably beautiful during the fiege of Troy, that 
though feep at a diftance lhe influenced the 
counsellors of Priam by the hrightnels of her 
charms; therefore we mujt l\ip K ole with 
others, that her beauty remained long undi- 
niinilhed, and was extingujlhed only at her 
fleath. Pauf. 3, c. 19, Sec .— Apollad . 3, c. 
JO, &C.— Hygin. fab. 77.— -llirodot. 2 , C. 
11 2.— Pint, in Thrf. &c.«— Cic. dt oJJ.c. 3— 
Horat. 3, od. $.-±—Di£iys Cut. I, &c.-— Quint 
Smyrn. IO, 13, -&.C.— Homer. 11 . 2, & QJ. 4, 

& 15-A ydung worn an of Sparta, often 

confounded with the daughter of Leda. As 
lhe was going to be iacrificed, becaule the 
. lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came ai)d 
carried away the knife of the pried, upon 
which fhe wa§ releafed, and the barbarous 
cultom of offering human victims was abo- 

liihed.-An ifland on the coart of Attica, 

where Helen came after the,fiege of Troy. 
Pli/t. 4, c. 12.-A daughter of the empe¬ 
ror Conftantine who married Julian.- 

The mother - of Conftantine. She died in her 
80th year A. D. 328. 

Helenia, a feftjval in Laconia, in honor 
of Helen, who received there divine honors, 
dt was celebrated by virgins riding upon 
mules, and pi chariots made of reeds and 
J’ullruflv’s. 

Hf.lknor, a Lydian prince who accom¬ 
panied JLneas to Italy, air'd was killed by the 
Rutulians. His mother’s name was Licymnia. 
Virg. JEn. 9 , v. 444- &C. 

Helenus, a celebrated foothfayer, foil of 
Priam and Hecuba, greatly refpedded by all 
the Tyojaiv. When Leiphobus was given in 
marriage to Helen in preference to himlelf, 
he refolved to leave his country, and he retired 
to mount Ida, where Ulyfies took him pri¬ 
soner by the advice'of Calchas. As he was 
well acquainted with futurity, the Greeks 
made ufe of prayers, threats, and promiles, 
to induce him to reveal ^he lecrets of the Tro¬ 
jans, and either the fear pf death or gratifica¬ 
tion of refentment, feduced him to difclole to 
the enemies of his country, that Troy could 
not he taken whilft it was in poflelfion of the 
palladium, nor before Polyde<Hes came from 


his retreat at Lemnos, and afilftqd to fcjiport 
the fiege. After tire ruin of His country, he 
fell to the lhare of Pyrrhus the fon of Achil¬ 
les, and faved his life by warning him to 
avoid the dangerous tern pell w hich in reality 
proved fatal to all thole who let fail. This 
endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received 
from Jfis hand Andromache the widow of his 
brother Hedor by whom he had a fon called 
Ceftrinus. This marriage, according to 
lbipe, was confumm.aed after the death of 
Pyrrhus, who lived with Andromache as his 
wife. Helenus was the only one of Priam’* 
Tons who lurvived the ruin of his country. 
After the death of Pyrrhus^ he reigned over 
part of Epirus, which hq called Cbaonia in 
memory of his brother Chaon, whom he had 
inadvertently killed Helenus received iEneas 
as he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold 
him fome of the calamit'es which attended 
his fleet. The manner In which he re¬ 
ceived the gift of prophecy is doubtful. 
Vid. CafTandra. Homer. II. 6, v. 76, 1 . 7, 
v. 47.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 295, See .— Pauf. I. 
c. II, 1 . 2, c. 33.— Qvid. Met. 13, v. <)$ 

St 723. 1 . 15, v. 437.-A Rutulian killed 

by Pallas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 388 

Hklerni Lucca, a placq near Rome. 
Ovid. Fuji 6, v. 103. 

Hei.es or Kales, a river of I.pcania near 
Velia. Ci. . ad Alt. i6,‘ep. 7. Pam. 7, cp. 20. 

Heliades, the daughters of die Sun and 
Clymene. They were three in number, 
Lampetie, Phaetufa, and Lampethula, op fe- 
ven, according to Hygin, Meroj 3 e, Helie, 
jEgle, Lampetie, Phoebe, ./Etheria, and 
Dioxippe. 'i’hey were lb afflicted at the 
death of their brother fhaeton, \Vid. Phae¬ 
ton] that they were changed by the gods into 
poplars, and their tears into piecknas amber, 
on the banks of the river Po. Ovid. Met. 2, 
v. 340.— Hygin. fab. 154.- -7 he fir ft inha¬ 

bitants of Rhodes. This illand being covered 
with mud when the world was firrt created, 
was warmed by ^he cherifbing beams of the 
lun, and from tljence fprang leven men, which 
were called Heliades. c\rr& rev rj.iev, from the 
fun. The elded of thtfe, called Qchimus, 
married Hegetoria, one of the nymphs of the 
ifland, and his brothers (led from the coun¬ 
try for having put to death through jealouly 
one of their number. Dial. 5. 

Heuast.x, a name given to the judges 
of the molt numerous tribunal at Athens. 
They confilted of ioco, and fometimes of 
1500; they were feldotn aflemhled ai\d only 
upon matters of the greatJt importance 
Qcmojlb. contr Tint .— Ding in Sol. 

Heucaom, a Trojan prince, fon of Am 
tenor. lie married l.aodice, the daughter 
of Priam, whole form !ris allumcd to inform 
Helen of the ftate of the rival armies bef >re 
Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a night 
engagement, but his life was lpared by 
UJyires, who remembered the hofpitality he 






HE 


JiE 

hnd’ received ffom kis father An ten or. Ha¬ 
mer. II. 2, v. 123* 

' HSlice, a liar near the north pole, gene¬ 
rally called Ur fa major.' It is fuppofed to 
receive its name from the town of Helice, of 
which Callillo, who was chanted into the 
Great Bear, was 3n inhabitant. Lucan. 2, 
v. 237.—-~A town of Achaia, on the bay 
©f Corinth, overwhelmed by the inundation 
of the fea. Pi in. 2, c. 92.— Ovid. Lid. 15, 

v. 2 <}^. -A daughter of Silenus, king of 

JEgiale. Pauf. 7, c. 24.--A daughter of 

Lycaon, king of Arcadia. 

Helicon, now Z agar a- Haunt, a mountain 
©f Eceotia, on the > borders of Phocis. It was 
facred to the Mules, who had there a temple. 
The fountain Hippocrene flowed from this 
mountain. Strab. 8.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 219. 
•—Pauf. 9, C. 28, &c.— Hirg. JEn. 7, v. 641. 
—:—A river of Macedonia near Dium. 
fauf.frt.z O. 

Heliconxadps, a name given to the 
Mules becaufe they lived upon mpunt Heli¬ 
con, which was facred to them. 

Heliconis, a daughter of Thefpius. 

yip oiled. 

Heliodorus, one of the favorites of 
Seleucus Philopator, king of Syria. He at¬ 
tempted .to plunder the temple of the Jews, 
about 176 years before Chrilt by order of 

Jiis mafter, &c.-A Greek mathematician 

of Lariffa.-A famous fophift, the befi 

editions of whofe entertaining romance, 
called JEthiopicdy are by Commelin, 8vo, 1596. 

and Bourdelot, 8vo. Paris, 1619.--A 

learned Greek rhetoriclah in the age of 

Horace.-A man who wrote a treatife on 

tombs.-A poet.-A geographer. — — 

A furgeon at Rome in Juvenal’s age. Juv. 
6 , v. 3.72. 

Heliogabalus, a deity among the 

Phoenicians.-M. Aurelius Antoninus, a 

Roman emperor, fon of Varius Marcellus, 
called Heliogabalus, becaufe he had been 
pried of that divinity in Phoenicia. After the 
death of Macrinus he was invefted with the 
imperial purple, and the fenate* however 
unwilling to lubmit to a youth only 14 years 
of age, approved of his ele&ion, and be¬ 
llowed upon him the title of Augultus. 
Heliogabalus made his grand-mother Mcefa, 
and his mother Scemias, his colleagues on 
the throne; and to bellow more dignity 
upon the fax, he chafe a fenate of women, 
over which his mother prGlided, and pre¬ 
scribed all the modes and falhions which 
prevailed in the empire. E-ome however 
foon displayed a lcene of cruelty and de¬ 
bauchery ; the imperial palace was full of 
proftitution, and the moll infamous of the 
populace became' the favorites of the prince. 
He railed his horle to the honofs of the con- 
fulfhip, and obliged his fubjecls to pay ado¬ 
ration to the god Heliogabalus, which was 
no other than a large black Hone, whole 


figure rcfetnbled that of a cone. To this' 
ridiculous deity temples were raifed at Rome, 
and the altars of the gods plundered to deck 
thofe of the new divinity. In the midft of 
his extravagances Heliogabalus’ married four 
wives, and not fatislied with following the 
plain laws of nature, he profefled himfelf to 
he a woman, and gave himfelf up to one of 
his officers, called H ter odes. In this ridi¬ 
culous farce he fuffered the greateft indigni¬ 
ties from his pretended hufbanil without dif- 
latisfadion, and Hierocles, by Hooping to 
infamy, became the moll powerful of the 
favorites, and enriched himfelf by felling 
fayors and offices to the people. Such licen- 
tioufnefs foon dilpleafed the populace, and 
Heliogabalus, unable to appeafe the feditions 
of his foldiers, whom his rapacity and de¬ 
baucheries had irritated, hid himfelf in the 
filth and excrements of the camp, where he 
was found in the arms of his mother. His 
head was fevered from h >3 body the 10th of 
March, A. D. 222, in the 18th year of his 
age, after a reign of three years, nine, months, 
and four days. He was fucceeded by Alex¬ 
ander Seyerus. His cruelties were as con- 
fpicuous as his licentioul’nefs. He bufthened 
his fubje£ts with the moll, oppreflive taxes, 
his hails were covered with carpets of gold 
and filver tiffiie, and his mats were made with 
the down of hares, and with the foft fea¬ 
thers which were found under the wings of 
partridges. He was fond of covering his 
(hoes with precious Hones to draw the ad¬ 
miration of the people as he walked along 
the Hreets, and he was the firH Roman who 
ever wore a drefs of (ilk. He often invited 
the moH common of the people to (hare his 
banquets, and made them (it down on'large 
bellows full of wind, which, by fyddenly 
emptying themfelves, threw the gueHs on 
the ground, and left them a prey to wild 
beaHs. He often tied fome of his favorites 
on a large wheel, and was particularly de¬ 
lighted to fee them whirled round like Ixions 
and lbmetimes fulpended in the air, or funk 
beneath the water. * 

Heliopolis, now LTatarea , a famous 
city of Lower Egypt, in which was a tem¬ 
ple facred to the fun. The inhabitants wor- 
fhipped a bull called Mnevis, with the fame 
ceremonies as the Apis of Memphis. Apol¬ 
lo had an oracle there. Cic. IP. D. 3, c. 
21.— Flirt. 36, c. 26.— Strab. 17.— Diod. 
I. There was a fmall village of the fame 

name without the Delta near Babylon.-- 

A town of Syria, now Balbcck. Plin. 3, c. 22. 

Helisson, a town and river of Arcadia. 
Pauj 7 %, c. 29. 

Hei.iuh, a name given to the mouth of 
the Maefe in Germany. Plin. 4, c. 15. 

He lius, a celebrated favorite of the em¬ 
peror N#ro, put to death by order of Galba, 
for his.cruelties.——-The Greek name of the 
fun, or Apollo, ' ‘ v 

Hjiuxps* 







HE 


HE 


Helixes, a river of Cos. 

Hellanice, a filler of Clltus, who was 
nurfe to Alexander. 1 Curt. 8, c. i. 

- HellaNicuS, a celebrated Greek hif- 

I ' 

torian, born at Mitylene. He wrote an hif- 
tory of the ancient kings of the earth, with 
an account of the founders of the mod fa¬ 
mous towns in. every kingdom, and died 
B. C. 41 x, in the 85th year of his age. 
Par./. 2 . c. 3.— -Cic. de Qrat. 2, C, 53.— Aul. 

Gel. 15, c. 23.-A brave officer rewarded 

by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2. -An hifto- 

xian of Miletus, who wrote a defcription of 
the earth. 

Hellanocrates, a man of Lariffa, &c. 
Ariftot. Poht . 5, c. IO, 

Hellas, an ancient name of Theflaly, 
more generally applied to the territories of 
,Acarnania, Attica, JEtolia, Doris, Locris, 
Bceotia, and Phocis, and alfo to all Greece. 
It received this name from Deucalion, and 
now forms a part of Livadia. Pirn. 4, c. 7 >-*“ 

Strab. 8 .— Mela ,2, C. 3 .—Pat/f.2, C. 20. - 

A beautiful woman, mentioned by Horace as 
beloved by Marius; the lover killed her in a 
lit of pnffion, and afterwards deftroyed himfclf. 
Herat. 2, fat. 3, V. 277. 

Helj.e, a daughter of Athamas and Ne- 
phele, filter to Phryxus. She fled from her 
father’s houfe with her brother, to avoid the 7 
cruel oppreffion of her mother-in-law, Ino. 
According to fome accounts (he was carried 
through the air on a golden ram which her 
mother had received from Neptune, and in 
her pafiage Ihe became giddy and fell from 
her feat into that part of the fea which from 
her received the name of Hellefpont. Others 
fay that Ihe was carried on a cloud, or ra¬ 
ther upon a {hip, from which fhe fell into 
the fea and was drowned. Phryxus, after 
he had given his filler a burial on the neigh¬ 
bouring coafts, purfued his journey and ar¬ 
rived fafe in Colchis. [Vid. Phryxus.] Ovid. 
Her old. 13, &c. Met. 4, fab. 14.— Pindar. 4. 
Pyih.—Pauf. 9, C. 34. . 

Hellen, Ion of Deucalion and Pyrrha, 
reigned *n Phthiotis about 1495 years be¬ 
fore the Chrillian era, and gave the name of 
Helleniaus to his fubje&s. He had, by his 
wife Orfeis, three fons: ./Eolus, Dorus, and 
Xuthus, who gave their names to the three 
different nations known under the name of 
.ffiolians, Dorians, and Ionians. Thefe lall 
derive| their name from Ion, fon of Xutlnis, 
and from the difference either of exprellion, 
or pronunciation in their refpe&iye languages, 
aroie the different diale&s well known in the 
Greek language. Pauf.^t c. 1 * 7 > c * I *— 
Died. 5. 

Hellenes, th.o inhabitants of Greece. Vid. 
Hellen. 

Hellespontias, a wind blowing from the 
north eaft. Plin. 2, c. 47. 

HellespoKtus, now the Dardanelles, a 
narrow ftrai; between Affe and Europe, 


near the Propontis, which received its varr.e 
from Helle who was drowned there in her 
voyage to Colchis. [Vid. Helle.J It is 
about 60 miles long, and, in the broadeft 
parts, the Afiatic coaft is about three miles 
dillant from the European, and only half a 
mile in the narroweft, according to modern 
invelligation; fo that people can con- 
verfe one with the other from the oppofita 
(bores. It is celebrated for the love and 
death of Leander, [Vid. Hero.] and for 
the bridge of boats which Xerxes built over 
it when he invaded Greece. The folly of this 
great prince is well known in beating and 
fettering the waves of the fea, whole im- 
petuolity deftroyed his (hips, and rendered 
all his labors ineffectual. Strab. 13.;— Plin. 
8, c. 32.— Hcrodot. 7, c. 34 .—Polyh. — Mela , 
I, c. I.— Ptol. 5, C. 2.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 

407.— -Liv. 31, c. 15. 1 . 33, c. 33.--The 

country along the HeJlefpont on the Afiatic 
coaft bears the fame mane. Cic. Verr. 1, c. 
24 .Fam. I3,ep.53.— St'ab. 12-— Plin. J,0.30, 

Hello pi a, a fimnll county of Eubcca. 
The people were called Hellopes. The whole 
illand bore the lame name according to Stra¬ 
bo, lO.-T'Plin. 4, c, 12. 

Hellotia, two feftivals, one of which 
was obferved in Crete, in honor of Europa, 
whofe bones were then carried in folemn 
proceflion, with a myrtle garland no lefs 
than twenty cubits in circumference, called 
iZ/.urti, The Gther feftival was celebrated 
at Corinth with games and races, where 
young men entered the lifts and generally 
ran with burning torches in their hands. It 
was inftituted in honor of Minerva, furnamed 
Hellotis, aero rov tXous, from a certain pond 
of Marathon, where one of her ftatutes was 
erected, or aero rot/sXuv rov tererov rov TLi<yuo , ov t 
becaule by her aftiftance Bellerophon took 
and managed the horfe Pegafus, which was 
the original cauie of the inflitution of the 
feftival. Others derive the name from Hel¬ 
lotis, a Corinthian woman, from the fol¬ 
lowing circumftance: when the Dorians and 
the Heraclidae invaded Peloponnelus, they 
took and burnt Corinth; the inhabitants, 
and particularly the women, efcaped by flight, 
except Hellotis and her filler Eurytione, who 
took ihelter in Minerva’s temple, relying for 
fafety upon the lanClity of the place When 
this was known the Dorians let fire to the 
temple, and the two filters perifhed in the 
flames. This wanton cruelty was followed 
by a dreadful plague, and the Dorians, to 
alleviate the misfortunes which they differed, 
were directed by the oracle to appeafe the 
manes of the two lifters, and therefore 
they raifed a new temple to the goddefs Mi¬ 
nerva, and eftablilhed the feftivals, which 
bore the name of one of the unfortunate 
women. 

Helnes an ancient king of Arcadia, 

Poly an. X. 

Heioris 











HE 


HE 


Hel£iu«, a general of the people of 
Rhegium, fept to bcfiege Mcttana, which 
Dionyfhis the tyrant defended. He fell in 
battle and his troops were defeated. Dtod. 
14. 

Helorum & Helort/s, now JMvri 
Ucci, a town and river of Sicily, whofe fwol- 
len ivaters generally inundate the neigh¬ 
bouring country. Firg.JEn. 3, v. 698.— 
Jtal. ii, v. ^70.——A river of Magna 
Grach. 

Helos, 3 place of Arcadia. Pauf. $, 
c. 36.-A town of Laconia taken and de¬ 

stroyed by the Lacedaemonians under Agis 
the third, qf the race of the Heraclidar, 
becaufe they refufed to pay thp. tribute 
which was impofed upon them. The La¬ 
cedaemonians carried their refentment fo tar, 
that, not fatisfied with the ruin of the city, 
they reduced the inhabitants to the lowefi 
and moft miferable ilavery, and made, a law 
which forbade their matters either to give 
them their liberty, or to fell them in arty 
other country. To complete thc-ir fcifamy, 
all the flaves of the ftate and the prisoners of 
war were palled by the mean appellation of! 
ffi-lota. Nof only the fervile offices in 
which they were employed denoted their 
rnifery and Ilavery, but they were obliged to 
wear peculiar garments, which expofed them 
to greater contempt and ridicule. They 
never were inftru&ed in the liberal arts, and 
their cruel matters often obliged them to 
drink to excels, to (how the free-born citi¬ 
zens of Sparta the beaftlinefs and difgrace of 
intoxication. They once every year received 
a number of ftripes, that by this wanton 
flagellation they might recolleft that they 
were born and d»ed (laves. The Spartans 
even declared war againft them ; but Plu¬ 
tarch, who, from interefted motives, endea¬ 
vours to palliate the guilt and cruelty of the 
people of Lacedaemon, declares that it was 
becaufe they had alfifted the Mefienians in 
their war againft Sparta, after it had been 
overthrown by a violent earthquake. This 
earthquake was fuppol'ed by all the Greeks 
to be a punishment from heaven for the 
cruelties which the Lacedaemonians had ex- 
ercifed againft the Helots. In the Pelopon- 
nefian war, thefe miferable (laves behaved 
with uncommon bravery, and were reward¬ 
ed with their liberty by the Lacedaerrjoniass, 
and appeared in the temples and at public 
fhows crowned with garlaiids, and with 
every mark of feftmty and triumph. This 
exultation did not continue long, and the 
fudden diiappearance of the two thoufand 
manumitted flaves was attributed to the in¬ 
humanity of the Lacedaemonians. Tbueyd. 
4-'— Pollute. 3, c. 8.— Strain. 8.— -Plut. in 
Lyr. \ffc .— Arjlot. Polit . 2.— Pauf. Laeon. 

Helots & Helotes, the public flaves of 
Sparta, kc. Fid. Helos. 


Helvetia, a vettal virgin ftruck dead wifi 
lightning in Trajan’s reign. 

Heivetji, an ancient nation of Gau!, 
conquered by J. Caefar. Their country is the 
modern Switzerland, C<rf. Bell. G. 1, &c. — 
Tacit , i Hijt. I, €. 6.7 S: 69. 

Helvia, the mother of Cicero.-i-Ricina, 

a town of Picenum. 

Helvipia, the name of a Roman family. 

Helvh, now Viviers, a people of^ Gaul, 
along the Rhone. Plan .3, c. 4. 

Helvillum, a town of Umbria fuppoied 
to be the fame as Suillum, now Sigillo , Plin. 
3^.14* 

HelvTna, a fountain of Aquinum where 
Ceres bad a temple. Jaw. 3, v. 32a . 

Helvius Cinna propofed a law, which 
however was not patted, to permit Csefar to 
marry whatever woman he cboie. Suet, in 
C.ef c. 32.-A poet. Fid. Cinna. 

Helum, a rryer of Scythia. 

Helymus & Panopes, two hunters at 
the court of Acelles in Sicily. Firg, JEn. 5, 
V- 73 -&c. 

Hkmatiiion, a fon of Aurora and Ccpha- 
lus, or Tithonus. Afal/od. 3. 

Hemitmea, a daughter of Cyqmis and Pro- 
ciea. She was fo attached to her brother 
Tenes, that (he refufed to abandon him when 
his father Cycnps expofed him on the lea. 
They were carried by the wind to Tenedoj, 
where Hemithea long enjoyed tranquillity»till 
Achilles, captivated by her charms, ottered her 
violence. She was refeued from his embrace 
by her brother Tenes, who was inftantly 
flaughtered by the offended hero. Hemithea 
could not have been refeued from the attempts 
of Achilles had not the earth opened and 
fwallowed her, afterfhe had fervently entreated 
the affiftance of the gods. Fid. Tenes. Pauf. \ 
IO, c. 14,— Bind. 4. 

LIkmon. Vid. Hsemen, 

Remus;. Vid. Hsemus.—rr-A Roman. 

Juv. 6, v. 197. 

Heneti, a people of Paphlagonia, who are 
faid to have fettled in Italy near the Adriatic, 
where they gave thcyiiame of Fenetia to their 
habitation. Liv. I, c. 1,— Eurip. 

HENiocni, a people of Afiatic Sarmatia, 
near Colchis, defeended from Amphytus and 
Tclechius, the charioteers (sj nog*) of Caftor 
and Pollux, and thence called Lacedamonii. 
Mela, 1, c. 2L.-— Paterc. 2, C. 40.— Place. 3 4 
v. 270.1.6, v.’ 42. 

Henna. Vid. Enna. 

Hkphiestia, the capital town of Lemnos. 

--A feftival in honor of Vulcan 

at Athens. There was then a race with 
torches s between three young men. Each in 
his turn ran a race with a lighted torch in his 
hand, and whoever could carry it to the end of 
the courfe before it was extinguifhed, obtained 
the prize. They delivered it one to the othejr 
aftertkey finilhed their courfe, and from that 
circurr finance we fee many allufions in ane’enjt 

authors 


5 









authors who compare the viciflitndes of human 
affairs to this delivering of the torch, particu¬ 
larly in thefe lines of Lucretius a : 

Jnqvt brcvijpatio mutanturfacia animantu 77, 

£.t qwijl curfores viidi Limp a da tradunt. 

HephaUTiXdes, a name applied to the 
I/ipari illes as lacred to Vulcan 

Hei'hjs rii, mountains in J.ycia which are 
fet on lire hy the light eft touch of a burning 
torch. Their very Hones burn iu the middle 
of water according to Pliny, 6, e. 106. 

Heph.’estio, a Greek grammarian of 
Alexandria in the age of -the emperor Verus. 
There remains of his compofitions a treatife 
entitled Enchiridhm de met t is Iff poemate , the 
hell edition of which is that of Pau'ic, 4to. 
(Jit raj. 1726. 

hJerH.v/sTioN, a Macedonian famous for 
his intimacy with Alexander. He accompa¬ 
nied the conqueror in his Afiatic conquefts, 
and was fo faithful and attached to him, that 
Alexander often ohferved that Craterus was 
the friend of the king, but Hephaeftion the 
friend of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 
325 years before the Chriltmi era, according 
to fome from excels of drinking, or eating. 
Alexander was fo inooulolaWe at the death 
of this faithful fubjedt, that he fried tears at 
the intelligence, and ordered the facred fire to 
be-cxtiuguilhed, which was never done but at 
the death of a Peril,an monarch. The phy- 
fician who attended Hephaeftion in his illnefs, 
was accufed of negligence, and by the king's 
ordcs inhumanly put to death, and the games 
were interrupted. His body was entrufted to 
ahe care of Perdiccas, and honored with the 
tnoli magnificent funeral at Babylon. He was 
fo like the king in features and liature, that he 
Was often falutod bv the name of Alexander. 
Curt. — Arrian. fee.— Pint, in Alex. — 

JElian. V. H. 7, C.%. * 

Heptaphonos, a portico, which received 
this name, becaul’e the voice was re-echoed 
leven times in it. P/in 36,0. 15. 

Heptapolis, a country of Egypt, which 
contained leven cities. 

Heptapvlos, a furname of Thebes in 
Eeeotia, from its leven gates. 

Hera, the name of Juno among the Greeks. 
•——A daughter of Neptune and Ceres when 

transformed into a mare. Apollcd. 3.-A 

town of iEolia and of Arcadia. Pauf. 6, c. 7. 

-A town of Sicily, called alfo HybJa v Cic. 

ad Attic. 2 , c. 1. 

Heraclea, an ancient town of Sicily, 
near Agrigentum. Minos planted a colony 
there when he purfued Daedalus; and the 
town anciently known by the name of Ma- 
cara, was called from him Minoa. It was 
called Heraclea after Hercules, when he ob¬ 
tained a vidlory over Eryx. A town of 
Macedonia.—Another in Pontus cele- 
W-ated far its naval power, and its confe- 


quence among the Afiatic Hates. The in¬ 
habitants conveyed home fin their fliips the 

10,000 at their return-Another in Crete. 

-Another in Parthia.--Another in 

Bithynia.-Another in Phthiotis, hear 

Thermopylae, called allb Trachinca , to dif- 
tinguifh it from others.——Another fin Lu- 

cania. Cic. Arch. 4-Another in Syria. 

——Another in Cherlonefus Taurica.- 

Another in Thrace, and three in Egypt, fee. 
There were no lefs than 40 cities of that 
name in different parts of the world, all 
built in honor of Hercules, whence the nams 

is derived.-A daughter of Hiero, tyrant of 

Sicily, fee. 

Hr.RAcr. 5 rA, a feftival at Athens celebrated 
every fifth year, in honor of Hercules. The 
Thilbians and Thebans in Bceotia, oblerved * 
feflival of the lame name, in, which they offered 
apples to the god. This culiom of offering 
apples arofe from this : It was always ufual to 
offer Iheep, but the overflowing of the river 
Albpus prevented the votaries of the god from 
oblerving it with the ancient ceremony ; and 
as the word jxvXn, figtiifies both an apple and 1 
foeep, fome youths, acquainted with the ambi¬ 
guity of the word, ottered apples to the god, 
with much fport and telfiv'rty. To represent 
the Iheep, they railed an apple upou four fiiisks 
as the legs, and two more were placed at the 
top to repreient the horns of the victim. Her¬ 
cules was delighted at the j ingenuity of the 
youths, and the feftival* were ever con turned 
with the offering of apples. Pollux . 8, c, 9. 
Thyre was alfo a feftival at fiicyon in honor of 
Hercules. It continued two days, the firft was 
called evau.xrx?, the lecond ijoxxXna. — -Ata 
feftival of the fame name at Cos, the prieft 
officiated with a mitre on his head, and rn 

woman’s apparel.-At JLindus, a lblemniry 

of the fame name was alfo obferved, and 
1 ?.t the celebration nothing was heard but 
| execrations and profane words, and wh®- 
loever accidentally dropped any other words, 

| was accufed of" having profaned the facred 
■ rites- 

Hkraclf.wm, a promontory of Cappa¬ 
docia. - A town of Egypt near Canopus oit 

the weftern mouth of the Nile to which it gave 
its name. Died. I.— Tacit. Ann. t, c. 6o<— 

fit rah. 2 fe l 7.--The port town of Gnofiiw 

in Crete. 

Hf.kaclf. 5 tes, a lurnameof DionyGus the 

philofopher.-A philofopher of Heraclea, 

who, like his nj3fter Zeno, and all the Stoics, 
firmly believed that pain was not an evil. A 
fevere illnefs, attended with the moll acute 
pains obliged him to renounce his principles, 
and at the fame time the philofophy of the 
ftoics, 2bout 264 years before the Chriftian era. 
He became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic 
fcdl, which placed the fummum honum in plea- 
fure. He wrote fome poetry, and chiefly trea¬ 
dles of philofophy. j Diog. in n>it. 

HeraclIo/T, the defcendaiits of Hercu¬ 
les 








tes, greatly celebrated in ancient Kiftory. 
Hercules at his death left to his fon Hyllus 
all the rights and claims which he had upon 
the Peloponnefus,. and permitted him to 
marry lole, as foon as he came of age. The 
poftertty of Hercules were not more kindly 
treated by Euryitheus, than their father had 
been, and they were obliged to retire for 
protection to the court of Ceyx, king of 
Trachinia. Euryitheus purfued them thi¬ 
ther ; and Ceyx, afraid of his refentment, 
begged the Heraclidse to depart from his 
dominions. From Trachinia they came to 
Athens, where Thefeus tire king of the 
country, who had accompanied their father 
in fome of his expeditions, received them 
with great humanity, and aflifted them 
againlt their common enemy, Euryitheus. 
Euryitheus was killed by the hand of Hyllus 
himlelf, and his children perilhed with him, 
and all the cities of the Peloponnefus became 
the undisputed property of the Heraclidae. 
Their triumph, however, was (hort, their 
numbers were leflened by a peftilence, and 
the oracle informed them that they had taken 
polfeffion of the Peloponnefus before the gods 
permitted their return. Upon this they aban¬ 
doned Peloponnefus, and came to fettle in the 
territories of the Athenians, where Hyllus, 
obedient to his father’s commands, married 
lole the daughter of Eurytus. Soon after he 
conlulted the oracle, anxious to recover the 
Peloponnefus, and the ambiguity of the anfwer 
determined him to nrake a iecond attempt, 
lie challenged to fingle combat Atreus, the 
fuccefibr of Euryftheus in the throne of My- 
ceme, and it was mutually agreed that the 
undiGurbed poflelTion of the Peloponnefus 
ihould be ceded to whofoever defeated his 
adverfary. Echemus accepted the challenge 
for Atreus, and Hyllus was killed, and the 
HeraclidiE a Iecond time departed from Pelo- 
ponneftis. Cleodaeus the lbn of Hyllus, made 
a third attempt, and was equally unfuccefsful, 
and his fon AriftomaclfliS'. fome time after met 
with the lame unfavorable reception and 
perilhed in the field of battle. Ariftodemus 
Temenus, and Chrefphontes, the three Tons of 
Ariftomachus, encouraged by the more ex- 
prtHIive and lefs ambiguous word of an oracle, 
and defirous to revenge the death of their pro¬ 
genitors, afiTembled a numerous force, and with 
a fleet invaded all Peloponnefus. Their expe¬ 
dition was attended with fuccefs, and after 
fome decifive battles they became mafters of 
all the peuinfula, which they divided among 
themfelves two years after. The recovery 
of the Peloponnefus by the defendants of 
Hercules forms an interefting epoch in an¬ 
cient hiftory, which is univerfally believed 
to have happened 80 years after the Trojan 
war, or 1104 years before the Chriltian era. 
This conqueft was totally atchieved about iao 
years after die firfl; attempt of Hyllus. Apollod. 
2, c. 7, &<?.— Hevodot. 9, c, 2$.— Pauf. 1, c. 17. 


-a -Paten. 1 , C. t.z—Ciem'ent. Alex. Strom. l.~*~ 
Thucyd. I, c. 12 , See .— Died, I, Sec. — -Arijlot. 
de Rep. 7, c. 26. 

HicraclTdes, a philofopher of Heraclea 
in Pontus, for fome time difciple of Seufip- 
V>us and Ariftotle. He wilhed it to be be¬ 
lieved that he was carried into heaven the 
very day of his death, and the more firmly 
to render it credible, he begged one of his 
friends to put a forpeut in his bed. The 
-ferpent dilappointed nim, and the noife which 
the number of vifitors occafioned frightened 
him from the bed, before the philofopher had 
expired. He lived about 335 years before the 
' Chriltian era. Cic.Tufc 5, ad Quint. 3-— 1 

Diog. in Pyth. - An hiftorian of Pont us lur- 

named I.embus, who florifhed B. C. 17 7. -- 

A man who, after the retreat of Diony fins the 
Younger from Sicily, railed cabals agajnft Dion, 
in whole hands the Sovereign power was lodged. 
He was put to death by Dion’s order. G. Nep~ 

in Dion. - A youth of Syracufe in the battle 

in which Nicias was defeated.-A fon of 

Agathocles.-A man placed over a garrilbn 

at Athens by Demetrius.-A fophift of 

Lycia, who opened a fchool at Smyrna in the 

age of the emperor Severus,---A painter of 

Macedonia in the reign of king Perleus.- 

An architect of Tarentum, intimate with Phi¬ 
lip king of Macedonia. He fled to Rhodes on 
pretence of a quarrel with Philip, and fet fire 

to the Rhodian fleet. Polyan. -A man of 

Alexandria. 

Heraclitus, a celebrated Greek philo¬ 
fopher of Ephefus, who florilhed about 500 
years before the Chriftian era. His father’s 
name was Hyfon, or Heracion. Naturally of 
a melancholy difpofition, he palled his time in a 
folitary and unfocial manner, and received the 
appellation of the obfeure philofopher, and the 
mourner,, from his unconquerable cultom of 
weeping at the follies, frailty, and vicifiitude of 
human affairs. He employed his time in 
writing different treaties, and one particularly, 
in which he fupported that there was a fatal 
necefiity, and that the world was created from 
fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent and 
omnilcient. His opinions about the origin of 
things were adopted by the Stoics, and Hippo¬ 
crates entertained the fame notions of a 
lupreme power. Heraclitus deferves the ap¬ 
pellation of man-hater for the rufticity with 
which he anfwered the polite invitations of 
Darius king of Perfia. To remove himfelf 
totally from the fociety of mankind he retired 
to the mountains where for fome time he fed 
on grafs in .common with the wild inhabitants 
of the place. Such a diet was foon productive 
of a droplical complaint, and the philofopher 
condefcended to re-vifit the town. The enig-* 
matical manner in which he confulted the phy¬ 
sicians made his appliqations unintelligible, and 
he was left to depend for cure only upon him¬ 
lelf. He fixed his refiefence on a dunghill, in 
hope 3 that the continual warmth which pro- 
8 ceeded 





•seeded from it might diflipate the watery accu¬ 
mulation and reftore him to the enjoyment of 
his former health. Such a remedy proved 
inefife£tual,and the philofopher, defpairing of a 
cure by. the application of ox-dung, fuffered 
himlelf to die in the 6oth year of his age. 
Some fay that he was torn to pieces by dogs. 

JDia*.. in •vita.—Clem. Alex. Sir. 5.-A 

lyric poet.-A writer of Haficarnalfus, in¬ 

timate with Callimachus. He was remarkable 

for the elegance of his ftyle.-A native of 

L.e(bos, who wrote an hitiory of Macedonia. 

- . - A writer of Sicyon, &c. Pint. 

HERACLius,a river of preece. Pan/, to, 

c. 37.-A brother of Conitantine, Sec. - 

A Roman empero*, &c. 

Herjea, a town of Arcadia. - Feftivals 

at Argos in honor of Juno, who was the 
patronels of that city. They were alto ob- 
l'erved by the colonies of the Argives which 
bad been planted at Samos and uEgina. 

. There were always two proceffions to the 
temple of the goddefs Without the city walls. 
The firft was of the men in armour, the 
fecond of the women, among whom the 
priefleis, a woman of the fir ft quality, was 
drawn in a chariot by white oxen. The 
Argives always reckoned their years from 
her priefthood, as the Athenians from their 
archons, and the Romans from their confuls. 
When they came to the temple of the goddefs 
they offered a hetacomb of oxen. Hence the 
facrifice is often called ixu.rojjc.tia. and l'ome- 
times &<£{{»«,from Xtx°s a bed , becaufe Juno 
prefided over marriage, births, &c. There was 
a feftival Of the fame name in Elis, celebrated 
every fifth year, jn which fixteen matrons.wov „> 

a garment for the goddefs.-- 1 here were 

alfo others inftituted by Hippodamia, who had 
received afliftance from Juno when (lie married 
Pelops. Sixteen matrons,each attended by a 
maid, prefided at the celebration. The con¬ 
tenders were young virgins, who being divided 
in claffes, according to their age, ran races each 
in their order, beginning with the yottngeft. 
The habit of all was exa£Hv the lame, their 
hair was dilhevelled, and their right ihoulder 
bare to the breaft, with coats reaching no 
lower than the knee. She who obtained the 
vi&ory was rewarded with crowns of olives, 
and obtained a part of the ox that was offered 
in facrifice, and was permitted to dedicate 

her picture to the goddefs.-There was alfo 

a folemn day of mourning at Corinth which 
bore, the fame name, in commemoration of 
Medea’s children, who were buried in Juno’s 
temple. They had been (lain by the Corin¬ 
thians ; who, as it is reported, to avert the 
fcandal which accompanied fo barbarous a mur¬ 
der, prefented Euripides with a large fum of 
money to write a play, in which Medea is re- 

jprefented as the murderer of her children.- 

Another feftival of the fame name at Pallene, 
with games in which th* vittpr was rewarded 
a garment.. 


Hf.r.t.i mon'Tes, a chain of mountains at 
the north of Sicily. Diod. 14. 

Heujeum, a temple and grove of Jim®, 

fituate between Argos and Mycenae. -A 

town of Thrace. 

Herbes-sus, a town ©f Sicily at the north 
of Agrigentum, built •by a Phoenician or Car¬ 
thaginian colony. Sil. 14, v. 265, 

Herbita, an inland town of Sicily. 

Veir. 2, c. 64. 1 . 3,c. 32. 

Herceios, an epithet given to Jupiter, 
Ovid. Ib. 286.— Lucan. 9 > V. 979 * 

Hercolanea via, a mound raifed be¬ 
tween the Lucrinelake and the fea, called all© 
Herculeum iter . Sil. 12, V. II8- 

Herculaneum, a town of Campania 
fwaliowed up,- with Pompeii, by an earth¬ 
quake, produced from an eruption of mount 
Veluviu-, Auguft 24th, A. D. 79, in the 
reign of Titus. After being buried under the 
lava for more than 1600 years, thele tamous 
cities were difcovered in the beginning of the 
prelent century ; Herculaneum in 1713, about 
34 feet under ground, by laborers digging for a 
well, and Pompeii 40 years after, about 12 feet 
below the ffurface, and from the houfes and 
the ftreets, which in a great meafure remain 
dill perfeif, have been drawn bulls, ft a lues, 
mauulcripts, paintings, and utenfils, which do 
not a little contribute to enlarge our notions 
concerning the ancients, and develope many 
claftical obfeurities. The valuable antiquities* 
fo miraculoufly recovered, are preferved in the 
mufeum of Portia, a fmall town in the neigh¬ 
bourhood, and the engravings, &c. ably taken 
from them have bean munificently prefented 
to the different learned bodies of Europe. 
Seneca. Mat. Q. 6, C. I & 26.— Cic. Att. 7, 
ep. 3. — Mela> 2, c. 4. — Paterc. 2, c. 16. 

Hercules, a celebrated hero, who, after 
death, was ranked among the gods, and 
received divine honors. According to the 
ancients there were many perfons of the lame 
name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero fix, 
and fome authors extend the number to no 
lefs than forty-three. Of all thefe the fon of 
jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the 
Theban, is the molt celebrated, and to him 
as may eafily be imagined, the actions of the 
others have beeu attributed. The birrh of 
Hercules was attended with many miracu¬ 
lous and fuperraturalevents; and it is repott¬ 
ed that Jupiter, who introduced himfelf to 
the bed of Alcmena, was employed for three 
nights in forming a child whom he intended 
to be the greateft hero the world ever beheld. 
[ Vid. Alcmena.] Hercules was brought up at 
i'irynthus; or, according to Diodorus, at 
Thebes, and before he had completed his eighth 
month, the jealonfy of Juno, intent upon his 
deftrudtion, fent two fnakes to devour him. 
The child, not terrified at the fight of the fei- 
pents, boldly feized them in both his hands 
and fqueezedthepi to death, while his brother 
Iphiclus alarmed the houfe with his frightful 

ihrfeks 







HE 


HE 


Ihrieks. Iphielus ] He was early in- 

ft rutted in the liberal arts, and Caftor the Ton 
of Tyntfarus, taught him how to fight. Eurytus 
hovr to {hoot with a bow and arrows, Autolycus 
to drive a chariot, Linus to play on the lyre, 
and Eumolpus to fing. He, like the reft of 
his illuftrious contemporaries, foon after be 
came the pupil of the centaur Chiron, and un¬ 
der him he perfected and rendered himfelf the 
melt valiant and accomplilhed of the age. In 
the 18th year of his age he refolved to deliver 
the neighbourhood of mount Cithseroii from a 
huge lion which preyed on the flocks of Am¬ 
phitryon, his fuppoled father ; and which laid 
wade the adjacent country. He went to the 
court of '1 hefpius, king ©f Thelpis, who 
lhared in the general calamity, and he re¬ 
ceived there a tender treatment, and was en¬ 
tertained during fifty days. The fifty daugh¬ 
ters of the king became all mothers by Her¬ 
cules, during his liny at Thelpis, and lbme 
fay that it was effected in one night. After he 
had dedroyed the lion of mount Cithaeron, he j 
delivered his country from the annual tribute | 
of an hundred oxen which it paid to Ergimts. 

[ Vid. Erginus.] Such public fervices became 
univerfally knoWri, and Creon, who then lat 
on the throne of Thebes, rewarded the patri¬ 
otic deeds of Hercules by giving him his daugh¬ 
ter in marriage, and entrufting him with the 
government of his kingdom. As-Heicules l y 
the will of Jupiter was fuhjetted to die power 
of Euryftheus, \ Vul. Euryftheus,] and obliged 
to obey him in every refpett, Euryftheus, 
acquainted with his iucceftes and riling power, j 
ordered him to appear at Mycenae and perform 
the labors which by priority of birth he was 
empowered to impofe upon him. Elercules i 
fefufed, and Juno, to punifh his difobediepce, 
rendered him to delirious that he killed his j 
own children by Megnra, fupnofing them to j 
he the offspring ofEuryfthetis. [T^id. Megara.] i 
When he recovered the ufe of his fenfes, he | 
was fo llruck with the misfortunes- which had 
proceeded from hi* infanity, that he concealed I 
iiitnftlf and retired from the lociety of men j 
tor feme- time. He afterwards conlulted the j 
oracle of Apollo, and was told that he muff be 
fubfervieijt for twelve years to die will of | 
Euryftheus, in compliance with the commands | 
of Jupiter; and that after he had atchieved 
the moll celebrated labors be fliould be reck¬ 
oned in the number of the gods. So plain and 
exprefiiye an anlwer determined him to go to ! 
Mycenae, and to bear with fortitude whatever j 
gods or men impoTed upon him. Euryftheus j 
teeing io great a man totally fuhjetted to him, I 
and apprehenfive of lb powerful an enemy, 
cimmanded him' to atchieve a number of en¬ 
terprises the moft difficult and arduous ever 
known, generally called the iz labors of Her¬ 
cules. The favors of the gods had completely 
armed him when he undertook his labors. He { 
had received a coat of arms and helmet from 
Minerva, a lwerd from Mercury, a horle from 


Neptune, a fiiield from Jupiter, a bow and 
arrows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden 
LCiurafsand brazen bulkin, with a celebrated 
club of brafs according to the opinion of fome 
writers, but more generally fuppofed to be of 
wood, and cut by the hero himfelf In the foreft 

of Netnrea.-The firft labor impofed upon 

Hercules by Euryftheus, was to kill the lion 
of Nemsea, which ravaged the country near 
Mycena?. The hero unable to defttoy him 
with his arrows, boldly attacked him with his 
club, purlued him to his den, and after a clofe 
and lharp engagement he choaked him to death. 
Hr carried the dead bead oh his (boulders to 
Mycenae, and eVer after clothed himfelf with 
the lkin. Euryftheus was lb aftoniihed at the 
fight of the bead, and at the courage of Her¬ 
cules, that he ordered him never to enter the 
gates of the city when he returned from his 
expeditions,bilt to wait for his orders without 
the walls. He even made himfelf a brazen 
•veffel lino which he retired whenever Hercules 

returned.-The fecond labor of Hercules 

was to deftroy the Lernaeart hydra, which had 
feveii heads according to Apollodorus, 50 
according to Simbnides, and 100 according t® 
Diodorus. This celebrated ■ monfter he at¬ 
tacked with his arrows, and loon after he camfc 
to a clofe engagement, and by means of his 
heavy club he deftroyed the heads of his 
enemy. But this was productive of no advan¬ 
tage, for as foon *s one head was beaten ta 
pieces by the club, immediately two fprang up, 
and the labor of Hercules would have remained 
unfinifhed had he not commanded his friend 
Iolas to burn, with a hot iron, the root of 
the head which he had crufhdd to pieces. 
This lucceeded, [Fid. Hydra,] and Hercules 
become victorious, opened the belly of the 
monfter, and dipped his arrows in the gall to 
render the wounds which he gave fatal and in¬ 
curable.-He was ordered in this third labor 

to bring alive and unhurt into the. prefence of 
Euryftheus, a ftag, famous for its incredible 
lvviftnefs, its golden horns, and brazen feej;. 
This celebrated -animal frequented the neighs 
bourhood of CEnoe, and Hercules was em 
ployed for a whole year in continually pur- 
luing it, and at lnft he caught it in a trap, or 
when tired, or according to ethers by (lightly 
wounding it and leflening its fwiftnefs. As he 
returned victorious, Diana (hatched the goat 
from him, and ieverely reprimanded him for 
molefting an animal which was facred to her. 
Hercules pleaded neceffity, and by represent¬ 
ing the commands of Euryftheus, he appealed 

the goddefs and obtained the beaft.- 

The fourth labor was to bring "alive to Eu¬ 
ryftheus a wild boar which ravaged the neigh¬ 
bourhood of Erymanthus. In this expedition 
he deftroyed the centaurs,' Centauri.J 
and caught the boar by clofely purfuing him. 
through the deep fnovv. Euryftheus was J® 
frightened at the fight of the boar, that, ac¬ 
cording to Diodorus,he hid himfelfin his bra- 

ten 









ken vefiel fat Tome days.-In his fifth labor 

Hercules was ordered to clean the ftables of 
Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined 

for many years. { Fid. Augias.]-For his 

fixth labor he was ordered to kill the carni¬ 
vorous birds which ravaged the couutry 
Hear the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia [Fid. 

Stymphalis.]-In his feventh labor he 

brought alive into Peloponnefus a prodigious 
wild bull which laid vvafte the ifland of Crete. 

-In his eighth lahor he -was employed in 

obtaining the mares of Diomedes, which fed 
Upon human flefli. He killed Diomedes, and 
gave him to be eaten by his mares, which he 
brought to Euryflheus. They were lent to 
mount Olympus by the king of Mycenae, 
where they were devoured by the wild beads ; 
or, according to others, they were conlecra,ted 
to Jupiter^and their breed dill exilled in the 
age of Alexander the Great. ->—For his ninth 
labor, he was commanded to obtain the girdie 
of the queen of the Amazons. [ Fid. Hippo- 
lyte.]-In his tenth labor t)e killed tire mon¬ 

ger Geryon, king of Gadcs, and brought to 
Argos his numerous flocks which fed upon 

human flelh. [Fid. Geryon.]-The eleventh 

labor was to obtain apples from the garden of 

the Hefperides. [Fid. Helperides.]-The 

twelfth and lad, and molt dangerous of his, 
labors, was to bring upon earth the three 
headed dog Cerberus. . This was cheerfully 
undertaken by Hercules, and he delcended 
into hell by a cave on mount Tsenarus. He 
was permitted by Pluto to carry away his 
friends Thefeus and Pirithous, who were con¬ 
demned to punilhment in hell ; and Cerberus 
alfo was granted to his prayers, provided he 
made ufe of no arms but only force to drag 
• him away. Hercules, as feme report, carried 
him back to kll, after he had brought him 

before Euryflheus.--Bcfides thel'e arduous 

labors, which the jealoufy of Euryflheus im- 
pofed upon him, he all'o atchieved others ol 
his own accorjl equally great and celebrated. 
{ Fid. Cacus, Antaeus, Bufiris, Eryx, &c.] He 
accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis before 
he delivered limfelf up to the king of My¬ 
cenae. He affifted the gods in their wars 
againft the giants, and it was through him alone 
that Jupiter obtained a vi&ory. [Fid. Gi- 
gantes.] He conquered I.aomedon, and pil¬ 
laged I roy. [Fid. Laomedon.] When lole, 
the daughter of Eurytus, king of CEchalia, of 
whom he was deeply enamoured, was refufed 
to his entreaties, he became the prey of a fe- 
cond fit of infanity, and he murdered Iphitus, 
the only one of the Tons of Eurytus who fa¬ 
vored his addrefies to lole. [Fid. Iphitus.] 
He was fome time after purified of the mur¬ 
der, and his infanity ceaied ; but the gods per¬ 
fected him more, and he was vifited by a 
diforder which obliged him to apply to the 
oracle cf Delphi for relief. The coldnefs 
with which the Pythia received him irritated 
kirn, and he refolved to plundejr Apollo’s tem¬ 


ple, and carry away the facred tripod. Apollo 
oppofed him, and a levere conflict was begun, 
which nothing but the interference ©f Jupiter 
with hi? thunderbolts could have prevented. 
He was upon this tolH by the oracle that he 
mull be fold as a Have, and remain three 
years in the moft abje& fervitude to recover 
from his dil'order. H e complied ; and Mer¬ 
cury, by order of Jupiter, condu&ed him to 
Omphale queen of Lydia, to whom he was 
fold as a (lave. Here he cleared all the coun¬ 
try from robbers; and Omphale, who was 
aftonifhed at the greatnels of his exploits, 
reflored him to liberty, and married him. 
Hercules had Agelaus, and Lamon according 
to others, by Omphale,from whom Crcefus king 
of Lydia was defeended. He became alia, 
enamoured of one of Otnphale’s female fer- 
vants, by whom he had Alceus. After he 
had completed the years of his {Every, he re¬ 
turned to Peloponnefus, where he re-efta- 
bliflied on the throne of Sparta, Tyndarus, 
who had been expelled by Hippocoon. He 
became one ofDejanira’s fuitors, and married 
her after he had overcome all his rivals. 

[ Fid. Acheious.] He was obliged to leave 
Calydon, his father-in law’s kingdom, becaule 
he had inadvertently killed a man with a blow 
of his fift, and it was on account of this ex- 
pulfioti that he was not prefent at the hunt¬ 
ing of the Calydonian bpar. From Calydon h& 
retired to the court of Ceyx, king of Trachi- 
nia. In his way he was flopped by the fvvol- 
len Itreams. of the Evenus, where the centaur 
Ncflus attempted to offer violence to Deja- 
nira, under the perfidious pretence of con¬ 
veying her over the river. Hercules perceiv¬ 
ed the diftrefs of Dej.mira, and killed the 
centaur, who as he expired gave her a tunic, 
which as he obferved had the power of recall¬ 
ing a liufband from uijdawful love. [Fid. De- 
janira.] Ceyx, king of Trachinia, received him 
and his wife vvnh great marks of friendfliip 
and purified him of the murder which he had 
committed at Calydon. Hercules was (fill 
mindful that he had once been Wyfed the 
hand of lole, he therefore made war againft 
her father Eurytus, and killed him with three 
of his fons. lole fell into the hands of her 
father’s murderer,and found that fhe was loved 
by Hercules as much as before. She-,accom¬ 
panied him to mount CEta, where he was go¬ 
ing to raife an altar and offer a folemn l’acri- 
fice to Jupiter. As he had not then the tu*. 
nic in which lie arrayed himfelf to offer a la* 
orifice, he lent Lidias to Dejanh-a in order to 
provide himlelf a proper drels. Dejanira, 
informed of her huiband’s tender attachment 
to lole, lent him a philter, or more probably 
the tunic which (he had received from NqIiTis, 
and Hercules as Ibon as he bad put it on fell 
into a defperate diltcmper, and found the poi- 
fon of thp Lernsenn hydra penetrate through 
his bones. He attempted.to pull off tiie fatal 
drels, but it was too late, and in the audit of 
Z his 









HE 


HE 


his pains and tortures he inveighed in the moft 
bitter imprecations againft the credulous Deja- 
nira, the cruelty of Euryftheus, and the jea- 
loufy and hatred of Juno. As the difiemper 
was incurable, he implored the protedtion of 
Jupiter, and gave his bow and arrows to Pni- 
lodietes, and eredled a large burning pile on 
the top of mount CEta. He fpread on the 
pile the lkin of the Nemtean lion, and laid 
himfelf down upon it as on a bed, leaning his 
head on his club. Philoftetes, or according 
to others, Pxan or Hyllus, was ordered to let 
fire to the pile, and the hero law himfelf on a 
fudden furrour.ded with the flames, without 
betraying any marks of fear or aftonifhment. 
Jupiter law him from heaven, and told to the 
furrounding gods that he would raife to the 
ficies the immortal parts of a hero who had 
cleared the earth from fo many monfters and 
tyrants. The gods applauded Jupiter’s relo- 
lutioa,the burning pile was fuddenly furround- 
ed with a dark fmoke, and after the mortal 
parts of' Hercules were confirmed, he was car¬ 
ried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by four 
horles. Some loud claps of thunder accom¬ 
panied his elevation, and his friends, unable to 
find either his bones or allies, Ihewed their 
gratitude to his memory by railing an altar 
where the burning pile had Hood. Mepcetius, 
the Ion of Ad'tor, offered him a facrifice of a 
bull, a wild boar, and a goat, and enjoined the 
people of Opus yearly to obferve the fame re¬ 
ligious ceremonies. His worlhip foon became 
as univerfal as his fame, and Juno, who had 
once perfecuted him with l'uch inveterate fury, 
forgot her refentment, and gave him her 
daughter Hebe in marriage. Hercules has 
received many furnames and epithets, either 
from the place where his Worlhip was efia- 
bliflied, or from the labors which he atchieved. 
His temples Were numerous and magnificent, 
and his divinity revered. No dogs or flies 
ever entered his temple at Rome, and that of 
Cfades, according to Strabo, was always for¬ 
bidden to worhen and pigs The Phoenicians 
offered quails on his altars, and as it was flip- 
pofed that be prelided over dreams, the lick 
arid iqfirm Were fent to fleep in his temnles, 
that they might receive in their dreams the 
agreeable prefages of their approaching re¬ 
covery. The white poplar was particularly 
dedicated to his fervice. Hercules is generally 
reprefented naked, with firong and well pro¬ 
portioned'limbs, he is fometimes covered with 
the lkin of the Nemsean lion, and holds a 
knotted club in his hand, on which he often 
leans. Sometimes he appears crowned with 
the leaves of the poplar, and holding the horn 
of plenty under his arm. At other times he is 
reprefented Handing with Cupid, who inlolently 
breaks to pieces his arrows and his club, to in¬ 
timate the paflion of love in the hero, who dif¬ 
fered himfelf to be beaten and ridiculed bv 
Omphale, who dreffed herfeif in his armou 
while he was fitting to inm with her lemal 


fervants. The children of Hercules are as 
numerous as the labors and difficulties which he 
underwent, and indeed they became fo power¬ 
ful loon after his death, that they alone had the 
courage to invade all Peloponnefus. {Fid. He- 
raclidie.) He was father of Deicoon and The- 
rimachus, by Megara ; of Gtefippus, by Afiy- 
damia ; of Palemon, by Autonoe ; of Everes, 
by Parthenc pe ; of Glycilonetes, Gyneus* and 
Odites, by Dejanira; of Theffallis, by Chal- 
ciope ; of TheHalus, by EpicaHe ; of Tlepole- 
mus, by AHyoche; of Agathyrfus, Gelon, and 
Scytlia, by Echidna, &c. Such are the moH 
finking chara&erifiics of the life of Hercules, 
who is faid to have fupported for a while the 
weight of the heavens upon hisfhoulders, ( Fid 1 . 
Atlas.) and to have feparated by the force of 
his arm the celebrated mountains which were 
afterwards called the boundaries of his labors. 
{Fid. Abyla.) He is held out by the ancients 
as a true pattern of virtue and piety, and as his 
whole life had been employed for the common 
benefit of mankind, he was delervedly reward¬ 
ed with immortality. His judicious choice of 
virtue in preference to plealure, as defcribed 
by Xenophon, is well known. Diod. i & 4.— 
Cic. de Nat. D. I, &c.— Apollod. I & 2.— 
Pavf. 1 . 3, 5, 9, & IO Hejiod. in Scut. Here. 
&c.— Hygin. fab. 29, 32, occ. — Ovid. Met. 9, 
v. 236, See. Her. 9. Amor. Trijl, dec.— Ho¬ 
mer. II. 8, See. — Theocrit. 24.— Eurip. in Here. 
— Virg. JEn. 8, V. 294.— Lucan. 3 & 6.— 
Apollon. 2 •—Dlonyf Hal. I.— Sophocl. in Tta- 
chin. — Pint, in Amphit. — Senet. in Herc.fu- 
rent. iff (Et. — Plm. 4, C. 6, k II, &c.— Phi- 
lojlr. Icon. 2, C- 5.— Herodot. I, c. 7. 1 . 2-, C. 42. 
See. — Quint. Smyrn. 6, v. 207, See. — Callim. 
Hymn, in Dian. — Pindar. Olywp, od. 3. — ltal. 
I, V. 438.— Stat. 2. Tbeb. v. 564.— Mela, 2,. 
c. I.— Lucian. Dial. — Lailant. $efalf. Pel .— 
Strab. 3,&c. — Horat. Od. Sat. See. —1— A ion 

of Alexander the Great.--A furname of the 

emperor Commodus, See. 

Hep.cui.f.um, a promontory in the country 

of the Brutii.--Fretum, a name given to the 

firait which forms a communication between 
the Atlantic and Mediterranean. 

Herculeus, one of Agrippina’s murde¬ 
rers. Tacit. Ann. 1 4, c. 8. 

Hercufeus Lacus, a lake of Sicily. 
Hekcufis Cofumnje, two lofty moun¬ 
tains, iituate one on the mofi fouthern extre¬ 
mities of Spain, and the other on the oppofite 
partof Africa. They were called by the an- 
clenrs Abyla and Calpc. They are reckoned 
the boundaries of the labors of Hercules, and 
according to ancient tradition they were joined 
together till they were fevered by the arm of 
the hero, and a communication opened between 
the Mediterranean and Atlantic feas. Dionyf. 
Perieg. — 6 / 7 . I, V. I42 .—Mela, I, c. 3. 1 . 2, 

c. 0.— Plin. 3, c. 1.-Monosci Portus, now 

Monaco , a port town of Genoa. Tacit. II. 3, c, 
42. — Lucan. I, v. 405.— Firg. JEn. 6, V. 830. 

-Labronis vet Liburni Portus, a lea port 

tow a 










HE 


town, now Leghorn.-r~~ —'Promontorium,a cape 
at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian fea, now 
Bpartivento .-Infula?, two iilands near Sar¬ 

dinia. Plin. 3, c. 7.——Portus, a fea port of 

the Brutii, on the weftern coaft.-Lucus, a 

wood in Germany facred to Hercules. Tacit. 

A. 2,c. 12. - A fmall ifland on the coaft of 

Spain, called alfo Scombrariay from the tunny 
fiih ( Scombros ) caught there. Stral>. 3 

H ercyna, a nymph who accompanied 
Ceres as lhe travelled over the world. A 
river of Bceotia bore her name. Pauf. 9, 
c- 39 - 

HercyMia, a celebrated foreft of Ger¬ 
many, which, according to Cadar, required 
nine days journey to crofs it; and which on 
fome parts was found without any boundaries, 
though travelled over.for fixty daysfucceflively. 
It contained the modern countries of Switzer¬ 
land, Bafil, Spires, Tranlylvania, and a great 
part of Ruffia. In length of time the trees 
were rooted up, and when population increafed 
the greateft part of it was made inhabitable. 
Caf. Bell. G. 6, C. 24. — Mela. — Liv. 5, c. 
54. — Tacit. G. 30. 

Herdokia, a fmall town of Apulia between 
the rivers Aufidus and Cerbalus. Ital. I, 
v. 568. 

Herdonius, a man put to death by Tar- 
quin, becaufe he had boldly fpoken againft him 
in an afiembly, &c. 

Herea, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, 
the bottom of which was watered by the Al- 
pheus. It was built by Hereus the fon of 
Lycaon, and was faid to produce a wine pof- 
fefled of fuch unufual properties, as to give 
fecundity to women, and caufe madnefs in men. 
JElian. V. H. 13, c. 6.— Plin. 14, C. 18.— 
Pauf 8 ,C. 24.— Ptol. 3, c. 16. 

Herennius Scnkcio, a Roman hiftorian 

under -Domitian. Tacit. Agric. 2, &c.- 

An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pompey, 

&c. Plat. -A centurion lent in purfuit of 

Cicero by Antony. He cut off" the orator’s 

head. Plut. in Cic. -Cains, a man to whom 

Cicero dedicates his hook tie Bbetoricd, a work 

attributed by fome to Cornificius.-A Sam- 

nite general, &c.-Philo, a Phoenician who 

wrote a book on Adrian’s reign. He alfo 
compofed a treadle divided into 12 parts, con¬ 
cerning the choice of books, &c. 

Hereus, a fon of JLycaon, who founded 
a city in Arcadia, called Herea. Pauf. 8 , 
c. 24. 

Herillus, a phiiofopher of Chalcedon, 
dilcipleto Zeno. Diog. 

Herifus, a king of Pnenefte, fon of the 
nymph Feronia. As he had three lives, he 
was killed three times by Eva nder. Virg. 
JEn. 8, v. 563. 

Hermachus, a native of Mitylene, fuc- 
ceflor and dilciple of Epicurus, B. C. 267. 

Hermje, ftatues of Mercury in the city of 
Athens. Cic. ad Att. 1, ep. 4 & 8 .— C. Nep. 
M Aleti . " ■ - Two youths who attended thgfe 


HE 

who confulted the oracle of Trophornus. 
Pauf 9, c. 39. 

Hermjea, a feftivnl in Crete, when the 
mafters waited upon the fervants. It was 
alfo obferved at Athens and Babylon. Pauf, 
8, c. 14. 

Herma:um, a town of Arcadia.-A pro* 

montory at the eaft of Carthage, the moft nor¬ 
thern point of all Africa, now cape Bon. Lin, 
29, c. 27.— Strab. 17. 

Hermagoras Bolides, a famous rhe¬ 
torician, who came to Rome in the age of 

Auguftus.-A phiiofopher of Amphipolis* 

— - A famous orator and phiiofopher. 

Hermandica, a town of the Vaccad in 
Spain. Liv. 21, c. 5.— Polyb. 3. 

Hermanduki, a people of Germany, 
called alfo Hermunduri. 

Hermanni, a people of Germany. 

HervaphrodTtus, a fon of Venus and 
Mercury, educated on mount Ida by the 
Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel 
to gratify his curiofity. When he came to 
Cjiria, he bathed himfelf in a fountain, and 
Salmacis, the nymph who prefided over it, 
became enamoured of him and attempted t'' 
ieduce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf 
to all entreaties and offers; and Salmacis en¬ 
deavouring to obtain by force what was denied 
to prayers, clofely embraced him, and entreated 
the gods to make them two but one body. 
Her prayers were heard, and Salmacis and 
Hermaphroditus, new two in one body, Hill 
preferved the chara&eriftics of both their 
fexes. Hermaphroditus begged the gods that 
all who bathed in that fountain might become 
effeminate. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 347.-— Hygin. 
lab. 271. 

Her mas, an ancient father of the church, 
in or near the age of the apoftles. 

Hermathena, a ffatue which reprefented 
Mercury and Minerva in the lame body. 
This ftatue was generally placed in fchools 
where eloquence and philofophy were taught, 
becaufe thele two deities prefided over the arts 
and fciences. 

Hermeas, a tyrant of Myfia who revolted 

from Artaxerxes Ochus, B. C. 350.-A 

general of Antiochus, &c. 

Hermeias, a native of Methymna who 
wrote an hiftory of Sicily. 

Hermes, the name of Mercury among the 

Greeks. [Tid. Mercurius.]-A famous 

gladiator. Martial. 5, ep. 25.-An Egyp¬ 

tian phiiofopher. Vid. Mercurius Trifmegiftus. 

HermesiXnax, an elegiac poet of Colo¬ 
phon, fon of Agoneus. He was publicly ho¬ 
nored with a ftatue. Pauf. 6, c. 17.-A 

native of Cyprus who wrote an hiftory of 
Phrygia. Plut, 

HermTas, a Galatian phiiofopher in the 
fecond century. His irrifo pbilofopLorutn 
gentiJium, was printed with Juftin Martyr’s 
works, fol. Paris 1615 & 1636, and with the 
Oxford edition of Tatian, 8vo. 1700. 

Za 


Her* 









HE 


HE 


Herminius, a general of the Hermann! 

&c.-A Roman who defended a bridge 

with Codes againft the army of Porfenna. 

Liv. 2, c. io.- --A Trojan killed by Ca- 

tilhis in the Rutulian war. Vi g. JEn. n, 
v. 64 a. 

Hermione, a daughter of Mars and Ve¬ 
nus, who married Cadmus. '1 he gods, ex¬ 
cept Juno, honored her nuptials with their 
prefence, and (he received, as a present, a rich 
veil and a fplerrdid necklace which had been 
made by Vulcan. She was changed into a 
Terpent with her hufband Cadmus, and pla¬ 
ced in the Elyfian fields, [Vid. Harmonia.] 

Apollod. J.— Ovid. JXIet. 4, fab. 13.-A 

daughter or Menelaus and Helen. She was 
privately promifed in marriage to Oreftes the 
ion of Agamemnon ; but her father, ignorant 
of this pre-engagement, gave her hand to 
Pyrrhus the fori of Achilles, whole fervices he 
had experienced in the Trojan war. Pyrrhus, 
at bis return from Troy, carried home Her- 
mione and married her. Hermione, tenderly 
attached to her coufin Oreftes, looked upon 
Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. Ac¬ 
cording to others, however, Hermione received 
the addreflls of Pyrrhus with pleafure, and 
even reproached Andromache, his concubine, 
with (leafing his affedlions from her. Her jea- 
loufy for Andromache, according to fame, in¬ 
duced her to unite herfelf to Oreftes, and to 
deftroy Pyrrhus. She gave herfelf to Oreftes 
after this murder, and received the kingdom 
of Sparta as a dowry. Homer. Od. 4.— Ear ip. 
in Andr. Iff Orejl. — Ovid. Hcroid. 8.— Pro- 
pert. 1. • .-A town ofArgohs where Ceres 
had a famous temple. The inhabitants lived 
by filhing. The delcent to hell from their 
countrv was confidered lo fliort that no money, 
according, to the ufual right of burial, was put 
into the mouth of the dead to he paid to 
Charon for their pafTage. The fea on the 
neighbouring coaft was called Hermionicus 
jtnus. Plin. 4, c. 5. — Virg. in Ci> i. 472.— 
Strab. 8 . — Mda i 2, c. 3 . — Ptol. 3-, c. 16.— 
Favf.?., c.j4. 

Hersi-icnur, a city near the Riphrean 
mountains. Orph.in A/g. 

Hermionicus sinus, a bay on the coaft 
of Argolis near Hermione. Strap. 1 Sc 8. 

Hermivpus, a freed man, difciple of Philo, 
in the reign of Adrian, by whom he was 
greatly dfteemed. He wrote five books upon 

dreams.-A man who accufed Afpafia, the 

miftrefs of Pericles, of impiety and prostitu¬ 
tion. He was ion of Lyfis, and diftinguifhed 
himfelf as a poet by 40 theatrical pieces, and 
other compositions, fome of which are quoted 
hy Athenaius. Pint. ——A Peripatetic phi- 
lofopher of Smyrna who florilhed B. C. 
2X0. 

HermocrXtes, a general of Ryracufe, 
againft Nicias the Athenian. His lenity to¬ 
wards the Athenian prifoners was looked upon 
as treacherous. He was banifhed from Sicily 


without even a trial, and he was murdered as 
he attempted to return back to his country, 

B. C. 438.— Plut. in N:£. &c. -A fophift 

celebrated for his riling talents. He died in 
the 28th year, of his age, in the reign of the 

emperor Severus.-The father-in-law of 

£)ionyfius, tyrant of Sicily.-A Rhodian 

1 employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Gre¬ 
cian Hates, &c.-A fophift, preceptor to 

Paufanias the murderer of Philip. Died* 
16. 

Hermodorus, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato, 

-A philofopher of Ephefus, who is faid to 

have aflifted as interpreter, the Roman de¬ 
cemvirs in the compofition of the 10 tables of 
laws, which had been collected in Greece. 

Cic. Tufc. 5, c. 36.- Plin. 34, C. 5.-A 

native of Salamis contemporary with Philo 
the Athenian architect. Cic. in Orat . l,c. 14. 

-A poet who wrote a book called N opipa, 

on the laws of different nations. 

Hermogenes, an architeft of Alabanda 
in Caria, employed in building the temple of 
Diana at Magnefia. He wrote a book upon 

his profeflion.-A rhetorician in the fecond 

century, the beft editiOHS of whofe rhetorka 
are that of SturmiuS, 3 vols. l2mo. Argent. 
1571, and Laurentius, Genev. 1614. He died 
A. D. 161, and it is faid that his body was 
opened, and his heart found hairy and of an 
extraordinary lize. At tire age of 25, as is 

reported, he totally loft his memory,-A 

lawyer in the age of Diocletian.-A mufi- 

cian. Horat. 1. Sat. 3, v. 129.-A fophift 

ofTarfus, of fuch brilliant talents, that at 
the age of 15 he excited the attention and 
gained the jaatronage of the emperor M. An¬ 
toninus. 

Hermolaus, a young Macedonian among 
the attendants of Alexander. As he was <^ne 
day hunting with the king he killed a wild 
boar which was coming towards him. Alex¬ 
ander, who followed clofe behind him, was 
fo difappointed becaufe the beaft had been 
killed before he could' dart at it, that he or¬ 
dered Hermolaus to be feverely whipped. 
This treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he 
conlpired to take awav the king’s life, with 
others who were difpleafed with the cruel 
treatment he had received. The plot was 
difeovered by one of the confpirators, and 
Alexander feized them, and a(ked what had 
compelled them to confpire to take his life. 
Hermolaus anfvvered for the reft, and obferved 
that it was unworthy of Alexander to treat 
his mod faithful and attached friends like 
Haves, and to (hed their blood without the 
leaft mercy. Alexander ordered him to be 
put to death. Curt. 8, c. 6. 

Hermoi'Olis, two towns of Egypt, now 
AJhmunein and Demenbur. Plin. 5, c. 9. 

Hekmotimus, a famous prophet of Cla- 
zomenaj. It is faid that his foul feparated 
itfelf from his body, and wandered in every 
part of the earth to explain futurity, after 

which 















HE 


HE 


which it returned again and animated his 
frame. His wife, who was acquainted with 
the frequent abfence of his foul, took advan 
tage of it and burnt his body, as if totally 
dead, and deprived the foul of its natural re¬ 
ceptacle. Hermotimus received divine ho¬ 
nors in a temple at Clazomei^e, into which it 
was unlawful for women to enter. I* I in. 7, 
C. 52, &C.—Loci 4 in. 

Hermunduri, a people of Germany, lub- 
dued by Aurelius. They were at the north 
of the Danube, and were confidered by Ta¬ 
citus as a tribe of the Suevi, but called, to¬ 
gether with the Suevi, Hermiones by Pli»^ 
4. c. 14.— Tacit* Ann. 13, extra. — VelL 2, 
c. ro6. 

Hermus, a river of ACa Minor, whofe 
fands, according to the poets, were covered 
with gold. It flows near Sardes and receives 
the waters of the Pa&olus and Hyllus, after 
which it falls into the iEgean lea. It is now 
called Kedous or Sarabat. Firg. G. 2, v. 37. 
— Luton. 3, v. 210.— Martial. 8, ef. 78.— 
Sil. I, V. 159.— Plin. 5, C. 29. 

Hernici, a people of Campania, cele¬ 
brated for their inveterate enmity to the riling 
power of Rome. Liv. 9, c. 43 & 44.— Sil. 
4, V. 226.— Juv. 14, V. 183.— Dionyf. Hal. 
8, c. IO.— Ptrg. JEn. 7, v. 684. 

Hero, a beautiful prieftefs of Venus at 
Sellus, greatly enamoured of Leander a 
youth of Abydos. Thele two lovers were lo 
faithful to one another, that Leander in the 
night efcaped from the vigilance of his fa¬ 
mily, and fwam acrofs the Hellefpont, while 
Hero in Seftos directed his courle by holding 
a burning torch on the top of a high towew 
After many interviews of mutual affe&ion 
and tendernefs, Leander was drowned in a 
tempeftuous night as he attempted his ulual 
courle, and. Hero in delpair threw herlelf 
down from her tower and perifhed in the lea. 
Mufdeus dc Leand . Iff Hern.—.Ovid. Heroid. 
17 & 18.— Virg.-G. 3> V. 258. 

HerQdes, lurnamed the Great and Afca- 
Innita, followed the intereft of Brutus and 
CalTius, and afterwards that of Antony. He 
was made king of Judaea by means of Antony, 
and after the battle of A6tium he was conti¬ 
nued in his power by his flattery and l'ub- 
miflion to Auguftus. He rendered himfelf 
odious by his cruelty, and as he knew that 
the day of his death would become a day of 
rpirth and feftivity, he ordered the molt il- 
luftrious of his lubje&s to be confined and 
murdered the very moment that he expired, 
that every eye in the kingdom might leem to 
fried tears at the death of Herod. He died 
in the 7Cth year of his age, after a reign of 

40 years. Jofefhtis. -Antipas, a foil of 

Herod the Great, governor of Galilaea, &c. 
_Agrippa, a Jew intimate with the em¬ 
peror Caligula, &c. T his name was com¬ 
mon to many of the Jews, Jcffijuj .--— 
Atticus. Fid. Atticm. 


He rodtanus, a Greek tyflorian who flo- 
rifred A. D. 247. He was born at Alex¬ 
andria, and he was employed among the of¬ 
ficers of the Roman emperors. He wrote a 
Roman lultory in eight books, from the death 
of Marcus Aurelius ro Maximinus. His ftyle 
is peculiarly elegant, but it wants precifion, 
and the work too plainly betrays that the 
author was not a perfect mailer of geography. 
He is a ecu led of being too partial to Maxi- 
minus, and too 1'evere upon Alexander Seve- 
rus. His book comprehends the hiltory of 
68 or 70 years, and lie aflerts that he has 
been an eye-witnefs of whatever he has writ¬ 
ten. The belt editions of his hiltory are that 
of Polirian, 4to. Dovan, 1525, who after¬ 
wards publilhed a very valuable Latin tranf- 
latiou, and that of Oxford, 8vo. 1708. 

Herodicus, a phyfician furnamed Gym» 
najlic , who florifred B. C. 443.--A gram¬ 

marian furnamed Crate lens, B. C. 123. 

Herodotus, a celebrated hiltorian of Ha- 
licarnaifus, whofe father’s name \vas Lyxes, 
and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Sa¬ 
mos when his country labored under the op- 
prellive tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled 
over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He af¬ 
terwards returned to Halicarn&lTus, and ex¬ 
pelled the tyrant ; which patriotic deed, far 
from gaining the elteem and admiration of 
the populace, dilplealed and irritated them fo 
that Herodotus was obliged to fly to Greece 
from the public relentment. To procure a 
lading fame he publicly repeated at the Olym¬ 
pic games the hiltory which he had compoled, 
in his 39th year, B C. 445. It was received 
with l'uch univerfal applaule that the names 
of the nine Mufes were unanimoufly given to s 
the nine books info which it is divided. This 
celebrated compofition, which has procured 
its author the title of father of hiltory, is 
written in the ionic dralett. Herodotus is 
among the hiltorians what Homer is among 
the poets, and Demolthenes among the ora¬ 
tors. His Uyle abounds withv elegance, eafe, 
and fweetnels; and if there is any of the fa¬ 
bulous or incredible, the author candidly in¬ 
forms the reader that it is introduced upon 
the narration of others. 1'he work is an 
hiltory of the wars of the Perlians againlt the 
Greeks, from the age of Cyrus to the battle 
of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes, and befides 
this it gives an account of the molt cele¬ 
brated nations in the world. Herodotus had 
written another hiltory of Aflyria and Ara¬ 
bia, which is not extant. The life of Homer, 
generally attributed to him, is fuppol'ed by t 
fome not to be the prodtiftion of his pen. 
Plutarch has accrued him of malevolence to¬ 
wards the Greeks; an imputation which can 
ealily be refuted. The two bell editions of 
this great hiltorian are that of VefTeling, fol. 
Amlterdam, 1763 ; and that of Glatgow, 9 
vols. iiJjno. 1761. Cic.de leg. I. de orat. 2. 

— Dionyf, Hal. I.— Quintil. 10 5/ C. 1.— Plut. 

. Z 3 de mal 







HE 


II E 


d- mat. TfrroJ■ -A man wlm wrote n tc*a- 

tjle coin mning kpicurus. Hiog.— A The¬ 
ban wrdllfir ot Megara, in tin; age of Dcmc- 
triufi, Ion of Antigoium, lie was fix feet and 
a half in height, and he ate generally twenty 
pounds of flerti, with lin .ul m .proportion, at 

each of his meal*. A then. 16.-Another, 

whole vii turicMiic ccluhr.itrd hy Pindar. 

Mr kokh, a name which was given hy the 
suicientu to fuch ns were born from a god, or 
to fuch as had flgnali/.cd thctnfclvua hy their 
ndliona, and lceined to deftrvo immortality 
l»y ilie (i rvice they had rendered their couii 
try. 'I he heroes which Homer doferibes, Inch 
sn Ajax, Achilles, &c. were of fuch a pro¬ 
digious (Irength, that they could lift up and 
throw Hones which the united force of four 
or live men of his age could not have moved. 
The heroes wero fuppoied to he intorelled in 
the affair* of mankind alter death, and they 
were invoked with much Iblemnity. As the 
akUurs of the gods were clouded with faeriftces 
sind libations, fo the heroes were often ho- 
stored with a funeral folcumity, in which 
their great exploits were enumerated. The 
origin of hcroifin might proceed from the opi 
anions uffomo philofophcrs, who taught that 
the fouls of great men were often railed to 
the liars, and introduced among the immor¬ 
tal gods. According to the notions of the (Io¬ 
ns, tho ancient heroes inhabited a pure and fc- 
Jteiio climate, Innate ..hove the moon. 

llmu'UH, a fellival, celebrated every 9th 
year by the Dclphians, in honor ot a heroine, 
't here was in the celebration n great number 
ol myllerious litcs, with a repi dentation of 
fomething like; Semelc’irefundtion. 

IlruoN, two mathematician!, one of whom 
I". culled the ancient and the other the younger. 
The former, who lived about too years be¬ 
fore Chrift, was difriplu of Ctefibius, and 
wrote a curious book 11nnflntcd into l.otin, 
under the title of Spirit ualiurn Lilcr\ the only 
edition of which is that ot Jjaldus, An^. V'rni. 
16 if). 

1 1e nooi’iSi.i s, a town of Egypt on the Ara¬ 
bic gulf. 

1 Ir.utSiMi'fi.A, a Sybil, who, as fomo tup- 
pole, came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. 
(/ '/</. Sibylhr.) 2 \iuf, 1 o, c. 11. 

HKn.ofuVi.us, nn impoftor in the reign of 
J, Ciciar, who pretended to he the giaiidfon 
of Marius. He was haniflied from Rome by 
C'icfai for hi* ^editions, and was afterwards 

fir angled in prifon.-A Creek phyffeian, 

nbout 570 years before tho Chriftian ora. I le 
was one of the till! who differed bodic*, Pliny, 
Cicero, and Plutarch have greatly cptnmpml- 
cd him* 

HkkoqtrXtus. Vid. F.rotlratus T 

JlitHfA, if town of Cappadocia. 

Hick sic, n daughter of Cticrops, king of 
Ath ens, beloved b) Mercury, I'lie god flif- 
clofed his love to Aglauro!, Herle’s lifter, in 
hopes of procufipp uu caty admilliofi to 


flerfr; hut Aglauro*, through jealotify, <flf* 
covered the amour. Mercury was fo offend- 
r<l .it her behaviour, that lie ftruck her with 
hii caducous and changed her into a (lone. * 
Horfe become mother of Ceplwlus by Mer¬ 
cury, and niter death, the receive^ divine ho¬ 
nors at Athens. Ovid. Aid. 2, v. 559, &c. 
— —A wife of Danaus. Aptllod. 

Hkhheimiokia, feftivab of Athens in ho¬ 
nor of Minerva, or more probably ot 
Herfe. 

HltlsIfLMi one of the Sabines carried away 
bv the Romans at the celebration of the 
Confualia. She was given and married to Ro¬ 
mulus, though according tO fome the married 
Hollos, a youth of l.utium, by whom lhe had 
1 Indus Hoftilius. After death the was 
prefented with immortality by Juno, and re¬ 
ceived divine honors under the name of 
()iu. IAv. 1, c. r x.— Ovid. Aid. 14, v. 

833. 

Hertiia & Hurt a, a goddefs among the 
Gormans fuppoied to be the lame as the earth. 
She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to hcv 
lcrvico in a remote iflimd, and was fuppofed 
to vifit the earth at Hated times, when her 
coming was celebrated with tho greatcll re¬ 
joicings and feftivity. Tacit, de Germ. 

Hkkui.i, a lavage nation in the northern 
parts of Europe, who attacked the Roman 
power in its decline. 

Hksjrnub, a mountain near Preonia. 

Ili'sionua, a celebrated poet born at Af~ 
cra, in lhrotia. His father’s name was Dius 
and his mother's Pycimcdc. He lived in the 
age of 1 lomer, and even obtained a poetical 
prize in competition with him, according to 
Vavro and Plutarch, (Quintilian, Philof- 
tratus, and others, maintain that Heliod 
lived before the ago of Homer; but Val. Pa¬ 
terculus, &c. (import that he florilhed about 
loo years after him. Heliod is tho tirlt whq 
wrote a poem on agriculture. This compo- 
litiou is called, The IVarts and the Days ; 
and, befides the inftrudVtons which are given 
to the cultivator of the field, the reader 1 is; 
pleated to find many moral reflections worthy 
of a refined Socrates or a Plato, llis Thco- 
geiiy is a milcollnneous narration executed 
without art, prccifion, choice, judgment, or 
connection, yet it is the more valuable for tho 
faithful account it gives of the gods of anti¬ 
quity. His Shield oj Hercules is but a frag¬ 
ment of 1 larger poem, in which it is fuppofed 
he gave an account of the molt celebrated he¬ 
roines among tho ancionts Heliod, without 
being mailer of the fire and fublimity of Ho¬ 
mer, is admired for the elegance of his dic¬ 
tion, and the iweetnots of his poetry, lie- 
tides thdo poems he wrote others, now loft, 
Pauliijiias fays, that in his age, Hefiod’s 
voi les were ft ill written on tablets in thu 
temple of tho Mules, of which the poet wa$ 
a prieft. If wo believe Clem. Alcxand. 6 ? 
Slrom. the poet borrowed much from Mu- 

' /fW* 



HE 


HE 


f<tns. One of Lucian’s dialogues bear* the 
name of HcJioJ , and, in it, the poet is intro¬ 
duced as tpeaking of himfelf, Virgil, in his 
Georgies, has imitated the compofitions of 
Hefiod, and taken his opera and diet for mo¬ 
del, as he acknowledges. Cicero ftrongly 
commends him, and the Greeks were fo par¬ 
tial to his poetry and moral inftrudlions that 
they ordered their children to learn all hy 
heart. Hefiod was murdered by the Tons of 
Gany6tor of Naupadum, and his body was 
thrown into the fca. Some dolphins brought 
back the body to the Ihore, which was imme¬ 
diately known, and the murderers were dil- 
covered by the poet’s dogs, and thrown into 
the lea. If Hefiod fiorilhed in the age of 
Homer, he lived 907 B. C. The belt edi¬ 
tions of this poet are that of Robinl'on, 4to. 
Oxon. 1737, that of Loefner, 8vo. Lipf. 
1778, and that of Parma, 4to. 1785. Cic. 
Fam. 6, ep. 18.— Puuf. 9, c. 3, &C.— Quinlil. 
10, c. I.— Pat ere. — Farro .— Plat.de 7 Hep. 
& de Anim. Sag. 

Hksjonk, a daughter ot Laomedon, king 
of ' 1 Toy, by Strymo, the daughter of Sca- 
mandcr. It fell to her lot to be expoftd to a 
fea. monfter, to whom the Trojatns yearly pre- 
fented a marriageable virgin, to appeafe the 
relcntment of Apollo and Neptune, whom 
Laomedon had offended, but Hercules pro- 
mifed to deliver her, provided he received as 
a reward fix beautiful horfes. Laomedon 
confented,' and Hercules attacked the mon¬ 
fter jull as he was going to devour Hefione, 
and he killed him with his club. Laomedon, 
however, refufed to reward the hero’s fer- 
vices ; and Hercules incenfed at his treachery, 
befieged Troy, and put the king and all his 
family to the lword, except Podarces, or 
Priam, who had adviied his father to give the 
promifed horlcs to his filter’s deliverer. The 
conqueror gave Hefione in marriage to his 
friend Telamon, who had alfifted him during 
the war, and he eftablilhed Priam upon his 
father’s throne. The removal of Hefione to 
Greece proved at laft fatal to the Trojans; 
and Priam, who remembered with indignation 
that his filler had been forcibly given to a 
foreigner, fent his fon Paris to Greece to re¬ 
claim the pofTeffions of Hefione, or more 
probably to revenge his injuries upon the 
Greeks by carrying away Helen, which gave 
rile, foon after, to the Trojan war. I.yco- 
pnron mentions, that Hercules threw himiclf, 
armed from head to foot, into the moutt* of 
the monfter to which Hefione wa3 expofed, 
and that he tore his bellv to pieces, and came 
out fafe only with the lofs of his hair, after a 
confinement of three days. Homer. Jl. c, v. 
638.— Vied. 4.— Apollod. 2, c. J, Sic.— Ovid. 
Met. II, v. 212. -The wife of Nauplius. 

Hespkkja, a large ifiand of Africa, once 
the refidence of the Amazons. Diod. 3.-—■— 
A name common to both Italy and Spain, 
derived from Hcfjn;r or VtTper, the fa¬ 


ting fun, or the evening, whence the Greeks 
called Italy Hcfpcria, becaufe it was fituate 
at the letting fun, or in the weft. The fame 
name for fiinilar reafons, was applied to 
Spain by the Latins. Ftrg, Ain. j, v.634 
Sic. — Herat. I, ad. 34, V. 4. 1 . 1 , od. 27 , v., 

28.—.V//. 7, v. 15.— Ovid. Mel. if, v. 258 

-A daughter of the Ccbrenus. Ovid* 

Met. II, v. 759. 

Hksprrioks, three celebrated nymphs 
daughters of Hef|<e*us. A poll odor us men¬ 
tions four, IV. glc, Krythia, Vefta, and Are- 
thufa ; and Diodorus confounds them with the 
Atlantidcs, and fuppofes that they were the 
fame number. They wcie appointed to guard 
the g lden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter 
on the day of their nuptials; and the place of 
their refidence placed beyond the ocean by 
Hefiod, is more univerlally believed to b© 
near mount Atlas in Africa, according to 
Apollodo us This celebrated place o garden 
abounded with fruits of the moll delicious 
kind, and was carefully guarded by a dreadful 
dragon which never llcpt. It was one of the 
labors of Hercules to procure fomc of the 
golden apples of the Hefperides. The hero, 
ignorant of the lituation of .this celebrated 
garden, applied to the nymphs m die ncigls- 
bourhood of the Po for information, and was 
told that Nereus, the god of the fea, if pro¬ 
perly managed, [Fid. Nereus] would di¬ 
rect him in his purfuits. Hercules feized 
Nereus as he w s nfleep, and the fea god, un¬ 
able to clcapc from his grafp, anfwered all 
the queftions which he propofed. Some lay 
that Nereus fent Hercules to Prometheus, 
and that from him he receive*’ all his informa¬ 
tion. When Hercules ca 1 e into Africa, he 
repaired to Atlas, and demanded of him three 
of the golden apples. Atlas unloaded Iii iifdf 
and'placed the burden of the heavens on tho 
Ihouldcrs of Hercules, while he went in quell 
of the apples. At his return Hercules ex- 
prefTed his wifti to eafe the burden by putting 
fomething on his head, and, when Atlas aU 
filted him to remove his inconvenience, Her¬ 
cules artfully left the burthen, and feized the 
apples, which Atlas had thrown on the ground. 
According to other accounts, Hercules ga¬ 
thered the a;>ples himfelf, without the alfifianee 
of Atlas, and he previoufiy killed the watch¬ 
ful dragon which kept the tree. Thefc apple* 
wert* brought to Kuryllheus, and afterwards 
carried back by Minerva into the garden of the 
Hefperides, as they could be preferved in no 
other place. Hercules is fornetimes repre- 
fented gathering the apples, and the dragon 
which guarded the tree appears bowing down 
bis hcrad, a* having received a mortal wound. 
This monfter, as it is fuppofed, wa* the off- 
lpring ofTyphon, and it had a hundred head? 
and a3 many voices. This number, however, 
is reduced by fome to only one h'-aej. Thofe 
that attempt to explain mythology, obferv©, 
that the Htfueride* were certain peifoos who 

/ 4 bad 



HI 


HI 


bad an immenfe number of flocks, and that 
the ambiguous word pr.Xov, which fignifies an 
apple and a Jh^ep^ gave rile to the fable of 
the golden apples of the Hcfperides. pbd. 
4. — Ovid. Mi. 4, v. 637, &c. 1 . 9, v. 90.— 
Hygin. fab. 30.— Apollod. 3, c. 5.— Hefiod. 
Thecg. v. 215, &c. 

Hes peris, Vid. Hefperus.-A town of 

Cyrenaica, how Bernic or Bengazi, where 
moft authors have placed the garden of the 
Hefperides. 

Hespekitis, a country of Africa. 
Diod. 4. 

Hesperus, a fon of Japetus, brother to 
Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country 
received the name of Ilefptria from him, ac¬ 
cording to fom,e accounts. He had a daughter 
called Hefperis, who married Atlas, and be¬ 
came mother of feven danghters, called At- 

lantides or Hefperides. Diod. 4.-The 

name of Hefperus was alfo applied to the 
planet Venus, when it appeared after the let¬ 
ting of the fun. It was called Phofpborus or 
Lucifer when it preceded the fun. Cic. de Nat. 
D. 2, c. 2-— Scnec.fe Hippol. 749 * in Med. 
7 1 * 

Hestia, one of the Hefperides. Apollod. 

Hestitea, a town ol'Euboea. 

Hesus, a deity among the Gauls, the 
fame as the Mars of the Romans. Lucan. I, 
v. 445- 

Hesychia, a daughter of Thefpius. Apol¬ 
lod. 

Hesyckjus, the author of a Greek lexicon 
in the beginning of the 3d century, a valuable 
work, which has been learnedly edited by Al¬ 
bert. 2 vols. fol.L. Bat. 1746. 

Hetriculvm, now Lattarico , a town in 
the country of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19. 

Hetruria & Etruria, a celebrated 
country of Italy, at the weft of the Tiber. 
It originally contained twelve different nations, 
which had each their relpedlive monarch, 
called Luoumon. Their names was Veien- 
tes, Clulini, Perufini, Cottonertfes, Arretini, 
Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Rufellani. Volfcinii, 
Tnrquinii, Falifci, and Caeretani. The inha¬ 
bitants were particularly famous for their 
fuperftition, and great confidence in omens, 
dreams, auguries, fee. They all proved 
powerful and lefolute enemies to the riling 
empire of the Romans, and were conquered 
only after much eflfufion of blood. Plin. 3, 
c. 5.— Strab . 5.— Plat, in Rom. — .Mela , 2. 
C. 4 - 

Heurippa, a furname of Diana. 

Hexapylum, a gate at Syracufe. The 
adjoining place of the city, or the wall, bore 
the fame name. Diod. 11 & 14.— JLiv. 24, 
c.21. 1.25, c. 24. 1. 3»> c. 39. 

Hiarbas or Iarbas, a king of Gaetulia. 
} r id. Iarbas. 

Hiker, a name applied to a Spaniard, as 
living near the river Hiberus or Iberus, Vid. 
Joerus. 


Hibernia & Hybernia, a large ifland 
at the weft of Britain, now called Ireland,\ 
Some of the ancients have called it Ibernia, 
Juverua, Iris, Hierna, Ogygia, fvernia, 
Juv. 2, V. 160.— Strab. 4.— Orpheus.—* 
Arijfot. 

Hibrildes, an Athenian general. Dionyf. 
Hal. 7. 

HicetAon, a fon of Laomedon, brother 
to Priam, the father of Menalippus. Homer . 

II. 3.-The father of Thymcetes, who 

came to Italy With iEneas. Virg. JEn. 10, 
v. I- 33 - 

Hicetas, a philofopher of Syracufe, who 
believed that the earth moved, and that all 
the heavenly bodies were ftationa'ry. Viog, 

in Phil. -A tyrant of Syracufe. Vid. 

Icetas. 

HiEtarsAL, a king of Numidia, &C t 

Plat. 

Hiera, a woman who married Telephus, 
king of Myfia, and who was laid to furpafij 
Helen in beauty.—The mother of Panda- 
rus and Bitias, by Alcanor. Virg. JEn. 9, 

v.673.-One of the Lipari iflands, called 

alfo Therefia, now Vulcano. Pa>f. 10, c. 
II. 

Hierapolis, a town of Syria, near the 

Euphrates.-Another of Phrygia, famous; 

for hot baths, now Bambukkalaf. - Another 

of Crete. 

Hi era x, a youth who awoke Argus to 
inform him that Mercury was Healing To. 
Mercury killed him, and changed him into a 

hird of prey. Apollod. 2, c. 2.-Antiot 

chus king of Syria, and brother to Seleucus, 
received the furname of Hierax. fufin. 37, 

c. 3.-An Egyptian philofopher in the third 

century. 

Hierichus, (jintis) the name of Jericho 
in the holy land, called the city of Palm-trees, 
from its abounding in dales. Plin. 5, c. 14.— 
Tacit. H. 5, c. 6. 

Hiero ill, a king of Syracufe, after his 
brother Gelon, who rendered himfelf odious 
in the beginning of his reign by his cruelty and 
avarice. He made war again)! Theron, the 
tyrant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. 
He obtained three different crowns at the 
Olympic games, two in horfe races, and one 
at a chariot race. Pindar has celebiated him 
as being vi&orious at Olympia. In the latter 
part of his reign the cdnver&tion of Simonides, 
Epicharmus, Pindar, &c. foftened in fome 
meafure the rougbnefs of his morals and the 
feVerity of his government, and rendered him 
the patron -of learning, genius, and merit. 
He died, after a reign of 18 years, B.C. 467 
leaving the crown to his brother Thrafybulus, 
who difgraced himlelf by his vices and tyranny. 

Diod. 11.-The fecond of that name, king 

of Syracufe, was detcended from Gelon. He 
was unanimoufly elected king by all the ftates 
of the ifland of Siciiy, and appointed to carry- 
on the war againft the Carthaginians. He 

joined 









HI 


HI 


joined his enemies in befieging MefTana, which 
has furrcndered to the Romans, but he was 
beaten by Appius Claudius, the Roman 
conful, and obliged to retire * u to Syracule, 
where he was foon blocked up. Seeing all 
hopes of victory loft, he made peace with 
the Romans, and proved fo faithful to his en¬ 
gagements during the fifty-nine years of his 
reign, that the Romans never had a more 
firm, or more attached ally. He died in the 
94th year of his age, about 225 years before 
the Chriftian era. He was universally regret¬ 
ted, and all the Sicilians Ihowed, by their la¬ 
mentations that they had loft a common 
father and a friend. He liberally patronized 
the learned, and employed the talents of 
Archimedes for the good of his country. He s 
wrote a book on agriculture, now loft. He 
was fucceeded by Hieronymus. JElian. V. 

H. 4, 8.— Juftin. 23, C. 4. — Flor. 2, C. 2 

Liv. 16.-An Athenian, intimate with 

Nicias the general. Plut. in Nic. -A Par¬ 

thian, &c. Tacit. 

Hieroc.?esarea; a town ofLydia. Tacit. 
A. 2,047. 1.3,0.62, 

Hierocepia, an illand near Paphos in 
Cyprus. 

Hierocles, a perfecutor of the Chriftians 
under Dioclefian, who pretended to find in- 
confiftencies in feripture, and preferred the 
miracles of Thyaneus to thole of Chrift. 
His writings were refuted by La&antius and 

Eufebius.--A Platonic philolcpher, who 

taught at Alexandria, and wrote a book on 
providence and fate, fragments of which are 
prelerved by Photius; a commentary on the 
golden ygries of Pythagoras j and facetious 
moral veries. He florilhed A. D. 485. The 
heft edition is that of Alheton and Warren, 
8vo. London, 1742.— : —A general in the in- 
tereft of Demetrius. Polyan. 5.——A go¬ 
vernor of Bithynia arid Alexandria, under 

Diocletian.--An officer. Vid. Hciioga- 

bulus. 

Hif.rodolum, a town of Libya. 

HierOnica lf.x, by Hipro, tyrant of Si¬ 
cily, to fettle the quantity of corn, the price 
and time of receiving it, between the farmers 
of Sicily, and the collector of the corn tax at 
Rome. This lavv, on account of its juftice 
and candor, was continued by theRomans when 
they became mailers of Sicily. 

Hieronymus, a tyrant of Sicily who fuc¬ 
ceeded his father or grandfather Hiero, when 
only 15 years old. He rendered himfelf odious 
by his cruelty, oppreffio'n and debauchery. 
He abjured the alliance of Rome, which Hiero 
had oblerved with fo much honor and advan¬ 
tage. He was alTaffinated, and all ffis family 
was overwhelmed in his fall, and totally extir¬ 
pated, B. C. 214.—-An hiftorian of Rhodes, 

who wrote an account of the actions of I pme- 
trius Poliorcetes, by whom he was appointed 

over Bneotia, B. C. 254. Pint . in Dem. - 

An Athenian fc iet ovyr the fleet, vthile Canon 


went to the king of Perfia, - -A Chrlftimj 

writer commonly called St. yeromc, born in 
Pannoma, and diftinguiihed for his zeal againft 
heretics. He wrote commentaries on the 
prophets, St. Matthew’s gofpel, &c. a Latin 
verfion known by the name of Vulgate , pole¬ 
mical treaties, and an account of eccle- 
fiaftical writers before him. Of his work*, 
which are' replete with lively animation, 
fublimity, and erudition, the belt edition 
is that of Vallarfius, fob Verona?, 1734 
to 1740, 10 vols. Jerome died A. D, 420, 
in his 91ft year. 

Hierofhilus, a Greek phyfician. Hein- 
ftrudted his daughter Agnodice in the art of 
midwifery, &c. Vid. Agnodice. 

Hierosolyma, a celebrated city of Pa- 
leftine, the capital of Judaea, tal^n by Pom- 
pey, who, on that account, is furnamed Hiero - 
fulymarius. l^itus alfo took it and deftroyed it 
the 8th of September, A. D. 70, according to 
Jofephus 2177 years after its foundation. In 
the liege by Titus, 110,000 perfons are laid to 
have perilhed, and 97,000 to have been made 
prifoners, and afterwards, either fold for (laves, 
or wantonly expofed for the. lport of their in- 
folent vigors to the fury of wild beads. Jo- 
fepb. Bell. y. 7, c. 16, &c.— Ck. ad Attic. 2. 
ep. 2, Place. 28. 

Hignatia Via, a large road which led 
from the Ionian fea to the Hellefpont, acrols 
Macedonia, about 530 miles. Strab. 7. 

Hit.aria, a daughter of Leucippus and 
Philodice. As (he and her filter Phoebe were 
going to marry their coulisis Lynceus and Idas 
they were canned away by Caftor and Pollux, 
who married them. Hilaria had Anagon by 
Caftor, and (he, as well as her filter, obtained 
after death the honors which were generally 
paid to heroes. A polled. 3 — Propert. 1, el. 5, 

v. 16.— Pau/.-i, c. 22. 1 . 3 , c. 19.--Fefti- 

vals at Rome in honor of the mother of the 
gods. 

Hieakius, a biffiop of Pcidtiers, in France, 
who wrote feveral treatiles, the molt famous of 
which is on the Trinity, in twelve boc ks. The 
only edition* is that of tire Benedidtine monks, 
fol. Paris, 1693. Hilary died A, D. 372, in 
his 8cth year. 

Hilleviones, a people of Scandinavia. 
Plin. 4,c. 13* 

Himella, now Aia, a fmall river in the 
country of the Sabines. V'ng. JEn. 7, v. 
7 * 4 - 

Him? r a, a city of Sic ily built by the people 
of Zande, and deftroyed by the Carthaginians 

240 years after. Stmb. 6 .-There were " 

two rivers of Sicily of the fame name, the one, 
now Fimni de Termini , falling at the eaft of 
Fanormus into the Tulcan fea, with a town "of 
the lame name at its mouth, and alfo cele¬ 
brated baths. Cic. Vcr. 4, c. 33. The other, 
now Fiume Saifs, running' in a fouthern di- 
redlion, and divided the illand’ in almoft two 
parts. Liv. 24, c. 6. 1 . 2j, c.49.——The 

ancients 








Hi 

ancient name of the Eurotas. Strab. 6.— 
Mda, 2,c. 7.—iVjy£. 

Himilcq, a Carthaginian, fent to explore 
the weftern parts of Europe. Fajt. Avin. 

• -A Ion of Amilcar, who fticceeded his 

father in the command of the Carthaginian 
armies in Sicily. He died, with his army, by 
a plague, B. C. 398. JuJl 19, c. 2. 

Hippagoras, a man who wrote an ac¬ 
count of the republic of Carthage. Athau. 
14 - 

Hitpalcimus, a fon of Pclops and HIp- 
podamia, who was among the Argonaut . 

Hippalus, the firtl who failed in open fea 
from Arabia to India. Arrian: in Perip. 

Hipparchia, a woman in Alexander's 
age, who became enamoured of Crates, the 
Cynic philofopher, becauie fhe heard him .dif- 
co’urfe. She married him, though he at firft 
difdained her addrefles, and reprelented his 
poverty and meannefs. She was fo attached 
to him that (he was his conftnqt companion, 
and was not alhamed publicly to gratify his 
impure!! defires. She wrote fome things, now 
loft. Fid. Crates. Diog. 6 .—Sui das. 

Hipparchus, a fon of Pififtratus,who fuc- 
ceeded his father as tyrant of Athens, with his 
brother Hippias. He patroniled fome of the 
learned men of the age, and diftinguifhed hirtt- 
felf by his fondnefs for literature. The feduc - 
tion of a After of Harmodius railed him many 
enemies, and he was at laft aflaflinated by a 
defperate band of confpirators, with Harmo- 
dius and Ariftogiton at their head, 513 years 

before Chrift. JE/ian. F. Id. 8, c. 2.- 

One of Antony’s freed men.-Tbe firft per- 

ion who was banifhed by oftracifm at Athens. 
-The father of Aiclepiades,-A mathe¬ 
matician and aftronomer of Nicaea. He firft 
diftovered that the interval between the vernal 
and the autumnal equinox is 186 days, 7 days 
longer than between the autumnal and vernal, 
occafioned by the eccentricity of the earth’s 
orbit. He divided the heavens into 49 con- 
ftellations, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the north¬ 
ern, and 16 in the fouthern hemifphere, 
and gave names to all the ftars. He makes 
no mention of comets. From viewing a tree 
on a plain from different Situations, which 
changed its apparent pofition, he was led to 
the difeovery of the parallax of the planets,or 
the diftance between their real or apparent 
poiition, viewed from the centre, and from the 
Surface of the earth. He determined longi¬ 
tude and latitude, and fixed the firft degree of 
longitude at the Canaries. He likewife laid 
the firlt foundations of trigonometry, foeffen- 
tial to facilitate aftronomical ftudies. He was 
the firft who, after Thales and Sulpicius. Gal- 
lus, found out the exadf time of eclipfes, of 
which he made a calculation for 600 years. 
After a life of labor in the fervice of feience 
and astronomy, and after publilhing feveral 
treatifes, and valuable obfervations on the ap¬ 
pearance of the heavens, he died I2J years b^- 


H.r 

0 - * i 

fore the Chriftian era. Plin. 2, c. 2 6, See 

-An Athenian who confpired againft He- 

raclides, who kept Athens for Demetrius, &c. 
Poly an. 5. 

Hipparinus, a fon of Dionyfius, veil® 
ejected Callippus from Syracufe,and feized the? 
lbvereigri power for twenty-leven years. Po- 
lyan. 5.-The father of Dion. 

Hjptarion, one of Dion’s fons. 

Hippasus, a fon of Ceyx, who affifted 
Hercules againft Eurytus. Apollod. 2, <■ 7. 

-A pupil of Pythagoras, born at Meta- 

1 poll turn. He fuppofed that .every thing was 

produced from fire. D og. -A centaur, 

killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. 

M.-t. 12 , v. 352.-An illegitimate fon of 

Priam. Hygin. fah.90. 

Hippeus, a fon of Hercules by Procris, 
eldeft of the 50 daughters of Theftius. Apol- 
lod. a, c. 7. 

Hip pi, four fmallifiandsnear Erythrie. 

Hippia, lalcivious woman, Sec. Juv. 6, 

v. 82-A furname of Minerva, and alfo of 

Juno. Pouf. 5, c.25. 

Hippias, a philofopher of Elis, who main¬ 
tained that virtue confifted in not being in 
Want of the afiiltance of men. At the Olym¬ 
pic games, he boafted that he was mafter of all 
the liberal and mechanical arts ; and he faid 
that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, 
and fhoes, which he then wore, were all the 
work of his own hands. Cic. <?e Or at. 3, c. 32. 

-A fon of PifiltratuS, who became tyrant 

of Athens after the death of his father, with 
his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to 
revenge the death of his brother, who had been 
aflaffinated, and for this violent meafure he 
was driven from his country He fled to king 
Darius in Perfia, and was killed at the battle 
of Marathon, fighting againft the Athenians,' 
B. C.490. He had fi*e children by Mvrr- 
hiine, the daughter of Cailias. Herodot. 6.—< 
Thucyd. 7. 

Hippis, an hiftorian and poet of Rhegium, 
in the reign of Xerxes. JElian . 8, H. An. c. 

33 - • , • 

Hippius, a furname of Neptune, from his 
having railed a horfe (lorxqi) from the earth 
in his conteft with Minerva concerning t;he 
giving a name to Athens. 

Hippo, a daughter of Stedafus, who, upon 
being raviflied by the amballadors of Sparta, 
killed herfelf, curfing the city that gave birth 
to fuch men. Pauf. 9, c. 13-A cele¬ 

brated town of Africa, on the Mediterranean. 

Ital. 3, v. 252.- Strabo, l], fays that there 

are two of the fame name in Africa, one of 
which by way of diftinttion is ( ailed Regius. 
Plin. Si C. 3. 1 -9, C. 8.— Mda, I, C. 7.— 
Liv. 29, c. 3 & 32.——Alfo a town of Spain. 
Liv* 39, c. 30.--of the Brutii. 

Hippobotes, a large meadow near the 
Cafpian fea, where 50,000 horfes could 
graze. 

Hjtsobotus, a Grsek hiftorian, who com- 

poied 










HI 


HI 


pofed a treatile on philofophers. Dtog. in 
JPyth. 

Hippocentauri, a race of monfters who 
dwelt in Thefialy. Vid. Centauri. 

Hippocoon, a fon of CEbalys, brother to 
Tyndarus. He was put to death by Hercu¬ 
les becaui'e he had driven his brother from the 
kingdom of Lacedaemon. He was at the 
chace of the Calydonian boar. DioJ. 4.— 
Apollod. 2 , c. &C. 1 . 3, c. IO. — Pauf. Lacon.—~ 

Ovid. Met. 8, v. 314.-A friend of iEneas, 

fon of Hyrtacus, who diftinguifhed himfelf in 
the funeral games of Sicily. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 
492 . &c. 

Hi ppofcoRYSTES, a fon of iEgyptus. — 
of H i ppocoo n. Apollod. 

Hippocrate, a daughter of Thefpius. 
Apollod. 

Hippocrates, a celebrated phyfician, of 
Cos, one of the Cyclades. He ftudied phy- 
lic, in which his grandfather Nebrus was lb 
eminently dillinguilhed; and he improved 
himfelf by reading the tablets in the temples 
of the gods, where each individual had writ¬ 
ten down the difeafes under which he had la¬ 
bored, and the means by which he had re¬ 
covered. He delivered Athens from a dread¬ 
ful pellilence in the beginning of the Pelo- 
ponncfian war, and he was publicly rewarded 
with a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen 
of Athens, and the initiation at the grand felti- 
vals. Skilful and diligent in his profeflion, he 
openly declare^ the meafures which he had 
taken to cure a difeafe, and candidly confeffes, 
that of 42 patients which were er.trufted to 
his care, only 17 had recovered, and the reft 
had fallen a prey to the diftemper in 1‘pite of 
his medical applications. He devoted all his 
time for the lervice of his country; and when 
Artaxerxes invited him, even by force of arms, 
to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly and 
rnodeflly anfwered, that he was born to ferve 
his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He en¬ 
joyed the rewards which his well-dire&ed la¬ 
bors claimed, and while he lived in the great- 
eft popularity, he was carefully employed in 
pbferving the fymptoms and the growth of 
every diforder, and from his judicious remarks, 
fucceeiing phyficians have received the mod 
valuable advantages. The expeiiments which 
he had tritd upon the human frame increased 
his knowledge, and from his consummate ob- 
fervations, he .knew how to moderate his own 
life as well a s to prelcribe to others. He 
died in the 99th vear of his age, B. C. 361, 
free from all diforclc. rs of the mind and body ; 
and after death he received with the name of 
Great, the fame honors which were paid to 
Hercules. His writings, /ew of which remain, 
have procured him the epithet of divine, and 
ihow that he was the Homer his profeflion. 
According to Galen, his opinioi* > s as refpeft- 
able as the voice of an oracle. Vp e wrote in 
the Ionic dialed:, at the advice s/ Demo- 
FfitWj though he was a porjan, Hfv me " 


mory is flill venerated at Cos, and the prefen t 
inhabitants of the ifiand fhow a fmall houfe, 
which Hippocrates, as they mention, once in¬ 
habited. The heft editions pf his works are 
that of Faefius, Genev. fol. 1657 ; of Linden, 

2 vols. 8vo. Amft. 1665 ; and that of Mackius, 

2 vols. fol. Vienna?, 1743. His treatifes, efpe- 
cially the Aphorifms , have been publilhed fe- 
parately. Plin. 7, c. 37.— Cic. de Orat. 3, 

-An Athenian general in the Peloponne- 

fian’war. Pint. -A mathematician.- 

An officer of Chalcedon, killed by Alcibiades. 

Pint, in Ale. -A Syracufan defeated by 

Marcellus.-The father of Pifiltraius.- 

A tyrant of Gela. 

Hippocratia, a feftival in honor of Nep¬ 
tune in Arcadia. 

Hippocrkne, a fountain of Btrotia, near 
mount Helicon, facred to the mules. It firlt 
rote from the ground, when ftruck by the feet 
of the horle Pegafus, whence the name ioror/t 
the horfe's fountain. Ovid. 5. Met. v. 256. 

Hippodamas, a ion of the Achelous- of 

Priam. Apollod. 

Hippodame & Hippodamia, a daugh¬ 
ter of (Enomaus, king of Pifa, in Elis, wko 
married Pelops fon of Tantalus. Her father, 
who was either enamoured of her himfelf, or 
afraid left he fhould perith by one of his 
daughter’s children, according to an oracle, re¬ 
futed to mairy her, except to him who could 
overcome him in a chariot race. As the 
beauty of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, 
many courted her, and accepted her father’s 
conditions though death attended a defeat. 
Thirteen had already been conquered, and for* 
feited their lives, when Pelops came from 
Lydia and entered the lifts. Pelops previ- 
oufly bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer ot (Eno¬ 
maus, and enfured himfelf the viilory. In 
the race, (Enomaus mounted on a broken 
chariot, which the corrupted Myrtilus had 
purpofely provided for him, was eafily over¬ 
come, and was killed in the courfe; and Pe¬ 
lops married Hippodamia, and avenged the 
death of (Enomaus, by throwing into the fea 
the perfidious Myrtilus, who claimed for the 
reward of his treachery, the favor which Hip¬ 
podamia ‘ could grant only to Her holband. 
Hippodamia became mother of Atreus and 
Thyeftes, and it is faid that Ihe died of grief 
for the death of her father, which her guilty 
correl'pondence with Pelops and Myrtilus had 
occafioned. Virg. G. 3, v. 7.— Hygin. fab. 84 
& 253.— Pauf. 5, C. 14, &c.— Diod. 4.— Ovid. 

Heroid. 8 & 17.-A daughter of Adraftus, 

king of Argos, who married Pirithous, king of 
the Lapithae. The feftivity which prevailed on 
the day of her marriage was interrupted by the 
attempts of Eurytus to offer her violence. 
[Vid. Pirithous.^ She is called Ifchomache 
by fome, and Deidamia by others. Ovid. Met ^ 

12.— Pint, in Thef -A daughter of Da- 

naus. Apollod. ■ —A miftrels of Achilles, 
daughter of Brifes.——A daughter of An- 
7 , chiles. 









HI 


HI 


chifes, who married Alcathous. Homer. II. jt, 
v. 429. 

HxproDAMus, a lnan of Miletus, who 
fettled a republic without any previous know¬ 
ledge of government. Arifot. 2. Polite —— 
A Pythagorean philofopher.-An Atheni¬ 

an who gave his houfe to his country when he 
knew luch a conceflion would improve the 
port of the Piraeus. — -- An Athenian archen. 
—A man famous for his voracious appetite. 

Hippodice, one of the Danaides. Apollod y 

Kippodjiomus, a fon of Hercules. Id. 
— — A 'Iheflalian, who lucreeded in a 
fchool at Athens, in the age of M. Antony. 

Pbilafr. -A place where horfe races were 

exhibited. Martial . jt 2, ep. 50. 

Hippola, a town of Peloponnefus. Pauf. 

w 

Hippolochus, a fon of Bellerophon, fa¬ 
ther to Glaucus, who commanded the Ly- 

cians during the Trojan war.-A fon of 

Glaucus alio bore the lame name. Homer. II. 

6, v. 119.-A fon of Antimachus, flain in 

the Trojan war. Id. n,v. 122. 

HippolStte, a queen of the Amazons, 
given in marriage to Thefeus by Hercules, 
who had conquered her, and taken away her 
girdle by order of Euryftheus. (Hid. Hercu¬ 
les.) She had a fon by Theleus, called Hip- 
poly tus. Plut. in Pbef — Propert. 4, el. 3.— 

-The wife of Acaftus, who fell in love 

with Peleus, who was in exile at her liufband’s 
court. She accufed him of incontinence, and 
of attempts upon her virtue, before Acaftus, 
only becaufe he refufed to gratify her de 
fires. She is alfo called Aftyochia. (Hid 

Acaftus.)-A daughter of Cretheus. A- 

pollod. 

Hippolytus, a fon of Thefeus and Hip- 
polyte, famous for his virtues and his mis¬ 
fortunes. His ften-mother Phaedra fell in 
love with him, and when he refufed to pollute 
his father’s bed, fhe accufed him of offering 
violence to her perl'on before Thefeus. Her 
accusation was readily believed, and 'Thefeus 
entreated Neptune feverely to punifh the in¬ 
continence of his fon. Hippolytus fled from 
the refentment of his father, and as he pur- 
foed his way along the fea fhore, his horfes 
were (o frightened at the noife of lea-calves, 
which Neptune had purpofely font there, that 
they ran among the rocks till his chariot was 
broken and his bo,dy torn to pieces. Temples 
were railed to his memory, particularly at 
Trcezene, where he received divine honors. 
According to fome accounts, Diana reftored 
him to life. Ovid. Fajt. 3, v. 268. Met. 15, 
v. 469.— Hirg. JEn. 7,v. 761, &c.—-—A fon 
of Ropalus, king of Sicyon, greatly beloved by 

Apollo. Pint, in Num. -A giant, killed by 

Mercury.-A fon of ./Egyptus. Apollod 

1 & 2 . -A chriltian writer in the third cen¬ 

tury, whofe works have been edited by Fabri- 
ci us, H a mb. fol. 1 716. 

Hippqmachus, a imifician, who feverely 


rebuked one of bis pupils becaufe be was 
praifed by the multitude, and obferved that it 
was the greateft proof of his ignorance. JElian, 
2, H. H. c. 6. 

Hippomedon, a fon of Nifimachus and 
Mythidice, who was one of the feven chiefs 
who went againft: Thebes. He was killed by 
Ilmarus, fon of Acaftus. Apollod. 3, c. 6.— 
Pauf. 2, c. 36. 

Hippo medusa, a daughter of Danaus. 

Apollod. 

Hippomknes, an Athenian archon, who 
expofed his daughter Litnone to be devoured 
by horfes, becaule guilty of adultery. Ovid. 

in lb. 459. - A fon of Macareus and Me- 

rope, who married Atalanta (Hid. Atalanta.) 
with the aftiftance of Venus. Thefe two fond 
lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, 
whole temple they had profaned in their im¬ 
patience to conlummate their nuptials. Ovid. 

Met. 10, v. 585, &c.-The father of Me. 

gareus. 

Hii’pomolgj, a people of Scythia,'who, a& 
the name implies, lived upon the milk of 
horles. Hippocrates has given an account of 
their manner of living, De aqua & aer. 44.— 
Dionyf. Perieg. 

Hippon & Hippo, a town of Africa. 
Hippona, a goddels who prelided over 
horfes. Her ftatues were placed in horles* 
ftables. fuv. 8, v. 157. 

Hipponax, a Greek poet, born at Ephe- 
fus, 540 years before the Chriftian era. He 
cultivated the fame fatirical poetry as Ar¬ 
chilochus, and was not inferior to him in 
the beauty or vigor of his lines. His fatirical 
raillery obliged him to fly from Ephefus. As 
he was naturally deformed, two brothers, 
Buphalus and Ar.thermus, made a ftatue of 
him, which, by the deformity of its features, 
expofed the poet to univerlal ridicule. Hip¬ 
ponax relolved to avenge the injury, and ha 
wrote fuch bitter invedhves and fatirical lam¬ 
poons againft them, that they hanged them- 
ielves in defpair. Cic. adfamil. 7, ep. 24. 

Hipponiates, a bay in the country of 
the Brutii. 

Hipponium, a city in the country of the 
Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. Strab. 

Hippo nous, the father of Peribcra and 
Capaneus. He was killed by the thunder¬ 
bolts of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. 

Apollod. i,\\ 8. 1 . 3, c. 1. - The firft name 

of Bellerophon.-A fon of Priam. 

Hippo?odes, a people of Scythia, who 
have horfe's feet. Dionyf. Perieg. 

Hi pro stratus, a favorite of Lais. 
Hippotades, the patronymic of JEolus, 
grandfon of Hippotas, by Segefta, as alfo of 
Amaitrus, his Ion, \yjno was killed in the Rutu- 
lian war. Hirg. JEn. II, v. 674.— Ovid. 
Met. 11, v. 43 x 7 

Hip pot a a or Hjppotes, a Trojan prince, 

changed into a river. (Hid. Crinifus.)-The 

lather gf JEolus, who from thence is called 

Hippotades, 













HO . 


HI 


Mippotades. Horn. 01. IO, V. i. — Ovid. Her. 

18, v. 46. Met. 14, v. 224. 

Hippothoe, a daughter of Meftor and 
I yfidice, carried away to the iflands called 
Echinades, by Neptune, by whom the had a 

fon named Taphius. Apollod. 2, c. 4.- 

One of the Nereides. Id. 1, c. 2. -A 

daughter of Pelias. Id. 

Hippothoon, a lbn of Neptune and 
Alope, daughter of Cercyon, expoled in the 
woods by his mother, that her. amours with 
the god might be concealed from her father. 
Her lhame was dil'covered, and her father 
ordered her to be put to death. Neptune 
changed her into a fountain, and the child was 
preferred v by mares, whence his name, aud 
when grown up, placed on his grandfather’s 
throne by the friendfriip of Thefeus. Hygin. 
fab. 187'— Pawf. 1, c. 38. 

Hippotijoontis, one of the 12 Athe¬ 
nian tribes, which received its name from Hip- 
pothoon. 

Hippothous, a fon of Lethus killed by 
Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2 Sc 17. 

-A fon of Priam. Apollod. 3, c. 12.- 

A fon of iEgvptus. Id -One of the hun¬ 

ters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid. Met. 1, 
v. 307. 1^ 

Hippotiov, a prince whoaffifted the Tro¬ 
jans, and was killed by Merion. Homer. It. 
13 & 14. 

Hi ppuris, one of the Cyclades. Mela , 2, 
«• 7 * 

Hippos, a rive? falling into the Phafis. 

Hip sides, a Macedonian, &c. Curt. 7, 

c.7. 

Hira, a maritime town of Peloponnefus. 
Homer. II 12. ' 

HirpTni, a people of the Samnites. 5 / 7 . 
8, v. 560. 

Q Hirpinus, a Roman, to whom Ho¬ 
race dedicated his 2 od. xx. and alio 1. ep. 

16. 

.Hirtus, a debauched fellow, &c. Juv . 

IO, v. 222. 

HlRTlA LEX de magi fir at ib us, by A. Hir- 
tius. It required that none of Pompey’s ad¬ 
herents lhould be railed to any office or dig¬ 
nity in the ftate. 

Hirtius, Aulus, a conful with Panfa, 
who affilted Brutus when befieged -at Mutina 
by Antony, They defeated Antony, but 
were both killed in battle 13 . C. 43. Suet, in 
Aug. 10.— — —An hiftorian to whom the 8th 
book of Cadar’s hiftory of the Gallic wars, as 
alfo that of the Alexandrian and Spanilh wars, 
is attributed. The ftyle is inferior to that of 
Ccefar’s Commentaries. The author, who was 
Csefar’s friend, and Cicero’s pupil, is fuppofed 
to be no other than the conful of that name. 

Elis bon, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. Virg. 
JEn. IO, v. 384. 

Hispalis, an antient town of Spain, now 
sailed Seville* PI in. 3, c. 3.— Caf. Pam. IO, 


Hispania or Hispaniie, called by the 
poets Iberia, Hefperia , & Htfperia Ultima, a 
large country of Europe, feparated from Gaul 
by the Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on 
every other lide by the fea. Spain was firft: 
known to the merchants of Phoenicia, and 
from them polled to the Carthaginians, to 
whole power it long continued in fubje£fion. 
The Romans become lole mailers of it at the 
end of the fecond Punic war, and divided k at 
firft into citerior and niteri 7 , which laft was 
afterwards feparated into Bcetica and Lujitania. ■ 
by Auguftus. The Hifpania tit trior was alfo 
called Tarraconenjis. The inhabitants were 
naturally warlike, and they often deftroyed a 
life which was become ufelels, and even bur- 
denfome by its infirmities. Spain was famous 
for its rich mines of fiver, which employed 
40,000 workmen, and daily yielded to the 
Romans no lefs than 20,000drachms. Tlvel© 
have long fince failed, though in the fioriflijng 
times of Rome, Spain was laid rocontain more 
gold, fiver, brals and iron than the reft of the 
world. It gave birth to Ouintilian, I.yca<n 3 
Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, See. ‘Jujlh:. 
44. — Strab. 3. — Mela y 2, C. 6.— Plia. 3 , c. 

I & 20. 

Hispanus, a native of Spain. The word 
Hifpanienjis was alfo tiled, but generally ap¬ 
plied to a perlbn living in Spain and not born 
there. Martial. 12, prof. 

Hispellum, a town ol Umbria. 

Hispo, a noted debauchee, Sec. yav. 2, 
v.50. 

H is pul la, a lafeivious woman. y * v . 6, v. 
74 - 

Histaspes, a relation of Darius III. killed 
in a battle, See. Curt 4,c. 4. 

Hister, a river. Hid. liter. 

Hi3ter Pacuv]us, a man diftinguifhed 
as much by his vices as his immenfe riches. 

Juv. 2 , V. 58. 

Histi.'Ea, a city of Eubcea, anciently called 
Talantia. It was near the promontory called 
Ceneum. Homer. II. 2. 

Histijeotis, a country of Theflaly, fi- 
tuate below mount Olympus and mount Olfa, 
antiently called Doris, from Dorus the fon of 
Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelafgi. The 
Pelalgi were driven from the country by the 
Cadmeans, and thefe laft were alfo diipolTelled 
by the Perrhaffieans, who gave to their newly- 
acquired polfellions the name of Hiftkeotis, or 
Eftia?otis, from Eftiiea, or Hiftiaea, a town of 
Euboea, which they had then lately deftroyed,' 
and whofe inhabkants they had carried to 

T-helfaly with them. Strab. — Herodot. 4. -- 

A fmall country of Euboea, of which Hiftiiea, 
or Eftiaea, was the capital. 

HisniEus, a tyrant of Miletus, wlio ex¬ 
cited the Greeks to take up arms againft Per- 
fia. Herodot. 3, &c.-An hiftorian of Mi¬ 

letus. 

Hi stria. Hid. Iftria. 

Hodius, a herald in the Trojan war. 

EiOLOCRON. 





HO 


HO 


Holochon, a mountain of Macedon. 

Homeromastix, a furnarae given to /Toi- 
lus the critic. 

Homejrus, a celebrated Greek poet, the 
mod ancient of all the profane writers. The 
age in which he lived is not known, though 
fome fuppofe it to he about 168 years after 
the Trojan war, or, according to other, 160 
years before the foundation of Rome. Ac 
cording to Paterculus, he florifihed 968 years 
before the Chriftian era, or 884 according 
to Herodotus, who fuppofedi him to l e co¬ 
temporary with Refiod. 'The Arund/elian 
Marbles fix his era 907 yoars before Chrid, 
and make him alfo cotennporary with He- 
fiod. This diverfity of o pinions proves the 
antiquity of Homer; and the uncertainty 
prevails alfo concerning the place of his 
nativity. No lets than fejven illuftrious cities 
difputed the right of havi ng given birth to the 
greateft of poets, as it is well exprefled in 
thele lints: 

Smyrna , Chios , Colo phcn, Salamis, Rhodes, 
Argos, Athena. t 

Or his de patria a trtat, Homer e, tua. 

He was called Me. left genes, becaufe fuppofed 
to be born on the be rders of the river MeleS. 
There prevailed a report that he had eda- 
blithed a lchool at C liios in the latter part of 
his life, and, indeed, this opinion is favored by 
the prefent inhabitants of the ifland, who dill 
glory in (bowing to travellers the feats where 
the venerable made r and bis pupils fat in the 
hollow of a rock, at the didance of about four 
miles from the mo dern capital of the ifland. 
Thefe difficulties a,nd doubts have not been 
removed, though Ariftotle, Herodotus, Plu¬ 
tarch, and others, have employed their pen in 
writing his life. In his two celebrated poems 
called the Iliad rand Odyffey, Homer has dii- 
played the mod confummate knowledge of 
human nature, and rendered himfelf immortal 
by the fublimity, the fire, fweetnefs and ele¬ 
gance of his poetry. He deferves a greater 
fhare of admiration when we confider that he 
1wrote without a model, and that none of his 
; poetical imitators have been able to furpafs, 
or, perhaps, to equal their great mader. If 
there are any faults found in his poetry, they 
are to be attributed to the age in which he 
lived, and not to him; and we mult obferve 
that the w-orld is indebted to Homer for his 
happy fucceffor Virgil. In his Iliad, Homer 
has delcribed the refentment of Achilles, and 
its fatal confequences in the Grecian army 
before the walls of Troy. In the Odyffey, 
the poet has for his fubjeX the return of 
Ulvffes into his country, with the many 
misfortunes which attended his voyage after 
the fall of Troy. Thefe two poems are each 
divided into 24 hooks, the Came number as 
the letters of the Greek alphabet,and though 
the Iliad claims at) uncomefted fuperionty 
. \ ■ \ ’ 


over the Odyffey, yet the fame force, the 
lame fublimity and elegance, prevail, though 
divefled of its mod powerful fire; and 
Longinus, the mod refined of critics, beau¬ 
tifully compares the Iliad to the mid-day, 
and the Odylfey to the fetting fun, and ob- 
ferves, that the latter dill preferves its original 
fplendor and majedy, though deprived of its 
meridian heat. The poetry of Homer was fo 
univerfally admired, that, in ancient times, 
every man of learning could repeat with facility 
any paffage in the Iliad or Odyffey; and, in¬ 
deed, it was a fufficient authority to fettle de¬ 
puted boundaries, or to fupport any argument. 
The poems of Homer are the compofitions of 
a man who travelled and examined with the 
mod critical accuracy whatever deferved notice 
and claimed attention. * Modern travellers are 
atlonilhed to fee the different icenes which 
the pen of Homer delcribed about 3000 years 
ago, diU exiding in the fame unvaried form, 
and the failor who deers his courfe along the 
iEgean, fees all the promontories and rocks 
which appeared to Nedor and Menelaus, when 
they returned victorious from the Trojan war. 
The ancients had fuch veneration for Homer, 
that they not only raifed temples and altars to 
him, but offered facrifices, and worlhipped him 
as a god. The inhabitants of Chios celebrated 
fedivals every fifth year in his honor, and 
medals were druck, which reprefented him 
fitting on a throne, holding his Iliad and Odyf¬ 
fey. In Egypt his memory was confecrated by 
Ptolemy Philopator,who ereXed a magnificent 
temple, within which was placed a datue of the 
poet beautifully furrounded with a reprelen- 
tation of the feven cities which contended for 
the honor of his birth. The inhabitants of 
Cos, one of the Sporades, boaded that Homer 
was buried in their ifland; and the Cyprians 
claimed the fame honor, and faid that he was 
born ofThemido, a female native of Cyprus. 
Alexander was fo fond of Homer, that he ge¬ 
nerally placed his compofitions under his pil¬ 
low, with his fword ; and he carefully depofited 
the Iliad in one of the riched 2nd mod valua¬ 
ble caikets of Darius, ohfefving, that the mod 
perfect wor k of human genius ought to be pre- 
lerved in a box the mod valuable and precious 
in the world. It is laid, that Pifidratus, tyrant 
of Athens, was the fird who collected.and ar¬ 
ranged the Iliad and Odyffey in the manner in 
which they now appear to us; and that it is to 
the well-direCted puriuits of Lycurgus that 
, we are indebted for-their prefervation. Many 
of the ancients have written the life of Homer, 
yet their enquiries and labors have not much 
contributed to prove the native place, the 
patronage, and connexions, of a man whom 
fome have reprefented as deprived 'of fight. 
Befides the Iliad and Odyffey, Homer wrote, 
according to the opinion of fome authors, a 
poem upon Amphiaraus’s expedition againft 
Thebes, befides the Phoceis, the Cercopes, 
the fniall Iliad, the Epicichlides, and the Ba- 

trachomy- 




HO 


HO 


trachomyomachia, and many hymns to fome 
of the gods. The merit of originality is taken 
very improperly, perhaps, from Homer, by 
thole who fuppole, with Clemens Alex. 6 Strom. 
that he borrowed from Orpheus, or that, ac¬ 
cording to Suidas fvoce Corinnus) he took his 
plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an epic poet, 
who wrote on the Trojan war, at the very time 
the Greeks belieged that famed city. Agnthon 
an ancient painter, according to iElian, repre- 
fented the merit of the poet in a manner as 
bold as it was Indelicate. Homer was repre¬ 
sented as vomiting, and all other poets as 
iwallowing what he ejected. Of the numerous 
commentaries publithed on Homer, that of 
Euftathius, bifhop of ThelTalonica, is by far 
the moll extcnlive and erudite. 'The bell 
editions of Homer’s Iliad and Odyfiey may, 
perhaps, be, found to be Barnes, a vols, 4ta 
Cantah. 17 n ; that of Glafgow, 2 vols. fol. 
1758 ; that of Berglerus, 2 vols. izmo. Amft. 
1707 ; that of Dr. Clarke, of the Iliad, 2 vols. 
4to. 1729, and of the Odyffey, 1740; and that 
of Oxford, 5 vols. 8vo 1780, containing the 
icholia, hymns, and an index. Herodot. 2, c. 
53 *— Tbeocrit. 16.— Arifiot. Poet. — StraL — 
Dio. Cbryf. 33. Orat. — Pauf. 2, 9, IO — He- 
liodor. 3.— JElian. V. H. 13.— Val. Max. 8, 
C. 8.— Quintil. I, 8, IO, 12.— Paterc. I, c. 5. 

— Dioiiyf. Hal — Plut. in Alex, kc -One 

of the Greek poets called Pleiades, born at 
Hierapolis, B. C. 263. He wrote 45 tragedies, 

all loll.-There were leven other poets, 

of inferior note, who bore the name of 
Homer. 

Homoi.e, a lofty mountain of Theflaly, 
once the refidence of the Centaurs. Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 675. 

Homolea, a mountain of Magnelia. 

HoMoi-iri’Bs, a ion of Hercules and Xan- 
this. Apollod. 

Homo.loides, one of the leven gates of 
Thebes. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 2^2. 

Homonadenses, a people of Cilicia. 

Honor, a virtue worlhipped at Rome. 
Her firil temple was ereCred by Scipio Afri- 
canus, and another was afterwards built by 
Claud.Marcellus. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 23. 

Honorius, an emperor of the weltern 
empire of Rome, who fuceeeded his father 
Theodolius the Great, with his brother Ar- 
cadius. He was neither bold nor vicious, 
but he was of a-modeft and timid dilpofi- 
tion, unfit for er.terprize, and fearful of danger. 
He conquered his enemies by means of his 
generals, and fuffered himfelf and his people 
to be governed by minifters who took advan¬ 
tage of their imperial mallet’s indolence and 
inactivity. He died of a dropfy in the 39th 
year of his age, 15th of Augult A. D. 423. 
He left no ifiue, though he married two wives. 
Under him and his brother the Roman power 
was divided into two different empires. The 
fuccefl'orsof Honorius, who fixed their refidence 
at Rome, were called the emperors of the weft, 


and the fueceffors of Arcadius, who fat on the 
throne of Conllantinople, were diftinguifhed 
by the name of emperors of the eallern Roman 
empire. This divifion of power proved fatal 
to both empires, and they foon looked upon 
one another with indifference, contempt, and 
jealouly. 

Hora, a goddefs at Rome, fuppofed to bo 
Herfilia, who married Romulus. She was 
laid to prefide over beauty. Ovid. Met. 14 , 
v. 851. 

Horacitje, a people near Illyricum. 

Horapollo, a Greek writer, whole age is 
unknown. His Hieroglypbica , a curious and 
entertaining book, has been edited by Corn, de 
Pauw, 4to. Ultra). 1727. 

Hor;e, three fillers, daughters of Jupiter 
and Themis according to Hefiod called Eu- 
nomia, Dice, and Irene. They were the 
fame as the i'eaibns who prefided over the 
fpring, fumraer, and winter, and were re- 
prefented by the poets as opening the gates 
of heaven and of Olympus. Planter. II. 5, 
v. 749.— Pauf. 5, C. II. — Hefiod . Theogx 
v. 902. 

Horatia, the filler of the Horatii, killed 
by her brother for mourning the death of the 
Curiatii. Cic. de Inv. 2 , C. 20. 

H6ratius Cocles. Vid. Codes.—— 
Q. Flaccus, a celebrated poet, born at Ve- 
nufia. His father was a freed-man, and 
though poor in his circumllances, he liberally 
educated his ion, and lent him to learn phi— 
lofophy at Athens, after he had received the 
leffons of the bell makers at Rome. Horace 
followed Brutus from Athens, and the timi¬ 
dity which he betrayed at the battle of Phi¬ 
lippi fo effe&ualy ditcouraged him, that he 
for ever abandoned the profelfion of arms, and, 
at his return to Rome, he applied himfelf to 
cultivate poetry. His riling talents claimed 
the attention of Virgil and Var’ms, who re¬ 
commended him to the care of IVfecainas and 
Auguftus, the moll celebrated patrons of -li¬ 
terature. Under the foitering patronage of 
the emperor and of his minifter, Horace gave 
himfelf up to indolence and refined plealure. 
He was a follower of Epicurus, and while he 
liberally indulged his appetites, he negleCted 
the calls of ambition, and never fuffered him¬ 
felf to be carried away by the ride of popula¬ 
rity or public employments- He even refilled 
to become the lecretary of Auguftus, and the 
emperor was not offended at his refulal. He 
lived at the table of his illuftrious patrons as 
if he were in his own houfe; and Angullus, 
while fitting at his meals with Virgil at his 
right hand and Horace at his left, often 
ridiculed the lhort breath of the fonn&r, ani. 
the watery eyes of the latter, by oblerving 
that he fat between tears and fiehs. Ego fum 
interfufpiria lacrynnis. Horace was warm 
in his friendlhip, and, if ever any ill-judged, 
reflection had caufed offence, the poet imme¬ 
diately made every conceflion which could 

effect 




1io 


effect a reconciliation, and not deftroy the 
good purposes of friendly fociety. Horace 
died in the 57th year of his age, B. C. 8. 
His gaiety was fuitable to the livelinefs and 
diflipation of a court; and his familiar inti¬ 
macy with MecaenaS has induced fome to 
believe that the death of Horace was violent 
and that he haftened himl'elf out of the world 
to accompany his friend. The 17th ode of 
his fecond book, which was written during 
the lall illnefs of Mecamas, is too ferious to 
be confidered as a poetical rhapfody, or un¬ 
meaning efFufion, and indeed, the poet 
furvived the patron only three weeks, and 
ordered his bones to be buried near thofe of 
Iris friend. H e left all his poffeliions to 
Auguttus. The poetry of Horace, fo much 
commended for its elegance and fweetnefs, 
is delervedly cenlured for the licentious ex- 
prefiions and indelicate thoughts which he 
too frequently introduces. Ia his odes he has 
imitated Pindar and Anacreon; and if he 
has confefTed himfelf to be inferior to the for¬ 
mer, he has Ihovvn that he bears the palm 
over the latter by his more ingenious and re¬ 
fined lentiments, by the eafe and melody of 
his expreffions, and by the pleading variety of 
his numbers. In his lathes and epiftles, Ho¬ 
race dilplays much wit, and much latirical 
humor, without much poetry, and his ftyle, 
limple and unadorned, differs little from pro- 
iaical compofition. In his art of poetry he 
has fhown' much tafte and judgment, and has 
rendered in Latin hexameters, what Ariftotle 
had, fome ages before, delivered to his pupils 
in Greek profe. The poet gives judicious 
rules and ufeful precepts to the moil powerful 
and opulent citizens of Rome, who, in the 
midft of peace and enjoyment, vvifhed to culti¬ 
vate poetry and court the mules, The bell 
editions of Horace will be found to be that of 
Bafil,fol. 1.580, illuflrated bv eighty commen¬ 
tators; that of Paxter’s, edited by Gefner, 
8vo. Lipf. 1752 ; and that of Glnfgovv, nmo 
I 744. Suet, in Aug. — Ovid. Triji. 4. el. IO, V. 
49.———’it:ree brave Romans, born at the 
fame birth, who fought againll the three Cu- 
riatii, about 667 years before Chrift. This 
celebrated light was fought between the hoftile 
camps of the people of Alba and Rome, and 
or. their fuccefs depended the viftory. In the 
fu ll attack two of the Horatii were killed, and 
the only furviving brother, by joining artifice 
to valor, obtained an honorable trophy. By 
pretending to fly from the field of battle, he 
ealilv feparated his aRtagoniils,_aud, in attack¬ 
ing them one by one, he was enabled to con¬ 
quer them all. As he returned victorious to 
Rome, his filter reproached him with the mur¬ 
der of one of the Curiatii, to whom Ihe was 
promifod in marriage. He was incenl’ed at 
the rebuke, and killed his filler. This vio¬ 
lence raifed the indignation of the people; he 
was tried and capitally condemned. His emi- 
%-nt iervices, however, pleaded in his favor; 


HO 

the fentence of death was exchanged for & 
-more moderate but more ignominious piH 
nilhment, and he was only compelled to 
pais under the yoke. A trophy was railed 
in the Roman foium, on which he fuf- 
pended the fpoils of the conquered CuriatiiJ 
Cic. de Invent. 2, c. 26.— Liv. I, c. 24, &c.— 1 

Dionyf. Hal. 3, c. 3.-A Roman conful, 

who defeated the' Sabines.-A conful, who 

dedicated the temple of Jupiter Capitol in us. 
During the ceremony he was informed of the 
death of his fon, hut he did not forget the fa- 
cred character he then bore for the feelings of 
a parent, and continued the dedication after 
ordering the body to be buried. Liv. 1. 

Horcias, the general of 3000 Macedoni¬ 
ans, who revolted from Antigonus in Cappado¬ 
cia. Polyan. 4 . 

Hormisdas, a name which fome of the. 
Perlian kings bore in the reign of the Roman, 
emperors. 

Horesti, a people of Britain, fuppofed to 
be the inhabitants of Elkdale now in Scotland. 
Tacit. Ag. 38. 

Horratus, a Macedonian foldier, who 
fought with another private foldier in fight 
of the whole army of Alexander. Curt. 9, 
c. 7. 

Hortensta, a celebrated Roman lady* 
daughter of the orator Hortenfius, whofe elo¬ 
quence fite had inherited in the moll eminent 
degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 
14,000 women to give upon oath an account 
of their poirelfions, to defray the expences of 
the Hate, Hortenfia undertook to plead their 
caufe, and was fo fuccefsful in her attempt, 
that 1000 of her female fellow-iufferers es¬ 
caped from the avarice of the triumvirate. 
Val. Max. 8, c. 3. 

Hortensta let, by O. Hortenfius, the 
dictator, A. U. C. 667. It ordered the 
whole body of the Roman people to pay im¬ 
plicit obedience to whatever was enabled by 
the commons. The nobility, before this law 
was enabled, had claimed an abfolute exemp¬ 
tion. 

Horta, a divinity among the Romans* 
who prefided over youth, and patronized all 
exhortations to virtue and honorable deeds. 
She is the fame as Herfilia. 

Horta, or Hortinum, a town of the Sa¬ 
bines, on the confluence of the Nar and the 
Tiber. Virg. JBn. 7,v. 716. 

Q. Hortensius, a celebrated orator, who 
began to diflinguifh himfelf by his eloquence, 
in the Roman forum, at the age of nineteen. 
His friend and fuccefifor Cicero fpeaks with 
great eulogium of his oratorical powers, and 
mentions the uncommon extent of his memo¬ 
ry. The affected aft ions of Hortenfius at the 
bar procured him the ridiculous furname of 
Dionyjia , a celebrated ftage dancer at the 
time. He was praetor and conful, and died 50 
years before Chiift in his 63d year. His ora¬ 
tions are not extant. Quintilian mentions diem 

as 





II Y 

fcs imdeftmng the great commendations which 
Cicero had io liberally be (towed upon them. 
Hortenfius was very rich, and not lei's than 
10,000 calks of Arvifian wine were/found in 
his cellar after his death. He had written 
pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all loft. 
Cic. in Brut, ad Attic. Je Or at. —Varro de 

R. R 3, c. 5.-Corbio, a grandl'on of the 

orator of the fame name, famous for his lafci- 

vioufnels.-A rich Roman, who aiked the 

elder Cato his wife, to procreate children. 
Cato gave his wife to his friend, and took her 
again after his death. This behaviour of 
Cato was highly cenliired at Rome, and it was 
oblerved, that Cato’s wife had entered the 
houle of Hortenfius very poor, but that lh_- re¬ 
turned to the bed of Cato in the grealeft Opu¬ 
lence. Plut. in Cat -A Roman, Uain by 

Antony on his borther’s tomb. Id. -A 

pretor, who gave 1 tip Macedonia to Brutus. 

Id. -One of Sylla’s lieutenants; Id. - 

A Roman, the firit who introduced the eating 
of peacocks at Rome. This was at the feaft 
he gave when he was created augur. 

Hortona, a town of Italy, on the con¬ 
fines of the iEqui. Li-v. 3, c. 3a 

Horus, a fon of lfis, one of the deities of 
•the Egyptians.-A king of Adyria. 

Hospitalis, a furname of Jupiter among 
the Romans as the god of hofpitality. 

Ho3tilia lex was enacted A. U C. 583. 
By it l'uch as were among the enemies of the 
republic, or abfent when the Hate required 
their aifiitance, were guilty*of rapine. 

Hostilia, a large town on the Po. Tacit. 
Ann. 2, C. 40. — P/in. 21 , C . 12 . 

Ho3Tius Hostilius, a warlike Roman, 
prefented with a crown of houghs by Romu¬ 
lus, for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. 

Dionsf. Hal. -A conful.-A Latin poet, 

in the age of J. Ca’lar, who compofed a poem 
on the wars of Iliria. Macrob. Sat. 6, c. 3. 
& 5 - 

Hunxi, a people of Sarmatia, who invaded 
the empire of Rome in the fifth century, and 
fettled in Pannonia, to which they gave the 

name of Hungary. 

Hvacinthia, an annual folemnity an 
Amyclae, in Laconia, in honor of Hyaeinthus 
and Apollo. It continued for three days, dur¬ 
ing which time the grief of the people was to 
great for the death of Hyaeinthus, that they 
did not adorn their hair with garlands during 
their feftivals, nor cat bread, but fed only upon 
fweatmeats. They did notfeven ling- pceans In 
honor of Apollo, or .obfei’Ve any of the fo- 
Iemnities which were nlual another facrifices. 
On the fecond day of the feftival there were a 
number of diffe-ent exhibitions. Youths, with 
their garments girt about them, entertained 
the fpertators, by playing fofh^times upon the 
flute, or upon the harp, and by finging anapeftic 
fongs, in loud echoing voices, in honor of( 
Apollo. Others p.* 0 ed acrofs the theatre 


HY 

mounted upon hevfes richly adorned, and at 
the lame time, choirs of young men came upon 
the It age lingitig their uncouth ruftic longs, 
and accompanied by paribus who danced at the 
found of vocal and initi umental mufic, accord¬ 
ing to the ancient cuftom. Some virgins were 
alto introduced in chariots of wood, covered at 
the top and magnificently adorned. Others 
appeared in race chariots. The city began 
then to be filled with joy, and immenfe num¬ 
bers of victims were offered on the altars of 
Apollo, and the vot tries liberally entertained 
their friends and' Haves. During this latte* 
part of the feftivity, all were eager to be pre* 
lent at the games, and the city was almoft dc- 
lbl^te, and without inhabitants. At ben. 4.— 
Ovid. Mei. IO, V. 219.— Pavf. 3, c. I fc J9. 

Hyacinthus, a fon of Amyclas and Dio¬ 
mede, greatly beloved by Apollo and Zephy* 
rus. He returned the former’s love, and Ze- 
phyrus, Incenled at his coldnefs and indiffe-* 
rence, refolved to punilh his rival. As Apollo, 
who vvas entr,ufted with the education of Hy¬ 
acinthus, once pbyod at quoit with his pupil, 
Zephyfus blew the quoit, as foon as it was 
thrown by Apollo, upon the head of Hyacin¬ 
thus, and he was killed with the blow. Apollo 
was fo dilcon'.blate at the death ofHyacinthus, 
that he changed his blood into a flower, which 
bore his name, and placed his body among the 
conftellatinr.s. The Spartans alfo eftabliihed 
yearly feftivals in honor of the nephew cf 
their king. [ FiJ> Hyaeintfcia.] Rauf. 3, c. 
19.— -Ovid. Mel. IO, "V. 185, 8c c.—A polled. 3, 
Sec. 

HyXdes, five daughters of Atlas. king of 
Mauritania, who w ere fo aifconlblate at the 
death of their brother Hyas, who had been 
killed by x wild boar, that they pined away 
and died. * They became ftars after death, 
and were placed near Taurus, one of the 12 
fig ns of the Zodiac. They received the tiame 
of Hyades from their brother Hyas. '! heir 
names are Phaola, Avnbrofia, Eudora,Qoron:s 
and Polyxo. To thefb (bme have added 
Thione and Prodice, and they maintained, that 
they were daughters of Hyas and ./Ethrn, one 
of the Oceanides. Euripides calls them daugh¬ 
ters of Erechtheus. The ancients fuppoied 
that the riling and fetting of the Hyades was 
always attended with much rain, whence the 
name {vw pluo). Ovid. Faff. 5, v. 163.— 
H X rriti. fab. 182.— Ear ip. in Ion. 

Hyaonis, a Phrygian, father of Mnrfyas. 
He invented the flute. Plat, dc Mujlc. 

HvXc a, a city at the mouth of the Indus,- 
where the government is the fame as r.r 

Sparta.-One of Diana’s attendant nymphs- 

Ovid. 

Hyampolis, a city of Pbocis, on the 
Cephifus, founded by the Hyanthes.' Her v- 
dot . 8- 

HyanThes, the ancient name of the inha¬ 
bitants of Boeotia, from king Hyas. Cad- 
A a rr.us 














HY 


H'Y 


rr us Is fometimes called Hyanthius , bee; ue 
he was king of Boeotia. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 

>47- 

Hyantis, an ancient name of Beeotia. 

Hyarrita, a man who endeavoured to 
imitate Timogenes, See. Horat. i, ep. 19, 
v. 15. 

Hyas, a fon of Atlas, of Mauritania, by 
•TEthra. His extreme foudneis for Ihooting 
proved fatal to him, and, in his attempts to 
rob a lionefs of her whelps, he was killed by 
the enraged animal. Some lay that he died 
by the bice of a ferpent, and others that he 
was killed by a wild boar. His filters 
mourned his death vwith fuch coftft'ant la¬ 
mentations, that Jupiter, in companion for 
their forrovv, changed them into ftars. [Hid. 
Hyades.] Hygin. fab. 192. — Ovid. Fuji. 5, 
». 170. 

JHybla, a mountain in Sicily, called after¬ 
wards Megaray where thyme and odoriferous 
flowers of all forts grew in abundance. It is 
famous for its honey. There is, at the foot of 
the mountain, a town of the fame name. 
There is aUo- another near mount JEtna, 
clofe to Catana. Pauf. 5, c. 23.— Strak 6.— 
Mela, 2 , C. 7. — Cic. Verr. 3, C. 43. 1 . 5, C. 25. 

— Sil. 14, v. 26— Stat. 14, v. 201.-A city 

of Attica bears alfo the name of Hybla. 

Hybrkas, an orator of Caria, &c. 
Strab. 13. 

Hybrianf.s, a people near Thrace. 

“ Hyccakon, (plur. a), a town of Sicily, the 
native place of Lais. 

Hyda & Hyde, a town of Lydia, under 
mount Trnoius, which fome fuppofe to be the 
fame as Sardes. 

Hydara, a town of Armenia. Strab. 12. 

Hydarnes, one of the leven noble Per- 
fians who confpired to deftroy the 'uiurper 
Smerdis, &C. Herodot. 3 & 6.— iStrab. II. 

Hyda s pe s, a river of Alia, flowing by 
Sufa.— Virg. G- 4 » v > 211.-Another in In¬ 

dia, now Behut or Chelum , the boundaries oh 
Alexander’s conquefts in the ealt. It falls into 
the Indus. Curt. 5, c. 2.— Lucan. 8, v. 227. 

«— Horat. I, od. 22, v. J.— Strab. 15.- T —A 

friend of iEneas, killed in the Rutulian war. 
Virg. JE/u 10, v. 747. 

Hydra, a celebrated monfter, which in- 
felled the neighbourhood of the lake Lerna 
in PelopUnnefus. It waS the fruit of Echid¬ 
na’s union with Typhon. It had an hundred 
heads, according to Diodorus; fifty, according 
to Simonides; and nine, according to the more 
teceived opinion of Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c. 
As foon as one of theie heads was cut off, two 
immediately grew up, if the Wouqd was not. 
flopped by fire. It was one of the labors of 
Hercules to deftroy this dreadful monfter, and 
this he eafily effetted with the afliftance of 
lol.ts, who applied a burning iron to the 
•vvuitids as foon as one head was cut off. 
While Hercules was deftroying the hydra, 
Juno, jeakfiis o£ his glory, feut a fea crab to. 


bite his foot. This new enemy was foon dis¬ 
patched; and Juno, unable to fucceed in her 
attempts to lelTen the fame of Hercules, 
placed the crab among the conftellations, 
where it is now called the Cancer. The con¬ 
queror dipped his arrows in the gall of the hy¬ 
dra, "and, from that circumftance, all the 
wounds which he gave proved incurable and 
mortal. Hefiod. Theog. — Apollod. 2, c. 5 * 
Pauf. 5, c. 17— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 69.— Horat. 
4. od. 4 , v. 61. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 276. h 7» 

V. 65 Si ' 

Hydraotes, a river of India, eroded by 
Alexander. 

Hydropiiorta, a feftival obferved at 
Athens, called avro rov Vbec^from carry¬ 

ing water. It was celebrated in commemora¬ 
tion of thofe who perilhed in the deluge of’ 
Deucalion and Ogyges. 

Hydruntuml & Hydrus, a city of Cala¬ 
bria, 50 miles fouth of Brundufium. As the 
diftance from thence to Greece was only 60 
miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pom- 
pey’s lieutenant, meditated the building here a 
bridge acrofs the Adriatic. Though fo favo¬ 
rably fituated, Hydrus, now* called Otranto, is 
but an infigmficant town, fcarce containing 
3000 inhabitants. Plin. 3, c. II .—rCic. IJ. 
Att . 21. 1 . 16. ep. 5. — Lucan. 5, v. 375. 

Hydrusa, a town of Attica.. d Strab. 9* 

Hyki-a, a town of Lucania. • Strab. 6. 

Hyempsal, a fon of Miyfpfa, brother to 
Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha, after the 
death of his father. Salluf. de. Jug. Bell. 

Hyettus, a tovijft of Bceotia. Pauf. 9, 
c. 24. • 1 

Hygeia or Hygiea, thegoddefrofhealth, 
daughter of Aifculapius, held in great venerar 
tion among the ancients.; Her ftatues repre-. 
fented her"with a veil, and the matrons ufually 
confecrated their locks to her. She was alfo 
reprefented on monuments as a* young wo¬ 
man holding a ferpent in one hand, and in the 
other a cup, out of which the ferpent ibme- 
times drank. According to fome authors* 
Hygeia is the fame as Minerva, who received 
that name from Pericles, who erected her a 
ftatue, becaufe in a dream the had told him 
the means of curing an architect, whofe aflif- 
tance he wanted to build a temple. Plut. i* 
Pericl. — Pauf. I, C. 23. 

Hygiana, a town of Peloponnefus. 

C. Jul. Hyginus, a grammarian, one of 
the freedmen of Auguftus. He was a na¬ 
tive of Alexandria ; or, according to fome, he 
was a Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He 
was aop«inted librarian to the library of mount 
Palatine, and he was able to maintain himfelf 
by the liberality of C. Lieinius. He wrote a 
mythological hiftory, which he called fables, 
and Poelicon AJlronomicon , befides treadles on 
the cities of Italy* on fuch Roman families a$ 
were defeended from the Trojans, a book on 
agriculture, commentaries, on Virgil, the livq? 
of great men, now loft. The bell edition 












HY 


H Y 


ef Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols 8vo. 
Amit 1681. Thefe compofltions have been 
greatly mutilated, and their incorrcdtnefs and 
their bad Latinity, have induced l'ome to 
fuppofe that they are fpurious. Sueton. de 
Grom. 

Hyla & Hylas, a river of My Ha, where 

Hylas was drowned. Virg. G. 3, v. 6.- 

A colony of Phocis. 

Hylactor, one of A&aean's dogs, 
from his barking [iXctr.ru Intro). Ovid. 
Met. 3. 

Hyljs, a fmall town of Bceotia. Plin. 4, 

c. 7- 

Hyl.yus, a name given to fome centaurs, 
one of whom was killed by Hercules on mount 

Pholoe. Virg- AEn. 8, v. 294.-Another 

by Thefeus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. 
Stat. T/j. 7, V. 267.— Ovid. Met. 12, V. 378. 

-Another killed by Bacchus. Stat. Th. 6, 

v. 530 -— Virg. G. 2, v. 437.-A, fourth 

killed by Atalanta. - ApolivJ. 3.-One of 

Adtjeon’s dogs. 

Hylas, a fan of Thiodamas, king of 
Myfia and Menodice, ftolen away by Her¬ 
cules, and carried on board the lhip Argo 
to Colchis. On the Aliatic coaft the Ar¬ 
gonauts landed to take a fupply of frelh water, 
and Hylas, following the example of his com¬ 
panions, went to the fountain with a pitcher, 
and fell into the water and was drowned. The 
poets have embellilhed this tragical ltory, by 
faying, that the nymphs of the river, ena¬ 
moured of the beautiful Hylas, carried him 
away ; and that Here lies, dilconfolate at the 
lofs of his favorite youth, filled the woods and 
mountains with his complaints, and, at laft, 
abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go 
-and feek him. Apollod. 1, c. 9.— Hygin. fab. 
14, I'll.— Virg. Eel. 6. — Propert. I, el. 20. 
-A river of Bithynia. Plin. 5, c. 32. 

Hr lax, a dog mentioned in Virg. Eel. 8. 

Hyljas, a river of Magna Grzecia. 

Hyllaiccs, a part of Peloponnefus, near 
McfTenka. 

Hyi.lus, a fon of Hercules and Dejanira, 
who, footi after his father’s death, married Iole, 
He, as well as his father, was profecutedby the 
envy of Eiu yfiheus, a yd obliged to fly from the 
Peloponriofus. The Athenians gave a kind 
reception to Hyllus and the reft of the Hera- 
clidse, and marched againft Euryftheus. Hyllus 
obtained a victory over his enemies, and killed 
with his own hand Euryftheus, and fent his 
Jioad v to Alcmena, his grandmother. Some 
time after he attempted to recover the Pelo- 
ponnefus with the Heraclidx, and was killed 
Yri Angle combat by Echeraus, king of Aicadia. 
[Vid. Heraclidse, Hercules.] Hero-lot. 7, c. 204, 
&C .— Strab. y.Siod. 4. — Ovid. Met. 9, V. 

£79.-A river of Lydia, flowing into the 

Hermus. It is called alib Phryx. Liv. 37, 
c. 38 .—Hcrodct. I,c. 180. 

Hyxonome, the wife of Cyllaras, who 
killed herielf the moment her huftand was 


| murdered by the Lapiihse. Ovid. Mel. 12, 
j v. 405. 

Hylophagi, a people of iEthiopi.1. 
Diod. 3. 

Hymen-ceus & Hymen, the god of mar¬ 
riage among the Greeks, was fon of Bacchus 
and Venus, or according to others, of Apollo 
and ofte of the mules. Hymenseus, ac¬ 
cording to the more received opinions, was 
a young Athenian of extraordinary beauty, 
but ignoble origin. He became enamoured 
of the daughter of one of the richeft and nobleft 
of his countrymen, and, as the rank and eleva¬ 
tion of his miftrels removed him from her pre¬ 
fence and converfation, he contented kimfeif 
to follow her wherever Ihe went. In a certain 
proceftion, in which all the matrons of Athens 
went to Eleufis, Hymenseus, to accompany his 
miftrels, dilguifed himficlf in woman’s cloaths, 
and joined the religious troop. His youth, 
and the fairnefs of his features, favored his 
difguile. A great part of the proceftion was 
leized by the Hidden arrival of fome'pirates, 
and Hymenaeus, who (hared the captivity of 
his miftrels, encouraged his female compani¬ 
ons, and aftaffinated their ravilhers while they 
were allsep. Immediately after this, Hymo- 
nxus repaired to Athens, and promifed to 
rellore to liberty the matrons who had been 
enllaved, provided he was allowed to marry 
one among them who was the objedt of his 
pillion. The Athenian* confented, and Hy- 
I menseus experienced fo much felicity in ids 
marriage ftate, that the people of Athens in- 
llituted feftivals in his honor, and folemnly 
invoked hini at their nuptials, as the Latins 
did their Thalafllus. Hymen was generally 
reprelented as crowned with flowers, chiefly 
with marjoram or rofes, and holding a burning 
torch in one hand, and in the other a veil of a 
purple color. It was fuppofed that he always 
attended at nuptials; for, if not, matrimonial 
connections were fatal, and ended in the moft 
dreadful calamities; and hence people ran 
about calling aloud, Hymen! Hymen! See. 
Ovid. Medtu- Met. 12, V. 215.— Virg. AEn. I, 
&c.— Catull. ep. 62. 

Hymettus, a mountain of Attica, about 
22 miles in circumference, and about two 
miles from Athens, (till famous for its bees 
and excellent honey. Thet e was alfo a quarry 
of marble there. .1 upiter nad there a temple; 
whence he is called Hymettius . Strab. 9.—- 
Ital. 2, V. 228. J. 14, v. 200.— Plin. 36, c. 3. 
— Horat. 2, od. 18, V. 3 1 . 2. Sat. 2, v. 15. 
— Cic. 2. fin. 34. 

Hy r & 1'a or Ipf.p.®, now Berki, a town of 
Lydia, facred to Venus, between mount 
Trnolus a..d the Cayftru*. Strab. 13.— Ovid. 
Met. 11, v. 152. 

Hyp# si a, a country of Peloponnefus. 

Hypanis, a river of Eqropeaft Scythia, 
now -called Bog, which lulls into the Boryf- 
thenes, and with it into the Euxine, Hero- 
do;L 4, c. 52, &«*’■— Ovid. Met. IJ. v. 285. 

A a 2 A -A n- 








HY 


HY 


--A river, of India-Another of Pon- 

tus. Cic. Tufc. 2, c. 39.-A Trojan who 

’•lined hirnlelf to JEneas, and was killed 
by his own people, who tool? him for 
one of the enemy in the night that Troy 
was burned by tire Checks. Virg. JEn . 2, 
v. 428. 

HyparTnus, 'a ion of Dion, who feigned 
at Syracufe tor two years after his .father. 

■-The father of Dion. 

HypATEf, a river of Sicily, near Cama¬ 
rilla, Ital. 14, v. 23r. 

Hypatha, a town ofTheffaly. <Liv. \ 1, 
c. 25. 

/ Hypatia, a native of Alexandria, cele¬ 
brated for her beauty, her virtues, mid her 
great erudition. She was afT.iffmated 415 

A. D. 

Hypenor, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at 
Troy. Homer. II. i. 143. 

Hyperbatus, a prctor of the Achaenns, 

B. C. 224. 

HypeRB ius, a fon of JEgyptus.* Apollod. 

Hyperborei, a nation in the northern 
parts of Europe and Afra, who were laid to 
live to an incredible 3 ge, even to a thoufand 
years, and in the enjoyment of all pollible 
felicity. The fun was faid to rife and let to 
them but once a year, and therefore perhaps 
they are placed by Virgil under the north 
pole. The word fignities people nvho inhabit 
beyond the nfiind Boreas. 'Thrace was ths 
rtfidence of Boreas, according to the ancients. 
Whenever the Hyperboreans made offerings 
they always lent them towards the fouth, and 
the people of Dodona were the firlt of the 
Greeks who received them. The word 
Hyperboreans is applied, irfc general, to all 
thole who inhabit any* cold‘ climate. Flin. 
4, c. 12 . 1 . 6, c. t j.—Mela. 3, c. 5. — Virg. 
G. I, V. 240 . 1 . 3, V. 169 & 381. — He- 
rcde?. 4, c. 13, Sec — Cic. N. D. 3, c. 23. 1 . 4, 
«. 12. 

Hyper fa & H y p y rta r a fountain of 
ThefTaly, with a town ot the fame name. 

Strab. 9.-Another in MefTenia, in Pgk;- 

ponnefus. Flacc. 1, v. 375. 

Hyperesia, a town of Achfaia. Sfrab. 8. 

Hyperides, an Athenian orator, diltiple 
to Plato and Socrates,"and long the pval of 
Dem oft hones. His father’s inune was Glau- 
cidpus. He diliinguilhed himtf-lf by hi, elo¬ 
quence and the active part which he took in the 
management of the Athenian republic. After 
the unforiunare battle of Cianon. Ire was 
taken alive, and, that he might not be com¬ 
pelled to defray tire fc-cvets of his country, he 
cu* oft hiu tongue. He Was put to death by 
order of Antipater, B. C. 322. Only one 
of his 'numerous orations- remains, admired 
for the fueetnefi and elegance of his llyie. 
\t is faid, that Hyperides once defended the 
courtezan Phryne, who was accufed of im¬ 
piety. and that, when he faw his eloquence 
i«i ffeftual, he unveiled the be tom of his 


client, upon which the judges, influenced by 
the light of her beauty, acquitted her. Flat, 
in Demoji .— Cic , in Or at. l,&c.— Quintal. IO, 
&c. \ 

Hyperion, a fon of Ccelus and Terra 
t who mafried 'i hea, by whom he had Aurora, 
the lun ,and moon. Hyperion is often taker* 
by the poets fer the fun irlelf. Hejiod. Theog . 
— Apollod. I, c. I & 2.— Homer, hymn, ad Ap.. 
-A fun of Priam.— Apollod. I, c. 2 

Hyfermnestra, one of the fifty daugh¬ 
ters of Danaus, who married Lynceus, lor* 
of TEgyptus. She difobeyed her father’s 
bloody commands, who had ordered her to 
murder her hufband the firfl night of her 
nuptials, and lufFered Lynceus to # efcape un¬ 
hurt from the bridal beck Her father fam- 
mcned her to appear before a tribunal for 
her dilbbedience, but the people acquitted 
her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and 
her hulband, to whom he left his kingdom 
at his death. Some fav, that Lynceus re¬ 
turned to Argos with an army, and that ho 
conquered and put to death his father-in-law, 
and uftirped his crown. Vid. Danaides. 
Fauf. 2, c. 19.— Apollod. 2, c. I.— Ovid. 

Hcroid. 14.-A daughter of Theftius. 

Apollod. 

Hyperochus, a man who wrote a poetical 
hillory of Cuma. Fauf. IO. c. 12 . 

Hr luiiEus, a mountain of Campania. Fluf. 
in Syll. 

Hyps a, now Belie/, a river of Sicily, fall¬ 
ing into the Crinifus, and then into the Me¬ 
diterranean near Selinus- Ital. 14, v. 228. 

Hypsea, a Roman matron,' of the family 
of the Piautii. She was blind according to. 
Horace; or, perhaps, was partial to fome 
! lover, who was recommended neither by per¬ 
sonal or mental excellence. Horctt. Iy fat. 2, 
v. 91. 

HypsiNOR, a prieftof the Scamander,.. 
killed during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 5. 

Hytseus, a foil of the river Peneus.- 

A pleader at the Roman bar before the age of 
C icero. Cic.de Oral I, c. 36. 

YPS1CRA.TKA, the wife of Mithridates, 
who accompanied her hufband in man’s 
cloaths, when he fled before Pompey. Flat, 
in Pomp. 

Hypsicrates, a Phccnician, who wrote 
an hiltory of his country, in the Phoenician 
language.^ This hi Rory was faved from the 
flames of Carthage, when that city wastaken 
by Scipio, and tranflated into Greek, 

Hypsihides, a Macedonian in Alexander’s 
army, famous for his fricndfhip for Mene- 
demus, &c. Curt. 7, c. 7. 

Hypsrpy. le, a queen of Lemnos, daughter 
of I hoas and Myrine. During her reign, 
Venus, whole altars had been- univerfatly 
flighted punilheu the I.emnian women, and 
rendered' their mouths and breath io ex¬ 
tremely oftenfive to the fmell, that their huf- 
batids abandoned them and gave th^rnfelves 
y 8 up 




HY 


HY 


up to fome female flaves, whom they had 
taken in a war again ft Thrace. This con¬ 
tempt was highly refented by all the women 
of Lemnos, and they refolved on revenge, 
and all unanimoufly put to death, their male 
relations, Hypfipyle alone excepted, tefco fpared 
the life of Her father Thoas. Soon after this 
cruel murder, the Argonauts landed at Lem¬ 
nos, in their expedition 10 Colchis, and re¬ 
mained for l'ome time in the ifland. During 
their Hay the Argonauts rendered the Lem- 
nian women mothers, and Jafon, the chief 
of the Argonautic expedition, left Hypfipyle 
■ pregnant at his departure, and promiled her 
eternal fidelity. Hypfipyle brought twins, 
Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom fome have 
called Deiphilus or Thoas. Jafon forgot his 
vows and riromifes to Hypfipyle, and the un¬ 
fortunate queen was foon after forced to leave 
her kingdom by the Lemnian women, who 
confpired agaift her life, Hill mindful that 
Thoas had been prel'erved by means of his 
daughter. Hypfipyle, in her flight, was 
.leized by pirates, and fold to Lycurgus, king 
of Nemaea. She was entrufted with the care 
of Archemorus, the Ion of Lycurgus; and, 
when the Argives marched againit Thebes, 
they met Hypfipyle, and obliged her to lbow 
them a fountain, where they might quench 
their third. To do this more expeditiouily, 
(he laid down the child on the grafs, and, in 
her abfence, he was killed by a lerpent. Ly¬ 
curgus attempted to revenge the death of his 
fon, but Hypfipyl^ was lcreened from his 
refentment by Adraftus, the leader of the 
Argives. Ovid. Heroid « 6 — Apollon. I.— 

Slat. 5. Tbeb. — Flat. 2 . — Apollod. I, c. 9, 
1 . 3, c. 6. — Hygiri. fab. 15, 74, &c. Vid. 
Archemorus. 

Hyrcania, a large country of Afia, at 
the north of Parthia,and at the weft of Media, 
abounding in ferpents, wild beads, &c. It 
is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing 
a cavalry in order of battle. Virg. Ain. 4, 
v. 367.— Cic. Tufc. I, c 45.— Strab. 2 Sc II. 

-A town of Lydia, deftroyed by a violent 

earthquake in the age of Tiberius.— Liv. 37, 
■c; 38. 

Hyrcanum mare, a large fea, called alio 
Cafpian. Vid. Cafpium mare. 

Hyrcanus, a name common to fome of 
the high priefts of Judea. Jofephus. 

HyRia, a country of Boeotia, near Aulis, 
■with a hike, river, and town of the fame 
name. It is more probably fituate near 
Tempe. It received its name from Hyrie, 
a woman, who wept fo much for the lofs of 
her Ion, that (he was changed into a foun¬ 
tain. Ovid. Mst. 7, v. 372. — Herodot. 7, C. 
l jQ.-e-c—A town of Ilauria, oathe Calycaduus. j 


Hvripvs & Hyreus, a paafant, or, as 
fome lay, a prince of Tanagra, foil of Nep¬ 
tune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained 
Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when tra¬ 
veling over Bccotia. Being childlefs, he a(ked 
of the gods to give him a fon without his 
marrying, as he promiled his wife, who was 
lately dead, and whom he tenderly loved, 
that he never would marry again. The gods, 
to reward the holpltality of Hyreus, made 
water in th^ hide of a bull, which had been 
facrificed the diy before to their divinity, 
and they ordered him to wrap it up and bury 
it in the - round for nine months. At the ex¬ 
piration of the nine months. Hyreus opened 
the earth, and found a beautiful child in 
the bull’s uitie, whom he called Orion. Vid. 
Orion. 

Hyrmina, a town of Elis, in Peloponnefus. 
Strab. 8. 

ITyrneto & Hyrnetho, a daughter of 
Temenus, king of Argos, who married Dey- 
phon, fon of Celeus. 'She was the favorite of 
her father, who greatly enriched her hulband, 
Apol od. 2, c 6— Pauf. 2, c. 19. 

Kyrnixhium, a plain of Argos, near 
Epidaurus, fertile in olives. Strab. 6. 

iiyrtacus, a Trojan of mount Ida, 
father to Nifus, one of the companions of 
vEneas. Virg. Ain. 9, v. 177 & 406. Hence 
the patronymic of Hyrtacides is applied to 
Nifus. It is alfo applied to Hippocoon. Id. 5, 
v. 492. 

Hysia, a town of Bacotia, built bv Nyc- 

teus, Aiuiope’s father.-A village of Argos. 

-A city of Arcadia.- — —The roynl refi- 

dence of the king of Parthia. 

H y s Pa , a river of Sicily. Ital. 24, v. 228. 

Hyssus & Hyssi, a port and river ot 
Cappadocia on the Euxine fea. 

Hystaspes, a noble Perfian, of the fa¬ 
mily of the Achiemenides. His father’s 
name was Arfam.es. His fon Darius reigned 
in Perfia after the murder of the ufurper 
Smerdis. It is laid, by Ctefias, that he wiflied 
to be carried to fee the royal monument 
which his fon had built between two moun¬ 
tains. The priefts who carried him, as report¬ 
ed, flipped the cord >vith which he was luf- 
pended in .afceuding the mountain, and he 
died of the fall. Hyftafpes was the firft who 
introduced the learning and myfteries of the 
Indian Brachmans into Perfi^, and to his re- 
learches in India thefciences weregieatly in¬ 
debted, particularly in Perfia. Darius is called 
Hyftafpes > or fon of Hyftafpes, to diftinguifti 
him from his royal fuccelfors of the fame 
name. Herodot . I, c. 209. 1 . 5, c. 8j.— Ctc- 
Jias Fragm. 

HYSTiRUS. Vid. Hutixus. 


A a 3 





JA 


I A, the daughter of Midas, who married 
Atys, &c. 

Iaccuus, a furname of Bacchus, ab ta^uv 
from the noife and Jbouts which tile bacchanals 
raifed at the fedivals of this deity. Virg. Eel. 

6, G. i, v. 166.— Ovid. Aid. 4, 15.- 

Some fuppole him to be a fon of Ceres; be¬ 
caufe in the celebration of the Eleufinian myl- 
tevies, the word Iacchus was frequently repeat¬ 
ed. Herodot. 8, C. 65.— Par/. I, C. 2. 

Iader, a river of Dalmatia. 

Ialemus , a wretched finger, fon of the 
mule Calliope. Athcn. 14. 

Ialmenus, a fon of Mars and Adyoche 
who went to the Trojan war with his brother 
Afcalaphus, with 30 (hips at the head of the 
inhabitants of Orchomenos and Afpledon, in 
Bceotia. Pauf. 2, c. 37.— Homer. It. 2, v. 19. 

Ialvsus, a town of Rhodes, built by la 
lyfus, of whom Protogenes was making a beau¬ 
tiful painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes 
took Rhodes., The Telcbines were born there. 
Ovid. Md. 7, fab. 9— Plin. 35, c. 6.— Cic. 2, 
ad Attic, ep. 21.— Plut. in. Dem. — JEiiun. 12, 
C -5' 

Iambe, a fervant maid of Metanira, wife 
of Celeus king of Eleufis, who tried to ex¬ 
hilarate Ceres, when (he travelled over Attica 
in queft of her daughter Prolcrpine. From 
the jokes and (lories which (he made ufe of, 
free ajid fatirical verles have been called Iam¬ 
bics. Apollod.i, c. 5. 

Ia'mblicus, a Greek author who wrote 
the life of Pythagoras, and the hiftory of his 
followers, an exhortation to philolophy, a trea- 
tife ngainft Porphyry’s letter on the myfteries 
of the Egyptians, &c. He was a great favo¬ 
rite with the emperor Julian, and died A. D. 

363* 

Tamenbs, a Trojan killed by Leonteus. 
Homer. II. 12, v. 139& 193. 

Iamida;, certain .prophets among the 
Greeks, defeended from Iamus, a fon of 
Apollo, who received the gift of prophecy from 
his father, which remained among his poiieritv. 
Pauf. 6, c.,2. 

Janiculum & Janicularius mons, one of 
the feven hills at Rome, joined to the city by 
Ancus Martius, and made a kind of citadel, 
to protedl the place againftan invafion. This 
hill, ( ViJ. Janus) which was on the oppufite 
lhore of the Tiber, was joined to the city by 
the bridge Sublicius, the fird ever built acrofs 
that river, and perhaps in Italy. It was leis 
nhabited than the other parts of the city, on 
account of the grofThets of the air, though 
.rom its top, the eye could have a command¬ 
ing view of the whole city. It is famous for 


JA 

the burial of king Numa and the poet ttali- 
pus. I’orfenna, king of Etruria, pitched hia 
campon mount Janiculum. and the fcnators 
took refuge there in the civil wars, to avoid 
the refentment of Odlavius. Liv. r, c. 33, 
Ac — Dio. AT- — Ovid. 1, pajl, v. 246.— 
Virg. 8, v. 358.— Alarti t 4, ep. 64, 1. 7. 
ep. 16. * ) 

IanTra, one of the Nereides. 

Ianthe, a girl of Crete, who married*. 
Iphis. {Vid. Iphis.) Ovid. Met. 9, v. 714, 
&c. 

Ianthea, one of the Oceanides.— ; —Owe 
of the Nereides. Pauf. 4, c. 30.— Homer. II. 
8,v. 47. 

JAnus, the mod ancient king who reigned 
in Italy. He was a native of Theffaly, and 
fon of Apollo, according to fome. He came 
to Italy, where lie planted a colony and built 
a ftnall town on the river Tiber, which he 
called Janiculum. Some authors make him 
fon of koelus and Hecat'e ; and others make 
him a native of Athens. During his reign, 
Saturn, driven from heaven by his Ion Jupi¬ 
ter, came to Italy, where Janus received him 
with much hofpitality, and made him his col¬ 
league on the throne. Janus is reprefented 
with two faces, becaufe he was acquainted 
wirli the pad and the future; or, according to 
others, becaufe he was taken for the fun who 
opens the day at his rifing, and (huts it at his 
letting. Some llatues reprefented Janus with 
four heads. Fie l'ometimes appeared with a 
beard, and fometimes without. In religious 
ceremonies, his name was always invoked the 
fird, becaufe he prefides over all gates and 
avenues, and if is through him only that 
prayers can reach the immortal gods. From 
that circumdance he often Appears with a 
key in his right hand, and a rod in his left. 
Sometimes he holds the number 300 in one 
hand, and in the other 65, to (hew that he 
prefides over the year, of which the fird 
month bears his name. Some fuppofe that h® 
is the fame as the world, or Gcelus ; apd from 
that circumdance they call him Eanus, ab 
euftdo , becaufe of the revolution of the hea¬ 
vens. He was called by different names, fuch 
ns Conftvius a conferendo, becaufe he prefided 
over generation ; Quirinus or Alartialis , be¬ 
caufe he prefided over war. He is alfo called 
Patuleius & Claujtus , becaufe the gates of his 
temples were open during the time of wqr, 
and fhut in time of peace. He was chiefly 
vvorlhipped among the Romans, where he had 
many temples, lome eredled to Janus Bi-r 
frons, others to Janus Quadrifons. The tem¬ 
ples of Quadroons ftere built with four equal 

lideS;| 





ffdes, with a door dnd three windows on each 
fide. The four doors were the emblems of 
the four lesions of the year, and the three 
windows in each of the fides the three months 
in each feafon, and all together, the twelve 
months of the year. JLnus was generally re- 
prefented in ftatutes as a young man. After 
death Janus was ranked among the gods, 
for his popularity, and the civilization which 
he had introduced among the wild inhabitants 
- of Italy. His temple, which was always open 
in times of war, was (hut only three times 
daring above 700 years, under Nutna, 234 
U. C. and under Auguftus; and during that 
long period of time, the Romans, were con¬ 
tinually employed in war. Ovid. Fuji. 1, v. 
65, &.c.-~-Virg. JEn. 7, V. 607,— Varro de 

X. L. I .—Mac rob. 8 tat. l. - A ftreet at 

Rome, near the temple of Janus. It was 
generally frequented by ul’urers and money- 
brokers, and Dookfellers alio kept their fbops 
there. , Horat. 1, ep. 1. 

Ja fetid us, a mulician at the nuptials of 
Peifeus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. j, 

V * X1I \, v 

Jai'Etus, a fon of Ccelus or Titan, by 
Terra, who married Afia, or, according to 
ethers, Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, 
Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. 
The Greeks looked upon him as the father of 
all mankind, and therefore from his antiquity 
old men were frequently called Japeti. IIi> 
Ions received the patronymic of Iapetionides. 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 631.— Hcjiod. Tb'eog. 136 & 
jo8. —Apollo J. T, c. I. 

Jams, an iEtolian, who founded a city 
upon the banks of the Timavus. Virg. C. 

3, v. 475.-A Trojan, favorite of Apollo, 

from whom he received the knowledge of 
the power of medicinal herbs. Id. JEn. 12, 
v. 39i._ 

Iafvdja, a dillii& of Illyricam, now Car - 
niola. Liv. 43, C. 5 .—Tibull. 4 j v> IO9.— 
Lie. Ball. 14. 

Iapvcja, a country on the confines of 
Italy v fituated in the peninfula between 
Tarentum and Brundufium. It is called by 
fome Mejfapia , Peucetia , and 8 alentinum. 
Plin. 3, c. II.— Strab. 6 . 

Iapyx, a fon of Dtedalus, who conquered 
4 part of Italy, which he called lapy^ia. 

Ovid. Met. 14, v. 438.-A wind which 

blows from Apulia, and is favorable to fuch as 
failed from Italy towards Greece. It was 
nearly the lame gs the Caurus of the Greeks. 
Horat. I, od. 3, v. 4, 1 . 3, od. 7, v. 20. 

Iarbas, a Jon of Juptter and Garamantis, 
king of Gsctulia, from whom Dido bought 
taud to build Carthage. He courted Dido, 
but the arrival of JEneus prevented his fuccefs, 
and the queen, rather than many Iarbas, de¬ 
stroyed heii'elf. Vid. Dido. Virg. JEn. 4, 
. v, 36, &C.— Jufin. 18, C. 6 >—Ovid. Fuji. 3, 
v. 55 *- 

Iarchas k Jarckas, a celebrated Indian 


philofopher. His feven rings are famous for 
their power of reftoring old men to tne bloom 
and vigor of youth, according to the tradition 
of Philojlr. in Apoll. 

1a r dan os, a Lydian, father of Omphale, 
the miftrels of Hercules. Herodot. 1, c. 7. 

-A river of Arcadia.-Another itl 

Crete. Homer. II. 7. 

Iasides, a patronymic given to Palinurus 
as delcended from a perfon of the name of 
Jafius. Virg. J£k~$> v. 843.——alio of Ja- 
f«s. Id. 12, v. 392. 

IAsion k Iasius, a fon of Jupiter and 
Ele&ra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned 
over part of Arcadia, where he diligently ap¬ 
plied himfelfto agriculture. He married the 
goddefs Cybele or Ceres, and all the gods 
were prelent at the celebration of his nuptials. 
He had by Ceres two Ions, Philomelus and 
Plutus, to whom fome have added a third, 
Corybas, who introduced the worlhip and 
mylleiaes of his mother in Phrygia. He had 
alio a daughter, whom he expofed as foon as 
born, faying that he would raife only male 
children. The child, who'was fuckled by a 
lhte-bear arid prefierved, rendered herfelf fa¬ 
mous afterwards under the name of Atalanta. 
Jalion was killed with a thunderbolt of Jua 
piter, and rankc-d among the gods after death, 
by the inhabitants of Arcadia. H'-fiod. Tbcog. 
973.— Virg.JEn. 3, v. l68.— Hygin. Poet. 2„ 

C 4.^ 

IXsis, a name given to Atalanta, daughter 
of Jafiria. 

Iasius, a fon of'Abas, king of Argos.--- 

A fon of Jupiter. Vid. Iafion. 

Ja son, a celebrated hero, fon of Alcimede, , 
daughter of Phylacus, by iEfon, the fon of 
Cretheus and Tyro the daughter of Salmo- 
neus. Tyro, before her connection with 
Cretheus the fon of JEolus, had two fons, 
Pelias and Neleus by Neptune. iEfon war. 
king of lolchos, and at his death the throne 
was ufurped by Pelias, and JFSo n the lawful 
fucceffor was driven to retiniment and chfcuri- 
ty. The education ofynu-g Jafon was entruft- v 
ed te the care of the centaur Chiron, and he 
was removed from the pretence of the ufuro- 
er, who had been informed by an oracle tlut 
one of the defeendants of Aiolus would de¬ 
throne him. After he had made the moft 
rapid progrefs in every branch of fcience. s- 
Jafon left the centaur, and by his advice went 
to confult the oracle. He was ordered to g® 
to lolchos his native country, covered with 
the fpoils of a leopard, and drefTdd in the 
garments of a Magnefian. In his journey hf- 
was Hopped by the inundation of the river 
Evenus or Enipeus, over which he was car- v 
ried by Juno, who had changed herfelf into 
an old woman. In crofiing the ltreams he 
loft one of his fandals, and at his arrival at 
lolchos, the Angularity of his drefs and the 
fairnefs of his complexion attFadte>l the notice 
of the people, and drew a crowd around him 
A a 4 in 




irr the market place. PeTia^ ^a'we to fee him 
with tiie reft, and as he had been warned by 
the ordtle to beware of a man who lhould 
appear at Iolcjios with one foot bare, and the 
Other ftiod, the appearance of Jafon, who 
had loft one of hisfandals, alarmed him. His 
terrors were foon after augmented. Jafon,' 
accompanied by Ivis friends, repaired to the 
ynlace of Pelias, and boldly demanded the 
kingdom which he had unjuftly usurped. 
The boldnefs and popularity of Jaft/n intimi¬ 
dated Pelias ; he was unwilling to abdicate, thd 
crown, and yet he feared the refer.tment of 
his adverlary. As Jalbn was young and am¬ 
bitious of glory, Pelias, at once to remove 
his immediate claims to the down, reminded 
him that AEetes king of Colchis had feverely 
treated, and inhumanly murdered their com¬ 
mon relation' Phryxus. Pie observed that 
fuch a treatment called aloud for punifhment, 
mid that the undertaking would be accom¬ 
panied with much glory and fame. Pie . far¬ 
ther added, that his old age had prevented 
him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and 
that if Jafon would undertake the expedition, 
he would refign to him the crown of Iolchos 
when he returned victorious from. Colchis. 
Jafon readily accepted a propofol which teem¬ 
ed to promile fuch military fame. His in¬ 
tended expedition was made known in every 
part of Greece, and the youngeft and bravetl 
of the Greeks aflembled to accompany him, 
and (hare his toils and glory. They embaiked 
on board, a fhip called Argo, and fcfter a 
levies of adventures they arrived at Colchis. 
{Vul. Ai'gonautae.) JEetes promilVd to re- 
Itore the golden fleece, which was the caule 
of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage 
of the Argonauts, provided they fubmitted to 
his conditions. Jafon was to talne bulls which 
breathed flames, and who had feet and horns 
of brafs, and to plough with them a field 
facred to Mars. After this he was to low 
in the ground the teeth of a ferpent from 
which armed men would arile, whofe fury 
would be converted again!! him who ploughed 
the fit Hi. Pie was alfo to kill a monlirous , 
dragon which watched night and day at the 
foot of the tree on which the golden fleece 
was fufpended. All were concerned for the 
fare of the Argonauts; but Juno, who watch¬ 
ed with an anxious eye over the fafety of 
Jafon, extricated them from all thelle diffi¬ 
culties. Medea, the king’s daughter, fell in 
love with Jafon, and as her knowledge of 
herbs, enchantments, and incantation was un¬ 
common, ibe pledged herfelf to deliver her 
lover from all his dangers if he premifed her 
eternal fidelity. Jafon, not infenlible to her 
charms and to her promife, vowed eternal 
fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and re¬ 
ceived ft cm Medea whatever inftruments 
arid herbs could protect him againil the ap¬ 
proaching dangers. Pie appeared in the field 
"f he tamed the fury of the oxen, 


ploughed the plain, and fowed the dragonh 
teeth, immediately ah army of men lprang 
from the field, and ran towards Jafon. He 
threw a ftone among them, and they fell one 
upon the other till all were totally deftroyed. 
The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to 
.dleep by the powei of herbs, and Jafon took 
from the tree the celebrated golden fleece, 
which was the foie object of his voyage. 
Thole actions were all performed in the pre¬ 
fence of ./Petes and his people, who were all 
equally aftoniihed at the boidnels and fuccefs 
.of Jafon. After this celebrated conquelt, 
Jafon immediately fet fail for Europe with 
Medea, who had been lb inftrurpental in bis 
prefervation. Upon this JEetes, defirous to 
revenge the perfidy of his daughter Medea, 
lent his fon Abfvrtqs to purine the fugitives. 
Medea k’lled her brother, and ftrewed his. 
limbs in her father’s way, that fhe might 
more eafily efcape, while he was employed 
in collecting the mangled body of his fon. 
{Vid. Abfyrtus.) 'i’he return of the Argo¬ 
nauts in ThefTaly was celebrated with uni- 
verfal feftivity; but A£fon, J a ton’s father, 
was unable to attend on account of the in¬ 
firmities of .old age. This obftrudtion was 
removed, and Medea, at the requeft of her 
hulband, reftored Affon to the vigor and 
lprighdinefs of youth. ( Vid. jffilon.) Pelias 
the ulurper of the crown of Iolchos vv/lhed 
alfo to lee him fell reftored to the flower of 
youth, and his daughters ..per!'uaded by Me¬ 
dea, who wilhed to avenge her lmibana’s 
wrongs, cut his body • toypieces, and placed 
his limbi in a cauldron -of boiling water. 
Their crcduhty was feverelyfpunhhed. Me¬ 
dea iuffered tlu- fiefh to be confumed to the 
bones, and Pelias wss never reftored to life. 
This inhuman action drew the refentment of 
the populace .upon Medea, and fire fled to 
Corinth with her hulband Jafon, where they 
lived in perfect union and love during ten fuc- 
ceflive years. Ja'bn’s partiality for Glauce, 
the daughter of tire king of the country, af¬ 
terwards difturbed their matrimonial happi- 
uefs, and Medea was divorced that Jafon 
might more freely indulge his amorous pro- 
penf.’ties. This infidelity was feverely re¬ 
venged by Medea, {Vid. Glauce) who tle- 
ftroyed her children in the prefence of their 
father. ( Vid. Medea.) After thisfeparation 
Irom jVledea, Jafon lived an unfettled and 
mchi^pjoly ljfe. As he was one day repoling 
him I elf by the fide of the fhip which had 
carried him to Colchis, a beam fell upon his 
head, and he was crufhcd to death. This 
tragical event had been predi&ed to him be¬ 
fore by Medea, according to the relation of 
feme authors. Soma lay that he afterwards 
returned to Colchis, where he feized the 
kingdom, and reigned in great fecurity. 
Mur ip. in Med. — Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 2 , 3,’& c. 
— Diod. 4 — Pauf. 2. & 3.— Apollod. I, c. 9 —>C 
Cic. dc A<7 1 . 3, — Ovid-. Trijl. 3, l. 9.— Strab. 

7‘~r- 




IB 


IC 


i 


*J.—A poll* — Flactt.—~Hygin. 5, Sec .~~-Pindart 

3, New .— fuf'tn. 42, C, 2, &c— Scnec. in 
Med.—Tzetz .ad. LyCop&r. 195, &C.— Athen. 

13.-A native of Argos who wrote an hii- 

tory of Greece in four books, which ended 
at the death of Alexander. He lived in the 

age of Adrian.-A tyrant of Theflaly, who 

made an alliance with the Spartans, and 

cultivated the friendfhip of Timotheus.- 

Trallianus, a man who wrote tragedies, and 
gained the efteem of the kings of Parthia. 
Poly an. 7. 

Jasonidje, a patronymic of Thoas and 
Euneus, fons of Jafon and Hypflpyle. 

Iasos, a king of Argos, who lucceeded 

Ms father Triopas. Pan/. 2 , c. 16.-A fon 

of Argus father of Agenor.-A fon of Ar¬ 
gus and Il'mena.-A fon of Lycurgus of 

Arc dia.-An ifland with a town of the 

fame name on the coaft of Caria. The bay 
adjoining was called la/ius fir.us. PI in. 5 , c. 
a8.— Liv . 32, c.37. 1-37) <--.17. 

Iaxartes, now Sir or Sibon , a river of 
Sogdiana, miftaken by Alexander for the 
Tanais. It falls into the enft of the Cafpian 
fea. Curt. 6 Sc 7.— Plin. 6, c. 16.— Arrian. 

4, c. 15. 

Iazxges, a people on the borders of the 
Palus Mseotis. Tacit. A. 12, c. 29.— Ovid. 
Trijl. 2, V.I91. Pont. 4, el. 7, V. 9. 

Iberia, a country of Aha, between Col¬ 
chis on the weft, and Albania on the eaft, 
.governed by kings. Pompey invaded it, and 
made great flaughter of the inhabitants, and 
obliged them to lurrender by fetting fire to the 
woods where they had fled for fafety, It is 
now called Georgia. Pint, in Luc. Anton. Sec. 
— Dio. 36.— Flor. 3.— Place. 5, v. 166— Ap- 

pian. Parthic. -An ancient name of Spain, 

derived from the river Iberus. Lucan. 6, v. 

. 258.— Horat. 4, od. 14, v. 50. 

Ibkrus, a river of Spain, now called Ebro, 
which, after the conclufion of the Punic war, 
feparated the Roman from the Carthaginian 
pofteflions in that country. Lucan. 4, v 335. 

Plin. 3, C. 3.— Horat. 4, od. Z4, v. 50.-. 

A river of Iberia in Alia, flowing from mount 

Caucafus into the Cyrus. StraL >.3 — 1 -A la- 

bulous king of Spain. 

I si, an Indian nation. 

Ibis, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in 
which he bitterly fatyrizes the ingratitude of 
his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid has alfo 
written a poem which bears the fame name, 
and ‘which in the fame fatyrical language, 
feems, according to the opinion of fume, to 
inveigh bitterly aeainft Hvghuis,* the fuppofed 
hero of the compofition. Saidas. 

Ibycus, a lyric poet of Riiegium about 
540 years before Chiift. He was murdered 
by robbers, and at the moment of death he 
implored the afliftance of fome cranes which 
at that moment flew over his head. Seme 
time after as the murderers were in the mar¬ 
ket place, one of them obferved, feme cranes 


in the air, and Oaid to his companions, « * 1 £«/- 

ix'dt.roi *ru.(?ii<rtv, there are the birds that are 
cQtifcicus of the death of Ibycus. Thefe words- 
and the recent murder of Ibycus raifed fufpi- 
cions in the people : the ailaflins were feized 
and tortured, and they confefted their guilt. 

Cic. Tuft. 4, c. 43.— JElian. V. H.* -The 

hulband of Chloris whom Horace ridicules, 
3, od. 15. 

Icadius, a robber killed by a ftone, &c. 
Cic. Fat.y. 

Icaria, a fmall ifland in theTEgean fea 
between Chio, Samos, and Myconus, where 
the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, 
and buried by Hercules. Ptol. 5, c. 2.— 
Mela. 2, c. 7.— Sirab. 10 & 14. 

Icaris & Icariotis, amamegiven to Pe¬ 
nelope as daughter of Icarius. 

Icarium mare, a part of the iEgean fet 
near the Iflands of Mycone and Gyaros. Hid. 
Icarus. 

Icarius, an Athenian, father of Erigon?. 
He gave wine to fome peafants who drank it 
with the greateft avidity, ignorant of its in¬ 
toxicating nature. They were loon deprived 
of their reafen, and the fury and refenttnent 
of their friends and neighbours were imme¬ 
diately turned upon Icarius, who perifhed br 
their hands. After death lie was honored 
with public feftivals, and his daughter was 
led to ill; cover the place of his burial by 
means of his faithful dog Mocra. Erigone 
hung herfelf in defpair, and was changed in¬ 
to a cohftellation called Virgo. Icarius was 
changed into the ftar Bootes, and the dog 
Mara into the ftar Canis. Hygin. fab, 130. 

— Apollod. 3, c. 14.-A fon of CEbalus of 

Lacedaemon. He gave his daughter Penelope 
in marriage to Ulyfles king of Ithaca, but 
he was lb tenderly attached to her, that he 
wiflied her hulband to fettle at Lacedaunon. 
Ulyfles r fufed, and when he faw the earned 
petitions of Icarius, he told Penelope as they 
were g6*ng to embark, that Ihe might choofe 
freely either to follow him to Ithaca, or to 
[ remain with her father. Penelope blulhed in. 

1 the deepeft filence, and covered her head 
with hei-veil. Icarius upon tills permitted 
his daughter to go to Ithaca, and immediately 
'eretfed a temple to the goddefs of modefty, 
on the fpot where Penelope had covered 
her bluihes with her veil. Homer. Od. 16, 
v. 435 * 

TcXrus, a fon of Dredalus, who, with his 
father, fled with wings from Crete to efcape 
the refentment of Minos. His flight being 
too high proved fatal to him, theTun melted 
the wax which cemented his wings, and he 
fell into that part of the iEgean fea which 
was called after his name. [Hid. Dsdalus.] 

Ovid. Met. 8, v. 178, See. -A mountain of 

\Attica. 

Iccius, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. 
Horace writes to him, 1 od. 29, and ridicules 
him for abandoning the puriuits of philofophy 

and 













I3> 


ID 


and the mufes for military employments. 

w--One of the Rhemi in Gaul, ambaflador 

to Ciefar. Caf. JB. G. 2, c. 3. 

Icelos, one of the Ions of Somnus, who 
changed himfelf into all forts of animals, 
whence the name (ukzao; fmilisOvid. Met. 
ii, v. 640. 

IcE.xij a people of Britain wlio fubniitted 
to the Roman power. They inhabited the 
modern counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cam¬ 
bridge, See. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 31.— Ca-f. G. 
5> c. 21- 

lcl iAS, a man who obtained the fupreme 
power at Syracufe after the death of Dion. 
He attempted to aflaffiijate Timoleon, for 
which he was conquered, Sec, B. C. 340. C. 
JJcp in Tim. 

Ichn.e, a town of Macedonia, whence" 
Themis and Nemefis are called lchnsea. i/o- 
mer.in A poll. 

Iciinusa, an ancient name of Sardinia, 
which it received from its likenefs to a hu¬ 
man foot. Pan/. 10, c. 17.— Ital. 12, v. 
3JS.— P ! -in. 3, C. 7. 

IcJio.Ninuus, a prieft of Heliopolis at 
whole houfe Eudoxus refided when he vifited 
Egypt with Plato. Bicg. 

Icjithyophagi, a people of ./Ethiopia, 
who received this name from their eating 1 
fifties. There was alio an Indian nation of 
the fame name who made their houl'es with 
the bones of fifhes. Biod. 3.— Skati. 2 Sc 
\S.—PHn. 6, C.23. 1. IJ, C. 7. 

Ichthys, a promontory of Elis in Aehafa. 
Strati. 11. 

L. Iciliu s, a tribune of the people who 
made a law A.U. C. 397, by which mount 
Aventine was given, to the Roman people to 
build houl’es upon. Liv. 3, c.54.-A tri¬ 

bune who made a law p. U. C. 261, that 
forbad any man to oppofe or interrupt a tri¬ 
bune while he was lpeaking in an affembly. ■ 
Mv. 2, c. .58.——A tribune who fignalized 
himfelf by his inveteiate enmity againlt the 
Roman fenate. He took an adlive part hi 
the management of affairs after the murder 
of Virginia, &c. 

Icius, a harbour in Gaul, on the modern 
/freights of Dover, from which Ctefar crofled 
into Britain. 

Iconium, the capital of Lycaonia, notv 
JConiecb . Plin.$, c. 27. 

, Icos, a fmall ifland near Euboea. Strati. 9. 

Ictinus, a celebrated architedf, 430 be¬ 
fore Chrift. He built a famous temple to Mi¬ 
nerva at Athens, &c. 

Ictumuiorcm vicus, a place at the foot 
of the Alps abounding in gold mines. 

Icu lj.s.ma, a town of'Gaul, nOw Angou- 
le/me, on the Charente. 

Ida, a nymph of Crete who went into 
Phrygia, where fire' gave her name to a 
mountain of that country. Hi/g. JEn. 8, v. 
177.--.—The mother of Minos 2d.——A 
celebrated mountain, or more properly a 


ridge of mountains in Troas chiefly in the 
neighbourhood of Troy. The abundance of 
its waters became the fource of many rivers, 
and particularly . of the Simois, Scamander, 
./Elepus, Granicus, S.c. It was' on mount 
Ida that the fhepherd Paris adjudged the 
prize of beauty to the goddels Venus. It 
was covered with green wood, and the eleva¬ 
tion of its top opened a fine extenfive view 
of the Hellefpont and the adjacent countries, 
from which reafon the poets lay that it was 
frequented by the gods during the Trojan 
war. Strati. 13.— Mela, I, C. 18.— Homer. 
II. 14, v. 2 %T ) .-—Virg JEn. 3 , 5 , &c.—- 

Ovid. Fajl. 4, v. 79.— Horat. 3, od. II. - 

A mountain of Crete, the higheft in the 
illand, where it was reported that Jupiter was 
educated by the Corybar.tes, who, on that 
account were called Idaei. Strati.10. 

I0.T.A, the furname of Cy’oele, becaufe Ihe 
was vvorfliipped on mount Ida. Lxcret. 2, 
v. 611. 

iD.iius, a furname of Jupiter.-An arm- 

bearer and charioteer of king Priam, killed 
during the Trojan war. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 487. 

-One of the attendants of Alcanius. Id. 

9, v. 500. 

Idalis, the country round mount Ida. 
Lilian. 3, v. 204. 

Idalus, a mountain of Cyprus*, at the 
foot of which is Idalium, a town with a grove 
lacreii tc Venus, who was called Id ala a. 
Pirg. JEn. I, V. 683 .—Cat nil. 37 "& 62.-— 
Propert. 2, el. 13. 

Idantiiyrsus, a powerful king of Scy¬ 
thia, who refuted to give his daughter iu mar¬ 
riage to Darius- the 1 It, king of Pertfa. 
This refufal was the cauie of a war between 
the two nations, and Darius marched agai.ift 
ldanthyrlus, at the head cf 700,000 men. 
He was defeated and retired to Perlia, after 
an inglorious campaign. Strati. 13. 

Idarnf.s, an officer of Darius, by whoCe 
negligence the Macedonians took Miletus. 
Cart. 4, c. 5- , 

Idas, a ton of Aphareus and Arane, fa¬ 
mous for his Valor and military glory. He 
was among the Argonauts, and married 
Marpefla, the daughter of Evenus king of 
iEtolia. Marpefla was carried away by 
Apollo, and Idas pursued his wife’s ravi flier 
with bows and arrows, and obliged him to 
jreftore her. \Vid. Marpefla.] According to 
Apollcdorus, Idas with his brother Lynceus 
aflociated with Pollux and Caitor to carry 
away forriie .flocks; but when they had obr 
tained a fpfficieut quantity of plunder, they 
refufed to divide it into equal {hares. This 
provoked the Ions of Leila, Lynceus was 
killed by Caflor, and Idas, to revenge his 
brother’s death, immediately - killed Caflojr, 
and in his turn periihed by the hand of Pol¬ 
lux. According to Ovid and Pautanias, the 
quarrel between the ions of Leda and thole 
of Apharc-ws arofe from a more tender epufe ; 

7 Has 






ID 


Idas and Lynceus, as they fay, were going 
to celebrate their nuptials with Pheebe and 
Hilaira the two daughters of Leucippus ; but 
Callor and Pollux, who had been invited to 
partake the common feftivity, offered vio¬ 
lence to the v brides, and carried them away. 
Idas and Lynceus fell in the attempt to re¬ 
cover their wives. Homer. 11 9.— Hygin. fub. 
14, IOO, &c.— Ovid. JFaft. 5, v. 700.— 
Apollod. I & 3.— Pauf. 4, c. 2, & 1 . 5, c. 18. 

-A fon ot ./Egyptus.-A Trojan killed 

by Turnus. Hirg. JEn 9, v. 575. 

Idea or Id;ea, a daughter of Dardanus, 
who became the fecond wife of Phineus 
king of Bithynia, and abufed the confidence 
repoled in her by her huffiund. Hid. Phi¬ 
neus.-The mother of Teucer by Sc3mnn- 

der. Apollod. 

Idessa, a town of Iberia on the confine^of 
Colchis. St rah. 11. 

Id f.x, a l'mall river of Italy, now I.ice, 
near Bononia. # 

Idistavisus, a plain, now Haflenlach, 
where Germanicus defeated Arminius, near 
Oldendorp on the Wefer in Wellphalia. 7 b- 
cit. A. 2 , c 16. 

Idmon, ion of Apollo and Alleria, or as 
Come lay, of Cyrene, was rhe prophet of the 
Argonauts. He was killed in hunting 
a wild boar in Bithynia, where his body 
received a magnificent funeral. He had pre¬ 
dicted the time and manner of his own death. 

Apollod. I, c 2 . — Orpheus. -A dyer of 

Colophon, father to Arachne. Ovid. Met. 
6, v. 8.——A man of Cyzicus, killed by 

Hercules, &c. Flacc. 3.-A fon of iE- 

gyptus killed by his wife. Hid. Danaides. 

Idomene, a daughter of Pheres, who mar¬ 
ried Amythaon. Apollod. 1, c. 9, 

Ioomeneus, fucceeded his lather Deu¬ 
calion on the throne of Crete, and accom¬ 
panied the Greeks to the Trojan war, with 
a fleet of 90 fhips. During this celebrated 
war he rendered himfelf famous by his va¬ 
lor, and flaughtered many of the enemy. At 
his return he made a vow to Neptune in a 
dangerous tempell, that if he eicaped from 
the fury o£ the Teas and ftorms he would 
offer to the god whatever living creature firft 
prefented irfelf to his eye on the Cretan 
fhore. This was no other than his ion, who 
came to congratulate his father upon his fafe 
return. Idomeneuc performed his promife 
to the god, and the inhumanity and ralh- 
nefs of his lacririce rendered him fo odious 
in the eyes of his iubje&s, that he left Crete, 
and migrated hi quell of a fetrlement. He 
came to Italy, and founded ? city on the coall 
of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He 
died in an extreme old age, after he had had 
the fatisfadlion of feeing his new kingdom 
florilh, and his lubje&s happy. According 
to the Greek fcholialt of Lycophron, v. 1217, 
Idopieijeus, during his abience in the Trojan 
war, entrullcd the uuiv^ement .of his lw»§- 


IG 

dom to Leueos, to whom he ffromifed Hs 
daughter Clifuhere in marriage at his return. 
Leueos at firlt governed with moderation; 
but he was perfuaded by Nauplius, king of 
Eubcea, to put to death itleda the wife of his 
mailer, with her daughter Clilithere, and/ 
to l'eize the kingdom. After thefe violent 
meaiures, he ftrengthened himfelf on the 
throne of Crete; and Idomeneus, at his re¬ 
turn, found it impoilible to expel the ufurper. 
Ovid. Met. 13, V. 358. — Hygin. 92. — Homer. 
//. II, &c. Od. Uj.—Pauf. 5, c. 2J.— Hirg. 

JEn. 3, v. 122.-A ion of Priam_A 

Greek hillorian of Lampfacus, in the age of 
Epicurus. He wrote an hiilory of Sauioth- 
race, the life of Socrates, 

Idothea, a daughter of Proetus, king of 
Argos. She was reilored to her fenfes with 
her fillers, hy Melampus. [Hid. Proetides.] 

Homer. Od. ii.-A daughter of Proteus, 

the god who told Menelaus how he could 
return to his country in fafety. Homer. Od. 
4? v. 363.-One of the nymphs who edu¬ 

cated Jupiter 

IdrIeus, the fon of Euromus of Caria, 
brother to Artemifia, who fucceeded to 
Maul'ohis, and invaded Cyprus. Died. 16.-— 

— Poly an. 7. 

Idueeda, a river and mountain of Spain. 
Strab. 3. 

Idume & Idumea, a country of Syria, 
famous for palm tree.-. Gaza is its capital, 
where Cambyfes depolited his riches, as he 
was going to Egypt. Lucan. 3, v. 216.—- 
Sit. 5, v. 600.— Hirg . G. 3, v. 12. 

Idva, one of the Oceanides, who mar¬ 
ried ./Eetes king of Colchis, by whom ihe had 
Medea, &c. Hygin. — Hcfiod.-—Cic. de Nat. 
X>. 3 . 

Jenisus, a town of Syria, Herodot. 3, 

c-5’ 

Jura, one of the Nereides. Homer. II. 18. 
Jericho, a city of Paleftine, belieged and 
taken by the Romans, under Vefpalian and 
Titus. Plan. 5, c. 14.— Strab. 

Jerne, a name of Ireland. * Strab. X. 
Jeromus & Jeronymus, a -Greek of 
Cardia, who wrote an hiilory of Alexander. 

-A native of Rhodes, difciple of Ariftotle, 

of whofe compofilioiis fome few hiitoricai 
fragments remain. Dionyf. Hal. 1. 

Jerusalem,' the capital of Judea. Hid. 
Hierofolyma, 

Jet.*, a place of Sicily. Jtal. 14, v 
272. 

Igkni, a people of Britain. Tacit. 12, & 
Ann. 

Igilium now Giglio , an iftand of the 
Mediterranean, on the coall of Tufcany. 
Mela, 2,C. 7.— Caf. JB. C. I, C. 34. 

Ignatius, an officer of CralTus in his 
Parthian expedition.-A bifhop of An¬ 

tioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at 
Rome, hy lions, during a perfection, A. D. 
107. Jrli$ writings were letters to the Ephe- 

fians, 







I L 


l L 


Cans, Romans, Sec. rmd he fupported the divi- 
»ity df Cbrilt, and the propriety of theepitco- 
l^al order, .vs- fuperror to priefts and deacons- 
The beft edition of his work is- th.it of Oxou 
in 8vo. t 708. 

fnuviuM, a town of Umbria, on the via 
Flaminia, new Gubio. Cic. ad At. 7, sp. 13.— 

1 SiL 8, v. 460. 

Ivajka, » daughter of T eucippus, carried 
teway with her litter Phoebe, by the ions of 
JLeda, as the was going to be married, &c. 

Ilba, more properly llva, an ifland of the 
Tyrrhene fea, two miles from the continent. 
VFg. JEn. 10, v. 173. 

IlTIlcaon es & Ilecaonknses, a people of 
Spain-- Liv. 22, c. 21., 

Ii.erda, now Lerida , a town of Spain, the 
capital of the Ilergetes, on an eminence on the 
right banks of the river Sicoris in Catalonia 
Liv. 21, C. 23. I. 22, c. Lucan. 4, 

V ' I3 ' - • ' 

Ilekgetes. JC'id. Ilerda. 

Xeja or Rhea, a daughter of Numitor, kmg 
of Alba, eonfecrated by her uncle Amulius to 
the- fervice of Vefta, which required perpetual 
chaftity, that flie might not become a mother 
to- difpoiTefs him of his crown. He was how¬ 
ever etriappointed ; violence was offered to Ilia, 
and flie brought forth Romulus and Remus, 
who drove the nfiirper from his throne, and 
rettoied the crown to their grandfather Numi 
tor, its lawful poffeffor. Mia was buried alive 
by Amulius, for violating the laws of Vefta; 
and becaufe her tomb was near the Tiber, 
fomte fuppofe that flie married the god of 
that river. Herat. I, od» 2.— Virg. JEn. 1, 

v. 277.— Ovid. Fa/I. 2, v. 598.-A wife of 

Sylla. 

Iliaci eudi, games inftitutsd by Au- 
guftus, in commemoration of the victory he 
had obtained over Antony and Cleopatra. 
They are fuppofed to be the fame as the Trc- 
iani ludi and the A ilia; and Virgil fays, they 
were celebrated by Aeneas, not only becaufe 
they were inftituted at the time when he wrote 
h.s poem, but becaufe he wilhed to compli¬ 
ment Atiguftus, by making the founder of 
i avinium folemnize games on the very fpot 
which was, many centuries after, to be irn- 
rno'fnjieied by the trophies of his patron. 
2hiring thefe games, were exhibited horfe 
races, and gymnaftic exerciles. Virg. JEn. 3, 
v. 280- ' 

ILiacus, an epithet applied to fuch as 
.belong tq Troy. Virg* JEn. 1, v. 101. 

Imams, a , furname given to Romulus, 

as foil of Ilia. Ovid. -A name given 

to the Trojan women. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 

4S4. • • 

Ilias, a celebrated poem composed by 
'Homer, upon tlie Trujan war. It delineates 
the wrath ot Achilles, and all the calamities 
which befell the Greeks, from the refufal of 
that hero to appear in the field of battle. It 
fmilhes a: the death of Hedtor, whom Achii 


les bnd faciificed to the fttades of his friend 
Pat roc lus. It is divided into 24 books. 

" Vid. Homerus.--A fur name ol Minerva, 

from a temple which file had at Daulis in 

Phocifi. 

Ilif.nses, a people of Sardinia Liv. 43, 
c. 19. 1. 41, c. 6 Sc 12. 

In'o n, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31,0.27. 
- a.Fid. Ilium. 

1 lion k, the el deft daugh.rer of Priam, who 
married Polymneltor, king of Thrace. Vng. 
JEn. X , v. 657. 

IfciONRUS, a Trojan, fan of Phorbas. He 
came into Italy with ./Eneas. Virg. JEn. x, 

v. 525.-*A ion of Ariabantis, made prifoner 

by Parmenio, near Damafcus. Cur!. 3, c. 13. 

-Oiie of Ijliobe’s ions. Ovid. Met . 6, 

fab. 6. 

In pa, a town of B;e r ica. Liv. 35, C. I. 

Ilissus, a linall river ot Attica, falling into 
the fea near the Piraeus. There was a temple ' 
on its banks, lacred to the mutes. 8 tat. Tbeb . 
4, v. 52. 

IlXthyia, a goddefscalled alto Juno Lucina. 
Some fuppofe her to be the fame as Diana. 
She pretided over the travails.of women; and 
in her temple, at Rome, it was uluai to carry a 
linall piece of money as an offering. This 
cultom was firlt eltablifhed by Servius Tullius, 
who, by enforcing it, was enabled to know the 
exadt number of the Roman people. Hijiod. 
Th. 450.— Hom ''r. II. 11, od. 19.— Apollod. I 
& 2.— Herat, earns. Jleeul .— 'Jvid. Met. 9, 
V. 283 “ _ ' 

Ilium or Ilion, a citadel of Troy, built by 
Ilus, one of the Trojan kings, from whom it 
received its name. It is generally taken for 
Troy itfelf; and fame have fuppofed that the 
town was called Ilium, and the adjacent country 
Troja. [Fid. Troja. Liv. 35, c. 43. 1 . 37, 
c. 9 & 37.— Virg. JEn. I, Sec.—Strab 13.— 
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 505.— Herat. 3, od. 3.— 
Jujiin. II, C. 5. 1. 31, C. 8. 

Illiberis, a town of Gaul, through 
which Hannibal paffed, as he marched into 
Italy. 

Illtce, now Elcbe, a town of Spain with a 
harbour and bay, Sinus Isf Fort us lilicitanus , 
now Alicant. Flin. 3, C. 3. 

Illipula, two towns of Spain, one of 
which is called Major, and the other 
Minor. 

Ii.uturgi-s, Iliturgls, or Ilirgia, a city of 
Spain, near the modern Anduiar on the river 
Battis, deltroyed by Scipio, for having revolted 
to the Carthaginians. Liv. 23, c. 49. 1 . 24, 
c. 41. 1. 26, c. 17. 

Ilorcis, now Lorca , a town of Spain. 
Flin . 3, c. 3. 

Illyricum, IllyR flp, &: Illyria, a 
country bordering on the Adriatic fen, oppolite 
Italy, whole boundaries have been different at 
different times. It became a Roman province, 
after Gentjus its king had been conquered by 
tbp Anicius; and it now fofmS'part 

7 • ' of 

\ 






IM 


IN 


of Croatia, Bofnin, and Schvonia. Strab. 2 S: 
7.— PauJ. 4, C. 35 — Mela, 2, c. 2>&c.— Flor. 
X, 2, Sec. 

Illy ricus sinus, that part of the Adriatic 
which is on the coait of IUvricum. 

Illyrius, a fonof Cadmus and Hermione, 
from whom Illyricum received its name. 
Apollod. 

Ilua, now Elba, an ifland in the Tyrrhene 
fea, between Italy and Corfica, celebrated for 
its iron mines. The people are called lluates. 
Liv. 30, c. 39.— Virg, JEn. 10, v. 173.— Plin. 
3. c. 6.1.34,0.14. 

Tluro, now Oleron , a town of Gafcony in 
France. 

Ilus, the 4th king of Troy, was foil ofTros 
by- Callirhoe. He married Eurydice the 
daughter of Adraftus, by whom he had Themis, 
who married Capys, andLaomedon the father 
of Priam. He built or rather embellifhed, 
the city of Ilium, called alfo Troy from his 
father Pros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, 
a celebrated (latue of Minerva, and promifed 
that as long as it remained in Troy, fo long 
would the town remain impregnable. When 
the temple of Minerva was in flames, Ilus 
rulhed into the middle of the fire to lave the 
Palladium, for which action he was deprived of 
his light by the goddefs ; though he recovered 
it tome time after. Homer. II .— Sirab. 13.— 
Availed. 3, c. 12. — Ovid. Eajl. 4, v. 33. 1 6, 

v. 419.-A name of Afcanius, while tie was 

at Troy. Vug. JEn. 1, v. 272—.—A friend 
of TurntlS, killed by Pallas. Firg JEn. ro, 
v. 400. 

Ilyrgis, a town of Hifpania Bartica, r.O'v 
Hera. Polyb. 

I'm anoen ti us, a king of part of Britain, 
killed by Caflivelaunus, tec —t ,aj. Pell. G. 5. 

Imaus, a large mountain of beythia, which 
1 is part of mount Taurus. It divides Scythia, 
which is generally called Intra Ima m, and 
Extra Imaum. It extends, according to feme, 
as far as the boundaries of the eaftern ocean. 
plin. 6. c.,17. — Sirab. I- 

lMBA.tr 'i, a part of mount Taurus in Ar¬ 
menia. 

Imeracides, a patronymic given to 
■ Alius, as fori of Intbracus. . Virg. JEn. 10, 
v - 123- ‘ . . • . 

f merasidfs, a patronym c given to 
Glaucus and JLades, as funs of Imbrafus. 
Firg. JEn. I 2, V. 343. 

ImerX^us, or Parthenius, a river of Samos. 
Juno, who was worfhipped on the banks, re¬ 
ceived the lurname of Irfilrafia. Pauf 7, c. 4. 
.. —.The father of Phus, the leader of the 
Thracians during the Trojan war. Firg. JEn. 
IO & 12— Homer. II. 4, v. 5 20. 

Imereus, one of the Centaurs, kdled by 
Dryas, at the nuptials olT rithous. Q-vil. Met. 
12, v. 3rb. 

Imbrex, C. I.iciniusj a poet. Fid. JLiei- 
fcius. 

Imbhius, a 7iojitukills J by Ferrter. ten of 


Mentor. He had married Medeficafte, Priam’s 
daughter. Horner. II. 13. 

Imbrivium, a place of Samnium. 

1 m h*r o s, now Embrv , an ifland of the 
iEgeau fea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Samo¬ 
th race, with a fault river and town of the lame 
name, xlmbros was governed for feme time 
by its own laws, but afterwards fubjo&ed to the 
power of Perlia, Athens, Macedonia, and the 
kings of Pergamus. It afterwards became a 
Roman province. The divinities particularly 
worfhipped there were Ceres and Mercury. 
Tbucyd. 8.— Plin. 4, c. 12.— Hornet^ II. 13. 
— Stral. 2.— Mela, 2, c. 7.— Ovid. Fiifl. JU- 
v. 18. 

Inachi, a name given to the Greek*, 
particularly the Argues, from king lua- 
chus. / « 

Inaciua, a name given to Peloponnefu* - , 

from the river Inachus.-A fellival in Crete 

in honor of Inachus; or, according toothers, of 

lno’s misfortunes-A courtezan In the age- 

of Horace. Epod. 12 . 

Inacihda:, the name of the eight £r$ 
lucceflorx of Inachus, on the throne ox 
Argos. • 

I nXciiidrs, a patronymic of Epaphus, as 

grandfon oflnachus. Ovid. Met. x,v. 704.-- - 

Alfo of Perfeus defcendeci from Inachus. Id. 4, 
fab. it. 

Inachts, a patronymic oflo, as daughter of 
Inachus. Ovid. Eajl. i,v 434. 

Inackjum, ,t town of Pdcponnefus. 

Inachus, a fon of Ocean us and Tetlws, 
father of Jo, and alfo of Phorcneus zi.d 
./Egialeus. f-ie founded the kingdom of 
Argos, and was fticceeded by Pliorbneuv, 
B. C. 18.37, and gave his name to a river of 
Argos, of which he became the tutelar denv. 
He reigned 60 years. Fug. G. 3, v. 151.— 

Apollod. 2, c. 3.— Pauf. 2, c. 15.--A river 

of Argos.-Another in Epirus. 

•Inam.vmej, a river in. the eaft of Ail?, 
as far as which Semiramis - ended her em¬ 
pire., Pc/yan. 

In a rime, an ifland near Campania, with 
a mountain, under which Jupiter confined the 
giant Typhoms. It is now called Ifckia , and 
is remarkable for its fertility and population. 
There was formerly n volcano in the middle 
of the ifland. Fi’g- Ain. 9, v. 716. 

Inarus, a town of Egypt, in whofb neigh¬ 
bourhood the town of Naueratis was built by 

the MileGans.-A tyrant of Egypt, who 

died B. C. 45 6 * 

Incitatus, a horfe of the emperor Cali¬ 
gula, made high priefE 

IN B A T h y i- 3 v .•?, Via. I da nthyrfus. 

India, the molt Celebrated and opulent of 
all the countries of Afia, bounded on on? fide 
by the Indus, from which, it derives* itsgiame. 
It is fit 11 ate at the fonthyOf tlie kingdoms of 
Perfia, Parthsa. &c along the maritime coal Is. 
ft has always been reckoned famous for the 
riclr-s it *' air cl id c*’rlu«ded were the 


ancieots 








IN 


IN 


accents of its wealth, that they fuppofed that 
its very fands were gold. It Contained 9000 
different nations, and 5000 remarkable cities, 
according to geographers. Bacchus was the 
firfl who conquered it. In more recent ages, 
part of it was tributary to the power of Periia. 
Alexander invaded it; hut his conqueft was 
checked by the valor of Porus one of the 
kings of the country, and the Macedonian 
warier was unwilling or afraid to engage an. 
other. Semiramis alio extended her empire 
far in India. The Romans knew little of the 
country, yet their power, was fo univerfally 
dreaded, that the Indians paid homage by their 
ambaffadors to the emperors Antoninus, Tra¬ 
jan, &c. India is divided into feveral pio- 
vinces. There is an India extra Gan gem , an 
India intra Gangem , and an Indiyi propria ; but 
thefe divifions are not particularly noticed by 
the ancients, who, even in the age of Auguftus, 
gave the name of Indians to the ./Ethiopian 
nations. Diod. I. — Strab. I, life. — Mela. 3, 
c. y.—Plin, 5,c. 28 -— Curt. 8, c. 10.— JtfJlin. 
I, c. 2. I 12, c. 7. 

Indibilis, a princefs of Spain, betrothed to 
Albutius. 

Indigktes, a name given to thofe deities 
who were vvorlhipped only in 1'orae particular 
places or who were become cods from men,, 
as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the 
word from inde fsf geniti , born at the lame 
place where they received their worlhip. 
Firg. G. I, V. 498.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 608. 

IndIgeti, a people of Spain. 

Indus, now Sinde , a large river of Afia-, 
from which the adjacent country has received 
the name of India. It falls into the Indian 
ocean by two mouths. According to Plato, 
it was larger than the Nile; and Pliny fays 
that 19 rivers difcharge themfelves into it, be¬ 
fore it falls into the fea. Cic. N. 1 ). 2, c. 52. 

* — Strab. 15.-— Curt. 8, c. 9.— Diod. 2 .— Ovid. 

paji. 3, V.p20. — P/in. 6, c. 20. - A river 

cf Cana. Liv. 38, c. 14. 

Indutiomarus, a Gaul conquered by 
CseCir, k c. Ceefat. B. G. 

Inferum mare, the Tufcan fea. 

Ing, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia,- 
who nurfed Bacchus. She married Athamas, 
^ing of Thebes, after he had divorced 
Nepbele, by whom he had two children, 
Phryxus and Helle. Ino became mother of 
Melicerta and Lerrchus, and loon conceived 
2n implacable hatred againft the children of 
Nephele, becaufe they were to alcend the 
throne in preference to her own. Phryxus 
and Helle were informed of Ino’s machina¬ 
tions, and they efcaped to Colchis on a golden 
x?m. [^.Phryxus.] Juno, jealous of Ino’s 
profperity, refolved to difttirb her peace ; and 
more particularly, becaufe Ihe was of the de- 
fcendants of her greatelt enemy, Venus. 1 i- 
fiphone was fent, by order of the goddefs,- to 
the houfe of Athamas; and fhe filled-the whole 
palace with fuch fury, that Athamas. taking 


Ino to be a lianefs, and her children whelps, 
purfued her,, and dalhed her fon Learchur 
againft a wall. Ino efcaped from the fury of 
her hufband, and from a high rock fhe threw 
herfelf into the fea, with Melicerta in her 
arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune 
made her a fea deity, which was afterwards 
called Leucothoe. Melicerta became alfo a 
fea god, known by the name of Pabemon. 
Homer. Od. 5,— Cic. Tufc. de Nat. P. 3, C. 
4%.— -Plat. Syrnp. ^.—Ovid. Met , 4, fab. 13, 
&c. — Pauf I, 2 , &c. — Apollod. 2 , C. 4. —Hym 
gin . fab. 12, 14, & 15. 

Inoa, feftivals in memory of Ino, cele¬ 
brated yearly with (ports and facriflces at Co¬ 
rinth. An anniverfary lacrifice was alfo offered 
to Ino at Megara, where fhe was firft wor- 
fhipped, under the n 5 me of Leucothoe.— 
Another in Laconia, in honor of the fame, it 
was ufual at the celebration to throw cakes of 
flour into a pond, which, if they fqnk, were 
prelages of prolperity; but if they fwam 
on the furface of the waters, they were inauf- 
picious and very unlucky. 

Inous, a patronymic given to the god Pa- 
Iremon, as fon of Ino. P’irg ( JEn. 5, v. 823. 

Inopus, a river of Delos, which the inhabi¬ 
tants iuppofe to be the Nile, coming from 
Egypt under the fea. It was near its banks. 
that Apollo aud Diana were born. Pin 1. 2, 
c. 103.— Place. 5, v. 105.— Strab 6. — Pauf. 
2, c. 4. 

In sub ans, the inhabitants of Infubria, -a 
country near the Po, fuppofedto be of Gallic 
origin. They were conquered by the Ro¬ 
mans, and their country became a province, 
where the modern towns of Milan and Pavia 
were built. Strab. 5.-— Tacit. A. 11, c. 23 
— Pirn. 3, c. 17.— Liy. 5, c. 34.— Ptot. 3, c. 
I. 

Intapiiernes, one of the feven Perfian 
noblemen who coiifpired againft Snoerdis, who 
ul'urped the crown of Perfia. He was fo dif- 
appointed for rtot obtaining the crown, that he 
fomented (editions againft Darius who had 
been raifed to the throne after the death of 
the ufurper. When the king had ordered him 
and all his family to be put to death, his wife 
by frequently vifiting the palace, excited tire 
companion of Darius, who pardoned her, and 
permitted her to redeem from death any one 
of her relations whom lire pleated. She ob¬ 
tained her brother ; and when the king expref- 
fed his aftoniihment, becaufe the preferred 
him to her hutband and children, file replied 
that (lie could procure another hufband, and 
children likewile; but that the could never 
have another brother, as her father and mother 
were dead. Intaphernes was put to death* 
Herodot. 3. 

Intemeuum, a town at the weft of Ligu¬ 
ria, oft the fea-fhore. Cic. Div. 8,«. 14. 

Interamna, an ancient city of Umbria, 
the bin'll place of the liiliorian Tacitus, and 
•of the emperor of the fame name. It is fitu- 



10 


IO 


»te between two branches of the Nar, (inter- 
mmnrs) whence its name. Tarro. L. L* 4, c. 

5 *— Tacit. Hijl.z, c. 64.-A colony on the 

•onfines of Samnium, on the Liris. 

Intercatia,3 town of Spain. * 

Interrex, a fupreme magillrate at Rome, 
who was intruded with the care of the govern¬ 
ment after the de3th of a king, till the election 
of another. This office was exercifed by the 
fenators alone, and none continued in power 
longer than live days, or, according to Plu¬ 
tarch, only 12 hours. The firlt interrex men¬ 
tioned in Roman hiltory, is after the death of 
Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled with 
the Sabines concerning the choice of a king 
There was fometimes an interrex dbring the 
•onfular government; but this happened only 

hold allemblies in the abfence of the magi 
ftrates, or when the election of any of the ac¬ 
ting officers was diiputed. Liv. L, c. 17.— 
ZHortyf. 2 , C. 15 . 

Inui castrum. [ Tic /. Caftrum Inui.] It 
received its name from Imius, a divinity fup- 
)>ofed to be the fame as the Faunus of die 
l.arins, and worshipped in this city. 

Invcus, a city of Sicily. Herodot. 

lo, daughter of Inachus, or, according to 
others, of Jalus or Pirenes, was prieftefs of 
Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured 
•f her; but Juno, jealous ol his intrigues, 
flifeovered the objeit of his affedtion, and 
furpriled him in the company of Io, though 
he had fhrouded himlelf in all the obfeurity 
of clouds and thick milts. Jupiter changed 
his miflrefs into a beautiful heifer; and the 
goddeis, who well knew the fraud, obtained 
from her hulband the animal, whole beauty 
Cie had condeicended to commend. Juno 
commanded the hundred-eyed Argus to 
watch the heifer; hut Jupiter, anxious for 
the fituation of Io, fent Mercury to deftroy 
Argus, and to reltore her to liberty. [Tic/. 
Argus.] Io, freed from the vigilance of Ar¬ 
gus, was now persecuted by Juno; whQ fent 
one of the furic-s, or rather a malicious illicit, 
to torment her. She wandered over the 
greatell part of the earth, and croflP-d over the 
i'ea, till at lad die dopped on the banks of the 
Nile, dill expofed to the unceafing torments of 
J uno’s inieit. Here Ihe entreated J ppiter to 
redore her 40 her ancient form; and when the 
god had changed her from a heifer into a 
woman, fbe brought forth Epaphus. After¬ 
wards (he married Telegonus king of Egypt, 
or Ofiris, accerding to others, and fhe treated 
her iubjeits with fuch tnildnefs and humanity, 
that, after death, Ihe received divine honors, 
and was worfhipped under the name of Ids. 
According to Herodotus, Io was carried away 
by Phoenician merchants, who widled to make 
repriials for Europa, who had been ftolen 
from them by the Greeks. Some fuppofe 
that Io never came to Egypt. She is fome- 
times called Pberonis t from -her brother Pho¬ 
ton c us. Ovid. Met. I, ▼. 748.— Pauf. 1, c. 


25. 1 . 3, c. 18— M-ofchus. — Apoltod. 2, <v 
I.— Tirg. JEa. 7, v. 789.— Hygitu fab. 
145 - 

Iobates Sc Jobates, a king of Lycia, 
father of Stenobcea, the wife of Prcetus, king 
of Argos. ' Fie was fucceeded on the throne 
by Bellerophon, fco whom ihe had given one 
of his daughters, called Philonoa, yi mar¬ 
riage.— [Tid. Btllorophon.] Availed.. 2, c. 2. 
—> Hygin. fib. 57. , 

Iobes, a fon of Hercules by a daughter of 
Theipius. He died in his youth. Apollod. a, 
c. 7. 

Jocasta, a daughter cf Menceceus, who 
married I.aius, king of Ihebes, by whom fhe 
had CEdipus. She afterwards married her fon 
CEdipus, without knowing who he was, and 
had by him Eteocles, Polvnices, See. [Tid. 
Laius, CEcftpirs] When Ihe dilcovered that 
fhe had married her own* foil, and had been 
guilty of inceft, die hanged herielf in defpair. 
She is called Epicajla by fume mythologise. 
Slat. Thtli. 8, v. 42. — Seme. Sopbael. in 

(Blip. — Apollod. 3, c. 5.— Hygin. fab. 66, &c. 

— —Homer . Oil. 11. 

1 oi.aia, a feftival at Thebes, the fame as 
that called Heracleia. It was inftituted in 
honor of Hercules and his friend lolas, who • 
affitted him in conquering the hydra. It con¬ 
tinued during feveral days, on the firlt of which 
were offered lolemn lacrifices. The next dav 
horfe races and athletic exerciles were exhi¬ 
bited. The following day was let apart for 
vvreltling; the victors were crowned with gar¬ 
lands of myrtle, generally ufed at funeral fc- 
lemnities. They were fometimes rewarded 
with tripods of brafs. The place where the 
exerciles were exhibited was called Iolaion. 
where there were to be feen the monument of 
Amphitryon, and the cenatoph of lolas, who 
1 was buried in Sardinia. Thei'e monuments 
were ftrewed with garlands and flowers on the 
day of the feftival. 

16 la s or Iolaus, a fon of Iphidus, king 
of Thelfaly. who alfilted Hercules in con¬ 
quering the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron 
the place where the heads had been cut off, 
to prevent the growth of others. [ Tid. Hy¬ 
dra.] He was reitored to his youth and vigor 
by Hebe, at the requeft of his friend Hercules. ' 
Some time afterwards, lolas nflifted the Herj- 
clidte againft Euryftheus, and killed the tyrant 
with his own hand. According to Plutarch, 
lolas had a monument in Beotia, and Phods, 
whdre lovers ufed to go - and bind themlelves 
by the tnoft folemn oaths of fidelity, confi- 
deling the place ns facred to love and friend- 
Ihip. According to Diodorus and Paufanias, 
lolas died and was buried in Sardinia, where 
he had gone to make a lettlement at the head 
of the Ions of Hercules by the fifty daughters 
of Theipius, Or id. Met. 9, v. 399.-— 

Apollod. 2, c. 4.— Pauf. IO, c. 17.-.-A 

compiler of a Phoenician hiftory.*——A friend 
of apneas, killed bv Q«iliv$.in the Rutulhn 

W2tS» 







10 


JO 


wars. Virg. J£n. ir, v. 640.-A fon of 

Antipater, cup-bearer to Alexander. Plut. 

Iolchos, a town of Magnefia, above De- 
metrias, where Jai'on was born. It was found¬ 
ed by Cretheus, fon of JEokis and Enaretta. 
Melajmentions it as at tome diftance from the 
fea,, though all the other ancient geographers 
place it on the lea fliore. Pauf. 4, c. 2.— 
Apollod. I, C. 9.— Strab. 8 .—Mela, 2, c. 3. 
— Lucan. 3, v. 192. 

Iole, a daughter of Eurytus, king ©f 
CEchalia. Her father promiied her in mar¬ 
riage to Hercules, but he refuted to perform 
his engagements, and Iole was carried away by 
force. [Vid. Eurytus.j It was to extinguilh 
the love of Hercules for Iole, that Dejanira 
lent him the poifoned tunic, which caufed his 
death. [ Vid. Hercules & Dejanira.] After 
the death of Hercules, Iole married his lbn 
Hyllus, by Dejanira. A polioJ. 2, c. 7.— Ovid. 
Met. 9, v. 279. 

*Ion, a fon of Xuthus and Creufa, daughter 
©f Erechtheus, who married Hclice, the 
•daughter of Selinus, king of iEgiale. • He 
fucceeded on the throne of his father in-law, 
and built a city, which hd called Helice, on 
account of his wife. His fubjedls from him 
received the name of Ionians, and the coun¬ 
try that cf Ionia. [Fid. lories and Ionia.] 
Apollod. I, c. 7.— Pauf 7, c. 1.— Strab. 7. 

*— Herodct. 7, c. 94, 1 . 8, c. 44 *-A tragic 

poet of Chios, whole tragedies, when repre- 
fented at Athens, met with univerfal ap- 
plaufe. He is mentioned and greatly com¬ 
mended by Ariftophanes and Athenztus, &c. 
Athai. 10, &c.-A native of Ephefus, in¬ 

troduced in Plato’s dialogues as realoning with 
Socrates. 

Ion e, one of the Nereides. 

Iones, a name originally given to the fub- 
te£ls of Ion, who dwelt zt Helice. In the age 
o: Ion the Athenians made a war againft the 
people of Eleufis, and implored his aid againft 
their enemies. Ion conquered the Eleufinjans 
and Eumolpus, who was at their head; and 
the Athenians, l'enlible of his ferviees, in¬ 
vited him to come and fettle among them; 
and the more ftrongly to Ihow thc-ir affect on, 
they affumed the name of Ionians. Some 
fuppofe that, after this viflory, Ion pafted 
into Alia Minor, at the bead of a colony. 
When the Achaeans were driven from Pelo- 
ponnefus by the Heraclidae, eighty years after 
the Trojan war, they came to fettle among 
the Ionians, who were then mailers of iEgi- 
alus. They were footr difpoffeffed of their 
territories by the Achaean?, and went to At¬ 
tica, where they met with a\ cordial reception. 
Their migration from Greece to Alia Minor 
was about 60 years after the return of the, 
Heraclida?, B. C. 1044, and 80 years after the 
departure of the iEolinns; and they therefore 
finally fettled themfelves, after a wandering 
life of about 30 years. 

ISnia, » country of Alia Minor, hounded 


on the north by iEolia, on the weft by thft 
A£eean and Icarian leas, on the fouth by Laria, 
and on the eaft by Lydia and part of Caria. 
It was founded by colonies from Greece, and 
particularly Attica, by the Ionians, or fubje&s 
of Ion. Ionia was divided into 12 fmall ftates, 
which formed a celebrated confederacy, often 
mentioned by the ancients. Thele twelve 
ftates were, Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Cla- 
zomenae, Ephefus, Lebedos, Teos, -Thdccca, 
Erythrae, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos 
and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a 
temple, which they called Pan Ionium , froirl 
the conceurle of people that flocked there 
from every part of Ionia. After they had 
enjoyed-for fome time their freedom And in¬ 
dependence, they were made tributary to the 
power of Lydia by Croefus. The -Athenians 
afiifted them to Ihake- off the flavery of the 
Aiiatic monarchsj but they loon forgot their 
duty and relation to their mother country, 
and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece. 
They were delivered from the Perfian yoke 
by Alexander, and reltored to their original 
independence, They were reduced by , the 
Romans under the diilatof'Sylla. Ionia has 
been always celebrated for the falubrity of the 
climate, the fruitfulnefs of the ground, and 
the genius of its inhabitants. Herodot. 1, c. 

6 & 28.— Strab. 14.— Mela , I, c. 2, &C.— 

Pauf. 7, c. i--An ancient name given to 

Hellas, or Achaia, becaufe it was for lome 
time the refidence cf the Ionians. 

Ionium mare, a part of the Mediterra¬ 
nean fea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, lying 
between Sicily and Greece. That part of. 
the JEgean tea which lies on the coafts of 
Ionia, in Ana, is called the fea of Ionia , and 
not the Ionian fea . According to fome au¬ 
thors, the Ionian fea receives its name from 
lo, who lvvam acroi's there, after Ihe had been 
metamorphol'ed into a heifer. Strab. 7, &c.-— 

Dtfaiyf ferieg, >> 1# 

Iopas, a king of Africa, among the fuitors 
of Dido. He was an excellent mulician, poet, 
and philolopher, and he exhibited his fuperior 
abilities at the entertainment which Dido gave 
to iEnens. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 744. 

Iope & Joppa, now JaJ4 y a famous town 
of Phoenicia, more ancient than the ; delugg, 
according to fome traditions. It was about 
forty miles from the capital of Judzea, and was 
remarkable for a fea port much frequented, 
though very dangerous, on account qf the great 
rocks that lie before it. Strab. l6,&c.— Propert. 

2, el. 28, v. 51-A daughter of Iphicles, 

who married Thefejus. Plut. _ 

Iopiion, a fon of Sophocles, who accufed 
his father of imprudence in the management 

of his affairs, Sec. Lucian, de Macrob _ 

A poet of Gnoflus, in Crete. Pauf. 1, c. 
34 * V 

Jordanes, a river of Judata, illuftrious 
in facred hillory. It rifes near mount Liba- 
nus, and after running through the lake Sa- 

wachonius, 

& 









JO 


IP 


roachonitls, and that of Tiberias, it falls after 
a courfe of 150 miles, into the Dead Sea. 
Strab. j6. 

John Andes, an hiftcrian who wrote a book 
on the Goths. He died A. D. 552 

los, now Nio, an ifland in the Myrtoanfea, 
at the fouth of Naxos, celebrated, as fome lay, 
for the tomb of Horner, and the birth of his 
mother. Plin. 4. c 13. 

Josephus FLAVius,a celebrated Jew, born 
in Jerulalem, who lignalized his military 
abilities in fupporting a fiege of forty-feven 
days again ft Velpafian and Titus, in a lmall 
town of Judea. When the city l'urrendered, 
there were not found lei's than 40,000 Jews 
Gain, and the number of captives amounted to 
1,100. Jofephus laved his life hy flying into a 
cave, uffiere 40 of his countrymen had alfo 
taken refuse. He difluaded them from com¬ 
mitting fuicide, and, when they had all drawn 
lots to kill one another, Jofephus fortunately 
remained the laft, and l'urrendered hiiVifelf to 
Vefpafian. He gained the conqueror’s ef- 
teem, by foretelling that-he would become one 
day the mailer of the Roman empire. Jol'e- 
phns was prefent at the fi< 5 ge of Jerulalem by 
Titus, and received all the facted books which 
it contained from the conqueror’s hands. He 
came to Rome with Titus, where he was 
honored with the name and privileges of a 
Roman citizen. Here he made himfelf ef- 
teerned by the emperors Velpafian and Titus, 
and dedicated his lime to ftudy. He wrote 
the biftory of the wars of the Jews, firft in 
Syriac, and afterwards tranflated it into Greek. 
This compofition fo plealed Titus, that he 
authenticated it by placing his fignature upon 
it, and by preferring it in one of the public 
libraries. He finifhed another work, which 
he divided into 20 books, containing the ’ 
hiftory of the Jcwifh antiquities, in fome 
places fubverfive of the authority and mi¬ 
racles mentioned in the feriptures. He alfo 
wrote two books to defend the Jews agaiuft 
Apion, their greateft enemy; befides an ac¬ 
count of his own life, &c. Jofephus has 
been admired for his lively and animated ftyle, 
the bold propriety of his expreflions, the exa£l- 
nefs of his deferij txftns, and the perluafive elo¬ 
quence of his orations. He has been called 
the JLivy of the Greeks. Though, in fome 
cafes, inimical to the Chriftians, y£t he has 
commended our Saviour fo warily, that St. 
Jerome calls him a Chriftian writer. Jofephus 
died A.D. 53, in the 56th year of his age. 
The bell editions of his works are Hudfon’s, 
% vols. fol. Oxon. 1720, and Havercamp’s, 
2 vols. fol. Amft. 1726. Suet on. in Vpp. isfe. 

J ovianus Flavius Claudius, a native of 
Pannonia, eledled emperor of Rome by the 
foldiers after the death of Julian. He at firft 
refufed to be inverted with the imperial purple, 
becaufe his fubjedts followed the religious 
principles of the late emperor; but they re¬ 
moved his grcuwHelr npprehanfions, and, when 


they a fibred him that they were warm for 
Chriftianity, he accepted the crown. He mad® 
a dil'advantageous treaty with the Perfians, 
againft whom Julian was marching with a vic¬ 
torious army. Jovian died feven months and 
twenty days after his afeenfion, and was found 
in his bed fmfFocated by the vapors of charcoal, 
which had been lighted in the room, A. D. 
364. Some attribute his death to intem¬ 
perance, and fay that he was the foil of a 
baker. ]He burned a celebrated library at 
Antioch. Marcellin . 

Iphianassa, a daughter of Proetus, king of 
Argos, who, with her fillers Iphinoe and JLy- 

fippe, ridiculed Juno, &c. Vid. Proetides.- 

The wife of Endymion. 

Ipiiiclus, or Iphicx.es, a fon of Amphi¬ 
tryon and Alcmena, born at the fame birth 
with Hercules. As thefe two children were 
together in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Her¬ 
cules, fent two large ferpents to.deftroy him. 
At the fight of the ferpents, Iphicles alarmed 
the houfe ; but Hercules, though not a year 
old, boldly feized them, one in each hand, and 
lqueezed them to death. Apollod. 2, c. 4.—« 

T&eocrit. -A king of Phyiace, in Phthiotis, 

fon of Phylacus and Clymene. He had bulls fa¬ 
mous for their bignels, and the monfter whiefy 
kept them. Melampus, at the requeft of his 
brother, \ Vid . Melampus] attempted to deal 
them away, but he was caught in the fait, 
and imprisoned. Iphicles foon received fome 
advantages from the prophetical knowledge 
of his prifoner, and not only reftored him to 
liberty, but alfo prefented him with the oxen. 
Iphicles, who was childlefs, learned from the 
foothfayer how to become a father. He iuui 
married Automedula, and afterwards a daugh¬ 
ter of Creon, king of Thebes. He was father 
to Podarce and Protefilaus. Homer f Od. 11, 

II. 13. — Apollod. I, c. 9 .—Pa rtf. 4, c. 36. - , 

A fon of 1 heftius, king of Pleuron. Apollod. 2, 
c. 1. 

IphicrXtes, a celebrated general of 
Athens, who, though fon of a fhoemaker, role 
from the lowed ftation to the higheft offices in 
the ftate. He made war againft the Thracians, 
obtained fome vidtories over the Spartans, and 
affifted the Perfian king againft Egypt. He 
changed the drel's and arms of his loldiers, and 
rendered them more alert and expeditious in 
; ufing their weapons. He married a daughter 
of Cotys, king of Thrace, by whom he had 2 
foil called Mnefteus, and died 380 B. C 
When he was once reproached of the meanneis 
of his origin, he obferved, that he would be the 
firft of his family, but that his detradlor would 

be the laft of his own. C. Hep. in Iphk -- 

A fculptor of Athens.-An Athenian, fent 

to Darius the third, king ofPerfia,&c. Curt. 3, 
c. 13. 

1ph?damus, a fon of Antenor and Thean®, 
killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. xi. 

IphidemIa, a Theffaliaa woman, raviihed 
by the Naxiaps, Sec. 

B b 1?*$. 







IP 


IP 


IphigenTa, a daughter of Agamemnon and 
Clytemneftra. When the Greeks, going to 
the Trojan War, were detained by contrary 
winds at Aulis, they were informed by one of 
the foothfayers, that, to appeafe the gods, 
they mull facrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon’s 
daughter, to Diana. [PM- Agamemnon.] 
The father, who had provoked the goddefs by 
killing her favorite ftag, heard this with the 
greateft horror and indignation, and rather 
than to Ihed the blood of his daughter, he 
commanded one of his heralds, as chief of 
the Grecian forces, to order all the aflembly 
to depart each to his refpe&ive home. Ulyf- 
tes and the other generals interfered,and Aga¬ 
memnon confented to immolate his daughter 
for the common catife of Greece. As Iphi¬ 
genia was tenderly loved by her mother, the 
Greeks, fent for her on' pretence of giving her 
in marriage to Achilles. Clytemneftra gladly 
permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came 
to Aulis: here (he faw the bloody prepara- 
tisns for the facrifice; fhe implored the for- 
givencfs and protection of her father, but 
tears and entreaties were unavailing. Calchas 
took the knife in his hand, and, as he was 
going to ftrike the fatal blow, Iphigenia fud- 
denly difappeared, and a goat of uncommon 
fize and beauty was found in her place for the 
4’aaifice. This fupernatural change animated 
tlie Greeks, the wind fuddenly became fa¬ 
vorable, and the combined fleet fet fail from 
Aulis. Iphigenia’s innocence had railed the 
compaftion of the goddefs on whofe altar lhe 
was going to be facrificed, and lhe carried 
her to Tavrrica, where lhe entrufted her with 
the care of her temple. In this iacred office 
Iphigenia was obliged, by the command of 
33 ‘ana, to facrifice all the ftrangers who 
came into that country. Many had already 
been offered as victims on the bloody altar, 
when Oreftes and Pylades came to Taurica. 
Their mutual and unparalleled friendihip 
[Pid. Pylades & Oreftes] cfiiclofed to Iphige¬ 
nia that one of the ftrangers whom lhe was 
goirig to facrifice was her brother; and, upon 
this lhe conlpired with the two friends to 
fly from the barbarous country, and carry 
away the ftatue of the goddefs. Theyfuccefs- 
fully effected their enterprize, and murdered 
Tbeas, who enforced the human facrifices. 
According to fome authors, the Iphigenia, who 
was facrificed at Aulis, was not a daughter of 
Agamertfnon, but a daughter of Helen, by 
Thefeus. Hottrer does not fpe?k of the facri¬ 
fice of Iphigenia, though very minute in the 
deicription of the Grecian forces, adventures, 
&c. The ftatue of Diana, which Iphigenia 
brought a Way, was afterwards placed in the 
grove , of Aricia in Italy. Pan/. 2, c. 22. I. 3, 
C. Met. 12, v. 31.— Pirg. JEn. 2, 

v. 116 — sEfcbyl. — Euripid. 

IphLmedTa, a daughter of Triopas, who 
mirried the giant 1 Alee ns. She fled from her 
hifbattd had two foes, Otus.and Ephial- 

. 4 4 - . 


tes, by Neptune, her father’s father. Homer 
Od. 11, v. 124.— Pauf. 9, c. 22 . — Apollod. I, 
C. 7. 

Iphimedon, a fon of Euryftheus, killed in 
a war againlt the Athenians and Heraclidie. 
Apollod. 

Iphi medusa, one of the daughters of 
Danaus, who married Eucher.or. Pid. Da- 
naides. 

I phi noe, one of the principal women of 
Lemnos, who confpired to deftroy all the 
males ef the ifland after their return from a 

Thracian expedition. Place. 2, v. 163.-- 

One of the daughters of Prirtus. She died of 
a difeale while under the care of Melampus. 
Pid. Proetides. 

Iphinous, one of the centaurs. Ovid. 

Iphis, fon of A left or, fucceeded his father 
on the throne of Argos. He advifed Poly- 
nices, who wilhed to engage Amphiaraus in 
the Theban war, to bribe his wife Eriphyle, 
by givi9g her the golden collar of Harmonia.. 
This fucceeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her 

hufband. Apollod. 3.— Place. I, 3, & 7.- 

A beautiful youth of Salamis, of ignoble 
birth. He became enamoured of Anaxarete, 
and the coldnefs and contempt he met with 
rendered him fo defperate that he hung him- 
felf. Anaxarete faw him carried to his grave 
without emotion, and was inftantly changed 

into a ftone. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 703.-A 

daughter of Thefpius. Apollod. -A mif<- 

trefs of Patroclus, given him by Achilles. 

Homer. II. 9.-A daughter of Ligdus and 

Telethufa. of Crete. When Telethufa was 
pregnant, Ligdus ordered her to deftroy her 
child, if it proved a daughter, becaufe his poverty 
could not afford to maintain an ufelefs charge. 
The fevere orders of her hulband alarmed 
Telethufa, and fhe would have obeyed, had 
not Jfis commanded her in a dream to fparo 
the life of her child. Telethufa brought forth 
a daughter, which was given to a nurfe, and 
paffed for a boy, under the name of Iphis. 
Ligdus continued ignorant of the deceit, and, 
when Iphis was come to the years of puberty, 
her father refolved to give her in marriage to 
Ianthe, the beautiful daughter of Teleftes. A 
day to celebrate the nuptials was appointed, 
but Telethufa and her daughter were equally 
anxious to put oft' the marriage; and, when all 
was unavailing, they implored the affiftancc of 
Ifis, by whofe advice the life of Iphis had been 
preferved. The goddefs was moved, fhe 
'changed the fex of Iphis, and, on the mor¬ 
row, the nuptials were confummated with 
the greateft; rej@icings. Ovid. Met. 9, v.666, 
&c. 

Iphition, anally of the Trojans, fon of 
Otryntheus and Nais r killed by Achilles* 
Homer. II. 20 , V. 382. 

Tphitus, a fon of Eurytus, king of CEcha- 
lia. When his father had promifed his 
daughter Iole to him who could overcome 
him or his foils in drawing the bow, Hercules' 

accepted 



accepted tTie challenge, and came off vifto- I 
rTous". Eurytus refuted his daughter to the 
conqueror, obferving that Hercules had killed 
one of his wives in a fury, and that Iole 
might perhaps (hare the lame fate. Some 
time after, Autolycus Hole away the oxen of 
Eurytus, and Hercules was fufpedtcd of the 
theft. Iphitus was fent in qtieft of the oxen, 
and, in his learch, he met \Vith HerculeS, 
whofe good favors he had gained by advifing 
EurytuS to give Iole to the conqueror. Her¬ 
cules aflifted Iphitus in ieeking the loft ani¬ 
mals; but when he recollected the ingrati¬ 
tude of Eurytds, he killed Iphitus by throw¬ 
ing him down from the walls of Tirynthus. 
Homer. Od. ii.— Apollod. 2, c. 6. ■•■A Tro¬ 

jan, who furvived the ruin of his country, and 
fled with Aineas to Italy. Virg. JRn. 2, v. 

340, fee. -A king of Elis, fon of Praxo- 

nides, in the age of I.ycurgus. He re-etta- 
blifhed the Olympic games 338 years after 
their inftitution by Hercules, or about 884 
years Before the Chriftian era. This epoch is 
famous in chronological hiftory, as every 
thing previous to it teems involved in fabu¬ 
lous obfeuriry. Patere. I, c. 8.— Pauf. 5, 
e. 4 * 

IphthimE) a lifter of Penelope, who mar¬ 
ried Eumelus. She appeared, by the power 
of Minerva, to her filter in a dream, to com¬ 
fort her in the abfence of her fon Telemachus. 
Horn. Od. 4, v. 795. 

Ipsea, the mother of Medea. Ovid*Heroid. 
17, v. 232. 

losus, a place of Phrygia, celebrated fora 
battle which was fought there about 301 
years before the Chriftian era, between An- 
tigonus and his foh, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, 
I.yfimachus, and Callander, The former led 
into the field an army of above 70,000 foot, 
and 10,000 horfe, with 75 elephants. The 
latter’s forces confiHed of 64,000 infantry, 
beiides 10,500 horfe, 400 elephants, and 120 
armed chariots. Antigonus and his fon were 
defeated. Plut. in Demetr. 

Ira, a city of Melfenia, which Agamem- 
hon promrled to Achilles, if he would relume 
his arms to fight againft the Trojans. This 
place is famous in hiftory as having Supported 
a fiege of eleven years againft the Lacedemo¬ 
nians. Its' capture, B. C. 671, put an end to 
the fecoitd Meflenian war. Horn. II. 9, v. 150 
te 292 .—Strab. 7. 

Ir ena.us, a native of Greece, dlfcipie of 
Polycarp, and bifhop of Lyons in France. 
He wrote on different fubjeits;* but, as what 
remains is in Latin, l'otpe fuppofe that he com- 
poied in that language, and not in the Greek. 
Fragments of hir works in Greek are how¬ 
ever preferved, which prove that his ftyle was 
fimple, though clear and ofren animated. His 
opinions concerning the foul are curious. He 
differed martyrdom, A. D. 202. The beft 
■edition of his works is that of Grabe, Oxon. fol. 
*702. 


IrSne, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. 

PI in. 35, c. ii-One of the feafons among 

the Greeks, called by the moderns Hone. 
Her two fillers were Dia and Eunonfta, all 
daughters of Jupiter and t’hemis. Apollod. -f, 
c * 3 * 

Iresus, a delightful fpot in Libya, near 
Cyrene, where Battus fixed his refidence. 
The Egyptians were once defeated there by 
the inhabitants of Cyrene. Herodot. 4, 
c. I58, Sec. 

Iris, a daughter of Thaumas and Ele£lra, 
one of the Oceartides, jneffenger ot the gods, 
and more particularly of Juno. Her officp 
was to cut the thread which feemed to detain 
the foul in the body of thole that were expir¬ 
ing. She is the lame as the rainbow, and, 
from that circumftance, Ike is represented 
with wings, with all the variegated and beau¬ 
tiful colors of the rainbow, and appears fitting 
behind Juno ready to execute her commands- 
She is likewife defcribed as fupplying the 
clouds with water to deluge the world. He- 
Jiod. Theog. V. 266.— Ovid. Met. I,v. 271 iff 
f q. I. 4, V. 481. 1 . IO, V. 585.— Virg. J£n* 

4, v. 694.-A river of Afia Minor, riling 

in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine 
lea. Place. 5, v. 121.——A river of Por.r 
tus. 

Irus, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed 
the commilfions of Penelope’s fuitors. When 
Ulyfles returned home, difguifed in a beg¬ 
gar’s drefs, Irus hindered him from entering 
the gates, and even challenged him. Ulyfles 
brought him to the ground with a blow, and 
dragged him out of the houfe. From his 
poverty originates the proverb ho pduperion 
Horn. Od. 8,v. I Sc35.—Ovid. Trijl. 3, el. 7, 
v. 42. ■ -" A mountain of India. 

Is, a fmall river falling into the Euphrates. 
Its waters abound with bitumen. Hercdot. 1, 

c. 179.-A fmall town on the river of the 

fame name. Id. ib. 

IsXdas, a Spartan, who, upon feeing the 
Thebans entering the city, ftfipped himfelf 
naked, and, with a Ipear and fword, engaged 
the enemy. He was rewarded with a crown 
for his valor. Plut. 

ls£ a, one of the Nereid es. 

Isjeus, an orator of Chalets, in Euboea, 
who came to Athens, and became there the 
pupil of Lyfias, and loon after the mailer of 
Demofthenes. Some fuppofe that he reformed 
the dilfipation and imprudence of his early 
years by frugality and temperance. Dc-mclf- 
thenes irnitated.him in preference to liberates, 
beeaufe he ftudied force and energy of expref- 
fion rather than flendnefs of ftyle. Ten of hi* 
fixty-four orations are extant. Juv. 3, v. 74, 

— Plut. de 10 Or at. Ptn. - Another Grepk 

orator who came to Rome, A. JD.17. He is 
greatly recommended by Pliny the younger, 
who obterves, that he always fpoke extempore, 
and wrote with elegance, unlabored eafe;, and 
great correchtefs. 

5 1 2 IjAKtS, 





IS 


IS 


Is’amu s, a river of India. 

Isander, a Ion of Bellerophon,killed in the 
war which his father made againft the Solymi. 
Homer. //. 6. 

IsAvis, a river of Umbria. Lucan. 2, v. 
406. 

Isar & Isar a, the I/ire, a liver of Gaul, 
where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It riles 
at the eaft of S&voy, and falls into the Rhone 
near Valence. Plin. 3, c. 4.— Lucan. 1, v. 

399 --Another called the Oyfe, which falls 

into the Seine below Paris. 

Isar & IsiEUS, a river of Vindelicia. 
Strab . 4. 

Isarckus, an Athenian arcbon, B. C. 
424. 

Isaura, (a, or orum ,) the chief town of 
Ifauria. Plin. 5, c. 27. 

Isauria, a country of Alia Minor, near, 
mount Taurus, whole inhabitants were bold 
and warlike. The Roman emperors, parti¬ 
cularly Probus and Gallus, made war againft 
them and conquered them. Plor. 3, c. 6.— 
Strab .— Cic. 15 , Pam. 2 . 

Isaurxcus, a furname of P. Servilius, from 
his conquefts over the Ilaurians. Ovid. 1. Fuji. 
594.— Cic . 5, Att. 21. 

Isaurus, a river of Umbria, falling into 

the Adriatic.-Another in Magna Gracia. 

Lucan. 2, v. 406 : 

Ischemia, an annual feftival at Olympia, 
in honor of Iichenus, the grandfon of Mer¬ 
cury and Hierea, who, in a time of famine, 
devoted himielf for his country, and was ho-* 
r.ored with a monument near Olympia. 

Ischolaus, a brave and prudent general of 
Sparta, See. Poly an. 

IscnoMXcH.us, a noble athlete of Crotona, 
about the conlullhip of M. Valerius and P. 
Porthumius. 

Iscno volis, atown of Pontus^ 

Tscia. Vid. CEnotrides. 

Isoegerdes, a king of Perfia, appointed, 
by the will of Arcadius, guardian to Theo- 
dofius the fecond. He died in his 31ft year, 
A. D. 408. 

Isia, certain feftivals obferved in honor of 
Ill's, which continued nine days. It was 
ufual to carry veflels full of wheat and bar¬ 
ley, as the goddefs was fuppoled to be the 
firft who taught mankind the ufe of corn. 
Thefe feftivals were adopted by the Romans, 
among whom they foon degenerated into li- 
centioufnels. They were abolilhed by a de¬ 
cree of the lenate, A. U. C. 696. They were 
introduced again, about 200 yea<s after, by 
Com modus. 

Isiacorum portus, a harbour on the 
Ihore of the Euxine, near Dacia. 

Isidorus, a native of Charax, in the age 
of Ptolemy Eagus, who wrote fome hiftorical 

treaties, befides a defer! pt ion of Parthia. - 

A difciple of Chryfoftom, called Pelujio/a, 
from his living in Egypt. Of his epiftks 2912 
rejsain, written in Greek, with couciieiiqii and 


elegance. The belt edition is that of Paris, 

fol. 1638.-A Chriftian Greek writer, who 

fiorilhed in the 7th century. He is lurnamed 
Hifpulenjh. His works have been edited, fol. 
de Breul, Paris, 1601. 

Isis, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, 
daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to. 
Diodorus of Sicily. Some fuppofe her to 
be the lame as Io, who was changed into a 
cow, and rellored to her human form in 
Egypt, where Ihe taught agriculture, and 
governed the people with mildnels and equity, 
for which reafon (he received divine honors 
after death. According to fome traditions 
mentioned by Plutarch, Ifis married her bro¬ 
ther Ofiris, and was pregnant by him even 
before (he had left her mother’s womb. Thefa 
two ancient deities, as i'ome authors obferve, 
comprehended all nature and all the gods of 
the heathens. Ifis was the Venus of Cyprus, 
the Minerva of Athens, the Cybelg of the 
Phrygians, the Ceres of Eleufis, the Proler- 
pine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bcllona 
of the Romans, &c. Ofiris and Ifis reigned 
conjointly in Egypt; but the rebellion of 
Typhou, the brother of Ofiris, proved fatal to 
this lovereign. [Hid. Ofiris & Typhon.] The 
ox and co .v were the fymbols of Ofiris and Ifis, 
becaufe thefe deities, while on earth, had dili¬ 
gently applied themfelves in cultivating the 
earth. \Vid. Apis.] As Ilis was fuppoled to 
be the moon and Ofiris the fun, (he was repre¬ 
sented as holding a globe in her hand, with a 
-veflel full of ears of corn. The Egyptians 
believed that the yearly and regular inundations 
of the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears 
which Ifis lhed for the lofs of Ofiris, whom 
Typhon had bafely murdered. Ihe word 
, Ifis, according to fome, (ignifies ancient , and, 
on that account, the inlcriptions on the ftatues' 
of the goddefs were often in thefe words : 1 
am all that has been, that Jlpall be , and none 
among mortals has hitherto taken off my veil. 
The wor (hip of Ifis was univerfal in Egypt; 
the prigfts were obliged to obferve perpetual 
chaftity, their head was clofely lhaved, and 
they always walked barefooted, and clothed 
themfelves in linen garments. They never 
eat unions, they abstained from fait with their 
meat, and were forbidden to eat the fieflv of 
fheep and of hogs. During the night they 
were employed in continual devotion near the 
ftatue of the goddefs. Cleopatra, the beautiful 
queen of Egypt, was wont to drefs herfelf like 
this goddefs, and affe&ed to be called a fecond^ 
Ifis. Cic. de Div. I.— Plut.de Ifid. O/iriJ. 
— Died. I.— Dionyf. Hal. I.— Herodot. 2, C. 59. 
— Lucan. I, V. 831. 

Ismar us, (IsmXra, plurl) a rugged 
mountain of Thrace, covered with vines and 
olives, near the Hebrus, with a town of 
the fame name. Its wines are excellent. 
The word lfmarius is indiicriminately ufed 
for Thracian, Homer. Od. 9.— Virg. G. 2 t 
v. sj.JF'n, XO, v. 35A TkcbAti, fon 






IS 


IS 


of Aftacus .-*A fon of Eumolpus. Apd- 

lod. -A Lydian who accompanied iEneas 

to Italy, and fought with great vigor againft 
the Rutuli. Virg. JEn. IO, v. 139. 

Ismene, a daughter of OSdipus and Jo- 
cafta, who, when' her lifter Antigone had 
been condemned to be buried alive by Creon, 
for giving burial to her brother Polynices 
againft the tyrant’s pofitive orders, declared 
herlelf as guilty as her filter, and infilled 
upon being equally punilhed with her. This 
inrtance of generofity was ftrongly oppofed 
by Antigone, who wilhed not to fee her 
filter involved in her calamities. Sopbod. in 

Antig .— Apoilod. 3, c. 5.-A daughter 

cf the river Afopus, who married the hun¬ 
dred-eyed Argus, by whom lhe had Jaius. 
Apoilod. 2, c. 2. 

•'isMEXlAS, a celebrated mufician of The¬ 
bes. When he was taken prifoner by the 
Scythians, Athens, the king of the country, 
oblerved, that he liked the mufic of Ilrne- 
nias, better than the braying of an afs. Plut. 

in Ap'jph. -A Theban, bribed by Tinvv- 

crates of Rhodes, that he might ufe his in¬ 
fluence to prevent the Athenians and fome 
other Grecian ftates from affirting Lace- 
diemori, againft which Xerxes was engaged 
in war. Pauf. 3, c. 9.-A Theban gene¬ 

ral, lent to Perfia with an embafly by his 
countrymen. As none were admitted into 
the king’s prelence without proftrating them- 
ielves at his feet, Ifmenias had recourle to 
artifice to avoid doing an adtion which would 
prove dilgraceful to his country. When 
be was introduced he dropped his ring, and 
the motion he made to recover it from 
the ground was miftaken for the moll fub- 
Tnilfive homage, and Ifmenias had a fatii- 

fadtory audience of the monarch.-A river 

f»f Bccotia, falling into the Euripus, where 
Apollo had a temple, from which he was 
called Jfmcnius. A youth was yearly chofen 
by the Boeotians to be the prieft of the god, 
*:i office to which Hercules was once appoint¬ 
ed. Pouf. 9, c. IO.— Ovid. Met. 2. — 
Strab. 9. 

Ismf.nTdes, an epithet applied to theThe- 
ban women, as being near the Ifmenus, a 
river of Bccotia. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 31. 

Ismenius, a furname of Apollo, at The¬ 
bes, where he had a temple on the borders 
of the Ifmenus. 

Ismenus. a fon of Apollo and Melia, one 
of the Nereides, who gave his name to the 
Ladon, a river of Boeotia, near Thebes, fal¬ 
ling into the Afopus, and thence into the 
Euiipus. Pauf. 9, c. 10.-A fon of Afo¬ 
pus and Metope. Apoilod. 3, c. 12. -A 

fon of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Apollo. 
Id. 3, c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. 

Isocrates, a celebrated orator, fon of 
Theodorus, a rich mufical inftrument maker 
at Athens. He was taught in the lciiools of 
Gqrgias and Prodicus, but his oratorical abi¬ 


lities were never difplayed in public, and 
liberates was prevented by an unconquer¬ 
able timidity from lpeaking in the popular 
alTemblies. He opened a i'chool of eloquence 
at Athens, where he diftinguiftied bimfelf 
by the pumber, character, and fame of his 
pupils, and by the immenfe riches which 
he amafled. He Was intimate with Philip of 
Macedon, and regularly correlponded with 
him ; and to his familiarity with that mo¬ 
narch the Athenians were indebted for fome 
of the few peaceful years which they pafied. 
The afpiring ambition of Philip, however, 
difpleaied liberates, and the defeat of the 
Athenians at Cheroncea had fuch an effeft 
upon his fpirits, that he did not furvive the 
difgrace of his country, but died, after he 
had been four days without taking any ali¬ 
ment, in the 99th year of his age, about 
338 years before Chriit. liberates has always 
been much admired for the fweetnels and 
graceful fimplicity of his ftyle, for the hard 
mony of his expreffions, and the dignity of 
his language. The remains of his orations 
extant inlpire the world with the highelt ve¬ 
neration for his abilities, as a moralift, an 
orator, and above all, a$ a man. His me* 
rit, however, is leftened by thole who accufe 
him of plagiarifir. fropi the works of Thucy¬ 
dides, Lyfias, and others, l'een particularly 
in his panegyric. He was fo ltudious of cor- 
re£tnefs, that bis lines are fometimes poetry. 
The l'evere condurt of the Athenians againft 
Socrates highly dilpleal'ed him, and, in lpite 
of all the undeferved unpopularity of that 
great philofopher, he put on mourning the 
day of his death. About 31 of his ora¬ 
tions are extant. liberates was honored after 
death with a brazen llatue by Timotheus, 
one of his pupils, and Aphareus, his adopted 
fon. The belt editions of liberates are that 
of Battie, 2 vols. 8vo. Cantab. 1729, and 
that of Auger, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 178a. 
Plut. de IO. 0 rat. Sec. — Cic. Orat. 20 de Inv» 
2 , c. 126. in Prut. c. 15. de Oral. 2, c. 6.— 

Quin til. 2, Sec.—Pat ere. I, C. 16. - One 

of the officers of the Peloponnefian fleet, &c. 

Tbucyd. -One of the diiciples of liberates. 

-A rhetorician of Syria, enemy to the 

Romans, &c. 

Issa, now I.ijftiy an ifland in the Adriatic 

lea, on the coalt of Dalmatia.-A town 

of Illyricum. Mela y 2, c. 7.— Strab. I, &c. 
— Marcdl. 26, c. 25. 

Isse, a daughter of Macareqs, the fon of 
I.ycaon. She was beloved by Apollo, who 
to obtain her confidence changed himlelf into 
the form of a Ihepherd to whom lhe was 
attached. This metamorpholis of Apollo 
was reprefented on the web of Arachne. 
Ovid. Met. 6 , v. 124. 

Issus, now Aije , a town of Cilicia, on the 
confines of Syria, fafhous for a battle fought 
there between Alexander the Great and the 
Perfuqps under Darius their king, in October 

B b ^ B. C» 





$ 5 . C. 333, in confequence of which it was 
called Nicopolis . In this battle the Perfians 
Joft, in the field of battle, 100,000 foot 
and fppoo horfe, and the Macedonians only 
300 f6ot and 150 horfe, according to Dio¬ 
dorus Siculus. The Perfian army, according 
to -Juftin, confided of 400,000 foot and 
100,000 horfe, and 6 t, 000 of the former 
and 10,000 of the latter, were left dead on 
the fpot, and 40,000 were taken prisoners. 
The lol's of the Macedonians, as he far¬ 
ther adds, was no more than 130 foot and 
I.50 horfe. According to Curtius, the Per¬ 
fians (lain amounted to 100,000 foot and 
JO,OOO horfe; and thole of Alexander to 
32 foot and 150 horfe killed, and 504 woun¬ 
ded. This fpot is iikewife famous for the 
defeat, of Niger by Severus, A. D. 194. 
P/ut. in jilex .— Juftin. II, C. 9 .-—Curt. 3, 
d. 7 *r-Arrian.—Died. 17 .— Cic. 5 , AU. 20. 
P'atn. 2, ep. 10. 

Ister Sc ItTRUs, an hiftorian, difciple 
to Callimachus. Dicg. —— A large river of 
Europe, falling into the Euxine fea, called 

alfo the Danube. [ Vid. Panubius.]-A 

fbn of iEgyptus. Apollod. 

Isthmia, lacred games among the Greeks, 
which received their name from the illhmus 
of Corinth, where they were oblerved. They 
were celebrated in commemoration of Me- 
licerta, who \Va$ changed into a lea deity, 
when his mother Ino had thrown herlelf into 
the fea with him in her arms. The body 
of Melicerta, according to fome traditions, 
when caft upon the fea-fhore, received an 
honorable burial, in memory of which the 
Jftlrmian games were inftituted, B. C. 1326. 
They were interrupted after they had been 
celebrated with great regularity during fome 
years, and Thefeus at laft re-inftituted them in 
honor of Neptune, whom he publicly called 
his father. Thefe games were obferved 
every third, or rather fifth, year, and held 
fo facred and inviolable, that even a public 
calamity could not prevent the celebration. 
When Corinth was deftroved by Mummius, 
the Roman general, they were oblerved with 
the ufual folemnity, and the- Sicyonians were 
ientrufted with the fuperintendance, which 
had been before one of the privileges Of the 
ruined Corinthians. Combats of every kind 
were exhibited, and the viilors 'were “ re¬ 
warded with garlands of pine leaves. Some 
time after the cultom was changed, and the 
vidlor received a crown of dry and withered 
parfiey. The years were reckoned by the 
celebration of the Ifthmian games, as among 
the Romans from the conlular government. 
Pauf. I, c. 44. 1 . 2, c. I & 2 — P/in. 4, 
C. 5 .— Pint, in The/. 

Jstumius, a king of Melfenia, &c. Pauf. 
4,c> 3; 

Isthmus, a fmall neck of land which 
joins one country to. another, and prevents the 
fea from making .them feparate, inch as that 


of Corinth, called often the Illhmus by way 
of eminence, which joins Peloponnefus to 
Greece. Nero attempted to cut it jicrofs, 
and make a communication between the two 
feas, but in vain. It is now called Hexamili. 
Strab. I .—Mela , 2, C. Z.—P/in. 4, C. 4. — 
Lucan. I, v. IOJ., 

1 sTiJEOTis, a country of Greece, near 
Qlfa. Vid. Hiftkcotis. 

Istria, a province at the weft of IJlyri- 
cum, at the top of the Adriatic fea, whole 
inhabitants were originally’ pirates, and 
lived on plunder. They were not lubjedled 
to Rome till' fix centuries after the founda¬ 
tion of that city. Strab. I.-— Me/a, a, c. 3$ 
— Liv. 16, Sc C,— P/in. 3, C. i<).-—juj/in. 
9, C. 2. .‘ 

IstropSlis, a city of Thrace, near the 
mouth of the liter, founded by a Milelian 
colony. P/in. 4, c. 'll. 

Isus & Antiphhs, fons of Priam, the 
latter by Hecuba, and the former by a con¬ 
cubine. They were leized by Achilles, as 
they fed their father’s flocks on mount Ida; 
they were redeemed by Priam, and ‘fought 
againft the Greeks. They were both killed 
by Agamemnon. Homer. Jl.ll. —■—A city 
of Bceotia. Strab. 9. 

Italia, a celebrated country of Europe, 
bounded by the Adriatic and ' Tyrrhene 
leas, and by the Alpine mountains. It has 
been compared, and with fome limilitude, 
to a man’s leg It has borne, at different 
periods, the different names of Saturnia, 
CEnotria, Hefperia, Aofonia, and Tyrrhe- 
nia, and it received the name of Italy either 
from Italus, a king of the country, or from 
Italos, a Greek word which fignifies an 
ox , an animal very common in that part of 
Europe. The boundaries of Italy appear 
to have been formed by nature itfelf, which 
feems to have been particularly careful in 
fupplying this country with whatever may 
contribute not only to the fupport, bui alio 
to the pleafures and luxuries of lile. It 
has been called the garden of Europe ; and 
the panegyric which Pliny bellows upon it 
leems not in any degree exaggerated. The 
ancient inhabitants called themlclves Aborts 
gines offspring of the foil, and the country 
was foon afeer peopled by colonies from 
Greece. The Pelafgi and the Arcadians 
made fettlements there, and the whole 
country was divided into as many different 
governments as there were towns, till the 
rapid increafe of the Roman power [ Vid. 
Roma] changed the face of Italy, and united 
all its Hates in fupport of one common 
caufe. Italy has been the mother of' arts «s 
well as -of arras, and.the immortal monu¬ 
ments which remain of the eloquence ari 
poetical abilities of its inhabitants are yni- 
verfally known. It was divided into eleven 
fmall provinces or regions by Auguftus, 
though fomeumes known under the three 

gmftet 



IT 


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greater divifions of Cifalpine Gaul, Italy pro¬ 
perly fo called, and Magna Graecia. The fea 
above was called Superum, and that at the 
fouth Infer um. Ptol. 3, c. I.— Dionyf. Hal. 
y—Diod. 4. — 'JujTtn. 4, &c.— C. Nep. in 
Dion. Alcib. &c. — Liv. I, c. 2, Stc. — 
Varro de R. R. 2, C.I & 5.— Virg. JEn. I, 
&c.— Polyb. 2. — Flor , 2 . — JElian. V. H. I, 
C. 16.— Lucan. 2, v. 397, &c.— P/in. 3, 
c. 5 & 8. 

It a Lie a,' a town of Italy, called alfo 
Corfinium,-A town of Spain, now Sevil¬ 

la la Vieja, built by Scipio for the accommo¬ 
dation of his wounded l'oldiers. Gel/. 16, 
C. 13.— Appian. Hi/p. 

Italicus, a poet. Vid. Silius." 

Italus, a fon of Telegonus. Hygin. fab. 

117*-An Arcadian prince, who came to 

Italy, where he eftablifhed a kingdom, 
called after him. It is luppofed that he re¬ 
ceived divine honors after death, as iEneas 
calls upon him among the deities to whom 
he paid his adoration, when he entered Italy. 

Virg. JEn. 7, v. 178.-A prince whole 

daughter Roma, by his wife Leucaria, is faia 
to have married JEpeas or Afcaniiw. Plut. 

in Rom. -A king of the Cherufci, &c. 

Tacit. Ann. 1. c. 16. 

Itargris, a river of Germany. 

Itea, a daughter of Danaus. Hygin. fab 
170. 

Itemales, ^n old man who expofed 
CEdipus, on mount Cithaeron, &c. Hygin. 
fob. 6j : * 

Ithaca, a celebrated ifland in the Io¬ 
nian fea. on the weftern parts of Greece, with 
a city of the fame name, famous for being 
part of tha kingdom of Ulyfies. It is very 
rocky and mountainous, meafures about 25 
miles in circumference, and is now known 
by the name of Ifola del Compare , or Tbiachi. 
Homer. II. 2 , V. 139. Od. I, V. 186. 1 . 4, 
v. 601. 1. 9, V. 20 . — Strab. I & 8. — Mela , 
2 , C. 7. 

Ithacesi.’e, three iflands oppofite Vibo, 
on the coaft of the Brutii.-Baise was call¬ 

ed alfo Itbaceftce, fcrcaufe built by Bajus 
the pilot of Ulyfies. S/ 7 , 8, v. 540. 1. 12, v.i j 3. 

Ithobalus, a king of Tyre, who died 
B. C.595. Jofepbus. 

Ithoivle, a town of Phthiotis. Homer. II. 

2. -Another of Mefienia, which lurren- 

dered,'after ten years’ fiege, to Lacediemon, 
724 years before the Chriftian era. Jupiter 
was called Ithomatcs , from a temple which 
he had there, where games were alfo cele¬ 
brated, -and the conqueror rewarded with an 
oaken crown. Pauf. 4, c. 32 .—St at. Theh. 
4. v. 179.— Strab. 8. 

Ithomaia, a feftival in which muficians 
contended, oblervtd at Ithome, in honor of 
Jupiter, who had been nurfed by the 
nymphs Ithome and Neda, the former of 
whom gave her name to a city, the latter 
tp a river. . 


Ithyph alius, an obfeene name d 
Priapus. Columcll. 10 .— Diod. 1. 

Itius Portcts, a town of Gaul, now 
Wetland, or Boulogne in Picardy. Cxlar 
let fail from thence on his palfage into Bri¬ 
tain. Caf. G. 4, c. 21. 1 . 5, c. 2 & 

Itonia, a lurname of Minerva, from a 
place in Bceotia, where the was worfhipped. 

Itonus, a king of Theffaly, fun of Deu¬ 
calion, who firft invented the manner of po- 
lilhing metals. Lucan. 6, v. 402, 

Ituna, a river of Britain, now Eden in 
Cumberland. 

Iturjea, a country of Paleftine, whofe 
inhabitants were very lkilful in drawing the 
bow. Lucan. 7, v. 230 & 514.— Virg. G. 
2. v. 448.— Strab. 1 7. 

Itukum, a town of Umbria. 

Ityx.us, a ion of Zetheus, and iEdon, 

' killed by his mother. [Vid. iEdon.] Ho¬ 
mer. Od. 19, V. 462. 

Ityrjei, a people of Paleftine. Vid. 
Iturtea. 

Itys, a fon of Tereus, king of Thrace, 
by Procne, daughter of Pandion, king of 
Athens. He was killed by his mother when 
he was about fix years old, and lerved up 
as meat before his father. He was changed 
into a pheafant, his mother into a fwallow, 
and his father into an owl. [Vid. Philo¬ 
mela.] Ovid. Met. 6, V. 620. Amor. 2, 

el. 14, v. 29.— Hbrat. 4, od. 12.-A 

Trojan who came to Italy with 7 Eneas, and 
was killed by Turnus. Virg. JBn. 9, v. 

5 74 - 

Juba, a king of Numidia and Maurita¬ 
nia, who fucceeded his father Hiempfitl, and 
favored the cauie of Pompey agai^lt J. 
Caslar . He defeated Curio, whom Caefar 
had fent to Africa, and after the battle of 
Pharlalia he joined his forces :o thole of 
Scipio. He was conquered in a battle at 
Thaplus, and totally abandoned by his lub- 
je£ts. He killed himfelf with Petreius, who 
had lhared his good fortune and his adver- 
fity. His kingdom became a Roman pro¬ 
vince, of which Salluft was the firft governor. 
Plut. in Pomp* Iff Co/.—-Flor. 4, c. 12.— 
Suet, in Co/. C. 35.— Dion. 41.— Mela y I, C. 

6 - Lucan. 3, &c.— Co-far. de bell. civ. 2 — 

Paterc. 2, c. 54.-The ferond of that name 

was the fon of Juba the fir 1 . He was led 
among the captives to Rome, to adorn .the 
triumph of Caelar. His captivity was the 
fourc* of the greateft honors, and his applica¬ 
tion to ftudy procured him more glory than 
he could have obtained from the inheritance 
of a kingdom. He gajned the heart of the 
Romans by the courteoufiiels of his man¬ 
ners, and Auguftus rewarded his fidelity by 
giving him in marriage Cleopatra the daugh¬ 
ter of Antony, and conferring upon him the 
title of king, an< * making hirp mailer of 
the territories which his father oncp pofitfied. 
Hi popularity was fo great, that th« JvUurij 



JU 


Jtr 


ritanians rewarded his benevolence,by making 
him one of their god?. The Athenians railed 
him a ftatue, and the Ethiopians worfhipped 
him as a deity. Juba wrote ar> hiftory of 
Rome in Greek, which is often quoted and 
commended by the ancients, but of which only 
a few fragments remain. He alfo wrote on 
the hiftory of Arabia, and the antiquities 
of Aflyria, chiefly collected from Berofus. Be- 
lides thefe, he compofed fome treatifes upon 
the drama, Roman antiquities, the nature of 
animals, painting, grammar,' &c. now loft. 
Strab. 17. — Suet, in Cal. 26.— Pirn. 5, C. 25. 
Sc 32. — Dion, si, See. 

Judacilius, a native of Afculum, cele¬ 
brated for his patriotifm, in the age of Pompey, 
Sic. 

JuniEA, a famous country of AfTyria, bound¬ 
ed by Arabia, Egypt, Phoenicia, the Mediterra¬ 
nean fea, and part of Syria. The inhabitants, 
whole hiftory is beft collected from the Holy 
Scriptures, were chiefiy governed after ther Ba- 
hylonilh captivity, by the high priefts, who 
railed themfelves to the rank of princes, B. C. 
153, and continued in the enjoyment of regal 
power till the age of Auguftus. Plut. de Ofir. 
. — Strab. 16.— Dion. 36.— Tacit. Hijt. 5, c. 6. 
— Lucan. 2, v. 593. 

Ju gAli s, a furname of Juno, becaufe fhe 
prefided over marriage. Fejl. s de V. Sig. 

Jugantes, a people, of Britain. Tacit. 
Ann. 12, c. 32. 

Jugarius, aftreetin Rome, below the ca- 
pitol. 

Jccurtha, the illegitimate fon of Mana- 
ftab.il, the brother of Micipfa. Micipfa and 
Manaftabal were the fons of Mafiniffi, king 
of Numidia. Micipfa, who had inherited his 
father’s kingdom, educated his nephew with his 
two fons, Adherbal and Hiempfal; but, as he 
was of an afpiting dilpofition, he fent him with 
a body of troops to the affiftance of Scipio, who 
was belieging Numantia, hoping to lole a 
youth whole ambition feemed to threaten the 
tranquillity of ffs children. His hopes were 
frustrated ; Jugurtha Ihowed himfelf brave and 
a£live, and endeared himfelf to the Roman 
general. Micipfa appointed him fucceflor to 
his kingdom with his two fons, but the kind- 
nets of the father proved fatal to the children. 
Jugurtha deftroyed Hiempfal, and ftripped 
Adherbal of his poffeftjons, and obliged him to 
fly to Rome for fafety. The Romans liftened 
to the well grounded complaints of Adherbal, 
but Jugurtha’s gold prevailed among the fena- 
tors, and the fuppliant monarch, forfaken in 
Ids diftrefs, periihed by the fnares of his ene¬ 
my. Cyecilius Metellus was at laid fent againft 
Ju'urtlia, andhis firmnefs and fuccefs loon re¬ 
duced the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to 
fly among- his fivage neighbours for. fupport. 
Marius and Sylla fucceeded Metellus, and 
fought with equal fuccels. Jugurtha was at 
laft betrayed by his father in law Bccchus, 
frppx whom he claimmd alhiUu.ee, and he was 


delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carrying 
on a war of five years. He was expofed to 
the view of the Roman people, and dragged ifc 
chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He 
was after-vards put in a prifon, where he 
died fix days after of hunger, B. C. iod. 
The name and the wars of Jugurtha have 
been immortalized by the pen of Salluft. 
Salluji. in 'jug .-— Plot. 3, C. I .—Pater c ., 2, c. 
IO, &C. — Plut. in Mat . & Syll. — Eutrop. 4, 

c-3- 

Julia LEX, prima de provinciis, by J. 
Caftar, A. U. C. 691. It confirmed the free¬ 
dom of all Greece; it ordained that the Ro¬ 
man magiftrates fiiould a& there as judges, 
and that the towns and villages through which 
the Roman magiftrates and ambalfadors palled, 
fiiould maintain them during their ltay; that 
the governors, at the expiration of their office, 
fiiould leave a fcheme of their accounts in two 
cities of their province, and deliver a copy of 
it atnhe public trealury ; that the provincial 
governors lhould not accept of a golden crown 
unlefs they were honored with a triumph by 
the fenate ; that no lupreme commander 
fiiould go out of his province, pnter any domi¬ 
nions, lead an army, or engage in a war, with¬ 
out the previous approbation and command of 

the Roman fenate and people.-Another, 

de fumptibus , in the age of Auguftus. It li¬ 
mited the expence of provifions on the dies 
profejli , or days appointed for the tranladliort 
of bufinefs, to 2 CO feflerces ; on common ca¬ 
lendar feftivals to 300 ; and, on all extraordi¬ 
nary occafions, luch as marriages; bihhs, &c. 

to IOGO.-Another, de provinciis , by J. 

Caefar Di&ator. It ordained that no pretorian 
province lhould be held more than one year, 
and a confular province more than two years. 

-Another, called alio Campana agraria , 

by the fame, A. U. C. 691. It required that 
all the lands of Campania, formerly rented ac¬ 
cording to the eftimation of the ftate, fhould be 
divided among the plebeians, and that all the 
members of the fenate fiiould bind themfelves 
by an oath to eftablifii, confirm, and protect, 

that law.--Another, de civitate, by L. J. 

Caefar, A. U. C.664. It rewarded with the 
name and privileges of citizens of Rome all 
luch ns, during the civil wars, had remained 
the conftant lriends of the republican liberty. 
When that civil war was at an end, all the Ita¬ 
lians were admitted as free denizens, and com¬ 
peted eight new tribes.——Another, de judici- 
bus , by J. Caefar. It confirmed the Pompeian 
law in a certain manner, requiring the judges 
to lie chofen from the riefteft people in every 
century, allowing the fenaters and knights in 
the number, and excluding the tribuni eera- 

rii.' -Another, de ambith, by Auguftus, 

It refirained the illicit meafures ufed at elec¬ 
tions, and reftored to the comitia their ancient 
privileges, which had been deftroyed by the 
ambition and bribery 7 of J. Caefar.-Ano¬ 

ther, .by Auguftus, de adulter io Ilf [udiciud. 






JU 


JU 


It punifred adultery with death. It was after¬ 
wards confirmed and enforced by Domitian. 
yuvenai. Sat. 2, v. 30, alludes to it.-Ano¬ 

ther, called all'o, Papia, or Papin Pupptca> 
which was the fame as the following, only en¬ 
larged by the confuls Papius and Poppasus, 

A. -U. C- 762.-Another, de maritandis or - 

dinibus , by Auguftus. It propofed rewards to 
tuch as engaged in matrimony, of a particular 
defcription, It inflicted punilhment on celi¬ 
bacy, and permitted the patricians, the fena- 
tors and fons of l'enators excepted, to inter¬ 
marry with the libertini, or children of thole 
that had been liberli, or fervants manumitted. 
Horace alludes to it when he fpeaks of lex mu- 

rita .--Another, de nujejlate , by J. C as far. 

It punifhed with aqua ignis interdiclio all 
fuch as were found guilty of the crimen majef- 
tatis , or treafon againft the ftate. 

J u li a, a daughter of J. Cielar, by Cornelia, 
famous for her perlonal charms and for her 
virtu s. She married Corn. Cacpio, whom 
her father obliged her to divorce to marry 
Pompey the Great. Her amiable difpofition 
more ftrongly cemented the friendlhip of the 
father and of the fon-in-law; but her fudden 
death in child-bed, B. C. 53, broke all ties of 
intimacy and relationlhip, andfoon produced a 
civil war. Plut. -The mother of M. An¬ 

tony, whofe humanity is greatly celebrated in 
laving her brother-in-law J. Ca?far from the 

cruel prolecutions of her l'on.-An aunt of 

J. Ciefar, who married C. Marius. Her fu¬ 
neral oration was publicly pronounced by her 
nephew.-The only daughter of the empe¬ 

ror Auguftus, remarkable for her beauty, ge¬ 
nius, and debaucheries. She was tenderly 
loved by her father, who gave her in marriage 
to Marcellus; after whofe death fire was given 
to Agrippa, by whom fhe had five children. 
She became a fecond time a widow, and was 
married to Tiberius. Her lafciviouinels and 
debaucheries lb difgufted her hufljand, that he 
retired from the court of the emperor; and 
Auguftus, informed of her lufiful properties 
and infamy, banifhed her from his fight, and 
confined her in a l'rnall ifland on the coaft of 
Campania, She was ftarved to death, A. D. 
14, by order of Tiberius, who had fucceeded 

to Auguftus as emperor of Rome. Plut. - 

A daughter of the emperor Titus, who profti- 

tuted herlelf to her brother Domitian.-A 

daughter of Julia, the wife ot Agrippa, who 
married Lepidus, and was hanilhed for her li- 

centioufnefs.-A daughter of Germanicus 

and Agrippina, born in the ifland of Lefbos, 
A. D. 17. She married a Senator called M. 
Vinucifis, at the age of 16, and enjoyed the 
moft unbounded,favors in the court of iver bro¬ 
ther Caligula, who is accufed of being her firft 
feducer. She was banifhed by Caligula, on 
fufpicion of conlpirncy. Claudius recalled-her; 
but (he was foon after baniihed by the power¬ 
ful intrigues of MefTalina, and put to death 
about the 24th year of her age. She was no 


ftranger to the debaucheries of the age, and 
ihe proftituted herlelf as freely to the meaneft 
of the people as to the nobler companions ot" 
her brother’s extravagance. Seneca, as fome 
fuppofe, was banilhed to Cbrfica for having re¬ 
duced her.-A celebrated woman, born in 

Phoenicia. She is alio called Domna. She 
applied herlelf to the ftudy of geometry and 
philofophy, &c. and rendered herlelf conipicu- 

ous, as much by her mental as by her perlonal 
charms. She came to Rome, where her 
learning recommended her to all the literati 
of the age. She married Septimius Severus, 
who, twenty years after this matrimonial 
connection, was inverted with the imperial 
purple. Severus was guided by the prudence 
and advice of Julia, but he was blind to her 
foibles, and often punifhed with the greatelt 
feverity thole vices which were enormous in the 
emprels. She is even faid to have confpired 
againft the emperor, but (he refolved to blot 

out, by patronizing literature, the lpots which 
her debauchery and extravagance had rendered 
indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her influence, 
after the death of Severus, was for fome time 
productive of tranquillity and cordial union be¬ 
tween his two Ions and lucceftbrs. Geta, at 
laft, however, fell a lacrifice to his brother 
Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the 
arm while fhe attempted to fereen her favorite 
l'on from his brother’s dagger. According to 
fome, Julia committed inceit with her fon Ca- 
racalla, and publicly married him. She ftarved 
herlelf when her ambitious views were defeat¬ 
ed by Macrinus, who afpired to the empire iu 
preference to her, after the death ®f Caracalla. 
-A town of Gallia Togata. 

Juliacum, a town of Germany, now 
Juliers. 

Julian, us, a fon of Julius Conftantius, the 
brother of Conftantine the Great, born at 
Conftnntinople. The maflacre which attend¬ 
ed the elevation of the Jons of Conftantine the 
Great to the throne, nearly proved fatal to 
Julian and to his brother Gallus. The two 
brothers were privately educated together, 
and taught the doCtrines of the Chrirtian reli¬ 
gion, and exhorted to be modeft, temperate, and 
to defpiie the gratification of all fenfual plea- 
lures. Gallus received the inftru&ioiiS of his 
pious teachers with deference and fubmifliotj, 
but Julian Ihowed his diflike for Chrillianity 
by lecretly cherifliing a defire to become one 
of the votaries of Paganifm, He gave fuffi- 
cient proofs of this propenfity when he went to 
Athens in the 24th year of his age, where he 
. applied himl'elf to the ftudy of magic and aftro- 
logy. He was fome time after appointed 
over Gaul, with the title of Ckefar, by Con- 
ftans, and there he fhevved himlelf worthy of 
the imperial dignity by his prudence, valor, 
and the numerous victories he'obtained over 
the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Germany, 
His mildnefs, as well as his condefcenfion, 
gained him the hearts of his l’oldiers; and 

^hen 








JU 


JU 


when Conftans, to whom Julian was become 
fufpeCted, ordered him to fend him part: of his 
forces to go into the eaft, the army immedi¬ 
ately mutinied, and promifed immortal fide¬ 
lity to their leader, by refufinj^ to obey the 
orders of Conftans. They even compelled 
Julian, by threats and intreaties, to accept of 
the title of independent emperor and of Au- 
gufttis; and the death of Conftans, which loon 
after happened, left him foie mailer of the 
Roman empire, A. D. 361. Julian then dii- 
elofed his religious fentiments, and publicly 
difavovved the doCtrines of Chrillianity, and 
offered folemn lacrifices to all the gods of an¬ 
cient Rome. This change of religious opinion 
was attributed to the aufterity with which he 
received the precepts of Chrillianity, or, ac¬ 
cording to others, to the literary converfation 
and perfualive eloqucnce-of fome of the Athe¬ 
nian philolbphers. From this circumllance, 
therefore, Julian has been called Apojlate. 
After he had made his public entry at Con- 
fta-ntinople, he determined to continue the 
Perfian war, and check thole barbarians, who 
had for fixty years derided the indolence of 
the Roman emperors. When he had crofted 
the Tigris, he burned his fleet, and advanced 
with boldnefs into the enemy’s country. His 
march was that of a conqueror, he met with no 
oppofition from a weak and indigent enemy; 
but the country of Aflyria had been left delb- 
late by the Perfians, and Julian, without corn 
or provifions, was obliged to retire. As he 
could not convey his fleet again over the 
flreams of the Tigris, he took the refolution 
of marching up the fources of the river, and 
imitate the bold return of the ten thoufand 
Greeks. As he advanced through the country 
he defeated the officers of Sapor, the king of 
Perfia; but an engagement proved fatal to 
him, and he received a deadly wound as he 
animated his foldiers to battle. He expired 
the following night, the 27th of June m. D. 
363, in the 33d year of his age. His laft mo¬ 
ments were fpent in a converfation with a phi- 
lofopher about the immortality of the foul, 
and he breathed his laft without expreffing the 
leaft forrow for his fate, or the fuddennefs of 
his death. Julian’s character has been ad¬ 
mired by fome, and cenlured by others, but 
the malevolence of his enemies arifes from 
his apoftaev. As a man and as a monarch he 
demands our warmed commendations; but we 
muft blame his idolatry, and defpile his bigoted 
principles. He was moderate in his focceffies, 
Jsnercifu} to his enemies, and amiable in his 
tharaCter. He abolished the luxuries which 
feigned in the court of Conftantinople, and 
diviniiTed with contempt the numerous officers 
who waited upon Conllantius, to anoint his 
head or perfume his body. He was frugal in 
his meals, and flept little, repofing himfelf on a 
fkiil ipread on the ground. He awoke at 
midnight, .and fpent the reft of the night in 
ve&i&ihg or writing, and iflued early from his 


tetirto pay his daily vifit to the guards around 
the camp. He was not fond of public amuse¬ 
ments, but rather dedicated his time to ffiudy 
and folitude. When he pafled through An¬ 
tioch in his Perfian expedition, the inhabitants 
of the place, offended at- his religious fenti¬ 
ments,' ridiculed his peribn, atld lampooned 
him in fatirical verfes. The emperor made 
ufe of the fame arms for his defence, and ra¬ 
ther than deftroy his enemies by thefword, he 
coudefcended to expofe them to derifion, and 
unveil their follies and debaucheries in an hu¬ 
morous work, which he called Mifopogon, or 
beard hater . He imitated the virtuous ex¬ 
ample of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no 
temptation for his virtue by vifiting fome fe¬ 
male captives that had fallen into his hamK !n 
his matrimonial connections, Julian rather 
confulted policy than inclination, and his mar¬ 
riage with the lifter of Conftantius arofe from 
his unwilfingnefs to offend his benefactor, ra¬ 
ther than to obey the laws of nature. He 
was buried at Tarfus, and afterwards his body 
was conveyed to Conftantinople. He diftin- 
guifhed himfelf by his writings, as well as by 
his military character. Befiftes Ids Mifopogon, 
he wrote the hiftory of Gaul. He alfo wrote 
two letters to the Athenians; and, befides, 
there are now extant fixty-four of his letters 
on various fubjefts. His Csefars is the molt 
famous of all his compofitions, being a fatire 
upon all the Roman emperors from J. Capfar 
to Conftawtine. It is written in the form of a 
dialogue, in which the author feverely attacks 
the venerable character of M. Aurelius, whom 
he had propofed to himfelf as-'a pattern, and 
fpeaks in a Scurrilous and abufive language of 
his relation Conftantine. It has been obferved 
of Julian, that, like Caefar, he'could employ at 
the fame time his hand to write, his ear to lif- 
ten, his eyes to read, and his mind to dictate.- 
The beft edition of his works is that of Span- 
heim, fol. Lipfi 1696 ; and of the Calars, that - 
of Heufinger, 8vo. Gothap, 1741. 'Julian . — 

S ocrat.—E utrop. — Amm. — Liban. Iff c. -— 

A fon of Conftantine.-A maternal uncle 

of the emperor Julian.-AJRoman emperor. 

\Vid- Didius.]-A Roman, who proclaimed 

himfelf emperor in Italy during the reign of 

Diocletian, &c.-A governor of Africa.- 

A counfellor of the emperor Adrian.——A 
general in Dacia, in Domitian’s reign. 

Julii, a family of Alba, brought to Rome 
by Romulus, where they foon rofe to the 
greateft honors of the ftate. J. Cadar and 
Auguftus were of this family; and it was faid, 
perhaps through flattery, that they were line- 
ally deicended from iEneas, the founder of 
Lavinium. 

JuliomXgus, a city pf Gaul, now Angers 
in Anjou. 

Jui.topSlis, a town of Bithynia, fup- 
pofed by lbme to be the fame as Tarfus of 
Cilicia. 

JUus, a town of the ifland of Cqs, which 

gave 






JU 


JU 


gave birth to Siirtonides, &c. The wjdls of 
Shis city were all marble, and there aye now 
fome pieces remaining entire above 12 feet in 
height, as the monuments of its ancient fplen- 
*ior. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Julius Cxsar. [ Vid. CtefarJ-Agri¬ 

cola, a governor of Britain, A. C. 80, who 
diicovered that Britain was an ifland by 
failing round it. His l'on-in-law, the hiftorian 
Tacitus, has written an account of his life. 
Tacit, in Agric. -Obfequens, a Latin wri¬ 

ter, who florifhed A. D. 214. The belt edi¬ 
tion of his book dc prodigiis is that of Ouden- 

dorp, 8vo. L. Bat. 1720.--S. a praetor, 

Sec. Cic. ad Her. ,2, C. 1 3 .- Agrippa, 

haniihed from Rome by Nero, after the dil- 
covery of tbe Pifonian confpiracy. Tacit. 

Ann. 15, c. 71-Solinus, a writer. \V'td. 

Solinus.]-Titianus, a writer in the age of 

Diocletian. His fon became famous for his 
oratorical powers, and was made preceptor in 
the. family of Maximinus. Julius wrote a 
hiftory of all the provinces of tfye Roman 
empire, greatly commended by the ancient;?. 
He alfo wrote fome letters, in which he hap¬ 
pily imitated the ftyle and elegance of Cicero, 
for which he was called the ape rf bis age. 

•-Africanus, a chronologer, who florifhed 

A. D. 220.-Conftantius, the father of the 

fmperor Julian, was killed at the acceffion of 
the fens of Conftantine to the throne, and 

his ion nearly ihared his fate.-Pollux, a 

grammarian of Naupa&us, in Egypt. [ Fid. 
Pollux.]-———Canus, a celebrated..Roman, put 
to death by order of Caracalla. He bore the 
undel'erved punifhmer.t infixed on him with 
tae greateit relignation, and even pleaiure. 
-Proculrs, a P-oman, who l'olemnly de¬ 
clared to his countrymen, after Romulus 
had difappenred, that he had - fie -u him above 
an human (hape, and that he had ordered 
him to tell the Romans to honor him as a 
god. Julius was believed. Pint, in Rom. 

• — Ovid. - Floras. [Tid. Floras.] - L. 

Ciefar, a Roman couful, uncle to Antony the 
triumvir, the father of Caelar the dictator. 

He died as he was putting on his (hoes.- 

Celfus, a tribune imprifbned for confpiring 

againft Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 14.- 

Maximinus, a Thjracian, who, from a (hep- 
herd, became an emperor of Rome. \Vid. 
Maximinus.] 

Iulus, the name of Afcaniu9, the fon of 

iEneas. [ Vid. Afcanius.]-A fon of Afca- 

nius, born in Lavinium. In the fucceftioa to 
■ the kingdom of Alba, ./Eneas Sylvius, the fon 
af Alneas and Laviuia, was prefeired to him. 
He was, however, made chief prielt. Dionyf. 
i,— Virg. Mr.. 1, v. 271.-A fon of An¬ 

tony the triumvir and Fuivia. \Vid. Anto- 
nnis Julius.] 

Junia lex Sacratfly by L. Junius Bru¬ 
tus, the find. tribune of the people, A. U. C. 
360. It ordained that the perfon of the tri¬ 
bun* (houW be held t3crrd and inyj Table; that 


at) appeal might be made from the confuls to 
the tribunes; and that no fenapor fliould be 

able to exercife the office of a tribune.- 

Another, A. U. C. 627, which excluded all 
foreigners from enjoying the privileges er 
names of Roman citizens. 

Junia, a niece of Cato of Utica, wha 
married Caffius, and died 64 years after her 
hulband had killed himfelf at the battle of 

Philippi.-Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, 

accufed of iiyreft with her brother Silanus. 
She was delcended from Auguftus. She was 
baqifhed by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. 
Tacit. Ann. 2, C. 4. 

Junius BUefus, a proconful of Africa under 

the emperors. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 35. . . 

Lupus, a lenator who accufed Vitellius of 
afpiring to the fovereignty, &c. Tacit. Any. 

12, c, 42.-D. Silanus, a Roman who 

committed adultery with Julia, the grand¬ 
daughter of Augustus, Sec. Tacit. Ann. 3, 
c. 24.--Brutus. [Vid. Brutus.] 

Juno, a celebrated deity among the an¬ 
cients, daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was 
filler to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vefta, Ce¬ 
res, See. She was born at Argos, or, av? 
cording to others, in Samos, and was . en- 
trulied to the care of the Seafons, or, as Ho¬ 
mer and Ovid mention, to Oceanus and Te- 
thys. Some of the inhabitants of Argolis 
fuppofed, that (lie had been brought up by x 
the three daughters of the river Afterion ; and 
.the people of Stymphalus, in Arcadia, main¬ 
tained, that' (he had been educated under 
the care of Tememn*, the fon of Pelalgus. 
Juno was devoured t>y Saturn, according to 
fome mythologies; and, according to Apol- 
lodorus, (he was again reflored to the world 
by means of a potion which Metis gave to , 
Saturn, to make him give up the done which 
his wife had given him to fwallow inflead of 
Jupiter. [Vid. Saturnus.] Jupiter was not 
infenfible to the charms of his filler: and the 
more powerfully to gain her confidence, lie 
changed himfelf into* a cuckoo, and railed a 
great llorm, and made the air unufually chill 
and cold. Under this form he went to the 
goddels, all (hivering. Juno pitied the 
cuckoo, and took him into her bofofn. 
When Jupiter had gained thefe advantages, 
he relumed his original form, and obtained 
the gratification of his defires, after he. had 
made a folemn promife of marriage to his 
filler The nuptials of Jupiter and Juno 
were celebrated with the greateft folemnity j 
the gods, all mankind, and all the brute crea¬ 
tion, attended. Chelone, a young woman, 
was the only one who refufed to come, and 
who -derided the ceremony. For this impi¬ 
ety, Mercury changed her into a tortoife, and 
condemned her to perpetual filence; from 
which circumllance the tortoife has always 
been ufed as a fymbol of filence among ^he 
ancieuts. By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno 
became the queen Qf all the gods, and mif- 

trefs 





JU 


trefs of heaven and earth. Her conjugal hap- 
pinefs, however, was frequently dilturbed by 
the numerous amours of her hufhand, and (he 
fhewed herfelf jealous and inexorable in the 
Kigheft degree. Her feverity to the miftreffes 
and illegitimate children of her hufband was 
wnparalleled. She perfecuted Hercules and 
his delcendants with the moll inveterate fury; 
and her refentment againll Paris, wh® had 
given the golden apple to Venus in preference 
to herfelf, was the caufe of the Trojan war, 
and of all the miferies which happened to the 
unfortunate houfe of Priam. Her ieverities 
eo Alcmena, lno, Athamas, Semele, Sec. are 
alfo weil known. Juno had fome children by 
Jupiter. According to Heftod, fhe was mo¬ 
ther of Mars, Hebe, and llithya, or Lucim; 
and befides thefe, die brought forth Vulcan, 
without having any commerce with the other 
lex, but only by fmelling a certain plant. 
This was in imitation of Jupiter, who had 
produced Minerva from his brain. According 
so others, it was.mot Vulcan, but Mars, or 
Hebe, whom (he brought forth in this, man¬ 
ner, and this was after eating fome lettuces 
sit the table of Apollo. The daily and re¬ 
peated debaucheries of 'Jupiter at lad pro¬ 
voked Juno to fuch a degree, that (he retired 
to Euboea, and' reiolved for ever to forfake 
his bed. Jupiter produced a reconciliation, 
-after he had applied to Cithaeron for advice, 
and after he had obtained forgivenels by fraud 
and artifice. [Fid. Dacdala.] This reconci¬ 
liation, however cordial it might appear, was 
loon di(Halved by new offences; and, to (top 
the complaints of the jealous Juno, Jupiter 
had often recourfe to violence and blows. 
He even puniihed the cruelties which (he had 
cxerciled upon his fon Hercules, by impend¬ 
ing her from the heavens by a golden, chain, 
stnd tying a hea^y anvil to her feet. Vulcan 
was punifhed for a (filling his mother in this 
degrading fituation, and he was kicked down 
from heaven by his father, and broke his leg 
by the fall. This punjlhment rather irritated 
than pacified Juno. She reiolved to revenge 
it, and (he engaged fome of the gods to con- 
lpire againft Jupiter and to imprifon him, but 
Thetis delivered him from this confpiracy, by 
bringing to his afiiftance the famous Briareus. 
Apollo and Neptune were banifhed from 
heaven for joining in the confpiracy, though 
fome attribute their exile to different cauies. 
The worftiip of Juno was univerfal, and even 
more than that of Jupiter, according to fome 
authors. Her facrifices were offered with the 
greateft folemnity. She was particularly 
Worlhipped at Argos, Samos, Carthage, and 
afterwards, at Rome. The ancients generally 
offered on her altars an ewe lamb and a low 
the firft day of every month. No cow§ were 
ever immolated to her, becaufe (he affumed 
the nature of that animal when the gods fled 
into Egypt in their war with the giants. 
Among tiie birds, the hawk, the goofe,apd par- 


J u 

ticularly the peacock, oft^i called ygnonik 
avis \Vid. Argus.] were facred to her. The 
dittany, the poppy, and the lily, were her fa¬ 
vorite flowers. The latter flower was origin¬ 
ally of the color of the crocus; but, when 
Jupiter placed Hercules to the breads of Juno 
while afleep, fome of her milk fell down upon 
earth, and changed the color of the lilies from 
purple to a beautiful white, home of the 
milk alfo dropped in that pirt of the heavens 
which, from its wlmenefs, ftill retains the 
name of the milky way, lafiea via. As 
Juno’s power was extended over all the gods, 
(lie often made ule of the goddefi: Minerva 
as her meffenger, and even had the privilege 
of hurling the thunder of Jupiter when (he 
pleated. Her temples were numerous, the 
mod famous of which were at Argos, Olym¬ 
pia, &c. At Rome no woman of debauched 
character was permitted to enter her temple, 
or even to touch it. The furnames of Juno 
are various, they are derived cither from the 
ftufflion or things over which the prefided, or 
from the places where her worfhip was elta- 
bliffied. She was the queen of the heavens; 
(he protected deanlinels, and prefided over 
marriage and child-birth, and particularly 
patronifed the mod faithful and virtuous of 
the lex, and feverely puniihed incontinence 
and lewdnefs in matrons. She was the god- 
dels of all power and fcmpire, and (he was 
alfo the pntronefs of riches. Site is repre- 
fented fitting on a throne with a diadem on 
her head, and a golden feeutre in her right 
hand. Some peacocks generally fat by her, 
and a cuckoo often perched on her lceptre, 
while Iris behind her difpbyed the thoufand 
colors of her beautiful rainbow. She is lome- 
times carried through the air in a rich chariot 
drawn hy peacocks. The Roman confuls, 
when they entered upon office, were atwavs 
obliged to offer her a folemn faciifice. The 
Juno of the Romans was called Matrona or 
Romana. She was generally reprefented as 
veiled from head to foot, and the Roman 
matrons always imitated this manner of dref- 
fing themlelves, and deemed it indecent in 
any married woman to leave any part of her 
body but her face uncovered. She has re¬ 
ceived the furname of Olympia, Sarnia, La- 
cedsemonia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena, 
Relcinthes, Profymna, Imbrafia, Acrea, Ci- 
thanroneia, Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, An- 
thea, Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, 
Parthenos, Teleia, Xera, Egophage, Hvper- 
chinia, Juga, Ilithyia, Lucina, Pronuba, Ca- 
protina, Mena, Poputonia, Lacinia, Sofpita, 
Moneta, Guris, Dotniduca, Februa, Opigenia* 
Sec. Cic. de Nat. D. 2.— Pan/. 2, ScC .— 
Apollod. I, 2, 3.— Apollon. I. Argon. — Hortf. 
II. I, &-c.— Virg. JEn . I,&c.— Herodot. l, 2, 
4, Szc.—Sil. I.— Dionyf. Hal. I.— Liv. 23, 
24, 27, &c .— 0 *id. Met. I, Sec. Fajt. 5.— 
Pint, quajl. Rom .— Tibull. 4, el. 13.— Allen. 
15.— Plin. 34. 

|«NONAUiy 






j-u 


JU 


Junonajlia fc Junonia, feilivah' at 
Rome in honor of Juno, the fame as the 
Hertea of the Greeks, j^tld Henea.] Liv. 

a7, c. 37» 

Junones, a name of the protecting genii 
of the women among the Romans. They 
generally fwore hy them, as tho. men by 
their genii. There were altars often erected 
to their hcmor. PUu. a, c. 7.— Seneca, ep. 
XIO. 

Junonia, two iflands, fuppofed to be 

among the Fortunate illancfs.-r-A name 

which Gracchus gaye to Carthage, when he 
went with 6000 Romans to rebuild it. 

Junonigena, a lurname of Vulcan as foil 
of Juno. Qvic /. Met. 4, v. 173. 

JunOnis promontorium, a promontory of 
Peloponnelus.-Lacuna? templum, a tem¬ 

ple of J uno in Italy, between Crotona and the 
l.acinian promontory. 

Jueiter, the moll powerful of all the gods 
of the ancients. According to Varro, there 
were no lei's than 300 per Ions of that name ; 
Diodorus mentions two; and Cicero three, 
two of Arcadia, and one of Crete. To that 
of Crete, who palled for the ton of Saturn 
and Ops, the actions of the relt have been 
attributed. According to the opinion of the 
mythologiils, J upiter was laved from deftruc- 
tion by his mother, and entrufted to the care 
of the Corybantes. Saturn who had received 
the kingdom of the world from his brother 
Ti.tan on condition of not railing male chil¬ 
dren. devoured all his ions as loon as bom; 
but Ops, offended at her hulband’s cruelty, 
lecreted Jupiter, and gave a Hone to Saturn, 
which he devoured on the luppofition that it 
was a male child. Jupiter was educated in 
a cavp on mount Ida, in Crete, and fed upon 
the milk of the goat Amalthtea, or upon 
honey, according to others. He received the 
name of Jupiter, quajt jwoans pater. His 
cries were drowned by the noife of cymbals 
and drums, which the Corybantes beat at the 
exprefs command of Ops. \Vid. Corybantes.] 
As loon as he was a year old, Jupiter found 
himfelf fufficiently ftrong to make war againft 
the Titans, who had impriibned his father 
becaufe he had brought up male children. 
The Titans were conquered, and Saturn fet at 
liberty by the hands of his fon. Saturn, 
however, loon alter, apprehenfive of the 
power of Jupiter, conlpired againft his life, 
and was, for this treachery, driven from his 
•kingdom, and obliged to fly lor lafety into 
Latium. Jupiter, now become the i’ole matter 
pf the empire of the world, divided it with his 
brothers. He relerved for himfelf the king¬ 
dom of heaven, and gave the empire of the 
Sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal re¬ 
gions to Pluto. The peaceful beginning of 
his reign was loon interrupted by the rebel¬ 
lion of the giants, who were fons of the earth, 
and who wilhed to revenge the death of their 
relations she Titans. They were fo powerful 


that they hurled rocks, and heaped up moun¬ 
tains upon mountains, to icale heaven, fo that 
all the gods to avoid their fury fled to Egypt* 
where they ieicaped from the danger by al- 
limung cho form of different animals. Jupiter, 
however, animated them, and by the alftftauce 
of Hercules, lie totally overpowered the 
gigantic race, which had proved luch tre¬ 
mendous enemies. \Vid. Gigantes.] Jupiter, 
now freed from every appreheuGbn,' gave 
himfelf up to the purfuit of plealures. He 
married Metis, Themis, Euronyme, Ceres, 
Mnemoylhe, Latona, and Juno. [ Vid. Juno] 
He became a Proteus to gratify his paflions. 
He introduced himfelf to Danae in a Ihower 
of gold, he corrupted Antiope in the form of 
a fatyr, and Leda in the form of a l'wan, he 
became a bull to feduce Europa, and he en¬ 
joyed the company of -Sgina in the form of 
a flame of lire. He alfunied the habit of 
Diana to corrupt Callitto, and became Am¬ 
phitryon to gain the affections of Alcmena. 
His children were alio numerous as well as 
his miltrelics. According to Apollodorus i f 
c. 3, he was father of the Seafons, Irene, 
Eunotnia, the Fates, Cletho, Lachefis, and 
Atropos, by Themis; of Venus, by Dione ; 
of the Graces, Aglaia, Kuphrolyne, and 
Thalia, by Eurynomo, the daughter of Oce- 
anus; of Prolcrpine, by Styx; of the nine 
Mufes, by Mnemol'yne, &c. [ Fid. Niobc, 
Laodamia, Pyrrha, Protogenia, Eleflra, Maia, 
Semele, &c.j The worthip of Jupiter was 
univerfal; he was the Ammon of die Afri¬ 
cans, the Belus of Babylon, the Ofiris of 
Egypt, &c. His furnames were numerous, 
many of which he received from the place or 
function over which he prefided. He was fe- 
verally called Jupiter Feretrius, Inventor, Eli— 
cius, Capitolinus, Latialis, Piftor, Sponl'or, 
Herceus, Anximis, Vidor, Maximus, Opti- 
nius, Olympius, Fluvialis, &c. The worth ip 
of Jupiter Impaired that of the odier gods in 
folemnity. 1-t is altars were not like thole of 
Saturn and Diana, ftauied with the blood of 
human victims, but he was delighted with the 
l'acriflce of goats, Iheep, and white bulls. 
'File oak was l’acred to him becaulc he flrfc 
taught mankind to live upon acorns. He is 
generally reprelented as fitting upon a golden 
or ivory throne, holding, in one hand, thun¬ 
derbolts juft ready to be hurled, and, in the 
other, a lceptre of cyprefs. His looks ex¬ 
prefs majefty, his beard flows long and neg¬ 
lected, and the eagle Hands with exDanded 
wings at his feet. He is fometimes repre- 
fented with the upper parts of his body naked, 
and thofe below the wafte carefully covered, 
as if to fhevv that he is vifible to the gods 
above, but that he is concealed from the light 
of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter had 
feveral oracles, the molt celebrated of which 
were at Dodona, and Ammon, ia Libya. A* 
Jupiter was the king and father of gods a id 
men, his power was extended over the deities, 

an! 




JU 


and every thing was fubfervienf t6 firs will, 
except the Fates. From him mankind Re¬ 
ceived their bleffings and their miferies, and 
they looked upon him as acquainted with 
every thing paft, prefent, and future. He 
was reprefented at Olympia with a crown like 
olive branches, his mantle was variegated with 
different flowers, particularly by the lily, and 
the eagle perched on the top of the feeptre 
which he held in his hand. The Cretans 
reprefented Jupiter without ears, to fignify 
that the fovereign mafter of the world ought 
not to give a partial ear to any particular per- 
fon, but be equally candid and propitious to 
all. At Lacedaemon he appeared with four 
heads, that he might feem to hear with 
greater readinefs the different prayers and foli- 
citations which were daily poured to him from 
every part of the earth. It is laid that Mi¬ 
nerva came all armed from his brains when he 
ordered Vulcan to open his head. Paufi 1 ,2, 
Arc.— Liv. 1,4,5, &C.— Diod. I & 3.— Homer. 
II. I, 5, &C. Od. 1,4, St c. Hymn, ad Jov. 
— Orpheus. — Callimac. Jov. — Pindar. Olymp. 
I, 3, 5.— Apollon. I, See. — Heftod. Tbeog. in 
Scut. tie>c. Oper. et Dies. — Lycophron. in CaJJ. 
—Virg JEn. I, 2, Sec. G. 3. — Ovid. Met. I. 
fab. 1, &c.— Horut. 3, od. 1, &c. 

Jura, a high ridge of mountains feparating 
the Helvetii from the Sequani, or Switzerland 
from Burgundy Caf. G. 1, c. 2. 

JusTlNUS M. Junianus, a Latin hifto- 
rian in the age of Antoninus, who epitomized 
the hiftory of Trogus Pompeius. This epi¬ 
tome, according to fome traditions, was the 
caufe that the comprehenfive work of Trogus 
was foil. It comprehends the hiftory of the 
Ally pi an, Perfian, Grecian, 'Macedonian, and 
Roman empires, Sec. in a neat and elegant 
ftyle. It is peplete with many judicious reflec¬ 
tions, and animated harangues; but the author 
is often too credulous, and lometimes exa¬ 
mines events too minutely, while others are 
related only in a few words too often ohicure. 
The indecency of many of his expreflions is 

defervedly cenfured.-The belt editions of 

Jullin are that of Ab. Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 
1719, that of Hearne, 8vo. Oxon, 1703, 

aud that of fcavbou, i2mo. Paris, 1:770- 

Martyr, a Greek father, formerly a Platonic 
philolbpher born at Palefiine. He died in 
Egypt, and wrote two apologies for the Chrif- 
tians befides his dialogue with a’ Jew; two 
freatileS, &c. in a plain and unadorned ftyle. 
The tyeft editions'of Juftin Martyr are that of 
Paris, fo 1 . 1636, that of his apologies, 2 vols. 
8vo. 1700, and 1703, a °d Jebb’s dialogue 
with Trypho, publilhed in London, 1722. 

--An emperor of the eaft whe reigned 9 

years, and died A. D. 526.-Another, 

who died A. D. 564, after a reign of 38 years. 

-Another who died 577 A. D. after a 

reign of 13 years. 

Juturna, a lifter of Turnus, king of the 
Kutuli. She Jieard with contempt the ad- 


1 jd 

drefles of Jupiter, or; according to others, ihe 
was not unfavorable to his paffion, fo that the 
god rewarded her love with immortality. She 
was afterwards changed into a fountain of the 
fame name near the Numicus, falling into the 
Tiber. The waters of that fountain were 
ufed in facfiflces, and particularly fn. fhofe of 
Vella. They had the power to heal difeafes. 
Varro de L. L. I, c. 10 ,-*~Ovid. Fajl. I, v, 
708, 1 . 2 , v. 58 S.—Pirg. JEn. i 2 j v. 139.— 
Cic. Cluent. 36. 

Juvenalis, Deems Junitfs, a poet borif 
at Aquinum in Italy. He came early to' 
Rome, and parted fome time in declaiming x 
aftwr which he applied himfelf to write fatires, 
16 of which are extant. He fpoke with viru¬ 
lence againft the partiality of Nero for the 
pantomime Paris, and though all his fatire and 
declamation were pointed againll this ruling 
favorite of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived in 
fecurjty during the reign of Nero. After 
the death of Nero, the effects of the refent- 
ment of Paris were leverely felt, and the 
fatirift was lent by Domitian as governor on 
the frontiers of Egypt. Juvenal was then in 
the 80th year of his age, and he differed much 
from the trouble which attended his office, of 
rather his exile. He returned, however, to 
Rome after the death of Paris, arid died in 
the reign of Trajan, A. D. 128. His writings 
are fiery and animated, and they abound 
with humor. He is particularly fevere upon 
the vice and diffipation of the age he lived 
in ; but the grols and indecent manner in 
which he expoles to ridicule the follies of 
mankind, rather encourages than difarms the 
debauched and licentious. He wrote with 
acrimony againll all his adverfaries, and what¬ 
ever difpleafed or ofte;ided him was expofed 
to his levered cenfure. It is to be acknow¬ 
ledged, that Juvenal is far more correal than 
his contemporaries, a circumftance, which 
lome have attributed to his judgment and 
experience, which were uncommonly mature* 
as his latires were the productions of old age. 
He may be called, and with reafon, perhaps, 
the laft of the Roman poets. After him 
poetry decayed, and nothing more claims our 
attention as a perfeCl poetical compofttion. 
The bed editions are thofe of Cafaubon, 4to 
L. Bat. 1695, with Perfius, and of Hawkey,- 
Dublin, nmo. 1746, and of Grtevius cum 
noiis variorum , 8vo. L. Bat. 1684. 

J u vent a 3 or Juventus, a goddefs at 
Rome, who prefided over youth and vigor, 
She is the lame as the Hebe of the Greeks, 
and reprefented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed 
in variegated garments. Liv. 5, c. 54. 1 . 2*, 
c. 62. 1 . 36, c. ^ 6 .—^ 0 vid. ex Pont. I, epl 9; 
V. 12. 

Juverna, or Hibernia, an ifland at the: 
weft of Britain, now called Ireland. Juv. 2, 
v. 160. 

Ixibat&, a,people of Porttus. 

IxIon, a king ofTheflaly, ion of Phlegas, 

or, 








IX 


or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, or ac¬ 
cording to Diodorus, of Antion by Perimela 
daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia, 
daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus, and pro- 
tailed his father-in-law a valuable prefent for 
the, choice he had made^ of him to be his 
daughter’s hufband. His unwillingnefs, how¬ 
ever, to fulfil his. promifes, obliged Deioneus 
to have recourfe to violence to obtain it, and 
he dole away iome of his horfes. Ixion con¬ 
cealed his refentment under the malic of 
friendlhip; he invited his father-in-law to a 
feaft at Larilla, the capital of his kingdom, 
and when Deioneus was come according to 
the appointment, he threw him into a pit 
which he had previoufly filled with wood and 
burning coals. This premeditated treachery 
fo irritated the neighbouring princes that all 
of them refuted to perform the ufual cere¬ 
mony, by which a-man was then purified of 
murder, and Ixion was lliunned and detailed 
by all mankind. Jupiter had companion upon 
him, and he carried him to heaven, and in¬ 
troduced him at the table of the gods. Such 
a favor, which ought to have awakened grati¬ 
tude in Ixion, ferved only to inflame his lull; 


I X 

he became enamoured of Juno, and attempted 
to feduce her. Juno was willing to gratify 
the paflion of Ixion, though according to 
others (he informed Jupiter of the attempts 
which had been made upon her virtue. Ju¬ 
piter made a cloud in the fhape of Juno, and 
carried it to the place where Ixion had ap¬ 
pointed to meet Juno. Ixion was caught in 
the fuare, and from his embrace with the 
cloud, he had the Centaurs, or according to 
others Centaurus. [ f ^ id . Centauri.] Jupiter, 
difpleafed with the infolence of Ixion, ba- 
nilhed him from heaven ; but when he heard 
that he had feduced Juno, the god ftruck 
him with his thunder, and ordered Mercury 
to tie him to a wheel in bell which conti¬ 
nually whirls round. The wheel was perpetu¬ 
ally in motion, therefore the punifhment 
of Ixion was eternal. Diod. 4. — Hygin. fab. 
62. — Pindar. 2. Pytb. 2. — Virg. G. 4, v. 484 
JEn. 6, v. 601. — Ovid. Met. 12 , V. 210 15 * 
338. — Philojir. Ic. 2 , C. 3. — LaSlatit. in Tb. 2. 
-One of the Heraclids who reigned at Co¬ 
rinth for 5 7 or 3 7 years. He was Ion of A lethes. 

IxIonides, the patronymic of PiritJbou* 
fon of Ixion, Propert. 2, el. 1, v. 38. 


LA 

AANDER, a youth, brother to Nico- 
crates, tyrant of Cyrene*, &c.— Po~ 
iyetn. 8. 

Laarchus, the guardian of Battus of Cy¬ 
rene. He ufurped the jfovereign power for 
fome time, and endeavoured to marry the mo¬ 
ther of Battus, the better to eftablilh his ty¬ 
ranny. The queen gave him a friendly invi¬ 
tation, and caufed him t» be affaflinated, and 
relfored the power to Battus. Polycen. 

Labaris, a king, of Egypt after Sefoftris. 

Labda* a daughter of Ampbion, one of 
the.Bacchiadee, b^rn lame. She married Ec- 
tion by whom the had a fon whom lhe called 
Cypfelus, becaufe lhe laved his life in a coffer. 
\Vid. Cyplelus.] This coffer was preserved 
at Olympia. Herodot. 5, c. 92.— Arijlot. 
Polit. 5. 

Labdacides, a name given to CEdipus, as 
defeended from Labdacus. 

Labdacus, a Ion of Polydorusby Nyfteis, 
the daughter of Nydleus, king of Thebes. 
His father and mother died during his child¬ 
hood, and he. was left to the care of Nyc- 
teus, who at his death left his kingdom in the 
hands of JLycus, with orders to reflore it to 
Labdacus as foon as of age. He was father 
to I.aius. It is unknown whether he ever 
fat on the throne of Thebes. According to 
Statius his father’? name was Phoenix. His 
defcendants were called LaLJaciJes. Stat. 
Tbeb. 6, v. 451,— Apollei. 3, c. $.-r-Pauf. 2. 
C. 6. 1 . 9, C. 5. 


LA 

I.aboalon, a promontory of Sicily, near 
Syracule- Diod. 13. 

Labe A Lis, a lake in Dalmatia, now Scu¬ 
tari, of which the neighbouring inhabitants 
were called J.abeates. Liv. 44, c. 31. JL, 45, 
c. 26. 

Labeo, Antiftiu;, a celebrated lawyer in 
the age of Auguflus, whole views he oppofed, 
and whole offers of the coolullhip he reiuled. 
His works are loft. He was wont to enjoy 
the company and converfation of the learned 
fyr fix months, and the reft of the year was 
(pent in writing and cotr.pofing. His father 
cf the fame name, was one of Cjefar’s mur¬ 
derers. He killed himfelf at the battle of 
Philippi. Horace 1, Sat. 3, v. 82, has un- 
juftly taxed him with infanity, becaufe no 
doubt he inveighed againft his patrons. Ap~ 
pian. Alex. 4.— Suet, in Aug. 45. - A tri¬ 

bune of the people, at Rome, who condemned 
the cenl'or Metellus to be thrown down from 
the Tarpeian rock, becaufe he had expelled 
him from the 1'enate. This rigorous fentence 
was flopped by the interference of another 

of the tribunes.--Q. Fabius, a Roman con- 

fttl, A. U. C. 571, who obtained a naval vic¬ 
tory over the fleet of the Cretans. He affiled 
Terence in compofing his comedies, according 
to fomr.—«—Attius, an obfeure poet who re¬ 
commended himfelf to the favor of ,Nero 
by an jncorre<if tranflation of Homer into 
Lathi. The work is loft, and only this curious 
line is preferved by an old fcholiaft, Pet feus 1, 

v. 4 . 









LA 


LA 

v. 4. Crudum manducus Priamum , Priamique 

Pifmnos. 

Laberius, J. Decimtis, a Roman knight 
famous for his poetical talents in writing pan¬ 
tomimes. J- Caelar compelled him to ad one 
of his characters on the Itage. The poet con¬ 
tented with great reluctance, but he lhewed 
his refentment during the ailing of the piece, 
by-throwing fevere afperfions upon J. Ctel'ar, 
by warning the audience againft his tyranny, 
and by drawing upon him the eyes of the 
whole theatre. .Cater, however, reftored 
him to the rank of knight which he had loll 
by-appearing on the llage; but to his mortifi¬ 
cation when he went to take his feat' among 
the-knights, no one offered to make room for 
him, and even his friend Cicero laid, Rcccpif- 
fm te nif angufie federetn. Laberius was of¬ 
fended at the affeilation and infolence of 
Cicero, and refieded upon his unfettled and 
pufillanimous behaviour during the civil wars 
pf Cater and Pompey, by the reply of Mi 
%um Ji atigufc fedes , qui foies duabus fellis fe- 
dere. Laberius died ten months after the 
murder of J. Caeiar. Some fragments re¬ 
main of bis poetry. Macrob. fat. 2, c. 3. & 
7.— liorat. I, fat. 10.— Scnec. de control/. 18. 

,— Suct.in Caf. 39.-Q. Durus, a tribune 

of the foldiers in Cater’s legions, killed in Bri¬ 
tain. Caf. Bell. G. 

LabIcum, now Colonna , a town of Italy, 
called alfo Lavicum, between Gabii and Tuf- 
c-qlum, which became a Roman colony aboht 
four centuries B. C. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 796.— 
Liv. 2, c. 39.1. 4, c. 47. 

Labiknus, an officer of Caefar in the wars 
of Gaul. He deferted to Pompey, and was 
killed at the battle of Munda. Caf. Bel. G. 

6, tS tct — Lucan. 5, v. 346.-A Roman 

who followed the intereft of Brutus and Cal- 
lius, and became general of the Parthians 
againft Rome. He was conquered by the 
officers of Auguflus. Strab. 12&14.— Dio. 

48.-Titus, an hiftorian and orator at 

Rome in the age of Auguflus, who admired 
his own compofitions with all the piide of 
fuperior genius and incomparable excellence. 
The tenate ordered Lis papers to he burnt on 
account of their feditious contents; and La- 
bienus, unable to furvive the lofs of his 
writings, deftroyed himl'elf. Suet, in Cal. 16. 
— Saticca . 

Labinetus or Labynetus, a king of 
Babylon, &C. Herodot. I, c. 74. 

Labotas, a river near Antioch in Syria. 

Strab. 16.-A l'on , of Echeftratus, who 

made war againft Argos, &c. 

- Labradeus, a furname of Jupiter in Ca- 
ria. The word is derived from labrys, which 
in the language of the country fignifies an 
hatchet* which Jupiter’s flatue held in its 
hand. P uL 

Labron, a part of Italy on the Mediterra¬ 
nean*', fuppofed to be Leghorn. Cic. a, ad 
fra. A. 

Lasyrintiiws, a building whole nume¬ 


rous paflages and perplexing windings render 
the efcape from it difficult, and ahnoft im- 
prailicable. There were four very famous 
•among the ancients, one near the city of Cro¬ 
codiles or Arfinoe, another in Crete, a third 
at Lemnos, and a fourth in Italy built by 
Porlenna. That of Egypt was the moft an¬ 
cient, and Herodotus, who law it, declares 
that the beauty and the art of the building 
were almoft beyond belief. It was built by 
twelve kings who at one time reigned ia 
Egypt, and it was intended for the place of 
their burial, and to commemorate the actions 
of their reign. It was divided into 12 halls, 
or according to Pliny, into 16, or as Strabo 
mentions, into 27. The halls were vaulted 
according to the relation of Herodotus. They 
had each fix doors, opening to the north, and 
the lame number to the fouth, all lurrounded 
by one wall. The edifice contained 3000 
chambers, 1500 in the upper part, and the 
lame number below. The chambers above 
were ieen by Herodotus, and aftonifhed him 
beyond conception, but he was not permitted 
to lee thole below, where were buried the 
holy crocodiles and the monarchs whofe muni¬ 
ficence had raifed the edifice. The roofs and 
walls were encrufted with marble, and adorned 
with lculptured figures. The halls were ftir- 
rounded with (lately and polifhed pillars of 
white Hone, and according to fome authors, 
the opening of the doors was artfully attended 
with a terrible noife like peals of thunder. The 
labyrinth of Crete was built by Daedalus*, in 
imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the moft 
famous of all in daffical Tuftory. It was the 
place of confinement for Dtedalus himl'elf, and 
the prifon of the Minotaur. According to 
Pliny the labyrinth of Lemnos iurpafled the 
others in grandeur and magnificence. It was 
fupported by forty columns of uncommon 
height and thicknefs, and equally admirable 
for their beauty and iplendor. Modern tra¬ 
vellers are {till aftoniihed at the noble and 
magnificent ruins which appear of the Egyp¬ 
tian labyrinth, at the lbuth of the lake Mce- 
ris, about 30 miles from the ruins of Arfinoe. 
Meld , I, c. 9. — Plin. 36, C. 1 3. — Strab. IO. 
— Died. I.— -Herodot. 2, C. 148.— Virg. JEn. 

S,v -5 88. 

Lacuna, an epithet applied to a female 
native of Laconia, and, among others, to 
Helen. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 511. 

Lacedaemon, a fon of Jupiter and Tay— 
geta the daughter of Atlas, who married 
Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he 
had Amydas and Eurydice the wife of Aeri¬ 
fies* He was the firft who introduced the 
worihip of the Graces in I^aconia, and wher 
firft built them a temple. From Lacedamon 
and his wife, the capital of Laconia was called 
Lacedaemon and Sparta. Apollod. 3, c. 10.— 

Hygin. fab. 155. Pauf 3, c. I.-A noble 

city of Peloponnefirs, the cjlpital of Laconia, 
called alfo Sparta , and now known by the 
name of Mifttra, It, has been feverally' 

known 








LA 


LA 


known by the name of Eeletfa, from the Le- 
3 eges the- firft inhabitaars of the country, or 
from I.elex one of their kings ; and (Ebalia 
from (Ebalus the fixth king from Eurotas. 
It was alfo Called Hecatompolis , from the 
hundred cities which the whole province once 
contained. Lelex is fuppofed to have been 
the firlt king. His defccndants, 13 in num¬ 
ber, reigned fticceflively after him, till the 
reign of the fons of Oreftes, when the He- 
riclidcs recovered the Peloponnelus, shout 80 
years after the Trojan war. Procles and 
Eurvlihenes, .the descendants of the Hera- 
cl dte, enjoyed the crown together, and after 
them it was decreed that the two families 
fhould always fit on the throne together. 
[Vid. Euryfthenes.] Thefe two brothers 
began to reign B. C. 1102, their fuccellors in 
the family of Procles were called Proclida , 
and afterwards Eur\pontiJj y aud thole of 
Euryfthenes, Euryjlbsnida , and afterwards 
A\rid,r. The fuccellors of Procles on the 
throne began to reign in the following order: 
Sous, 1060 B. C. after his father had reigned 
42 years : Eurypon, 1028 : Prytanis, 1021 : 
Hunomus, 986: Polydettes, 907: Lycurgus, 
8y8: Charilaus, 873 : Nicander, 809 : Theo- 
pompus,. 770; Zeuxidamus, 723: Anaxi- 
, damus, 690 : Archidamus, 651: Agaficles, 
605: Arifton*, 564: Demaratus, 526: Leo- 
"tychides, 491: Archidamus, 469 : Agis, 427 : 
Agelilaus, 397: Archidamus, 361 : Agis 2d. 
33S : Eudamidas, 330: Archidanflis, 295: 
Eudamidas 2d. 268: Agis, 244 : Archidamus, 
-230: Euclidus, 225: Lycurgus, 219.—The 
foccelTors of Euryfthenes were Agis, 1059: 
Echellratus, 1058 : Labotas, 1023 : Doryl- 
fus, 986: Agelilaus, 957: Archelaus, 913: 
Teleclus, 853: Akamenes, 813: Polydorus, 
776: Eurycrates, 724: Anaxander, 687: 
Eurycrates 2d. 644: Leon, 607 : Anaxan- 
drides-, 563: Cleomenes, 530: Leonidas, 
491 : Pliftarchus, under guardianfhip of Pau- 
fanias, 480: Pliftoanax, 466: Paufanias, 
408} Agefipolis, 397: Cleombrotus, 380: 
Agefipolis 2d. 371: Cleomenes 2d. 370: 
Aretus or Areus, 309: Acrotatus, 265 : 
Areus 2d. 264: Leonidas, 257 : Cleombro- 
tus, 243 : Leonidas reltored, 241 : Cleomenes, 
233: Agefipolis, 219. Under the two lad 
kings, Lycurgus and Agefipolis, the mo¬ 
narchical power was abolifhed, though Ma- 
chanidas the tyrant made himfelf abfoluje, 

B. C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 years. In 
the year 191, B.C. Lacedaimon joined the 
Achaean league, and about three years after 
the walls were demoliihed by order of Philo- 
poemen. The territories of Laconia lkared 
the fate of the Acha-an confederacy, and the 
whole was conquered by Mummius, 147 B. 

C. and converted into a Roman province. 
The inhabitants ofLacedcemon have rendered 
themfelves illuftrious for their courage and in¬ 
trepidity, for their Jove of honor aud liberty, 
and for their averlion. to dloth and luxury. 


They were mured from their youth to labor, 
and their laws commanded them to make war 
their profellion. They never applied them - 
felves to any trade, but their only employ* 
ment was arms, and they left every thing elVe 
to the care of their Haves. [Vid. Helot*.] 
They hardened their body by ftripcs ana 
other manly exerciles; and acccuftomed them- 
lelves to undergo hardfhips, and even to die 
without fear or regret. From their valor in 
the field, and their moderation and tempe¬ 
rance at home, they were courted and revered 
by all the neighbouring princes, and their 
aftiftance was feverally implored to protedl 
the Sicilians, Carthaginians, Thracians, Egyp¬ 
tians, Cyreneans, &c. They were forbidden 
by the laws of their country, [ Vid. Lycurgus,] 
to vifit foreign Hates, left their morals fhould 
be corrupted by an intercourfe with effeminate 
nations. The auftere manner in which their 
children were educated, rendered them un¬ 
daunted in the field of battle, and from this 
circumftance, Leonidas with a fmall band 
was enabled to refill the millions of the army 
of Xerxes at Thermopylae. The womeil 
were as courageous, as the men, and many a 
mother has celebrated with feftivals the death 
of her fon who had fallen in battle, or has 
coolly put him to death if, by a lhameful 
flight or lols of his arms, he brought dilgrace 
upon his country. As to domeftic manners, 
the Lacedemonians as widely differed from 
their neighbours as in political concerns, and 
their nobleft women were not afhamed to ap¬ 
pear on the ftage hired for money. In the 
affairs of Greece, the intereft of the Lacede¬ 
monians was often powerful, and obtained the 
luperiority for 500 years. Their jealoufy of 
the power and greatnels of the Athenians is 
well known. The authority of their monarchs 
was checked by the watchful eye of the 
Ephori, who had the power of imprifoning the 
kings themfelves if guilty of mifdemeanors. 
[Fid. Ephori.] The Lacedaemonians are re¬ 
markable for the honor and reverence which, 
they paid to old age. The names of Lace - 
daemon and Sparta , are promifeuoufly applied to 
the capital of Laconia, and often confounded 
together. The latter was applied to the me¬ 
tropolis, and the former was relerved for the 
inhabitants of the fuburbs, or rather of the 
country contiguous to the walls of the city. 
This propriety of diftindtion was ariginally ob- 
ferved, but in procefs of time it was totally 
loft, and both appellatives were foon fynony- 
mous, and indiferiminately applied to the city 
and country. [Vid. Sparta, Lnconja.] The 
place where the city flood is now called Paleo 
Clori, (the old totvn,) and the new one erected 
on its ruins at fome dillance on the weft, is 
called Mifatra. Liv. 34 , c. 33- 1. 45,0.28. 
— Slrab. 8.— Tbucyd. I.— PauJ, 3.— e Jujitn. 1 , 
3, Scc.—Herodot. I, &c.— Plat, in Lye, See. 
Died. — Mela, 2.-There were fome fefti¬ 

vals celebrated at Lacedtemon, the names of 
Q c whig i 




LA 


LA 


which are not known. It was cuftomary for ] 
the women to drag all the old bachelors round 
the altars, and beat them with their lids, that ] 
the lhame and ignominy to which they were ! 
expofed might induce them • to marry, &c. 
Aiken, 13. 

LaCEOJEMONII & LaCED>. MONES, tile 
inhabitants of Lacediemon. [Fid. Laced;?- 
mon.l ■ ; 

1 Laceda-monius, a ion of Cimori by Cii- 
toria. He received this name from his father’s 
regard for the Lacedaemonians. ■ Pint. 

Lacerya, a l'oothfayer in DomitinnY ace. 
who acquired immenl'e riches by ■ his art. 
jrw/-y. 7, v. 114. 

Laceta^ia, a diftricl at the north of 
Spain!- Liv. ai,c.. 23. 

Lachares, a man who-feized the flipretne 
power at Athens when the city was in difcord, 

and was banilhed B. G. 296: Polycen. 4.- 

An Athenian three times taken prifoner. He 
deceived his keepers, and efcapod, &c. Id. 

3 *-A ion of Mithridates king ' of Eol- 

sphorus. H‘e was received into alliance by 

Lucullus.-:-A robber condemned by M. 

Antony.—-—An Egyptian-buried in the laby 
/inch near ArOnoe. 

Laches, an Athenian general in the age of 

EpaminondcRs. Diod. 12. --An Athenian 

lent with Carias at . the head of a fleet in the 
lirii expedition undertaken againlt Sicily in 
the Peloponnefian war. Juftin. 4, c. 3. 

-An artift who finilhed the Coloflus of 

Rhodes. 

> Lachesis, one of the Parcae, whofe name 
is derived from to sneafure out by lot. 

She prefided over futurity, and was recre- 
lented. as fprnning the thread of life, or ac¬ 
cording to others, holding- the fpindle. She 
generally appeared covered with a garment 
variegated with ftars, and holding fpindles in 
fcer hand. [ Fid. Parcae.] Stat. Theb. 2, v. 
249.— Martini. 4, ep. C4. 

■ Lacidas, a Greek philofopher of Cyrene, 
vho fiorifhed B. C. 241. His father’s name 
was Alexander. He was difciple of Arcefilaus, 
w iiom he fucceeded in the government of the 
fecond academy. He was greatly efteemed by 
king Attalus who gave him a garden where 
he (pent his hours in ftudy Pie taught his 
dilciples to lulperid their judgment, and never 
Ipeak decifively. He difgraced himielf by the 
•fnagniflcent funeral with which he honored a 
favorite goofe. He died through excels of 
drinking. / Diog. 4. 

I.acTdes, a village near Athens, which 
derived its name from Lacius, an Athenian 
hero, whofe exploits are unknown. Here 
Zephyms had an altar lacred to him, and like- 
wile Ceres and Prot'erpine a temple. Pan/, 1, 
«• 37 : 

* LacTnia, a furnartie of Juno from her 
. temple at Laciniom iti Italy, which the Cro- 
tonialis held in great veneration, and where 
there was a famous ftatue of Helen by Zeuxis. 


J [ Fid K Zeuxis.] On an altar near the door 
) were athes, which the wind could not blow 
] away. Fuh’ius Fiaetus took away a marble 
• piece from this facred place to tinilh a tem¬ 
ple that he was building at Rome to Fortuna 
Eq-ueftris ; and it is Paid, that for this facrilege, 
he afterwards led a miferable life, and died 
in the greateft agonies. Strab. 6 .— Ovid. xj. 
Met. v. 12 & 7 02.—Liv. 42, C. 3.— Val. Max. 

1, c. r. M l‘M 

LacTnienses, a people ofLiburnia. 

LacInium, a promontory ofMagna Gra¬ 
cia-, now cape Colonna, the fouthern boundary 
of Tarentum in Italy, where Juno Lacinia 
had a temple held in great veneration. It. 
received its name from Lacinius a famous 
robber killed there by Hercules. Liv. 24, 
c. 3. 1 . 27, c. 5. 1 . 30, c. 20.— Virg. JEn. 3, 
v.522. 

Lacmon, a part of mount Pindus where 
the Inachus flows. Hetodot. 9, c. 93. 

XjA co, a favorite of Galba, mean and 
cowardly in his character. He was put to 
death.-An inhabitant of Laconia or La¬ 

cedaemon* 

Lacobriga, a city of Spain where Serto- 
rius was belieged by Mgtelhis. 

Laconia, Laconica, & Lacedjemon, 
a country on the fouthern parts of Pelopon- 
nefus, having Argos and Arcadia on the 
north, Meflenia on the weft, the Mediterra¬ 
nean on the louth, and the bay of Argos at 
the- eaft. Its extent from north to fouth was 
about 50 miles. It is watered by the river 
Eurotas. The capital is called Sparta, or 
Lacedaemon. The inhabitants never went 
on an expedition or engaged an enemy but 
at the full moon, f Fid. Lacedaemon.] The 
brevity with which they always expreffed 
theml'elves is now become proverbial, and by 
the epithet of Laconic we underftand what¬ 
ever is concife and not loaded with unnecef- 
1'ary words. The word Laconicum is applied 
to l'ome hot baths ufed among the ancients, 
and fnft invetated at X*acedaemon. Cic. 4, 
Aft. IO.— Strab. l.—Ptol, 3, c. 16.— Mela , 

2, C. 3. ' 

Lacrates, a Theban general of a de¬ 
tachment lent by Artaxerxes to the afliftance 
of the Egyptians. Diod. 16. 

Lacrines, a Lacedaemonian ambafladorte 
Cyrus. Herodot. I, c. 152. 

Lactantius, a celebrated Chriftian 
writer, whofe principal works are de ire divi¬ 
ne, de Dei ofieribus, and his divine injlitutions, 
in feven books, in which he proves the truth 
of the Chriftian religion, refutes objections, 
and attacks the illufions and abfurdities of 
Paganifm. The expreflive purity, elegance, 
and energy of his flyle, have gained him the 
name of the Chriftian Cicero. He died A. 

D. 325-The bell editions of his works 

are that of Sparke, 8vo. Oxon. 1684, that of 
Biineman, 2 vols. 8vo. Lipf. 1739, and tbat; 
of Du Frefiioy, a vols. 4to. Paris, 1748. 

Lacter, 







LA 




LM 


Lacter, a promontory of the ilknd of 

Cos. 

Lacydbs, a. philofopher. [Pid. Lacidas.] 

Lacy ous, an effeminate king of Argos. 

Lada'S, a celebrated courier of Alexander, 
born at Sicyon. He was honored with a bra¬ 
zen ftatue, and obtained a crown of Olympia. 
fMartial. IO, ep. 10 .— Juv. 13, V-. 97. 

J.ade, an iftand obthe iEgean lea, on the 
.co.tit of Alia minor, where was a naval battle 
between the Peiiians and Ionian s< Hcrmlol. 
6, c. 7.— Putt/. I, C. 35 .-—Strab 17. 

Lades, a fon of hnbrains, killed by Tur- 
nus. Vlrg. JEn. 12,-v. 343. 

Ladocka, a village of Arcadia. Pauf 
' La don, a river otArcadu, failin'* into the 
Alpheus. The lmtamorphofis of Daphne 
into a lavlrel, and of- Syrinx into a need, hap¬ 
pened near -its hanks. Strab 1.— Meh r, 2, 
C. 3.— Pauf* 8, C. 25.—Gib*/. Met. I, v 659. 

-An Arcadian who followed JEneas into 

Italy, where he was killed. Pirg* Pin. 10, 
v. 413.—-One of Actjeon’s dogs. Ovid. 

Met. 3 ,v. 41 6 . 

i L/elaps; one of A£faeon’s dogs. Ovid. 

Mat. 3.-The dog of Cephalus given him 

by Procris. [ PH. Lelaps, &c.] Id. Met. 7. 

Lielia, a veital virgin. 

L.vi.iANus, a general, proclaimed emperor 
in Gaul by his foldiers, A. D. 268, after the 
.death of Gallienus. His triumph was lhort; 
he was conquered and put to death after a feiv 
months’ reign by another general called Poft- 
humus, who afpired to the imperial purple as 
«well as himfelf. 

C. LilLIUs, a Roman cbnful, A. U. C. 
614, furuamed Sapiens, fo intimate with Afri- 
canus the younger, that Cicero reprefents 
him in his treatife De Am'uitia , as explaining 
the reaPnature of friendlhip, with its atten 
dant pleafures. He made war with fuccefs 
• agr.inlt Viria’hus. It is laid that he allifted 
’Terence in the compofition of his comedies 
-His modefly, humanity, and the manner in 
which he patronized letters, are as celebrated 
;is his greatnefs of mind and integrity in the 

.charabfer of a ftatefman. Cic.de Or at. - 

Another couful who accompaniedScipio Afri¬ 
cans the elder in his campaigns in Spain and 

Africa.-Archekuis, a famous grammarian. 

Suet. 

■ Ljena 5 c I.etena, the miftrefs of Har- 
modius and Ariftogiton. Being tortured be- 
caufe Ihe refuted to dilcover the confpirators, 
Ihe bit off her tongue, totally to fruUrate the 

violent efforts of her executioners.-A man 

; who was acquainted witli the confpiracy formed 
againft Csefar. 

L.tnas, a furname of the Popilii at 
Rome. 

LffiNEUS, a river of Crete, where Jupiter 
brought the ravilhed Europa. Strab. 

L/T.pa Magna, a town of Spain. Mela, 


1 

Laertes, a king of Ithaca, fon of Ar- 


cefius and Chalconjedula, who married An- 
tidea, the daughter of Autolycusl Antidaa 
was pregnant by Sifyphus when lhe' married 
Laertes, and eight months-af^cr her union 
with the king of Ithaca, ftie hrought forth a 
fon called UlyfTes. [Pid. Am idea.] Uiyires 
was treated with paternal care by Laertes, 
though not really his foil, and Laertes ceded 
to him his crown and retired into the coun¬ 
try, where he fpent his time in gardening. 
He was found in this mean employment bv 
iiis fon at his return from the Trojan war, 
alter 20 years’ abfence, and. Ulyfiks, at t the 
light of his father, whole dref > and old age 
declared his forrow, lang hefitafed whether 
he , fhould fuddenly introduce himfelf as his 
Ion, 'or whether he Ihculd, as a ltranger, 
gradually'awaken the paternal feelings of 
Laeites, who had believed that liis ion was 
no mere. 1 his lait mealure was preferred, 
and when Laertes had bur ft into tears at the, 
mention which was made of his for., Ulylfeo 
threw himfelf on his naek, exclaiming, “ O 
father , I at); be for ivbom you nurepP This 
welcome declaration was followed by a recital 
of all the hard." lips which Ulylfes had lu/Lreb, 
and immediately after the father and fon re¬ 
paired to the palace of Penelope the wife of 
Qlyfies, whence all the fuitovs who daily 
importuned the princefs, were forcibly re¬ 
moved. Laertes was one of the Argonauts, 
according to Apollodorus , I,C. 9.— Homer. Od. 
II Sc 24.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 32,— Heroid. 1, 

v. 98.-A city of Cilicia ,which gave birth 

to Diogenes, furnamed Laertius from the place 
of his birth. 

Laertius Diogenes, a writer born at 
Laertes. [Pid. Diogenes.] 

Ljestrygones, the melt ancient inha¬ 
bitants of Sicily. Some luppofe them to be - 
the lame as the people of Leontium, and to 
have been neighbours to the Cyclops. They 
fed on human flefh, and when Ulyfles came 
on their coafts, they funk his flups and de¬ 
voured his companions. [Pid. Antiphafes.} 
They rvere of a gigantic ftature, according 
to Homer, who however does not mention 
-their, country,, but only lpeaks of Lamus as 
their capital, A colony of them, as fome 
fuppofe, palled over into Italy, vtfith Lamus 
at their head, where they built the town of 
form he, whence the epithet of Lafirygonia 
is often tiled for that of F.ormiana. Piin. 3, 
C. 5.— Ovid, Met. 14, v. 233, dec. Faji. 4, 
ex Pont: 4, ep. IO. — Tzetz. in Lycophr. v. 
662 & 818.— Homer. Od. IO, v. 81.— Sil. 7, 
v. 276. 

Lasta, the wife of the emperor Gratian, 
celebrated for her humanity and generous leti- 
timents. 

LatTORiA Lex ordered that proper per- 
fons Ihould be appointed to provide for tb« 
fecurity and the poffeffion of fuch as were 
infane, or fquandered away their eftates. It 
made it a high errme to abufe tine weaknefs 
C 6 2 *f 








LA 


of perfons under fuch eircumftances* CL. dc 
Otfic. 3. 

JLjetus, a Roman whom Commodus con* 
denmed to be put to death. This violence 
raifed Laetus againft Commodus; he coh- 
fpired againft him, and raifed Pertinax to 

the throne.-A general of the emperor Se- 

verus, put to death for his treachery to the 
emperor; or according to others on account of 
his popularity. 

Litvi, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia 
Tranfpadana. 

LjevTnijs, a Roman eonful fent againft 
Pyrrhus, A. U. C. 474* He informed the 
monarch that the Romans would not accept 
him as an arbitrator in the war with Taren- 
tum, and feared him not as an enemy. He was 

defeated by Pyrrhus.--P. Val. a man de- 

ipifed at Rome, becaufe he was diftinguiftied 
by no good quality. Horat. 1. Sat. 6, 

12 . 

La oar i A, a town of Lucania. 

Lagia, a name of the ifland Delos. Vid. 
Delos. 

LAgides, Fid. Lagus. 

Laginia, a town of Caria. 

Lagus, a Macedonian of mean extrac¬ 
tion. He received in marriage Arfinoe the 
daughter of Meleager, who was then pregnant 
by king Philip, and being willing to hide the 
difgrace of his wife, he expofed the child in 
the woods. An eagle preferved the life of 
the infant, fed him with her prey, and fhel- 
tered him with her wings againft the incle¬ 
mency of the air. This uncommon prelerv- 
ation was divulged by Lagus, who adopted the 
child as his own, and called him Ptolemy, 
conjecturing that as his life had been fo mira- 
culoufiy preferved, his days would be fpent in 
grandeur and affluence. This Ptolemy became 
Ring of Egypt after the death of Alexander. 
According to other accounts, Arfinoe was 
nearly related to Philip king of Macedonia, , 
-and her marriage with Lagus was not con- 
fidered as diftionorable, becaufe he was 
opulent and powerful. The firft of the 
Ptolemies is called Lagus, to diftinguilh 
him from his fucceffbrs of the fame name. 
Ptolemy, the firft of the Macedonian kings 
of Egypt, wiflied it to be believed that he 
was the legitimate fon of Lagus, and he 
preferred the name of Landes to all other 
appellations. It is even laid, that he efta- 
blifhed a military order in Alexandria, which 
was called Lageion. The lurname of La- 
gides was tranfmitted to all his defeendsnts 
on the Egyptian throne till the reign of 
Cleopatra, Antony’s miftrefs. Plutarch 
mentions an anecdote, which ferv'es to lhow 
how far the legitimacy of Ptolemy was be¬ 
lieved in his age. A pedantic grammarian, 
fays the hiftorlan, once diiplaying his great 
knowledge of. antiquity in the prefence of 
Ptolemy, the king luddenly interrupted him 
with the queftion of, Fray, tell me. Sir , ivbo 


L A 

*was the father of Peleus ? Tell mt , replied 
the grammarian, without, hefitation, tell me , 
if you can, 0 ling ! Who. the father of Lagus 
1 was'? This reflection on the meannefs of the 
monarch’s birth did not in the lealt irritate his 
refentmdiit, though the courtiers all glowed 
with indignation. Ptolemy praifed the humor 
of the grammarian, and Ihewe/d his moderation 
and the mildnefs of hi.* temper, by taking him 
under his patronage. Pauf. Attic. — fujiin. 
X3.— Curt. 4.— Plat dc ira cohib. — Ltican. 1, 

v. 684.— Ital. 1, v. 196.-A Rutulian 

killed by Pallas fon of Evander. Firg. JEru. 
10, v. 381. 

Lagusa, an ifland in the Pamphylian fea. 

-Another near Crete. Strab. lo.—Plitr. 

5* c- 3i* 

Lagyra, a city of Taurica Cherfonefuf. 

Laiades a patronymic of CEdipus fon of 
Laius. Ovid. Met. 6, Fab. 18. 

La 1 as, a king of Arcadia who fueceeded 

his father Cypfe’us, &c. Pauf. 8, c. 5.-- 

A king of Elis, See. 

Lais, a celebrated courtezan, daughter 
of Timandra the miftrefs of Alctbiades, born 
at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away 
from her native country into Greece, when 
Nicias the Athenian general invaded Sicily. 
She firft began to fell her favors at Corinth, 
for 10,000 drachmas, and the immenfe 
number of princes, noblemen, philofophers, 
orators, and plebeians who courted her em¬ 
braces, lhow how much commendation is 
owed to her perfonal charms. 1 he expences 
which attended her plealures, gave life ta 
the proverb of Non cuivis homini coutingit 
adire Corinthum. Even Demofthenes himfelf 
vifited Corinth for the fake of Lais, but 
when he was informed by the courtezan, that 
admittance to her bed was to be bought at 
the enormous fum of about 300L. Englifh 
money, the orator departed, and observed, 
that he would not buy repentance at fo dear 
a price. The charms which had attradfed 
Demofthenes to Corinth, had no influence 
upon Xenocrates. When Lais law the phi- 
lofopher unmoved by her beauty, lhe vilited 
his houle herlelf; but there fhe had no rea- 
lon to boaft of the licentioufnels or ealy fub- 
miflion of Xenocrates. Diogenes the "cynic 
was one of her warmeft admirers, and though 
filthy in his drefs and manners, yet he 
gained her heart and enjoyed her moft un¬ 
bounded favors. The feulptor Mycon alfo 
folicited the favors of Lais, but he met with 
coldnefs; he, however, attributed the caufe 
of his ill reception to the whitenels of his. 
hair, and dyed it of a brown color, but to no 
purpole; Fool that thou art , faid the cour¬ 
tezan, to ajh what I refufed yeferday to thy 
father. Lais ridiculed the aufterity of phi¬ 
lofophers, and laughed at the weaknefs of 
thole who pretend to have gained a filperiority 
over their paffions, by obferving that the 
fagos and philofophers ’of the age were not 

above 





LA 


LA 


shove the reft of mankind, for Hie' found 
them at her door as often as the reft of the 
Athenians. The fugcels which her debauch¬ 
eries met at Corinth, encouraged Lais to pafs 
into Theflaly, and more particularly to en¬ 
joy the company of a favorite youth called 
Hippoftratus. She was, however, dilap- 
pointetki the women of the ’place, jealous 
of her charms, and apprehenflve of her cor¬ 
rupting the fidelity of their hufbands, affafli- 
nated her in the temple of Venus, about 340 
years before the Chriltian era. Some fuppofe 
that there were two perfons of this name, a 
mother-and her daughter. Cic. ad. Fam. 9. 
ep. 26. — Ovid. Amor. X y el. 5.— Plut. in Alcib. 
- —Patf. 2 , C. 2 . 

Laius, a fon of L.abdacus, who fucceeded 
to the throne of Thebes, which his grandfathar 
Ny&eus had left to the care of his brother 
Lycus, till his grandfon came of age. He was 
driven from his kingdom by Amphion and 
Zethus, who were incenfed againft Lycus for" 
the indignities which Antiope had fuffered. 
He was afterwards reftored, and married 
Jocafta the daughter of Creon. An oracle in¬ 
formed him that he Ihould perifh by the hand 
of his fon, and in confequence of this dreadful 
intelligence he refolved never to approach his 
wife. A day fpent in debauch and intoxication 
made him violate his vow, and Jocalla brought 
forth a Ion. The child as foon as born was 
given to a fervant, with orders to put him 
to death. The fervant was moved with 
compaftion, and only expofed him on mount 
Cithaeron, where his life was preferred by 
a fhepherd. The child called (Edipus was 
educated in the court of Polybus, and an un¬ 
fortunate meeting with his father in a narrow 
road proved his ruin. (Edipus ordered his 
father to make way for him without knowing 
who he was; Laius refufed, and was inftantly 
Vnurdered by his irritated fon. His arm-bearer 
Or charioteer (hared his fate. \Vid. (Edipus.] 
Soph icl. in (Edip .— Hygin. 9 & 66.— Died. 4. 
ApolloJ. 3, C. J.— Par/. 9, C. 5 & 26.— Plut. 
dr Curiof. 

La lag e, one of Horace’s favorite mif- 
treftes. Horat. I, od. 22, Sec. — Proprrt. 4, 

el. 7.-A woman cenlured for her cruelty. 

Martial. 2, ep. 66. 

Lalassis, a river of Ifauria. 

LaMacbu*, a fon of Xenophanes, fent 
into Sicily with Nicias. He was killed B. C. 
414, before Syracul’e, where he dilpbyed 
much courage and intrepidity. Plut. in Ahib. 

_ _ A governor of Heradea in Pontus; wko 

betrayed his truft to Mithridates, after he 
had invited all the inhabitants to a fumptuous 
feaft. 

Lamalmon, a large mountain of ./Ethi¬ 
opia. 

Lambraki, a people of Italy near the 
Lambrus. Suet, in Ceef. 

Lambrus, a river of Ciblpine Gaul, falling 
into the Po. 


LXmta, a town of ThelTaly at the bottom 
of the Sinus Maliacus or Lamiacus, and north 
•of the river Sperchius, famous for a liege it 
Supported after Alexander’s death. [Vid. La- 

miacum.] Dtod. 16, See .— Pauf. 7, c.6.- 

A river of Greece oppofite mount CEta.- 

A daughter of Neptune, mother of Hierophile, 
an ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter. Pauf. 10 c. 12. 
- — A famous courtezan, miftrefs to Deme¬ 
trius Poliorcetes. Plut. in 11 cm. — Athen . 13. 
—-JElian. V. 11 . 13,c. 9. 

Lamia & Auxksia, two deities of 
Crete, whole worfhip was the fame as at 
Eleufis. The Kpidaurians made them two 
ftatues of an olive tree given them by the 
Athenians, provided they came to offer a 
facrifice to/Minerva at Athens. Pauf. 2, c. 
30,&c. 

I.AMtXcuM Bellum happened after the 
de»th of Alexander, when the Greeks, and 
particularly -the Athenians, incited by their 
orators, refolved to free Greece from the gar- 
rifons of the Macedonians. Leofthenes was 
appointed commander of a numerous force, 
and marched againft,Antip.iter, who then pre- 
fided (rver Macedonia. Antipater entered 
ThelTdy at the head of 13,000 foot and 6co 
horle, and was beaten, by the luperior force of 
the Athenians and of their Greek confederates. 
Antipater after this blow fled to Lamia, B. C. 
323, where he relolved, with all the courage 
and lagacity of a careful general, to maintain a 
liege with -about the 8 or 9000 men that had 
efcaped from the field of battle. Leofthenes, 
unable to take the city by ftorm, began to 
make a regular liege. His operations were 
delayed by the frequent rallies of Antipater ; 
and Leofthenes being killed by the blow of a 
ltene, Antiparer made his el’cSpe out of Lamia, 
and loon after, with the afliftance of the army 
of Crnteru? brought from Alia, he gave the 
Athenians battle near Cranon, and though 
only 500 of their men were flain, yet they 
became lo difpirited, that they fued for peace 
from the conqueror. Anti paler at bit with 
difficulty contented, provided they vailed taxes 
in the ufual manner, received a Macedonian 
garrifon, defrayed the expences of the rar, 
and laftly delivered into his hands' Denioft- 
henes and Hyperidcs, the two orators whole 
prevailing eloquence had excited their coun¬ 
trymen againft him. Thefe disadvantageous 
terms were accepted by the Athenians, yet 
Demofthenes had time to efcape and poifon 
himlclf. Hyperides was carried before Anti¬ 
pater, who ordered his tongue to be cut off, 
and afterwards put him to death. Plut. in 
Demofi. — Viod. 17.— Jafin. II, &c. 

Lamix, fmall illands of the /Egean, oppo¬ 
fite Troas. Plin. 5, c. 31.-A celebrated 

family at Rome, defcended from Lamus.- 

Certain monfters of Africa, who had the face 
and breaft of a woman, and the reft of their 
body like that of a ferpent. They allured 
ftrangers to come to them, that they might 
C c 3 devout 



LA 


LA 


devour them, and though they were not en- ! 
dewed with the faculty of fpeech, yet their | 
hillings were plealing ( and agreeable. Some I 
believed them to be witches, or rather evil j 
fpirits, who, under the form of a beautiful j 
woman, enticed young children and devoured 
them. According to feme, the fable of the 
Lambs is derived from the amours of Jupiter 
with a certain beautiful woman called Lamia, 
whom the jealoufy of Juno rendered de¬ 
formed, and whofe children (lie daftroyed; 
upon which Lamia became inlane, and lb 
delperate that Ihe eat up all the children that 
came in her wav. They are alfo called l.t- 
mures. [Fid. Lemures.] Pbilojlr. in Ap. 

' — Horat. Art. Poet. v. 34C;— Plut. de Curiof. 
—Dion. 

Lamias ./Elius, a governor of Syria 
under Tiberius. He was honored with a 
puoli^ funeral by the fenate; and as having 
been a rel'pedtable and ufeful citizen, Horace 
has dedicated his 26 od. lib. 1, to his praifes, 

as alfo 3 od. 17.— Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 27.- 

Another during the reign of Domitian, put 
».o death, &c. 

LamIrus, a fon of Hercules by-lole. 

Lampbdo, a woman of Lacedaemon, who 
was daughter, wife, lifter, and mother of a 
king. She lived in the age of Alcibiades. 
Agrippina, the mother of Claudius, could 
boaft the fame honors. Tacit. Ann 12, c. 22 
& 3 7 .—Pint, in Age.—Pliio. in I, AU.—Plin. 

7, c. 41.^ 

Lampetia, a daughter of Apollo and 
Neaira. She with her lifter Phaetul’a guarded 
her father’s flocks in Sicily when Uij lies 
arrived 0:1 the coafts of that illand. 1 heft- 
flocks were fourteen in number, leven herds 
of oxen, and feven flocks of lheep, conlift- 
ing each of fifty. They fed by night as well 
ashy day, and it was deemed unlawful and 
fecrilegious to touch them. The companion*, 
of Ulyfles, impelled by^ hunger, paid no re- 
gard to their lan&ity* or to the threats and 
intreaties of their chief; but they carried 
away and killed l'ome of the oxen. The 
watchful keepers complained to their father, 
and Jupiter, at the requeft of Apollo, punilhed 
the offence of the Greeks. r j he hides of 
the oxen appeared to walk, and the flelh 
which was roafting by the fire began to bel 
low, and nothing was heard but dreadful 
noiles and loud lowings. The companions 
of Ulyfles embarked on board their Ihips, 
but here the refentment of Jupiter followed 
them. A florin arofe, and they all periftred 
except Ulyfles, who laved himfelf on the 
broken piece of a malt. Homer. Od. 12, 

c. 119.— Propert. 3, el. 12.-According 

to Ovid. Met 2, v. 349 > Lampetia is one of 
the Heliades, who was changed into a 
poplar tree at the death of her brother 
Phaeton. 

Lampeto & Lampedo, a queen of the 
Amazons, who boafted herfelf to be the 


[ daughter of Mars. ' She gained many con- 
I quefts in Alia, where fhe founded itveral 
I cities. She was furprifed afterwards by a hand 
of barbarians, att(t deftroyed with her female 
j attendants. Jnftn. 2, c. 4. 

l.AMPEUs Ik i.AMPiA, a mountain of 
Arcadia. Stat. 8. 

i ampon, f.AMPos, or Iampus, one of 

/ the horles of Diomedes.-Of Hcdtor.—— 

Of Aurora. Homer. II. 8 , Od. 23.-A fort 

of l.aomedon father of Doloys.-A footb- 

lay er of Athens in the age of Socrates. Plub 
in Pericl. 

Lamponia & Lam poNi um, a city of 

Troas. Here dot. 5, c. 26.-An illand on 

the coaft of Thrace. Sirab.13. 

LamponiuSj in Athenian general, fent by 
his countrymen to attempt the conqueft of 
Sicily. Jif in. 4, c. 3. 

Lampridius JEl ius, a Latin hiftcrian 
in the fourth century, who wrote the lives 
of lome of the RomUn emperors. His ftyle 
is inelegant, and his arrangement injudicious* 
His life of’ Commodus, Huliogabalus, Alex¬ 
ander. Severus, &c. is ftill extant, and to bfe 
found in the works of the 'Hiforia Auguf.ce 
Scriptores. . 1 • i. . 

Lamprus, a celebrated mulician, &c.— C. 
Nip. in Rpam. , 

I.ampsacus & Lampsacum, now Lam * 
faii, a town of Alia Minor on the borders of 
the Propontis at the north of Abydos. Pri- 
apus was the chief deity of the place, of which 
he u’as reckoned by lome the founder. His 
temple there was the afylum of levvdnels and 
debauchery, and exhibited Icenes of the molt 
unnatural luft, and hence the epithet Lamp-, 
facius is ufed to exprefs immodeuy and wan- 
tounefs. Alexander refoived to deftroy the 
city on account of the vices of its inhabitants; 
or more probably for its .firm adherence to the 
intereft of Perfia. It was, however, fared 
from ruin by the artifice of Anaximenes. [Fid. 
Anaximenes.] It was formerly called Pityufs, 
and received the name of Lampfapus, from 
Lampface, a daughter of Mandrou, a king of 
Phrygia, who gave information to lome Pho- 
ceans who dwelt there, that the reft of the in* 
habitants .had confpired againft their life. This 
timely, information faved them from deftruc- 
tion. The city afterwards bore the name of 
their prelerver. The wine of Lampfacus was 
famous, and therefore, a tribute of wine was 
granted from the city by Xerxes to maintain 

the table of Themiftocles. Mela , 1,0.19._ _ 

St tab. 13. — Pauf. 9, c.* 31 .—Hcrodet. 5, q. 
117.— C. Nep. in Tbemif. c. 10.— ASPoid. I, 
Trif. 9, v. 26. Paf. 8, v. 345 '— Lire. 33, c. 
3 °* 1 * 35 , 0 . 4 1.—Martial. 11 , ep. 17 , 52 . 
Lamptera, a town of Phocsea in Ionia*— 

Liv. 37, C.JJI. 

Lampteria, a feftival at Pellene in A- 
chaia, in honor of Bacchus, who was furnamed 
Lampter from A-a t (Mr;<v, to- fbine, becatrfe,. du¬ 
ring this folemnity, which was obfenred in the 

• night, 





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night, the worfhippers went to the temple of 
Bacchus, with lighted torches in their hands. 

It was alfo cuftomary to place veflels lull'of 
wine in t'^veral parts of every ftreet in the 
city. Pauf. 4, c. 21. 

Lam pus, a ton of TEgyptus.-A man of 

Elis.-A Ion of Prolaus. 

Lamus, a king Of the I.affirygones, who is 
fuppuled by tome to have founded Ffirmix in 
Italy. The family of the Lamia? at Rome 
was, according to the opinion of tome, de 

i'cended from him. Hor.it. 3, od. \ j. -A 

fon of Hercules and Omphale, who fucceeded 
his mother on the throne of Lydia. Ovid. 

Heroid. 9, v. 54.-A Latin chief k lied hv 

Nifus Hirg. JEn. 9, v. 334.-A river of 

Boeotia. Pauf. 9, c. 31.--A Spartan ge¬ 

neral hired by Nedfanebus king of Egypt. 

DioJ. 16.-A city of Cilicia.-A town. 

near Formiae, built by the Lteftrygones. 

LamykcS > buffoon, a furname of one of 

the Ptolemies.-Olte of the auxiliaries of 

Turnus killed by Nifus. Virg. JEn. 9,.v. 
334 - 

Lanassa, a daughter of Cleodanis, .who 
married Pyrrhbs, the ton ' of Achilles,, by 
whom the had eight children. Plut. in Py.rr. 

— Jojlin. 17, c. 3.-A daughter of Aga- 

thocles, who married Pyrrhus, whom, the loon 
after forfook for Demetrius. Plut i. „ 

Lancea, a fountain, &c. Par/. . 

Lancia, a town of Lufitania.. JFlor. 4, c. 
12. 

Landi, a pfedple of Germany conquered by 

Ctelar. 

Lancia - , a river of Pelop.onnefus, falling 
into the bay of Corinth. 

Langobardi, a warlike nation of Ger¬ 
many, along .the Sprhe', called improperly 
Lombards by' tome.. Tacit. An. 2, c. 45, G. 
40 . 

Langrobriga, a town of Lufitania. 

Lanuvium, a town of Latium, about 16 
miles from Roilrie on the Appiao road. J uno 
had there a celebrated temple which was fi e- 
quented by the inhabitants of Itaiy, and .par- 
cularly by the Romans, whole conluls on firft 
entering upon office offered lacrifiges to the 
goddels. The ftatue of the goddels was co¬ 
vered with a goat’s fkin, and armed with a 
budkler and fpear, and wore lboes which were 
turned upwards in the form of a cone. Cic. 
pro Mur. de Nal. D.l, c. 29. fro Milan. IO. 
— Liv. 8, c. 14.— Ital. 13, v. 364. 

Laobotas or Labotas, a. Spartan king, 
of the family of the Agidje, who fucceeded 
his father Echeftfatus, 13 . C. 1023. During 
his reign war was declared aeainit Argos, 
by Sparta. He fat "ori the throne for 37 years, 
and was fucceeded by Doryflus his fon. Puuf. 
3 i c. a. 

Laocoon, a ion of Priam and Hecuba, 
or according to others, of Antenor, or of 
Capys. As being prieft of Apollo, he was 
•ommiffioned by the IVojans to offer a bul¬ 


lock to Neptune to render him. propitious. 
During the faciif.ce two enormous feipefits 
ifTued from the fea, ar.d' attacked ! aocoorf^ 
two Ions who flood next to the ahrnp The 
father immediately attempted lo defend hW 
Tons, but the i'erpcntf falling upon him 
fqueezed him in their complicated wreaths, 
fb that he.died in the greareft agonies. This 
punifliment was inflicted upon him for his te¬ 
merity in. diffuading the Trojans to- hrirfg 
into the city the fatal wooden horfe which 
the Greeks had confecrated to Mliderva, as 
alto . for Ins impiety in hurling, a javelin 
againft the fides of the horfe as it entered 
w.thin-the walls. Hyginus attributes this to 
his.marriage againft the coflient of Apollo; or 
according to others, for his polluting the 
temple, by his commerce with his wife A11- 
.tiope, before the .ftatue of the-god. Virg. 
JEn. 2, v. 41 & 201. — Hygin. fab. 135. ' 

Laodama s, a fon of-Alcinous, king of the 
Phacacians, who offered to vvreftle with Ulyf- 
fes, while, at his father’s court. -Ulyffes, 
mindful of.-the hofpitality of Alcinous, re¬ 
filled. the challenge of* Laodamas. Homer. Od. 

7, v.- 170.-A- fon' of Eteocles, Ring of 

Thebes. Pauf.. 9,-0. iy: . 

LAodaLjaIa, a daughter of Acaftus' and 
Aftyd.imia, who married Protefilaus, the fori 
..of Jphiclus king of a. part of Theffaly. The 
departure of her hyfband f 0 r the Troj;n war 
was .the fource of grief to her, but when fhe 
heard that he had Fallen by the hand of Hecx 
tor, her forrow was increaled. To keep alive 
the memory of a bufhand whom fhe had ten¬ 
derly loved, fhe ordered a wooden-ftatue th 
be made and regularly placed in her bed. This 
was teen by one of her lervants, who informed 
Iphiclus that his daughter’s bed was daily de¬ 
filed by an unknown ftranger. Iphictus 
watched his daughter, and when he found 
that the intelligence was falle, he ordered the / 
vvooden image to be burned, in hopes of diffi- 
pating his daughter’s grief. He did not fuc- 
.ceed. Laodamia threw herfelf into the 
flames with the image and perilhcd. This 
circumftance has givan occsfion to fabulous 
traditions related by the poets, which men¬ 
tion, that Protefilaus was reftored to life, 
and to Laodamia for three hours, and that 
when he was obliged to return to the infernal 
regions, he perfuaded his wife to accompany 
him. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 447. — Ovid. Her. op. 

13, Eyrin.i ab.,.104.— Propert. t,eh 19. - - 

A" daughter <>f Bellerophon by Achemone the 
daughter of king Iobates. She? had a fon by 
Jupiter called Sarpedon. She dedicated her- 
l'elf to the fetvice of Diana, and' hunted with 
her, but her haughtinefs proved fatal to her’, 
and flic perifhed by the arrows‘of the ■godde.'Vi 

Homer. II. 6, 12 & 16.-A daughter of 

Alexander, king of Epirus, by Olympia the 
daughter of Pyrrhus, She wasafTaflinated in th^- 
temple of Diana, where the had fled for (Safety, 
during a uditioti. Her murderer, call 4 

C c 4 V®* 











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Milo, foon after turned his- dagger againft his 
own bread, and killed himfelf." J'uJlin.% 8, 
c - 3 *_ ^ 

Laodice, a daughter of Priam and He¬ 
cuba, who became enamoured of Acamns, ion 
of Thefeus, when lie came with Diomedes 
from the Greeks to Troy with an cmbafl'y to 
demand the reftoration of Helen. She ob¬ 
tained an interview and the gratification of her 
defires at the houfe of Phiiebia, the wife of a 
governor of a fmall town of Troas which the 
Greek ambafiador had vifited. She had a fon 
by Acamas, whom fhe called Munitus. She af¬ 
terwards married Helicaon, fon of Antenor, and 
Telephus king of Myfia. Some call her Aftyc- 
che. According to the Greek fcholiait of Lyco- 
phron, Laodice threw herfelf down from the 
top of a tower and was killed when 1 roy was 
lacked by the Greeks. Diciys Cret. I.— 

Pauf.i 3, c. 26.— Homer. II. 3 & 6.-One 

of the Oceanides.-A daughter of Cinyras, 

fey whom Elntus had fome children. Apollod. 

3, c. 14.--A daughter of Agamemnon, 

called alfo Ele6ha. Horner. II. 9.-A fil¬ 

ter of Mithridates who married Ariarathes 
king of Cappadocia, and afterwards her own 
brother Mithridates. During the fecret ab- 
ence of Mithridates fhe proftituted herfelf 
to her fervants, in hopes that her hufband was 
dead; but when fhe faw her expe&ations 
fruilrated, fhe attempted to poifon Mithri- 

dates, for which fhe was put to death-A 

queen of Cappadocia put to death by her fub • 
jedts for poifoning five of her children.*-—— 
A filler and wife of Antioclnrs 2d. She put to 
death Berenice, whom her hufband had mar¬ 
ried. \Vid. Antiochus 2d.] She was murder¬ 
ed by order of Ptolemy Evergetes, B. C. 246. 

■-A daughter of Demetrius fhamefully put 

to death by Ammonius the tyrannical minifter 
of the vicious Alexander Bala, king oE.Syria. 
*-A daughter of Seleucus.-The mo¬ 

ther of Seleucus. Nine months before fhe 
brought forth fhe dreamt that Apollo had in¬ 
troduced himfelf into her bed, and had pre¬ 
sented her with a precious flone, on which w^s 
engraved the figure of an anchor, commanding 
her to deliver it to her fon as foon as born. 
This dream appeared the more wonderful 
when in the morning fhe difeovered in her bed 
a ling anfvvering the fame defcription. Not 
only the Ion that fhe brought forth called Se¬ 
leucus, but alfo all his fucceffors of the houfe 
of the Seleucida?, had the mark of an anchor 
upon their thigh, jxjtirt. — Appian. id Syr. 
mentions this anchor, though in a different 
manner, 

Laodice A, now Ladik , a s city of Afia, on 
the borders of Cari,V Phrygia, and Lydia, ce¬ 
lebrated for its commerce, and the fine foft 
and bjack wool of itsfheep. It was originally 
called Diofpolis , and afterwards Rhoas ; and re¬ 
ceived the name of Lacdicea, in honor of La¬ 
ttice, the wife of Antiochus. Plin. 5. c. 29.— 
Strab. 12.— Mela, I, c. 12.— Cic. 5, Ati. 15. 


р, o Flat- -Another in Media deftroyed 

by an earthquake in the age of Nero.-—~ 
——Another in Syria, called by way of di- 
ftindfioil Laodicea Cabiofa, or ad Libanum. 

.-Another on the borders of Ccelofyiia- 

Strab. ■ • ' 

L.aod?cene, a province of Syria, which re¬ 
ceives its name from Laodicea,its capital. 

! aodochus, a fon of Antenor, whole form 
Minerva borrowed to advife Pandarus to 
break the treaty winch fubfiited between the 

Greeks and Trojans. Homer. II 4 --7 An 

attendant of Antilochus—-A fon of Priam. 

Apollod. 3, c. 12.-A fon of Apollo and 

Phthia. Id. I4 C. 7. 

Laooonus, a fon of Bias brother toDnr- 
danus, killed by Achilles at the fiege of I ro)« 

Horn. II. 20, v. 461.-A prieft of Jupiter, 

killed by Merion in the Trojan war. Homer. 
II. 16, v. 604. 

Laogoras, a king <tf the Dryopes, who 
accuftomed his lubjefts to become robbers. 
He plundered the temple ol Apollo at Del¬ 
phi, and was killed by Hercules. Apollod. 2, 

с. 7.— Diod. 4. 

LAotf ord, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 
tbarme, daughter of Pygmalion. She' died m 
Egypt. Apollod. 3,c. 14. 

Laomedon, fon of llus king of Troy, 
married Strymo, called by fame Placia, or 
Leucippe, by whom he had Podarces, after¬ 
wards known by the name of Priam, and He- 
lione. He built the walls of Troy, and wos 
afiifted by Apollo and Neptune, whom Jupiter 
had baniihed from heaven, and condemned to 
be fubfervient to the will of «. aomedon for one 
vear. When the walls were finifhed, [.aome¬ 
don refilled to .reward the labors of the gods, 
and foon after his territories were laid waft© 
by the god of the fea, and his fubjeCts were 
vifited by a peftnence lent by Apollo. Sacri¬ 
fices were offered to the' offended divinities, 
but the calamities of the Trojans increafed* 
and nothing could appeale the vods., according 
to the words of the oracle, but- annually to 
expole to a fea monitor a Trojan virgin. 
Whenever the monfter appeared fhe mar¬ 
riageable maidens were atfembled, and the lot 
decided which of them was doomed to death 
for the good of her country. When this ca¬ 
lamity had continued for five or fix years, the-, 
lot fell upon Hefione, Laomedon’s daughter. 
The king was unwilling to part with a daugh¬ 
ter whom he loved with uncommon tenders 
nefs, but his refulal would irritate more 
ltrongly the wrath of the gods. In the midft 
of his fears and hefitations, Hercules came and 
offered tp deliver the Trojans from this public 
calamity-, if Laomedon promifed to reward him 
with a number of fine horfes. The king con¬ 
ferred, but when the monller was dellroyed, 
he refufed to fulfil his engagements, and Her¬ 
cules was obliged to beliegeTroy and take it 
by force of arms. Laomedon was put to 
death after a reign of 29 years, his daughter 

Hefione 





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He Gone was given in marriage toTclamon, ene 
of the conqueror’s attendants, and Podarces was 
ranfomed by the Trojans and placed upon his 
father’s throne. According, to Hyginus, the 
wrath of Neptune and Apollo was kindled againfi 
Laomedon becaufe he refuted to offer on their 
altars, as a iacrifice, all the firft born of his 
cattle, according to a vow which he had made. 
Homer. II. 21 — Virg. JEn. 2 Sc 9. — Ovid. 
Met. II, fab. 6. — Apollod. 2, c. 5.— Pan/, j. 

c. 20.— Horat. 3, od. 3.— Hygin. 89.-A 

demagogue of Meffana in Sicily.-A la- 

trap of Phoenicia, See. Curt. 10, c. 10.-An 

Athenian, &c. Plut. -An Orchomenian. Id. 

Laomkdonteus, an epithet applied to the 
Trojans from their king JLaomedon. Virg. 
JEn. 4, v. 542. 1 . 7,'v. 105. 1 . 8, v. 18. 

JLaomedontiad;e, a patronymic given to 
the Trojans from JLaomedon their king. Vir^. 
JEn. 3, v. 248. 

Laonome, the wife of Polyphemus one of 
the Argonauts. 

Laonomene, a daughter of Thefpius, by 
whom Hercules had two ions, Teles and Me- 
nippides, and two daughters, Lyfidice and 
Stendedice. Apollod. 2, c. 7. 

Laothoe, a daughter of Altes, a king of 
the Leleges, who married Priam, and became 
mother ot Lycaon and Polydorus. Homer. 
Jl. 21, v. 85.——One of the daughters of 
Thefpius, mother of Antidu% by Hercules. 
Apollod. 2, c. 7. 

Laous, a river of Lacediemon. 

La pat hus, a city of Cyprus. 

Laphria, afurname of Diana at Patrte in 
Achaia, where fhe had a temple with a lta- 
tue of gold and ivory, which reprelentcd her 
in the habit of a huntreft. The ftatue was 
made by Menechmus and Soidas,Avo arlifts of 
celebrity. This name was given to the god- 
dels from Laphrius, the l'on of Delpbus, who 
confecrated the ltatue to her. There was a 
feftival of the goddefs there called alio La¬ 
phria, of which Pauf. 7, c. 18, gives an account. 

Laphvstium, a mountain in Bceotia, where 
Jupiter had a temple, whence he was called 
Laphypus. It was here that Athamas pre¬ 
pared to immolate Phryxus and Helle, whom 
Jupiter faved by fending them a golden ram, 
whence the furname and the homage paid to 
the god. Pauf. 9, c. 34. 

Lapideus, a lurname of Jupiter among 
the Romans. 

LapIthje, a people of Theffaly. \Vid. 
Lapithus.] 

Lapitho, a city of Cyprus. 

Lapithus, a fon of Apollo, by Stil.be. 
He was brother to Centaurus, and married 
Or/monhe, daughter of Euronymus, by whom 
he had Phorbas and Periphas. 1 he name of 
Lapithcs was given to the numerous children 
of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the in¬ 
habitants of the country of which they had 
obtained the fovereignty. The chief of the 
Lapithae affembled ta celebrate the nuptials of 


Pirithous, one of their number, and iimonsr 
them were Thefeus, Dryas, Hopfeus, Mop. 
fus, Phalerus, Exadius, Prolochus, Titarefius, 
&c. The Centaurs were alio invited to par¬ 
take the common feftivity, and the amuic- 
ments would haveheen harrqleisaud innocent, 
had not one of the intoxicated Centaurs of¬ 
fered violence to Hippodamia the wife of 
Pirithous. The Lapithae relented the injury, 
and the Centaurs lupported their companions, 
upon which the quahel became univerful, and 
ended in blows and daughter. Many of the 
Centaurs were Haiti, and they at laft were 
obliged to retire. Theleys among the Lapith® 
fhewed himfelf brave and intrepid in fupport- 
ing the caufe of his friends, and Neff-r alio 
was not left active in the protection of chaliity 
and innocence. This quarrel arofe from the 
refentment of Mars, whom Piritlious forgot 
or neglected to invite among die other gods, 
at the celebration of his nuptials, and there¬ 
fore the divinity punifhed the infuk by fow- 
ing diffenfion among the feftive affembly, 
\Vid. Centauri.] Hefiod has delcribed the 
battle of the Centaurs and Lapitha?, as alfo 
Ovid in a “more copious manner. The in¬ 
vention of bits and bridles for horles is attri¬ 
buted to the Lapfthie. Virg. G. 3, v 115-. 
JEn. 6, v. 601. 1 . 7, v. 305.— Ovid. Md. Xl, 
V. 530. 1 . 14, v.670.— Hejif.d. in. Scut. — Died. 
4.— Pind. 2 . Pyth. — Strab. 9. Slat. Tbcl. 7, 
v. 304. 

La pith TDM, a town of Arcadia, Pauf. 
3, c. 20. 

LarA or Laranda, one of the Naiads, , 
daughter of the river Almon in Latium, fa¬ 
mous for her beauty and her loquacity, which 
her parents long endeavoured to corredf,. but 
in vain. She revealed tp Juno the amours of 
her hufband Jupiter with Juturna, for which 
the god cut off her tongue, and ordered Mer¬ 
cury to conduit her to the infernal regions. 
The meffenger of the gods fell in love with 
her by the way, and grati{ied hispaflion. Lara 
became mother of two children, to'whqm the 
Romans have paid divine honors according t» 
the opinion of lome under die name of Lares, 
O vid. Fuji. 2, v. 599. 

I.ARENTIA& Laurentia, a courtezan in 
the firll ages of Rome. [ ViJ. Acca.] 

Lares, gods of inferior power at Rome 
who prefided over houles and families. They 
were two in number, fons of Mercury by 
Lara. [ Vid. Lara.] In prscefs of time their 
’ power was extended not only over ijoufes, but 
alfo over the country and the fea, and we find 
Lares Urbani to prefide over the cities, Fa~ 
miliares over houles, Rujlici over the country, 
Compitales over crofs roads. Alar ini over the 
lea, Viales over the roads. Patellarii, 
According to the opinion of fome, the worlhip 
of the gods Lares, who are fuppoled to be the 
lame as the manes, ariles from the ancient 
cuftom among the Romans and other natigns 
of burying their dead in their houles, and 









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from their belief that their fpliits continually 
hovered over thehoufes, for the protection of 
its inhabitants. The ftatues of t he Lares re- 
ienibling monkeys, and covered with the fkin 
of a dog, were placed in a niche behind , the 
doors of the houfes, 013 around the hearths. 
At the feet of the Lares was the figure of a 
dog barking, to intimate their care and vigi¬ 
lance. Incenfe was burnt on their altars, 
and a fovv was alfo offered on particular 
days. Their fefuvals were obferved at P.ome 
in the month of May, when their ftatues 
were crowned with garlands of fiowers, and 
offerings of fruit preiented. The word I.ares 
feems to be derived from the Etrufcan word 
Lars, which fignifies conductor, or leader. 
Ovid. Fuji. J, v. 129.— Jttv. 8, v. 8.— Pl/.i. 
in Qti<rji. Rom. — Varro de L. L . 4, c. 10.— 
Herat. 3, od. 23.— Plant, in Aid. c if Gift. 

Lakga, a well known proftitute in Ju¬ 
venal’s age. Juv. 4, v. 25. 

Largos, a Latin poet who wrote a poem 
on the arrival of Anterior in Italy where he 
built the town of Padua. He compofed with 
eafe and elegance. C*uid. ex Font. 4, ep. 16, 
v. 17. 

LarTdes, a fon of Daucus or Daimus 
who aftifted Turnus againft ./Eneas, and 
had his hand cut off with one blow by Pallas 
the fon of Evander. Virg. JEn. ip, yl 391. 

Larina, a virgin of Italy, who accom¬ 
panied Camilla in her war againft ./Eneas. 
Virg. JEn. II, v. 655. 

LarTnum or LarIna, now Larino, a 
town of the Frentani on the ft ifernus before 
it falls into the Adriatic. The inhabitants were 
called Larinates. Ital. I5, V. 5 65 .— Cic. Clu. 
63, 4. Ait. 12- 1 . 7, ep. 13.— Liv. 22, c. 18. 

1 . 27, c. 40.— Caf. C. I, c. 23. 

Larissa, a daughter of Felafgus, who 
gave her name to fome cities in Greece. 

Pan/. 2, c. 23.-A city between Paleftine 

and Egypt,-where Pompey was murdered and 

buried according to fome accounts.-A 

large city on the banks of the Tigris. It had 
a l'mall pyramid near it, greatly inferior to 

thofe of Egypt.-A city of Afia Minor, 

on the fouthern confines of Troas. Strap 

13.-Another in /Eolia, 70 ftadia from 

Cvvne. It is furnamed Phriconis by Strabo, 
by way of diftindtion. St rob. 13 —Homer. II. 

2, v. 640.—-Another near Ephefus.- 

Another on the borders of the Peneus in 
Theffaly, also called Cremujle from its fitua- 
tion, (Penjnts,) the moft famous of all the 
cities of that name. It was here that Acri- 
fi.is was inadvertently killed by his graudfon 
Perfeus. Jupiter had there a famous temple, 
on account cf which he is called LariJJaus. 
The fame epithet is alfo applied to Achilles, 
who reigned there. It is ftill extant, and bears 
the lame name. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 542.— 
Virg. JEn. 2, v. 197.— Lucan. 6. — Liv. 31, 
e. 46. 1 . 42, c. 36.——A citadel of Argos 
Wwtlt by Danaus. 


La1U3S-£PS. [V/d.J Lari flu.] • ■ 

Lartssus. a river of Peloponnefus flowing 
between Elis and Achaia, Strap 8.— Liv. 2 ']■/ 

C 31.— Pauf. 8, C. 43. 

Larius, a i.ft-ge lake of Cifalpir|e Gaul, 
through which the Addua runs in its. way 
into the Po t above Cremona. Virg. G. 2, v. 
159 / 

Lap. nos, a l'mall defolate iftuad on the 
coaft of Thrace 

Laronia a fnamelefscourtezan in Juvenal's 
age. . 'Juv. 2, v. 86. 

I.ARs Tolumn.ius, a king of the Vei- 
cutes conquered by die P,omaus, and put to 
death, A. U. C. 3.29. Liv. 4, c. 17. &r 

19. ' 1 

T. Lartius Florus, a conful, who ap- 
peafed a (edition, faffed by-the poorer citi¬ 
zens, and was the firft di&ator ever chofen> 
at Rome, B. C. 498,.. He made Spurius 
Caffius hiS mafter of horfe. Liv. 2, c. 18. 

-Spurius, one of the three Romans who 

alone vvithftood the Jury of Porfenna’s army 
at the head of a bridge while the commu¬ 
nication was cutting down behind, them. 
His companions were Codes and Hermi- 
nius. [ Vid. Codes.] Liv. 2, c. io & 18. 

— Diouyf. Hal .— Val. Max* 3, c. 2.-The. 

name of Lartius has been common to many 
Romans. 

LaRtolietant, a people of Spain# 

Lary-JE, a name given to the wicked fpirit? 
and apparitions which,according to the notions 
of the Romans, hfued from their graves 
in the night and came to terrify the world. 

As the word larva fignifies a rnajk , whole 
horrid and uncouth appearance often ferves 
to frighten children, that name has been given 
to the ghofts or fpeclres which fuperftifion be¬ 
lieves to hover around the graves of the dead. • 
Some call them Lemures. . Servius in Virg . 
JEn. 5, v. 64. 1 . v. 152. 

Lakymna, a- town of. Boeotia,, where • 
Bacchus had a temple and a ftatue.-Ano¬ 

ther in Caria. Strab. 9 & 16.— Mela , I, c. 
16. 1. 2, c. 3. 

Larysium, a mountain of Laconia. Pajif. 
3>e- 33- 

Las si a, an ancient name of Andros. 

Lassus or Lasus, a dithyrambic poet 
born at Hermione in Peloponnefus, about 
500 years Wore Chrift, and reckoned among 
the wife men of Greece by fome. He is par¬ 
ticularly known by the anlvver he gave to a 
man who alked him what could beft render 
life pleafant and comfortable ? Experience. ■ 
He was acquainted with mufic. Son*: frag¬ 
ments of his poetry are to be found in Athe- 
naeus. He wrote an ode upon the Cen¬ 
taurs and an hymn to Ceres, without infert- 
ing the letter S in the, compofition. Atbcn . 
1 °. . , / , 1 

Lasthenes, a governor of Olynthus cor¬ 
rupted by Philip king of Macedonia.——A 
Cretan demagogue conquered by Metellus 
. the 














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the Roman general.-A cruel minifter 

at the court of the Seleucidse, kings of Syria. 

Lasthf.nTa, a woman who dil'guifed 
herl'elf to come and hear Plato’s leffons. Diog. 

Latagus, a king of Pontus who affifted 
TEetes againlt the Argonauts, and was killed 

by Darapes. Place . 5, v. 584.-One of 

the companions of 7 Eneas, killed by Mezen- 
tius. Firg. JEn. 10, v. 697. 

Lateranus Plautus, a Ropian conful 
elecft A. D. 65. A confpiracy with Pifo 
againft the emperor Nero proved fatal to him. 
He was led to execution, where he refuted 
to confefs the affociates of the confpiracy, and 
did not even frown at the executioner who 
was as guilty as himfelf, but when a firfl 
blow could not fever his' head from his body, 
he looked at the executioner and fhaking his 
head he returned it to the hatchet with the 
great ell compofure, arid it was cut off. There 
exifls now a celebrated palace at Rome which 
derives its name from its ancient poffeffors, 
the Laterani. 

Laterium, the villa of O. Cicero at Ar 
pinum near the Idris. Cii. ad Attic. 10, 
ep. i,l 4 , ep. 7. adfr. 3, cp. 1.- -Piin. 15,0.15. 

I,a italt s, a l'umame of Jupiter, who was 
worfhipped by the inhabitants of Latium upon 
mount Albanus at dated times. The fe.Tivals, 
which were tirft infihuted by Tarqtiin the 

proud, laded 15 days. Lin. 21. - [Fid. 

i trite Latinte.] 

L vrTxi, the inhabitants of Latium. [Fid. 
1. :tium.] 

Laitnius Latiaris, a celebrated in 
. f .rmer, &c. 'Lick. 

La t Inxjs, a ion of Faunns by Mnrica, 
king of the Ab iigmes, in Italy, who from 
him were called Latini. lie married Amata 
bv whom lie had a fon and a daughter. The 
l 'n died in his infancy, and the daughter, 
died Lavinia, was fecretly promised in mar- 
n fge by liei mother to Turnus king of the 
Rutuii, one of her molt powerful admirers. 
'J’he gods oppoled this union, and the oracles 
declared that Lavinia muft become the wife 
of a foreign prince. The arrival of TF.neas in 
Italy feemed favorable to this predition, 
,1 id Latinos, by offering his daughter to 
the foreign prince and making him Ins friend 
and ally, feemed to have fulfilled the com¬ 
mands of the oracle. Turnus however dif- 
approved the conduct of Latinus, he claim¬ 
ed Lavinia as Ins lawful wife, and prepared to 
flipport his caufe by arms. ./Eneas took up 
afms in his own defence, and Latium was 
the feat of the war. After mutual Ioffes it 
. was agreed, that the quarrel fhpuld be de¬ 
cided by the two rivals, and Latinus promiled 
his daughter to the conqueror. ./Eneas ob¬ 
tained tile victory, and married Lavinia, La- 
iinus loon after died and was fucceeded by his 
foil-in-law. Firg. JEn. 9, &c.— Ovid. Met. 
T ;,&c. Fajl. 2 , 8 cc . — Dionyf. Hal. X, C. 13. 
Liv, 1, c. I, ice .— jrjlin. 43, c. 1 ■■■■■■■—A 


fon of Sylvius TEncns furnamed alfo Sylvius. 
He was the fifth king of the Latins and fuc¬ 
ceeded his father. He was f.nher to Alba 
his luccefTor. Dionyf. 1, c. 15.— Liv. 2, c. 34 

-A fon of Ulylf.es and Circe alfo bore this 

name. 

Latium, a country of Italy near the river 
Tiber. It was originally very circumferibed, 
extending only from the Tiber to Cireeii, 
hut afterwards it comprehended the territo¬ 
ries of the VoLci, TEqi.i, Hornici, Aufones, 
( Umbri, and Rutuii. The firft inhabitants 
were called Aborigines , and received the 
name of Latini from Latinus their king. 
According to others the word is derived from 
lateo, to conceal , becaufe Saturn concealed 
himfelf there when flying the relentmeut of 
his Ion Jupiter. Laurentum was the capital 
of the country in the reign of Latinus, La- 
vinium under ./Eneas, and Alba under Alca- 
nius. [Fid. AlB.i.] The Latins, though 
originally known only among their neigh¬ 
bours, loon rofe in conlequence when Ro¬ 
mulus hxd founded the city of Rome in their 
country. Firg. JEn. 7, v. 38. 1 . 8. v. 322. 
— Slrab , 5.— Dionyf. Hal- — ft flin. 20, c. I. 
— Plat, in Ron:id. — Piin. 3, c. i 2 .—Tiicit. 4, 
Ann. 5. 

Latius, a furname of Jupiter at Rome. 
Stat. 5.— Sylv. 2 , v. 392. 

Latmus, a mountain of Caria near Mile¬ 
tus. It is famous for the refidence of Iindv- 
mion, whom Diana regularly viiited in the 
night, whence he is often called Laimas 
Hcros. [Fid. Endymion.] . Mela , 1, c. 17. 
— Ovid. Trijl. 2 . v. 299. Art. Am. 3, v. 8 ]. 
— Piin. 5, c. 29. — St tab. 14.— Cic. I, Tuf 
28. 

I.atoB iu s, the god of health among the 
Corinthians. 

Latop.rigi, a people of Etlgic Gaul. 

Latois, a name of Diana as being the 

daughter of Latona.-A country houfe 

near Ephefus. 

Latomi®. [Fid. Latumiae..] 

Latona, a daughter of Corns the Link 
and Phoebe, or, according to Homer, of Sa¬ 
turn. She was admired for her beauty, and 
celebrated for the favors which (he granted to 
Jupiter. Juno, always jealous of her huf- 
band’s amours, made Latona the objeft of 
her vengeance, and fent the ferpent Python to 
diilurb her peace and perfecute her. Latona 
wandered from place to place in the time 
of her pregnancy, continually alarmed for 
fear of Python. She was driven from heaven, 
and Terra, influenced by Juno, refuled to 
give her a place where fhe might find reft 
and bring forth. Neptune, moved with com¬ 
panion, (truck with his trident, and made im¬ 
moveable the ifland of Delos which before 
wandered in the TEgean, and appeared fome- 
times above, and fometimes below, the furface 
of the fea. Latona, changed into a quail by 
Jupiter, came to Delos, where fhe relumed 
3 her 









LA 


LA 


her original fliape, and gave birth to Apollo 
and Diana, leaning againft a palm tree or an 
olive. Her repole was of Ihort duration, 
Juno dil'covercd the place of her retreat, and 
obliged her to fly from Delos. She wandered 
over the greateit part of the world, and in 
Caria, where her fatigue compelled her to 
flop. {he was infulted and ridiculed by peal'ants 
ef whom Ihe afked for water, while they 
were weeding a marlb. Their refufal and in- 
folence provoked her, and Ihe intreated, Ju¬ 
piter to punith their barbarity. They were 
alt changed into frogs. She was expoied to 
repeated infults by Niobe, who boalted her- 
felf greater than the mother of Apollo and 
Diana, and ridiculed the prefents which the 
piety of her neighbours had offered to La- 
tona. [Fid. Niobe.] Her beauty proved 
fatal to the giant Tityus, whom Apollo and 

Diana put to death. [^Tityus.] At laft, 
Datona*, though perfecuted and expofed to the 
refentment of Juno, became a powerful deity, 
sod law her children receive divine honors. 
Her worfhip was generally eftablilhed where 
her children received adoration, particularly 
at Argos, Delos, &c. where Ihe had temples, j 
She had an oracle in Egypt, celebrated for the 
true decifive anfwers which it gave. Diod. 5. 

,— Herodot. I, C. 155 -— Pouf. 2 Sc 3.- -Homer , 

Jl.'ll. Hymn in Ap. ‘iff Dian - He/tod. Theog. 

.— -Apollod. 3, c. 5 & 10 r-O-vid. Met . 6, v. 
l6o.-— Hygin. fab. 140. 

Latopolis, a city of Egypt. Strab. 

Latous, a name given to Apollo as foil of 
Latona. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 9. 

Iatrrus, one of the Centaurs, who, after 
killing Halelus, was himfelf (lain by Cameus. 
Ovid''. Met. 12, v. 463. 

Laudamia, a daughter of Alexander king 
#f Epirus and Olympias daughter of Pyrrhus, 
killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged 

populace. Jufiin. 28, c. 3.-The wife of 

Protefilaus. [Fid Laodamia.] 

Laudice. [PjV. I.aodice.] 

Laver na, the goddefs of thieves and dif- 
honeft perfons at Rome. She did not only 
prefide oyer robbers, called from her I.aver- 
nicnesj but the protected fuch as deceived 
others or formed their lecret machinations 
in obfeurity and filence. Her worfhip was 
very popular, and the Romans raifed her an 
altar near one of the gates of the city, which, 
from that circumftance, was called the gate of 
Laverna. She was generally reprefented by a 
head without a body. Horat. 1, ep. 16. v. 60. 
_ Varro de L. L. 4.-A place mentioned 


by Flat . &c. 

Lavernium, a temple of Laverna, near 
Form ice. Cic. 7. Att. 8. 

Laitfella, a wanton woman, See. Juv. 


6>v. 3*9- ... • 

Laviana, a province ef Armenia Mi¬ 


nor. 

LXvTnia, a daughter of king Latinos and 
Amata. She was betrothed to her relation 


king Turnus, but becaufe the oracle ordered 
her father to marry her to a foreign prince, fhe 
was given to /Eneas After the death of Tur¬ 
nus. [Fid. Latinus,] At her hulhand’s death 
fhe was left pregnant, and being fearful of the 
tyranny of Afcanius her fon-in-law, fhe fled 
into the woods, where fhe brought forth a fon 
called ./Eneas Sylvius. Dianyf. Hal. i.—* 
Firg. JEn. 6 & 7 .~-~Ovid. Met. 14, v. 5 ° 7 ‘~~ 
Liv. I, C. I. 

LavTnium or LavTnum, a town of Italy, 
built by /’Eneas, and called by that name i« 
honor of Lavinia, the founder’s wife. It was 
the capital of Latium during the -reign of 
iEneas, Firg. JEn. 1, v. 262.— Strab. 5.-— 
Dionyf. Hal. I.— Liv. I, C. 2 .< — JuJIitt, 43 » 
C. 2. 

Laura, a place near Alexandria in 

; Egypt- ' ... 

Laureacum, a town at the confluence of 
the Ens and the Danube, now Larch , 

LaurentAlia, certain feflivals celebrated 
at Rome in honor of Laurentia, on the laft 
day of April and the 23d of December. They 
were, in procefs of time, part of the Satur¬ 
nalia. Owl. Fajl. 3, V. 57. 

Lau rentes agri, the country in the 
neighbourhood of Laurentum. Tibull. 2, ei. 
5, v. 41. ✓ 

Laurentia. [Fid. Acca.] 

LaurentTnj, rhe inhabitants of Latium. 
They received this name from the great num¬ 
ber of laurels which grew in the count!y. 
King Latinus found one of uncommon lnrge- 
nels and beauty, when he was going to build 
a temple to /ipollo, and the tree was confe- 
crated to the god, and preferved with th$ 
moll religious ceremonies. Firg. JEn. 7, v*. 
59 - 

Lauaentius, helonging to Laurentum or 
Latium. Firg. JEn. 10, v. 709. 

Laurentum, now Paterno , the capital of 
the kingdom of Latium in the reign of Lati¬ 
nus. Tt is on the fea coaft eafl of the Tiber. 

| V>d. Laurentini.] Strab. 5.— Mel/, 2, c. 4. 
— Liv. I, C. I.— Fir-. JEn. 7,v. 171. 

Laurion, a place of Attica, where were 
gold mines, from which the Athenians drew 
confldeiablc revenues, and with which they 
built their fleets by the advice of ThetniC. 
tocles. Thefe mines failed before the age 
of Strabo. Thucyd. 2. — Fai/f. 1, c. 1.—- 
Strab. 9. 

Laurqn, a town of Spain, where Pom- 
pey’s fon was conquered by Caefar’s army. 

Laus, now Lai,no, a town on a river of the 
fame name, which forms the fouthern boundary 
of Lucanu. Strab. 6. 

Laus Pompeia, a town of Italy, founded 
by a colony fent thither by Pompey. 

Latjsus, a fon of Numitor, and brother of 
Ilia. He w-as put to death by his unci# 
Amulius, who ufurped his father’s throne. 

Ovid. Fajl. 4, v. 54. - A fon of Mezentius, 

king of the Tyrrhenians, killed by iEneas in 

the 







LE 


LE 


the war which his father arid Turtms made 
againft the Trojans. Virg. JEn . 7, v. 649. 

1. 10, v. 426, &c. 

Lautium, a city ofJLntium. 

Lautumije or LaTovia;, a prifon at 
SyraCuie cut out of the fiolid rock by Diony- 
fius, and now converted into a fubterraneous 
garden filled with numerous fhrubs, floriftting 
in luxuriant variety. Cic. Ver. 5, c. 27.—- 
Liv. 26, v. 27. 1. 32, c. 26. 

Leader, a l'on of Altacus, who killed 
Eteoclus. Apollod. 

l„f.jEi, a nation of Pceonia, near Mace¬ 
donia. 

Lejena, an Athenian harlot. [ Vid. LScna.] 

Leander, a youth of Abydos, famous for 

his amours with Hero. [ Vld. Hero.]-A 

Milefian who wrote an hiltorical commentary 
upon Ids country. 

Leandre, a daughter of Amycias, who 
married Areas. Apdlod. 

Leandrias, a I.acc-dtemonian refugee of 
Thebes, who declared, according to an ancient 
©racle, that Sparta would lofe the fuperiority 
over Greece when conquered by the Thebans 
at Leuftra. Diod. 15. 

Lfanira, a daughter of Amycias. \Vid. 
Leandre.] 

Lear c hus, a fon of Athamgs and Ino, 
cruflied to death againft a wall by his father, 
in a fit of madnefs. [ Vid . Athamas.] Ovid. 

6, v. 490. 

Lebadea, now Lioadias, a town of Bceo- 
tia, near mount Helicon. It received this 
name from the mother of Afpledon, and be¬ 
came famous for the oracle and cave of Tro- 
phonius. No moles could live there, accord¬ 
ing to Pliny. Strab. 9.— Plin. l6, C. 36.— 
Pauf. 9, c. 59. 

Lebedus or Lebedos, a town of Ionia, 
at the north of Colophon, where feftivals were 
yearly obferved in honor of Bacchus, and 
where Trophonius had a cave and a temple. 
Lyfimachus deltroyed it, and carried part of 
the inhabitants to Ephefus. It had been 
founded by an Athenian colony, under one of 
the Ions of Codrus. -Strab. 14.— Horat. 1. 
©p. it, v. 7.— Herodt. I, c. 142.— Cic. 1, 
Div. 33- 

Lfbena, a commercial town of Crete, 
with a temple facred to iEfculapius. Pauf. 2, 
c. 26. 

Lebintuos & Lebvnthos, an ifiand in 
the iEgean lea, near Patmos. Strab. 10.— 
Mela, 2, c. 7 .—Ovid. Met. 8, v. 222. 

Lechaum, now PelagOy a port of Corinth 
In'the bay of Corinth. Stat. Theb. 2, v. 381. 
— Liv. 32, c. 23. 

Lectum, a promontory now cape Baba, 
feparating Troas from iEolia. Liv 37, 
c. 37 * 

Lecythus, a town of Euboea. 

Leda, a daughter of king Thefpius and 
Eurythemis, who married TyndaruS, king of 
Sparta. She was Teen bathing in the river 


F.urotas by Jupiter, when fhe was feme few 
days advanced in her pregnancy, and the god 
llruck with her beauty refolved to deceive 
her. He perfuaded Venus to change herlelf 
into an eagle, while he alfumed the form of 
afwan; and, after this metamorphofis, Jupi¬ 
ter, as if fearful of the tyrannical cruelty of 
the bird of prey, fled through the air into the 
arms of Leda, who willingly lheltered the 
trembling fwan from the a (faults of itis fupe- 
rior enemy. The carefiis with which the 
naked Leda received the (van, enabled Jupi¬ 
ter to avail himfelf of his fituation, and nine 
months after this adventure, the wife of Tyn- 
darus brought forth two eggs, of one of which 
fprang Pullur and Helena, and of the other 
Caftor and Clytemneftra. The two former 
were deemed the offspring of Jupiter, and the 
others claimed Tyndarus for their father. 
Some mythologifts attribute this amour to 
Nemcfis, and not to Leda; and they further 
mention, that Leda was entrufted with the 
education of the children which fprang from 
the eggs brought forth by Nemcfis. ( Vid. 
Helena.] To reconcile this diverlity of opi¬ 
nions, others maintain that I.eda received the 
name of Nemefis after death, Homer and 
Hefiod make no mention of the tnetamor- 
phofis of Jupiter into a iwan, whence fome 
have imagined that the fable wns unknow* to 
tliefe two ancient poets, and piobablv invented 
fince their age. Apollod. t, c. 8. 1 . 3,0. ic. 
— Ovid. Met. 6, V. 109.— HejioJ. 17, v. 5 c. 
— Hygin. fab. 77.— Jfocr. ir. HH. — Homer. 

Od. II.— Eurip. in Hel. -A famous dancer 

in the age of Juvenal 6, V. 63. 

Leu■?!.a, an epithet given to Hermioue, kc. 
as related to I.eda. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 32S. 

IjEuus, .• jvv Lez, a river of Gaul near the 
modern Alontpelier. Meta , 2, c. 5. 

Legio, a corps of ioldiers in, the Roman 
armies, whofe numbers have been different at 
different times. The legiorf under Romulus 
confided of 3000 foot and 300 horfe, and was 
foon after augmented to 4000, after the ad- 
miflion of the Sabines into the city. When 
Annibal was in Italy it confided of jcoo fo!- 
diers, and afterwards it decreafed to 4000, 
or 4500. Marius made it confiit of 6200, 
befides 700 horfe. This was the period of 
its greatnefs in numbers. Livy (peaks of ten, 
and even eighteen, legions kept at Rome. 
During the confular government it was ulual 
to levy and fit up four legions, which wer^ 
divided between the two confuls. This num¬ 
ber was however often incrc-afed, as time and 
occafion required. Augultus maintained a 
(landing army of twenty-three or twenty five 
legions, and this number was feldom dimi- 
niihed. In die reign of Tiberius there were 
27 legions, and the peace eftablifhment of 
Adrian maintained no lefs than 30 of thefe 
formidable brigades. They were diffributed 
over the Roman empire, and their ftations 
were fettled and permanent. The peace of 

lit i caiit 









L E 


LE 


Britain was piotefted by three legion?; fix- 
teen wer-e s ftationed on the banks of the Rhine 
and Danube, viz. two in Lower, and three in 
Upper, Germany; one in Noricum, one in 
Rhastia, three in Moefia, four. in Pannonia, 
and two in Dacia. Eight were Rationed on 
the Euphrates, fix of which remained in Syria, 
and two in Cappadocia, while the remote pro¬ 
vinces of Egypt, Africa, and Spain, were 
guarded each by a fingle legion. Ecfides ihefe, 
the tranquillity of Rome was preferyed by 
20 ,OCO foldiers, who, under the titles of city 
cohorts and of pnetorian guards, watched over 
the fafety of the monarch and of the capital. 
The legions were diftinguilhed by - different 
appellations, and generally borrowed their 
name from the order in which they were 
firft railed, as prima,feettnda, tevtlu , quarta, 
&c. Befides this diftmeliun, another more 
expreflive was generally added, as from the 
name of the emperor who embodied them, 
as Augufa, CL udiana, Galbiana, Fla via, 
U/piu, Tmjana, Anioniana, &c. from the 
provinces or quarters where they were Ra¬ 
tioned, as Britannica, Cyrenica , Gallica , &c. 
from the provinces which had been fubdued 
by their valor, as Parthica , Scylhica , Ara¬ 
bic#, Africans , Sec. from the names of the 
deities whom their generals particularly.vvor- 
fnipped, as Minervia, Apollinaris, &c. cr 
from more trifling accidents, as Martin, Ful- 
minatrix, Rapax , Adjutrix, &c. Each legion 
was divided into ten cohorts, each cohort into 
three want puli, and every manipulus into three 
^centuries or ordines. The chief commander 
of the legion was called legatus , lieutenant. 
The ftandards borne by the legions were 
various. In the firft ages of Rome a wolf 
,was the ftandard, in honor gf Romulus; 
after that a- hog, becaufe that animal was 
generally facrificed at the conclufion of a 
treaty, and therefore it indicated that war is 
undertaken for the obtaining of peace. A 
minotaur was fometimes the ftandard, to in¬ 
timate the fecrecy with which the general 
was to aft, in commemoration of the laby¬ 
rinth. Sometimes a horfe or a boar was 
ufed, till the age of Marius, who changed all 
'thefe for the eagle, being a reprefentation 
of that bird in filver, holding fometimes a 
thunderbolt in its claws. The Reman eagle 
ever after remained in ufe, though Trajan 
made ufe of the dragon. 

Lejtus, or Lktus, a commander of the 
Boeotians at the fiege of Troy. He was laved 
from the victorious hand of Heftor and from 
death by Idomeneus, Homer. II. 2, 6, & 17. 

-One of the Argonauts, fon of Aleftor. 

Apollod. 2, C, 9 . 

Lelai’S, a dog that never failed to feize 
and conquer whatever animal he was ordered 
to purfue. It was given to Procris by Diana, 
and Procris reconciled hevfelf to her hufband. 
by preferring him with that valuable prefent. 
According to fome, Procris had received it 


from Minos, as a reward for the dangeroitg 
wounds of which fhe had cured him. Hyoin. 
fab. 128.— Ovid. Met. 7, y. qtji.—Pavf.j), 
c. 19.——One of Aft teen’s dogs. Ovid. Met . 
3, v. 211. . 

Leleges,. (a \iyrv to gather) a. wandering 
people, compofed of different unconnected na¬ 
tions. They, were originally inhabitants of 
Caria, and went to the Trojan war with Altes 
their king. Achilles plundered their country, 
and obliged them to retire to the.neighbour¬ 
hood of HalicarnafTus, where they fixed their 
habitation. ' The inhabitants of. Laconia 
and Megara bore this name for fome time, 
from- Lelex, one of their kings. Strah. 7 
& 8. — Homer. II . 21. V. 85 — Plin. 4, C. 7 • 
1 .5,.c. 30.— Firg. JEn. 8, V. .725.— Pauf 3, C. I. 

Lelegeis, a name applied to Miletus, 
becaufe once pofTefled by the Leleges. Plin. 
5, c. 29. . ' ■ . • • t • 

Lelex, an Egyptian, who came with a 
colony to Megara, where he reigned about 
2GO years before the Trojan war. His iub- 
jefts were called from him Leleges , and the 

place Lelegea mania. Pauf 3 ? c * 1 ■"-A 

Greek, who was the firft kjng of Laconia in 
Pelcfponnefus. Elis fubjefts were alfo called 
Leleges , and the country where he reigned 
Lehgia. Id. 

Lemanis, a place in Britain, where Cscfor 
is fuppofed to have firft landed, and therefore 
placed by fome at Lime in Kent. 

Lemannu*, a lake ifi the country of the 
Allobroges, through which the Rhone flows by 
Geneva. It is now called the lake of Geneva 
or Laufanne. Lucan. 1, v. 39 0 .~-Mela, 2, c. 5. 

Lemnos, an ifland in the iEgean fea be¬ 
tween Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. It 
was facred to Vulcan, called Lemnius pater , 
who fell there when kicked down from heaven 
by Jupiter. [Fid. Vulcanus»} It was cele¬ 
brated for two horrible maffacres, that of the 
Lemuian women murdering their hufbands, 
[Fid. Hipfipyle,] and that of the Lemnians, 
or Pelafgi, in killing all the children they had 
had by fome Athenian women, whom they 
had carried away to become their wives. 
Thefe two afts of cruelty have guten rile to 
the proverbs of Lemnian options, which is ap¬ 
plied to all barbarous and inhuman deeds. 
The firft inhabitants of Lemnos were the Pe¬ 
lafgi, or rather the Thracians, who were mur¬ 
dered by their wives. After them came the 
children of the .Lemnian widows by the Argo¬ 
nauts, whofe defeendants were atlaft expelled by 
the Pelafgi, about 1100 years before the Chris¬ 
tian era. Lemnos is about 112 miles in circum¬ 
ference, according to Pliny, who fays, that it 
is often lhadowed by mount Athos, though at 
the diftance of 87 miles. It has been called 
Hipfipyle, from queen Hipfipyle. It is famous 
for a certain kind of earth or chalk, called 
terra Lemnia, or terra ftgillaia , from the 
feal or imprefiion which it can bear. As 
the inhabitants were blackimiths, the poets 

hav* 




LE 


LE 


hive taken occafion to fix the forges of Vulcan 
in that ifland, and to conlecrate the whole 
country to his dn inity. Lemnos is alio cele¬ 
brated for a labyrinth, which, accord mg to 
1on\e traditions, furpafied thole of Crete and 
Egypt. Some remains of it were ftill vifible 
in the age of P;Jtay. The ifland of Lemnos, 
now called Stallmans, was reduced under the 
power of Athens by Miltiades, and the Ca- 
rians, who then inhabited it, obliged to emi¬ 
grate. ^Vrjr. ^AEn 8, v. 454. — Homer. II. I, 
v..59.;.— C. N p. in Milt .— Strain. 1, 2, 6c 7. 
—Herodot. 6, c. 140.— Mela , 2, c. 7.— Apol¬ 
lon. I, Arg. — Flat. 2, v. 78 .~~-Ovid. Art. Am. 
3, v. 672.— Stat. $. Tie*). 2^4. 

Lemovices, a people ot Gaul, now, Li- 
moujin Iff Limoges. C<ef. G. 7, G. 4. 

Lemovii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de 
Germ. 

Lem# res, the manes of the dead. The 
ancients iuppofed that the fouls, after death, 
wandered ail over the world, and (fillorbed 
the peace of it. inhabitants. The good lpirits 
were called I. a res familiares, and the evil ones 
were known by the name of Larva , or Le¬ 
mur es. '] hey terrified the good, and conti¬ 
nually haunted tile wicked and impious; ar.d 
the Romans had the fuperftiticn to celebrate 
feilivais in their honor, called Lemuria , dr 
Lemurialia, in the month of May. They 
were nrft tnftituted by Romulus to appeale the 
manes of his brother Remus, from whom 
they were called Lemuria, and, by corruption, 
Lemuria. Theie folemnities continued three 
flights, during which the temples of the gods 
were lhut, and marriages prohibited. It was 
ulual for the people to throw black beans on 
the graves of the deceafed, or to burn them, 
as the fmeli was fuppofed to be infuppottable 
to them. They alio muttered magical words, 
and, by beating kettles and drums, they be¬ 
lieved that the ghoils would depart and no 
longer come to terrify their relations upon 
.earth. Ovid. Fuji. 5, v. 421, &c.— Moral. 2, 
ep. 2, v. 209 .—Perjius 5, V. 185. 

Lem^ria&LemurAlia. [ Vid. Lemures.] 

LsNiEUS, a 1'urname of Bacchus, from 
a wine fir eft. There was a fellival 
called Lenaa, celebrated in his honor, in 
which the ceremonies obferved at the other 
feftivals of the god chiefly prevailed. There 
were, befides, poetical contentions, &c. Pauf 
. — Virg. G. 2, V. 4. JEn. 4, V. 207.— Ovid. 

Met. 4, v,- 14.-A learned grammarian, 

ordered by Pompey to tranflate into Latin 
fome of the physical manuferipts of Mithri- 
dates, king of Pontus. 

. Lentulus, a celebrated family at Rome, 
which produced many great men in the com¬ 
monwealth. The molt iilullrious were L. 
Corn. Lentulus, a conful, A. U. C. 427, who 
■dil per fed fome robbers who infelted Umbria. 

-Batintus Lentulus, a man who trained 

vp fome gladiators at Capua, which efcaped 
iram his fchool.-Cora. Lentulus furnatned 


Sura. He joined in Catiline’s conlpiracy, 
and aflilted in corrupting the Allobroges. He 
was convicted in full fenate by Cicero, add put 

in prilbn, • find' afterwards executed.-A 

conful.who triumphed over the Samnites— 

Cn. Lentulus, Unnamed Gaitulicus, was made 
coniul, A. D. 26, and was, fome time after, 
put to death by Tiberius, who was jealous of 
his great popularity. He wrote an hiftory, 
mentioned by Suetonius, and attempted alio 

poetry.-L. Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, 

put to death in Africa.-P. Corn. Len¬ 

tulus, a praetor, defeated by the rebellious 

flaves in Sicily.-Lentulus Spinther, a fe-‘ 

nator, kindly ufed by J. Cselar, &c.--A 

tribune at the battle of Cannae.-P. Lentu¬ 

lus, a friend of Brutus, mentioned by Cicero 
(de Orat. I, c. 48,) as a great and conlummate 

ftatefman.-Befid.s thefe, there are a few 

others, whole name is only mentioned in 
hiltnry, and whole life was not marked by 
any uncommon event. Tdie confullhip was 
in the famKy of the Lentuli in the years of 
Rome 427, 479* 5*7> 518, 553, 555, 59?, 
&C. Tacit. Ann — Liv. — F/or. — Plin.-—Plut. 
— Euirop. 

Leo, a native of Byzantium, who florifhed 
350 years before the Chriftian era. His 
I'hilolophical and political talents endeared 
him to his countrymen, and he was always 
font upon every important occafion as am- 
bafiador to Athens, or to the court of Philip, 
king of Macedonia. This monarch, well 
acquainted with the labilities of Leo, was fien- 
fible that his views and claims to Byzan¬ 
tium would never fucceed while it was pro¬ 
tected by the vigilance of fuch a patriotic ci¬ 
tizen. To remove him he had recourfe to 
artifice and -perfidy. A letter was forged, in 
which Leo made lblemn promifes of betray¬ 
ing his country to the king of Macedonia for 
money. This was no fooner known than 
the people ran enraged to 1 the houfeofLeo, 
and the philolbpher, to avoid their fury, and 
without attempting his jollification, ftrangled 
himlelf. He had written fome treatiles upon 
phylic, and alfo the hiftory of his country 
and the wars of Philip, in feven books, which 

have been loft. Pint. -A Corinthian at 

Syracule, &c.-A king of Sparta_A 

fon of Eurycrates. Ashen. 12.— Philojlr. 

-An emperor of the eaft, furnamed the 

Thracian. He reigned 17 years, and died 
A. D. 474, being iucceeded by Leo the Se¬ 
cond for 10 months,-and afterwards by Zeno. 

Leocorion, a monumeht and temple 
ereCted by the Athenians to Pafithca, The- 
ope, and Eubule, daughters of Leos, -who 
immolated thetnfelves when an oracle had 
orderded that, to (top the raging peftilence, 
fome of the biood of the citizens mull be 
lhed. JElian. 12, c. 28.— Cic. N. D. 3, 
c. 19. 

Leocrates, an Athenian general, who 
florifhed B, C. 460, &c. Hiod. 11. 

Leouamaj, 











LE 


LE 


LeodXmas, a fon of Eteocles, one of the 
feven Theban chiefs who defended the city 
agc'inft the Argives. He killed JEgialeus, 

and was- htjnfelf killed by Alcmteon.- 

A fon of He&or and Andromache. I) idly s 

Caret. 

Leodocus , one of the Argonauts. Flacc. 

Lkogoras, an Athenian debauchee, who 
maintained the courtezan Myrrhina. 

Leon, a king of Sparta. Herodot. 7, c. 204. 

-A town, of Sicily, near Syracufe. Liv. 

24, c. 25.. 

Leona, 3 courtezan, called alfo Ltena. Fid. 
Lama. 

Leonatus, one of Alexander’s generals. 
His father’s name was Emms. He diftin- 
gwifhed himfelf in Alexander’s conqueft of 
Alia, and once laved the king’s life in a dan¬ 
gerous battle. After the death of Alexander, 
at the general diviiion of the provinces, he 
received for his portion that part of Phrygia 
which borders on the Hellefpont. He was 
empowered by Perdiccas to alfni Eumenes in 
making himfelf mailer of the province of 
Cappadocia, which had been alloted to him. 
Like the reft of the generals of Alexander, 
he was ambitious of power and dominion. He 
alpired.to the lbvereignty of Macedonia, and 
iecretly communicated to Eutnenes the dif¬ 
ferent plans he meant to purfue to execute 
his deligns. He palled from Alia into Eu¬ 
rope to aftift Antipater againft the Athenians, 
and was killed in a battle which was fought 
loon after his arrival. Hiftoiians have men¬ 
tioned, as an inltance of the luxury of Leo¬ 
natus, that he employed a number of camels 
to procure fome earth from Egypt to wreftle 
upon, as, in his opinion, it feeined better 
calculated, for that jaurpofe. Pint, in Alex. — 
Curt. 3, C. 12. I- 6, c. 8.— Juflin, 13, c. 2. 
— DioJ. 18.— C. N‘p. in Bum. ——A Mace¬ 
donian with Pyrrhus in Italy againft the Ro¬ 
mans. 

Leonidas, a celebrated king of Lacedae¬ 
mon, of tlte family of the Euryfthenidx, lent 
by his countrymen to oppcne Xerxes, king of 
Perfia, who had invaded Greece with, about 
fve millions of fouls. He was offered the 
kingdom of Greece by the enemy, if he would 
not oppofe his views; but Leonidas heard the 
propofalTwith Indignation, and obierved, that 
he preferred death for his country, to an un¬ 
juft though, extenlive dominion over it. Be¬ 
fore the engagement Leonidas exhorted his 
foldiers, and told them all to dine heartily as 
they were to fup in the realms of Pluto. The 
battle was fought at Thermopykc, and the 300 
Spartans who alone had refufed to abandon the 
feene of a&ion, vvithftood the enemy with 
Inch vigor, that they were obliged to retire, 
wearied and conquered during three fucceflive 
d.ivs, till Ephialtes, a Trachiniau, had the per- 
lidy to conduct a detachment cf Perfians by a 
j^cret path up the mountain^ whence they 


fuddenly fell upon the rear of the Spartans, 
and crufhed them to pieces. Only one efcaped 
of the 300; he returned home where he 
was treated with inliilt and reproaches, for fly* 
ing inglorioully from a battie in which his 
brave companions, with their royal leader, had 
perilhed. This celebrated battle, which hap¬ 
pened 480 years before the Chriftian era, 
tauglvt the Greeks to defpil’e the number of 
the Perfians, and to rely upon their rfwn 
ftrength and intrepidity. Temples were railed 
to the fallen hero and feltivals, called Lr»- 
nidea, yearly celebrated at Sparta, in which 
free-born youths eoritended. Leonidas, as he 
i departed for the battle from f-acedaemon, gave 
{ no other injxmttion to his wife, but, after his 
I death,'to marry a man of virtue and honor, to 
raife from her children delerving of the name 
and greatnefs of her firft hufband. Herodot. 
7 , C. 120 , &C. — C. Nc{k in Tbetn.—'Jujlin. 2 . 
— Hal. Max. T, C. 6.— Ben/. 3, c. 4.— Pint. 

I in Lye. ilf Cleom. -A king of Sparta after 

i Areus II. 257 years before Chrift. He was 
driven from his kingdom by Cleombrotus, his 

Jon-in-law, and afterwards re-eftablilhed.-* 

A preceptor to Alexander the Great.-A 

friend of Parmenio, appointed commander, by- 
Alexander, of the foldiers who lamented the 
1 death of Parmenio, and who formed a lepa- 

rate cohort. Curt. 7, c. 2.-A learned 

man of Rhodes, greatly commended by 
Strabo, &c. 

Leontium & LeontTni, a town of Sicily, 
about five miles dillant from the fea-fnore. It 
was built by a colony from Chalcis, in Euboea, 
and was, according to fome accounts, once the 
habitation of the Lteftrvgones, for which rea- 
lon the neighbouring fields are often called Z<a?- 
Jlrygonii cam pi. The country was extremely 
fruitful, whence Cicero calls it the grand ma¬ 
gazine of Sicily. The wine which it produced 
was the belt of the ifland. The people of 
Leontium implored the afliftance of the Athe¬ 
nians againft the Syracufans, B. C. 427. Tbucyd. 
6.— Polyb. 7.— Ovid. Fajl. 4, v. 467.— ltal. 
14, v. 126.— Cic. in Herr. 5. 

Leontium, a celebrated courtezan of 
Athens, who ftudied philolbphy under Epi¬ 
curus, and became one of his moft renowned 
pupils. She proltituted herlelf to the philo- 
fopher’s fcholars, and even to Epicurus him- 
lelf, if we believe the reports which were 
railed by fome of his enemies. (Hid. Epi~ 
curus.) Metrodorus fliared her favors in the 
moft unbounded manner, and by him fhe had 
a fon, to whoth Epicurus was lb partial, that 
he recommended him to his executors on his 
dying bed. Leontium not only profefTed her- 
felf a warm admirer and follower of the doc¬ 
trines of Epicurus, but (he even wrote a book 
in fupport of them againft Theophraftus. 
This book was valuable, if we believe the tel* 
timony and criticifm of Cicero, who praifed 
the purity and elegance of its ftyie, and the 
5 truly 











teuly Attic tdrn of the exprefilons. Leon- 
fium had alto a daughter called Danae, who 
married Sophron. Cic. da Nat. D. I, c. 33. 

JLeontoce PtfAi,u$, a ltrongly fortified 
city of Phrygia. Plat. 

Teonton or JLeon'Topolis, a town of 
Egypt where lions were worshipped. JElian. 
if. An. 12, c. 7 <—Plm. 5, c. 10. 

JLeontycuide!!. Fid. Leotychides. 

Leos, a fon of Orpheus, who immolated his 
three daughters for the good of Athens. FiJ. 
I^eocorioii. 

LeosthenE s, an Athenian general, who, 
after Alexander’s death, drove. Antipater to 
Theflaly, where he befieged lum in tire town 
of The luccels which for a while at¬ 

tended his arms was l'oou changed by a fatal 
blow which he received from a done thrown 
by the befieged, B. C. 323. The death of 
I.eofthenes was followed by the total defeat of 
the Athenian forces. The funeral orarion 
over his body was pronounced at Athens by 
Hypeiides, in the abience of Demofthenes, 
.who had been lately banished for taking a 
bribe from Harpalus. \F>d. Lamiacum.] 
Diod. 17 & l%.-~Stral>. 9 .*—Another general 
«of Athens, condemned on account of the bad 
fuccefs which attended his arms againlt Pepa- 
rethos. 

Leotychides; a king of Sparta, fon of 
Menaces,of die family of the Proclidas. He was 
let over the Grecian fleet, and, by Ins courage 
and valor, he put an end to the Perfian war at 
the famous battle of Mycale. Ijt is laid that 
he cheered the fyirits of his fellow ibldiers at 
Mycale, who were anxious for their country¬ 
men in Greece', by railing a report that a 
battle had been fought at Platiea, in which the 
barbarians had been defeated This lucceeded, 
and though the information was premature, yet 
a battle was fought 'at Plataca, iji which the 
Greeks obtained the victory the fame day that 
the Perfian fleet was deflroyed at Mycale, 
Leqtychides was acculed of a capital .crime by 
the Epburi, and, to avoid the punilhment 
which his guilt Teemed to deferve, he fled to 
the ieisaple of Minerva at Tegea, where he 
perifhed, B. C. 469,after a reign of 22 years. 
He was l'acceeded by his grandlon Archida- 

rnus. Pauf. 3, c. 7 Sc 8.— Died. II.-A 

ton of Agis, kiiig of Sparta, by Tima?a. The 
legitimacy of his birth was difputed by fome, 
and it was generally believed that he was the 
fon of Alcibiades. He was prevented from 
afcendirtg the throne of Sparta by Lyfander, 
though Agis had declared him upon his death¬ 
bed his. lawful lqn and heir, and Agefilaus was 
appointed in his place. C. Nep. in Agef. — 
Piut. — Pavf 3, C. 8. 

Lephykium, a city of Cilicia. 

Lemda, a noble woman, accufed of at- 
.tempts to poifon her hufbafid, from whom flie 
had been Separated for 20 years. She was 
condemned under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 3, 
s, 12 . -A woman who married Scipio.-| 


Domitia, a daughter of Drufus and Antonia, 
great niece to Auguftus, and aunt to the em¬ 
peror Neio. She is defefibed by Tacitus as a 
common proftitute, infamous in her manners, 
violeut in her temper, and yet celebrated for 
her beauty. She was put to death by means 
of her rival Agrippina, Nero’s mother. Tacit. 

-A wife of Galba the emperor.——A wife 

of Caflius, &c. 

LepiuOs, M. JEmiuus, a Roman, cele¬ 
brated as being one of the triumvirs with 
Auguftus and Antony. He was of an illus¬ 
trious family, and, like the reft of his contem¬ 
poraries, be was remarkable for his amblicn, 
to-which were added a narrownefs of mind, 
and a great deficiency of military abilities. 
He was lent again!! Csefor’s murderers, and, 
fome time after, he leagued with M.' Antonv, 
who had gained the heart of his ibldiers by ar¬ 
tifice, and that of their commander bv his ad- 
drel's. When his influence and power among 
the loldiers had made him one of the trium¬ 
virs, he fhewed his cruelty, like his colleagues, 
by his proferiptions, and even fuffered his own 
brotlier to be facrificed to the dagger of the 
triumvirate. He received Africa as his por¬ 
tion in the divifion of the empire ; but his in¬ 
dolence Toon rendered him defpicable in the 
eyes of his loldiers and of his colleagues; and 
Auguftus, who was well acquainted with the 
unpopularity of Lepidus, went to his camp 
and obliged him to refign the power to which 
he was entitled as being a triumvir. After 
this degrading event, he funk into obfeurity, 
and retired, by order of Auguftus, to Cerceii, 
a fmall town on the coaft of Latium, where 
he ended his days in peace, B, C. 13, and 
where he was forgotten as loon as out of 
power. Appian. — Plat, in Aug.—FI or. 4, 

c. 6 & 7.-A Roman conful, lent to be 

the guardian of yoyng Ptolemy Epiphanes, 
vvdiom his father had left to the care of the 
.Roman people. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 67 — J"f- 
tin. 30, c. 3.-A l’on of Julia, the grand¬ 

daughter of Auguftus. He was intended by 
Caius as his luccelTor in the Roman empire. 
He committed adultery with Agrippina when 

young. Dion. 59.-An orator mentioned 

by Cicero in Brat. -A cenfor, A. U. C» 

734- 

LepTnus, a mountain of Italy. Colum. 10. 

I.eponth, a people at the fource of the 
Rhine. PI in. 3, c. 20. 

Lf.preos, a fon of Pvrgeus, who built a 
town in Elis, which he called after his own 
narne. He laid a wager that he would eat as 
much as Hercules; upon which he killed an 
ox and eat it up. He afterwards challenged 
Hercules to a trial of ftrength, and was killefl. 
Pauf. 5, c. 5. 

Leprium or Lepreos, a town of Elis. 
Cic. 6. Att. 2.—PI in. 4, c. 5; 

Leptines, a general of Demetrius, who 
ordered Cn. Octavius, one of the Roman am- 
bafladors, to be put to death.—-A fon of 
d Hermoctates, 





LE 


LE 


Hermocrates, of Syracufe, brother to Dle- 
nyflus. He was fent by his brother againft 
the Carthaginians, and experienced fo much 
fuccefs, that he funk fifty of their (hips. He 
was afterwards defeated by Mago, and ba- 
ttifhed by Dionyfius. He alwavs continued 
a faithful friend to the irttereils of his brother, 
though naturally an avowed enemy to tyranny 
and oppreilion. He was killed in a battle with 

the Carthaginians. Diod. 15.-A famous 

orator at Athens, who endeavoured to fet the 
people free from oppreflive taxes. He was op- 

poled by Demofthenes.-A tyrant of Apol- 

lonia, in Sicily, who furrendered to Timoleon. 
Diod. 16. 

Leptis, the name of two ckies of Africa, 
one of which, called Major , now Lebida, was 
near the Syrtes, and had been built by a Ty¬ 
rian or Sidonian colony. The other, called 
Minor y now Lemta, was about eighteen Ro¬ 
man miles from Adrometum. It paid every 
day a talent to the republic of Carthage, by 
way of tribute. Lucan. 2, v. 251.— Plin. 5, 
c. 19.— -Sallujl. in *fug. 77.— Mela , I, c. 8.— 
Strab. 3, v. 256.—Caf C. 2, C. 38.— Cic. 5. 
Ferr.Sy. 

Lkria, an ifland in the Aegean fea, on the 
coaft of Caria, about eighteen miles in cir¬ 
cumference, peopled by a Milefian colony. 
Its inhabitants were very difhoneft. Strab. 
IO. — Herodot. 5, c. 125. 

Lerina, or Planasia, a fmall ifland in 
the Mediterranean, on the coaft of Gaul, at 
the eaft of the Rhone. Tacit. Ann. i, c. 3. 

Lerna, a country of Argolis, celebrated 
for a grove and a lake, where, according to 
the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of 
their murdered hufbands. It wa< there alfo 
that Hercules killed the famous hydra. Tug. 
JEn. 6, V. 803. 1 . 12 , V. 517. — Strab. 8.— 
Mela, 2, c. 3. — Ovid. Met. I, v. 597.— Lu- 
c''et- 5.-— Stat. T'hcb. 6 , V. 638 — Apol'od. 2* 

c 15.-Therd was a feftival, called Leman, 

celebrated there in honor of Bacchus, Profer- 
pine, and Ceres. The Argivesulbd to carry 
fire to this Iblemnity from a temple upon 
mount Crathis, dedicated to Diana. Pauf. 

Lero, a fmall ifland on the coaft of Gaul, 
called alfo Lerina. 

Leros. Vid. Leria. 

- Lesbos, a large ifland in the /Eeean fea, 
now known by the name of Metelin , 168 
miles in circumference. It has been lever^lly 
called JEyira, Lafta , JEthiope, and Pelafgia, 
from the Pelafgi, by whom it was firft peopled, 
Mac aria, from Macareus who fettled in it, 
and Lejbos from the lon-in-law and luccefTor 
of Maeareus who bore the fame name. The 
chief towns of Lefties were Methymna and 
Mitylene. Lefbos was originally governed 
by kings, but they were afterwards fubjedled 
to the neighbouring powers. The wine which 
it produced was greatly efteemed by the an¬ 
cients, and Hill is in the fame repute among 
the moderns. The Lefbians were celebrated 

S 


among the ancients for their (kill hi rnuftc 
and their women for their beauty; but the 
general chara&er of the people was fo de¬ 
bauched and diflipate, that the epithet of Lef- 
bian was often ufed to fignify debauchery and 
extravagance. Lefbos has given birth to many 
ilhiftrious perfons, fuch as Arion, Terpander, 
&c. The bell verfes were by way of emi¬ 
nence often called Lejboutn carmen , from AT- ■ 
casus and Sappho, who diftinguilhed themfelves 
for their poetical compofitions, and were alfo 
natives of the place. Diod. 5.— Strab. 13.—- 
Virg. G. 2, v. 90.— Horat. I, ep. II.? — He- 
rodbt. i,c. 160. 

Lesbus or Lesbos, a fon of Lapithas, 
grandfon of ./Solus, who married Methymna 
daughter of Macareus. Hefucceeabd his fa¬ 
ther-in-law, and gave his name to the ifland' 
over which he reigrred. 

Lesches-, a Greek poet of Lefbos, who 
florilhed B. C.600. Some fuppofe him to 
be the author of the little Iliad, of which 
only few verfes remain quoted by Pauf. 10, 
c, 25. 

Lestrygones. Fid. Lasftrygones. 

l etanuM', a town of Propontis, built by 
the Athenians. 

Leth.®us, a river of Lydia flowing by 
Magnefia into the Maeander. Strab. 10, &c. 
.... — Another of Macedonia. Of Crete. 

Lethe, one of the rivers of hell, whofe 
waters the fouls of the dead drank after they 
had been-confined fora certain fpace of time in 
TartarUs. It had the power of making them 
forget whatever they had done, feen,or heard 
before, as the name implies, Xjj oblivion. 

-Lethe is a river of Africa, near the Syrtes, 

which runs under the ground, and fome time 
afcer riles again, whence the origin of the fable 

of the Letheaii ftreams of oblivion.-There 

is allb a river of that name in Spain.- 

Another in Bceotia, whofe waters were drunk 
by thole who confulted the oracle of Tropho- 
nius. Lucan. 9,v. 355.— Ov'H. Tri/I. 4, el. I, 

v. 47- Virg. G. 4, V. 545. JEn. 6, v. 714. — 

Ital. I, v. 235. 1 . IO, v. 555.— Pauf. 9, c. 39. 
— Horat. 4, od. J,v.2J. 

Letus, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 41, 
c. 18. 

Levan a, a goddefs of Rome, who pre- 
fided over the action. of the perfon who took 
up from the ground a newly-born child, after 
it had been placed there by the midwife. This 
was generally done by tire father, and fo reli- 
gioufly obferved was this ceremony, that the 
legitimacy of a child could be difputed without 
it. 

Leuca, a town of the Salentioes-near a 
cape of the lame name in Italy. Lucan. 5, 

v. 376.-A town of Ionia ■■-of Crete— 

of Argolis. Strab. 6,&c. 

Leucas or Leucadia, an ifland of the 
Ionian fea, now called St. Maura, near the 
coalVof Epirus, famous for a promontory called 
Leucatej Leucas , or Leusaies t where defponding 

loves* 






LE 


LE 


lovers threw themfelves into the fea. Sappho 
had recourfe to this leap to free herfelf from 
the violent paflion which lhe entertained for 
Phaon. The word is derived from Xivxaj, 
•white, on account of the whitenefs of its rocks. 
Apollo had a temple on the promontory, 
whence he is often called Leucadius. The 
inland was formerly joined to the continent by 
a narrow ifthmus, which the inhabitants dug 
through after the Peloponnefian war. Ovid. 
Ileroid. 15, v. 171 — Strab. 6, &c.— Ital. 15, 
v. 302.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 274. 1 . 8, v. 677. 
-A town of Phoenicia. 

Leucasion, a village of Arcadia. Pauf. 
8, c. 25. 

Leucaspis, a Tyrian, one of the compa¬ 
nions of ./Eneas, drowned in the Tyrrhene 
fea. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 334. 

Leucate. Vid. Leucas. 

Leuce, a fmall iflind in the Euxine fen, of 
a triangular form, between the mouths of the 
Danube and the Boryfthenes. According to 
the poets, the fouls of the ancient heroes were 
placed there as in the Elyfian fields, where 
they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped the 
repole to which their benevolence to mankind, 
and rheir exploits during life, teemed to entitle 
them. From that circumftance it has often 
been called the ifland of the bletTed, &rc. Ac¬ 
cording to fome accounts Achilles celebrated 
there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or rather 
Helen, and lhared the pleai'ures of the place 
with the manes of Ajax, &c. Strab. 2 — 
Mela, 2, C. 7.— Ammian. 22.— Q■ Calub. 3, 

v. 773.-One of the Occanides whom 

Pluto carried into his kingdom. 

Leuci, a people of Gaul, between the Mo- 
felle and the Maefe. Their capital is now 
called Tout. Ceef. B. G. 1, c. 40.-Moun¬ 

tains on the weft of Crete, appearing at a dis¬ 
tance like white clouds, whence the name. 

Leucippe, one of the Oceanides. 

Leuci ppides, the daughters of Leucippus. 
Vid. Leucippus. 

Leucippus, a celebrated philofopher of 
Abdera, about 428 years before Chrift, dif- 
ciple to Zeno. He was the firft who invented 
the famous fyftem of atoms and of a vacuum, 
which was afterwards more fully explained by 
Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hy- 
pothefes have been adopted by the moderns, 
with advantage. Diogenes has written his life. 

-A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, 

who married Philodice daughter of Inachus 
by whom he had two daughters, Hilaira and 
Phoebe, known by the patronymic of Leucip- 
pides. They were carried away by their eou- 
fins Caftor and Pollux, as they were going to 
celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus 2nd 
Idas. Ovid. Fajl. 5, v. 701.— Apollod. 3, c. 

IO, ice.— Pauf. 3, c. 17 & 26.-A fon of 

Xanthus, descended fron\_ Bellerophon. He 
became deeply enamoured of one of his fillers, 
and when he was unable to reftrain his unna¬ 


tural paflion, he refolved to gratify it. He ac¬ 
quainted his mother with it, and threatened to 
murder himfelf if ftie attempted to oppofe his 
views or remove the objeCt of his afferiion. The 
mother, rather than lofe a fon whom (he ten¬ 
derly loved, cherilhed his paflion, and by her 
content her daughter yielded herfelf to the 
arms of her brother. Some time after the 
father refolved to give his daughter in mar¬ 
riage to a Lycian prince. The future huf- 
band was informed that the daughter of Xan¬ 
thus fecretly entertained a lover, and he com¬ 
municated the intelligence to the father. 
Xanthus upon this lecretly watched his daugh¬ 
ter, and when Leucippus had introduced him¬ 
felf to her bed, the father, in his eagernefs to 
difeover the feducer, occafioned a little noife 
in the room. The daughter was alarmed, 
and as (he attempted to efcape (he received a 
mortal wound from her father, who took her 
to be the lover. Leucippus came to her af- 
fiftance, and (tabbed his father in the dark, 
without knowing who he was. This acciden¬ 
tal parricide obliged Leucippus to fly from hi* 
country. He came to Crete, where the in¬ 
habitants refufed to give him an afylum, when 
acquainted with the atrocioufnefs of his crime, 
and he at laft came to Ephefus, where he died 
in the grenteft mifery and remorle. Hcrmeft- 

anax apud Par then. C. $. - A l'on of CEno- 

maus who became enamoured of Daphne, and 
to obtain her confidence difguifed himfelf in a 
female drefs, and attended his miltrefs as a 
companion. He gained the affedtions of 
Daphne by his obfequioufnels and attention, 

: but his artifice at laft proved fatal through the 
influence and jealoufy of his rival Apollo; 
for when Daphne and her attendants were 
bathing in the Ladon, the fex of Leucippus 
, was ditcovered, and he perilhed by the darts of 
the females. Parthen. Erotic, c. 15.— Pauf 

8, c. 20.-A Ion of Hercules by Marfe. 

one of the daughters of Theipius. Apollod. 
3 > c. 7 - ^ 

Leucola, a part of Cyprus. 

Leu con, a tyrant of Bofphorus, who lived 
in great intimacy with the Athenians; He 
was a firm patron of the ufeful arts, and 
greatly encouraged commerce. Strab. — Diod. 

14.--A fon of Athamas and Themifto. 

Pauf 6, c. 22.-A king of Pontus killed by 

his brother, vvhofe bed he had defiled. Ovid. 

in. Ib. 3.-A town of Africa near Cyrene, 

Herodot. 4, c. 160. 

Leu cone, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave 
her name to a fountain of Arcadia. Pauf 8, 
c.i 44 * 

Leucones, a fon of Hercules. Apollod. 

Leuconoe, a daughter of Lycambes. 
The Leuconoe to whom Horace addrelfes his 
I od. 11, feems to he a fictitious name. 

Leucopetra, a place on the ifthmus of 
Corinth, where the Achseans were defeated 
by the cooiul Mummius.——A promontory 
D d % fix 








LE 


LI 


fix miles eaft from Rhegium in Italy where 
the Apptnnines terminate and fink into the 
lea. 

Leucop:irys, a temple o£ Diana, with 
3 city of the lame name, near the Meander. 
The goddeis was reprefented under the figure 
of a woman with many breafts, and crowned 
with vidlory.—‘-An ancient name of Tenedos. 
Pauf. io, c. 14.— S.trdh. 13 & 14* 

Leucopolis, a town of Caria. 

Leucos, a river of Macedonia near Pyd- 
na.-A man, &c. Vid. Idomeneus. 

Leucosia, a fmall illand in the Tyrrhene 
Tea. It received its name from one of the 
companions of ./Eneas, who was drowned 
there, or from one of the Sirens, who was 
thrown there by the fea. Strab. 5.— Ovid. 
Met. 15, v. 708. 

Leucosyrii, a people of Afia Minor, 
railed afterwards Cappadocians. Strab. 12. 
The l'ntpe name is given to the inhabitants of 
Cilicia where it borders on Cappadocia. C.Nep. 
14, c. r. 

LedcStiioe or LeucotheA, the wife 
ef Atharms, changed into a fea deity. [ Vid. 
Ino.] She was' called Matura by the Ro¬ 
mans, who raifed her a temple, where all the 
people, particularly women, offered vows for 
their brother’s children. They did not intreat 
the deity to protect their own children, becaufe 
Ino had been unfortunate in her’s. No female 
-ilaves were permitted to enter the temple, or if 
their curiolity tempted them to tranfgrefs this 
rule, they were beaten away- with the greateft 
Severity. To this lltpplicating for other people’s 
children, Ovid alludes in thefe lines; 
Fuji. 6. 

Non ta'Ven han.p pro Jlirpe fud pia mater ado rat, 
Ipfa pa mm J'eiix vfa fuijfe parens. 

——A daughter of king Orchamus by Eu- 
rynome. Apollo became enamoured of her, 
and to introduce himlelf to her with greater 
facility, he afilimed the lhape and features 
of her mother. Their happinefs was com¬ 
plete, when Clytia, who tenderly loved Apol¬ 
lo, and was jealous of his amours with Leu- 
eothoe, dil’covered the whole intrigue to her 
father, who ordered his daughter to be bu¬ 
ried alive. The lover, unable to fave her 
from death, fprinkled ne&ar and ambrofia on 
her tomb, which penetrating as far as the 
body changed it into a beautiful tree which 
bears the frankincenfe. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 

196.-An-illand in the Tyrrhene, fea, near 

Caprese.-A fountain- of Samos-A 

town of Egypt-of Arabia. Mela , a, c. 7. 

— ' - A part of Afia which produces frank¬ 
incenfe. 

Leuctra, a village of Boeotia, between 
Plataea and Thefpia, famous for the victory 
which Epartunondas the Theban general ob¬ 
tained over the fupetior force of Cleombro- 


tus, king of Sparta, on the 8th of July, B. (X 
371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartan* 
were killed, with their king Cleombrotus, 
and no more than 300 Thebans. From that 
time the Spartans loft the empire of Greece* 
which they had obtained for near 500 years* 
Pint, in Pclop. Ilf Agef. — C. Nep. in Epant. 
—6’ c. 6. — Xenophon. Hijl. Grae . 
— -Diod. 15.— Pauf. Lacon. — Cic. de ojfic. 1, 
C. 18. Tufc. I, C. 46. Att. 6, ep. I.— 
Strab. 9, 

Leuctrum, a town of Laconia. Strab. S? 

Leucus, one of the companions of Ulyl- 
fes, killed before Troy by Antiphus fon of 
Priam. Hornet. 11 . 4, v. 491. 

Leucyanias, a river of Peloponnefus, 
flowing into the Alpheus. Pauf. 6, c. 21. 

Leyinus. Vid. Laevinus. 

Leutychides, a Lacedemonian, made 
king of Sparta on the expulfion of Dema- 
ratus. Herodot. 6, c. 65, Sec — Vid. Leo- 
tychides. 

Lexovji, a people of Gaul, at the mouth 
of the Seine, conquered with great flaugh- 
ter by a lieutenant of J. Ctefar. Caf. 
bell. G» 

Libanius, a celebrated fophift of Anti¬ 
och in t'.e age of the emperor Julian. He 
was educated at Athens, and opened a fchool * 
at Antioch, which produced lome of the 
heft and moil of the literary characters of the 
age. Libanius was naturally vain and arro¬ 
gant, and he contemptuoufly refufed the of¬ 
fers of the emperor Julian, who wilhed to 
purchafe his friendfhip and intimacy by 
railing him to offices of the greateft fplendor 
and affluence in the empire. When Julian 
had imprifoned the fenators of Antioch for 
their impertinence, Libanius undertook the 
defence of his fellow-citizens, and paid a vifit 
to the emperor, in which he aftonilhed 
him by the boldnefs and independence of his 
expreffions, and the firmnefs and refolution 
of his. mind. Some of his orations, and 
above i6co of his letters are extant; they 
difeover much affeCtation and obfeurity of 
ftyle, and we cannot perhaps much regret the 
lofs of writings which afforded nothing but a 
dilplay of pedantry, and quotations from 
Homer. Julian fubmitted his writings to 
the judgment of Libanius with the greateft 
confidence, and the fophift freely rejeCtqd 
or approved, and fhowed that he was more at¬ 
tached to the perfon than the fortune and 
greatnefs of his prince. The time of his 

death is unknown.-The belt edition of 

Libanius feems to be that of Paris, fol. 1606, 
with a lecond volume publilhed by Mor^ll, 
1627. His epiftles have been edi^gd by 
Wolf. fol. 1738. 

Libanus, a high mountain of Syria, fa¬ 
mous for its cedars. Strab. 6. 

LiBentTna, a furname of Venus, who 
had a temple at Rome, where the young wo- 

me» 







ni«n ufed to dedicate the toys and childifh 
amuicments of their youth., when arrived at 
nubile years. Farro. de L. L. 5, c. 6. 

LTber, a furname of Bacchus, which fig- 
nifies free. He received this name from 
his delivering lome cities of Bceptia from 
flavery, or according to others, hecaui'e 
wine, of which he was the patron, delivered 
mankind from their cares, and made them 
ipeak with freedom and unconcern. The 
word is often ufed for wine itlelf. Sente, de 
tranq. anim. 

Libera, a goddefs, the fame as Profer- 

pine. Cic. in Ver. 4, c. 48.-A name 

given to Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when 
he had married her. Ovid. Fa/i. 3, v. ji \. 

Liber alia, feftivals yearly celebrated 
in honor of Bacchus the 17th of March. 
Slaves were then permitted to ipeak with 
fieedom, and every thing bore the appear¬ 
ance of independence. They were much the 
fame as the Dionyfia of the Greeks. Farro. 

Libert as, a goddefs of Rome who had 
a temple on mount Aventiue, railed bv T. 
Gracchus, and improved and adorned by 
Pollio with many elegant ftatues and brazen 
columns, and a gallery in which were de- 
pofited the public adts of the Hate. She was 
yeprefented as a woman in a light drels, 
holding a rod in one hand, «nd a cap in the 
other, both figns of independence, as the 
former was ui'ed by the magiftrates in the 
manumiflion of {laves, and the latter was 
-worn by ilaves, who were loon to be let 
at liberty. Sometimes a cat was placed at 
her feet, as this animal is very fond of liberty, 
and impatient when confined. Liv. 24, 
c. 16. 1 . 25, c. 7.— Ovid. TrJJl. 3, el. I, 
V. 72. — Plut. in Grac- — Dio. CaJ. 44. 

LTbetiira, a fountain of M*agnefia in 
ThelTaly, or ofBceotia according to lbme, 
facred to the mufes, who from theuce are 
called Libethridcs. Firg. EcL 7, v. 21 — 
f Plin. 4, c. 9.— Mela, 2, C. 3 -— Strab. 9 
Sc IO. 

LTbethrides, a name given to the 
Mufes from the fountain Libetbra, or from 
mount Libethrus in Thrace. 

Libici, Libecii, or Libri, a people of 
Gaul who pafled into Italy, A. U. C. 364.— 
Liv. 5, C. 35. L 21 , C. 38.— Plin. 3, C I 7 -— 
Polyb. 2. 

LibitTna, a goddefs at Rome, who pre- 
fided over funerals. According to lome, fh6 
is the fame as Venus, or rather Proferpine. 
Serviu? Tullius firft raifed her a temple at 
Rome, where every thing neceffary for 
funerals was expofed to fale, and where the 
pegifters of the dead were dfually kept. 
Dionyf. Hal. 4.— Liv. 40, c. 19."— Vcil. Max. 
5, C. 2.— Pint. Quaji. Rom. 

Libo, a friend of Pompey, who watched 

ever the fleet, &c. Plut. -A Roman 

fitizen, &c. Horat. 1, ep. 19.—A friend of 


the firft triumvirate, who killed hipifelf and 
was condemned after death. 

Libon, a Greftc architect who built the 
famous temple of Jupiter Olymj ius. He 
florilhed about 4/0 years before the Chris¬ 
tian ere. 

Li bo ph c:\TcES, the inhabitants of tb« 
country near Omhage. 

Li bv r n a , ^ town of Dalmatia. 1 

Li burnia, now Croatia, a country of 
Tllyricum, between Iilria and Dajmatia, 
whence a colony came to fettle in Apulia, in 
Italy. There were ntRoj-ne a number of 
men whom the magiftrates employed as pub¬ 
lic heralds, who were called Liburni pro* 
bably from being originally of Liburni an 
extraction. Some (hips of a light conftruCtion 
but with ftrong beaks were alio called L'tbur- 
niart. Propert. 2, el. 11 , v. 44. — fuv. 4, 
V. ip.*—Martial. I. ep. JO, V. 33. — Horat. 
I, od. 37, v. 30. Epod 1, v. 1. — Lucan. 3, 
v. 534.— Gy ep. iC.—Me!a> 2, c. 3 — 
— Strab. 7.— Ptol. 2, C. 17. 

LiburnIdes, an ifland on the coaft of 
Liburnia, in the Adriatic. Strab. j. 

Libuknum mare, the lea which borders 
on the coafts of Liburnia. 

Libuknu^, a mountain of Campania. 

Libya-, a daughter of Epaphus and Cafi 
liopea, who became mother of Agenor and 
Belus by Neptune. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 1 . 3, 
c. 1.— Pauf. 1, 44.—A name given to 
Africa one of the three grand divilicns of 
the ancient globe. Libya, properly i’peaking, 
is only a part of Afiica, bounded on the 
epft by Egypt, and on the weft by that part, 
called by the moderns the kingdom of" Tri¬ 
poli. The ancients, according to fome tra¬ 
ditions mentioned by Heroditus, and oth^r-, 
failed round Africa, by fteeving weftward from 
the Red Sea, and entered the Mediterranean 
by the columns 6f Hercules, after a perilous 
navigation of three years. From the word 
Lybia, are derived the epithets of Libys , Li- 
byffa, Libyfis ., Libyjiis , Libytus , Libyficus, Li- . 
byjlituis , Libyjlteus. Firg. JEn. 4, v. 106. 1 . 5, 
V. 37.— Lucan. 4.— Sallujl. Sec. 

Lihycum mare, that part of the Medi¬ 
terranean, which lies on the coaft of Cyrene, 
Strab. 2. 

Libycus Sc Libystjs. [Fid. Libya.] 

Libys, a failor, &c. Ovic(. Met. 3. 

Liryssa, a river of Bithynia, with a 
town of the fame name, where was the 
tomb of Annibal, ftill extant in the age of 
Pliny. 

Lioates, a people of Vindelicia. 

Licha, a city nearLycia. 

Lichades, fmall iflands near Ca^neum, a 
promontory of Elwbcea, called from Lichas. 
Fid. Lichas. Ovid. Met. 9, v. ^55, 2i8.r-i 
Strab 9. 

Lichas, afervant of Hercules who brought 
him the poifoued tunic from pejajiira. He 
d 3 ** 









LI 


was thrown by lus mailer into the fea with 
great violence, and changed into a rock in the 
Euboean fea, by the companion of the gods. 
Ovid. Met. 9 , v. an. 

Liches, an Arcadian, who found the 
bones of Orefi.es buried at Tegea, &c. He - 
rodot. 

Licinia lex, was ena£led by L. Licinius 
CrafTus, and Q. Mutius, confuls, A. U. C. 
659. It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy 
to be enrolled on the lift of citizens in their 

refpedtive cities.-Another by C. Licinius 

Craflus the tribune, A. U. C. 608. It trans¬ 
ferred the right of chufing priefis from the 
college to the people. It was propofed but 

did not pafs.-Another by C. Licinius Stolo 

the tribune. It forbad any ptrfon to poffefs 
500 acres of land, or keep more than 100 

head of large cattle, or 500 of fmall.- 

Another by P. Licinius Varus, A. U. C. 545, 
to fettle the day for the celebration of the 
Ludi Apollinatesy which was before uncertain. 
——Another by P. Licinius CrafTus Divefc, 
B. C. no. It was the fame as the Fannian 
law, and farther required that no more than 
30 cffes fhould be fpent at any table on the 
calends, nones, or nundinae, and only three 
pounds of frefh and one of fait meat, on or¬ 
dinary days. None of the fruits of the earth 

were forbidden.-Another de fodalitiis, by 

M. Licinius the conful 69a. It impofed a 
fevere penalty on party clubs, or focieties 
aflembled or frequented for ele&ion pur- 
pofes, as coming under the definition of 
cmbitus , and of offering violence in fome de¬ 
gree to the freedom and independence of the 

people.-Another called alfo JEbutia, by 

Licinius and iEbutiusthe tribunes. It enabl¬ 
ed, that when any law was profered with re- 
fpe£ to any office or power, the perfon who 
propofed the bill, as well as his colleagues in 
office, his friends and relations fhould be de¬ 
clared incapable of being inveftcd with the faid 
office or power. 

Licinia, the wife of C. Gracchus, who 
attempted to diffuade her hufband from his 
feditious mealures by a pathetic fpeech. She 
was deprived of her dowry after the death of 
C-aius.-A veftal virgin accufed of incon¬ 
tinence, but acquitted A. U. C. 636.- 

Another veftal, put to death fdr her lafci- 

vioul’nefs under Trajan.-The wife of 

Maecenas, diftinguifhed for conjugal tender- 
uefs. She was filler to Proculeius, and bore 
alfo the name of Terentia. Horat. a, od. 12, 
V,I *‘ 

C. Licinius, a tribune of the people cele¬ 
brated for the confequence of his family, for 
his intrigues and abilities. He was a ple¬ 
beian, and was the firft of that body who was 
raifed to the office of a mafter of horfe to the 
dictator. He was furnamed Stolo, or ufelefs 
fprout, on account of the law which he had 
cfia^ed during his tribunefhip. [ Vid. Licinia 
lex by Stolo.] Re afterwards made a law 


.M 

which permitted the plebeians to (hare the 
confular dignity with the patricians, A. U. C. 
388. He reaped the benefits of this law, and 
was one of the firft plebeian confuls. This 
law was propofed and paffed by Licinius, as 
it is reported, at the inftigation of his ambi¬ 
tious wife, who was jealous of her lifter who 
had married a patrician, and who feemed to 
be of a higher dignity in being the wife of a 
conful. Liv. 6, c. 34.— Plut. ■ C. Calvus, 
a celebrated orator and poet in the age of Ci¬ 
cero. He diftinguifhed himfelf by his elo¬ 
quence in the forum, and his poetry, which 
fome of the ancients have compared to Ca¬ 
tullus. His orations are greatly commended 
by Quintilian. Some believe that he wrote 
annals quoted by Dionyfius of H.ilicarnaflus. 
He died in the 30th year of his age. Oaintil. 
— Cic, in Brut. 81.-Macer, a Roman ac¬ 

cufed by Cicero when prastor. He derided 
the power of his accufer, but when he law 
himfelf condemned he grew fo delperate that 

he killed himfelf. Plut. - P. CrafTus a 

Roman Tent againft Perfeus king of Mace¬ 
donia. He was at firft defeated, but after¬ 
wards repaired his Ioffes and obtained a com¬ 
plete vi&ory, See. -A conful lent againft 

Annibal.-Another who defeated the rob¬ 
bers that infefted the Alps.-A high prieft. 

-Caius Imbrex, a comic poet in the age of 

Africanus, preferred by fome in merit to 
Ennius and Terence. His Naevia and Neaera 
are quoted by ancient authors, but of all his 
poetry only two verfes are preferred. Aul. 

Gel. -A conful, &c.-Lucullus. [Hid. 

Lucullus.}-CrafTus [ Vid. CrafTus.]- 

Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the 
hiftory and geography of the eaftern countries, 
often quoted by Pliny He lived in the reign 

of Vefpafian.-P. Tegula, a comic poet of 

Rome about aoo years before Thrift. He is 
ranked as the fourth of the beft comic poets 
which Rome produced. Few lines of his 
compofitions are extant. -He wrote an ode 
which was lung all over the city of Rome by 
nine virgins during the Macedonian war. Liv. 
31, c. 12———Varro Muriena, a brother of 
Proculeius, who conipired againft Auguftus 
with hannius Ciepio and fufferedfor his crime. 
Horace addreffes his 2 od. 10 to him, and 
recommended equanimity in every fkuation. 
Dio. 54.""-.C. Flavius Valerianus a cele¬ 

brated Roman emperor. His father was a 
poor peafanr of Dalmatia, and himfelf a com¬ 
mon foldier in the Roman armies. His valor 
recommended him to the notice of Galerius 
Maximianus, who had once (hared with him 
the inferior and futordinate offices of the ar¬ 
my, and had lately been inverted with the 
imperial purple by Diocletian. Galerius 
loved him for his friendly lervices, particu- 
lailv during the Perfian war, and he thevved 
his regard, for his merit by taking him as a 
colleague in the empire, and appointing him 
over the province of Pannonia and Rhcctia. 

Conflautine,. 














Conftantine, who was alfo one of the empe¬ 
rors, courted the favor of Licinius, and made 
his intimacy more durable by giving him his 
fitter Conftantia in marriage, A. D. 313. 
The continual iuccefles of Licinius, particu¬ 
larly againft Maximinus, increased his pride, 
and rendered him jealous of the greatness of 
his brother-in-law. The perfections of the 
Chriftians, whofe doctrines Conftantine fol¬ 
lowed, foon caufed a rupture, and Licinius 
had the mortification to lofe two battles, one 
in Pannonia, and the other near Adrianopo- 
lis. Treaties of peace were made between 
thfe contending powers, but the reliefs am¬ 
bition of Licinius foon broke them ; and after 
many engagements a decifive battle was fought 
near Chaleedonia. Ill fortune again attended 
Licinius, who was conquered, and fled to Nico- 
media, where foon the conqueror obliged him 
to furrender, and to refign the imperial purple 
The tears of Conftantia obtained forgivenefs 
for her hufband, yet Conftantine knew what 
turbulent and a£live enemy had fallen into his 
hands, therefore he ordered him to be ftrangled 
at Theflalonica, A. D. 314. His family was 
involved in his ruin. The avarice, licentiouf- 
nefs, and cruelty of Licinius are as conlpicuous 
as his misfortunes. He was an enemy to 
learning, and this averlion totally proceeded 
from his ignorance of letters, and the rufticity 
of his education. His Ion by Conftantia bore 
all'* the fame name. He was honored with the 
title of Cafar when fcarc? 20 months old. 
He was involved in his father’s ruin, and put 
to death by order of Conftantine. 

LicTnos, a barber and freedman of Au- 
guftus, railed by his mailer to the rank and 
dignity of a fenator, merely becaufe he hated 
Pompey’s family. Horat. Art. P 301. 

Licymnius, a fon of Ele£tryon and bro 
ther of Alcmena. He was fo infirm in his old 
age, that when he walked he was always fup- 
ported by a flave. Triptolemus, fon of Her¬ 
cules, feeing the flave inattentive to his duty, 
threw a flick at him which unfortunately killed 
Licymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. 
Apollod. 2, C. 7 — Diod. 5.— Homer. II. 2. — 
Pind. Olymp. "]. 

Lide, a mountain of Caria. Herodot. I, 
c. 105. 

Q. Ligarius, a Roman pro-conful of 
Africa, after Confidius. In the civil wars he 
followed the ir.tereft of Pompey, and was 
pardoned when Caelar had conquered his 
enemies Caelar, however, and his adhe¬ 
rents were determined upon the ruin of Li¬ 
garius ; but Cicero, by an eloquent oration, 
ltill extant, defeated his accufers and he was 
pardoned. He became afterwards one of 
Czelar’s murderers. Cic. pro. leg. — Pint, in 
Ccefar. 

Ligba, one of the Nereides. Virg. G. 4. 

Liger, a Rutulian killed by iEneas. 
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 576. 

Liger or Ligeris, now La Loire y z large 


river of Gaul falling into the ocean near 
Nantes. Strab. 4.— P/in. 4, c. G . 

7 > c -J 5 w & 75 . 

Li goras, an officer of Antiochus king of 
Syria, who took the town of Sardis by ftrata- 

gem, &c. 

LicijRES, the inhabitants of Liguria. Vid. 
Liguria. 

Liguria, a country at the we(l of Italy, 
bounded on the call by the river Macra, on 
the fouth by part of the Mediterranean called 
the Ligujlic feet' on the weft by the Varus, 
and on the north by the Po. The commer¬ 
cial town of Genoa was anciently and is now 
the capital of the country. The origin of the 
inhabitants is not known, though in their 
charafters they are reprel'ented as vain, unpo- . 
lilhed, and dedicated to falfehood. Accord¬ 
ing to fome they were del'cended from the an¬ 
cient Gauls or Germans, or, as others fup- 
port, they were of Greek origin, perhaps the 
pollerity of the Ligyes mentioned by Hero¬ 
dotus. Liguria was fubdued by the Ro¬ 
mans, and its chief harbour now bears the 
name of Leghorn. Lucan. I, v. 442.— Mela y 
2, c. I.— Strab. 4, &c.— Tacit. Hill. 2, C. 15. 
Plin. 2 , C. 5, &C .—Liv. 5, C. 35.I. 22 , C. 33. 
1 . 39, C. 6, Sc C.— C. Nip. in Ann. — Flor. 2, C. 8. 

LigurTnus, a poet. Martial. 3, ep. 50. 

-A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, 

4,od. 1 , v. 33. 

Ligus, a woman who inhabited the Alps. 
She concealed her fon from the purfuit of 
Otho’s l'oldiers, See. Tacit. Hi/I. 2, c. 13. 

Ligustica: Ali>es, a part of the Alps 
which borders on Liguria, fometimes called 
Maritimi. 

Ligusticum Mare, the north part of the 
Tyrrhene fea, now the gulf of Genoa. Plin. 2, 
c. 47 - 

Ligyes, a people of Afia who inhabited the 
country between Caucalusand the river Phafis. 
Some fuppofe them to be a colony of the Li¬ 
gyes of Europe, more commonly called Ligures. 
Herodot 7, C.Jz. — Dionyf. Hal. I, C. 10 .— 
Strab. 4. — Diod. 4. 

Licyrgum, a mountain of Arcadia. 

Liljea, a town of Achaia near the Cephifus. 
Stat. Theb. 7, V. 348. 

Lilybjeum, now Boco , a promontory ot 
Sicily, with a town .of the lame name near 
the Agates, now Marfalla. The town was 
ftrong and very confiderable, and it main¬ 
tained long lieges againft the Carthaginians, 
Romans, See. particularly one of ten years 
againft Rome in the firft Punic war. It had 
a port large and capacious, which the Ro¬ 
mans, in the wars with Carthage, endea¬ 
voured in vain to Hop and fill up with Hones, 
on account of its convenience and yicinity 
to the coaft of Africa. Nothing now remains 
of this once powerful city but the ruins of 
temples and aqiiedudls. Virg. JB\n. 3, v. 706. 
—Mela , 2, c. 7.—Strab. 6.— Cic. in V err. 5. 
— CaC. de Bell. Afric. — Diod. 32 - 

DcU 


LlMJKAj 





Iamjza , a river of Lufitanja. Strab. 3. 

Limenia, a town of Cyprus. Id. 14. 

Limnje, a fortified place on the borders of 

I aconia and Meffenia. Pauf. 3, c. 14.- 

A town of the Thracian Chei'fonefus. 

Limnjeum, a temple of Diana at 1 imnae, 
from which the goddefs was called Limnaea, 
and worshipped under that appellation at 
Sparta and in Achnia. The Spartans wiflied 
to leize the temple in the age of Tibet ius, 
but the emperor interfered and gave it to its 
lawful pcjjefiors the Meffenians. Pauf. 3, c. 
14. 1 . y, C. 20.— Tacit. Ann 4, c. 43. 

Limnatidia, a feftival in honor of Diana, 
fur named Limnatis , from Limnae, a fchool of 
ctercife at Troezene, where the was worfhipped, 
or from A ipvui, ponds, becauie fhe prefided 
over fifhermeri. 

Limniace, the daughter of the Ganges, 
mother of Atys. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 48. 

Limnonia, one of the Nereides. H:mer. 

PI. r8. 

Limon, a place of Campania between 
Neapolis and Puteoli. St at 3. Sylv. T. 

Limonum, a tovVn of Gaul, afterwards 
Piftavi, Poifliers. Cdf. G. 8, c. 26 . 

Limvra, a town of Lycia at the mouth of 
the Limyrus. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 645.— Veil, 2, 
c. 102. 

Lin cash, a people of Gaul Narbonen- 
fis, 

Lindum, a colony of Britain, now Lin¬ 
coln. ? 

Lindus, a city on the fouth eaft part of 
Rhodes, built by Cercaphus ion of Sol and 
Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple 
to Minerva-, and one of its colonies founded 
Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to Cleobulus, 
one of the leven wife men, and to Chares and 
Laches, who were employed in making and 
finifhing the famous Colofilts of Rhodes. 
Strab 14.— Hcmer . II. 2. — Mela, 2, c. 7.— 

Plin. 34.- — Herodot. 7, e. 153.-A grand- 

fon of Apollo. Cc. de Hat. 1 ). 3. 

Lingones, now Langrcs , a people of 
Gallia Belgica, made tributary to Rome by 
J. Ctefar. They palled into Italy, where 
they made fome lettlements near the Alps at 
the head of the Adriatic. Tacit. II. 4, c. 55. 
— Martial. II, ep. 57, v. 9. 1 . 14, ep. 159. 
— Lucan. I, v. 398.— Caf. Bell. G. I, 
«. 26. 

Linterna palus, a lake of Campania. 
Ital. 7, v. 278. 

Linternum, a town of Campania at the 
mouth of the river Clanis, where Scjpio Afri- 
canus died and was buried. Liv. 34, c. 45.— 
i til. 6, v. 654. 1 . 7, v. 278.— Cit. 10. Att. 13- 
—Ovif Meh I J, v. 713. 

Linds. This name is common to different 
perfons whofe hiftoryis confided, and who are 
often taken one for the other. One was ion 
of Urania, and Amphimarus the fon of Nep¬ 
tune. Another was ion of Apollo by Pfam- 
jrnathe daughter of C*otopus king of Argos. 


j Martial mentions him in his 78 ep. 1. 9. 
j The third, ion of Ifmenius, and born at 
Thebes in Bceotia, taught rnufic to Hercules, 
who in a fit of anger Shuck hjm or. the head 
with his lyre and killed him. He was ion of 
Mercury and Urania, according Vo Diogenes, 
who mentions fome of his phijoibphical 
compofitioiii, in which he affertecl that the 
. world had been created in an inftant. He 
j was killed by Apollo for prefuming to com¬ 
pare hinvelf to him. Apollodorus, however,, 
and Pauianias mention that his ridicule of 
Hercules on his awkvvardnels in holding the 
lyre was fatal to him. ApcAlud. 2, c. 4.— 
I)icg. I — Tirg. Ed- 4.— Leaf. 2 , C. Is. 1 . 

9, c. 20.-A fountain in Arcadia, whole 

waters were laid to prevent abortion. Plin. 
31, c. 2. 

Li odes, one of Penelope’s fui'ors, killed 
by Ulyfies. Homer. Qd. 22, &c. 

Lipara, the largeft of the 7 Eolian iflands 
on the coail of Sicily, now called the Lipartl 
I It had a city of the lame name, which accord-* 
ing to Diodorus it received from Liparus the 
foil of Aulon, king of theie iflands, Nshole 
duighter Cyane was married,by his iuccelfor 
iEolus, according to Pliny. r Phe inhabitants 
of this illand were powerful by lea, and from 
the great tributes which they paid to Dionyfius, 
the tyrant of Syracuie, they may he called very 
opulent. The illmd was celebrated for the 
variety of its fruits, and its ratlins are Hill ini 
general repute. It Nad lome convenient har¬ 
bours, and a fountain .whole waters were 
much frequented on account of their medici¬ 
nal powers. According to Diodorus, iEolus- 
reigned at I.iparu before Lip.nu. L : v. 5 s 
C. 28. — Plin. 3, c. 9.— Ital. 14, v~. 57.— Virus 
Jf.11. I, v. 56. 1 . 8, v. 417.— Mela , 2, C. 7.— 
Strab. 6—A town of Jptruria. 

Li Paris# a river of Cilicia, whole waters 
were like oil. Plin. 3, e. 27.-— Vilruv. 8, 
c. 3. 

I.iphlum, a town of the iEqui, taken by 
the Romans. 

Li podoRuS; one of the Greeks fettled in 
Afiavby Alexander. &c. 

Liquentia, now Livenza, a river of 
Cifalpine Gaul, fading into tlie Adriatic lea. 
Plin. 3, C. 18. 

Lircjeu s, a fountain near Nemsea. Stat. 
Theb. 4, v. 711. 

Liriope, one of the Oceanides, mother 
-of NarcHTus by the Cephifus. Ovid. Met. 3, 
v 3 11 -—“—A fountain of Bceotia on the bor¬ 
ders of 1 helpis, where NarcifTus was drowned 
according to fome accounts. 

Liris, now Garigliano , a river of Cam¬ 
pania, which it feparates from Latinm. It 
falls into the Mediterranean fea. Mela , 2," 
C. 4.— Horat . 3, od. 17.— latcan. 7>\. 424. 

-A warrior killed by Camilla, &c. Virg. 

JEn. ii, v. 670. 

Lisinias, a town of ThefTik. Liv 32, 
c.14. 


I.i 3 8 Ay 












LI 


LI 


J.issa, the name of a fury which Seripidet 
introduces on the ftage as conducted by Iris, 
at the command of Juno, to infpire Her¬ 
cules with that fatal rage which ended in his 

death. 

L i s s o n , a ri ver of Sicil y. 

. Lissus, now Atcjfo , a town of Macedonia 
on the confines of lllyricum. P/in. 3,c. 2 . 

«— Liv. 44, c. IO.— Lucan. 5, v. 719.- 

A river of Thrace, falling into the JEgean 
fea, between Thafos and Samothr-vcia. It 
was dried up by the army of Xerxes, when 
he invaded Greece. Strab 7.— Hcrodot. 7, 
C. 109. 

I.i sta, a town ©f the Sabines, whofe in¬ 
habitants are called Liitini. 

Litabrum,, now Buitrago, a town of 
Spain Tarraconenlis. Liv. 32, c. 14, 1 . 35, 
‘c. 22. 

LitanAj a wood in Gallia Togata. Liv. 
23, c. 24.^ 

L itavicu s, one of the i£dui, who alfiiled 
paefar with 10,000 men. Caf. Bell. G. 7, 
«• 37 - 

L11 ernum, a town of Campania. 

Lithoboiia, a fellival celebrated at Trir- 
zene in honor of Lamia and Auxelia, who 
came from Cre'e, and were lacrificed by the 
huy of the feditious populace, and ftoned to 
death. Hence the name of the iolemnity, 
}.i^oZo\ia, lapidation. 

' Uthrus, a town of Armenia Minor. 
Strab 

Lithubium, a town of Liguria. Liv. 32, 
C. 29. 

. Lityer s as, an illegitimate foil of Midas 
king of Phrygia. He made llnurgers prepare 
fiis harveft, and afterwards put th^m to death. 
He was at Lift killed by Hercules. Tb.ocrit. 
Id. IO. - 

' LTvia Drusilla, a celebrated Roman 
lady, daughter of L.Drufus Calidianus. She 
married. Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom Ihe 
had the emperor Tiberius and Drufus Germ.i- 
nicus. The attachment qf her hulband to the 
caule of Antony was the beginning of, her 
greatnefs. A uguftusfaw her as Ihe fled from 
the danger which threatened her hufband, and 
he refolved to marry her, though the was then 
pregnant. He divorced his wife Scribonia, and, 
with the approbation of the augurs, he cele¬ 
brated his nuptials with Livia. She now took 
advantage of the palfion of Auguftus, in the 
fhare that ihe enjoy ed of his power and impe¬ 
rial dignity.' Her children by Drufus were 
adopted by the complying emperor ; and, 
that Ihe might make the luiceflidn ot liar foil 
Tiberius more eaiy, and undiiputcd, Livia is 
accufed of iecretlv involving in one common 
ruin, the heirs and neareft relations of Auguf¬ 
tus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are ftill 
more ilrongiy marked, when (he is charged 
with having murdered her own hufband, to 
ha lien the elevation of Tiberius. If fhe was 
sii.u9 >js for the a^graiidiicmeat of her fon, 


Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a 
woman to whom he owed his life, his elevation, 
and his greatnefs. Livia died in the 86th 
year of her age, A. D. 29. Tiberius fliewed 
himlelf as undutiful fter her death as before, 
for he negletted her funeral, and exprefsly 
commanded that no honors, either private or 
public, ihould be paid to her memory. Ta¬ 
cit. An ft. I, c. 3.— Suet, in An', iff Tib. 

— Dion. Cujfi -Another. ; Vid. Drufilla.} 

-Another called Horeftilla, &c. She 

' was debauched by Galba, as Ihe. was going to 

marry Pifo. Suet, in Gal. 25.-Another 

called alio Ocellina. She was Galba’s ltep- 
ruother, and committed adultery with him. 
1 L Vo. 3 . 

LTvi.\ Lex, de foci is, propofed to make 
ail the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of 
Rome. . M. Livius Drufus, who framed k, 
was found murdered in his houle before it 

palled.-'Another by M. Livius Drufus 

He tribune A. U. C. 662, which required 
that the judicial power lhould be lodged in 
the hands of an equal number of knights and 
lenators. 

LivinEius, a friend of Pompey, &c. 
'Tacit. Ann. 3, c. II, &C. 

Livilla, a daughter of Drufus.-— — —A 
filter of Caligula, &c. Vid. Julia. 

Livius AndronTcus, a dramatic poet, 
who florifhed at Rome about 240 years be¬ 
fore the Chriftian era./ He was the firft who 
turned the perlonal fatires and fefeennine 
verles, fo long the admiration of the Romans, 
into the form of a proper dialogue and regu¬ 
lar play. Though the ckara&er of a player, 
lb valued and applauded in Greece, was 
reckoned vile and delpicable among the Ro¬ 
mans, Androircus acted a part in his dra¬ 
matical compofitions and engaged the atten¬ 
tion of his audience, by repeating what h® 
had lahorioufly formed after the manner of 
the Greeks. Andronicus was the freed man 
of M. Livius Salinator, whofe children he 
educated. His poetry was grown obfolete 
in the age of Cicero, whofe nicety and judg¬ 
ment would not even recommend the reading 
of it. Some few of his verles are preferved 

in the Corpus Poctarum. -M. Salinator, a 

Roman conl'ul,lent againft the Illyrians. The 
fuccefs with which he finithed Ins campaign, 
arid the victory which lome years after he 
obtained over Afdrubal, who was palling 
into Italy w ith a reinforcement for his bro¬ 
ther Annibal, Ihow how delerving he wa3 
to be at the head of the Roman armies. Liv. 
-—Drufus, a tribune who joined the patri¬ 
cians in opposing the ambitious views of C. 

Gracchus. Plot, in Grace. -An uncle ©f 

Cato of Utica. Pint. -Titus, a native of 

Padua, celebrated for his writings. He 
palTed the greateft part of his life at Naples 
and Rome, but more particularly at the court 
of Augultus, who liberally patronized the 
learned, and encouraged the progrels of 
* ktera&ue. 











LI 


LO 


literature. Few particulars of his life are 
known, yet his fame was fo univerfally fpread 
even in his life time, that an inhabitant of 
Gades traverfed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, 
merely to fee the man whofe writings had 
given him luch pleafure and fatisfndlicn in 
the perufah Livy died at Padua, in his 67th 
year, and according to fome, on that fame 
day Rome was alio deprived of an -her of 
its brightest ornaments by the death of the 
poet Ovid, A. D. 17. It is faid that Livia 
had appointed Livy to be the preceptor to 
young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, 
but death prevented the hiftorian from en¬ 
joying an honor to which he was particularly 
entitled by his learning and his univerfal 
knowledge. The name of Livy is rendered 
immortal by his hiftory of th'e Roman em¬ 
pire. Befides this he wrote fome philofo- 
phical treatifes and dialogues, with a letter 
addrefied to his fon, on the merit of authors, 
which ought to be read by young men. 
This letter is greatly commended by Quin¬ 
tilian, who expatiates with great warmth 
•n the judgment and candor of the author. 
His Roman hiftory was comprehended in 
140 books, of which only 35 are extant. It 
began with the foundation of Rome, and 
was continued till the death of Drufus in 
Germanyi 1 he merit of this hiftory is well 
known, and the high rank which Livy 
holds among hiftorians will never be difpu- 
ted. He is always great, his ftyle is clear 
and intelligible, labored without affectation, 
diffulive without tedioufnefs, and argumen¬ 
tative without pedantry. In his harangues 
he is bold and animated, and in his narra¬ 
tions and defcriptions, he claims a decided 
fuperiority. He is always elegant, and 
though many have branded his provincial 
words with the name of Patavinity, yet the 
exprefiions, or rather the orthography of 
words, which in Livy are luppofed to dif- 
tinguilh a • native of a province of Italy 
from a native of Rome, are not loaded with 
obfcurity, and the perfeCb claflic is as fami¬ 
liarly acquainted with the one as with the 
other. Livy has been cenfured, and perhaps 
with juiliee, for being too credulous, and 
burdening his hiftory with vulgar notions 
and fuperftitious tales. He may difguft when 
he mentions that milk and blood were rained 
from heaven, or that an ox ipoke, or a wo- 
mar. changed her fex, yet he candidly con- 
feffes that he recorded only what made an 
indelible imprefiion upon the minds of a 
credulous age. His candor has alfo been 
called in queftion, and he has . fometimes 
Ihown himfelf too partial to' his countrymen, 
but every where he is an indefatigable iup- 
porter oi the caufe of juftice and virtue. The 
works of Livy have been divided by fome 
of die moderns into 14 decades, each con¬ 
fiding of ten books. The firft decade com¬ 
prehends the hiftory of 460 years. The fe- 


cond decade is loft, and the third compre¬ 
hends the liiilory of the fecond Punic war, 
which includes about 18 years. In the fourth 
decade, I.ivy treats of the wars wiih Mace¬ 
donia and iintiochus, which contain about 
23 years. For the firft five books of the 
filth decade, we are indebted to the refearches 
of the moderns. They were found at Worms, 
A. D. 1431. Thefe are the books that re¬ 
main of Livy’s hiftory, and the lofs which 
the celebrated work has luftained by the ra¬ 
vages of time, has in fome meafure been 
compenfated by the labors of J. Freinfhemius, 
who with great attention and induflry has 
made an epitome of the Roman hiftory, which 
is now incorporated with the remaining 
books of Livy. The third decade feems to 
be luperior to the others, yet the author has 
not fcrupled to copy from his contemporaries 
and predeceffors, and we find many paf- 
fages taken word for word from Polybius, 
in which the latter has lliown himfelf more 
informed in military affairs, and luperior to 
his imitator. The bell editions of Livy will 
be found to be thofe of Maitfaire, 6 vols. 
i2mo. London, 1722; of Drakenborch, 7 vols. 
4to. Araft. 1731, and of Ruddiman, 4 vols. 

121110. Edin. 1751.- A governor of Ta- 

renturn who delivered his truft to Annibal, 

&c.-A high prieft who devoted Decius to 

the Dii Manes.-A commander of a Ro¬ 

man fleet lent agamft Antiochus in the Hel- 
lefpont. 

Lixus, a river of Mauritania with a 
city of the lame name. Anteus had a 
palace there, and according to fome accounts 
it was in the neighbourhood that Hercules 
conquered him. ItaL 3, v. 258.— Mela , 3, 

c. 10.— Strab. 2.- A fon of ./Egyptus. 

Apollod. 

Lob- 6 n, a native of Argos, who wrote a 
book concerning poets. Diog. 

Loceus, a man who confpired ngainft 
Alexander with Dyninus, &c. Curt. 6j c. 7- 

JLocha, a lar^e city of Africa, taken and 
plundered by Scipio’s l'oldiers. 

Lochias, a promontory and citadel of 
Egypt near Alexandria. 

Locri, a town of Magna Gra?cia in Italy 
on the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It 
was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 
years before the Chriftian era, as fome lup- 
poie. The inhabitants were called Locri or 
Locrenfes. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 399.— Strab.— 

PHn. — Liu. 22, c. 6. 1 . 23, c.,30.-A town 

of Locris in Greece. 

Locri s, a country of Greece, whofe in¬ 
habitants are known by the name of Ozol <£, 
Mpiai<tmidii, and O'puntii. The country of 
the Ozoke, called alfo Epizepbyrii from their 
wefterly fituation, was at the north of the 
bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles 
northward. On the weft it was feparaied 
from iEtolia by the Evenus, and it had'' 
Phocis at the eaft. The chief city was called 

Naupaftus. 







LO 


L U 


Naupa£lus. The Epicnemidii were at the 
north of the Ozolae, and had the bay of Malia 
at the eaft, and CEta on the north. They 
received their name from the fituation of their 
refidence near a mountain called Cnemis. 
They alone of all the Locrians, had the privi¬ 
lege of fending members to the council of the 
Amphidtyons. The Opuntii who received 
their name from their chief city called Opus, 
were fituated on the borders of the Euripus, 
and near Phocis and Euboea. Plin. 3,0.5*— 
— Strab. 6, &C.— Ptol. — Melt. — Liv. 26, 

C. 26. 1 . 28, c. 6 .—Pauf. Asb. to* Pboc. 

I.ocusta, a celebrated woman at Rome in 
the favor of Nero. She poifoned Claudius and 
Britannicus, and at la It attempted to deltroy 
Nero himlelf, for which Hie was executed. 
Tacit. Ann. 12, C. 66, &C.— Suet, in Ner. 

33 - 

Locutius. Vid. Aius. 

Lollia Paulina, a beautiful woman, 
daughter of M. Lollius, who married C. 
Memmius Regulus, and afterwards Cali¬ 
gula. She was divorced and put to death 
by means of Agrippina. Tacit. Ann. 12, C. I, 
&c. 

1 . 07 .1.1 anu s Spurius, a general pro- 
. claimed emperor by his foldiers in Gaul, 

and loon after murdered, See. -A conful, 

&c. 

M. Lollius, a companion and tutor of 
C. Ctefar the fon-in-law of Tiberius. He 
was conful and offended Auguftus by his 
rapacity in the provinces. Horace has ad- 
drefled two of his epiftlesto him,&c. Taiit. 
Am. 3. 

LondTnum, the capital of Britain,founded 
as fome l'uppole between the age of Julius 
Ctcfar and Nero. It has been feverally called 
Londinium, Lundinum, &C. Ammianus calls 
it vetttftum oppidum. It is reprelented as a 
confiderable, opulent, and commercial town, 
in the age of Nero. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 33. 

—Ammian. 

Longarenus, a man guilty of adultery 
with Faufta, Sylla’s daughter. Horat. I, Sat. 
2, v. 67. 

LongimXnus, a furname of Artaxerxes 
from his having cne hand longer than the other. 
The Greeks called him Macrochir. C. Nep. 
in Peg. 

Longinus, Dionyfius Caflius,a celebrated 
Greek philofopher and critic of Athens. He 
was preceptor of the Greek language, and af¬ 
terwards minifter, to Zenobia, the famous 
queen of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and 
fpirited a&ivity in her caufe proved, at laft, 
fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian 
entered victorious the gates of Palmyra,Lon¬ 
ginus was facrificed to the fury of the Roman 
foldiers, A. D. 273. At the moment of 
death he lhewed hiinfelf great and refolute, 
and with a philofophical and unparalleled firm- 
nels of mind, he even reprefled the tears and 
fighs of the fpedtators who pitied his miierable 


end. Longinus rendered his name immortal 
by his critical remarks on ancient authors. 
His treatile on the fublime, gives the world 
reafon to lament the lofs of his other valuable 
compofitions. The bed editions of this 
author are that of Tollius, 4to. Traj. ad Rhen. 
1694, and that of Toup, 8vo. Oxon. 1778. 

-Caflius, a tribune driven out of the 

fenate for favoring the intereft of J. Csfar. 
He was made governor of Spain by Caefar, 

&c.-A governor of Judxa.-A pro- 

eonful-A lawyer whom, though blind 

and refpe&ed, Nero ordered to be put to 
death, becaule he had in his pofleflian a pi&ure 
of Cafiius, one of Caelar’s murderers. Juv. 
10, v. 6. 

Longobaudi, a nation of Germany. 
Tacit, de Germ. 

Long# la, a town of Latium on the bor¬ 
ders of the Volfci. Liv. 2, c. 33 & 39. 1. g. 
c 39 - 

i.onguntica, a maritime city of Spain 
Tarraconenfis. Liv. 22, c. 20. 

Longus, a Roman conful, &c.-A 

Greek author who wrote a novel called the 
amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age <n 
which he lived is not precifely known. The 
belt editions of this pleafing writer are that of 
Paris, 4to. 1754, and that of Villoifon, 8vo. 
Paris, 1778. 

Lordi, a people of Ulyricum. 

Lo Rv m a , a town of Doris. Liv. 3 7, c. 17. 

Lotis or Lotos, a beautiful nymph, 
daughter of Neptune. Priapus offered her 
violence, and to fave herfelf from his impor-, 
tunities (he implored the gods, who changed 
her into a tree called Lotus , confecrated to 
Venus and Apollo. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 348. 

I.otophXgi, a people on the coail of 
Africa near the Syrtes. They received this 
name from their living upon the lotus. Ulyi- 
fes vifited their country, at his return from 
the Trojan war. Herodot. 4, c. 177.— Strab. 
17.— Mela, I, C. 7.— Plin. 5, c. 7. 1 . 13. 
c. 17. 

Lous or Aous, a river of Macedonia near 
Apollonia. 

Lua, a goddefs at Rome, who preffded 
over things which were purified by luftra- 
tions, whence the name (a luendo.) She is 
fuppofed to be the fame as Ops or Rhea. 

Luca, now Lucca , a city of Etruria on 
the river Arnus. Liv. 21, c. 5. 1 . 41, c. 13. 
— Cic. 13, fam. 13. 

Lucagus, one of the friends of Turnus 
killed by iEneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 575. 

Lucani, a people of Italy, defeended 
from the Samnites, or from the Brutii. 

LucXnia, a country of Italy between the 
Tyrrhene and Sicilian Teas, and bounded by 
Pucetia ; the Picentini, and the country of the 
Brutii. The country was famous for its 
grapes. Strab. 6.— Plin. 3, c. 5.— Mela, 2, 
c. 4.— Liv. 8, c. 17. 1 . 9, c. 20. I. 10, c. n. 
— Horat. 2, ep. 2, r. 178. 

Q. Luca nil's 






LU 


LI) 


Q. Lucanius, a centurion in Cadar’s 
ajrmy, &c, Ccefar. bell . G. 5. 

Lucanus, M. Annteus, a native of 
Corduba in Spain. He was early removed 
to Rome, where his rifing talents and more 
particularly his lavished praifes and panegy¬ 
rics, recommended him to the emperor Nero* 
This intimacy was foon produ&ive of honor, 
and Lucan was raifed to the dignity of an au¬ 
gur and quasfto'r before he had attained the 
proper age. The poet had the imprudence to 
enter the lifts againft his imperial patron ; he 
chofe for his iubjett Orpheus, and Nero took 
the tragical ftory of Niobe. Lucan obtained 
an ealy victory, but Nero became jealous of 
his pqetical reputation, and refolved upon re¬ 
venge. The inful ts to which Lucan was 
daily expofed, provoked at laft his refent- 
ment, and he joined Pifo in a confpiracy 
againft the emperor. The whole was dilco- 
vered, and the poet had nothing left but to 
chufe the manner of his execution. He had 
his veins opened in a warm bath, and as he 
expired he pronounced with great energy the 
lines which, in his Pharl'alia, 1 . 3, v, 639— 
642, he had put into the mouth of a foldier, 
who died in the fame manner "as himfelf. 
Some have accufed him of pufillanimity, at 
the moment of his death, and fay that, to 
free himfelf from the punifhment which 
threatened him, he accufed his own mother, 
and involved her in the crime of which he 
was guilty. This qircumftnnce, which 
throws an indelible blot upon the character 
of Lucan, is not mentioned by fome writers, 
who obferve that he expired with-all the firm- 
nefs of a philofopher. lie died in his 26th 
year, A. D. 65. Of all his compofitions 
none but his Pharfalia remains. This poem, 
which is an account of the civil wars of Cce- 
far and Pompey, is unfinifhed. Opinions 
are various as to the merit of the poetry. It 
poftefles neither the fire of Homer, nor the 
melodious numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had 
lived to a greater age, his judgment and ge¬ 
nius would have matured, ahd he might have 
claimed a more exalted rank among the 
poets of the Auguftan age His expreflions, 
however, are bold aud animated, his poetry 
entertaining, though his ‘irregularities are 
numerous, and to ufe the words of Quintilian, 
he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote 
a poem' upon the burning of Rome, now loft. 
It is laid that his wife Polla Argentaria, not 
enlv aflifted him in the compolition of his 
poem, but even corredted it after his death. 
Scaliger fays, that Lucan rather barks than 
lings. T he beft editions of Lucan are tbofe 
ef Oudendorp, 4to. L. Bat.\t728, of Bent¬ 
ley, 4to. printed at Strawberry-hill, 1760, 
and of Barbou, l2mo. Paris, 1767. Quinta. 
10.— Suet* — Tacit . Ann. 15, &c.— Martial* 

7, ep. 20.-Ocellus or Ucellus, an-ancient 

Pythagorean philofopher, vyhofe age is' un- 
fceow*. He wrote, in the Attic dialed, a 


book on the nature of the unive'rfe which he 
deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the' 
fyftems adopted by Ariftotle, Plato, and 
Philo Judaeus. This work was firft tran- 
fiated into Latin by Nogarola. Another 
book of Ocellus on laws, written in the Do¬ 
ric dialeft, was greatly adeemed bv Archy- 
tas and Plato, a fragment of which has been 
preferved by Stobaeus, of which, however. 
Ocellus is difputed to be the author. There 
is an edition of Ocellus, with a learned com¬ 
mentary, by C. Eraman. Vizzanius, Bono- 
niae, 1646, in 4to. 

Lucaria or Luceria, feftivals at Rome, 
celebrated in a large grove between the Via 
Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid 
t'nemfelv-es when befieged by the Gauls. Ta¬ 
cit. Ann. I, c. 77. 

L. Lucceius, a celebrated hiftorian, afked 
by Cicero to write a hiftqry of his CQnfullhip. 
He favored the caufe of Pompey, but was af- 
tervvw. ds pardoned by J. Caefar. Cic. ad Fam. 
5, ep. 12,&c. 

Lucceius AlbTnus, a governor of 
Mauritania after Galba’s death, &c. Tacit. 
Hijl. 2, c. 58.” 

Lucentum, (of/<z) a town of Spain, now 

Alicant. 

Luceres, a body of horfe compofed of 
Roman knights, fir It eftablifhed by Romulus 
and Tatius. It received its name either from 
Lucumo , an Etrurian who aflifted the Roman? 
againft the Sabines, or from Incus* a grove 
where Romulus had erected an afylum, or a 
place of refuge for all fugitives, {laves, homi¬ 
cides, See. that he might people his city. The 
Luceres were fome of thei'e men, and they 
were incorporated with the legions. ProperL. 
4, el. 1, v. 31. 

Luceria, a town of Apulia, famous for 
wool. Liv. 9, c. 2 & 12, 1 . 10, c. 35.— -Horae. 
3, od. 15, v. 14 .—Lucan. 2, v.473. 

L-ucerius, a furname of Jupiter, as the 
father of light. 

Lucetius, a Rutulian, killed by Ilioneus. 
Virg. JEn. 9, v.570. 

Lucianus, a celebrated writer of Samor 
fata. His father was poar in. his circumftan- 
ces, and Lucian was early bound to one of 
his uncles, who was a fculptor. This employ¬ 
ment highly difpleafed him, he made no pro¬ 
ficiency in the art, and refolved to feek his 
livelihood by better means. A dream in which 
Learning feemed to draw him to her, and to 
promile fame and immortality, confirmed his 
relolutions, and he began to write. The arti¬ 
fices and unfair dealings of a lawyer, a life 
which he had embraced, difgufted him, and he 
began to ftudy philofophy and eloquence. He 
vifited different places, and Antioch, Ionia, 
Greece, Italy, Gaul, and metre particularly 
Athens, became fucceflively acquainted with 
the depth of his learning and the power of hit 
eloquence. The emperor M. Aurelius waa 
fenfible of his merit, and appointed him re¬ 
gies 



L U 


LU 


|,ifter to the Roman governor of Egypt. He 
died, A. D. 180, in his 90th year, and i'ome 
of the moderns have aiferted that he was 
torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety, parti¬ 
cularly for ridiculing the religion of Chi ill. 
The works of Lucian, winch are numerous, 
and written in the Attic dialect, conlill partly 
of dialogues, in which he introduces different 
characters with much dramatic propriety. 
His ftyle is ealy, fimple, elegant, and ani¬ 
mated, and he has ftored his compofitions 
with many lively lentiments, and much of 
the true Attic wit. His frequent obicenities, 
and his manner of expofing to ridicule not only 
the religion of his country, but alio that of 
every nation, have defervedly drawn upon 
him the cenlure of every age, and branded 
him with the appellation of atheift and blaf- 
phemer. He all'o wrote the life of Softrates, 
a philofopher of Bceotia, as all'o that of the 
philofopher Demonax. Some have all'o attri¬ 
buted to him, with great impropriety, the life 
of Apollonius Thyaneus. The bed editions 
of Lucian are that of Grasvius, 2 vols. 8vo. 

1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols. 4to. 
Amft. 1743. 

LOcifer, the name of the planet Venus, 
or morning (tar. It is called Lucifer, when 
appearing in the morning before the fun; but 
when it follows it, and appears I'ome time after 
its letting, it -is called Hefperns. According 
to fome m^hologifti, Lucifer was fon of Ju¬ 
piter and Aurora.--A chriftian writer wnofe 

work was edited by the Coleti, fob Venet. 

i 7 ? 8 - 

Lu ciferi fanum, a town of Spain. 

C. Lucilius, a Roman knight born at 
Aurunca, illuftrious not only for the refpeCt- 
ability of his anceftors, but more defervedly 
for the uprightneis and the innocence of his 
own immaculate charaCler. He lived in the 
greateft intimacy with Scipio the firlt Afri- 
canus, and even attended him in his war 
againft Numantia. He is looked upon as 
the founder of fatire and as the firlt great 
fatirical writer among the Romans. He was 
fuperior to his poetical predeceffors at Rome; 
and though he wrote with great roughnefs 
and inelegance, but with much facility, he 
gained many admirers, whole praifes have 
been often Javilhed with too liberal a hand. 
Horace compares him to a river which rolls 
upon its waters precious land, accompanied 
with mire^ and dirt. Of the thirty fatires 
which he wrore, nothing but a few verles re¬ 
main. He died nt Naples, in the 46th 
year of his age, B. C. 103. His fragments 
have been collected and publilhed with notes 
by Fr. Doufa, 4to. L. Bat. 1597, and laftly 
by the Vulpii, 8vo. Patav. 1735. Quintil. 

IO, C. 1.— Cic. de Orat. 3 . — Horat .■- Luci- 

ijus, a famous Roman, who fled with Brutus 
after the battle of Philippi. They were foon 
gfter overtaken by a party of horle, and Lu- 
oilins buffered hiinfelf to be feVerely wound- 
3 


by the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that 
that he was Brutus. He was taken, and 
carried to the - conquerors, whole clemency 
fpared his life* Piute -A tribune who at¬ 

tempted in vaiir to.eleft Pompey to the di<Sta- 
torlhip.-A centurion, &c.-A gover¬ 
nor of Alia under Tiberius*-A friend o£ 

nberius. 

Lucilla, a daughter of M. Aurelius, 
celebrated for the virtues of her youth, her 
beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At 
the age of fix teen her father fent her to Syria 
to marry the emperor Verus, who was then 
employed in a war with the Parthians and 
Armenians. The conjugal virtues of Lucilla 
were great at firlt, but when the faw Verus 
plunge himfelf into debauchery and diflipa- 
tion, (he followed his example, and profti- 
tuted herfelf. At her return to Rome (he 
law the inceltuous commerce of her hulband 
with her mother, &c. and at laft poifoned 
him. She afterwards married an old but 
virtuous fenator, by order of her father, and 
was not alhamed foon to gratify the- crimi-* 
nal fipnfualities of her brother Commodus. 
The coldnel's and indifference with which 
Commodus treated her afterwards deter¬ 
mined her on revenge, and (he with many 
illuftrious lenntors conlpired againlt his life, 
A. D. 185. The plot was difeovered, Lucilla 
was baniihed, and Coon after put to death 
by her brother, in the 38th year of her aee* 

LucIna, a goddefs, daughter of Jupiter 
and, Juno, or according to others of l.atona. 
As her mother brought her into the world 
without pain, (lie became the goddefs/whom 
. women in labor invoked, and (he prefided o\|er 
the birth of children. She receives this name 
either from lucus, or from lux, as Ovid ex¬ 
plains it: 

Gratia Lucina , dedit hac iibi nomine lucus ^ 

Aut quia principium tu , Dea, lucis hales . 

Some fuppofe her to be the lame as Diana 
and Juno, becaule thel'e two goddelles were 
all'o l'ometimes called Lucina, and prefided 
over the labors of women. She is called 
Ilytbia by the Greeks. She had a famous 
temple at Rome, railed A. U. C. 396. 
Farr, de L. L. 4.— Cic. de Nat. D. 2 , c. 
37 -—Ov d. Fajl. 2 , v. 449.— Horat . Carm . 
Sec. 

Lucius, a Roman foldier, killed at the 
fiege of Jerul'alem, by laving in his arms a 
man who jumped down from one of the walls. 

Jofe’pb. -A brother of M. Antony. [Fid. 

L, Antonius.]——A Roman general, who de¬ 
feated the Etrurians, &c.-A relation of J. 

Cael'ar.-A Roman ambaflador, murdered 

by the Illyrians.—‘—A conful, &c.-A 

writer, caHed-by lome Snturantius Apuleius. 
He was born in Africa, on the borders of Nuw 
midia. He ftudied poetry, mufic, geometry, 
&c. at Athens, and warmly embraced thf 

tenets 








tenets of the Platonifts. He cultivated magic, 
and fome miracles are attributed to his know¬ 
ledge of enchantments. He wrote in Greek 
and Latin, with great eafe and fimplicity; his 
fiyle, however, is fometimes affe&ed, though 
his eloquence was greatly celebrated in his 
age. Some fragments of his compofitions 
are Hill extant. He florilhed in the reign of 

M. Aurelius.-A brother of Vitellius, &c. 

-A Ion of Agrippa, adopted by Auguf- 

tus. — A man put to death for his incon¬ 
tinence, &c.-The word Lucius is a 

prsenomen common to many Romans, of 
>Vhom an account is given under their family 
names. 

Lucretia, a celebrated Roman lady, 
daughter of Lucretius, and wife of Tarqui- 
nius Collatinus. Her accomplifhments proved 
fatal to her, and the praifes which a number 
of young nobles at Ardea, among whom were 
Collatinus and the Tons of Tnrquin, bellowed 
upon the domeftic virtues of their wives at 
home, were productive of a revolution in the 
ftate. While every one was warm with the 
idea, it was univerfally agreed to leave the 
camp and to go to Rome, to afcertain the vera¬ 
city of their refpeCtive afiertions. Collatinus 
had the pleafure to lee his expectations ful¬ 
filled in the highelt degree, and, while the 
wives of the other Romans were involved in 
the riot and diflipation of a feaft, Lucretia 
was found at home, employed in the midft of 
her female fervants, and eafing their labor by 
fharing it herfelf. The beauty and innocence 
of Lucretia inflamed the paflion of Sextus, 
the fon of Tarquin, who was a witneis of her 
virtues and indultry. He cherifhed his flame, 
and he fecretly retired from the camp, and 
came to the houfe of Lucretia, where he met 
with a kind reception. He Ihowed himfelf 
unworthy ofluch a treatment, and, in the dead 
of night, he introduced himfelf to Lucretia, 
who refuted to his intreaties what her fear 
of lhame granted to his threats. She yielded 
to her ravilher when he threatened to murder 
her, and to flay one of her Haves, and put 
him in her bed, that this apparent adultery 
might feem to have met with the puiulhment 
it deferved. Lucretia, in the morning, lent 
for her hulband and her father, and, after 
fhe had revealed to them the indignities lhe 
had fuffered from the fon of Tarquin, and en¬ 
treated them to avenge her wrongs, (he ftab- 
hed herfelf with a dagger which fhe had pre- 
vioufly concealed under her 'clothes. This 
fatal blow was the fignal of rebellion. The 
body of the virtuous Lucretia was expofed to 
the eyes of the fenate, and the violence and 
barbarity of Sextus, joined with the unpopu¬ 
larity and oppreflion of his father, fo irritated 
the Roman populace, that that moment they 
expelled the Tarquins for ever from P.ome. 
BVutns, who was prefent at the tragical death 
of Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion, 
and the republican or confular government 


was eftablilhed at Rome A. U. C. 244. 
Liv. I, c. 57, &c .— Dionyf. Hal . 4, C. 15.— 
Ovid. Fajl. 2, v. 741.— Hal. Max. 6, c. I.— 

Flat. — Augujl de Civ . D. I, C. 19.-The 

wife of Numa. Flat. 

Lucretilis, now Libretti , a mountain iu 
the country of the Sabines, hanging over a 
pleafant valley, near which the houfe and farm 
of Horace were fituate. Horat. 1, od. 17, v. 
1.— Cic. 7, Alt. 11. 

T. Lucretius Carus, a celebrated Ro¬ 
man poet and philofopher, who was early fent 
to Athens, where he ftudied under Zeno 
and Phaedrus. The tenets of Epicurus and 
Empedocles which then prevailed at Athens, 
were warmly embraced by Lucretius, and 
when united with the infinite of Anaximander, 
and the atoms of Democritus, they were ex¬ 
plained and elucidated in a poem, in fix books, 
which is called De rerum natura. In this 
poem the mafterly genius and unaffe&ed ele¬ 
gance of the poet are every where eonfpicu- 
ous; but the opinions of the philofopher are 
juftly cenfured, who gives ito exigence of 
power to a fupreme Being, but is the devoted 
advocate of atheifm and impiety, and earneftly 
endeavours to eftablifh the mortality of the 
foul. This ccmpofition, which has little claim 
to be called a heroic poem, was written and 
finilhed while the poet labored under a violent 
delirium, occafioned by a philtre, which the 
jealoufy of his miftrefs or his wife Lucilia had 
adminiftered. It is faid that he deftroyed 
himfelf in the 44th year of his age, about 54 
years before Chrift. Cicero, after his death, 
revifed and corrected his poems, which had 
been partly written in the lucid intervals 
of realon and of fenfe. Lucretius, whofe 
poem (hows that he wrote Latin better than 
any other man ever did, would have proved 
no mean rival of Virgil, had he lived in the 
polifhcd age of Auguflus. The beft editions 
of his works are that of Creech, 8vo. Oxon. 
1695; that ofHavercamp, 2 vols. 4to. Lug.' 
Bat. 1725 ; and that of Glafgow, nmo. 1759. 
Paterc. 2, c. 36.— Quintil. 3, c. I. 1 . 10, c. I. 

-Quintus, a Roman who killed himfelf 

becaufe the inhabitants of Sulrno, over which 
he was appointed with a garrifon, feemed 
to favor the caufe of J. Caefart Ceef« 
bell. Civ. 1, c. 18. He is alio called Vcf- 

pillo.-Sp. Tricipitinus, father of Lucretia, 

wife of Collatinus, was made conful after 
the death of Brutus, and foon after died 
himfelf. Horatius Pulvillus fucceeded hint. 
Liv. I, c. 58.— Flat, in Pub. -An inter¬ 
rex at Rome.-A conful.-Qfella, a 

Roman, put to death by Sylla becaufe he had 
applied for the confullhip without his permif- 
fion. Flut. 

Lucrinum, a town of Apulia. 

I.ucrTnus. a fmall lake of Campania, 
oppofite Puteoli. Some believe that it was 
made by Hercules when he pafled through 
Italy with the bulls of Geryon. It abounded 

with 






LU 


LU 


with, excellent oyfters, and was united by Au- 
guftus to the Avernus, and a communication 
formed with the lea, near a harbour called 
]Julius Partus, The Lucrine lake disappeared 
or. the 30th of September 1538, in a violent 
earthquake, which railed on the Spot a moun¬ 
tain 4 miles in circumference, and about 1000 
feet high, with a crater in the middle. Cic. 4. 
Att . IC.— Strut. J & 6.— Mela , 2 , c. 4.— 
— Propert. I, el. I t,V. IO. — Virg. G. 2 , V. 1 6 1 . 
— Herat. 2, od. 15. 

C. Luctatius Catulus, a Roman 
conlul with Marius. He alfifted his col¬ 
league in conquering the Cimbrians. [Fid. 
Cimbricum helium.] He was .eloquent as 
well as valiant, arid his hiftory of his conful- 
iliip, which he wrote with great veracity, 
convinces us of his literary talents. That hii- 
tory is loft. Cic. de Orat. — Farro de L. L .— 

Flor. 2, c. 2. -C. Catulus, a Roman conful, 

who dcftioyed the Carthaginian fleet. Fid. 
Catulus. 

Luculiea, a feftival eftablifhed by the 
Greeks in honor of Lucullus, who had be¬ 
haved with great prudence and propriety in 
his province. Plut. in Luc. 

Lucui. 1.1 hosti, gardens of Lucullus 
fituate near Neapolis, &c. " Tacit. Ann. 11, 

c. 1.-Villa, a country feat near mount 

Mileilus, where Tiberius died. Tacit. Ann. 
6, c. 50. 

Iucullus, Lucius Lkinius, a Roman 
celebrated for hi> fondnels of luxury and for 
his military talents. He was born about 115 
years before the Chriftian era, and loon 
diltinguifhed himfelf by his proficiency in the 
liberal arts, particularly eloquence and phiio- 
ipphy. His firft military campaign was in the 
Maifian war, where his valor and cool intre¬ 
pidity recommended him to public notice. 
His miidr.efs and conftaucy gained him the ad¬ 
miration and confidence of Sylla, and from 
this connection he derived honor, and during 
his quseftorfhip in Alta, and pretorfhip in 
Africa, he rendered himlelf more cotifpicuous 
by his juftice, moderation and humanity. 
He was raifed to the confulfhip A. U. C. 680, 
and entrufted with the care <of the Mitbridatic 
war, and firft difplayed his military talents 
in rel'cuing his colleague Cotta, WwOtn the 
enemy had befieged in Chalcedonia This 
was loon followed by a celebrated victory 
over the forces of Mithridates, on the bor¬ 
ders of the Granicus, and by the conqueft of 
all Bithvnia. His victories by lea were as 
great as thofe by land, and Mithridates loft a 
powerful fleet near Lemnos. Such eonfider- 
able Ioffes weakened the enemy, and Mithri¬ 
dates retired with precipitation towards Ar¬ 
menia, to the court of king Tigranes, his 
father-in-law. His flight was perceived, and 
Lucullus crofted the Euphrates with great ex¬ 
pedition, and gave battle to the. numerous 
forces which Tigranes had already aflembied 
£0 fuppori the caufe cf his fon-in-law. Ac¬ 


cording to he exaggerated account of Plu¬ 
tarch, no lefs than ioo,o®o foot, and near 
55,000 horfe, of the Armenians loft their 
lives in that celebrated battle. All this car¬ 
nage was made by a Roman army amounting 
to no more than 18,000 men, of whom only 
five were killed and 100 wounded during the 
combat. The taking of Tigranocerta, the 
capital of Armenia, was the confequence of 
this immortal viClory, and Lucullus there ob¬ 
tained the greateft part of the royal treafures. 
This continual fuccefs, however, was attended 
with ferious conlequences. The feverhy of 
Lucullus, and the haughtinefs of his com¬ 
mands, offended his foldiers, and difpleafed 
his adherents at Rome. Pompey was foon 
after fent to fucceed him, and to continue the 
Mithridatic war, and the interview which 
he had with Lucullus began with aCls of 
mutual kindnefs, and ended in the molt in¬ 
veterate reproaches, and open enmity. Lu¬ 
cullus was permitted to retire to Rome, and 
only 1600 of the foldiers who had fhared his 
fortune and his glories werefuffered to accom¬ 
pany him. He was received with coldnefs at 
Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a tri¬ 
umph which was delervedly claimed by his 
fame, his fuccefles, and his vi&ories. In this 
ended the days of his glory; he retired to 
the enjoyment of eafe and peaceful fociety, 
and no longer interefted himfelf in the com¬ 
motions which difturbed the tranquillity of ' 
Rome. He dedicated his time to ftudious 
pursuit's, and to literary converfation. His 
houfe was enriched with a valuable library, 
which was oj^ned for the fervice of the 
curious, and of the learned. Lucullus fell 
into a delirium in the laft part of his life, and 
died in the 67th or 68th year of his age. 
The people fhowed their refpedt for his merit, 
by their wifh to give him an honorable burial 
it) the Campus Martins ; but their offers were 
rejected, and he was privately buried, by his 
brother, in his eftate at Tufculum. Lucullus 
has been admired for his many accomplifh- 
rnents, but he has been cenfured for his feverity 
and extravagance. The expences of his meals 
were immoderate, his halls were diftinguifhed 
by the different names of the gods; and, when 
Cicero and Pompey attempted to furprize 
him, they were aflonifhed at the coftlinefs 
of a fupper which had been prepared upon 
the word of Lucullus, who had merely laid 
to his fervant that he would fup in the hall 
of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus was 
for.d of artificial variety ; fubterraneous caves 
and paftages were dug under the hills on the 
coaft of Campania, end the lea water was 
conveyed round the houfe and pleafure 
grounds, where the fillies flocked in fuch 
abundance that not lels than 25,000 pounds 
worth were fold at his death. In his public 
character Lucullus was humane and compaf- 
fionate, and he fhewed his fenfe of the vicif- 
fitudes of human affairs by lheddi ng tears at 

the 




L T J L li 


%he fight of one of the cities of Armenia* 
which his foldiers reduced to allies. He was 
a perfect mailer of the Greek and Latin lan¬ 
guages, and he employed himfelf for fome 
time to write a concife hidory.of the Marfic war 
in Greek hexameters. Such ate the linking 
chara&eriftics of a man who meditated the 
conqueft of Parthia, and, for a while gained 
the admiration of all the inhabitants of the 
, ealt, by his juftice and moderation, and 
who might have dilputed the empire of the 
world with a Ccefar or Pompey, had not, at 
lait, his fohduels lor retirement withdrawn 
him from the reach of ambition. Cic. pro 
Arcb>/\ . Qitajl . Ac. 2, C. I.— Plut. in vita. 
>— Flor. 3, c. 5.— St rub. — Appian . in JS/Iithr. 

tsfc .— Ortftits 6 , Sec. -A conlul >vho went 

to Spain, &c.-A Roman, put to death 

by »Domitian.——A brother of Lucius Lu- 

cullus, lieutenant under Sylla.-A praetor 

of Macedonia,. 

Lucumo, the lirlt name of Tarquinius 
Prilcus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The 
word is Etrurian, and lignifies prince or chief. 
Plut, in Rom. 

Lucus, a king of ancient Gaul.-A town 

of Gaul, at the foot of the Alps. 

Lucdunensis Gallia, a part of Gaul, 
which received its name from Lugdunum, the 
capital city of the province. It was anciently 
called Celtica. Fid. Gallia. 
v Lugdunum, a town of Gallia Celtica, 
built at the confluence of the Rhone and the 
Arar, or Saone, bv Maputius Plancus, when 
he was governor of the province. This town, 
now called Lyons, is the /econd city of 
France, in point of population. Jwv. r, v. 

44.— Strab. 4.-Batavorum, a town on 

the Rhine, juft as it falls into the ocean. It 
is now called Leyden , and is famous for its 

univerlity.-Convenarum, a town at the 

foot of the Pyrennees, now St. Bertrand in 
Galcony. 

Luna, (the moon) was daughter of Hype¬ 
rion and Terra, and was the lame, according 
to fome mythologifts, as Diana. She was 
worfhipped by the ancient inhabitants cf the 
earth with many luperftitious forms and cere¬ 
monies. It was luppofed that magicians and 
enchanters, particularly thofe of ThelTaly, 
had an uncontrolable power over the moon, 
and that they cohld draw her down from heaven 
at plealure by the mere force of their incan¬ 
tations. Her eclipfes, according to their opi¬ 
nion, proceeded from thence; and, on that 
account, it was ufual to beat drums and cym¬ 
bals to eale her labors, and to render the 
power of magic lets effe&ual. The Arca¬ 
dians Relieved that thfey were older than tlie 
moon. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 263, Sec .— Tibull. 
I, el. 8, v. 2I.“ — Hejiod. Theog. — Firg. Eel. 

8, v. 69.->A maritime town of Etruria, 

famous for the white marble which it produced, 
and called alfo Lunenjis portus* It contained 
a line capacious harbour, and abounded in 


ile, cheefe, &c. The inhabitants were na- 
dually given to augury, and the obfervation < 5 # 
uncommon phenomena. Mela , 2, c. 4.—<- 
Lueatt , I, v. 58 b.-^—Plin. 14, C. 6.— Liv. 3,4/ 
c. 8.— Sil . 8, v. 481. , 

Lui'A, (a Jhe-’wolf) was held in great 
veneration at Rome, becaule Romulos and 
Remus, according to ah ancient tradition, 
were fuckled and pfefefve'd by due of thefe 
animals. This fabulous ftory Sfifes from the 
llirname cf Ltlpa, projlitute , whfch was given 
to the wife of the Ihepherd Fauftulus, to 
whole care and humanity thefe children owed 
their preservation; Ovid. Fuji. 2, v. 415'.— 
— Plut. in Romul. 

Lupercal, a place-at the foot of mount 
Aventifie facred to Pan, where feftivals call¬ 
ed Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and 
where the fhe-wolf was laid to have brought 
up Romulus and Remus. Virg. PEn. 8, v. 

3 1 . 3 - 

Lupercalia, a yearly feftival obfefved 
at Rome the 15th of February, in honor of 
the god Pan. It was ufual lirft to facrifice 
two goats and a dog, and to touch with a 
bloody knife the foreheads of two illuftrious 
youths, who always were obliged to (mile 
while they were touched. The blood 
wiped away with foft wool dipped in milk. 
After this the Ikins of the victims were cut 
! into thongs, with which whips were made 
for tire youths. With thefe whips the youths 
ran about the ftreets all naked except the 
middle, andjvvhipped freely all thofe whom th^y 
met. Women in particular were fond of re¬ 
ceiving the kibe's, as they fuperftitioully be¬ 
lieved that they removed barrennefs, aud 
eafed the pains of child birth. This excur* 
lion in the llreets of Rome was performed by 
naked youths, becaufe Pan is always repre- 
fented naked, and a goat was facrificed, be¬ 
caufe that deity was fuppofed to have the feet 
of a goat. A dog was added, as a neceflary 
and uleful guardian of the Iheepfold. This 
feftival, as Plutarch mentions, was firft m- 
ftituted by the Romans in honor of the lhe- 
wolf yvhich fuckled Romulus and Remus. 
This opinion is controverted hy others, and 
Livy, with Dionyfius of HalicarnalTus, ob- 
lerves, that they were introduced into Italy 
byAEvander. The name leems to be bor¬ 
rowed from the Greek name of Pan,' Lycaus 
from XvKag, a ivolf; not only becaufe thefe 
ceremonies were like the Lycaean feftivals 
oblerved in Arcadia, but becaufe Pan, as 
god of lhepherds, prote&ed the Iheep from 
the rapacity of the wolves. The priefts who 
officiated at the Lupercalia were called Lu- 
perci. Auguftus forbad any perfon above the 
age of fourteen to appear naked or to run 
about the ftreets during the Lupercalia. Ci¬ 
cero, in his Philippics, reproaches Antony 
for having difgraced the dignity of the con- 
fullhip by running naked, and arme<Twith 2 
whip, about the ftreets. It was during the ' 

celebration 













LU 


. L Y 


celebration of thefe feftivals that Antony of- 
, iered a crown to J. Caeiar, which the indig¬ 
nation of the populace obliged him to refufe. 
Ovid. Fuji. 2 , V. 427. —Varro L. L. J, 

c. 3. 

Luterci, a number of priefts at Rome, 
who allilted at the celebration of the Lupcr- 
calia, in honor of the god Pan, to whofe fer- 
vice they were dedicated. This order of prielts 
was the moil ancient and refpecUble of all the 
facerdotal offices. It was divided" into two 
leparate colleges, called Fabiani 8 c Quintiliqni, 
from Fabies and Quintiiius, two of their high 
prieits. The former was inftituted in honor 
of Romulus, and the latter of Remus. To 
thefe two facerdotal bodies, J. Caefar added a 
third, called from himfelf the Julii, and 
this aitiou contributed not a little to render 
his caui'e unpopular, and to betray his ambi¬ 
tious and afpiring views. [ Fid. Lupercalia.] 
Pint, in Rom. — Dio. Caf. 45.— Virg. JEn. 8, 
V. 663. 

Lupercus, a grammarian in the reign of 
the emperor Galiienus. He wrote lome gram¬ 
matical pieces, which lbme have preferred to 
Herodi.m’s compofitions. 

Lupias or Lupia, now Lippe, a town of 
Germany, with a lmall river of the fame 
name, falling into the Rhine. Tacit. Ann. i,Scc. 
Lupus, a general of the emperor Severus. 

-A governor of Britain.-A quasftor in 

the reign of Tiberius, &c.-A comic writer 

oF Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return 
of Menelaus and Helen to Sparta, after the 
deftrudtion of Troy. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep. 

16, v. 26.-P. Rut. a Roman, who, contrary 

to the omens, marched againft the Marfi, 
2nd was killed with his army. He has been 
taxed with impiety, and was Severely' cen 
fured in the Auguitan age. Horat. 2, Sat. I, 
v. 68. 

Lusitania, a part of ancient Spain, whofe 
ev ent and fituation have not been accurately 
- defined by the ancients. According to the more 
corrtil deferiptions it extended from the Tagus 
to the lea of Cantabria, and comprehended 
the modern kingdom of Portugal. The in¬ 
habitants were warlike, and were conquered 
by the Roman army under Dolabella, B. C. 
.99, with great difficulty. They generally 
lived upon plunder, and were rude and un- 
polilhed in their manners. It was ulual among 
them to expofe their lick in the high roads, 
that their difeales might be cured by the di¬ 
rections and advice of travellers. They were 
very moderate in their meals, and never eat 
hut of one difh. Their cloaths were commonly 
black, and they generally warmed themfelves 
by means of Hones heated in the fire. Strab. 
3.— Mela, 2 , C. 6. 1 . 3, C. I.— Liv. 21 . C. 43. 

1 . 27, C. 20 . 

Lusius, a river of Arcadi'a, Cic. de Nat. 
D. 3, C. 22.— Pauf. A r c. 28. 

Lusonxs, a people of Spain, near the 

fberus. 


Lustricu3 Brvtian'us, a Roman poeft 
Martial. 4, ep. 23. 

LutAtius CATdt us, a Roman, whofhuC 
thejtemple of Janus after peace had been mad© 
with Carthage. Vid. LuCfatius. 

Luterius, a general of the Gauls, de¬ 
feated by Cielar, &c. * 

i.utetia, a town of Belgic Gaul, on th* 
confluence of the rivers Sequana and JVfatro- 
na, which received its name, as fome fuppofe, 
from the quantity of clay, lutum, which,, is in 
its neighbourhood. J. Csefar fortified and 
embellhhed it, from which circumftance 
lome authors call it yulii Civitas. Julian 
the apoftnte refided there fome time. It is 
now called Paris , the capital of France. 
Cafar de bell. G. 6 Sc J .— Strab. 4.— Ammian. 
20 . 

C. Lutorius Priscus, a Roman knight* 
put to death by order of 1 iberius, becaufa 
he had written a poem in which he had be¬ 
wailed the death of Germanicus, who then la¬ 
bored under a fevere illnefs. Tacit. Ann. 3, 
c. 49, See. 

Lyjevs, a furname of Bacchus. It is de¬ 
rived from folvere , becaufe wine, over 

which Bacchus prefides, gives freedom t© 
the mind, and delivers it from all dares and 
melancholy. Horat. ep. 9.— Lucan. I, v. 
675. 

Lybas, one of the companions of Ulyffes, 
See . 

Lybya or Lybissa, a fmall village of Bi- 
thynia, where Annibal was buried. 

Lycabas, an Etrurian, who had been 
banilhed from his country for murder. He 
was one of thole who offered violence to Bac¬ 
chus, and who were changed into -dolphins. 

Ovid. Met. 4, v.624-One of the Lapi- 

thae, who ran away from the* battle which was 
fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. Id. Met . 
12, v. 3©2. 

I.ycabktus, a mountain of Attica, near 
Athens. Stat. 

Lycjea, feftivals in Arcadia, in honor of 
Pan, the god cf fhepherds. They are the 
lame as the Lupercalia of the Romans.— 

A feftival at Argos in honor of Apollo Ly- 
caeus, who delivered the Argives 4 >oni wolves* 
Sec. 

Lycieum, a celebrated place near the 
banks of the Iliffus, in Attica. It was in 
this pleafant and falubrious fpot that Ariftotle 
taught philolophy, and as ne generally in- 
ftrudled his pupils in walking, they v T er« 
called Peripatetics, a vrtoivuna, ambulo,. 
The philofopher continued his inftrudtions 
for i.2 years, till terrified by the falfe accufa- 
tions of Eurvmedon, he was obliged to fly to 
Chalds, 

L^cAus, a mountain of Arcadia, facred 
to Jupiter, where a temple was built in ho¬ 
nor of the god by Lycaon, the fon of Pelaf* 
gus. It was alfo facred to Pan, whole fes¬ 
tivals, called Lycaa, were celebrated there. 

E e Firg. 







LY 


LY 


Virg. G. I, v. 16. -j$n. 8j v. 343.— Strab. 
8.— Herat. I, od. 17, V, 2.— Ovid. Met. I, 
v. 698. 

Lycambf.s, the father of Neobule. He 
promifed his daughter in marriage to the 
poet Archilochus, and afterwards refufed to 
fulfil his engagement when (he had been court¬ 
ed by a man whofe opulence had more influ' 
ence than the fortune of the poet. This irri¬ 
tated Archilochus; he wrote a bitter inve&ive 
againft Lycambes and his daughter, and ren 
dered them both fo defperate by the fatire of 
his compofition, that they hanged themfelves. 
Herat ep. 6,V. 13 -— -Ovid, in lb. $ 2 .— Arijlot. 
Rbet. 3. 

• Lycaon, the firft king of Arcadia, fon of 
Pelafgus and Melibcca. He built a town 
called ^ycolura on the top of mount Lycteus, 
in honor of Jupiter. He had many wives, 
by whe/m he had a daughter called Califto, 
and fifty fons. He was i'ucceeded on the 
throne by Ny&imus, the eldeft of his fons. 
He lived about 1820 years before the Chrii- 
tian era. Apolled. 3.— Hygin. fab. 176.— 
Cdtul. ep. 76.— Pauf. 3 , c. 2, &c.-Ano¬ 

ther king of Arcadia, celebrated for his 
cruelties. He was changed into a wolf by 
Jupiter, becaule he offered human vi&ims on 
the altars of the god Pan. Some attribute 
this metamorphofis to another caufe. The 
fins of mankind, as they relate, were become 
fo enormous, that Jupiter vifited the earth to 
punifh their wickednefsand impiety. He came 
to Arcadia, where he was announced as a 
god, and the people began to pay proper ado¬ 
ration to his divinity. Lycaon, however, who 
ufed to facrifice all ftrangers to his wanton 
cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers of his 
fubje<fts, and to try the divinity of the god, 
he ferved up human flefh on his table. 
This impiety fo irritated Jupiter, that he 
immediately deftroyed the houfe of Lycaon, 
and changed him into a wolf. Ovid. Met. I, 

v. 198, Sec. - Thefe two monarchs are 

often confounded together, though it appears 
that they were two different charadffers, and 
thaf not lefs than an age elapfed between their 

re ign$.-A fon of Priam and Lnothoe. 

He was taken by Achilles and carried to 
Lemnos, whence he eicaped. He was after¬ 
wards killed by Achilles in the Trojdi war. 
Homer. II. 21, &c.-*-—The father of Pan- 

darus, killed by Diomedes before Troy.- 

A Gnofiian artift, who made the fword which 
Afcanius gave to Euryalus. Virg. JEn. 9, 
v. 304. 

LycaonU, a country of Afia, between 
Cappadocia, Pifidia, Pamphylia, and Phryg/a, 
made a Roman province under Auguftus. 
Iconium was the capital. Strab. 10.— Mel, 1, 

c. 2.— Liv. 27, c. 54. 1 . 38, c. 39.-Arcadia 

borp alfo that name from Lycaon, one 0^' its 

kings. Hionyf. Hal. -An ifland in the 

Tyber. 

Lyca$j «! prieftof Apollo in theintereft of 


Turnus. He was killed by TEneas. Virg. JEn . 

10, v. 315.-Another officer of Turnus. 

Id. 10, c. 561. 

Lycaste, an ancient town of Crete, whofe 
inhabitants accompanied Idomeneu9 to the 

Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. - A daughter 

qf Priam by a concubine. She married Poly- 

damas, the fon of Antenor.-A famous 

courtezan of Drepanum, called Venus, on ac¬ 
count of her great beauty. She had a fon 
called Eryx by Butes, fon of Amycus. 

Lycastum, a town of Cappadocia. 

Lycastus, a fon of Minos I. He was 
father of Minos II. by Ida, the daughter of 

Corybas. Diod. 4.-A fon of Minos and 

Philonome, daughter of Ny&imus. He luc- 
ceeded his father on the throne of Arcadia. 
Pauf. 8, c. 3 & 4. 

Lyce, one of the Amazons, Sec. Plate. 6 , 
v- 374 - 

Lyces, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, 
c. 33 - 

Lyceum. Vii. Lycreum. 

LychnIous, now Achridna , a city with a 
lake of the fame name, in Iliyricum. Liv. 27, 
c. 32.1.44> c. 15. 

Lycia, a country of Alia Minor, bounded 
by the Mediterranean on the l'outh, Caria on 
the yveft, Pamphylia on the eaft, and Phrygia 
on the north. It was anciently called Milyas t 
and Tremile , from the Mily;e or Solymi, a 
people of Crete, who came to fettle there. 
The country received the name of Lycia from 
Lycus, the lbn of Pandion, who eftablifhed 
himfelf there. The inhabitants have been 
greatly commended by all the ancients, not 
only for their fobriety and juftice, but their 
great dexterity in the management of the 
bow. They were conquered by Crcefus, king 
of Lydia, and afterwards by Cyrus. Though 
they were fubjeft to the power of Perfia, yet 
they were governed by their own kings, and 
only paid a yearly tribute to the Perfian mo¬ 
narch. They became part of the Macedonian 
empire when Alexander came into the eaft, 
and afterwards were ceded to the houfe of the 
Seleucidae. The country was reduced into a 
Roman province by the emperor Claudius. 
Apollo had there his celebrated oracle at Pa- 
tar:r, and the epithet hilertia is applied to the 
country, becaufe the god was faid to pafs the 
•winter in his temple. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 143 & 
446. 1 . 7, v. 816.— Stut. Theb. 6, v. 686.— 
Herodot I, c. 1 7 3. — Strab. 13. — Liv. 37, 
c. 16.1. 38, c. 39. 

LycTdas, a centaur, killed by the Lapi- 
thze at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 

12, v. 310.-A fhepherd’s name. Virg. 

Eel. -A beautiful youth, the admiration of 

Rome in the age of Horace. Horat. 1, od. 4, 
v. 19. 

Lyctmna, a town of Peloponnefus. 

Lycimnia, a Have, mother ofHelenor by 
a Lydian prince. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 446. 

Lyciscus, an Athenian archon,-A 






LY 


L Y 

MeflVniart of the family of the ,/Epytid*. 
"When his daughters were doomed by lot to be 
i'acrificed for the good of their country, he fled 
with them to Sparta, and Ariftodemus upon 
this chearfully gave his own children, and foon 
after iucceeded to the throne. Pauf. 4, 
c. 9.-A youth of whom Horace was ena¬ 

moured. 

JLtcius, a fon of Hercules and Tbxicreta. 

-A fon of Lycaon.-An epithet given 

to Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where he 
gave oracles, particularly at Patara,- where 
the appellation of Lycia fortes was given to 
his anfwers, and even to the will of the Fates. 

Hirg. JEn . 4, v. 346.-A furBame of Da 

Itaus. 

Lycomedes, a king of Scyros, an ifland 
in the JEgean lea, fon of Apollo and Parthe- 
nope. He was fecretly entrufled with the 
care of young Achilles, whom his mother 
Thetis had diigutfed in woman’s cloaths, to 
remove him from the Trojan war, where lhe 
knew he mud unavoidably perilh. Lyco¬ 
medes lias rendered him I elf famous for his 
treachery to Thefeus, who had implored his 
prote£>ion when driven from the throne of 
Athens by the ulurper Mneftheus. I.yco- 
inedes, as it is reported, either envious of the 
. fame of his illuftrious guell, or bribed by the 
emilTaries of Mneftheus, led Thefeus to an 
elevated place, on pretence of (hewing him 
the extent of his dominions, and perfidioufly 
threw him down a precipice, where he was 
killed. Pint, in Tbef. — Pavf. I, c. 17. 1 . 7, 

c. 4.— Apollod. 3, c. 13.- -An Arcadian, 

who, with 500 chofen men put to flight'iooo 
Spartans, and 500 Argives, &c. Diod. 15. 

-A leditious per fon at Tegea.-A Man- 

tinean general, See. - An Athenian, the firft 

who took one of the enemy’s fhips at the 
battle of Salamis. Plut. 

Lycon, a philofopher of Troas, fon of 
Aftyonax, in the age of Ariftotle. He was 
greatly efteemed. by F.flmenes, Antiochus Sec. 
He died in the 74th year of his age. Diog. 
in vit. -A man" who wrote the life of Py¬ 
thagoras-A poet.-A writer of epi¬ 
grams.-A player, greatly efleemed by 

Alexander..-A Syracufan who aflifted in 

murdering Dion.——A peripatetic philofo¬ 
pher. 

Lycone, a city of Thrace.-A moun¬ 

tain of Argolis. P.mf. 2, c. 2 .\. 

Lycophron, a fon of Periander, king of 
Corinth. The murder of his mother Melifla 
by his father had fuch an effect upon him, 
that he refolved never to fpeak to a man who 
had been fo wantonly cruel againft his rela¬ 
tions. This refolution was ftrengthened by 
the advice of Procles, his maternal unde, and 
Periander at laft banifhed to Corcyra a fon, 
whofe difobedience and oMlinacy had rendered 
him odious. Cypfelus, the eldeft fon of Pe- 
riander, being incapable of reigning, Lyco¬ 
phron was the only furviving child who had 


any claim to the crown of Corinth. But, 
when the infirmities of Periander obliged him 
to look for a fuccelfor, Lycophron refufed to 
come to Corinth while his father was there, 
and he was induced to leave Corcyra, only on 
promtfe that Periander would come and dwell 
there while he remained mailer of Corinth. 
This exchange, however, was prevented. The 
Corcyreans, who were apprehenfive of the 
tyranny of Periander, murdered Lycophron 
before he left that ifland Herodot. 3.— Arif- 

tot. -A brother of Thebe, the wife of 

Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. He aflifted 
his lifter in murdering her hufband, and he 
afterwards feized the fovereignty. He was 
ditpoflefled by Philip of Macedonia. Plut .— 

Diod. 16.-- A general of Corinth, killed by 

Nicias. Plut. in Nic. -A native of Cy^ 

thera, l’on of Maftor. He went to the Tro¬ 
jan war with Ajax, the fon of Telamon, after 
the accidental murder of one of his citizens. 

He was killed, Sec. Homer. II. 15, v. 450.-• 

A famous Greek poet and grammarian, bom 
at Chalcis, in Euboea. He was one of the 
joets who florilhed under Ptolemy Philadel- 
phus, and who, from their number, obtained 
the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died by 
the wound of an arrow. He wrote tragedies, 
the titles of twenty of which have been pre- 
; lerved. The only remaining compofition of 
this poet is called Cajfandra or Alexandra* 
It contains 1474 verfes, whole obfeurity has 
procured the epithet of Tenebrofus to its au¬ 
thor. It is a mixture of prophetical effufions, 
which, as he fuppoles, were given by Caf- 
fantira during the Trojan war. The bell-edi¬ 
tions of Lycophron are that of Bafil, 1546, 
fol. enriched with the Greek commentary of 
Tzetzes; that of Canter. 8vo. apud Com- 
melin, 1596 ; and that of Porter, fol. Oxon. 
1702 Ovid, in lb. 521 ‘—Slat. g. Syl<v.$. 

1 YCOPOi.iR, now Siut, a town of Egypt. 
It received this name on' account of the im- 
menfe number of wolves, Xvxot, which repelled 
an army of ./Ethiopians, who had invaded 
Egypt. Diod. I.— Strab. 17. 

Lycopus, an /Etolian who aflifted the Cy- 
reneans againft Ptolemy. ' Polyan. 8. 

Lycorea, a town of Phocis at the top of 
Parnaflus, where the people of Delphi took 
refuge during Deucalion’s deluge, directed by 
the hovvlings of wolves. Pauf. Pboc. 6 . 

Lycoreus, the luppofed founder of Lyco¬ 
rea, on mount Parnaflus, was fon of Apollo 
andCorycia. Hygin. fab. 161, 

Lycorias, one of the attendant nymphs of 
Cyrene. Virg. G. 4, v. 339. 

Lycoris, a freedwomanof the fenator Vo- 
lumnius, all'o called Cytberis, and Vilumnia , 
from her mailer. She is celebrated for her 
beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was 
greatly enamoured of her, and his friend Virgil 
comforts him in his 10th eclogue for the lofs of 
the favors of Cytheris, who followed M. An¬ 
tony’s «amp> and was become the Afpafia of 
1 ' E * 7 , Rome 










LY 


Rome. The charms of Cleopatra, however, 
prevailed over thole of Cytheris, and the un¬ 
fortunate courtezan loft the favota of Antony 
and of all the world at the lame time. Ly- 
coris was originally a comedian. Virg. Eel . IO. 
—O vid. A. A. 3,v. 537. 

Lycormas, a river of Aitolia, whofe 
fands were of a golden color. It was after¬ 
wards called Evenus from king Evenus, 
who threw himfelf into it. Ovid. Met. 2, 
v. 2 45. 

I.ycortas, the father of Polybius, who 
florifhed B.. C. 184. He was chofen general 
of the Achaean league, and he revenged the 
death of Phiiopoemen, &c. Plut. 

LvcosCra. a city built by Lycaon on 
-mount l ycaeus in Aicadia. 

Lyctus, a town of Cr te, the country of 
Idomeneus, whence he is often called Lyflius. 
Virg. JEn. 3, v. 401. 

Lycorgxdes, annual days of lolemnity,ap¬ 
pointed in honor of the lawgiver of Sparta.—— 
A patronymic of a fon of Lycurgus. Ovid. 
ih lb. 503. 

Lycurgus, a king of Nemtsa, in Pelopon- 
nefus. He was railed from the s dead by 

TEfculapius. St at. Theb. 5, v. 638.--A 

giant killed by Ofiris in Thrace. Diod. 1. 

-*A king of Thrace, fon-of Dryas. He 

has been reprefented as cruel and impious, on 
account of the violence which he offered to 
Bacchus. He, according to the opinion of the 
mythologiffs, drove Bacchus out of his king¬ 
dom, and aboliffied his vvorfhip, for which im¬ 
piety he was feverely puniffied by the gods. 
Pie put his own fon Dryas to death in a fury, 
- and he cut off his own legs, miffaking them 
for vine boughs. He was put to death in the 
greateft torments by his fubje&s, who had 
been informed by the oracle that they lhould 
not tafte wine till i ycurgus was no more. This 
fable is explained by obferving, that the aver- 
fiou of Lycurgus for wine, over which Bacchus 
prefided, arole from the filtftinels and dilgrace 
©f intoxication, and therefore the monarch 
wifely ordered all the vines of his dominions 
to be cat down, that himfelf and his fubjedfs 
might be preferved from the extravagance and 
debauchery which are produced by too free an 
life of wine. Hygin. fab. 13 a.— Hotter 11 . 
6 , v. 130.— Apollod. 3,, c, 5.— Ovid. Met. 4, 
V. 22 . — Virg. JEn, 3, v. 14.— Herat. 2,'cd. 

19.-A ion of H.ercules and Praxithea, 

daughter of Thefpius. Apollod. 2 ,c. 7.- 

A fon of Pheres, the fon of Cretheus. Id. 1, 

c. 9.-An orator of Athens, furnamed Ibis , 

in the age ofDemofthenes, famous for his juf- 
tice and impartiality when at the head of the 
government. He was one of the thirty orators 
whom the Athenians refilled to deliver up to 
Alexander. Some of his orations are extant. 
He died about 330 years before Chrift. Diod. 

16. - . A kingofTegea, fon of Aleus, by 

Nesera, the daughter of Pereus. He married 
Cieophile, called alio JEurynome, by whom he 


LY 

had Amphidamas, Sec. Apollod. 3, c. 9.— 

Homer. 11 . 7.-A celebrated lawgiver of 

Sparta, fon of king Eunomus, and brother to 
Polydectes. He fucceeded his brother on thfr 
Spartan throne; but when he faw that the 
widow of PolydeC'tes was pregnant, he kept 
the kingdom not for himfelf, but till Chariiaus, 
his nephew, was arrived to years of maturity. 
He had previoufly refufed to marry his bro¬ 
ther’s widow, who wifhed to ftrengthen him on 
his throne by deffroying her own fon Chariiaus, 
and leaving him in the peaceful poffeffion of 
the crown. The integrity with which he 
adied, when guardian of his nephew Chariiaus, 
united with the dilappointment and the refent- 
ment of the queen, railed him many enemies, 
and he at laft yielded to their fatire and male¬ 
volence and retired to Crete. He travelled 
like a philol'opher, and vifited Afia and Egypt 
without fuffering himfelf to be corrupted by 
the licentioufnefs and luxury which prevailed 
there. The confufion which followed his de¬ 
parture from Sparta, now had made his pre- 
l'ence totally neceffary, and he returned home 
at the earneft folicitations of his countrymen. 
The diforders which reigned at Sparta, induced 
him to reform the government’and the more 
effectually to execute his undertaking, he had- 
recourfe to the oracle of Delphi. He was re¬ 
ceived by the priefteis of the god with every 
mark of honor, his intentions were warmly 
approved by the divinity, and he was called 
the friend of gods, and himfelf rather god thair 
man. After fuch a reception from the moft 
celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found 
no difficulty in reforming the abules of the 
ftate, and all were equally anxious in promot¬ 
ing a revolution which had received the fanc- 
tion of heaven. This happened 884 years be¬ 
fore the Chriftian era. Lycurgus firft efta- 
blifhed a ienate, which was compofed of 28 
fenators, whole authority preferved the tran- 
; quillity of the ftate, and maintained a due and 
juft equilibrium between the kings and the 
people, by watching over the intrufions of the 
former, and checking the feditious convulfions 
of the latter. All diftin&ions were deftroyed, 
and by making an equal and impartial divifion 
of the land among the members of the com¬ 
monwealth, Lycurgus banifhed luxury, and 
encouraged the uieful arts. The ufe of mo¬ 
ney, either of gold or filver, was totally fo^? 
bidden, and the introduction of heavy brafe 
and iron coin, brought no temptations to the 
dilhoneft, and left every individual in the 
poffefliou of his effects without any fears of. 
robbery or violence. All the citizens dined 
in common, and no one had greater claims, to 
indulgence or luxury than another. The 
intercourfe of Sparta with other nations was 
forbidden, and few were permitted to travel. 
The youths were eiitrufted to the public maf- 
ter, as loon as they had attained their feventh 
year, and their education was left to the wif- 
dom of did laws. T&sy were taught earlyto- 

thinly 







tftink, to anfwer in a fhort and laconic man¬ 
ner, and to excel in iharp repartee. They 
were inftruded and encouraged to carry 
things by furprite, but if ever the theft was 
cliicovered they were fubjeited to a fevere 
punifhment. Lycurgus was happy and iuc- 
cefsful in eftabliihing and enforcing thefe 
and by his prudence and adminiftration 
the face of affairs in Lacedaemon was totally 
changed, and it gave rile to a let of men dif- 
tinguifhed for their intrepidity, their fortitude, 
and their magnanimity. After this, Lycur- 
gus retired from Sparta to Delphi, or accord¬ 
ing to others, to Crete, and before his depar¬ 
ture he bound all the citizens of Lacedtemon 
by a 1'olemn oath, that neither they nor their 
poiterity would alter, violate, or abolilh the 
iaws which he had eftablifhed, before his re¬ 
turn. He foon after puc himfelf to death, 
and he ordered his afhes to be thrown into the 
lea, fear ful left if they were carried to Sparta, 
the citizens would call theml'elves freed from 
the oath which they had taken, and em¬ 
powered to make a revolution. The wifdom 
and the good effett of the laws of Lycurgus 
have been firmly demonftrated at Sparta, 
where for 700 years they remained in full 
force, but the legillator has been cenfured as 
cruel and impolitic. He has (hewn himlelf 
inhumane in ordering mothers to deftroy fuch 
®f their children, whole feeblenefs or defor¬ 
mity in their youth leemed to promile inca¬ 
pability of a&ionin maturer years, and to be¬ 
come a burden to the rtate. His regulations 
about marriage muft neceflarily be cenfured, 
and no true conjugal felicity can be expected 
from the union of a man with a perl'on whom 
he perhaps never knew before, and whom he 
was compelled to choofe in a dark room, where 
all the marriageable women in the flate affem- 
•bled on ftated occafions. The peculiar drels 
which was appointed for the females, might be 
termed improper; and the law muft, for ever, 
be called injudicious, which ordered them to 
appear naked on'certain days of feftivity, and 
wreftle in a public aflembly, promilcuoufly 
with boys of equal age with theml’elves 
Thefe things indeed contributed as much to 
corrupt the morals of the Lacedsmonians, as 
the other regulations feemed to be calculated 
to. banilh mflipation, riot, and debauchery. 
Lycurgus has been compared to Solon, the 
celebrated legillator of Athens, and it has been 
judicioufly obferved that the former gave his 
citizens morals conformable to the laws which 
he had eftablilhed, and that the latter had 
given the Athenians laws, which coincided 
with their cuftoms and manners. The office 
of Lycurgus demanded refolution, and he 
ihewed himfelf inexorable and fevere. In So¬ 
lon artifice was requifite, and he (hewed him¬ 
felf mild and even voluptuous. The modera- 
tion-of Lycurgus is greatly commended, par¬ 
ticularly when we recoiled that he treated 
with the greateft humanity and confidence 


in Alcander, a youth who had put out one of 
his eyes in a feditious tumult. Lycurgus 
had a ion called Antiorns. who left no iluie. 
The Lacedaemonians ihewed their reipedt for 
their great legillator, by yearly celebrating a 
feftival in his honor, called Lycurgid^e or 7 
Lycurgides. The introdudlion of money in¬ 
to' Sparta in the reign of Agis the fon of Ar- 
chidamus, was one of ihe principal caufes 
which corrupted the innocence of tile Lace¬ 
daemonians, and rendered them the prey of 
intrigue and of fadVion. The laws of Ly¬ 
curgus were abrogated by Philopcemen, B. 
C. 188, but only for a little time, as they 
wete foon after re-edablilhed by the Romans. 
Pint. vita. — JuJUn. 3, c. 2 , &e.— Strab. 
8, lO, 15, &c.— Dionyf. Hal. 2 , — Pauf. 3, 
C. 2 . 

Lycus, a king of Boeotia, fucceflor to his 
brother Nydfeus, who left no male ifTue. 
He was entrufted with the government only 
during the minority of Labdacustlie fon of the 
daughter of Nydtens. He was farther en¬ 
joined to make war agaiuft Epopeus, who had 
carrie^ away by force Antiope the daughter of 
Nydteus. He was fuccelsful in this expedi¬ 
tion, Epopeus was killed, and Lycus recovered 
Antiope and married her though (he was his 
niece. This new connedlion highly dilplealed 
his firft wife Dirce, and Antiope was delivered 
to the unfeeling queen and tortured in the 
moft cruel manner. Antiope at laft elcaped, 
and entreated her fons Zethus and Amphion, 
t® avenge her wrongs. I he children, incenfed 
on account of the cruelties which their mother 
had fnffered, befieged Thebes, killed Lvcus, 
and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull which 
dragged her till, (lie died. Pauf. 9, c. 5.—- 

Apo'.lod. 3, c. 5.-A king of Libya, who 

facrificed whatever ftrangers came upon his. 
coaft. When Diomedes, at his return from 
the Trojan war, had been (hipwrecked there, 
the tyrant leized him and confined him. He, 
however, efcaped by means of Callirhoe, th*a 
tyrant’s daughter, who was enamoured of him, 
and who hung herfelf when 11.e faw herlelf dc- 
i'erted. ■ —A fon of Neptune by Celteno, 
made king of a part of Mylia by Hercules. 
He offered violence to Megar?, the wife of 
Hercules, for which he was killed by the in- 
cenfed hero. Lycus gave a kind reception to 
the Argonauts. Apollod. 3, c. 10.— Hygin. 

fab. 18, 31, 32, 137.-A fon of aEgyprus 

-of Mars-of Lycaon, king of Arca¬ 
dia——of Pandion, kiug of Athens.-The 

father of Arcefilaus.-One of the compa¬ 

nions of JE neas- Apoilod. c. 3.— Pauf. 1, 
&C. — Hirg. JEn. I, &c.— Hygin. fab. 97 & 

159.-An officer of Alexander in the inte- 

relt of Lyfimachus. He made himfelt matter 
of Ephefus by the treachery of Andron, &c. 

Polyan. 5.-One of the centaurs.-A 

foa of Priam.-A river of Phrygia, .which 

disappears near Coloffe, and rifes again at tha 
diftance of about four ftadia, aud at lait falls 
E c j into 







LY 


L Y 

into the Masander. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 173, 
-——A river ofSarmatia falling into.the Palus 

Maeotis.-Another in Paphlagonia, near 

Heraclea. Ovid. 4, ex Pont. el. 1, v. 47. -- 

Another in Affyria.-Another in Armenia, 

falling into the Euxine near the Phafis. Virg. 

G. 4, v. 367.-One of the friends of 

./Eneas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, 

v. 545.-A youth beloved by Alcaeus. Ho- 

rat. l,od. 32.-A town cf Crete. 

Lyde, die wife of the poet Antimachus, 

&■ c. Ovid. Trijl. I, el. 5.- A woman in 

Domitian’s reigh, who pretended fhe could 
remove barrennels by medicines. Juv. 2, 
v. 141. 

Lydia, a celebrated kingdom of Afia 
Elinor, whofe boundaries were different at 
different times. It was firft bounded by 
Mvfia Major, Caria, Phrygia Major, and 
Ionia, but in its more fleriftiing times it con¬ 
tained the whole country which lies between 
the Halys and the JEgean fea. It was an¬ 
ciently called Maoniu, and received the 
name of Lydia from Lydus one of its kings. 
It was governed by monarchs who after the 
fabulous ages reigned for 249 years in the 
following order: Ardyfus began to reign 797 
B. C. Alyattes, 761; Meles, 747; Candaules, 
7351 Gyges, 718; Ardyfus 2d. 680; Sady- 
attes, 631 ; Alyattes 2d. 619, and Croefus, 562 
who was conquered by Cyrus, B. C. 548,’ 
when the kingdom became a province of the 
Perfian empire. There were three different 
races that reigned in Lydia, the Atyadte, He- 
raclida, and Mermnadje. The hiftory of the 
iirft is obfcure and fabulous, the Heraclidje be¬ 
gan to reign about the Trojan war, and the 
crown remained in their family for about 505 
years, and was always tranfmitted from father 
to fon. Candaules was the laft of the Hera- 
.. clidae; and Gyges the firft, and Crcelus the 
laft, of the Mermnada;. The Lydians were great 
warriors in the reign of the Mermnadas. 1 hey 
invented the art of coining gold and filver, and 
were the firft who exhibited public fports, &c. 
Herodof. I,C. 6. 1 . 3,C. 90. 1 . 7, c. 74.— Strab. 
12 . 5, & 13-— Mela, I, c. 2.— PI in. 3, c. 5. — 
Dionyf. Hal. I .-r—Diod. /^.-r-fufin. 13, c. 4. 
•-A miftrefs of Horace, &c. 1, Od. 8. 

Lydias, a river of Macedonia. 

Lydius, an epithet applied to the Tyber 
becaufe it paffed near Etruria, whole inhabi¬ 
tants were originally a Lydian colony. Virg. 
JEn. 2, v. 781. 1 . 8, v. 479. 

Lydus, a fon of Atys, and Callithea, king 
of Maeonia, which from him received the 
name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led 
a colony to Italy, and gave the name of Tyr¬ 
rhene to the fettlement he' made on the coaft 

pf the Mediterranean. Herodot. 7^,74.- 

An eunuch, &c. 

Lygdamis or Lygdamus, a man who 
made himfelf abfolute • at I^axos. Poly an. 

- -A general of the Cimmerians who paffed 

into Alia Minor, and took Sardis in the reign 


of Ardyes, king of Lydia. Callm .——-An 
athlete of Syracufe, the father of Artemifia 
the celebrated queen of Halicarnaffus. He - , 
rodot. 7, c. 99.-A fervant of the poet Pro¬ 

pertius, or of his miftrefs Cynthia. 

L'ygii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de 
Germ. 42. , 

Lycodesma, a lurname of Diana at Spar- > 
ta, becaufe her ftatue was brought by Oreftes 
from Taurus, Ihielded round with offers. Pan/. " 
3> c. 16. 

Lycos. Vid. Ligus- 

LymTre, a town of Lycia. Ovid. Met. 
Fab. 12. 

LYMAX,a river of Arcadia. Pauf. 8, c. 41. 

Lyncides, a man at the court of Ccpheus. 
Ovid. Met. 4. Fab. 12 . 

Lyncestje, a noble family of Macedonia, j 
conne&ed with the royal family. 'Jujlin. 11, 
c. 2, See. 

Lyncestes, a fon ,of Amyntas, in the 

army of Alexander, &e. Curt. 7, &c.-=» 

Alexander, a l'on-in-law of Antipater, who 
conipired againft Alexander, and was put to 
death. Ibid. 

Lyncestius, a river of Macedonia, whofe y 
waters were of an intoxicating quality. Ovid. f 
Met. 17, v. 329* 1 

LyNCEUS,lbn of Aphareus, was among the 
hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one of 
the Argonauts. He was lo fliarp lighted that, 
as it is reported, he could lee through the > 
earth, and diftinguilh objedls at the diftance of 
above nine miles. He Hole fome oxen with 
his brother Idas, and'they were both killed by 
Caftor and Pollux, when they were going to 
celebrate their nuptials with the daughters of " 
Leucippus. Apollod. 1 & 3.— Hygiti. fab.— 
Pauf. 4, c. 2,— Ovid. Mel , 3, v. 303.— Apol n 
Ion. Arg. i ——A fon ofiEgyptus, who mar- ■ 
ried Hypermneftia, the daughter of Danaus., 
His life was fpared by the love and humanity 
of his wife. \VicL Danaides.] He made war- > 
againft his father-in-law, dethroned him and 
feized his crown. Some fay that Lynceu9 was 
reconciled to Danaus, and that he fucceed- 
ed him after his death, and reigned forty-one ' 
years, Apollod, 2, c. I.— Pauf. 2, c. 16, 19, 

’2 5.— Ovid, llereid. 14.—One of the com¬ 
panions of ./Eneas killed by Turnus. Virg. 
JEn. 9j v. 768. 

Lyncus, Lync.?eus, or Lynx, a cruel 
king of Scythia, or according to others, of 
Sicily. He received, with feigned holpitality, . 
Triptolemus, whom Ceres had fent all over 
the world to teach mankind agriculture, and 
as he was jealous of his eommiflion he refblved 
to murder this favorite of the gods in his lleep. 
As he was going to give the deadly blow to 
I riptolemus\ he was iuddenly changed into a 
lynx, an animal which is the emblem of perfidy 
and ingratitude. Ovid. Met. 5. v. 65 . 

Lyncus, a town of Macedonia, of which ' 
the inhabitants were called Lynceftse. Plin, 
2,c. 103. 1. 4,c. 10. 

Lyndus, 











LY 


Lyndus, a town of Sicily. 

Lyrca:, a people of Scythia, who live upon 
hunting. 

Ly rc.su s, a mountain of Arcadia. Vid. 

Lyceeus.-A fountain. Slat. Tbeb. 4* 

v. 711. 

I.YRCEa, a town of Peloponnefus, formerly 
ealled Lyncea. Pauf. 2, c 35. 

Lyrcus, a king of Caunus in Caria, &c. 
Part hen, 

Lyrnessus, a city of Cilicia, the native 
country of Brileis, called from thence Lyr- 
nejjeis. It aws taken and plundered by 
Achilles and the Greeks at the time of the 
Trojan war, and the booty divided among the 
conquerors. Homer. II. 2, v. 197.— Ovid. 
Met. 12, v. 108. Heroid. 3, v. 5. Trijl. 4, el. 
I, v. 15. 

Lysander, a celebrated general of Sparta, 
in the laft years of the Peloponnelian war. 
He drew Ephefus from the intereft of Athens, 
and gained the friendship ol Cyrus the younger. 
He gave battle to the Athenian fleet confiding 
of 120 fhips, at A£gofpotamos, and deflroved 
it all, except three (hips, with which the ene¬ 
my’s general fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus. 
I11 this celebrated battle, which happened 405 
years before the jChriltian era, the Athenians 
loft 3000 men, and with them their empire 
and influence among the neighbouring ftates. 
Lyfander well knew how to take advantage 
of his vi&ory, and the following year Athens, 
worn out by a long war of 27 years, and dif* 
couraged by its misfortunes, gave itfelf up to 
the power of the enemy, and confented to de- 
ftroythe Piraeus, to deliver up all its fhips, ex¬ 
cept 12, to recal all thole who had been ba- 
nilhed, and in fhort to be fubmiffive in every 
degree to the power of Lacedaemon. B.Sides 
thefie humiliating conditions, the government 
pf Athens was totally changed, and 30 tyrants 
were fet over ft by Lyfander. This glori¬ 
ous fuccels, and the honor of having put an 
end to the Peloponnelian war, encreafed the 
pride of Lyfander. He had already begun to 
pave his way to univerfial power, by eftablifh- 
jng ariftocracy in the Gredan cities of Alia, 
and now he attempted to make the crown of 
Sparta elective. In the purfuit of his ambi¬ 
tion he uled prudence and artifice ; and as he 
could not ealily abolilh a form of government 
which ages and popularity had confirmed, he 
had recourfe to the afliftance of the gods; His 
attempt, however, to corrtipt the oracles of 
Delphi,'Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved 
ineffectual, and he was even accufed of uling 
bribes by the priefts of the Libyan temple. 
The fudden declaration of war againft the 
Thebans laved him from the accufaiions of 
his adveriarfes, and he was fent, together with 
Paufanias, againft the enemy. The plans of 
his military operations were difcovered,and the 
Haliartians, whole ruin he fecretly meditat¬ 
ed, attacked him unexpectedly, and he was 
killed in a bloody battle, which ended in the 


LY 

defeat of his troops, 394 years before Chrift 
His body was recovered by hi.? colleague Pan-, 
fanias, and honored with a magnificent funeral. 
Lyfander has been commended for his bra¬ 
very, but his ambition deforves the fevereft 
cenfure, and his cruelty and his duplicity have 
greatly flamed his character. He was arro¬ 
gant and vain in his public as well as private 
conduit, and he-received and heard with the 
greateft avidity the hymns which hi$ courtiers- 
and flatterers fung to his honor. Yet in the 
midft of all his pomp, his ambition, and in¬ 
trigues, he died extremely poor, and his daugh¬ 
ters were rejeCted by two'opulent citizens of 
Sparta to whom they had been betrothed dur¬ 
ing the life of their father. This behaviour of 
the lovers was leverely punifhed by the Lace¬ 
daemonians, who protected from injury the 
children of a man whom they hated for his 
lacrilege, his contempt of religion, and his 
perfidy. The father of l yfander, whofe 
name was Ariftoclifces or Ariftocrates, vyas 
defended from Hercules, though not rec¬ 
koned of the race 6? the Heraclidse. Plut. 

Cf C. Nfp. in viia. — Diod. 13-A Trojan 

chi;f, wounded by Ajax fon of Telamon be¬ 
fore Troy. Homer. II. II, v. 491. - One 

of the Ephori in the reign of Agis, &c. 

Plut. -.v grandfon of the great Lyfander. 

Pa rf. , 

Ly sandra, a daughter of Ptolemy La- 
gus, who married Agathodes the fon of Lvfi- 
machus. She was persecuted by Arlinoe, and 
fled to Seleucus for protection. Pavf. 1, 
c. 9,&c. 

Lysaniax, a man made king of Itursea by 
Antony, &c. 

Lyse, a daughter of Thefpius. Apollod. 

Lysiades, an Athenian,Ion of Phaedrus the 

philofopher, &c. Cic. Philip. 5.-An 

Athenian arehon.-A tyrant of Megalo¬ 

polis, who died B. C. 226. Plut. 

1 .YSIANASSA, one of the Nereides. A- 

pollod . 1, c. 2.-A daughter of Epaphus, 

mother of Buliris. Id. 2, c. 5, * 

* ysias, a celebrated orator, fon of Ce- 
phalus, a native of Syvacufe. His father left 
Sicily and went to Athens, where Lyfias was 
born and carefully educated. In his 15th 
year he accompanied the colony which the 
Athenians fent toThurium, and after a long 
refidence there he returned home in his 47th 
year. He diftinguilhed bimfelf by his elo¬ 
quence, and by the Simplicity, correCtnels, and 
purity of his orations, of which he wrote no 
lets than 425 according to Plutarch, though 
the number may with more probability be 
reduced to 230. Of thele 34 are extant, the 
bell editions of which are that of Taylor, 
8vo Cantab. 1740, and that of Auger, 2 
vols. 8vo. Paris, 1783. He died io the 81ft 
year of his age, 378 years before the Chrif- 
tian era. Plut. de Orat.-^-Cic. de Prut, de 
Oral .— Quin til. 3, &C. — Diog. 2.——An 

Athenian general, &c.-A town of Phry- 

£ 8 4 gia. 







LY 


LY 


gia. Strabo -Another of Syria, now Ber- 

aitth near ' Emefa.-A tyrant of Tarfus, 

B. C. 267. 

Lysicles, an Athenian fent with Chares 
into Bocotin, to Hop the conquefls ,of Philip 
of Macedonia. He was conquered at Chce- 
ronaea, and fentenced to death for his ill con- 
duft there. 

Lysidice, a daughter of Pelops and Hip- 
podamia* who married Maftor the ion of 
Perfeus and Andromeda. Apoilod . 2, c. 4. 

— Pauf. 8, c. 14- -A daughter of Thefpius. 

Apoilod. 

Lysimache, a daughter of Abas the fon 
of Melampus. Apoilod. 1, c. 9.-A daugh¬ 

ter of Priam. Id. 3, c. 1%. 

Lysimachia, now Hexamili, a city on the 

Thracian Cherlonefus. Pauf. r, c. 9.-A 

town of jEtolia, built by Lyfimachus. Strab. 
7 & 10.-Another in iEolia. Mela , 2,c. 2. 

Ly si mac hus, a fon of Agathocles, who 
was among the generals of Alexander. After 
the death of that monarch, he made him- 
felf matter of part of Thrace, where he 
built a town which he called Lyfimachia. 
He iided. with Calender and Seleucus againft 
Antigonus and Demetrius, and fought with 
them at the celebrated battle of Ipfus. He 
afterwards feized Macedonia, after expel¬ 
ling Pyrrhus from the throne, B. C. 286; 
but his cruelty rendered him odious, and the 
murder of his fon Agathocles fo offended his 
iubje&s, that the moil opulent and powerful 
revolted from him and abandoned the king¬ 
dom. He puriued them to Afia, and de¬ 
clared war againft Seleucus, who had given 
’them a kind reception. He was killed in a 
bloody battle', 281 years "before Chrift, in 
the 80th year of his age, and his b3dv was 
found in the heaps of flain only by the fidelity 
of a little dog, which had carefully watched 
rear it. It is laid that the love and refpeft 
of Lyfimachus for his learned matter Callift- 
henes proved nearly fatal to him. He, as 
Juftin mentions, was thrown into the den of 
a hungry lion, by order of Alexander, for 
having given Callifthenes poifon, to lave his 
life -from ignominy and infult; and when 
the furious animal darted upon him, he wrap¬ 
ped his hand in his mantle, and boldly thruft 
it into the lion’s mouth, and by twitting his 
tongue, killed an ndverfary ready to devour 
him.- This aift of courage in his felf-de- 
fence, recommended him to Alexander. He 
was pardon ad, and ever after efteemed by 
the monarch. Jufin. 15, c. 3, Sec. — Diod. 

19, &c.r— Pauf. I, c. to.-An Acarna- 

nian, preceptor to Alexander the Great. He 
tiled to call himfelf Phoenix, his pupil Achil¬ 
les, and Philip Peleus. Pint, in Alex. — 
tf if n. 15, c. 3.-An hiftorian of Alex¬ 
in ih ia,-A fon of Ariaides, rewarded py 


the Athenians on account of the virtue of 
his father. ■ — A chief prieft among the* 
Jews, about 204 yfcars before Chrift, Sec. 
fofephus —-—A phyfician greatly attached to 

the notions of Hippocrates.--A governor 

of Heraclea in Pontus,„&c. 

Iysimelia, a marfh of Sicily near Syra- 
cufe. 

Lysinoe, now Aglaffon , a city of Afia, 
near Pamphylia. Liv. 38, c. 15. . 

Lvsippe, a daughter of Prcetus. \Vid. 
Proetides.]-A daughter of Thefpius. 

L y sip pus, a famous ftatuary of Sicyon. 
He was originally a white-lmith, and after-’ 
wards applied himfelf to painting, till his 
talents and inclination taught him that he 
was born to excel in fculpture. He florilh- 
ed about 325 years before the Cbriftian era, 
in the age of Alexander the Great. The 
monarch was fo partial to the artift, that 
he forbad any fculptor but Lyfippus to 
make his fhtue. Lyfippus excelled- in ex- 
preffing the hair, and he was the firft who 
made the head of his ftati^s lefs large, and 
the body fin after than ufual, that they might 
appear taller. 1 ins was observed by one of 
his friends, and the artift gave-for anfvver, 
that his predeceffors had represented men in 
their natural form, but that he re jf relented 
them fuch as they appeared. Lyfippus made 
no lefs than 600 ltatues, the m it admired 
of which were thole of Alexander; one of 
Apollo of Tarentum, 40 cubits high ; one of 
a man coming out* of a bath, with which 
Agrippa adorned his baths; one of Socrates ; 
and thofe of the 25 horsemen who were 
drowned in the Granicus. Thefe were 10 
valued, that in the age of Auguftus, they 
were bought for their weight in gold. Plut. 
in Alex. — Cie. in Brut. C. 164. ad Her. 4, 
c. 148.— Plin. 37, C. 7. — Paterc. I, c. II. — 

Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 240.-A comic poet, 

fome of whole plays are mentioned by Athen- 

seus. Plin. 7,c. 37-A general of the 

Achaean league. 

Lysis, a Pythagorean philofopher, pre¬ 
ceptor to Epaminondas. He floriihed about 
388 years before the Chriftian era. He is 
fuppoied by fome to be the author of the 
golden veries which are attributed to Pytha¬ 
goras. C. Ncp. in Epam . 2. 

Lysistratus, an Athenian parafite.- 

A brother of Lyfippus. He was the firft; ar¬ 
tift who ever made a ftatue with wax. Plin . 
34, c. 8. 1< 35, c. 12. 

L y s 1 t a o u s, a fon of Priam. Apoilod. 

Lyso, a friend of Cicero, &c. Cic. 13, 
fam. 19. 

Ly str a, a town of Laconia. 

Lytjea, a daughter of Hyacinthus, put 
to death by the Athenians. Apoilod . 

Lyzanias, a king of Chalcis,&c. 

MAC^, 








MA 


MA 


M ACJE , a people of Arabia Felix.’ 

Mela, 3,' c. 8. They are placed in 
Africa near the larger Syrtis by HeroJot. 4, 

y. 175 -— Sil. 3, v. 275.1. 5, v. 194. 

Macar, a fon of Crialius or Crinacus, 
the Frit Greek who led a colony to Lelbos. 
His four Ions took pofleflion of the four 
neighbouring iflands, Chios, Samos, Cos, 
and Rhodes, which were called the feats of 
the Macares or the blefled (pxxag, beatiu ). 
Dionyf. Hal. I.— Homer. 11 24.— Diod. 5.— 
Mela , 2, C. 7. 

Macareus, an ancient hiftorian.-A 

fon of iEolus, who debauched his filler Ca- 
nace, and had a fon by her. The fithcr ' 
being informed of the inceft, ordered the 
child to be expofed, and fent a fword to his 
daughter, and commanded her to deftroy her- 
felf. Macareus fled to Delphi, where he be¬ 
came prielt of Apollo. Ovid. Met. Heroid. 

II. in lb. 563.-One of the companions 

-of Ulyfles, left at Caieti in Italy, where 
./Eneas found him. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 159. 

- — A fon of Lycaon. Apollod. 3, c. 8.— 
Pauf. 8, c. 3. 

MacXria, a daughter of Hercules and 
Dejanira. After the death of Hercules, 
Euryliheus made war againlt the Heraclidx, 
whom the Athenians fupported, and the 
oracle declared that the descendants of Her 
cules (hould obtain the victory. if any one of 
them devoted himfelf to death. T his was 
cheerfully accepted hy Macaria,-who refilled 
to endanger the life of the children of Her¬ 
cules by fuffermg the victim to be drawn by lot, 
and the Athenians obtained a victory. Great 
honors were paid to rhe pauiotic Macaria, and 
a fountain cf Marathon was called by her 

name. Pauf. 1, c. 32.--An anc.ent name 

of Cyprus. 

Macaris, an ancient name of Crete. 
Macednus a fon of Lycaon. Applied. 
Macedo, a fon of Oliris, who had a (bare 
in the divine honors’ which were paid to his 
father. He was reprefented cloathed in a 
wolfs Ikin, for which reafon the Egyptians 
held that animal in great veneration. Diod. 

I.— Plut. in Ifid. et Of. - A naan who 

£ave his name to Macedonia. Some fup- 
pofed him to be the fame as the fon or general 
of Ofiris, whiltt others confider him as the 
grandfon of Deucalion by the mother’s fide. 
'Diod. I. 

Macedonia, a celebrated country, fitu- 
ated between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece. 
Its boundaries have been different at different 
periods. Philip increafed it by the conquelt 
pf Thefialy and of part of Thrace, and ac¬ 


cording to Pliny it contained no lefs than 15a 
different nations. The kingdom' of Mace¬ 
donia firlt founded B. C. 814, by Caranus, 
a delcendant of Hercules, and a native of 
Argos, continued in exiftence 646 years, till 
the battle of Pydna. The family of Caranus 
remained m poffefflon of the crown until the 
death of Alexander the Great, and began to 
reign in the following order: Caranus, after 
a reign of 28 years, was fucceeded by Ccenus 
who attended the throne 786 B. C. Thuri- 
nns 774, Perdiccas 729, Argteus 678, Phi¬ 
lip 640, Apropos 602, Alcetas or Alettas 576, 
Amyntas 547, Alexander 497, Perdiccas 454, 
Archelaus 413, Amyntas 399, Paufanias 398, 
Amyntas 2d, 397, Argceus the tyrant 390, 
Amyntas rellored 390, Alexander 2d,' 371, 
Ptolemy Alorites 370, Perdiccas 3d, 366, 
Philip Ion of Amyntas 360, Alexander the 
dreat 336, Philip Aridaeus 323, Callander 
316, Antipater and Alexander 298, Deme¬ 
trius king of Alia 194, Pyrrhus 287, Lyfima- 
chus 286, Ptolemy Cerausius 280, Meleager 
two months, Antipaier the Etefian 45 days, 
Antigomis Gonatas 277, Demetrius 243, An- 
tigonus Dofon 252, Philip 221, Pqrleus 179, 
conquered by the Romans 168 B. C. at Pydna. 
Macedonia has been leverally called JEmopia, 
Mygdoma, Paionia, Edonia, Ainlathia, See. 
The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally 
warlike, and though in the infancy of their 
empire they were little known beyond the 
borders of their country, yet they ifignalized 
themfelves greatly ii the reign of Philip, 
and added the kingdort of Alia to their Eu¬ 
ropean dominions by th« valor of Alexander. 
The Macedonian phalatx, or body of fol- 
diers, was always held n the higheft re¬ 
pute, and it refilled ant fubdued the re¬ 
peated attacks of the bravft and molt cou¬ 
rageous enemies. Lv. 44 .-—fitfl. 6, c. 9. 
1 . 7, c. I, &C. — Strab. 7.— Mela, j, c. 3, 
&c. — Plln. 4, c. IOj&c.— Curl 3& 4. — Pauf. 
8, c. 7. 

Macedonicum bellum ws undertaken 
by the Romans againft Philip fcaig of Mace¬ 
donia, fome few months after the fecond 
Punic war, B. C. 200. The cajfe of this 
war originated in the hoflilities wiich Philip 
had exerciled againfl the Aclueans, he friends 
and allies of Rome. The contul T laminius 
had the care of the war, and he c^quered 
Philip on the confines of Epirus, an’ after¬ 
wards in Theffaly. The Macedonia fleets 
were alfo defeated ; Euboea was take\ ; and 
Philip, after continual Ioffes, iued for peace 
which was grantsd him in the fourth yar of 
the sva r. The ajnbifjon and cruelty ol Per- 

feus 






MA 


MA 


feus, the Ton and fucceffor of Philip, foon 
irritated the Romany Another war was un¬ 
dertaken, in which the Romms fuffered two 
defeats. This, however, did not difcourage 
them; Paulus iEmilius was chofen conful in 
the 6oth year of his age, and entrufted with 
the care of the war. He came to a general 
engagement near the city of Pydna. The 
victory fided with the Romans, and 20,000 of 
the Macedonian foldiers were left on the field 
•f battle. This decifive blow put an end to 
the war, which had already continued for 
three years, 168 years before the Cnriftian 
era. Perfeus and his fons Philip and Alexan¬ 
der were taken prjtoners, and carried to Rome 
to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. About 
fifteen years after, new {editions were railed 
in Macedonia, and the falfe pretenfions of An- 
drifcus, who called himfelf the fon of Peri'etis, 
obliged the Romans to fend an army to quell 
the commotions. Andrifcus at firft obtained 
many confiderable advantages over the Roman 
forces, till at laft he was conquered and deli¬ 
vered to the conful Metellus, who carried 
him to Rome After thele commotions, 
which are fometimes called the third Mace¬ 
donian war, Macedonia was finally reduced 
into a Roman province, and governed by a 
regular proconful, about 148 years before the 
Chriftian era. 

Macedonicus, a furname given to Me¬ 
tellus, from his conquefls in Macedonia. It 
was alfo given to fuch as had obtained any 
▼idtory in that province. 

Macella, a town of Sicily, taken by the 
conful Duillius. Liv. 26, c. zi. 

Macer. JEmylius, a Latin poet of Ve¬ 
rona, intimate with Tibullus and Ovid, and 
commended for his genius, hi learning, and 
the elegance of his poetry. He wrote 1'ome 
poems upon l'erpents, plants, and birds, men¬ 
tioned by Ovid. Hq alfo compofed a poem 
upon the ruins of T/oy, to i'erve as a fupple- 
ment to Homer’s Iliad. His compofitions 
are now loft, tfe died B. C. 16. Oyid. 
Triji. 4 , el. 10, y 44 - ex. Pout. 2 . ep. 10.— 
Qn/ntil. 10, c. /•—L. Claudius a pro-prae¬ 
tor of Africa iy the reign of Nero. He al- 
fumed the tit)/ of emperor, and was put to 
death by orde/ of Galba. 

Mach.?er/> a river of Africa.-A com¬ 

mon cryer a/ Rome. Juv. 7, v. 9. 

Macha/idas, a man who made himfelf 
abfolute aGSparta. He was killed by Philo- 
pccmen, nffcr being defeated at Mantinea, B. C. 
208. Nbis fucceeded him. Pun. — Liv. 
27, c. Wl. a8, c. 5 & 7. 

MaciAon, a celebrated phyfician, fon of 
iEfcula/ius and brother to Podalirus. He 
went V the Trojan war with the inhabitants 
of Trpa, Ithome, and CEchalia. According 
to fo tie he was king of MefTenia. As phy- 
ficiar^to the Greeks, he healed the wounds 
whic/ they received during the Trojan war, 
and fi as one of thofe concealed in the wooden 


horfi?. Sofne fuppofe that he was killed 
before Troy by Eurypylus, the fon of Tele- 
phus. He received divine honors after death, 
and had a temple in Meflenia. Homer. II. 2, 
&c.— Ovid, ex Pont. 3, ep. 4.— Quint. 
Smyr. 6, V. 409. — V irg. JEn . 2, V. 263 & 
426. 

Macra, a river flowing from the Apen¬ 
nines, and dividing Liguria from Etruria. 
Lucan. 2, V. 426 .—Liv. 39, C. 32 -— PHn. 3, 
C.5. 

Macri cam pi, a plain in Cifalpine Gaul 
near the river Gabellus. Liv. 41, c. 18.1.45, 

c 12.-A plain near Mutina bears the 

lame name. Col. 7, c. 2. 

Macrjanus, Titus Fulvius Julius, an 
Egyptian of obfeure birth, who, from a pri¬ 
vate foldier, rpfe to the highelt command in 
the army, and proclaimed himfelf emperor 
when Valerian had been made prifoner by 
the Perfians, A. D. 260. His liberality fup- 
ported his ufurpation; his two ions Macria- 
nus and Quietus were invefted with the im¬ 
perial purple, and the enemies of Rome were 
Severely defeated either by the emperors or 
their generals. When he had fupported his 
dignity for a year in the eallern parts of the 
wotld, Macrianus marched towards Rome, 
to crufh Gallienus, who had been proclaimed 
emperor. He was defeated in Illyricum by 
the lieutenant of Gallienus, and put to death 
with his fon, at his own expreliive requeft, 
A. D. 262. 

Macrinus, M. Opilius Severu*, a native 
of Africa, who rofe from the molt ignomi¬ 
nious condition to the rank of prsfedl of the 
praetorian guards, and at laft of emperor, af¬ 
ter the death of Caracalla, whom he inhu¬ 
manly facrificed to his ambition, A. D. 217. 
The beginning of his reign was popular; the 
abolition of the taxes, and an affable and 
complaifant behaviour endeared him to his 
lubjebts. Thefe promifing appearances did 
not long continue, and the timidity which 
Macrinus betrayed in buying the peace of 
the Perfians by a large turn of money, foon 
rendered him odious : and while he affedted 
to imitate the virtuous Aurelius, without 
poffeffing the good qualities of his heart, 
he became contemptible and infignificant. 
This affectation irritated the minds of the 
populace, and when fevere punifhments had 
been inflicted on fome of the dilorderly fol¬ 
diers, the whole army mutinied ; and their 
tumult was increaled by their confcioufneis 
of their power and numbers,* which Macrl- 
nus had the imprudence to betray, by keep¬ 
ing aim oft all the mili tary force of Rome en¬ 
camped together in the plains of Syria. Ho- 
liogabalus was proclaimed emperor, and Ma¬ 
gnus attempted to fave his life by flight. 
He was, however, feized in Cappadocia, 
and his head was cut off and fent to his fuc- 
celior, June 7th A. D. 218. Macrinus 
reigned about two months and thxee days. 

Hk ( 






M A 

His Ton called Diadumenianus, fhared his fa¬ 
ther’s late.-A friend of the poet Perlius,< 

to whom his fecond fatire is inlcribed. 

Macro, a favorite of the emperor Tibe¬ 
rius, celebrated for his intrigues, perfidy, 
and cruelty. He deftroyed Sejanus, and 
raifed himfelf upon the ruins of that unfor¬ 
tunate favorite. He was accefiary to the 
murder of Tiberius, and conciliated the good 
opinion of Caligula, by proftituting to him 
his own wife called Ennia. He loon after 
became unpopular, and was obliged by Ca¬ 
ligula to kill himfelf together with his wife, 
A. D. 38.^ 

Macrobii, a people of ./Ethiopia, cele¬ 
brated for their juftice and the innocence of 
their manners. They generally lived to their 
120th year, fome fay to a thoufmd; and 
indeed from that longevity they have ob¬ 
tained their name (/ uaxgog fin;, long life), to 
diltinguilh them more particularly from the 
other inhabitants of ./Ethiopia. After fo long 
a period ipertt in virtuous actions, and freed 
from the indulgences of vice, and from mala¬ 
dies, they dropped into the grave as to deep, 
without' pain and without terror. Orph. 
Argon » 1x05.— Herodot. 3, c. 17.— Mela, 
3 , c. 9.— Plin. 7, C. 48 .—Val. Max. 8, 
C„3- 

Macrobius, a Latin writer who died 
A. D. 415. Some fuppofe that he was cham¬ 
berlain to the emperor Theodofius II.; but 
this appears groundlefs, when we obferve that 
Macrobius was a follower of paganifm, and 
that none were admitted to the confidence of 
the emperor, or to the enjbyment of high fta- ; 
tions, except fuch as were of the Chriftian 
religion. Macrobius has rendered himfelf 
famous for a compofition called Saturnalia , a 
mifcellaneous coll. Xion of antiquities and 
critkifms, fuppofed to have been the refult 
of a converfation of fome of the learned Ro¬ 
mans during the celebration of the Saturna¬ 
lia. This was written for k the ufeofhisfon, 
and the bad latinity which the author has of. 
ten introduced, proves that he was not born 
in a part of the Roman empire where the La¬ 
tin tongue was lpoken, as he himfelf can¬ 
didly confeflhs. The Saturnalia are ufeful 
for the learned reflexions they contain, and 
particularly for fome curious oblervations 
on the two greateft epic poets of antiquity. 
Befides this, Macrobius wrote a commentary 
on Cicero’s /omnium Sciptonis , which is like - 
wife compofed for the improvement of the 
author’s fon, and dedicated to him. The 
beft editions are that of Gronovius 8vo. 
L- Bat. 1670, and that of Lipf. 8vo. 1777. 

Macrochir, a Greek name of Arta- 
xerxes, the lame as Longimanus. Thisfurname 
arifes from his having one band longer than the 
ether. C. Nep. in Reg. 

Macrones, a nation of Pontus, on the 
confines of Colchis and Armenia. Flat. 5, 
v. 153 ,—Herod at. 


M M 

Mactorium, a town of Sicily at the fouth, 
near Gea. 

MXci}LONus,a rich and penurious Roman, 
&c Juv. 7, v. 40. . 

Madaura, a town on the borders of Nu- 
midia and Gzetulia, of which the inhabitants 
were called Madaurenfes. It was the native 
place of Apuleius. Apul. Met. 11. 

Mad estes, a town of Thrace. 

Madetes, a general of Darius, who 
bravely defended a place againlt Alexander. 
The conqueror relolved to put hiln to death 
though thirty orators pleaded for his life. 
Sifygambis prevailed over the almoft inexo¬ 
rable Alexander, and Madetes was pardoned. 
Curt. 5, c. 3. 

Maduatkni, a people of Thrace. Liv. 38, 
c. 40. 

Madves, a Scythian prince who purfued 
the Cimmerians in Afia, and conquered Cy- 
axares, B. C. 623. He held, for fome time, 
the lupreme power of Alia Minor. Herodot. 
8, c. 1031 

Meander, a fon of Oceanus and Tethys. 

-A celebrated river of Afia Minor, rifing 

near Celaenae, and flowing through Caria and 
Ionia into the JEgean lea between Miletus 
and Priene, after it has been encreafed by the 
waters of the Marfyas, Lycus, Eudon, Le- 
thseus, See. It is celebrated among the poets 
for its windings, which amount to no lefs 
than 600, and from which all obliquities 
have received the name of Maunders. It 
forms in its courfe, according to the obferva- 
tions of fome travellers, the Greek letters t £ 
| r & a, and from its windings Daedalus had 
the firlt idea of his famous labyrinth. Ovid. 
Met. 8, V. 145, &c. — Virg. JEn. v. 254.— 
Lucan . 5, v. 208. 1 . 6, v. 471.— Homer. II. 2. 
— Herodot. 2, C. 29 — Cic. Pf 22.— Strait. 12, 
&c.— Mela , I, C. 17. 

Mjeandria, a city of Epirus. 

MiATi, a people at the fouth of Scotland. 
Dio. 76, c. 12. 

Maecenas. Vid. Mecaenas. 

Mjedi, a people of Madica , a diftriX of 
Thrace near Rhodope. Liv. 26, c. 25. 1 . 40, 
c. 21. 

Mjeltus, a Roman, thrown down from 
the Tarpeian rock, for afpiring to tyranny at 
Rome in the early ages of the republic. 

Mjemacteria, facrifices offered, to ^ Ju¬ 
piter at Athens in the winter month Mae- 
maXerion. The god furnamed MamaSles was 
intreated to fend mild and temperate weather, 
as he prefided over the feafons, and was the 
god of the air. 

Mjenades, a name of the Bacchantes, or 
prieftefles of Bacchus. The word is derived 
from f.iocjfoucti, to be furious, becaufe in the 
celebration of their feliivals their geftures and 
a Xions were thofe ofmad women. Ovid, pajt « 
4, v. 458. 

Mff.NAi.A, a town of Spain. 

M.s:nax.u», (plur. Mxnala,) a mountain 

of 





M M 


MA 


of Arcadia facrtdto the god Pan, and greatly, 
frequented by fhepherds. It received its 
name from Maenatus, a fon of Lycaon. It 
was covered with pine trees, whofe echo and 
Ihade have been greatly celebrated by all the 
•ancient poets. Ovid. Met. i, v. 216.— V'trg. 
G. I, v. 17. Eel. 8, v. 2-4 .—Pauf 8, c. 3. 
— Strab . 8. — Mtla, Zy-c. $.—•— A town of 
Arcadia.-A fon of Lycaon.-The fa¬ 

ther of Atalanta. 

Mien 1 us, a Roman conful.-A dila¬ 

tor accufed and honorably acquitted, &c. 

-A fpendthrift at Rome. Ilorat, 1, ep. 

15, v.26. 

M^non, a tyrant of Sicily, B. C. 285. 

Mien us, a river of Germany now called 
the Mayncy falling into the Rhine at M ay- 
ence. 

Mjeonia, a country of Alia Minor, the 
fame as Lydia. It is to be obferved, that 
only part of X.ydia was known by the name 
of Mseonia, that is, the neighbourhood of 
znount Tmolus, and the country watered by 
the Pa&olus. The relt on the fea coalt was 

called Lydia. Strab. 12.— Ovid. Met. - 

The Etrurians, as being delcended fronl a 
Lydian colony, are often called Maonida, 
(Vi’g■ JEn. 11, v. 759.) and even the lake 
Tbrafymenus in their country is called Ma- 
cnius locus. Sil. Ital. 15, V. 35. 

Mieonidie, a name given to the Mufes, 
fcecaufie Homer, their greateft and worthieft 
favorite, was fuppofed to be a native of Mx~ 
onia. 

Mieonides, a furname of Homer, becaufe, 
according to the opinion of l'orne writers, he 
was born in Masonia, or becaufe his father’s 

name was Mason. Ovid. -The furname is 

alfo applied to Bacthus, as he was worlhipped 
in M^eonia. 

Mieonis, an epithet applied to Omphale 
Its queen of Lydia or Mteonia. Ovid. The 
epithet is alfo applied to Arachne as a native 
of Lydia. Id. Met. 6. 

Mieotie, a people of Afiatic Sarmatia. 

Mieotis Palus, a large lake, or part of 
the fea between Europe and Alia, at the north 
of the Etixirie, to which it communicates 
by the Cimmerian Bofphorus, now called the 
fea of Azoph or Zaback. It was worlhipped 
as a deity by the Maffagetae. It extends 
about 390 miles from ibuth-weft to north-eaft, 
and is about 6co miles in circumference. The 
Atnazons are called Maotides, as living in 
the neighbourhood. Strab. — Mela.y j, c. 1, 
&c.— JufsiiT. 2, c. I.— Curt. 5, c. 4.— Lu¬ 
can. 2, See. — Ovid. paji. 3, el. 12* up. Sab. 2, 
V. 9.— Virg. JEn 6, v. 739. 

Mjesia Sylva, a wood in Etruria, near 
the mouth of the Tiber. Liv. 1, c. 33. 

Mievia, an immodeft woman. Juv. I, 

V 22- 

M.t.vius, a poet of inferior note in the 
Auguftan age, who made himfelf known by 
feh illiberal attacks on the charafter of the 


firft- writers of his time, as well as by his af- 
fe&ed compofitions. His name would have 
funk in oblivion if Virgil had not ridiculed 
him in his third eclogue, and Horace in his 
10th epode. 

Magas, a king of Cyrene in the'age of 
Ptolemy Philadelphus. He reigned 50 years, 
and died B. C. 2 57. Poly aw. 2. 

Magella, a town cf Sicily about the 
middle of the ifianth 

Magetje, a people of Africa. 

Magi, a religious left,among the eaftern 
nations of the world, and particularly in P^r- 
fia. They had great influence in the poli¬ 
tical as well as religious affairs of the ft ate, 
and a monarch i'eldom afeended the throne 
without their previous approbation. Zoro- 
after was founder of their fe£E They paid 
particular homage to fire, which they deemed 
a deity, as pure in itlelf, and the purifier of 
all things. In their, religious tenets they had 
two principles, one gdod, the fource of every 
thing good; and the other evil, from whence 
fprung all manner of ills. Their profeffional 
ikill in the mathematics and philofophy ren¬ 
dered every thing familiar to them, and from 
thejr knowledge of the phenomena of the 
heavens, the word Magi was applied to all 
learned men; and in procei's of time, the 
.Magi, from their experience and profefiion, 
were confounded with the magicians who 
impofe upon the fuperftitious and credulous. 
Hence the word Magi and Magicians became 
fyuonymous among the vulgar. Smerdis, 
one of the Magi, ufurped the crown of Per- 
fia after the death of Cambyles, and the 
fraud was not difeovered till the feven noble 
Perfians confpired againft the ufurper, and 
elefted Darius king. From this circum- 
ftance, there was a certain day on which none 
of the Magi were permitted to appear in 
•public, as the populace had the privilege of 
murdering whomfoever of them they met. 
Strab. — Cic. dc Div. 1 .— He rod of. 3, C. 62, 
Sec. 

Magius, a lieutenant of Pifo, Sec . — - — 
A man in the intereft of Pompey, grandfather 
to the hiftorian Velleius Paterculus, &c. Pa~ 
terc. 2, c. 115.. 

Magna Gracia, a part of Italy. Fid. 
Grascia Magna. 

Magna Mater, a name given t® Cyv 
bele. 

Magnentius, an ambitious Roman who 
diftinguifhed himfelf by his cruelty and per¬ 
fidy'. He confpired againft the life of Conf- 
tans, and murdered him in his bed. This 
cruelty was highly relented by Conftantius; 
and the affaffin, unable to efcape from the 
fury of his antagonift, murdered his own mo¬ 
ther and the reft of his relations, and after 
wards killed himfelf by falling upon a fword, 
which he had thruft againft a wall. He was 
the firft of the followers of Chriftianity .who 
ever murdered his lawfulfov&reign, A. D. 353. 

AG .V & 






MA 


MA 


Magnes, a young man who found him- 
felf detained by the iron nails which were 
under his (hoes as he walked over a (tone 
mine. This was no other than the magnet, 
which received its name from the perfon 
who had been firll fenfible of its power. 
Some lay that Magnes was a (lave of Me¬ 
dea whom that enchantrefs changed into a 

magnet. OrpL de lapid. 10, v. 7. - A 

fon of fEolus and Anaretta, who married 
Nais by whom he had Pierus f , &c. Apel- 

lod. 1, c, 7.-A poet and mufician of 

Stayrna, in jthe age of Gyges king of 
Lydia. 

Magnksia, a town of Alia Minor on 
the Meander, about 15 miles from Ephefus, 
now called Guzelhizar. It is celebrated for 
the death of Themiftocles, and for a battle 
which was fought there 187 years before the 
Chriftian era, between the Romans and A11- 
tiovhus king of Syria. The forces of Anti- 
ochus amounted to 70,000 men, according 
to Appian, or jqjoqo foot and 12,000 horfe 
according to Livy, which have been exagge¬ 
rated by Florus to 300,000 men ; the Roman 
army confided of about 28,»or 30/oco men, 
2000 of which were employed in guarding 
the camp. The Syrians loft 50,000 foot 
and 4000 horfe, and the Romans only 300 
killed with 25 horfe. It was founded by a 
colony from Magivefia in The.ffaly, and watf 
commonly called Magttefta ad Maandrum , 
to d'ltinguiih it from another called Magnefta 
•d Sipylurn, in 1 ydia, at the foot of mount 
Sipylus. This lalt was deftroved by an earth¬ 
quake in the reign of Tiberius,-A coun¬ 

try on the eaftern parts of Theflaly, at the 
fouth of OITa. It was fometimes called 
JEmonia and Magnes Campus . The capital 

was alfo called Magr.efia.-A promonton' 

of Magnelia in ThelFaly. Litr. 37.— Flor. 2. 
—— Appiatt. 

Mago, a Carthaginian general lent againft 
Dionyfius tyrant of Sicily. He obtained a 
vi&ory. and granted peace to the conquered. 
In a battle which foon after followed this 
treaty of peace, Mago was killed. His fon 
of the fame name fucceeded t<? the command 
of the Carthaginian army, but he difgraced 
himfelf by flying at the approach of Timo- 
leon, who had come to affift the Syracufans. 
He was accufed in the Carthaginian fenate, 
and he prevented by filicide the execution of 
the fentence jullly pronounced againft him. 
His body was hung on a gibbet, and expofed 

to public ignopiny-A brother of Annibal 

the Great. He was prefent at the battle, of 
C^pnae, and was deputed by his brother to 
carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated 
victory which had been obtained over the 
Roman armies. His arrival at Carthage was 
unexpedfed, and more powerfully to aftonilh 
bis countrymen on account of the vidtory of 
Canna?, he emptied in the fenate houfe the 
lJuree birihels of golden ring? which had been 


taken from the Roman knights (lain in battle. 
He was afterwards fent to Spain where ha 
defeated the two Scipios, and was himfelf, ia 
another engagement, totally ruined. Here- 
tired to the Baleares, which he conquered; 
and one of the cities there ftill bears his name, 
and is called Portus Magonis, Port Mahon. 
After this he landed in Italy' with an army, 
and took polTefiion of part of Infubria. H# 
was defeated in a battle by Quintilius Varus, 
and died of a mortal wound 203 years befor# 
the Chriltian era. Liv. 30, &c.— C. Nep . im 
Ann. 8, gives a very different account of his 
death, and fays, he either perifhed in a lhip- 
wreck, o v was murdered by his fervants. 
Perhaps Annibal had two brothers of that 

name.-A Carthaginian more known by th« 

excellence of his writings than by his military 
exploits. He wrote 28 volumes upon hul- 
bandry; thele were, preferv%d by Scipio at the 
taking of Carthage, and prefented to the Ro¬ 
man fenate. 1 hey were tranllated into 
Greek by Calfius Dionyfius of Utica, and 
into Latin by order of the Roman fenate, though 
Cato had already written fo copioully upon th$ 
fubjett; and the Romans, as it has been ob- 
l'erved, confulted tbe writings of Mago with 
.greater earneftnefs than the books of°the Si¬ 
bylline verfes. Columella - A Carthaginian 

fent by his countrymen to afiift the Romans 
againft Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, with 
a fleet of 120 fail. This offer was .politely 
refufed by the Roman fenate. This Mago 
was father of Afdrubal and Hamilcar. Vat. 
Max. 

Magon, a river of India falling into the 
Ganges. Arrian. 

Magontiacum or Maoontea, a large 
city of Germany, now called Mcntz. Tacit. 
4, Hijl. 15 & 23. 

Magus, an officer of Turnus, killed by 
fEneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 522. ' 

Mauerbal, a Carthaginian who was at 
the liege of Saguntum, and who commanded 
the cavalry of Annibal at the battle of Cannse. 
He advifed the conqueror immediately to 
march to Rome, but Annibal required time 
to confider on fo bold a rnealure; upon which, 
Maherbal obferved, that Annibal knew how 
to conquer, but not how to make a proper ufe 
of vidtory. 

MaYa, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, 
mother of Mercury by Jupiter. She was one 
of the Pleiades, the molt luminous of the 
feven lifters. [Vid. Pleiades.] Apollod. 3, 

c. 10.— Virg. JEn. r, v. 301.-A furname 

of Cybele. 

Majestas, a goddefs among the Romans, 
daughter of Honor and Reverence. Ovid. 
Fajl. $ > v. 25. 

Majorianus, Jul. Valerius, an amnercr 
of the weftern Roman empire, ra'«fed to the 
imperial throne A. D. 457. He fignalized 
himfelf by his private as well as public virtues. 
He was ma.Tacred after a reign of 37 years 

b/ 








MA 


MA 


by one of his generals, who envied in his 
mafter the character of an a£tive, virtuous, 
and humane emperor. 

Majorca, the greateft of the iflands called 
Baleares, on the coaft of Spain, in the Medi¬ 
terranean. Strab. 

Mala Fortqna, the goddefs of evil for¬ 
tune, was worfhipped among the Romans. Cie. 
de Nat. D. 3. 

Malea, a promontory of Lefbos.-An¬ 

other in Peloponnefus, at the l'outh of La¬ 
conia. The fea is fo rough and boifterous 
there that the dangers which attended a 
voyage round it gave rife to the proverb of 
Cum ad Maleam defiexeris, oblivifcere qua 
funt domi. Strab. 8 & 9.— Lucan. 6, v. 58. 
— Plut. in Arat. — Firg. JErt. 5, v. I 93 *“~ 
FAela, 2, c. 3. — Liv. 21, C. 44.— Ovid. Am. 
2, el. 16, v. 24. el. II, v. 20. — Favf. 3, 
c. 23. 

Maleventum, the ancient name of Be- 
neventum. Liv. 9, c. 27. 

Malho or Matho, a general of an army 
of Carthaginian mercenaries, 258 B. C. 

Malia, a city of Phthiotii near mount 
CEta and Thermopyla?. There were in its 
neighbourhood fome hot mineral waters which 
the poet Catullus has mentioned. From Ma¬ 
lia a gulf or frnall bay in the neighbourhood, 
at the weftern extremities of the ifland of Eu¬ 
boea, has received the name of the gulf of 
Malia, Maltacum Fretum or Maliacus Si¬ 
nus. Some call it the gulf of Lamia from its 
vicinity to Lamia. It is often taken for the 
Sinus Pelafgicus of the ancients. Fauf. 1, c. 
4. — Herodot. 

Malij, a people of Mefopotamia. 

Malis, a fervant maid of Omphale, be¬ 
loved by Hercules. 

Mallea or Mallia aqua. Fid. 
Malia. 

Malleolus, a man who murdered his mo¬ 
ther, &c. Cic. ad Heren. 1, c. 13. 

Mallius, a Roman conful defeated by the 
Gauls, &c. 

MaLLOI’HOUA, (lanamferens),n fiirname 
under which Ceres had a temple at Aiegara, 
bec^jUfe (he had taught the inhabitants the uti¬ 
lity of wool, and the means of tending fheep 
to advantage. This temple is reprefented as 
fo old in the age of Paufanias, that it was fall¬ 
ing to decay. Fauf. 1. c. 44. 

Mallos, a town of Cilicia. Lucan. 3, v. 
227. 

MalthInus, a name under which Horace 
has laftied fome of his friends or enemies. 1, 
Sat. 2, v. 27. 

Mam a us, a river of Peloponnefus. 

Mamercus, a tyrant of Catana, who fur- 
rendered to Timoleon. His attempts to fpeak 
in a public aflembly at Syracufe were received 
with groans and hifles, upon which he daihed 
his head againft a wall, and endeavoured to 
deftroy himlelf. The blows were not fatal, 
and Mamercus was foon after put to death as 


a robber, B. C, 340. Poly an. 5.— C. Nep. 1 st 

Tim. -A dictator at Rome, B. C. 437.- * 

A cpnlul with D. Brutus. 

Mamerthes, a Corinthian who killed hi9 
brother’s fon in hopes of reigning, upon which 
he was torn to pieces by his brother^ Ovid* 
in lb. 

MamertTna, a town of Campania, fa¬ 
mous for its wines.-A name of Mef- 

fana in Sicily: J\Partial. 13, ep. 117.—— 

Strab. 7. 

MamertTni, a mercenary band of fol- 
diers which palled from Campania into Sicily 
at the requeft of Agathodes. When they 
were in the 1‘ervice of Agathodes, they claimed 
the privilege of voting at the eledfion of ma- 
giftrates at Syracufe, and had recourfe to arms 
to fupport their unlawful demands. The fe- 
dition was appeafed by the authority of fome 
leading men, and the Campanians were or¬ 
dered to leave Sicily. In their way to the 
coaft they were received with great kindnels 
by the people of Meflaha, and foon returned 
perfidy for hofpitality. They confpired againft 
the inhabitants, murdered all the males in the 
qity, and married their wives and daughters, 
and rendered themfelves mafters of the place. 
After this viplence they aftumed the name of 
Mamertini, and called their citv Mamertina r 
from a provincial vvor-d,-which in their lan¬ 
guage fignified martial , or •tvrrlile. The Ms* 
meriines were afterwards defeated by HierO, 
and totally difabled to repair their ruined 
affairs. Plut. in Pyrrb. &C. 

Mamilia Lex de limitilus , by the tri¬ 
bune Mamilius. It ordained, that in the 
boundaries of the lands five or fix feet of land 
fhould be left uncultivated, which no perfotr 
could convert into private property. It alia 
appointed commiflioners to fee it carried into 
execution. 

Mamilii, a plebeian family at Rome, de¬ 
fended from the Aborigines.' They firft lived 
at Tufculum, from whence they came to 
Rome. Liv. 3, c. 29. 

Mamilius Octavius,, a fon in-law* of 
Tarquin, who behaved with uncommon bra¬ 
very at the battle of Regilke. He is alio called 
Alanilius. Fid. Manilius. 

Mammea, the mother of the emperor Se- 
verus, who died A. D. 235. 

Mamurius Veturius, a worker in brafs 
in Numa’s reigH. He was ordered by tlier 
monarch to make a number of ancylia or 
{Fields, like that one which had fallen from 
heaven, that it might be difficult to diftin- 
guilh the true one from the others. He 
was very fuccefsful in his undertaking, and 
he afked for no other reward, but that his 
name anight be frequently mentioned in the 
hymns which were lung by the Saiii in the 
feaft of the Ancylia. This requeft was' 
granted. Ovid. Faji. 3, v. 392.— Farro. L. 
L.S, c.6. 

Mamuiira, a Roman knight born at 

Et>rmue. 







M A 


MA 


i 


! Formiae. He followed the fortune of J. 
Cxfar in Gaul, where he greatly enriched 
himlelf. He built a magnificent palace on 
mount Ccelius, and was the firft who in- 
, crufted his walls with marble. Catullus 
has attached him in his epigrams. Formise is 
fometimes called Mumurrarum urbs. Plin. 
36, c. 6. 

Manastabal, fon of Mafinifla, who was 
r father to the celebrated Jugurtha. Sallujl. 
Jug. bell . 

C. MancTnus, a Roman general, who, 

I though at the head of an army of 30,000 men, 
was defeated by 4000 Numantians, B. C. 138. 

I He was dragged from the fenate. Sec. Cic. in 
! Oral I, c. 40. 

Mandane, a daughter of king Adyages, 
i married by her father o Cambyfes, an ignoble 
1 perfon of Perfia. The monarch had dreamed 
; that his daughter’s urine had drowned all his 
city, which had been interpreted in an un- 
I favorable manner by the foothfayers, who 
allured him that his daughter’s fon would de¬ 
throne him. The marriage of Mandane with 
Camiij fes would in the monarch’s opinion 
prevent the effects of the dream, and the chil¬ 
dren of this connedlion would like their father 
be poor and unnoticed. The expectations of 
Aftyages were fruftrated. He was dethroned 
by his grandfon. [ Hid. Cyrus.] Herodot. 1, 
c. 107. 

Mandanes, an Indian prince and philo- 
fopher, whom Alexander invited by his am- 
balladors, on pain of death, to come po his 
binquet, as being the fon of Jupiter. The 
philofopher ridiculed the threats and promifes 
of Alexander, &c. Strab. 15. 

Mandela, a village in the country of the 
Sabines, near’ Hor ace’s country feat. Horat 
I, ep, 18, v. ioj. 

Mandonil's, a prince in Spain, who for 
fome time favored the caufe of the Romans. 
When he heard that Scipio the Roman com¬ 
mander was ill, he railed commotions in the 
provinces, for which he was feverely repri¬ 
manded and punidied. Liv. 29. 

Mandroclf.s, a general of Artaxerxes, 
kc. C. Nep. in Dat. 

MakIdron, a king of the Bebryces, &c. 
Polyeen. 8. 

Mandubii, a people of Gaul, (now Bur¬ 
gundy ), in Caefar’s army, kc. Ca-f. Bell. G. 

l), c ‘ 78 . ' 

Mandurratius, a young Briton who 
came over to Carfar in Gaul. His father Im- 
imhuentius was king in Britain, and had been 
put to death by order of Caflivelaunus. Caf. 
Bell. G. 5, c. 20. 

Manduria, a city of Calabria, near Ta- 
rentum, whofe inhabitants were famous fer 
eating dog’s flelh. Pint. 2, c. 103.— Li-o. 27, 
c. 15 - 

Manes, a fon of Jupiter and Tellus, 
who reigned in Msonia. He was father of 
Cotys by Callirrhoe, the daughter of Oceanus. 


Manes, a name generally applied by the 
ancients to the fouls when feparated from the 
body. They were reckoned among the in¬ 
fernal deities, and generally fuppofed to pre- 
fide over the burying places, and the monu¬ 
ments of the dead. They were worfhipped 
with great lolemnity, particularly by the Ro¬ 
mans. The augurs always invoked them when 
they proceeded to exercife their facerdotal 
offices. Virgil introduces his hero as lacri- 
ficing to the infernal deities, and to the Manes, 
a victim whofe blood was received in a ditch. 
The word manes is fuppofed to be derived 
from Mania, who was by fome reckoned the 
mother of thole tremendous deities. Others 
derive it from manare , quod per omnia eetberea 
terrenaque manahant , becaufe they filled the 
air, particularly in the night, and were intent 
to moled and didurb the peace of mankind. 
Some - lay, that manes comes from manis, an 
old Latin word which figniHed good or propi¬ 
tious. The word manes is differently ufed by 
ancient authors; fometimes it is taken for the 
infernal regions, and fometimes it is applied to 
the deities of Pluto’s kingdom, whence the 
epitaphs of the Romans were always fuper- 
feribed with D. M. Dis Manibus, to remind 
the facrilegious and profane, not to moled the 
monuments of the dead, which were guarded 
with fuch fairftity. Propert. T, el. 19.— Hirgji 
4, G. v. 469. JEn. 3, &C.— Horat. I, Sat . 8. 
v. 28.-A river of Locris. 

Manetijo, a celebrated pried of Helio¬ 
polis in Egypt, furnamed the Mendefian, 
B. C. 261. He wrote in Greek an hidory of 
Egypt, which has 1 been often quoted and 
commended by the ancients, particularly by 
Jolephus. It was chiefly collected from the 
writings of Mercury, and from the journals 
at\d annals, which were preferved in the 
Egyptian temples. This hidory has been 
greatly corrupted by the Greeks. The au¬ 
thor fupported, that all the gods of the Egyp¬ 
tians had been mere mortals, and had all 
lived upon earth. This hidory, which is 
; now loft, had been epitomized, and fom? 
fragments of it are dill extant. There is ex¬ 
tant a Greek poem aferibod to Manetho, in 
which the power of the dars, which prefide 
over the birth and fate of mankind, is ex¬ 
plained. The Apotelefmata of this author 
were edited in 4to. by Gronovius, L. Bat. 
1698. 

Mania, a goddefs, fuppofed to be the 
mother of the Lares and Manes.-A fe¬ 

male lervant of queen Berenice the daughter 

of Ptolemy.-A midrefs of Demetrius Po- 

liorcetes, called alfo Demo, and Mania, from 
her folly. Pint, in Dem. 

Manilia lex, by Manilius the tribune, 
A. U. C. 678. It required that all the 
1 forces of Lucullus and his province, together 
with Bithynia, which was then under the 
command of Glabrio, Ihould be delivered to 
Pompey, and that this general lhould wiih- 

out 







MA 


MA 


©ut any delay declare war dgainft Mithri- 
dates, and (till retain the command of the 
Roman fleet, and the empire of the Medi¬ 
terranean, as before.-Another which pre- 

tnitted all thole whofe fathers had not been 
inverted with public offices, to be employed 
in the management of affairs,——A wo¬ 
man famous for her debaucheries. ‘Juv. 6, 
v. 242. 

Manilius, a Roman, who married the 
daughter UfTarquin. Heli ed at Tufculum, 
and received his father in-law in his heufe, 
when banilheu from Rome, &c. Liv. 2, c. 

15.-Caius a celebrated mathematician 

and poet of Antioch, who wrote a poetical 
treatife on aftronomy, of which five books are 
extant, treating of the fixed liars. The ftyle 
is not elegant. The age in which he -lived is 
not known, though fome fuppofe that he flo- 
rifhed in the■Aiv.uftan age. No author, how¬ 
ever, in the age of Auguflus has made men¬ 
tion of Manilius. The heft editions of Ma¬ 
nilius are thole of Bentley, 4tc. London, 
1739, and Stoeberus. 8vo. Arger.tor. 1767. 

--Titus, a learned hirtorian in the age 

of Sylla and D arius. He is greatly com¬ 
mended by Cicero, pro Rofcio. -—Marcus, 

another mentioned by Cicero de Orat. 1, 
c. 48. as fupporting the character of a 
great lawyer, and of an eloquent and powerful 
orator. 

Manimi, a people in Germany. Tacit. 
G. 43 * 

Manlia lex, by the tribune P. Man¬ 
lius, A. U. C. 557. It revived the office of ; 
tr swirl epulones, firft inftituted by Nu'ma. 
The epulones were priefts, who prepared ban 
quets for Jupiter and the gods at public fefti- 
vals, &c. 

Manlius Torquatus, a celebrated Ro¬ 
man, whofe youth was diftinguilhed by ^lively 
and chearful difpofition. Thefe promifing 
talents were, however,.impeded by a difficulty 
of fpeaking; and the father, unwilling to 
expole his ion’s rufticity at Rome, detained 
Ihim in the country. The behaviour of the 
father was publicly cenfured, and Marius 
Pomponius the tribune, cited him to anlwer 
for his unfatherly behaviour to his fon. Young 
Manlius was informed of this, and with a 
dagger in his hand he entered the houfe of the 
tribune, and made him folemnly promife that 
he would drop the accufation. This action 
of Manlius endeared him to the people, and 
foon after he was chofen military tribune. In 
a war againft the Gauls, he accepted the 
challenge of one of the enemy, whofe gigantic, 
ftature and ponderous arms had rendered him 
terrible and almoft invincible in the eyes of 
the Romans. The Gaul was conquered, and 
Manlius llripped him of his arms, and ft;om 
the collar ( torquisJ- which he took from the 
enemy’s neck, he was ever after furnamed 
Torquatus. Manlius was the firft Roman 
who was raifed to the di&atorlhip, without 


having been previoufly conful. The feverity 
of Torquatus to his Ion has been defervedly 
cenfured. This father had the courage and 
heart to put to death his fon, becaufe he had 
engaged one of the enemy, and obtained an 
honorable victory, without his previous per- 
miffion. 1 his uncommon rigor difpleafed 
many of the Romans ; and though Torquatus 
was honored with a triumph, and commended 
by the fenatq for his fervices, yet the Roman 
youth fhewed their difapprobation of the con- 
ful’s feverity, by refilling him at his return 
. the homage which every other conqueror re¬ 
ceived. borne time after the cenforlhip was 
offered to him but he refilled it, oblerving, 
that the people could not bear his feverity, 
nor he the vices of the people. From the 
rigor of Torquatus, all edidts, and adlions of 
feverity andjuitice have been called Manliana 
edifta. Liv. 7, c. 10.— Val Max. 6, C. 9. 

-Marcus, a celebrated Roman, whole 

valor was diiplayed in the field of battle, 
even at the early age of 16. When Rome, 
was taken by the Gauls, Manlius with a body 
of his countrymen fled into the capitol, which 
he defended when it*was fuddenly furprifed 
in the night by the enemy. This adtion 
gained him the lurname of ' Capitolinusi and 
the geefe, which by their clamor had awa¬ 
kened him to arm himfelf in his qfvn defence, 
were ever after held facred among the Ro¬ 
mans. A law which Manlius propofed t© 
abolilh the taxes on the common people, 
railed the lenators againft him. The didtator,* 
Corn. ColTus, feized him as a-rebel, but the 
people put on mourning, and delivered from 
prifon their common father. This did not, 
in the leaft, check his ambition; he conti¬ 
nued to raife factions, and even fecretly to 
attempt to make himfelf abfolute, till at laft 
the tribunes of the people themfelves became 
his accufers. He was tried in the Campus 
Martius; but when the diftant view of the 
capitol which Manlius had fived, ieerned to 
influence the people in his favor, the court of 
juftice was removed, and Manlius was con¬ 
demned. He was thrown down from the 
Tarpeian rock, A. U. C. 371, and to render 
his ignominy ftill greater, none of his family 
were afterwards permitted to bear the fur- 
name of Marcus y and the place where his 
houfe had ftood was deemed unworthy to be 
inhabited. Liv. 5., c. 31. I. 6, c. j.— Flor. 1, 
c. 13 & 26 .—Fal. Max. 6, c. %.—Firg. JEn. 

6, v. 825.-Imperiofus, father of Manlius 

Torquatus. He was made didtator. He was 
acculed for detaining his fon at home. [Fid. 

Manlius Torquatus.]-Volfo, a Roman 

conful who received an army of Scipio in Alia, 
and made war againft the Gallo-grecians, 
whom he' conquered. He was honored with 
a triumph at his return, though it was at firft 
ftrongly oppoled. Flor,. 3, c. ii. — Li 38 , 
c. 12, &c.——Cams, or Aulus, a fenator 
feat to Athens to collet the belt and wile ft 

laws 










MA 


MA 


laws of Solon, A. U. C. 300. Liv. 2. c. 54. 

1 . 3, c. 31-Another called alfo' Cincin- 

narus. He made war againft the Etrurians 
and Veientes witli great fuccefs. He died of 
a wound he had received in a battle-Ano¬ 

ther, who in his prtetorihip reduced Sardinia. 

He was afterwards madedidfntor.-Another 

who was defeated by a rebel army of Haves in 

Sicily. - -A prietor in Gaul, who fought 

againil the Boii, with very little fuccefs- 

Another^ called Attilius, who defeated a 

Carthaginian fleet, &c.-Another, who 

conlpired with Catiline againft the Roman re¬ 
public.-Another, in whole confulfhip the 

temple of Janus was fhut.-Another, who 

was banilhed under Tiberius for his adultery. 

-A Roman appointed judge between his l ou 

Silanus and the province of Macedonia. 
When all the parties had been heard, the 
father laid, “ it is evident that my fon has 
fuffered himfelf to be bribed, therefore I 
deem him unworthy of the republic and of my 
houfe, and 1 order him to depart Irom my 
prefence,” Silanus was fo (truck at the rigor 
of his father, that he hanged himfelf. Vai. 
Max. 5, c 5 ■■ — A learned man in the age 
pf Cicero. 

Mannus, the fon of Thialto, both famous 
divinities among the Germans. Tacit. de Germ. 

c. 2. 

J. Mansuktus, a friend of Vitellius. 
who entered thy Roman armies, and left his 
Ion, then very young, at home. The fon 
was promoted by Galba, and. foon after 
met a detachment of the partizans of Vi- 
tellius in which his father was. A battle 
was fought, and Manfuetus was wounded 
by the hand of his fon, &c. Tacit. Hijl. 3, 
c. 2j. 

Mantinea, a town of Arcadia in Pelo- 
ponnel'us. It was taken by Aratus and Anti- 
gonus, and on account of the latter it was 
afterwards called Antig nia. The emperor 
Adrian bui t there a temple in honor of his 
favorite A’cinous. It is famous for th^ battle, 
which was fought there between Epaminondas 
at the head of the Thebans, and the com¬ 
bined forces of Lacedaemon, Achaia, Elis, 
Athens, and Arcadia, about 363 years before 
Chrift. The Theban general was killed in 
the engagement, and from that time Thebes 
loft its power and confequence among the Gre¬ 
cian ftates. Strab. 8.— C. Nep. in Epam.— 
Diod. 15.— Ptol. 3, C. 16. 

Mantineus, the father of Ocalea,-who 
imarried Abas the fon ofLynceus and Hypetm- 
neftra. Apollod. 2, c. 9. 

MantinSrum pppidttm, a town of Cor¬ 
sica, now fuppofed to be Bajlia. 

Mantius, a fon of Melampus. 

Manto, a daughter of the prophet Tire- 
fias, endowed with the gift of prophecy. She 
was made- prifoner by the Argives when the 
*ity of Thebes fell into their hands, and as fhe 
the worihieft pan pf the booty, the c«n^ 


querors fent her’ to Apollo, the god of Delphi, 
as the moft valuable prelent they could make. 
Manto, often called Daphne, remained fo* 
fome time at Delphi, where (he officiated as 
prieftefs, and where lhe gave oracles. ,Froca' 
Delphi (he came to Claros in Ionia, where lhe 
eft Mi Led an oracle of Apollo. Heie (lie 
married Rhadips th£ fovereign of the country, 
by whom (he had a fon called Moplus. Manto 
afterwards vilired Italy, where (he married Ti- 
herinus the king of Alba, or, as the poets men¬ 
tion, the god of the river Tiber. From this 
marriage fprang Oenus, \fho built a town in 
the neighbourhood, which, in honor of his 
mother, he called Mantua. Manto, accord¬ 
ing to a certain^tradition, was fo ftruck at the 
misfortunes which afflidfed Thebes, her native 
country, that (he gave way to her lorrow, and 
\^as turned into n fountain. Some luppofe her 
to be theTame who conduced ./Eneas into 
hell, and who fold the Sibylline hooks to Tar- 
quin the Proud. She received divine honors 
after death. ViWg. JE'\ 1, v. 199. 1 . 10, v 
199.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 1$??—Died. 4.— 
Apollod. 3, c. 7. — Strab. 14 & 16.— Pauf. 9, 
c. 10 & 33’ l' 7» c. 3. 

' antca a town of Italy beyond the Po, 
founded about 300 years before Rome, by 
Bianor or Otnus, jhe (on of Manto. It was 
the ancient capital of Etruria. When Cre¬ 
mona, which had followed the interf (l of Bru¬ 
tus, -was given to the foldier^ of Octavius, 
Mantua alfo, which was in the neighbourhood, 
(hared the common calamity, thoush it had 
favored the party of Auguftus, and many of 
the inhabitants were tyrannically deprived of 
their pofleffions. Virgil, who was among 
them, and a. native of the town, and from 
thence often called Mantuanus , applied for re- 
drefs to Auguftus, and obtained it by means of 
his poetical talents. Strab. 5.— Virg. Eel. I, 
&C. G. 3, V. 12 . JEn. 10, V. 180.— Ovid. Amor . 

3> 1 5 - / , 

Maracansa, a town of Sogdiana. 

Maratha, a village of Arcadia. Pauf. 8, 
c. 28. 

Marathon, a village of Attica, 10 miles 
from Athens, celebrated for.the vidfory which 
the 10,000 Athenians and 1000 Platzeans, un¬ 
der the command of M iltiades, gained over 
the Perfian army, confiding of 100,000 foot 
and 10,000 horle,or, according to Val. MaFi- 
mus, of 300,000, or, as Juftin fays, of 600,000, 
under the command of Datis and Artaphernes, 
on the 28th of Sept. 490, B. C. In this 
battle, according to Herodotus, the Athenians 
loft only 192 men, and the Perfians 6,300. 
Juftin has railed the lots of the Perfians in 
this expedition and in the,battle, to 2034x30 
men.' To commemorate this immortal vidfory 
of their coutitrymen, the Greeks rnifed fmall 
columns, with the names inferibed on the 
tombs of the fallen heroes. It was alfo in the 
plains of. Marathon that Thefeus overcame a 
celebrated fyull, which ravaged the neigh- 
F j,' IpOUVH'^ 








M A 


M A 


touring country. Erigon® is called Mara- 
thonia •virgo, as being born at Marathon. 
Stat. 5, Sylv. 3, V. 74.— C. Nep. in Milt .— 
Herodot. 6, &C. — 'JuJiin. 2, C. <)■ — Val. Max . 
5, c. 3.— Plut.in Pa rail .—A king of Attica, 
ion of Epopeus, who gave his name to a l'm'ali 

village there. Pauf. 2, c. 1.-A king of 

Sicyon. 

MarXtiios, a town of Phoenicia. Me la, 
I, c, 12. 

Marcella, a daughter of Odlavia the 
filler of Augultus by Marcellus. Site married 
Agrippa. 

Marcellinus Ammianus, a celebrated 
Jliftorian who carried arms under Conliantius. 
Julian, and Valens, and wrote an hillory cf 
Rome from the reign of Domitian, where 
Suetonius flops, to the emperor Valens. 
His ftyle is neither elegant nor labored, but it 
is greatly valuable for its veracity, and in 
many of the actions he mentions, the author 
was nearly concerned. This hiftorv was com 
pofed at Rome, where Ammianus retired 
from the noife and troubles of the camp, and 
does not betray that levc-rity again ft the Chrif- 
tians which other writers have manifefted, 
though the author was warm in favor of Pa- 
ganifm, the religion which for a Awhile was 
feated on the throne. It was divided into 
thirty-one books, of which only the eighteen 
lafl remain, beginning at the death of Magnen- 
tius. Ammianus has been liberal in his enco¬ 
miums upon Julian, whofe favors he enjoyed, 
and who fo eminently patronized his religion. 
The negligence with which fome fads are 
fometimes mentioned, has induced many to 
believe that the hillory of Ammianus has luf- 
'feredmuch from the ravages of time, and that 
it is defeended to us mutilated and imperfect. 
The bell editions of Ammianus^ are thoie of 
Oronovius, fol. and 4to. L. Bat. 1693, and o{ 

Ernefli, 8 vo. Lipf. 1773.'-An officer under 

Julian. 

Maucf.i.lus, Marcus Claudius, a famous 
Roman general, who, alter the tirfl Punk- 
war, had the management of an expedition 
againft the Gauls, where he obtained the 
Spoil a optima, Jty killing with his own hand 
Viridomarus the king of the enemy. Such 
luccefs rendered him popular, and loon after 
he was entrufled to oppole Annibal in Italy 
He was the firft Roman who obtained lbme 
advantage over this celebrated Carthaginian, 
and lliowed his countrymen that Annibal was 
not invincible. The troubles which were 
jailed in Sicily by the Carthaginians at the 
Jjaih of Hieronymus, alarmed the Romans, 
a id Marcellus, in his third conlulfhip, was 
if nt with 4 powerful force again ft Syracule. 
He attacked it by lea and land, but Ins opera¬ 
tions proved ineffectual, and the invention and 
indullry of a philofopher [^T/. Archimedes.] 
were able to baffle all the efforts, and to dellroy 
flllthe great and flupendous machines and mi- 
Jitary engines of the Romans during tffiee fuc- 


ceffive years. Idle nerieverance of Marcellus 
at lafl obtained the viclory. The inattention 
of the inhabitants during their noHurnal cele¬ 
bration of the feftivals of Diana, favored his 
operations; hR forcibly entered the town, and 
made himielf mailer of it. The conqueror 
enriched tire capital of Italy with the lpoils of 
Syracule, and when he was accufed of rapa- 
cioufilefs, lor ft ripping the conquered city of 
all its paintings and ornaments, he confeffed, 
that he had done it to adorn the public build¬ 
ings of Rome, and to introduce a tafte for the 
line aits and elegance of the Greeks among 
his countrymen. 'After the conqueft of Syra¬ 
cule, Marcellus was called upon by his country" 
to oppole a iecond time Annibal. In this 
campaign he behaved with greater vigor than 
before ; the grenteft part of the towns of the 
Samnites, which had revoked, were recovered 
by force of arms, and 3000 of the foluiers of 
Annibal made prisoners. Some time after an 
engagement with the- Carthaginian general 
proved unfavorable : Marcellus had the dis¬ 
advantage; but on the morrow a more fuc- 
cefsful Ikirmilh vindicated his military charac¬ 
ter, and tire honor of the Roman foldiers. 
Marcellus, however, was not fufficiently vigi¬ 
lant againft the inares of his adverfary. He 
imprudently feparated himielf from his camp, 
and was killed in an ambulcade in the 60th 
year of his age, in his 5 th confuhhip, A. U. C. 
546. His body was honored with a magni¬ 
ficent funeral by the conqueror, and his afhes 
were conveyed in a lilver urn to his lbn. 
.Marcellus claims our commendation for his 
private as well as public virtues; and tire hu¬ 
manity of a general will ever be remembered 
Who, at the furrender of Syracule, wept, at the 
thought that many were going to be ex puled to 
the avarice and rapacioufnefs of an incenfed 
lbldiery, which the policy of Rome and the 
la ws of war rendered inevitable Firg. JEn. 6, 
v. 855— Pa/:”c. 2, c. 38.— Plat, in -vita, &c. 

-One of his de cendams, who bore the fame 

name, flgnalized himielf in the civil wars of 
C as far and Pompey, by his firm attachment to 
the latter. He was baniihed y Caefar, but after¬ 
wards recalled at the requed of the lenate. 
Cicero undertook his defence in an oration 
which is ft ill extant.-The grandfon of Pom¬ 

pey’s friend rendered himielf popular by his 
univerlal benevolence and affability. He was 
Ion of Marcellus by OHavia the lifter of Au- 
gulluSi He married Julia that emperor’s 
daughter and was publicly intended as his llic- 
ceflbr. The fuddennei's of his death, at the 
early age of eighteen, was the caufe of much 
lamentation at Rome, particularly in the fa- 
nvdy of Auguftus, and Virgil procured himfelf 
great favors by celebrating the virtues of tnis 
amiable prince. [Fid. Oftavia.] Marcellus 
was buried at the public expence. Firg. JEn. 
6, V. 883.— Suet, in Aug. — Pint, in Marcell. — 

Senec. Confol. ad Marc. — Paterc. 2 , c. 93._- 

| The fon of the great Marcellus who took Sy- 

racuie 







MA 


MA 


I rr.cufe, was caught in the ambufcade which ! 
; proved fatal to his father, but he forced his 
way from the enemy and efcaped. He received 
I the allies of his father from the conqueror. 

Pint, in Liar cell. -A'man who confpired 

| againll Vefpafian.-The hulband of Odla- 

j v ' a the filler of Auguftus.-A conqueror of 

Britain.--An officer under the emperor 

J uliau-•A man put tq death by Galba.-- 

A men who gave Cicero information of Cati¬ 
line’s confpiracy.-A colleague of Cato in 

j the qusellorlhip.-A native of Pamphylia, 

| u 'ho wrote an heroic poem on phyfic, divided 
; into 42 books. He lived in the reign of Mar¬ 
cus Aurelius.-A Roman drowned in a 

ltorm, &c. 

Marcia lex, by Marcius Cenforinus. It 
forbad any man to be invelled with the office 
ot cenfor more than once. 

Marcia, the wife of Regulus. When fhe 
heard that her hufband h?d been put to death 
at Carthage in the moll excruciating manner, 
lhe retorted the punilhment, and Ihut up fome 
Carthaginian prifoners in a barrel, which ihe 
had previoufiy filled vvith fliarp nails. The 
fenate was obliged to Hop her wantonnefs and 
cruelty. Diod. 24. -A favorite of the em¬ 
peror Commodus, whom he poifoned.-A 

vellal virgin, punifiied for her incontinence. 

-A daughter of Philip, who married Cato 

the cenfor. Her hulband gave her to his 
friend Hortenfius- for the fake of procreating 
children, and after his death he took her 

again to l^is own houfe.-An ancient name 

of the ifiand of Rhodes-A daughter of 

Cato of Utica.-A ltrearn of waterl Kid. 

Marcia aqua. 

Marciana, a filler of the emperor Tra¬ 
jan, who, on account of her public and private 
virtues and her amiable difpofition, was declared 
Augulla and eihprefs by her brother. She 
died A. D. 113. 

Marcianopolis, the capital of Lower 
Mocfia in Greece. It receives its name in ho¬ 
nor of the emprels Marciana. 

Marcianus, a native of Thrace, born of 
an obfeure family. After he had for fome 
time ferved in the army 3s a common foldier, 
he was made private lecretary to one of the 
officers of Theodolius. His winning addrefs 
and uncommon talents railed him to higher 
ftations; and on the death of Theodolius the 
ad, A. D, 450, he was invelled vvith the im¬ 
perial purple in the eall. The fubjedts of the 
Roman empire had realbn to be fatisfied with 
their choice. M'arcianus lhovved himfelf ac¬ 
tive and relblute, and when Attila, the barba¬ 
rous king of the Huns, alked of the emperor 
the annual tribute, which the indolence and 
cowardice of his predeceflors had regularly 
paid, the luccelfor of Theodolius firmly faid 
that he kept his gold for his friends, but that 
iron was the metal which he had prepared for 
his enemies. In the midil of ur.iverfal popula¬ 
rity Marcianus died, after a reign of fix years, 


in the 69th year of his age, as he was making 
warlike preparations againll the barbarians 
that had invaded Africa. His death was la¬ 
mented, and indeed his merit was great, fince 
his reign has been dillinguilhed by the appel¬ 
lation of the golden age. Marcianus married 
Pulcheria the filler of his predecelfor. It is 
laid, that in the years of his obicurity he found 
a man who had been murdered, and that he 
had the humanity to give him a private burial, 
for which circumllance he was accufed of the 
homicide and imprifoned. He was condemned 
to lofe his life, and the fentence would have 
been executed, had n>>t tire real murderer 
been difcovered, and convinced the world of 

the innocence of Marcianus.-Capella, a 

writer. Kid. Capella. 

M. Marcius Sabinus, was the progeni¬ 
tor of the Marcian family at Rome. He came 
to Rome with Numa, and it was he who ad- 
vifed Numa to accept of the crown which the 
Romans offered to him. He attempted to 
make himfelf.king of Rome, in oppolition to 
Tiillus Holtilius, and when his efforts proved 
unfuccefsful, he killed himfelf. His Ion who 
married a daughter of Numa, was made high 
priell by his father-in-law. He was father of 
Ancus Martius. Plut. in Numa _A Ro¬ 

man who acculed Etolemy Auletes, king of 
Egypt, of mifdemeanor, in the Roman fenate. 

-A Roman conful, defeated by the Sam- 

nites. He was more fuccefsful againll the Car¬ 
thaginians, and obtained a viclory, &c.-. 

Another conful, who obtained a viclory over 

the Etrurians.-Another, who defeated the 

Hernici.-A Roman who fought againll 

Afdrubal.-A man whom Catiline hired to 

alTaffitiate Cicero. 

Marcius Saltus, a place in Liguria, 

&c. 

Marcomanni, a people of Germany, 
who originally dwelt on the banks of the 
Rhine and the Danube. They proved power¬ 
ful enemies to the Roman emperors. Augufi- 
tus granted them peace, but they were after¬ 
wards fubdued by Antoninus and Trajan, &c. 
Paterc. 2, c. 109.— Tacit. An. 2, c. 46 & 62, 
G. 42. 

Marcus, a pnenomen common to many 
of the Romans. Kid. iEmilius, Lepidus, &c. 

-A fon of Cato, killed at Philippi, &c. 

-Carynenfis, a general of the Achaiaa 

league, 255 B. C. 

Mardi, a people of Perfia,on the confines 
of Media. They were very poor, and gene¬ 
rally lived upon the flelh of wild bealls. Their 
country, in later times, became the refidence 
of the famous affaffins dellroyed by Hulakou 
the grandfon of ZingislChan. Ha odot. i & 3. 
— Plin. 6. c. 16. 

Mardia, a place of Thrace, famous for a 
battle between Conllantine apd Uicinius, A. 

D.315. 

Mardonics, a general of Xerxes, who, 
after the defeat of his mailer at Therniopylce 
fr f 3 















*nd Salitmis, was left in Greece with an army 
of 300,cco cholen men, to fuMue the coun¬ 
try, and reduce it under the power of Perfia. 
His operations were rendered ul'elefs by the 
courage and vigilance of the Greeks ; and, 
in a battle at Plata^a, Mardonius was defeated 
and left among the (lain, B. C. 479. He had 
been commander of the armies of Darius in 
Europe, and it was chiefly by his advice 
that Xerxes invaded Greece. He was fon- 
in-law of Darius. Plut. in Arijl.' — Hcrodot. 

6 , 7 & 8.— Died. II. — jajlin. 2 , C. 1 3, &C. 

Mardus, a river of Media, falling into the 

Cafpian fea. 

Mare Mortuum, called alfo, from the 
bitumen it throws up, the lake AJphallites , is 
fituate in Juclaca, and near 100 miles long 
and 25 broad. Its waters are falter than thole 
of the fea, but the vapors exhaled from them 
are not fo peftilential as have been generally 
reprefented. it is l'uppofed that the 13 cities 
of which Sodom and Gomorrah as mentioned 
in the Scriptures, were the capital, were de- 
ftroyed by a volcano, and on the fite a lake 
formed. Volcanic appearances now mark 
the face of the country, and earthquakes are 
frequent. Plin. 5, c. 6: — yofeph. J- bell. 
4, c. 27.— Strab. 16, .p. 764.— ytjiin. 36, 
c. 3. 

AIareotis, now Sizcah, a lake in Egypt, 
near Alexandria. Its neighbourhood is fa¬ 
mous for wine, though fume make the Ma- 
reoticum zinum grow in Epirus, or in a cer¬ 
tain part of Libya, called alfo Mareotis, rear 
Egypt. Firg. G. 2, v. 91 .—Herat. 1, od. 38, 
V. 14.— Lucan. 3 & 10.—- Strab. ij. 

Marginia Sc Margianja, a town and 
country near- the river Gxus, at the eaft of 
Hyrcania, celebrated for its wines. The vines 
are fo uncommonly large that two men can 
Scarcely grain the trunk of one of them. Curt. 

7, c. 10.— Plot. 5. 

MARGiT.ES, a wian sgainft whom, as feme 
fuppofe, Homer wrote a poem, to ridicule his 
fnperficial knowledge, and-to expofe his affec¬ 
tation. When Demollhenes wifhed to prove 
Alexander, an inveterate enemy to Athens, he 
called him another Margites. 

Margus, a river of Mafia falling into the 
Danube, with a town of the fame name, now 
pCaf.olatz. 

Marjaba, a city in Arabia, near the Red 
Sea. 

Maria lex, by C. Marius, the tribune, 
A. U. C. 634. It ordered the planks called 
ponies, on which the people flood up to give 
their votes in the comitia , to be narrower, 
that no other might Hand there to hinder the 
proceedings of the affembly by appeal, or 
other difturbances.——Another, called alio 
Portia, by L. Marius and Porcius, tribunes, 
A. U. C. 691. If fined a certain fum of 
jneney fucb commanders, as gave a fal'fe ac¬ 
count to the Roman innate of the number of 
#,un in. a battle. It obliged them to fwear 


to the truth of their return when they en¬ 
tered the city, according to the Left compu¬ 
tation. 

Mariamna, a Jewifh woman, who mar¬ 
ried H erodes, &c. 

Marian.!! fossil, a town of Gaul Nar- 
bonenfis, which received its name from the 
dyke ifojfa), which Marius opened from 
thence to the fea. Plin. 3, c. 4.— Strab. 4. 

Mariandynum, a place near Bithynia 
where the poets feign that Hercules dragged 
Cerberus out of hell. Dionyf. — Ptol. 5, c. 

I.— Mela , I C. 2 &L 19. 1 . 2, C. 7. 

Mari anus, a, furnamc given to Jupiter 
from a temple built to his honor by Marius. 

It was in this temple that the Roman Ienate 
aflembled to recal Cicero, a circumftance 
communicated to him in a dream. VaL Max. 

r, 7 - , \ . . „ 1 

MarTca, a nymph of the river Lins, 
near Minturnte. She married king Faunus, 
bv whom fhe had king Latinus, and ibe was 
.afterwards called Fauna and Fatna, and ho¬ 
nored as a goddefs. A city of Campania 
bore her name. Some fuppofe her to be the- 
fame as Circe. Firg. JEn. 7, v. 47-— Lrv. 
27, c. 37. -A wood on the borders oi Cam¬ 

pania bore alfo the name of Marica, as be¬ 
ing facred to the nymph. Liz. 27, c. 37.— 
Herat. 3, od. I 7, v. 7.. 

Maricus, a Gaul thrown to lions, in the 
reign of Viteilius, who refufed to devour him* 
&C. Tacit. Ann. 2, C. 61. 

Marina, a daughter of Arcadius, Sec. 

Mar?n us, a. friend of Tiberius, put to 
death, Sec. 

Marion, a king of Tyre in the age of 
Alexander the Great. 

Marissa, an opulent town of Judaea. 

Marita lex. Fid. Julia de Maritan- 
dis. 

Maris, a river of Scythia.-A fon of 

Armiibdares, who affilled Priam ngainft the 
Greeks, and was killed by Antilochus. Ho¬ 
mer. 11. 6, v. 317. 

Marisus, a river of Dacia. 

C. Marius, a celebrated Roman, who, 
from a pealant, became one of the molt pow¬ 
erful and cruel tyrants that Rome ever beheld 
djjring her confular government. He was 
born at Arpinum, of oblcure and illiterate 
parents. His father bore the fame name as 
himlelf, and his mother was called Eulcinia. 
He forfook the meaner occupations -of th-e 
country for the camp, and fignalked himlelf 
under Scipio at the fiege of Numantia. The 
Roman general faw the courage and intrepi¬ 
dity of young Mariusf and foretold the era of 
his future greatnefs. By his feditions and 
intrigues at Rome, while he exercifed the 
inferior offices of the ftate, lie rendered him¬ 
felf known; and his marriage with Julia, 
who was of the family of the Ciefars, contri- 
bjuted in iome meafure to raife him to confi?- 
qucuce. He pafifed into Africa as lieutenant 









to the conful Metellus againft Jugurtha, and, 
after he had there ingratiated himlelf with 
the l'oldiers, and raifed enemies to his friend 
and benefactor, he returned to Rome, and 
canvafted for the confulfhip. The extrava¬ 
gant promifes he made to the people, and his 
malevolent infinuations about the conduct of 
Metellus, proved fuccelsful. He was elected, 
and appointed to finilh the war againlt Ju¬ 
gurtha. He (bowed himlelf capable in every 
degree to fticceed to Metellus. Jugurtha 
was defeated and afterwards betrayed into 
the hands of the Romans by the perfidy of 
Bocchus.^ No fooner was Jugurtha conquered 
than new honors and frefti trophies awaited 
Marius. The provinces of Rdme were fud- 
denly invaded by an army of 300,000 bar¬ 
barians, and Marius was the only man whole 
aClivity and boldnefs could reflit fo powerful 
an enemy. He was eleCted conful, and lent 
againft the Teutones. The war was pro¬ 
longed, and Marius was a third and fourth 
‘ time inverted with the coni'ullhip. At laft 
two engagements were fought, and not lei's 
than 200,000 of the barbarian forces of the 
Ambrones and Teutones were (lain in the 
field of battle, and 90,000 made pril'oners. 
The following year was aifo marked by a to 
tal overthrow of the Cimbri, another horde 
of barbarians, in which 140,000 were fiaugh- 
tered by the Romans, and 60,000 taken pri¬ 
soners. After fuch honorable victories, Ma¬ 
rius, with his colleague Catulus, entered Rome 
in triumph, and, for his eminent fervices, 
he deletved the appellation of the third foun¬ 
der of Rome. He was eleCted conful a fixth 
time; and, as his intrepidity had delivered 
his country from its foreign enemies, he 
fought employment at homp, and his reftlefs 
'ambition began to raile feditions and to op- 
pofe the power of Syll-a. This was the caufe 
and the foundation of a civil war. Sylla re¬ 
futed to deliver up the command of tire forces 
with which he was empowered to prolecute 
the Mithridatic war,- and he refolved to op- 
pofe the authors of a demand which he con¬ 
sidered as arbitrary and improper. He ad¬ 
vanced to Rome, and Marius was obliged to 
. fave his life by flight. The unfavorable winds 
'prevented him.from feeking a fafer retreat in 
Africa, and he was left on the coafts of Cam¬ 
pania, where the emiflaries of his enemy foon 
riilcovered him in a marlh, where he had 
plunged himlelf in the mud, and left only bis 
mouth above the furfaee for refpiration. He 
was violently dragged to the neighbouring town 
of Mmr.urme, and the magiftrates all de¬ 
voted to the intereft of Sylla, parted fentence 
of immediate death on their magnanimous 
priioner. A Gaul was commanded to cut off 
his head in the dungeon, but the ftern coun¬ 
tenance of Marius difarmed the courage pf 
the executioner, and, when he heard the ex¬ 
clamation of, Tune borne, arrdes decidere Csium 
M*rium % the dagger dropped from tie hand. 


Such an uncommon adventure awakened the 
compaflion of the inhabitants of Minturn». 
They relealed Marius from prilon, and fa¬ 
vored hisiefcapd to Africa, where he joined 
his fon Marius,, who had been arming the 
princes of the country in his caufe.' Marius 
landed near the walls of Carthage, and he 
received no fm.ill conlolation at the ligh^ of the 
venerable ruins of a once powerful city, 
which, like himlelf, had been expoled to ca¬ 
lamity, and felt the cruel viciOitude of for¬ 
tune. This place of his retreat was foon 
known, and the governor of Africa, to con¬ 
ciliate the favors of Sylla, compelled Marius 
to fly to a neighbouring ifland. He foon after 
learned that Cinna had embraced his caufe at 
Rome when the Roman fenate had dripped 
him of his conlulat dignity and beftowed it 
upon one of his enemies. This intelligence 
animated Adarius; he let fail to affift his friend, 
only at the head of a thoufand men. His army, 
however, gradually increaled, and he entered 
Rome like a conqueror. His enemies were 
inhumanly lacrificed to his fury, Rome was 
filled with blood, and he who had once been 
called the father of hte country, marched 
through the ftreets of the city, attended by a 
number of aflaffins, who immediately flaugh- 
tered all thofe whole falutations were not an- 
fwered by their leader. Such were the fig- 
nals for bloodlhed. When Marius and Cinna 
had fufficiently gratified th§sir refent- 
ment, they made themfelves confuls, but 
Marius already worn out with old age and 
infirmities, died fixteen days after be had 
been honored with the conlular dignity for 
the ieventh time, B. C. 86, His end was 
probably haftened by the uncommon quanti¬ 
ties of wine which he drank when laboring 
under a "dangerous dileafe, to remove, by in- 
‘ toxication, the ftings of a guilty conlcit-nce. 
Such was the end of Marius, who rendered 
himfelf conlpicuous by his victories, and by 
his cruelty. As he was brought up in the 
midft of poverty and amorg peafants, it will 
not appear wonderful that he always betrayed 
rullicity in his behaviour, ana delpiled in 
others thofe polilhed manners and rjiat ltudied 
addrefs which education had denied him. He 
hated the converlation of the learned only 
becaufe he was illiterate, and, if he appear, d 
an example of fobriety and temperance, he 
owed thefe advantages to the years of ob- 
feurity which he had parted at Arpinum Hi* 
countenance was ftern, his voice firm and 
imperious, and his dilpofition untradfable. 
always betrayed the greatelt timidity in the 
public aflemblies, as he had not been early 
taught to make eloquence and oratory his 
purfuit. He was in the 70th year of his 
age when he died, and Rome fieemed to re¬ 
joice at the fall of a man whole ambition had 
proved fatal to fo many of her citizens. Hi$ 
only qualifications were thofe of a great ge- 
F f 3 





M A 


M A 


neral, and with thefe he rendered himfelf the 
molt illuftrious and powerful of the Romans 
becaufe he was the only one whofe ferocity 
feemed capable to oppofe the barbarians of 
the north. The manner of his death, accord¬ 
ing to iome opinions, remains doubtful, 
though fome have charged him with the crime 
of fuicide. Among the inftances which are 
mentioned of his firmriefs this may be re¬ 
corded ; a fvvelling in the leg obliged him to 
apply to a phyfician, who urged the necellity 
of cutting it off. Marius gave it, and faw the 
operation performed without a diftortion of 
the face and without a groan. The phyfi¬ 
cian afked the other, and Marius gave it with 
equal compolure. Ph/t. in vita. — Paterc.'Z, 
c. 9.— Flor. 3, c. 3.— Juv. 8, v. 245, &c.— 

Lucan. 2, v. 69.-Caius, the foil of the 

great Marius, was as cru l as his father, and 
(hared hi:; good and his adverfe fortune. He 
made himfelf conful in the 25th year of his 
age, and murdered all the l'enators who op- 
pofed his ambitious views. He was defeated 
by Sylla, and fled to Pnenefte, where he 

killed himfelf. Plui. in Mario. -Prifcus, 

a governor of Africa, accufed of extortion in 
his province by Pliny the younger, and ba- 
nifhed from Italy. Plin. 2, ep. 11.— Juv. 

1, v. 48.-A lover, &c. Vid. Hellas.- 

One of the Greek fathers of the 5th century, 
whole works were edited by Garner, 2 vols 
fol, Paris, 1673; and Baluzius, ib. 1684. 

-M. Aurelius, a native of Gaul, who, 

from the mean employment of a blackfmith, 
became one of the generals of Gallienus, and 
at laft caufed himfelf to be faluted emperor. 
Three days after this elevation, a man who 
had fhared his poverty without partaking of 
his more profperous fortune, publicly aflaffi- 
nated him, and he was killed by a fvvord 
which he himfelf had made in the time of his 
obfcurity. Marius has been often celebrated 
for his great flrength, and it is confidently 
reported that he could flop with one )f his 
fingers only the wheel of a chariot in its moft 

rapid courfe.-Maximus, a Latin writer, 

who publifhed an account of the Roman em¬ 
perors from Trajan to Alexander, now loft. 
His compofitions were entertaining, and ex¬ 
ecuted with great exa&nei's and fidelity. 
Some have accufed him of inattention, and 
complain that his writings abounded with 

many fabulous and infignificant (lories.- 

Cell'us, a friend of Galba, faved from death 

by Otho, See. Tacit. Hijl. I, c. 45.- 

Sextus, a rich Spaniard, thrown down from 
the Tarpeian rock, on account of his riches, 
&c. Tact. Ann. 6, c. iq. 

Marmacus, the father of Pythagoras. 

Z%. 

Marmarenses, a people of Lycia. 
Marmarica. Vid. Marmarkke. 
Marmaridje, the inhabitants of that part 
©f Libya called Marmarica , between Cyrene 
and Egypt# They were fwift in running and 


pretendedro poflefs fome drugs or fecret power 
to deftroy the poifonous effects of the bite of 
ferpents. Si!. It. 3, v. 300. 1 . II, v. 182.— 
Lucan. 4, v. 680 1 . 9, v. 894. . 

Marmarion, a town of Euboea, whence 
Apollo is called Marmairinus. Strab. 10. 

Maro. Vid. Virgilius. 

Marorodui, a nation of Germany. Ta» 
cit. dc Germ. 42. 

Maron, a Ion of Evanthes, high prieft of* 
Apollo, in Africa, when UlyfTes touched: upon 

the coaft. Homer. Od. 9, v. 179.-An 

Egyptian who accompanied Ofiris in his con- 
quefts, and built a city in Thrace, called from 
him Maronea. Mela, 2, c. 2.— Diod. 1, 

Maronea, a city of the Cicones, in 
Thrace, near the Hebrus, of which Bacchus 
is the chief deity. The wine has always been 
reckoned excellent, and with it, it was fup- 
pofed Ulyfies intoxicated the Cyclops Poly¬ 
phemus. Plin. 14, C. 4.— Herodot.—Malay 
2, c. 2 — Tibull. 4, el. I, v. 57. 

Marpesia, a celebrated queen of the 
Amazons, who waged a fuccelsful war againft 
the inhabitants of mount Caucafus. W The 
mountain was called Marpeftus Mont from 
its female conqueror. JuJUn. 2, c. 4.— Virg. 
JEn. 6. 

Marpessa, a daughter of the Evenus, 
who married Idas, by whom (lie had Cleo¬ 
patra, the wife of Meleager. Marpefla wafc 
tenderly loved by her hufband; and when 
Apollo endeavoured to carry her away, Idas 
followed the raviflier with a bow and arrows, 
refolved on revenge. ApoHo and Idas were 
feparated by Jupiter, who permitted Mar¬ 
pefla to go with that of the two lovers whom 
fhe moft approved of. She returned to her 
hufband. Homer. II. 9,. v. 549.— Ovid. Met. 

8, V. 30 ^.—Apollod. 1, c. J.—Pauf. 4, c. 2 v 
1. 5, c. 18. 

Marpesus, 3 town of Myfia.-A moun- 

tain of Paros, abounding in white marble, 
whence Marpefia cautes. The quarries are 
ftill feen by modern travellers. Virg. JEn, 

6, v. 471 .—Plin. 4, c. 12.1. 36, c. 5. 

Marres, a king of Egypt, who had a crow 
which conveyed his letters wherever he pleafed. 
He raifed a celebrated monument to this faith¬ 
ful bird near the city of crocodiles# JEiian. 
An. 6, c. 7. 

MarrucTni, a people of Picenum. Sit, 
It. 15, v. 564. 

Marruvium or Marrubium, now San 
Benedetto , a place near the Liris, in Italy. 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 750.—Sil. It. 8, v. 497. 

Mars, the god of war among the an¬ 
cients, was the l'on of Jupiter and Juno, ac¬ 
cording to Hefiod, Homer, and all the Greek 
poets, or of Juno alone, according to Ovid. 
This goddefs, as the poet mentions, wifhed 
to become a mother without the affiftance 
ot the other lex, like Jupiter, who had pro-* 
duced Minerva all armed from his head, and 
flic was Ihowfl a flower by flora in the 

plains 









M A 


M A 


plains near Olenus, whoH* verv touth made 
women pregnant. [Fid. Juno.] The edu¬ 
cation of Mars was entrufted by Juno to the 
god Priapus, who inftru<fted him in dancing 
and in every manly exercife. His trial before 
the celebrated court of the Areopagus, ac¬ 
cording to the authority of fume authors, for 
the murder of Hallirhotius. forms an intereft- 
ing epoch in hiftory. [ Fid. Areopagitre.] 
The amours of Mars and Venus are greatly 
celebrated. The god of war gained the af¬ 
fection of Venus, and obtained the gratifi¬ 
cation of his defires; but Apollo, who was 
conjcious of their familiarities, informed Vul¬ 
can of his wife’s debaucheries, and awakened 
his fufpicions. Vulcan fecretly laid a net 
around the bed, and the two lovers were 
expolVd in each other’s arms, to the ridicule 
and l'atire of all the gods, till Neptune pre¬ 
vailed upon the hufband to let them at liber¬ 
ty. This unfortunate difeovery fo provoked 
Mar that he changed into a cock his favo¬ 
rite ADcfrycn whmi he had Rationed at the 
door to watch ag unit the approach of the 
fun, [ Fid. Alecfryon] and Venus alio (Viewed 
her refeatment by perf-enting with the moft 
inveterate fury the children of Apollo. In 
the wars of Jupiter and the Titans, Mars 
was feized by Otus and Erhialtes, and con¬ 
fined for fifteen months till Mercury pro 
cured him his liberty. During the Trojan 
war Mars interelted himfelf on the fide of 
the Trojans, but whilfl he defended thefe 
favorites of Venus with uncommon activity, 
he was wounded by Diomedes, and haftily 
retreated to heaven to conceal his confufion 
and his refentment, and to complain to Ju¬ 
piter that Minerva had directed the unerring 
weapon of his ant-agon ill. The worfhip of 
Mars was not very univerfal among the an¬ 
cients ; his temples were not numerous in. 
Greece, but in Rome he received the moft 
unbounded honors, and the warlike Romans 
were proud of paying homage to a deity 
whom they efteemed as the patron of their 
city, and the father of the frft of their mo 
narchs. His moft celebrated temple at Rome 
was built by Auguftus after the battle of 
Philippi. It was dedicated to Mars ultor, 
or the avenge-. His priefts among the Ro 
mans were called Sabi; they we-rfe fiift in- 
ftituted by Nuina, and their chief office was 
to guard the facrcd Anevtia, one of which, 
as was fuppofed, had fallen down from hea¬ 
ven. Mars was generally represented in the 
naked figure of an old man, armed with a 
helmet, a pike, and a fhield. Sometimes he 
appeared in a military drefs, and with a 
long flowing beard, and fometimes without. 
He generally rode in a chariot drawn by fu¬ 
rious horles which the poets called Flight and 
Terror. His altars were ftained with the 
blood of the horle, on account of his warlike 
fpirit, and of the wolf, on account of his fe¬ 
rocity. Magpies and vultures were alfo 


j offered up to hirn, on account of their greed- 
! nets and voracity. The Scythians generally 
! offered him affes, and the people of Caria 
j dogs. The weed called dog grails was facred 
to him, bees tile it grows, as it is commonly re¬ 
ported, in places which are fit for fields of bat¬ 
tle, or where the ground has been ftained with 
the effufion of human blood. The furnames 
of Mars are not numerous. He was called 
Gradivus, Mavors, Quirinus, Salifublulus, 
among the Romans. The Greeks called him 
Ares, and he was the Enyalu^ of the Sabines, 
the Camulus of the Gauls, and theMamers 
of Carthage. Mars was father of Cupid, 
Anteros, and Harmonia, by die goddefs 
Venus. Fie had Alcalaphus and Ialmenus 
by Aftyoche; Alcippe by Agraulos; Molus, 
Pylus, Evenus, and Theftius, by Demonice, 
the daughter of Agenor. Befides thefe, he 
was the reputed father of Romulus, CEno- 
maus, Bythis, Thrax, Dimoedes of Thrace, 
&c: He prefided over gladiators, and was 
the god of hunting, and of whatever exer- 
ciies or amul’ements have lb nething manly 
and warlike. Among the Romans it was 
ufual fir the conful, before he went on an 
expedition; to vifit the temple of Mars, 
where he offered his prayers, and in a fo- 
lemn manner fhook the lpear which was in 
the hand of the ftatue of die god, at the 
lame time exclaiming, “ Mars vigila ! god 
of war, watch over the fifety of this city.” 
Ovid. F.'ji ■ 5, V. 231. Triji. 2, V. 923.— 
Hygin . faf . 148 .— Fng. G. 4 , v. 346. JF.n. 
S, V. 701. — Lucian, in Alelrr—Farro de L. 
L. 4, c. IO. — Homer. OJ. I,//. 5. — Place. 6 . 
— A \pollod. I, See .— Hejiod. Theug .— Pindar. 
od. 4. Pyth. — Qaint. Smyr. 14.— Pauf. I, 
C. 21 & 38 .— Juv. 9, v. 102. 

Marsala, a town of Sicily. 

Map.saeus, a Roman, ridiculed by Ho¬ 
race, x Sal. 2, v. 35, for his prodigality to 
courtezans. 

Marsf, a daughter ofThefpius. Apolloi. 

tv i a r s 1, a nation of Germany, who after¬ 
wards came to fettle near the lake Fucinu* 
in Italy, in a country chequered with forefts 
abounding with wild boars and other fero¬ 
cious animals. They at firft proved very 
inimical to the Romans, but in procefs of 
time, they became their firmed fupporters. 
They are particularly celebrated for the civil 
war in which they were engaged, and which 
from them h • •. s received the name of the Mar- 
pan •zvar. The large contributions they 
made to fupport the intereft of Rome, and 
the number of men which they continually 
fupplied to die republic, rendered them 
bold and afpiring, and they claimed, with 
the reft; of the Italian ftates, a fhare of the 
honor and privileges which were enjoyed by 
the citizens of Rome, B. C. 91. This peti« 
tion, though fupported by the intereft, the 
eloquence, and the integrity of the tribune 
Drufus, was received with contempt by the 
F f 4 Roman 




MA 


M A 


Roman fenate; and the Marfi, with their 
allies, fliewed their diliatUfaCtion by taking 
U P arms. ''i heir refeotment .was increafed 
when Drufus, their friend at Rome, had 
been baiely murdered t)y the means of the 
nobles; and they ereCted themfejves into a 
republic, and Corfiniiim was made the ca¬ 
pital of their new empire. A regular war 
was now begun, and the Romans led into 
the field an army of joo,OCO men, and were 
oppoied by.a fuperior force. Some battles 
were fought in which the Roman generals 
were defeated, and the allies reaped no in- 
confiderable^ advantages from their victories. 
A battle, however, near Afculum, proved fa¬ 
tal to their eaufe, 4OCO of them were left 
dead on the l’pot, their general Francus, a 
man of uncommon experience and abilities, 
was Haiti, and fuch as efcaped from the field 
peiilhed by hunger in the Appennines, where 
they had fought a fhelter After many de¬ 
feats, and the lots of' Alfeulum, one of their 
principal cities, the allies, grown dejeCted 
and tired of hollilities which had already 
continued for three years, luetl for peace one 
by one, and tranquillity was at lafl re-efiab- 
lifhed in the republic, and all the Hates of 
Italy were made citizens of Rome. The 
armies of the allies confided of the Marfi, 
the Peligni, ,the Veftini, the Hirpini, Pompe- 
iani, Marcini, Picentes, Venufini, Ferentante, 
Apuli, Lucani, and Sammies. The Marfi 
were greatly addicted to magic. Horat. ep. 
5, v. 76. ep . 27, v. 29.— Appian. — Pal. Max. 
2 .— Paterc. 2.— Plut. in Sert. Mario , lift.— 
Cic. pi'o Ball. — -Strobe* — Tacit. Ann. I, c. 50 
fc 5 6. G. 2. 

MAttSiGm, a people of Germany. Ta- 

eit. G. 43. 

Marsus domitius, a Latin poet. 

Marsyaba, a town of Arabia. 

Marsyas, a celebrated piper of Celaena?, 
in Phrygia, fon of Olympus, or of Hyagnis, 
or CEagrus. He was fo fkilful in playing 
on the flute, that he is generally deemed the 
inventor of it. According to the opinion of 
tome, he found it when Minerva had thrown 
it afide on account of the distortion of her 
face when {he played upon it. Marfyas was 
enamoured of Cybele, and he travelled with 
her as far as Nyfa, where he had the impru¬ 
dence to challenge Apollo to a trial of his 
fkill as a mufieian. The god accepted the 
challenge, and it was mutually, agreed that 
he who was defeated fh:>uld be flead alive 
by the conqueror. The Mules, or according 
to Diodorus, the inhabitants of Nyfa were 
appointed umpires. Each exerted his ut- 
mofi fkill, and the victory, with much dif¬ 
ficulty, was adjudged to Apollo. The god, 
upon this, tied his antagonifl to a tree, and 
Head him alive, The death of Marfyas was 
univerfaHy lamented ; the Fauns, Satyrs, and 
Dryads, wept at his fate, and from their 
abdndant tears, arofe a river of Phrygia, well 


known by the name of Marfyas. The un¬ 
fortunate Marfyas is often reprefented ori 
monuments as tied, his hands behind his back, 
to a tree, while Apollo Hands before him 
with his lyre in his hand. In independent 
cities among the ancients the fiatue of Mar¬ 
fyas was generally ereCted in the forum, to re- 
prefent the intimacy which fubfified between 
Bacchus and Marfyas, as the emblems of li¬ 
berty. It was alfo ereCted at the entrance of 
the Roman forum, as a lpot where ufurers 
and merchants reforted to tranfaCt bufinefs, 
being principally intended in tcrrorem litiga- 
iorum ; a circumHance to which Horace feems 
to allude, 1 Sat. 6, v. 120. At Celaente, the 
fkin of Mariyas was Ihown to travellers for 
lome time; it was fufpended in the public 
place in the form cf a bladder, or a foot-ball. 
Hygin. fab.-165.— Ovid. Fajt. 6, v. 707. 
Met. 6 , fab. 7. — Died. 3. — Ital. 8, V. JO3.— 
Plin. 5, c. 29. 1 . 7, C. 56. — Pauf. IO, c. 30. 

— Apollod. i, c. 4.-The fources of the 

Marfyas were near thofe of the Maeander, 
and thofe two rivers had their confluence a 
little below the town of Celaenae. Liv. 38, 
C. 13.— Ovid. Met. 2, V. 26j. — Lucan. 3., 

v. 208.-A writer, who publifiied a-hii- 

tory of Macedonia, from the firfl origin and 
foundation of that empire till the reign of 
Alexander, in which he lived.-An Egyp¬ 

tian who commanded the armies of Cleo¬ 
patra againfl her brother Ptolemy Phyfcorr, 

whom fhe attempted to dethrone.-A man 

put to death by Dionyfius, the tyrant of 
Sicily. 

Martha, a celebrated prophetefs of Sy¬ 
ria, whole artifice and fraud proved of the 
greateH fervice to C. Marius in the nume¬ 
rous expeditions he undertook. Plut. in 

Mario. 

Martia, a veflal virgin, put to death for 
her incontinence.—A daughter of Cato. Vid. 

Marcia. 

Martia aqua, water at Rome, cele¬ 
brated for its clearnefs and falubrity. It was 
conveyed to Rome, at the diftance of above 
30 miles, from the lake Fucinus, by Ancus 
Martins, whence it received its name. 77 - 
bull. 3, el. 7, v. 26.— Plin, 31, c. 3. 1 . 36, 

c.15. 

Martiales ludi, games celebrated at 
Rome in honor of Mars. 

Martialis, Marcus Valerius, a native of 
Bilbtiis, in Spain, who came to Rome about 
the 20th year of his age, where he recom¬ 
mended himfetf to notise by his poetical 
genius. As he was the panegyriH of the 
emperors, he gained the greateH honors, and 
was rewarded in the moH liberal manner. 
Domitian gave him the tribunefhip; but the 
poet, unmindful of the favors he received, 
after the death of his benefactor, expofed to 
ridicule the vices and cruelties of a monHer, 
whom, in his life time, he had extolled as 
the pattern of virtue, goodnefs, and excel* 

fence* 




M A 


MA 


lence. Trajan treated the poet with cold- 
nels, and Martial, after he had palfed 35 
years in the capital of the world, in the 
greateft fplendor and affluence, retired to his 
native country, where he had the mortifica¬ 
tion to be the objeil of malevolence, fatire, 
and ridicule. He received fome favors from 
his friends, and his poverty was alleviated 
hy the liberality of Pliny the younger, whom 
he had panegyrized in his poems. Martial 
died about the 104th year of the Chriftian 
era, in the 7,5th year of his age. He is now 
well known by the fourteen books of epi¬ 
grams which he wrote, and whole merit is 
now belt described by the candid confeliion of 
the author m this line, 

Sunt buna! funt quadam mediocria, funt mala 
plura . 

But the genius which he difplavs in fome of 
his epigrams delerves commendation, though 
many critics are liberal in their cenlure upon 
his ftyle, his thoughts, and particularly upon 
his puns, which are often low and defpicable. 
In many of his epigrams the poet has fhown 
himfelf a declared enemy to decency, and 
the book is to be read with caution which 
can corrupt the purity of morals, and initiate 
the votaries of virtue in the mvfteriesof vice. 
It has been oblerved of Martial, that his 
talent was epigrams. Everv thing he did 
was the fubje£t of an epigram. He wrote in- 
lcriptlons upon monuments in the epigram¬ 
matic ftyle, and even a new-year’s gift was 
accompanied with a diftkh, and his poetical 
pen was employed in begging a favor as well 
ss fatirizing a fault. The bell editions of 
Martial are thofe of Rader, fol. Mogunt, 
1627, of Schriverius, umo. L. Bat. 1619; 

and of Smids, 8vo. Amli. 1701.--A friend 

of Otho.-A man who confpired againft 

Caracalla. 

Martian us. Vid. Marciantis. 

MartIn-a, a woman Ikilled in the know¬ 
ledge of poifonous herbs, See, Tacit. An. 2, 

79» &c. 

Martinianus, an officer, made Caefar 
by Licinius, to oppofe Conftantine, He was 
put to death by order of Conftnutine. 

Martius, a lurname of Jupiter in Attica, 
expreffive of his power and valor. Tauf. 5, 

c. 14.-A R man conlul lent againft Per- 

fieus, &c.-A conful againlt the Dalmatians, 

&c.-Another who defeated the Cartha¬ 
ginians in Spain.--Another who defeated 

the Privernates, &c. 

Marujllus, a tribune of thepeople, who 
tore the garlands which had been placed upon 
Cxfar’s (tatues, and who ordered thofe that 
had faluted him king to be imprifoned. He 
was deprived of his copfulfhip by J. Csefar. 

Plut. -A governor of Judaea.-A Latin 

poet in the age of M. Aurelius He fatirized 
the emperor with great licentioufn^fs, but his 
invedtives were ^regarded, and himfelf de- 
ipifed. 


Marus, {the Morava) a river of Germany, 
which leparates modern Hungary and M^ra- 
via. Tacit. Ann. 2, C. 63. 

- Massa Ba:r. an informer at the court of 
Domitian. fuv. 1, v. 35. 

Masaisylii, a people of Libya, where Sy- 
phax reigned. Vid. Malfiyla. 

Masinissa, Ion of Gala, was king of a 
imall part of Africa, and alfifted the Cartha¬ 
ginians in their wars againft Rome. He 
proved a moil indefatigable and courageous 
ally, but an adt of generolity rendered him 
amicable to the interefis of Rome. After 
the defeat of Afdrubal, Scipio, the firft Afri- 
canus, who had obtained the vidlory, found, 
among the prisoners of war, one of the ne¬ 
phews of Mafuufla. He lent him back to 
his uncle loaded with prel'ents, and condudled 
him with a detachment for the lafety and 
protection of his perfon. Mafinrfia was 
(truck with the generous adlion of the Roman 
general, he forgot all former hoftilities, and 
joined his troops to thofe of Scipio. This 
change of fentiments was not the effedt of a 
wavering or unfettled miud, but Mafinilfii 
(hewed himfelf the moft attached and the firm- 
eft ally the Romans ever had. It was to his 
exertions they owed many of their vidlories 
in Africa, and particularly in that battle 
which proved fatal to Afdrubal and Syphax. 
The Numidian conqueror, charmed with the 
beauty of Sophonifba, the - captive wife of 
SVphax, carried her to his camp and married 
her ; but when he perceived that this new 
connedlion difplealed Scipio, he fent poil'on 
fb his wife, and recommended her to deftroy 
herlelf, fince he could not preferve her life in 
a manner which became her rank, her dig¬ 
nity, and fortune, without offending his Ro¬ 
man allies. In the -battle of Zanu, Mafi- 
nilfa greatly contributed to the defeat of the 
great Annibal, and the Romans, who had 
been fo often Ipedlators of his courage and 
valor, rewarded his fidelity with the king¬ 
dom of Syphax, and fome of the Cartha-» 
ginian territories. At his death Malinilfa 
fhewed the confidence he had in the Ro¬ 
mans, and the efteem he entertained for the 
riling talents of Scipio iEmilianus, by en- 
trufting him with the care of his kingdom, 
and empowering him to divide it among his 
Ions. Mafinilfii died in the 97th year of his 
age, after a reign of above fixty years, 149 
years before the Chriftiin era. He expe¬ 
rienced adverfity as well as profperity, and, 
in the firft years of his reign, he was expofed 
to the greateft clanger, and obliged often to 
fave his life by leeking a retreat among his 
favage neighbours. But his alliance with the 
Romans wa3 the beginning of his greatnels, 
and he ever after lived in the greateft afflu¬ 
ence. He is remarkable for the health he 
long enjoyed. In the laft years of his life 
he was feen at the head of his armies, be¬ 
having vyith the moft indefatigable activity, 

and 








MA 


M A 


and he often remained for many fucceflive 
days on horfeback, without a faddle under 
him, or a covering upon his head, and with¬ 
out (hewing the leaft mark of fatigue. This 
llrength of mind and body he chiefly owed 
to the temperance which he obferved. He 
was feen eating brown bread at the door of 
his tent like a private foldier, the day after 
he had obtained an immortal victory over 
the armies of Carthage. He left fifty-four 
fons, three of whom were legitimate, Micip- 
la, Guluffa, and Manaftabal. The kingdom 
was fairly divided among them by Scipio, 
and the illegitimate children received, as 
their portion, very valuable prefents. The 
death of Gulufla and Manaftabal foon after 
left Micipfa 1'ole mafter of the large poflef- 
lions of MalinifTa. Strab. 17.— Polyh. — Ap- 
pian. Lybic. — Cic. de Sene&.~—Val. Max. 8. 
— Sallujl. in Jug. — Liv. 25, &c.'— Ovid. 
Fajl. 6, V. 769.— JuJlif r. 33, C. I. 1. 38, 
c. 6. 

Maso, a name common tofevefal perfons 
mentioned by Cicero. 

Massaga, a town of India, taken by Alex¬ 
ander the Great. 

Massageta:, a people of Scythia, who 
had their wives in common, and dwelt in 
tents. They had no temples, but worfhip- 
ped the fun, to whom they offered horles, 
on account of their fwiftnels. When their 
parents had come to a certain age, they ge¬ 
nerally put them to death, and eat their 
flefh mixed with that of cattle. Authors are 
divided with refpe& to the place of their re- 
fidence. Some place them near the Cafpian 
fea, others at the north of the Danube, and 
fome confound them with the Getae and the 
Scythians. Horat. I, od. 35, v. 40 — Dionyf. 
Per. 738. — Herodot. I, c. 204.— Strab. I — 
Mela, I, C. 2.— Lilian. 2, v.50.— JuJiin , I, 
c. 8. 

Mas Sana. Vid. Meflana. 

Massani, a nation at the mouth of the 
Indus. 

Massicus, a mountain of Campania, near 
Minturnas, famous for its wine, which even 
now preferves its ancient character. Plin. 
14, c. 6 . — Horat. i,od. r, v. 19. — Virg. G. 

2* v. 143.--An Etrurian prince, who af- 

fifted iEneas againft Turnus with 1000 men. 
Virg. Mn. 10, v. 166, &c. 

Massilia, a maritime town of Gaul Nar- 
bonenfis, now called Marjeilles , founded 
B. C.539» by the people of Phocasa, in Afia, 
who quitted^their country to avoid the tyranny 
of the Perfians. It is celebrated for its laws, 
its. fidelity for the Romans, and for its being 
long the feat of literature. It acquired great 
confequence by its commercial purfuits 
during its infancy, and even waged war 
againft Carthage. By becoming the ally 
of Rome, its power was eftablifhed; but in 
warmly efpoufing the caufe of Pompey a- 
gainft Csefar, its views were fruftrated,'and it 


was fo much reduced by the infolence and 
refentment of the conqueror, that it never r 
after recovered its independence and war¬ 
like fpirit. Herodot. I, c. 164.— Plin. 3 > 

C. 4.— JuJiin. 37, tdfc. — Strab. I. — Liv. 5 » 

C. 3.— Horat. ep. 16. — F/or. 4, C. 2.— Cic. 
Flac. 26. Ojf. 2, 8.— Tacit . An. 4, c. 44 
Agt*. 4. 

Massy la, an inland part of Mauritania 
near mount Atlas. When the inhabitants, 
called MaJJyli, went on horfeback, they never 
ufed faddles or bridles, but only (licks. 1 heir 
character was warlike, their manners Ample, 
and their love of liberty unconquerable. 
Some fuppofe them to be the fame as the 
Maftelylii, though others fay half the coun¬ 
try belonged only to this lad-mentioned 
people. Liv. 24, c. 48; !. 28, c. 17. 1 . 29, 
c. 32.— Sil. 3, v. 282. 1 . 16, v. 17 t.— Lucan. 

4, v. 682.— Virg. JEn. 4, v. 132. 

Mastramela, a lake near Marfeilles, 
mer de Martegues. Plin. 3,C. 4. 

Masurius, a Roman knight under Ti¬ 
berius, learned, but poor. Per/. 5,v. 90. 

MasuS, Domitius, a Latin poet. Via. 
Domitius. 

Matho, an infamous informer, patronized 
byDomitian. Juv. i,v. 32. 

Matieni, a people in the neighbourhood 
of Armenia. 

MatInus, a mountain of Apulia, abound¬ 
ing in yew-trees and bees. Lucan. 9, v. 184. 

— Horat. 4, cd. 2 , V. 27. ep. 16, v. 28. 

Matisco, a town of the JEdui, in Gaul, 
now called Macon. 

Matralia, a feftival at Rome, in honor 
of Matuta or Ino. Only matrons and free¬ 
born women were admitted. They made 
offerings of flowers and carried their rela¬ 
tions’ children in their arms, recommending 
them to the care and patronage of the god- 
defs whom they worlhipped. Varro de L. 

L. 5, c. 22.— Ovid. Fajl. 6, v. 47.— Plut. in 
Cam . 

Matron a, a river of Gaul, now called 
the Marne , falling into the Seine. Aufon. , 
Mof. 462.—*—One of the fur names of Juno, 
becaufe (he prefidetf over marriage and over 
child birth. 

Matronalia, feflivals at Rome in ho¬ 
nor of Mars, celebrated by married women, 
in commemoration of the rape of the Sabines, 
and of the peace which their intreaties had 
obtained between their fathers and hufbands. 
Flowers were then offered in the temples of 
Juno. Ovid. Fajl. 3, v. 229.— Plut. in Rom. 

Mattiaci, a nation of Germany, mow 
Marpurg in He(Te. The Mattiaca aquae, 
was a fmall town, now Wijbaden oppofite 
Mentz. Tacit, de Germ.'ll). An. 1, c. 56. 

Matuta, a deity among the Romans, the 
fame as the Leucothoe of the Greeks. She ’ 
was originally Ino, who was changed into a 
lea deity, [Vid. Ino & Leucothoe,") and (he was 
worlhipped by Tailors as fuch, at Corinth in 

a tem* 







MTA 


MA 


a temple facred to Neptune. Only married 
women and free-born matrons were permit¬ 
ted to enter her temples at Rome, where 
they generally brought the children of their 
relations in their arms. Liv. 5, &c.— Cic. 
de Mat. D. 3, v. 19. 

JVJavors, a name of Mars. Vid. Mars. 

Mavortm, an epithet applied to every 
country vvhofe inhabitants were warlike, but 
especially to Rome, founded by the reputed 
fon of Mavors. Virg.JEn. 1, v. 280, and to 
Thrace. Id. 3, v. 13. 

Mauri, the inhabitants of Mauritania. 
This name is derived from their black com¬ 
plexion (jAaugoi ). Every thing among them 
grew in greater abundance and greater per- 
fettion than in other countries. Strab. 17. 
— Martial. 5, ep. 19. 1. 12, ep. 67.—S/ 7 . 
Ital. 4, v . 569. 1 . 10, v. 402.— Mela, 1, 
c " S’ 1 - 3 > c * IO *— Jnjlin. Ip, c. 2.— SalLuJl. 

Virg. JEn. 4, v. 206. 

Mauritania, a country on the weftern 
part of Africa, which forms the modern king¬ 
dom of Fez. and /Morocco. It was bounded on 
the weft by the Atlantic, fouth by Gietulia, 
and north by the Mediterranean, and is Some¬ 
times called Maurufta. It became a Roman 
province in the reign of the emperor Claudius. 
Vid. Mauri. 

Maurus, a man who floridled in the reign 
of Trajan, or according to others, of the An- 
tonini. He was governor of Syene, in Upper 
Egypt. He wrote a Latin poem upon the 
rules of poetry and verification. 

Maurusii, the people of Maurufta, a 
country near the columns of Hercules. It is 
alfo called Mauritania. Vid. Mauritania. 
Virg. JEru 4, V. 206. 

Mausolus, a king of Caria. His wife 
Artemifia was fo dilconlblate at his death, 
which happened B C. 353, that fhe drank 
up his alhes, and refolved to ere 61 one of the 
grandeft asd nobleft monuments of anti¬ 
quity, to celebrate the memory of a hulband 
whom fhe tenderly loved. This famous 
monument, which parted for one of the Se¬ 
ven wonders of the world, was called Mau- 
foleumy and from it all other magnificent Se¬ 
pulchres and tombs have received the fame 
name. It was built by four different archi- 
te< 5 ls. Scopas ere&ed the fide which faced 
the eaft, Timotheus had the fouth, I.eochares 
had tlie weft, and Bruxis the north. Pithis 
was alfo employed in raifing a pyramid over 
this ftntely monument, and the top was 
adorned by a chariot drawn by four horfes. 
The expences of this edifice were immenfe, 
and this gave an occafion to the philofopher 
Anaxagoras to exclaim, when he faw it, 
Hoiv much money changed into jlones ! [ Vid. 
Artemifia. j H<rodot. 7, v. 99. — Strab. 14.— 
JOiod. 16— Pauf. 8, C. 16.— Flor. 4, c. II. 
Cell. 10, c. 18 .—P roper t. 3, el. 2, v. 21.— 
Suet. Aug. IOO. 

Maxentius 4 Marcus Aurelius Valerius^ 


a fon of the emperor Maximianns Hercules. 
Some fuppofe him to have been a fuppofi- 
titious child. The voluntary abdication of 
Diocletian, and of his father, raifed him in 
the ftate, and he declared himfelf indepen¬ 
dent emperor, or Auguftus', A. D. 306. 
He afterwards incited his father to re-affume 
his imperial authority, and in a perfidious 
manner deftroyed Severus, who had deli¬ 
vered himfelf into his hands, and relied upon 
his honor for the Safety of his life. His vic¬ 
tories and fucceffes were impeded by Gale- 
rius Maximianus, who oppofed him with a 
powerful force. The defeat and voluntary- 
death of Galerius foon reftored peace to 
Italy, and Maxentius parted into Africa, 
where he rendered himfelf odious by his 
cruelty and oppreflion. He loon after re¬ 
turned to Rome, and was informed that 
Conftantine was come to dethrone him. He 
gave his ndveriary battle near Rome, and, 
after he had loft the victory, he fled back 
to the city. The bridge over which he 
crofted the Tiber was in a decayed fituation, 
and he fell into the river and was drowned, 
on the 24th of September, A. D. 312. 
The cowardice and luxuries of Maxentius 
are as confpicuous as his cruelties. He op- 
prefled his fubje&s with heavy taxes to er<u 
tify the cravings of Ills .pleafures, or the 
avarice of his favorites. He was debauched 
in his manners, and neither virtue nor inno¬ 
cence were Safe whenever he was inclined to 
voluptuous purfuits. He was naturally de¬ 
formed, and of an unwieldy body. To vific 
a pleafure ground, or to exercife himfelf un¬ 
der a marble portico, or to walk on a (hady 
terrace, was to him a Herculean labor, which 
required the greateft exertions of ltrength and 
refolution. 

Corn. Maximiliana, a veftal virgin 
buried alivefpr incontinence, A. D. 92. 

Maximianus, Herculius Marcus Aure¬ 
lius Valerius, a native of Sirmium, in Pan* 
nonia, who ferved as ? common foldier in 
thfe Roman armies. When Diocletian had 
been raifed to the imperial throne, he re¬ 
membered the valor and courage of h s 
fellow l'oldier Maximianus, and rewarded 
his fidelity by making him his colleague in 
the empire, and by ceding to him the 
command of the provinces of Jtalv, Afrim 
ca, and Spain, and the reft of the weft¬ 
ern territories of Rome. Maximianus lhowed 
the juftnefs of the choice of Diocletian by his 
vidfories over the barbarians. In Britain 
luccefs did not attend his arms; but in Africa 
he defeated and put to death Aureliu* Ju- 
lianus, who had proclaimed himfelf em¬ 
peror. Soon after Diocletian abdicated the 
imperial purple, and obliged Maximianus 
to follow his example on the ift of April, 
A. D. 304. Maximianus relu£hntly com¬ 
plied with the command of a man to whom 
he owed his greatnefs; but, before the firft 

year 




M A 


MA 


year of his refignation had elapfed, he was 
routed from liis indolence and retreat by the 
ambition of his l'on Maxentius. He re-af- 
f'umcd the imperial dignity, - and fhowed 
his ingratitude to ltis fon by vvifliing him to 
refign the lovereignty, and to fink into a 
private perlon. This propofal was not only 
rejetted with the contempt it deferved, but 
the troops mutinied again ft Maximianus, 
and lie fled for fafety to Gaul, to the court 
of Conflantine, to whom lie gave Ins daugh¬ 
ter Fauftina in marriage. Here lie again 
adied .1 confpicuous charadter, and rc-afUimcd 
the imperial power, which his misfortunes 
had obliged him to relinquilh. This offend¬ 
ed Conflantine. But, when open violence 
feetned to frullrate the ambitious views of 
Maximianus; he had recourle to artifice. 
He prevailed upon his daughter Faultina, 
to leave the doors of her chamber open in 
the dead of night; and, when Hie promil’ed 
faithfully to execute his commands, he fe- 
cretly introduced himlelf to her b.ed, where 
he llabbed to the heart the man who flej-t 
hv the lide of his d aighter. This was not 
Conflantine; Faullinn, faithful to her huf- 
band, had apprized him of her father’s ma¬ 
chinations, and an eunuch had been placed 
in his bed. Conflantine watched the mo¬ 
tions of his father-in-law, and, wjien he 
heard the fatal blow given to the eunuch, 
lie ruflied in with a band of foldicrs, and 
fecured the alfallin. Conflnntinc refolvcd 
to deltroy a man who was lb inimical to bis 
nearefl relations, and nothing was left to 
Maximianus but to choole his own death. 
He ftrangled himlelf at Marfeilles, A. 1 ). 
310, in the 60th year of his age. His body 
was found frelh and entire in a leaden cof¬ 
fin about the middle of the eleventh cen¬ 
tury.—-Caleri us Valerius, a native of 
Dacia, who in the firlt years of his life, 
was employed in keeping his father’s flocks. 
He entered the army, where his valor and 
bodily flrength recommended him to the 
notice of his fuperiors, and particularly to 
Diocletian who inverted him with the im¬ 
perial purple in the eaft, and gave him his 
daughter Valeria in marriage. Galerius 
deferved .the confidence of his benefadlor. 
He conquered . Ihe Goths, and Dalmatians, 
and checked the infolence of the Perfians. 
in a battle, however, with the king of Per- 
fin, Galerius was defeated; and, to com¬ 
plete his ignominy, and render him more lcn- 
iible of his difrnce, Diocletian obliged him 
to walk behind his chariot arrayed in his 
imperial robes. This humiliation Hung 
Galerius to the quick ; he aflembled another 
army and gave battle to the Ferfians. He 
gained a complete vidlory, and took the 
wives and children of his enemy. This 
tfuccefs elated Galerius to luch a degree, that 
he claimed the mod dignified appellations, 
jgnd ordered himfelf to be called the ion of 


Mars. Diocletian himfelf dreaded hid 
power, and even, it is laid, abdicated the 
imperial dignity by means of his threats. 
This refignation, however, is attributed by 
fome to a voluntary nil of the mind, and to 
a defire of enjoying folitude and retirement. 
As foon as Diocletian had abdicated, Gale¬ 
rius was proclaimed Auguflus, A. D 304* 
but his cruelty foon rendered him odious, 
and the Roman people, offended at his op- 
prellion, railed Maxentius to the imperial 
dignity the following year, and Galerius 
was obliged to yield to the torrent of bis 
unpopularity, .and to fly before his more for¬ 
tunate adverfary. He died in the grcatefl 
agonies, A. D. 311. The bodily pains and 
fufferings which preceded his death, were, 

1 according to the Chriitian writers, the effedls 
of the vengeance of an offended providence 
for the cruelty which he had exercifcd again A: 
the followers of Chrift. Iii his churadler 
Galerius was wanton and tyrannical, and he 
often fcafled his eyes with the light of dying 
wretches, whom his barbarity had delivered 
to bears and other wild beads. His averfion to 
learned men arofe from his ignorance of let- # 
ters; and, if he was deprived of the benefits 
of education, he proved the more cruel and 
the more inexorable, La 6 iant.de JM. E. 33. 
—Euf bins 8, c. 16. 

Max 1 minus, Caius Julius Verus, the foil 
of a peafant in Thrace. He was originally 
a fhepherd, and, by heading his countrymen 
againlt the frequent attacks of the neighbour¬ 
ing barbarians and robbers, he inured him¬ 
lelf to the labors and to the fatigues of a camp. 
He entered the Roman armies, where he gra¬ 
dually role to the firlt offices; and on the 
death of Alexander Severus he caufed^ him¬ 
lelf to be proclaimed emperor, A. D. 235. 
The popularity which he had gained when 
general of the armies, was at an end when 
he alcended the throne. He was delighted 
with adls of the greateft barbarity, and no 
lei's than 400 perlbns loll their lives on the 
falie fulpicion of having confpired againlt 
the emperor’s life. They died in the greateft 
torments,and, that the tyrant might the better 
entertain himfelf with their fufferings, fome 
were expofed to wild beafts, others expired by 
Ijlows, fome were nailed on crolfes, while 
others were Ihut up in the bellies of animals 
juft killed. The nobleil of the Roman citizens 
were the objedls of his cruelty; and, as if 
they were” more conleions than others of his 
mean origin, he refolvcd to fpare no means to 
remove from his prefence a number of men 
whom he looked upon with an eye of envy, 
and who, as he imagined, hated him for his 
opprdlion, and defpiled him for the poverty 
and obfeurity of. his early years. Such is the 
character of the lulpicious and tyrannical 
Maximinus. In his military capacity he 
adled with the lame ferocity; and, in an 
expedition in Germany, he not only cut 

dew* 




MA 


down the corn, but he totally ruined and fet 
fire to the whole country, to the extent of 
450 mile*. Such a monHer of tyranny at 
laft provoked the people of Rome. The 
Gordians were proclaimed emperor*, but 
their innocence and pacific virtues were un¬ 
able to refill the fury of Maximinus. After 
their fall, the Roman fenate invefled twenty 
men of their number with the imperial dig¬ 
nity, and entrullcd into their hands the care 
of the republic. Thefe meafures fo highly 
- irritated Maximinus r that at the firlt intel¬ 
ligence, he howled like a wild be.iH, and 
almoil dellroycd himfelf by knocking his 
head againfi the walls of his palace. When 
his fury was abated, he marched to Rome, 
refolved on flaughter. His bloody machi- 
jmiom Were Hopped, and hi? fiddlers, 

• *fhamed of accompanying a tyrant whofe 
cruelties had procured him the name of 
h i.:iris, Cyclop?, and Phalari., alTifTinated 
hun in his tent before the walls of Aqui- 
leia,.A. D. 236, in the 65th year of hi> age. 
'1’he news of his death / was received with 
the great ell rejoicings at Rome, public 
thanklgivincrs were offered, and whole 
hecatombs flamed on the altars. Maxi mi¬ 

nus l»as been represented by hiftorians as of 
a gigantic ftature, he was eight feet high, 
and tne bracelets of his wife ferved as rings 
to adorn the fingers of his hand. His vora- 
ciry was as remarkable at his corpulence, ho 
generally eat forty pounds of fltlh every day, 
and drank 18 bottles of wine. His flrength 
w as proportionable to his gigantic (hape; 
he could alone draw a loaded waggon, and, 
with a blow of his fill, he often broke the 
Teeth in a horfe’s mouth; he broke the 
hardeft Hones between his fingers, and cleft 
trees with his hand. Herodianut. — Jor- 

TtanJ. de reb. Get. — Capitol. Maximimw 

made his fpn, of the fame name, emperor, as 
foon as he was invefled with the purple, and 
his choice was unanimoufly approved by 
the fenate, by the people, >and by the army. 
——■Valerius Valerius, afhepherd of Thrace, 
, who was raifed to the imperial dignity by Dio 
cletian, A- D. 305. He was nephew to GaU- 
, nus Maximianus, bv his mother’s fide, and to 
him he was indebted for his rife and confe- 
querice in the Roman armies. As Maximi- 
nus WrtS ambitious and fond of power, he 
looked with an eye of e-doufy upon thofe who 
lliared'the dignity of emperor with himfelf. 
He declared war againfi Licinius, his colleague 
on the throne, br.t a defeat, which foon after 
followed, on the 30th of April, A. D. 313, 
between Heradea ^nd Adrianopolis, left him 
v.jtnout refources and without fiSends. His 
vi&orious enemy purfued him, and he fled 
beyond mount Taurus, forfaken and almoH 
unknown. He attempted to pur nn end to 
liis miferable exiftence, h r hi* efforts were 
ineffectual, and though his death is attributed 
by foam to dcfpair, it u mere univerlally be- 
3 


M A 

lieved that he erpired in the grcatefl agonies 
of a dreadful dill cm >er which confumed him 
day and night v ith inexprefTtble pains, and 
reduced him to a mere Tkelcton. This mi¬ 
ferable end according to the ecclefiaflical 
writers, was the vifihle punifbment of hea¬ 
ven, for the barbarities which Maximmu* 
had exercifed agiinft the followers of Cbrill- 
ianity, and for the many bhfnhemies which 

he had uttered. Lafiant .— R fib. -A 

miniiler of the emperor Valerian.-dl}ne 

of the ambaffadors of young Theodofius to 
Attila king of the Huns. 

MaHmus, Mavnus, a native of Spin, 
who ^proclaimed himfelf emperor, A. D 383. 
'1'he unpopularity of Gratian favored his 
ufurpation, arid he was acknowledged by hK 
troops. Grattan marched againfi him,’ but 
he was defeated, and foon after afTaffinated. 
Maximus refufed the honors of a burial to 
the remains of Grattan ; and, when he had 
made hirnfolf mailer of Britain, Gaul, and 
Spin, he fent ambafTadors into the eift, ami 
demanded of the emperw Theodofius to ac¬ 
knowledge him a? his affoctatc on the throne. 
Theodofius^ endeavoured to amufe and dek>v 
him, but Maximus refolved to fupport hfi 
claim by arms, and crofTed the Alps. Italy 
was laid defolate, and Rome opened her gitei 
to the conqueror. Tbdodofiut now defernwned 
to revenge the audacioufnefs of Maximus, 
and liad recourfe to artifice. He began to 
make a naval armament, and Mazimns, net 
to appear inferior to his adverfary, had al¬ 
ready embarked hW troops, when 7 heed's- - 
fius, bv fccret and had erred marches, fell 
upon him, and befieged Kim at Aquileia. 
Maximus was betrayed by his foMiers, and 
the conqueror, moved with compffion at the 
fight of his fallen and dejected enemy, granted 
him life, but the multitude refufed him 
mercy, and lofbmtly Hruck off his bead, 
A. D. 388. His fon Victor, who (hared the 
imperial dignity with him, was foon after 

facrificed to the fury of the foHiere,-. 

Petroniux, a Roman, defended of an illuf- 
trious family. He cauftd Valerrt'mian 111. 
to be afTaffinated, and afcendcd the throne; 
and, to ftrergthen his ufurpation, he mar¬ 
ried the emprefs, fo whom he had the weak- 
nefs atvi iinprudence to betray that he had 
facrificed her hufhand to his love for her 
perfi-n. This declaration*irritated the em- 
pre's; Ihe had recourfe to the barbarians to 
avenge the death of Valentinian, and Maxi¬ 
mus was Honed to death by bis foldiers, and 
his body thrown into the 'I iber, A. D. 455. 

He reigned only 77 days.-Pupianus. 

Vid. Pupianus. - A celebrated cynic phi- 

lofopher and magician of Ephefus. He in- 
ftru&ed the emperor Julian in magic; and, 
according to the opinion of fome hilloriai;*, 
it was in the convention and compny of 
Maximus that the apoftacy of Julian ori¬ 
ginated. The emperor cot only vifited the 

philosopher. 




MA 


ME 


philofopher, but he even iiibnutied his wri¬ 
tings to his infpeition and cenfure. Maxi¬ 
mus refused, to live in the court of Julian 
and the emperor, not diffathiied with the re- 
fuial, appointed him high pontiff in the pro. 
vince of Lydia, an office which he difcharged 
with the greateft moderation and juftke. 
When Julian went into the edit, the philo- 
foplier promifed him luccefs, and even faid 
that hjs couquefts would be mole numerous 
and extenfive than thpie of the fon of Philip. 
Me perluaded his imperial pupil that, ac¬ 
cording to {he docbine of metempfychofis, 
Ms body was animated by the foul which 
once animated the hero vvhofe greatnefs and 
victories he was going to eclipfe. After the 
death of Julian, Maximus v as almoft facri- 
frced to thp fury of the fddiers, but the in- 
terpofition of his friends laved his life, and 
he retired to Conflantinople. I'le WTiS foon 
after acculed of magical practices before the 
emperor Valens, and beheaded at Ephefus, 
A. D. 366. Pie wrote fome philolpphical 
and rhetorical treaties, fome of which were 
dedicated to Julian. They are all now loft. 

Amman. -Tyrius, a Platonic philofopher 

in the reign of M. Aurelius. This emperor, 
who was naturally fond of ftudy, became one 
. ©f the pupils of Maximus, and paid great 
deference to his inftrtidtions. There are ex¬ 
tant of Maximus forty-one differtations on 
moral and philosophical fubjedts, written in 
Greek. The beft editions of which are that 
«f Davis, 8vo. Cantab. 1703; and that of 

Reifke, 2 vols. 8vo. Lipf. 1774.-One of 

the Greek fathers of the 7th century, whole 
works were edited by Combefis, 2 vols. fol. 

Paris, 1675.-Paulus Fabius, a conful 

with M. Antony’s fon. Horace fpeaks of 
him, 4 od. I, v. 10, as of a gay handfome 
youth, fond of pleafure, yet mduftrious and 
iudefatigable.-An epithet applied to Ju¬ 

piter, as being the greateft and molt powerful 

©f all the gods.-A native of Sirmium, in 

Pannonifc. Pie was originally a gardener, but, 
by enlifting in the Roman army, he became 
©ne of the military tribunes, and his marriage 
with a woman of rank and opulence foon 
rendered him independent. He was father to 
the emperor Prebus--A general of Tra¬ 
jan, killed in the eaftern provinces.-One 

of the murderers of Domitian, &c.-A 

philofopher, native of Byzantium, in the age 
of Julian the emperor. 

MazXca, a large city of Cappadocia, the 
capital of the province. It was called Calarea 
bv Tiberius, in honor of Auguftus. 
v Mazaces, a Perlian governor of Mem¬ 
phis. He made a dally againft the Grecian 
foldiers of Alexander, and killed great num¬ 
bers of them. Curt. 4, c. 1. 

Maz-KIvs, a latrap of Cilicia, under Arta- 

xerxes Ochus.-A governor of Babylon, 

for-in-law to Darius* He lurrendered to 
Alexander, &c. Curt. 5 , c. 1. 


MazXkes, a fatrap of Media, "ho re¬ 
duced Pi iene under the power of Cyrus. He- 
todot. i,c. 161. 

Mazaxf.s, {/mg* LPdzax,) a peopla of 
Africa, famous for lhooting arrows. Lucan. 
4, v. 681. . / 

Mazkkas, a river of Hyrcania, falling 
into the Cafptan fea. Pint. 

MazTces and Mazycf.s, a people of 
Libya, very expert in the ufe of mifl'de wea¬ 
pons. The Romans made vile of them as cou¬ 
riers, on account of their great fwiltnefs. 
Suet, in Ner. £0.-+-Lucan. 4 , v. 684 

Mecjenas or Meccenas, C, C Unity!, a 
celebrated Roman knight, defeended from the 
kings of Etruria. He has rendered himielf 
immortal by his liberal patronage of learned 
men and of letters; and to his prudence and 
advice Auguftus acknowledged himielf in¬ 
debted for the iecurity he enjoyed. His 
fondnefs for pleafure removed him from the 
reach of ambition, and he preferred to die, 
as he was born, a Roman knight, to all the 
honors and dignities which either the friend- 
Ihip of Auguftus or his own popularity, could 
heap upon him. It was from the refult of 
his advice, againft the opinion of Agrippa, 
that Auguftus refolved to keep the fupreme 
power in his hands, and not by a voluntary 
refignation to plunge Rome into civil com¬ 
motions. The emperor received the private 
admonitions of Meccenas in the lame friendly 
manner as they weie given, and he was not 
difpleafed with the liberty of his friend, who 
threw a paper to him with thefe words, 2)c- 
feend from the tribunal, thou butcher / while 
he fat in the judgment-feat, and betrayed 
revenge and impatience in his countenance. 
He was ftruclc with the admonition, and left 
the tribunal without palling fentence of death 
on the criminals. To the interference of 
Meccenas, Virgil owed the reltitution of his 
lands, and Horace was proud to boaft that 
his learned friend had obtained his forgive- 
nefs from the emperor, for joining the caul'e 
of Brut,us at the battle of Philippi. Mecue- 
nas was'himfelf fond of literature, and, ac¬ 
cording to the moft received opinion, he 
wrote an hiftory of animals, a journal of the 
life of Auguftus, a treatife on the different 
natures and kinds of precious ftones, befides 
the two tragedies of 0 <ftavia and Prome¬ 
theus, and other things, all now loft. He 
died eight years before Chrift; and, on his 
death-bed he particularly, recommended his 
poetical friend Horace to the care and con¬ 
fidence of Auguftus. Seneca, who has libe¬ 
rally commended the genius and abilities of s 
Meccenas, has not withheld his cenfure from 
his diftipation, indolence, and effeminate luxury^ 
From the patronage and encouragement which 
the prjnces of heroic and lyric poetry, among 
the Latins, received from the favorite of Au¬ 
guftus, all patrons of literature have everfince 
been called fdecanates. Virgil dedicated to 

bice 













ME 


ME 


him his Georgies, and Horace his Odes. Suet, 
in Aug. 66, See. — Pint, in Aug. — Herodian. 7. 

— Senec. ep. 19 & 92. 

Mechaneus, a lurname of lupiter, from 
his patronizing undertakings. He had a ftatue 
near the temple ot Ceres at Argos, and there 
the people fwore before they went to the Tro¬ 
jan war, either to conquer or to perilh. Paul. 

2 , c. 22 . 

Mecisteu-s, fon of Ec’nius or Talaus, 
was one of the companions of Ajax. He was 
kilhd by Polydam'as. Homer. II. 6, v. 28, 

&<-'•-A fon of Lycaon. Apollod. 

i ^^' RIDA ’ Tylimachus. Po~ 

MIdea, a celebrated magician, daughter 
of iKetes, kuig of Colchis. Her mother's 
name, according to the more received opi¬ 
nion of Hefiod and Hyginus, was Idyia, or 
according to others, Ephyre, Hecate, Afte* 
rodia, Antiope, and Neraea. She was the 
niece of Circe. When Jalon came to Colchis 
in quelt of the golden fleece, Medea became 
enamoured of him, and it was to her well- 
direfted labors that the Argonauts owed their 
prefervation. [Vid. Jafon & Argonauts.] 
Medea had an interview with her lover in the 
temple of Hecate, where they bound them¬ 
selves by the mofrfolemn oaths, and mutually 
promifed eternal fidelitv. No fooner had 
Jafon overcome all the difficulties which iEetes 
had placed in his way, than Medea embarked 
with the conquerors for Greece. To flop 
the purfuit of her father, lhe tore to pieces 
her brother Abfyrtus, and left his mangled 
limbs in the way, through which Avetes was 
to pals. This a£t of barbarity lome have rt- 
tributed to Jafon, and not to her. When 
Jalon reached lolchos, his native country, the 1 
leturn and vidlorus of the Argonauts were 
celebrated with univerial rejoicings; but Avion, 
the father of lafon, was unable to allift at 
the folemnity, on account of the infirmities 
ol his age. Medea, at her hulband’s requeft, 
removed the weakr.efs of Aifon, and by draw¬ 
ing away the blood from his veins, and filling 
them again with the juice of certain herbs, lhe 
reiiored to him the vigor and lprightlinefs of 
youth. This fudden change in Avion afto- 
nifhed the inhabitants of lolchos, and the 
daughter s of Peiias were alfo delirous to fee 
their father reltored, by the fame power, to 
the vigor of youth. Medea, willing to re¬ 
venge the injuries which her hulband’s family 
had luffered from Peiias, encreafed their cu- 
riolify, and by cutting to pieces an old ram 
and making it again, in their prefence, a 
young lamb, lhe totally determined them to 
try tiie lame experiment upon their father’s 
body. They accordingly killed him of their 
own accord, and boiled his flelh in a cauldron, 
but Medea refufed to perform the fame 
friendly offices to Peiias which fhe had done 
to Avion, and he was confumed by the heat 
pf the fire ; and even deprived of a burial. 


This action greatly irritated the people of 
lolchos, and Medea, with her hufband, fled 
to Corinth to avoid the refentment of an 
offended populace. Here they lived for ten 
years with much conjugal tendernels; but the 
love of Jafon, for Glauce, the king’s daugh¬ 
ter, foon interrupted their mutual harmony, 
and Medea was divorced. Medea revenged 
the infidelity of Jalon by caufing the death 
of Glauce, and the definition of her family. 

[ Vid. Glauce.] This at ion was followed by 
another Hill more atrocious. Medea killed 
two of her children in their father’s prefence, 
and, when Jafon attempted to punilh the 
barbarity of the mother, lhe fled through the 
air upon a chariot drawn by winged dragons. 
From Coriftth Medea came to Athens, where, 
after lhe had undergone the neceffary purifi¬ 
cation of her murder, lhe married king 
ASgeus, or, according to others, lived in an 
adulterous manner wi'.h him. From her con- 
netion with Avgeus Medea had a fon, who 
was called Medus. Soon after, when The- 
feus withed to make himfelf known to his 
father, [Vid. Avgeus,] Medea, jealous of 
his fame, and fearful- of his power, attempted 
to poilbh him at a feall which had been per- 
pared for his entertainment. Her attempts, 
However, failed of fuGcels, and the fight of 
the fvvord which Thefeus wore by his fide 
convinced Avgeus that the flranger againft 
whofe life he had fo bale! v- confpired was no 
lets than his own lbn. The father and the 
Ion were reconciled, and Medea, to avoid 
the punilhment which her wicked net's de- 
ferved, mounted her fiery chariot, and difap- 
pcared through the' air. She came to Col¬ 
chis, where, according to fome, fhe was re¬ 
conciled to Jalon, who had fought her in her 
native country after her fudden departure 
from Corinth. She died at Colchis, as Juftin 
mentions, when lhe had been reltored to the 
confidence of her family. After death, Ih# 
married Achilles in the EJyfian fields,, ac¬ 
cording to the traditions mentioned by Si¬ 
monides. The murder of Merrnerus and 
Pheres, the youngeit of Jafon’s children by 
Medea, is not attributed to their mother, ac¬ 
cording to Avlian, but the Corinthians them- 
felves alfa'linated them in the temple of Juno 
Acnea, To avoid the relentment of the 
gods, and to deliver themfelvesr from the pefti— 
lence which viiited their country after fo horrid 
a malfacre, they engaged the poet Euripides, 
for five talents, to write a tragedy, which 
cleared them of the murder, and reprefented 
Medea as the cruel affaffin of her own chiU 
dren. And befides, that this opinion might 
be the better credited, fellivals were appointed, 
in which the mother was reprefented with 
all the barbarity of a fury murdering her own 
fons. [ Vid. Heraea.] Apollod. 1, c. 9.-— Hy~ 
gin. fab. 21, 22, 2^, &c.— Pint, in The/. — 
Dionyf. Perieg. — JElian. V. H. 5, c. 21.— 
Pcruj\ 2f C. 3. 1 . 8, C. II.— Euripid. in Med. 

— Diod. 







ME 


ME 


Died. 4.— Ovid. Met. 7, fab. I, in Med .— 
Strab. 7.— Cie. de Nat. D. 3, c. 19. — Apol¬ 
lon. Arg. 3, Sec. — Orpheus. — Place. — Lucan. 4, 
v. 556. 

Medesicaste, a daughter of Priam< who 
married Imbrius Ion of Mentor, who was killed 
by Teucer during the Trojan war. homer. 11 . 
13, v. 17a.— Apollod. 3. 

Media, a celebrated country of Afia, 
bounded on the north by the Cafpian Sea, 
weft by Armenia, fouth by Perfia, and eaft 
by Parthia and Hyrcania. It was originally 
called Aria till the age of Medus, the fon of 
Medea, who gave it the name of Media. 
The province of Media was firft' raifed into a 
kingdom by its revolt from the Afiyrian mo 
narchy, B. C. 820; and, after it had for fome 
time enjoyed a kind of republican govern¬ 
ment, Deioces, by his artifice, procured him- j 
felf to be called krng, 700 B. C. After a 
reign of 53 years he was fucceeded by Phra- 
ortes, B. C 647; who was lucceeded by Cy- 
axares, B. C. 625. PI is fucceflor was Afty- 
ages, B. C. 585, in whofe reign Cyrus became 
fnafter of Medki, B. C. 551; and ever after 
the empire was transferred t» the Perfia n;. 
The Medes were warlike in the primitive 
ages of their power; they encouraged poly¬ 
gamy, and were remarkable for the homage 
which they paid t<T their fovereigns, who were 
ftyled kings of kings. This title was after¬ 
wards adopted by their conquerors, the Per- 
fians, and it was ftill in ule in the "age of the 
Roman emperors. JuJlin. 1, c. 5.— Herodot. 
I, Si c.— Polyb. 5 8c IO.— Curt. 5, &c.— Biod. 
Sic. ^3.— Cifias. 

Media s, a tyrant of Myfia, Sec. 

Medicus, a prince of Larifia, in ThefiTaly, 
who made war againft Lycophrort, tyrant of 
Pherae. Biod. 14. 

Mediolanum, now Milan, the capital 
©f Infubria at the mouth of the Po. Liv. 5, 
c. 34. 1 . 34, c. 46.— ; —Aulercorurn, a town 

'of Gaul, now Evreux, in Normandy.- 

Santonum, another, now Saiutes , in Gui- 
enne. . 

Medtomatric^s, a nation that lived on 
the borders of the R)iine, now Metz. Strab. 

4. — Ceef. Bell. G. 4, c. IO. 

Mediterraneum mare, a fea which 
divides Europe and Afia Minor from Africa. 

It receives its name from its fituation, medio 
terra, fituate in the middle -of the land. It 
lias g communication with the Atlantic by 
the columns of Hercules, and with the Eux- 
Jne through the JEgean. The word Mediter¬ 
raneum does not occur in the. claftics: but it 
is fometimes called internum, n of rum, or medi- 
ns liquor, and is frequently denominated jn 
Scripture the Great Sea. The firft, naval 
power that ever obtained the cofnmand of 
it, as recorded in the, fabulous epochs of the 
writer Call or, is Crete, under Minos. After¬ 
wards it palled into the hands of the Lydians, 

B. C. 1179; of the Pelalgi, 1038; of the 


Thracians, T0007 of the Rhodians, 916j 
ff the Phrygians, 893; of the Cyprians*, 
868; of the Phoenicians, 826; of the Egyp¬ 
tians, 787; of the Milefians, 75?; of the 
Carians, 734; and of the Lefbians, 676, 
which th<*y retained for 69 years. Ilorat. 
3, od. 3, v. 46.— Pl'tn. 2, c. 68.— Sallujl. 
Jug. 17.— Caf. B. G. 5, c. I.— Liv. 26, 
c - 42 . 

MeditrTna, the goddefs of medicines, 
whofe feftivals, called Meditrinalia , were celer 
brated at Rome the laft day of September, 
when thev made offerings of fruits. Varro de 
L.L.5, c. 3. 

Medoacus or MeduAcus, a river in the 
country of the Veneti, falling into the Adri¬ 
atic Sea. Liv. 10, c. 2. 

Medobithyni, a people of Thrace. 

Msm obriga, a town of Lufitania now 
defiroyed. Hirtiusy 48. 

Me don, fen of Codrus the r7th and laft 
king of Athens, was the firft arcbon that 
was appointed with regal authority, Bl C. 
1070. In the election Medon was preferred 
to his brother Neleus, by the oracle of Del¬ 
phi, and he rendered himfeff popular by the 
juftice and moderation of h s-adminiftration. 
His fucceflors were called from him Midcn- 
tidee, and the office of archon remained for 
above 200 years in the family of Codrus un¬ 
der 12 perpetual arenons. Pauf. 7, c. 2.— 
Paterc. 2, c. 2.-A man killed in the Tro¬ 

jan war. aEneas faw h’yn in the infernal re¬ 
gions. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 483.-A ftatuarv 

of Lacedaemon, who made a famous ftatue of 
Minerva, leen in the temple of Juno at Olym¬ 
pia. Pauf. n, c. 17.-One of the Cen¬ 

taurs, &c. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 303. -One 

of the Tyrrhene failors changed into dolphins 

by Bacchus. Id. Met. 3, v. 671.-A river 

of Peloponnefus.-An illegitimate fon of 

Ajax Oileus. Homer. -One of Penelope’s 

luitors. Ovid. Herald. 1.- A man of Cy- 

zicus; killed by the Argonauts.-A king of 

of .^.rgos, who died about 990 years B. C. 

-A fon of Pylades by Ele&ra. Pauf 2, 

c. 16. 

Medontias, a woman of Ahvdos, wi$h 
whom Alcibiades cohabited as with a wife. 
She had a daughter, &c. Lyfias. 

MeBuacus, two rivers, {Major, now 
B r enta and Minor , now Bacbilione) falling 
near Venice into the Adriatic fea. Plin. 3, 
c, ib.-—Liv. 10, c. 2. 

Meduana, a river of Gaul, flowing into 
the Ligetis, now the Mayne. ' Lucan, 1, v. 
43 8 - 

Medullina, a Roman virgin ravifhed 

by her father, &c. Plut. in Paral. -An 

infamous courtezan in Juvenal’s age. 6, v. 

321. 

Medus, now Kur, a river of Media, fall¬ 
ing into the Araxes. Some take Medus ad- 
je&ively, as applying to anv of the great 
rivers pf Media. Strab. Norat. 2, 

Sb v. 2x. 
















ME 


ME 


f, v. 21.-A Ton of Aegeus and Medea, 

who gave his name to a country of Alia. 
Medus, when arrived to years of maturity, 
went to leek his mother, whom the arrival 
of Theleus in Athens had driven away. [ Vid '. 
Medea.] He came to Colchis, where he was 
lei zed by his uncle Perfes, who ufurped the 
throne of ./Eetes, his mother’s father, be- 
caule the oracle had declared that Perfes 
fhould be murdered by one of the grandl'ons of 
iEctes. Medus alTumed another name, and 
called himielf Hippotes, ion of Creon. Mean¬ 
while Medea arrived in Colchis, difguifed in 
the habit of a prieftefs of Diana, and when 
ihe heard that one of Creon’s children was 
imprifoned,ihe refolved to haften the deftruc- 
tion of a perfon whole family Ihe detefted. 
To effett this with more certainty lhe told the 
ufurper, that Hippotes was really a ion of 
Medea, Cent by his mother to murder him. 
She begged Perfes to give her Hippotes, that 
fhe might lacrifice him to her relentment. 
Perl'es contented. Medea difcovered that it 
was her own ion, and ihe inftantly armed him 
with the dagger which ihe had prepared againft 
his life, and ordered him to ftab the ufurper. 
He obeyed, and Medea difcovered who he 
was, and made her fon Medus fit on Ins 
grandfather’s throne. Heftod. Tbeoi >.— Pauf. 2. 
— Apollod. I.— 'JuJlin. 42.— Sente, in Med.— 
Diod. 

Medusa* one of the three Gorgons 
daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was the 
only one of the Gorgons who was fubjeft to 
mortality. She is celebrated for her perfonal 
charms and the beauty of her locks. Neptune 
became enamoured of her, and obtained her 
favors in the temple of Minerva. This viola¬ 
tion of the fandhty of the temple provoked 
Minerva, and ihe changed the beautiful 
locks of Medufa, which had infpired Nep¬ 
tune’s love, into ferpents. According to Apol- 
lodorus and others, Medufa and her filters 
came into the world with fnakes on their 
heads, inftead of hair, with yellow wings and 
brazen hands. Their body was alfo covered 
with impenetrable l'cales, and their very looks 
had the power of killing or turning to Hones. 
Perfeus rendered his name immortal by his 
conqueft of Medufa. He cut off her head, 
and the blood that dropped from the wound 
produced the innumerable lerpents that infeft 
Africa. The conqueror placed Medufa’s 
head on the aegis of Minerva, which he 
had ufed in his expedition. . The head Hill 
retained the fame petrifying power as be¬ 
fore, as it was fatally known in the court 
of Cepheus. [ Vid. Andromeda.] Some fup- 
pofe, that the Gorgons were a nation of 
women whom Perfeus conquered. [Fid. 
Gorgones.] Apollod. 1 , c. 4.— Hejltd. Tbeog. 
—Ovid. Met. 4, v. 618.— Liuan. 9, v. 624. 

—Apollon. 4.— Hygin. fab. 151.-A daugh • 

ter of Priam.——A daughter of Sthenelus. 
Apollod. 


Meoabiz*, certain priefis in Diana’s tem¬ 
ple at Ephefus. They were all eunuchs. Quin- 
til. 5, c. 12. 

Megabyzus, one of the noble Perfian* 
who confpired againft the ufurper Smerdis. 
He wds let over an army in Europe by king 
Darius, where he took Perinthus and con¬ 
quered all Thrace. Heuvas greatly efteemed 
by his fovereign. Herodot. 3, &c. —-A 
fon of Zopyrus, fatrap to Darius. He con¬ 
quered Egypt, &c. . Herodot. 3, c. 160. 

-A fatrap of Artaxerxes. He revolted 

from his king, and defeated two large ar¬ 
mies that had been fent againft him. The 
interference of hia friends reftored him to 
the king’s favor, and he Ihowed his attach¬ 
ment to Artaxerxes by killing a lion which 
threatened his life in hunting. This a£t of 
affection in Megabyzus was looked upon with 
envy by the king. He was difearded and. 
afterwards reconciled to the monarch' by 
means of his mother. He died in the 76th 
year of his age, B. Q. 447, greatly regretted. 
Ctejias. 

Megacles, an Athenian archon who in¬ 
volved the greateft part of the Athenians in 
the facrilege which was committed in the 

confpiracy of Cylon. Plut. in Sol. -A 

brother of Dion, who afiifted his brother 
againft Dionyfius, &c. - • — A fon of Alcmxon, 
who revolted with lonie Athenians after the 
departure of Solon from Athens. He was 
ejected by Pififtratus.-A man who ex¬ 

changed drefs with Pyrrhus, when affifting 
the Tarentines in Italy. He was killed in 

that dilguile.-A native of Meflana in 

Sicily, famous for his inveterate enmity to 

Ag^thodes, tyrant of Syracufe.--A man 

who deftroyed the leading men of Mitylene, 

becaufe he had been punifhed.-A man 

who wrote an account of the lives of illuf- 

trious perfons.-The maternal grandfather 

of Alcibiades. 

Megaclides, a peripatetic philofopher in 
the age of Protagoras. 

Mf.o-jera, one of the furie6, daughter of 
Nox and Acheron. The word is derived from 
fti-yuiftiv, invidere t odijfe , and (he is reprefented 
as employed by the gods like her filters to 
punilh the crimes of mankind, by vifiting them 
with difeales, with inward torments, and with, 
death. Firg. JEn. 12, v. 846. [Fid. Eu- 
menides.] 

Megale, the Greek name of Cybele, the 
mother of the gods, whole feltivals were called 
Megalefia. 

Me gal fas, a feditious perfon of Corinth. 
He was feized for his treachery to king Philip 
of Macedonia, upon which he deftroyed him- 
felf to avoid punilhment. 

Megalesia, games in honor of Cybele, 
inftituted by the Phrygians, and introduced 
at Rome in the fecond Punic.war, when the 
ftatue of the goddefs was brought from Pdf- 
finus, Liv, 29, c. 14.— Ovid. Fajl. 4, v. 337. 

G g Mecax.ia s 




ME 


ME 


Meg alia, a fmall ill and of Campania, 
I>ear Neapolis. Stat. 2. Sylv. v. 80. 

Megalopoi.ts, a town of Arcadia in Pe- 
loponnefus, built by Epaminondas. It joined 
the Achaean league, B. C- 232, and was taken 
and ruined by Cleomenes, king of Sparta. 
The inhabitants were called Me gala politer, or 
Mcfralopolitani. St nib. 8. — Pauf. 9, C. 14. 
— Liv. 28, c. 8. . 

MEGAMEDE,the wife of Theftius, mother 
by him of 50 daughters. Apollod. 2. 

Meganira, the wife of Celeus, king of 
Eleufis in Attica. She was mother to Trip- 
tolemus, to whom Ceres, as ihe travelled 
over Attica, taught agriculture. She received 
divine honors after death, and Ihe had an 
altar raifed to her, near the fountain where 
Ceres had firtt been feen when lhe arrived in 

Attica. Pauf. 1, c. 39.-The wife of 

Areas. Apollod . 

' Megapenthes, an illegitimate fon of 
Menelaus, who, after his father’s return from 
the Trojan war, was married to a daughter of 
Ale&or, a native of Sparta. His mother’s 
name Avas Teridae, a flave of Menelaus. Ho¬ 
mer. Od. 4 — Apollod . 3* 

Mbgara, a daughter of Creon, king of 
Thebes, given in marriage to Hercules, be- 
caufe he had delivered the Thebans from the 
tyranny of the Orchomenians. [Fid. Ergi- 
nus.J When Hercules went to hell by order 
of Euryftheus, violence was offered to Me- 
gara by Lycus, a Theban exile, and lhe 
would have yielded to her ravilher had not 
Hercules returned that moment and pu- 
nilhed him with death. This murder dif- 
■pleofed J uno, and lhe rendered Hercules fo 
delirious, that he killed Megara and the three 
children he had by her in a fit of madnefs, 
thinking them to be wild hearts. Some fay 
that Megara did not perilh by the hand of 
her hufband, but that he afterwards married 
her to his friend Iolas. The names of Me- 
gara’s children by Hercules were Creontiades, 
Therimachus, and Deicoon. Hygin. fab. 82.— 
Senec. in Here.—-Apollod. 2 , C. 6.— Diod. 4 . 

i Megara, (a?, & pi. orum,) a city of 
Achaia, the capital of a country called Mega - 
ris, founded about 1131 B. C. It is fituate 
nearly at an equal diftance from Corinth and 
Athens, on the Sinus Saronicus. It was 
built upon two rocks, and is ftill in being, 
and preferves its ancient name. It yvas called 
after Megareus,the fon of Neptune, who was 
buried there, or from Megareus a fon of 
Apollo. It was originally governed by twelve 
kings, but became afterwards a republic, and 
fell into the hands of the Athenians, from 
whom it was rgfeued by the Heraclidas. At 
the battle of Salamis the people of Megara 
furnilhed 20 fhips for the defence of Greece, 
and at Plattea they had 300 men in the army 
of Paulanias. There was here a fe& of rhi- 
lofophers called the Mrgari:, who held the 
world to be eternal. Cie. Acad. 4, c. 42. 


Orat. 3 , c. 17. Att. 1, ep. 8 .— Pauf. I, C. 3$' 

— Strab. 6.— Mela, 2 , c. 3.-A town of 

Sicily founded by a colony from Megara in 
Attica, about 728 years before the Chriftian 
era. It was deftroyed by Gelon, king of Sy- 
racufe; and before the arrival of the Megarean 
colony it was called Hybla. Strab. 26, Sec.—' 
Firg. JEn. 3, v. 689. 

Megareus, the father of Hippomenes, 
was fon of Onchettus. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 605. 
-A fon of Apollo. 

Megaris, a fmall country of Achaia, be¬ 
tween Phocis on the weft and Attica on the 
eaft. Its capital city was called Megara.[ Fid. 
Megara.] Strab. 8.— Plin. 3, c. 8.— Mela, 2, 
c. 3 & 7. 

MEGARSU 3 ,a town of Sicily,-of Cili¬ 

cia.—A river of India. 

Megasthenes, a Greek hiftorian in the 
age of Seleucus Nicanor, about 300 years 
before Chrift. He wrote about the oriental 
nations, and particularly the Indians. His 
hiftory is often quoted by the ancients. 
What now palfes as his eompofition is fpu- 
rious. 1 

Meges, one of Helen’s fuitors, governor 
of Dulichium and of the Echinades. He went 
with forty (blips to the Trojan war. Homer. 

11. 2. 

Megilla, a native of Locris, remarkable 
for beauty, and mentioned by Horat. 1 ,od. 27, 
v. 11. 

Megista, an ifland of Lycia, with an har¬ 
bour of the fame name. Liv. 37, c. 22. 

Megistias, a footbfayer, who told the 
Spartans that defended Thermopyhe, that they 
all lhould perilh, &c. Herodot. 7, c. 219, &c. 
-A river. [Fid. Melia.] 

Mela Pomponius, a Spaniard, who flo- 
rilhed about the 45th year of the Chriftian 
era, and diftinguilhed himfelf by his geogra¬ 
phy divided into three books, and written 
with elegance, with great perfpicuity and 
brevity. The belt editions of this book, 
called de fitu orbis , are thole of Gronovius, 
8vo. L. Bat. 1722, and Reinhold, 4to. Eton, 
1761. 

Melaenje, a village of Attica. Stat. Thcb. 

12, V. 619. 

Melampus, a celebrated foothfayer and 
phyfician of Argos, fon of Amythaon and 
Idomenea, or Dorippe. He lived at Pylos in 
Peloponnefus. His lervants once killed two 
large lerpents who had made their nefts at 
the bottom of a large oak, and Melampus paid 
fo much regard to thele two reptiles, that he 
raifed a burning pile and burned them upon it. 
He alio took particular care of their young 
ones, and fed them with milk. Some time 
after this the young ferpents crept to Melam¬ 
pus as he ftept on the grals near the oak, and, 
as if fenfible of the favors of their benefa&or, 
they wantonly played around him, and foftly 
licked his ears. This awoke Melampus, who 
was aftonUhed at the hidden change which his 

fenfiss 



ME 


ME 


fefifes had undergohe. He found him Pelf 1 ac¬ 
quainted with the chirping of the birds, and 
with all their rode notes, as they flew around 
him. He took advantage of this fupernatural 
gift, and foon made himfelf perfect in the 
knowledge of futurity, a; d Apollo alio in- 
ftrutted him in the art of medicine. He had 
foon after the happinefs of curing the daugh¬ 
ters of Prcctus, by riving them ellebore, 
which from this cirCumftance lias l*en called 
melampodiam, and as a reward for his trouble 
he married the eldclt of thel'e princeftes. 
[Hid. Prcctides.] The tyranny of his uncle 
Neleus, king of Pylos, obliged him to leave 
his native country, and Proetus, to fhevv him¬ 
felf more lenfible of his fervices, gave him 
part of his kingdom, over which he ellahlilhed 
himlelf. About this time the perfonal charms 
of Pero, the daughter of Neleus, had gai ned 
many admirers, but the father promifed his 
daughter only to him who brought into his 
hands the oxen of Iphiclus. 1 his condition 
difpleafed many; but Bias, who was alio one 
of her admirers, engaged his brother Melampus 
to fteal the oxen, and deliver them to him 
Melampus was caught in the attempt, and im- 
pril'oned, and nothing but his fervices as a 
lbothfayer and phyfician to Iphiclus would have 
laved him from death. All this pleaded in 
favor of Melampus, but when he had taught 
the childlefs Iphiclus how to become a father, 
he not only obtained his liberty, but alfo the 
oxen, and with them he compelled Neleus to 
give Pero in marriage to Bias. A fevere dil* 
temper, which had rendered the women of 
Argos infane, was totally removed by Me¬ 
lampus, and Anaxagoras, who then fat on the 
throne, rewarded his merit by giving him part 
of his kingdom, where he eftablifhed himfelf, 
and where his pofterity reigned during fix fuc- 
ceffive generations. He received divine ho¬ 
nors after death, and temples were raifed to 
his memory. Homer Od. u, v. 287. 1 . 15, 
V. 2.25.—- Herodot . 2 & 9. — Apollod. 2, C. 2. 
— Pauf. 2, C. 18. 1 . 4, C. —Virgi G. 3, 

v. 550.-The father of Cifleus and Gyas. 

Virg. JEn. IO. - A fon Of Priam. Apol¬ 
lod. 3.-One of A&xon’s dogs. Ovid. 

Met. 3. 

Melampyges, a furname of Hercules, 
from the black and hairy appearance of his 
back, &c. 

Melanchjetes, one of A6teeon’s dogs, fo 
Called from his black hair. Ovid. Met. 3 . 

Melan<?hljeni, a people near the Clm- 
jneriah Bofphorus. 

Melanchrus, a tyrant of Lefbos who 
died about 612 B. C. % 

Mei. an e, the famfc as Samofhrace. 

Melaneus, a fon of Eurytus, from whom 
Eretria has been called Malaneis.-A cen¬ 
taur. Ovid.Met.it. -One of A&son’s 

dogs. Td. 3_An ^Ethiopian killed at the 

iraprials of Perfeus. Id. 5. 

Melaniua, a fuiname of Venus. 


Melanion, the fame as Hipporhenes* 
who married Atalantr according to fome my¬ 
thologies. Apollod. 3 . 

MelAnjim’e, a daughter of jEoIus who 
had two children by Neptune, for which her 
father put out both her eyes, and confined her 
in a prifon.' Her children, who had been ex- 
poled and preferved, delivered her from con¬ 
finement, and Neptune reftored her to her 
eye-fight She afterwards married Metapon- 
tus. Hygin.i ab. 186.-A nymph who mar¬ 

ried Itonus, fon of Amphidyon, by whom lhe 
had Bteotus, who gave his name to Basotia. 
Pauf 9, c. I. 

Me la nip hide?, a Greek poet about 520 
years before Chrift. I is grandfon, of the 
lame name, floriihed about 60 years after at 
the court of Perdiccas the iecond, of Mace¬ 
donia. Some fragments of their poetry are 
extant. 

Mei anipEijs, a prleft of Apollo, at Cy- 
rene, killed by the tyrant Nicocrates. Poly- 
an. 8.-A fon of AfUcus, one of the The¬ 

ban chiefs who defended the gates of Thebes 
again ft the army of Adraftus king of Argos. 
He was oppofed by Tydeus, whom he flightly 
wounded, and at laft was killed by Amphla- 
raus, who carried his head to Tydeiis. Ty¬ 
deus, to tike revenge of the wound he had 
received, bit the head with luch barbarity, 
that he lwallovved the brains, and Minerva, 
offended with his conduit, took away the 
herb which lhe had given him to cure his 
wound, and he died. Apollod, I, c. 8.— 

JEfchyl. ante Theb.—Panf. 9, C. 18.-*A 

fon of Mars, who’ became enamoured of Co- 
metho, a prieftefs of Diana Triclaria. He 
concealed himfelf in the temple, and ravifhed 
his miftrefs, for which violation of the fanc- 
tity of the place, the two lovers foon after 
perilhed by a fudden death, and the country 
was vifited by a peftilefice, which was flopped 
only after the offering of a human facrifice 
by the direction of the oracle. Pauf. y, c. 19. 

-A Trojan killed by Antilochus in the 

Trojan war. Homer. II. 15.-Another 

killed by Patroclus.-Another killed by 

Teucer.-A fon of Agrius.-Another 

of Priam.-A fon of Thefeus. 

ivi t'LANO^YRf, a people of Syria. 

MELANTim.rocksnear the ifland of Samos. 

Melanthius, a man who wrote an hiftory 

of Attica.-A famous painter of Sicyon. 

Plin. 35.-A'tragic poet of a very malevo¬ 

lent dilpofition in the age of Phocion. Pint . 

-A Trojan killed by Eurypylus in the 

Trdjnn war. Homer. Od. -A Thepherd in 

Theocrit. Idyll. -A goat herd killed by Te- 

lemachus after the return «f UlyfTes, OviJ. 

I, Heroid. -An elegiac poet. 

M EL antho, a daughter of Proteus, ra¬ 
vished By Neptune under the form of a dol¬ 
phin. Ovid. Met 6. v. 12.-One of Pene¬ 

lope’s women, filler to Melanthius. Homer• 

II. 1 8, &c.& Od. 18. 

G g % 


Mbianthvi 









ME 


ME 


Melanthus, Melanthes, or Melanthhis, 
a fon of Andropompus, whofe anceftors were 
kings of Pylos. He was driven from his pa¬ 
ternal kingdom by the Heraclidte, and came 
to Athens, where king Thymcetes refigned 
the crown to him, provided he fought a battle 
againft Xanthus, a general of the Boeotians, 
who made war againft him. He fought and 
conquered, [Fid. Apatuvia,] and his family, 
furnamed the Ncleida, fat on the throne of 
Athens, till the age of Codrus. He fucceeded 
to the crown 1128 years B. C. and reigned 

37 years. Pan/. 2, c. 18.-A man of Cy- 

zicus. Place. -A river of European Sar- 

matia, falling into the Boryfthenes. Ovid. Pont. 
4, ep. 10, v. 55. 

Melas, (te,) a river of Peloponnefus.- 

Of Thrace, at the weft of the Thracian Cher- 

fonefus.-Another in ThefTaly,-in A- 

chaia, -in Boeotia,-in Sicily>•-in Io¬ 
nia,-in Cappadocia.--A fon of Neptune. 

--Anotb.er, fon of Proteus --A fon of 

Phryxus who was among the Argonauts, and 
was drowned in that part of the fea which 
bore his name. Apoilod. 1. 

Melbje, or Meldorum uris, a cit y of Gaul, 
now dVLeaux in Champagne. 

Meleager, a celebrated hero of anti¬ 
quity, fon of CEneus, king of JEtolia by Al¬ 
thaea daughter of Theftius. The Parcce were 
prefent at the moment of his birth, and pre¬ 
dated his future greatnefs. Clotho laid, that 
<• he would be brave and courageous; Lachefis 
► foretold his uncommon ftrength, and Atropos 
declared that he fhould live as long as that 
fire-brand, which was on the fire, remained 
entire and unconfumed. Althsea no fooner 
heard this, than fire ihatched the ftick from 
the fire, and kept it with the moft jealous 
care, as the life of her ion was deftined to de¬ 
pend upon its prefervation. The fame of 
Meleager increafed with his years; he figna- 
lized himfelf in the Argonautic expedition,, 
and afterwards delivered his country from the 
neighbouring inhabitants, who made war againft 
his father, at the mitigation *>f iDiana, whofe 
altars CSneus had negleCted. [Fid. Gdneus.'} 
No fooner were they deftroyed than Diana 
punilhedthe negligence of CEneusbya greater 
calamity. She fent a huge wild boar, which 
laid wafte all the country, and i'eemed invin- 
* cible on account of its immenfe fize. It be¬ 
came foon a public concern, all th^neiglibour- 
ing princes affembled to deftroy this terrible 
animal, and nothing became more famous in 
mythological hiftory, than the hunting of the 
Calydonian boar. The princes and chiefs 
who afTembkd, and who are mentioned by 
mythologies, are Meleager fon of CEneus, 
Idas and Lynceus, fons of Apharcus, Dry as 
fen of Mars, Caftor and Pollux, fons of Ju¬ 
piter and Leda, Plrithous fon of Ixion, The- 
feus fon of iEgeus, Anceus and Cepheus, 
fons of Lycurgus, Admetus fon of Pheres, 
Jafon fon of Jfifon, Peleus and Telamon, fons 


of JEacus, Iphicles fon of Amphitryon, Ew* 
rytryon fon of ACtor, Atalanta daughter ofl 
Schceneus, Iolas the friend of Hercules, the 
fons of Theftius, Amphiaraus fon of Oileus, 
Protheus, Cometes, the brothers of Akhaea, 
Hippothous fon of Cercyon, Leucippus, 
Adraflus, Ceneus, Phileus, Echeon, Lelex, 
Phoenix fon of Amyntor, Panopeus, Hyleus^ 
Hippafus, Neftor, Menoetius, the father of 
Patrodus, Amphicides, Laertes, the father of 
ITlyfles, and the four fons of Hippocoon. 
This troop of armed men attacked the boar 
with unufual fury, and it was at laft killed by 
Meleager. The conqueror gave the fkin and • 
Hie head to Atalanta, who had firft wounded 
the animal. This partiality to a woman irri¬ 
tated the others, and particularly Toxeus and 
Plexippus, the brothers of Althaea, and they 
endeavoured to rob Atalanta of the honorable . 
prefent. Meleager defended a woman, of 
whom he was enamoured, and killed his un¬ 
cles in the attempt. Mean time the news of 
this celebrated conqueft had already reached 
Calydon, and Althaea went to the temple of 
the gpejs to return thanks fpr the victory 
which her fon had gained. As lhe went lhe 
met the corpfes of her brothers that were 
brought from the chace, and at this mournful 
fpeCtacle lhe filled the whole city with her 
lamentation'. She was upon this informed 
that they had been killed by Meleager, and 
in the moment of refentment, to revenge the 
death of her brothers, fhe threw into the fire 
the fatal flick on which her foil’s life de¬ 
pended, and Meleager died as foon as it was 
con fumed. Homer does not mention the 
fire-brand, whence fome have imagined that 
this fable is pofteridr to that poet’s age. But. 
he fays that the death of Toxeus and Plexip¬ 
pus fo irritated Althaea, that fhe uttered the 
inoft horrible curfes and imprecations upon 
the head of her fon. Meleager married Cle¬ 
opatra, the daughter of Idas and Marpeffa, 
as alfo Atalanta, according to fome accounts. 
Apoilod. I, c. 8.— Apollon. I, arg. I, v. 997. 

1. 3 . v. 518. — Place. I Si 6 .— Pauf. IO, C. £X. 
—M-— Ovid. Met. 8. — Homer . II. 9. 

-A general who fupported Aridseus when 

he had been made king after the death of his 

brother Alexander the Great. - A brother 

of Ptolemy, made king of Macedonia B. C. 
2,80 years. He was but two months invefted 

with the regal authority.-A Greek poet in 

the reign of Seleucus the laft of the Seleu- 
cidce. He was born at Tyre and died at Cos. 
It is to his well-dire£led labors that we are in¬ 
debted for the anthologia, , or collection of 
Greek epigrams, which he feleCted from 46 
of the belt and moft efteemed poets. The 
original collection of Meleager has been greatly 
altered by fucceeding editor?. The beft edi¬ 
tion of the anthologia is that of Brunck in 
three vols. 4to. and 8vo. Angentor. 1772. 

Meleagrides, the filters of Meleager, 
daughters of CEneus and Althsea, They were 

ft 










ME 


ME 


« difconfolate at the death of their brother 
Meleager, that they refufed all aliments, and 
uere, at the point of death, changed into birds 
called Meleagrides, whofe feathers and eggs, 
as it is fuppoled, are of a different color. * The 
youngeft of the fitters, Gorge and Dejanira, 
who had been married, efcaped this meta- 
morphofis. Apollod. c. 8.— Ovid. Met. 8, 
v. 540 .—Plin. xo, c. 26. 

Melesander, an Athenian general who 
died B. C. 414. 

Meles (etis), a river of Afia Minor, in 
Ionia, near Smyrna. Some of the ancients 
l'uppofed that Homer was born on the banks 
of that river, from which circumftance they 
call him Melefgenes ^ and his compofitipns Me. 
let tea chart tc. It is even fupported that he 
cempofed his poems in a cave near the l'ource 
of that river. Strab. 12.— Stat. 2. Sylv. 7, 
v * 34 -— Tibull. 4 , el. I, v 4 201.— Pauf. 7, 

c. 5.-A beautiful Athenian youth, greatly 

beloved by Timagoras, whofe affections he 
repaid with the greateft coldnefs and indif¬ 
ference. He even ordered Timagoras to leap 
down a precipice, from the top of the citadel 
of Athens, and Timagoras, not to dil'oblige 
him, obeyfed, and was killed in the fall. This 
token of true friendlhip and affeCf ion had iuch 
an effect upon Meles, that he threw himfelf 
down from the place, to atone by his death 
for the ingratitude which he had (hewn toTi- 
magoras. Pauf. 1, c. 30-A king of Ly¬ 

dia, who fucceeded his father Alyattes, about 
747 years before Chrift. He was father to 
Candaules. 

MELESiGENES,or Melesigena, a name 
given to Homer. Ftf. Meles. 

Me 1.1 a, a daughter of Oceanus, who mar¬ 
ried Inachus.-A nymph, &c. Apollod. 

-A daughter of Oceanus, fitter to Caan- 

thus. She became mother of Ilmarus and 
Tenerus by Apollo. Tenerus was endowed 
with the gift of prophecy, and the river Ladon 
in Bocotia affumed the name of Ilmarus. Pauf. 

9, c. 10.-One of the Nereides.-A 

daughter of Agenor. 

Melibcea, a daughter of Oceanus, who 

married Pelafgus.-A daughter of Am- 

phion and Niobe. Apollod -A maritime 

town of Magnefia in Theffaly, at the foot of 
mount Ofla, famous for dying wool. The 
epithet of Meliboeus is applied to Philo&etes 
becaufe he reigned there. Virg. JEn. 3, 

r. 401. 1. 5, v. 251— Herodot. 7, c. 188. - 

Alfo an ifland at the mouth of the Orontes in 
Syria, whence Melibcea purpura. Mel. 2, c. 3. 

Melibceus, a ttiepherd introduced in Vir¬ 
gil’s eclogues. 

Melicerta, Melicertes, or Meficertus, a 
fon of Athamas and Ino. He was laved by 
his mother, from the fury of his father, who 
prepared to dalh him againft the wall as he had 
done his brother Learchus. The mother was 
fo terrified that fhe threw herfelf into the. fea, 
with Melicerta in her arms. Neptune had 


compafliori on the misfortunes of Ino and her 
fon, and changed them both into fea deities. 
Ino was called Leucothoe or Matuta, and 
Melicerta was known among the Greeks by 
the name of Pala?mon, and among the La¬ 
tins by that of Portumnus. Some fuppofs 
that the. Ifthmian games were in honor of 
Melicerta. Fid. Ifthmia. Apollod. 1, c- 9. 
1 3, c. 4. — Pauf. I, c. 44. — Hygin. fab. I 
& 2. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 529* &C.— Pint, de 
Symp. 

MeligOnis, one of the iEolian iflands 
near Sicily. 

MelIna, a daughter of Thefpius, mother 
of Laomedon, by Hercules. 

M elisa, a town of Magna Grtecia. 

Melissa, a daughter of Meliffus king of 
Crete, who with her fitter Amalthata, fed 
Jupiter with the milk of goats. She firft 
found out the means of collecting honey ; 
whence l'ome have imagined that ttie was 
changed into a bee, as her name is the Greek 

word for that infeCt. Columell. -One of 

the Oceanides, who married Inachus, by whom 

lhe had Phoroneus and JEgialus.-A 

daughter of Procles, who married Periander, 
the fon of Cypfelus, by whom, in her preg¬ 
nancy, lhe was killed with a blow of his foot, 
by the falfe acculation of his concubines. Diog. 
Laert. — Pauf i,c. 28.-A woman of Co¬ 

rinth, who refuted to initiate others in the 
feftivals of Ceres, after lhe had received ad- 
mittion. She was torn to pieces upon this 
difobedience, and the goddefs made a fwarm 
of bees rile from her body. 

Me Lis sos, a king of Crete, father to Me- 
lifla and Amalthasa. Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 13.— 

Ladiant. I, c. 22.-An admiral of the 

Samian fleet, B. C. 441. He was defeated by 

Pericles, See. Plot, in Per. -A philofopher 

of Samos, who maintained that the world 
was infinite, immoveable, and without a va¬ 
cuum. According to his dodrines, no one 
could advance any argument upon the power 
or attributes of providence, as all human 
knowledge was weak and imperfeCV. The- 
miftocles was among his pupils. He florilhed 
about 440 years before the Chrittian era. 
Diog. -A freed man of Mecxnas, ap¬ 

pointed librarian to Augultus. He wrote 
l'ome comedies. Ovid. Pont. 4,ep. l6,v. 30.—- 
Sutton, de Gram. 

Melita, an ifland in the Libyan fea, be¬ 
tween Sicily and Africa, now called Malta. 
The foil was fertile, and the country famous 
for its wool. It was firft peopled by the 
Phoenicians. St. Paul 4 vas fhipwrecked there, 
^and curled all venomous creatures, which now 
are not to be found in the whole ifland. Some, 
however, fuppole, that the ifland on which the 
Apoftle was fliipwrecked, was another ifland 
of the fame name in the Adriatic on the coaft 
of illyricum now called Melede. Malta 
is now remarkable as being the refidence of 
the knights of Malta, formerly of St. John ot 
G g 3 Jerufalem, 






ME 


t 


ME 


Jeftifalem, fettled there A. D. 153a, by the 
conceflion of Charles Vth, after thc-ir expul- 
fion from Rhodes by the Turks. St fab. 6.— 

Mela, 2, c. 7 —C c. in Vet. 4, c. 46.-- 

Another on the contt of Illyricum in the Adri¬ 
atic, now Melede. Plin. 3, c. 26.r——An ancient 

name of Samothrace. Strftb. 10.-One of 

the Nereides. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 825. 

Melitene, a province of Armenia. 

Melitus, a poet and orator of Athens, 
who became one of the principal accusers of 
Socrates. After his eloquence had prevailed, 
and Socrates had been put ignominioufly to 
death, the Athenians repented of their fe- 
verity to the philosopher and condemned 
his accjrfers. Melitus perifhed among them. 
His chara&er was mean and infidious, and his 
poems had nothing great or fublime. ' Diog. 

Sf. Melius, a Roman knight accufed of 
afpiring to tyranny, on account of his uncom¬ 
mon liberality to the populace. He was fum- 
moned to appear by the dictator L. Q. Cincin- 
fiatus, and when he refufed to obev, he was 
put to death by Ahala, the matter of horfe, 
A.U.C. $i4.~Varrode L. L. 4 •— Val. Max. 
6 , c. 3. 

Melixanprus, a Ylilefian, who wrote an 
account of the wars of the Lapith® and Cen¬ 
taurs. JElian. V. H. 11, c. 2. 

Mella or Mela, a fmall river of Cifal- 
pine Gaul, falling into the Ollius and with it 
into the Po. Catull.6 8,v.33.— Virg.G. 4, v. 278. 

Mella Annaeus, the father oi Lucan. 
He was accufed of being privy to Pifo’s con- 
fpiracy againft Nero, upon which he opened 
his veins. Tacit. 16. Ann. c. 17. 

Melobosis, one of the Oceanides. 

Melon, an attrol.oger, who feigned mad- 
pefs and burnt his houfe that he might not go 
to an expedition, which he knew would be at¬ 
tended with great calamities.-An interpre¬ 

ter cf king Darin?. Curt. 5, c. 13. 

Melos, now Milo, anittandbetween Crete 
and Peloponnefus, about 24 miles from Scyl- 
Jaeum, about 60 miles in circumference, and 
of *n oblong figure. Its enjoyed its indepen¬ 
dence for above 700 ypars before the time of 
the Peloponnefian war. This ifland was ori¬ 
ginally psopled by a Lacedemonian polony, 
*ti6 ypars befere the Chrittian era. from 
this reafon the inhabitants refufed to join the 
reft of the iflands and the Athenians againft the 
Pelopojmefians. Thi» refufal was feverely pu- 
niflied. The Athenians took Melos, and put 
to the fvvord all fuch as were able to bear arms. 
The women and children were made f.aves, 
pnd the inland left defolate. An Athenian 
colony repeopled it, till Lylander reconquered 
jt and re-eftabliihed th,e original inhabitants in 
their pofTeflions. The ifland produced a kiud 
of pafth fuccefsfully employed in painting and 
tppdjciiie. Ztrab. 7.;— Mela, 1 , C. J.—Plin. 4, 
f, 1 . 35 > c - 9 .-r-Tbufyd. 2, &c. 

Melpps, now Melpa, a river of Lucania, 
falling ifitp tj*e T»ywhene fea. flin. 3,0. y 


Mel pi a, a village of Arcadia. Pauf. 

c.38. 

Melpomene, one of the mufes, daugh¬ 
ter of Jupiter and Mnemofyne. She prefided 
over tragedy. Horace has addrefled the finefl 
of his odes to her, as tp the patronefs of lyric 
poetry. She was generally reprefented as 2 
young woman with a ferious countenance Her 
garments were fplendid; fhe wore a bufkin* 
and held a dagger in pne hand and in the other 
a feeptre and crowns. Horat. 3, od. 4.— Her 
Jiod, Theog. 

Memaceni, a powerful nation of Afia, &c. 

Curt. 

Memmia Sulfjtta, a woman who mar¬ 
ried the emperor Alexander Severus. Slip 
died when young. 

Memmia Lex, ordained that no one fhould 
be entered on the calendar of criminals who 
was abfent on the public accounts. 

Mem Mips, a Roman citizen, accufed of 

ambitus. Cic- ad fratrem. 3.-A Roman 

knight, who rendered hjmfelf illuftrious for 
his eloquence and poetical talents, fie was 
made tribune, pretor, and afterwards gover¬ 
nor of Bithynia. He was accufed of extor¬ 
tion in his province and baniihed by J. Csfar, 
though Cicero undertook his defence. Lucre¬ 
tius dedicated his poem to him. Cic. in Brut. 

-Regulus, a Roman of whom Nero ob- 

ferved, that he deferved to be inverted with 
the imperial purple. Tacit. Attn 14, c. 47. 

-A Roman who accufed Jugurtha before 

the Roman people.-A lieutenant of Pom- 

pey, &c.-——The family of the Meipmii werp 
plebeians, They were defepnded, according 
to fome accounts, from Mneltheus, the frien<| 
of l Eneas. Virg. M,n. 5, v. 117. 

Memnon, a king of ./Ethiopia, fon of 
Tithonus and Aurora. He came vyith a body 
of 10,000 men to aftift his uncle Priam, dur¬ 
ing the Trojan war, where he behaved with 
great courage, and killed Antilochus, Neftof’s 
Ion. The aged father challenged the -/Ethio¬ 
pian monarch, but Memnon refufed it on 
account of the venerable age of Neftor, and 
accepted that of Achilles. He was killed in 
the combat in the fight of the Grecian and 
Trojan armies. Aurora was fo dil con folate at 
the death of her fon, that fhe flew to Jupiter 
all bathed in tears, and begged the god to 
grant her fon fuch honors as might diftinguifh 
hjm from other mortals. Jupiter confented, 
and immediately a numerous flight of bird$ 
iffued frpm the burning pile on which the body 
was laid, and after they had flown three times 
round the flames, they divided themlelves into 
two feparate bodies, and fought with fuch acri-? 
mony, that above half of them fell down into 
the fire, as viffims to appeale the mane? 
of Memnon. Thele birds were called Menmo- 
nidcs; and it has been obferyed by fome of 
the ancients, that they never failed to retuni 
yearly to the tomb of Memnon, in Troas,and 
repeat the fame bloody engagement, in Jiouor 

$ 








ME 


ME 


of the hero, from whom they received their 
name. The ./Ethiopians or Egyptians, over 
whom Memnon reigned, ereXed a celebrated 
ltatue to the honor of their monarch. This 
ltatue had the wonderful property ^f uttering 
a melodious found every day, at fun-rifing. 
like that which is heard at the breaking of the 
firing of a harp when it is wound up. This 
was effected by the rays of the fun when they 
fell upon it. At the letting of the fun, and in 
the night, the found was lugubiious. This is 
iupported by the teftimony of the geographer 
Strabo, who confeffes himlelf ignorant whether 
it proceeded from the bafis of the flatue, or 
the people that wefe then round it. This ce¬ 
lebrated ltatue was difmantled by order of 
Cambyfes, when he conquered Egypt, and its 
ruins ftill alloniih modern travellers by their 
grandeur and beauty. Memnon was the in¬ 
ventor of the alphabet, according to Anti- 
clides a writer mentioned by Pliny, 7, c. 56. 

Mofch. in Bion. - Ovid. Met. 13, v. 578, 

&C.— JElidn. 5, c. I. — Pauf. I, c. 42. 1 . IO, 
c. 31.— Strab . 13 & 17.— Juv. 15, V. 5.— 
Pbilojlra. in Apollod. — PI in. 36, c. 7.— Ho¬ 
rner. Od. 9. — Quint. Calab. —A general of the 
Perfian forces, when Alexander invaded Afia. 
He diltinguiChed himlelf for his attachment to 
the iptereft of Darius, his valor in the field, 
the foundnels of his counlels, and his great 
lagacity. He defended Miletus againlt Alex¬ 
ander, and died in the midft of his fuccefsful 
enterpril'es, B. C. 333. His wife Barline was 
taken priloner with the wife of Darius. Diod. 

16.-A governor of Caelofyiia.—-A man 

appointed governor of Thrace by Alexander. 

-A man who wrote an hiftory of Hera- 

clea in Pontus, in the age of Augullus. 

Memphis, a celebrated town of Egypt, on 
the wellern banks of the Nile, above the Delta. 
It once contained many’beautiful temples, par¬ 
ticularly thole of the god Apis, {bos Mem¬ 
phites ,) whole worlhip was obferved with the 
greatelt ceremonies. [Vid. Apis.] It was in 
the neighbourhood of Memphis that thofe fa¬ 
mous pyramids were built, whofe grandeur and 
beauty Hill aftonilh the modern traveller. 
Thefe noble monuments of Egyptian vanity, 
which pals for one of the wonders of the 
world, are about 20 in number, three of 
which by their fuperior fize particularly claim 
attention. The largell of thefe is 481 feet 
in height meafured perpendicularly, and the 
area of its balls is on 480,249 fquare feet or 
fomething more than 11 Englifh acres of 
ground. It has fteps all round with mafiy 
and polilhed hones, l'o large that the breadth 
and depth of every ftep is one Angle hone. 
Thelmallefthone,accordingto art ancient hifto- 
rian is not lefs than 30 feet. The number 
of fteps according to modern oblervation 
amounts to 208, a number which is not al¬ 
ways adhered to by travellers. The place 
where Memphis formerly ftood is not now 
fcnown, the ruins of its fallen grandeur were 


conveyed to Alexandria to beautify its palaces* 
or to adorn the neighbouring cities. Tibull. I 
el. 7,v. 28.— Sil.lt. 14, v. 660.— Strab. IJ .— 
Mela , I, C. 9.— Diod. l. — Plut. in Iftd. — He- 

rodot.2 , c. IO, t5V.— Jofeph. ant. Jud. 8.--■ 

A nymph daughter of the Nile, who married 
Ephefus, by whom Ihe had Libya. She gave 
her name to the celebrated city of Memphis. 

Apollod. 2, c. 1.-The wife of Danaus. 

Apollod. 2, c. i» 

M empiutis, a fonof Ptolemy Phyfcon king 
of Egypt. He was put to death by his father. 

Mena, a goddefs worlhipped at Rome* 
and fuppofed to prefide over the monthly 
infirmities of women. She was the fame as 
Juno. According to fome, the facrifices of¬ 
fered to her were young puppies that ftill luck¬ 
ed their mother. Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 2.— 
Plin. 29. c. 4. 

Mena or Mf.nes, the fir'll king of Egypt, 
according to fome accounts. 

Menalcas, a Ihepherd in Virgil’s 
eclogues. 

Menalcidas, an intriguing Lacedaemo¬ 
nian in the time of the famous Achaean league* 
He was accufed before the Romans, and he 
killed himlelf. 

Menai.ippe, a After of Antiope queen of 
the Amazons, taken by Hercules when that 
hero made war againft this celebrated nation. 
She was ranfomed, and Hercules received in 
exchange the arms and belt of the queen. 

Juv. 8, v. 229.-A daughter cf the centaur 

Chiron, beloved and ravilhed by ./Eolus, fon of 
Hellen. She retired into the woods to hide 
her dilgrace from the eyes of her father, and 
when Ihe had brought forth Ihe entreated the 
gods to remove her totally from the purluits 
of Chiron. She was changed into a mare, and 
called Ocyroe. Some fuppofe that Ihe aftiimed 
the name of Menalippe, .and loft that of Ocy¬ 
roe. She became a confiellation after death, 
called the horfe. Some authors call her Hippe 
or Evippe. Hygin. P. A. 2, C. 18.— Pollux 
4.——Menalippe is a name common to other 
perfons, but it is generally fpelt Melanippe , 
by the bell authors. Fid. Melanippe. 

Menalippus, Fid. Melanippus. 

Menander, a celebrated comic poet of 
Athens, educated under Theophiallus. He 
was univerfally efteemed by the Greeks, and 
received the appellation of Prince of the New 
Comedy. He did not difgrace his compofi- 
tions like Ariftophanes, by mean and inde¬ 
cent reflexions and illiberal fatire, but his writ¬ 
ings were replete with elegance, refined wit, 
and judicious observations. Of 108 comedies 
which he wrote nothing remains but a few 
fragments. It is faid, that Terence tranflated 
all thefe, and indeed we have caufe to lament 
the lots of luch valuable writings when we afe 
told by the ancients that the elegant Terence, 
lb much admired, was in the opinion of his 
countrymen reckoned inferior to Menander. 
It is faid that Menander drowned himfelf in 
G g 4 the 






ME 


ME 


the 5zdyear of his age, B. C. 293, becaufe 
the competitions of his rival Philemon ob¬ 
tained more applaufe than his own. Only 
eight of his numerous comedies were rewarded 
with a poetical prize. The name of his father 
was Diopythus, and that of his mother Hegif- 
trata. His fragments, with thofe of Phile¬ 
mon, were pubhfhed by Clericus, 8vo. 1709. 

Quint'll. IO, c. 1.— Paterc. I, c. 16.—-A 

man who wrote an account of embaflies, &zc. 
—A king of Ba&ria, whofe allies were di¬ 
vided among his fuhjetfts, &e.—An hiftorian 
of Epheius,—Another of Pergamus.—An 
Athenian general defeated at iEgofpotamos 
by Lyfander.—An Athenian lent to Sicily 
with Nicias.—A man put to death by Alexan¬ 
der for deferting a fortrefs of which he had 
the command.—An officer under Mithridates, 
fent againft Lucullus. 

Menapii, a people of Belgic Gaul, near 
the Mofa. Caf B. Gull. 

Menapis, a Perfian exile, made fatrap of 
Hyrcafiia, by Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 4. 

Menas, a freed man of Pompey the Great, 
who diflinguifhed himfelf by the a&ive and 
perfidious part he took in the civil wars 
which were kindled between the younger 
Pompey and Auguftus. When Pompey in¬ 
vited Auguftus to his galley, Menas advited 
his mailer to feize the perfon of his ene¬ 
my, and at the fame time the Roman empire, 
by cutting the cables of his fhip. No, re¬ 
plied Pompey, I would have approved of 
the meafore if you had done it without 
confulting me; but I fcorn to break my 
word. Suet, in 051 . —Horace ep. epoi 4. has 
ridiculed the pride of Menas, and recalled 
to his mind his former meannelsand obfeurity. 

Mencheres, the 12 th king of Memphis. 

Mendes, a city of Egypt, near Lycopo- 
lis, on one of the mouths of the Nile, called 
the Mendefian mouth. Pan under the form 
of a goat was worfhipped there with the great- 
eft folemnity. It was unlawful to kill one 
of thefe animals, with which the Egyptians 
were not afhamed to have public commerce 
to the difgrace of human nature, from the 
fuperftitious notion that fuch embraces had 
given birth to the greateft heroes of an¬ 
tiquity, as Alexander, Scipio, &c. ITerodot. 
4 , c. 42 & 46. — Strab. 1 7.— Diod. I. . 

Menecles, an orator of Alabanda in 
Caria, who fettled at Rhodes. Cic. de Orat. 
2, c.53.— Strab. 14. 

Meneclides, a detractor of the charac- 
* ter of Epaminoncjas. C. Nep. in Epam. 

Menecrates, a phyfician of Syracufe, 
famous for his vanity and arrogance. He 
was generally accompanied by fome of his 
patients whole diforders he had cured. He 
difguiled one in the habit of Apollo, and 
the other in that of iEfculapius, while he 
refevved for himfelf the title and name of 
Jupiter, whofe power was extended over 
thofe inferior deities. Pie crowned himfelf 


}ike the mailer of the gods, and in a letter 
which he wrote to Philip king of Macedon, 
he ftyled himfelf in thefe words, Menecrates 
Jupiter to k ng Philip, greeting. The Mace¬ 
donian monarch anfwered, Philip to Mene¬ 
crates, greeting, and better fenfe . Philip alfo 
invited him to one of his feafts, but when 
the meats were i’erved up, a table was put 
feparate for the phyfician, on which he was 
fierved only with perfumes and frankincenfe, 
like the father of the gods. This enter¬ 
tainment difpleafed Menecrates; he remem¬ 
bered that he was a mortal, and hurried away • 
from the company. He lived about 360 
years before the Chriltian aera. The book 
which he wrote on cures is loft. JElian. V, 

IT. 10, c. 51.— Athcn. 7, c. 13.-One of 

the generals of Seleucus.-A phyfician un¬ 
der Tiberius.-A Greek hiftorian of Nyfa, 

diiciple to Ariftarchus, B. C. 119. Strab. 

16.-An Ephefian architect who wrote on 

agriculture. Varro de R. R. --An hiiio- 

riun.- kA man appointed to fettle the dis¬ 

putes of the Athenians and Lacedaemonians 
in the 8th year of the Peloponnefian war. 
His father’s name was Amphidorus.-——Aa 
officer in the fleet of Pompey the fou of 
Pompey the Great. 

Menedemus, an officer of Alexander 

killed by the Dallas. Curt. 7, c. 6.-A 

Socratic philofopher of Eretria, who was 
originally a tent maker, an employment 
which he left for the profeffion of arms. 
The perfualive eloquence and philofophical 
le£tures of Plato had luch an influence over 
him that he gave up his offices in the ftate 
to cultivate literature. It is laid that he 
died through melancholy when Antigonus 
one of Alexander’s generals had made him- 
ielf mailer of his country, B. C. 301, in the 
74th year of his age. Some attribute his 
death to a different caufe, and fay, that he 
was fallely accufed of treal'on, for which 
he became fo defperate that he died after he 
had paffed feven days without taking any 
aliments. He was called the Eretrian Bull , 
an account of his gravity. Strab. 9.— Diog. 

-A Cynic philofopher of Lamplacus, 

who Laid that he was come from hell to ob- 
i'cfve the fins and wickednefs of mankind. 
His habit was that of the furies, and his be¬ 
haviour was a proof of his infanity. He was 
difciple of Colotes of Lampfacus. Diog. 
-An officer of Lucullus. . A philofo¬ 
pher of Athens. Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 19. 

Menecetas, a boxer or wreftler in Phi¬ 
lip of Macedon’s army, &c.^ Polycen. 

Menelat fortus, an harbour on the 
coaft of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt. 

C. Nep. in Agef. 8.— Strab.' 1-Mons, 

a hill near Sparta, with a fortification, called 
Menelaium. Liv. 34, c. 28. 

Mknelaia, a feftival celebrated at The- 
rapnae in Laconia, in honor of Menelaus. 
He had there a temple, where he was wor- 

flfipp^A 







ME 


ME 


fnipped with his wife Helen as one of the 
iupreme gods. 

MenklXus, a king of Sparta, brother to 
Agamemnon. His lather’s name was' A- 
treus, according to Homer, or according to 
the more probable opinion of Hefiod, Apol- 
lodorus, &c. he was the Ion of Plifthenes and 
iErope. [Vid. Plifthenes.] He was edu¬ 
cated with his brother Agamemnon in the 
houfe of Atreus, but foon after the death of 
this monarch, Thveftes his brother ufurped 
the kingdom and banilhed the two children 
of Plifthenes. Menelaus and Agamemnon 
came to the court of CEneus king of Caly- 
donia, who treated them with teJklernefs and 
pternal care. From Calydonia they went 
to Sparta,'where, like the reft of the Grecian 
prince*, they folicited the marriage of Helen 
the daughter of king Tyndarus. By the arti¬ 
fice and advice of Ulyfles, Helen was per 
mitted to choole a hulband, and (he fixed her 
eyes upon Menelaus, andmarried him,afterher 
numerous fuitors had folemnly bound themfelves 
by an oath to defend her, and protect her per- 
fon againft the violence or affault of every in¬ 
truder. [Vid. Helena.] As foon as the nup¬ 
tials were celebrated, Tyndarus refigned the 
crown to his fon-in-law, and their happinefs 
was complete. This was, however, of Ihort 
duration; Helen was the faireft woman of the 
age, and Venus had promifed Paris the fon of 
Priam to reward him with fuch a beauty. 
[Vid. Paris.] The arrival of Paris in Sparta 
was the caule ef great revolutions. The ab- 
fence of Menelaus in Crete gave opportunities 
to the Trojan prince to corrupt the fidelity of 
Helen, and to carry away home what the god- 
dels of beauty had promifed to him as his due. 
This a£tion was highly refented by Menelaus ; 
he reminded the Greek princes of their oath 
and folemn engagements when they courted 
the daughter of Tyndarus, and immediately 
^11 Greece took up arms to defend his caule. 

' The combined forces aftembled at Aulis in 
Bceotia, where they chole Agamemnon for 
their general, and Calchas for their high 
prieft; and after their applications to the 
court of Priam for the recovery of Helen had 
proved fruitlel's, they marched to meet their 
enemies in the field. During the Trojan war 
Menelaus behaved with great fpirjt and cou¬ 
rage, and Paris mull have fallen by his hand 
had not Venus interpofed and redeemed him 
from certain death. He alfo ex prefixed his 
wilh to engage Hettor, but Agamemnon hin¬ 
dered him from fighting with fo powerful an 
adverfary. In the tenth year of the Trojan 
war, Helen, as it is reported, obtained the for- 
givenel's and the good graces of Menelaus by 
Introducing him with Ulyfles, the night that 
Troy was reduced to afhes, into the chamber 
of Deiphobus whom (he had married after the 
death of Paris. This perfidious condutt to¬ 
tally reconciled her to her firft hulband ; and 
(he returned with him to Sparta, during a voy¬ 


age of eight years. He died fome time after 
his return. He had a daughter called Her- 
mione, and Nicoftratus, according to lome, 
by Helen, and a fon called Megapenthes by a 
concubine. Some fay that Menelaus went to 
Egypt on his return from the Trojan war to 
obtain Helen who had been detained there by 
the king of the country. [Vid. Helena.] 
The palace which Menelaus once inhabited 
was ftill entire in the days of P.aufanias, as 
well as the temple which had been railed to 
his memory by the people of Sparta. Homer. 
Od. 4, See. II. i, &c.— Apollod. 3, c. io— 
Pauf 3, C. 14 & 19.— Ditty s Cret. 2, &c.— 
Virg. 'ASti. 2, &c.— QpintiJ. Smyrn. 14.—. 
Ovid. Her old. 5 & 13.— Hygin. fab. 79.— 

Eurip. in Ipbig. — Propert. 2- — Sophocles.- -- 

A lieutenant of Ptolemy let over Salamis. 
Polyeen.—Pauf —A city of Egypt. Strab. 14. 

— — A mathematician in the age of the em¬ 
peror Trajan. 

Menenjus Agrippa, a celebrated Ro¬ 
man who appeafed the Roman populace in the 
infancy of the confular government by repeat¬ 
ing the well known fable of the belly and 
limbs. He florilbed 495, B. C. Liv. 2 , c. 

16, 32, 33.-—rA Roman conful-An 

infane perfon in the age of Horace. 

Menephron, a mart who attempted to 
offer violence to his own mother. He was 
changed into a wild heart. Ovid. Md. - r, 
387 - 

Menes, the firft king of Egypt. 
the town of Memphis as it is gen • 
pofed, and deferved, by his abilities cr.i 
larity, to be called a god after death. i- 
2, c. 1 & 90— Diod. 1. 

Menestuei Portus, a town of 
Bastica. 

Menesteus or Menestheus or 
the us, a fon of Pereus, who fo infir . ed 
himlelf into the favor ofthe people of At ns, 
that, during the long abfence ofThefeus, he 
was elefted king. The lawful monarch at 
his return home was expelled, and Mneilheus 
eftabliflied his ufurpation by his popularity 
and great moderation. As he had been one 
of Helen’s fuitors, he went to the Trojan war 
at the head of the people of Athens, and died 
in his return in the Hland of Melos. He 
reigned 23 ) ears, B. C. 1205, and was iucceeded 
by Demophoon the fon of Thefeus. PluL in 

The/. -A fon of Iphicrates who diftin- 

guilhed himfelf in the Athenian armies. C. 
Hep. in Tim. 

Menusthivs, a Greek killed by Paris in 
the Trojan war. 

Men etas, a man fet governor over Baby¬ 
lon by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 1. 

Menlnx or LotophagItts insula, 
now Zerbi , an ifland on the coaft of Africa, 
near the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by 
the people of Neritos, and thence called Ne- 
ritia. Plin. 5, C. 7,— Strab. 17.— Sil. It. 3, 
v.3i8. 

Menippa, 







ME 


ME 


Mevippa, one of the Amazons who af- 
lifted iEetes, &c. 

Menjppides, a fon of Hercules. Apol- 
lod. 

MenippuS, a Cynic philofopher of Phoe¬ 
nicia. He was originally a {lave, and obtained 
his liberty with a fum of money, and became 
one of the greateft ufurers at Thebes. He 
grew fo del'perate from the continual re¬ 
proaches and inlults to which he was daily ex- 
poied on account of his meannefs, that he de- 
ltroyed himfelf. He wrote 13 books.offatires 
which have been loft. M. Varro compofed 
fatires in imitation of his ftyle, and called them 

Menippean* -A native of Stratonice who 

\va^ preceptor to Cicero for lome time. Cic. 
Br. 91. 

Menius, a plebeian conful at Rome. He 
was the firft who made the roftrum at Rome 
with the beaks ( rojlra ) of the enemy’s fhips. 
- — A fon of Lycaon, killed by the fame 
thunder-bolt which deftroyed his father. Ovid. 

Jb . 472. 

M ennis, a town of Aflyria abounding in 
bitumen. Curt. 5, c. 1. 

Menodotus, a phyfician.-A Samian 

hiftorian. 

Menceceus, a Theban, father of Hippo- 

nome, Jocafta, and Creon.-A young 

Theban, foil of Creon. He offered himlelf 
to death, when Tirefias, to enfure vidfory on 
the fide of Thebes againft the Argive forces, 
ordered the Thebans to facrifice one of the 
idefeendants of thole who Jprang from the 
dragon’s teeth, and he killed himfelf near the 
cave where the dragon of Mars had formerly 
refided. The gods required this facrifice be- 
caufe the dragon had been killed by Cadmus, 
and no fooner was Creon dead than his coun¬ 
trymen obtained the victory. Stat. Theb. 10. 
V. 614.— Eitrip. Pinert.' — A polled. 3, c. 6.— 
Cic. Tufc. I, C. 98.'— Sophocl. in Antig. 

Mencetes, the pilot of the {hip of Gyas, 
at the naval games exhibited by Aineas at the 
anniverfary of his father’s death. He was 
thrown into the fea by Gyas for his inatten¬ 
tion, and faved himfelf by fwimming to a rock. 

Virg. JEn. 5, v. 161, &c.-An Arcadian 

killed by Turnus in the war of iEueas. Id, 
12, v. 517. 

Mencetiades. Vid. Mencetius. 

Mencetius, a fon of Adtor and AEgina 
after her amour with Jupiter. He left his 
mother and went to Opus, where he had, by 
Sthenele, or according to others, by Philo¬ 
mela or Polymela, Patroclus, often called 
from him Mencetiades. Menpelius was one 
of the Argonauts. At-ollod. 4, c, %^.-^-Homer. 
II. I, v. 307.-v.iTy, gin. fab. 97. 

Menon, a Theffalian commander in the 
expedition of Cyrus the younger againft his 
brother Artaxerxes. He was difmiffed on 
the fulpicion that he had betrayed bis fellow 

foldiers. Di'd. 14.-A Theffalian refufed 

jhe freedom of Athens, though he furnjfiied a 


number of auxiliaries to the people.——The 

huiband of Semiram is.-A fophift in the 

age of Socrates.-One of the firft kings of 

Phrygia. Dionyf. Hal. -A i'cholar of Phi¬ 

dias, &c. 

Menophilus, An eunuch to whom Mi- 
thridates, when conquered by Pompey, en- 
tnifted the care of his daughter. Menophilus 
murdered - the princefs for fear of her falling 
ihto the enemy’s hands. Ammian. 16. 

Menta or Minthe. Vid. Min the. 

Mentes, a king of the Taphians in iEto- 
lia, fon of Anchialus, in the time of the Tro¬ 
jan war. 

Mentissa/ a town of Spain. Liv , 26, 
c.17. 

Mento, a Roman conful, &c. 

Mentor, a faithful friend ofUlyffes.■ ■■ 

A fon of Hercules.-A king of Sidonia 

who revolted againft Artaxerxes Ochus, and 
afterwards was reftored to favor by his treach¬ 
ery to his allies, Sec. Diod. 16.-An ex¬ 

cellent artift in poliftiing cups and engraving 
flowers on them. Plin. 33, c. 11.— Mart. 9, 
ep. 63, v. 16. 

Menvllus, a Macedonian fet over the 
garrifon which Antipater had ftationed at 
Athens. He attempted in vain to cprrupt 
the innocence of Phocion. Plut. 

Mera, a prieft of Venus. Stat. Theb. 8, 
v. 478. ■ ■ A dog of Icarius, who by his cries 
{hewed Erigone where her murdered father 
had been thrown. Immediately after this 
diicovery, the daughter hung herfelf in defpair, 
and the dog pined away, and was made a con- 
ftellation in the heavens known by the name 
of Canis. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 363 .—-Hygin. fab. 
130.— JElian. Hifl. 7, c. 28. 

Mera or Mcera, one of the Atlantides 
who married Tegeates fon of Lycaon. Pauf, 
8,048. 

Mercurii Promontorium, a cape of 
Africa near Clypea. Liv. 26, c. 44,1. 29, c, 
27.^—Plin. 5, c. 4. 

Mercurius, a celebrated god of antiquity, 
called Hermes by the Greeks. There were 
no lefs than five of this name according to Ci-» 
cero ; a fon of Coelus and Lux ; a fon oLVa- 
lens and Coronis; a fon of the Nile; a fon 
of Jupiter and Maia; and another called 
by the Egyptians Thaut. Some add a fixth 
a fon of Bacchus and Prolerpine. To the Ion 
of Jcpiter and Maia, the adlions of all the 
others have been probably attributed, as he is 
the moft famous and the heft known. Mer¬ 
cury was the meffenger of the gods, and of Ju¬ 
piter in particular; he was the patron of tra¬ 
vellers and of {hepherds; he conduced the 
fouls of the dead into the infernal regions, and 
not only prefided over orators, merchants, de- 
claimers, but he was alfo the god of thieves, 
pickpockets, and all difhoneft perfons. His 
name is derived a mercibus , becaufe he was 
the god of merchandize among the Latins. 
He vva$ born> according to the more received 

opinio*. 







ME 


ME 


opinion, in Arcadia, on mount Cyllene, and 
in his infancy he was entrufted to the care of 
the Seafons. The day that he was born, or 
more probably the following day, he gave an 
early proof of his craftinefs and dilhonefty, in 
ftealing away the oxen of Admetus which 
Apollo tended. He gave another proof of 
his thievifh propenfity, by taking alfo the 
quiver and arrows of the divine (hepherd, and 
he encrealed his fame by robbing Neptune of 
his trident, Venus of her girdle, Mars of his 
fword, Jupiter of his l'ceptre, and Vulcan of 
many of his mechanical inftruments. Thefe 
fpecimens of his art recommended him to the 
notice of the gods, and Jupiter took him as 
his meffeneer, interpreter, and cup-bearer in 
the affembly of the gods. This laft office he 
difcharged till the promotion of Ganymede. 
He was prefented by the king of heaven with 
a winged cap called petafus , and with wings 
for his feet called talaria. He had all'o a 
fliort fword called herpe t which he lent to Per- 
fieus. With thefe he was enabled to go into 
whatever part of the univerfe he pleated with 
the greateft celerity, and befides he was per¬ 
mitted to make himfelf invifibie, and to alfume 
whatever (hape he pleafed. As mefTenger of 
Jupiter he was entrufted with all his fecrets. 
He was the ombaffador and plenipotentiary of 
the gods, a-nd he was concerned in all alliances 
and treaties. He was the confident of Jupi- 
ter’-s amours, and he often was fet to watch 
over the jealoufy and intrigues of Juno. The 
invention of the lyre and its feven firings is 
afcribed co him. This he gave to Apollo, and 
received in exchange the celebrated caduceus 
with which the god of poetry ufied to drive the 
flocks of king Admetus. [Hid. Caduceus.] In 
the wars of the giants againft the gods, Mer¬ 
cury fhowed himtelf brave, fpirited, and ac¬ 
tive. He delivered Mars from the long con¬ 
finement which he fuffered from the l'uperior 
power of the Aloides. He purified the Da- 
naides of the murder [of their hulbands, he 
tied Ixion to his wheel in the infernal regions, 
he defiroyed the hundred-eyed Argus, he 
fold Hercules to Omphale the queen of Ly¬ 
dia, he conduced Priam to the tent of Achil¬ 
les, to redeem the body of his Ion Hettor, 
and he carried the infant Bacchus to the 
nymphs of Nyfa. Mercury had many fur- 
names and epithets. He was called Cyllenius, 
Caduceator, Acacetos, from Acacus, an Ar¬ 
cadian; Acacefius, Tricephalos, Triplex, 
Chthonius, Camillus, Agoneus, Delius, Ar¬ 
eas, Sec. His children are all'o numerous as 
well as his amours. He was father of Auto- 
lycus, by Chione; Myrtillus, by Cleobula; 
Libys, by Libya; £chion and Eurytus, by 
Antianira; Cephalus, by Creul'a; Prylis, by 
Ifla ; and of Priapus, according to fome. He 
was alio father of Hermaphroditus, by Venus; 
pf Eudorus, by Polimela ; of Pan by Dryope, 
pr Penelope. His vvorihip was well ellablilh- 
td, particularly in Greece, Egypt, and Italy- 


He was worffiipped at Tanagra in Boeotia, 
under the name of Criophorus, and reprelented 
as carrying a ram on his lhoulders, becayle he 
delivered the inhabitants from a peftilence by 
telling them to carry a ram in that manner 
round the walls of their city. The Roman 
merchants yearly celebrated a feftival on the 
15th of May, in honor of Mercury, in a 
temple near the Circus Maximus. A preg¬ 
nant low was then l'acrificed and fometimes a 
calf, and particularly the tongues of animals 
were offered. After the votaries had fprink- 
led themlelves with water with laurel leaves, 
they offered prayers to the divinity, and in- 
treated him to be favorable to them, and to 
forgive whatever artful meafures, falfe oaths, 
or falfehoods they had ufed or uttered in the 
purfuit of gain. Sometimes Mercury appears 
on monuments with a large cloak round hi* 
arm, or tied under his chin. The chief en- 
figns pf his power and offices Are his caduceus , 
his petafus ,'and his talaria. Sometimes he is 
reprelented fitting upon a cray filh, holding in 
one hand his caduceus, and in the other the 
claws of the filh. At other times he is like 
a young man without a beard, holding in one 
hand a purfe, as being a tutelary god of mer¬ 
chants, with a cock on his wrifts as an emblem 
of vigilance, and at his feet a goat, a lcorpiou, 
and a fly. Some of his ftatues reprelented 
him as a youth fafeino erefto. Sometimes he 
refts his foot upon a tortoile. In Egypt his 
ftatues reprelented him with the head of a 
dog, whence he was often confounded with 
Anubis, and received the l'acrifice of a ftork. 
Offerings of milk and honey were made be- 
caule he was the god of eloquence, whole 
powers were lweet 2nd perfuafive. The 
Greeks and Romans offered tongues to him 
by throwing them into the fire, as he was 
the patron of lpeaking, of which the tongue 
is the organ. Sometimes his ftatues represent 
him as without arms, becaufe, according to 
fome, the power of l'peech can prevail over 
every thing even without the affiftance of arms. 
Homer. Od. I, See. II. I,&c. Hymn in Merc .— 
Lucian, in Mort. Dial. — Ovid. Fajl.$> v. 667. 
Met. I, 4, II, 14.— Martial. 9, ep. 35.— 
Stat. Theb. 4.— PauJ. I, 7, 8 & 9 —Orpheus . 
— Pint, in Num.—Varro de L. L. 6.— Plat» 
in Pbad. — Liv. 36.— Hirg. G. I. Ain. 1, v. 
48. — Diod. 4 & 5.— Apollod. I, 2 & 3 —. 
Apollon. Arg. I.— Horat. I, od. 10.— Hygirt. 
fab. P. A. 2. — Tzetz. in Lyc, 219.-— Cic, de 
Nat. D. — Lailantius. — P/jilofr. 1. Icon. c. 27. 

— Manil. — Macrob. I, Sat. c. 19.-Trifi. 

megiltus, a prieft and philofopher of Egypt 
who taught his countrymen how to cultivate 
the olive, and meafure their lands, and to un- 
derftand hieroglyphics. He lived in the age 
of Ofiris,'and wrote 40 books on theology, 
medicine, and geography, from which SaiV- 
choniathon the Phoenician hiftorian has taken 
his theogonia. Diod. 1 & 5.— Plut. de Ijid. & 
Of.—Cic. 3, de Nat. Di 


Ms&etrj*, 



ME 


ME 


Meretrtx, a name under which Venus 
was worshipped at Abydos and at Samos, be- 
eaufe both thofe places had been benefited by 
the intrigues or the influence of courtezans. 
Atben. 13. 

Meriones, a charioteer of Idomeneus 
king of Crete during the Trojan war, fon of 
Molus a Cretan prince, and Melphidis. He 
fignalized himfelf before Troy, and fought 
with Deiphobus the fon of Priam, whom lie 
wounded. He was greatly admired by the 
Cretans, who even paid him divine honors 
after death. Ho rat. 1, od. 6, v. 15.— Homer. 
II. », &c.— Dittys Cret. I, &c.— Ovid. Met. 

13, fab. 1.-A brother of Jafon fon of 

JEfon, famous for his great opulence and for 
his avarice. Polyeeh. 6, c. 1. 

Mermeros, a centaur. Ovid. Met. 12, 

v. 305.-A Trojan killed by Antilochus. 

--A fon of Jafon and Medea, who was 

father to Ilus of Corinth. Pauf. 2, c. 3. 

Mermnadje, a race of kings in Lydia of 
which Cxvges was the firft. They fat on the 
Lydian throne till the reign of Croefus, who 
was conquered by Cyrus king of Perfia. 
They were defeendants of the Heraclidae 
and probably received the name ofMermna- 
cke from Mermnas, one of their own family. 
They were defeended from Lemnos, or ac¬ 
cording to others, from Agelaus the fon of 
Omphale by Hercules. Herodot. 1, C. 7 & 

14. 

Meroe, now Nualia , a ifland of ./Ethi¬ 
opia with a town of the fame name, celebrated 
for its wines. Its original name was Saba , and 
Cambyfes gave it that of Meroe from his 
filler. Strab. 17.— Herodot. 2, c. 31.— PI in. 
2 , c. 173.— Mela, I.— Lucan. 4, v. 3 .33, L 10, 
v. 163 & 303. 

Merope, one of the Atlantides. She mar- 
lied Sifyphus fon of iEolus, and like her 
fitters, was changed into a conftellation after 
death, [_Hid. Pleiades.] It is faid, that in the 
Conftellation of the Pleiades the ftar of Me- 
Vope appears more dim and obfeure than the 
reft, becaufe (he, as the poets obferve, mar¬ 
ried a mortal, while her fitters married fome 
of the gods, or their defeendants. Ovid. Fajl. 
4, v. 175.— Diod. 4.— Hygin. fab. 192.— 

Apollod. 1, c. 9.-A daughter of Cypfelus 

who married Crefphontes king of Meflenia 
by whom fhe had three cliildren. Her huf- 
band and two of her children were murdered 
by Polyphontes. The murderer obliged her 
to marry him, and (he would have been forced 
to comply had not Epytus or Telepbontes her 
3d fon, revenged his father’s death by aflafii- 
natihg Polyphontes. Apollod. 2, c. 6.~Pauf. 

4, c. 3.-A daughter of CEnopion beloved 

by Orion. Apollod. 1, c. 4.-A daughter 

of the Cebrcnus who married iEfacus the fon 
of Priam.-A daughter of Erechtheus mo¬ 
ther of Daedalus. Plut/in Tbef. -A daugh¬ 
ter of Pandarus.-A daughter of the river 

SaRgarius who married king Priam. 


Merops, a king of the ifland of Cos, who 
married Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He 
was changed into an eagle and placed among 
the conltellations. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 763.— 
Apollod. 3.— Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 1 6.-A ce¬ 

lebrated footh layer of Percofus in Troas, who 
foretold the death of his fons Adraftus and 
Amphius, who were engaged in the Trojan 
war. They flighted their lather’s advice and 

were killed by Diomedes. Homer. II. 2. -7 

One of the companions of iEneas, killed'by 
Tnrnus. Virg. u£n. 9, v. 702. 

Meros, a mountain of India facred to Ju¬ 
piter. It is called by Pliny, 6. c. 21, Nyfa. 
Bacchus was educated upon it, whence a- 
rofe the fable that Bacchus was confined in 
the thigh (pno®') of his father. Mela , 2, 

c. 7.— Plin. 8, C. 13.- Curt. 8, C» 10 .— 

Diod. I. 

Merula Corn, a Roman who fought 
againtt the Gauls, and was made conful by 
Odtavius in the place of Cinna. He fome- 
time after killed himfelf in defpair, &c. 
Pint. 

iVesabates, an eunuch in Perfia, flayed 
alive by order of Parylatis, becaule he had cut 
off the head and right hand of Cyrus. Plut . 
in Artax. 

Mesabius, a mountain of Boeotia hanging 
over the Euripus. Pauf. 9, c. 22. 

Mesapia, an ancient name of Boeotia. 

Mesaubius, a fervant of Eumaeus the 
fteward of Ulyfles. Homer . Od. 14, v. 449. 

Mesembria, now Mifeuria , a maritime 
city of Thrace. Hence Mefembriacus. Ovid. 

!• Trijl. 6, v. 37.-Another at the mouth 

of the Liffus. 

Me sene, an ifland in the Tigris where 
Apamea was built, now Difel. Plin. 6, 
27. 

Mesomedes, a lyric poet in the age of the 
emperor Antoninus. 

Mesopotamia, a country of Alia which 
receives its name from its fituation 
ororxp@ J ) between the rivers Tigris and Eu¬ 
phrates. It is yearly inundated by the Eu¬ 
phrates, and the water properly conveyed over 
the country by canals. It is now called Diar - 
bee. Strab. Z.—mMcla, I, c. II. — Cic. de Nat . 
D. 2,0.52. 

MEssALA,a name of Valerius Corvinus 
from his having conquered Meflana in Sicily. 
This family was very ancient; the moft cele¬ 
brated was a friend of Brutus, who feized the 
camp of Auguftus at Philippi. He was after¬ 
wards reconciled to Auguftus, and died A. D. 

9, in his 77th year. Plut. -Another con- 

lit), &c.-The father of Valeria who mar¬ 
ried the di&ator Sylla. Id. -A great flat¬ 

terer at the court of Tiberius.—-—A governor 

of Syria.-A tribune in one of the Roman 

legions during the civil war between Vefpafian 
and Vitellius, of which he wrote an hiilorical 
account mentioned by Tacitus, Or at. 14.—— 

A conful with Domitius, &c-A painter at 

Romp, x 


t 





ME 


ME 


Rome, who florifhed B. C. 235.-A writer 

\vhofe book de Augufi prcgenie was edited 
iamo. L. Bat. 1648. 

Messalina Valeria, a daughter of 
Meffala Barbatus. She married the emperor 
Claudius, and difgraced herfelf by her cruel- 
1 ties and incontinence. Her hufband’s palace 
was not the only feat of her lafcivioufnefs, 
but flie proftituted herfelf in the public llreets, 
and few men there were at Rome who could 
not boaft of having enjoyed the favors of the 
impure Meifalina. Her extravagancies at lalt 
irritated her hufband ; he commanded her to 
appear before him to anfwer to all the accu- 
lations which were brought againft her, upon 
which fhe attempted to deftroy herfelf, and 
■when her courage failed, one of the tribunes, 
who had been tent to her, difpatched her with 
his fword, A. D. 48. It is in lpeaking of her 
debaucheries and lewdnel's that a celebrated 
fatirift fays, 

Et laffata viris , necdum fatiuta , recefjit. 

y«v .— Tacit. Ann. II, C. 37 — Suet, in 

Claud. — Din. -Another called alio Stati- 

lia. She was defeended of a confular family, 
and married the coni'ul Atticus Viftinus, 
whom Nero murdered. She received with 
great marks of tendernels her hufband’s mur¬ 
derer and married him. She had married 
four hulbands before ihe came to the impe¬ 
rial throne ; and after the death of Nero ihe 
retired to literary purfuits, and peaceful oc¬ 
cupations. Otho courted her and would 
have married her had he not detlroyed h.im- 
felf. In his lalt moments he wrote her a very 
pathetic and confolatory letter, &c. Tacit. 
Ann. 

MessalIxus M. Valer. a Roman offi¬ 
cer in the reign of Tiberius. He was ap¬ 
pointed governor of Dalmatia, and rendered 
himfelf known by his oppofition to Pilo, and 
by his attempts to perluade the Romans of 
the neceflity of (offering women to accom¬ 
pany the camps on their different expeditions. 
Tacit. Ann. 3. -One of Domitian’s in¬ 
formers.-A flatterer of the emperor Ti¬ 

berius. 

Messana, an ancient and celebrated town 
of Sicily on the lireights which feparate Italy 
from Sicily. It was anciently called Zancle, 
and was founded 1600 years before the Chrif- 
tian era. The inhabitants, being continually 
expofed to the depredations of the people of 
Cuma ; implored the afliftance of the Mefle- 
ruans of Peloponnefus, and with them re¬ 
pelled the enemy. After this victorious cam¬ 
paign, the MefTenians entered Zancle, and 
lived in fuch intimacy with the inhabitants 
that they changed their name, and affumed 
that of the MefTenians, and called their city 
Meflana. Another account fays, that Anax- 
ilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, made war againft 
the Zancleans with the afliftance of the Mef- 
fenians of Peloponnefus, and that after he 


had obtained a decifive victory, he called the 
conquered city Meflana in compliment to his 
allies, about 494 years before the Chriftian 
era. After this revolution at Zancle, the Ma- 
mertini took pofleflion of it and made it the 
capital of the neighbouring country. [ Vid. 
Maraertini."] It afterwards fell into the hands 
of the Romans, and was for lome time the 
chief of their poffeffious in Sicily. The in¬ 
habitants were called Meflenii, Meffanienfes* 
and Mamertini. The (freights of Meflana 
have always been looked upon as very dan¬ 
gerous, efpecially by the ancients, on account 
of the rapidity of the currents, and the irre¬ 
gular and violent flowing and ebbing of the 
lea. Strab. 6 . — Mela, 2, C. 7.— Pauf 4, 
c. 23.— Diod. 4. — Thucyd. I,&c.— Herodot. 6, 
c. 23. 1.7, c. 28. 

Messapia, a country of Italy, between 
Tarentum and Bruniufium. It is the fame as 
Calabria. It received its name from Meffa- 
pus, the fon of Neptune, who left a part of 
Bceotia called Mejfapia , and came to Italy, 
where he aflifted the Rutulians againft ./Eneas. 
Ovid. Met. 14, v. 513, — Tirg.JEn. 7, v. 691* 

1. 8, v. 6.1. 9, v. 27. 

Messatis, a town of Achaia. Pauf. 7, 
c. 18. 

Messe, a town in the illand of Cythera. 
Stat. I. Tbel. 4, v. 226. 

MEssEis,afountain ofTheflaly. Strab. 9. 

Messenf, a daughter ofTriopas, king of 
Argos, who married Polycaon lbrt of Telex, 
king of Laconia. She encouraged her huf- 
band to levy troops, and to feize a part of Pe- 
lopcnneiVis, which, after it had been conquer¬ 
ed, received her name. She received divine 
honors after her death, and had a magnificent 
temple at Ithome, where her ftatue was made 
half of gold and half of Parian marble. Pauf. 
4, c. 1 & 13. 

Messenf. or Messena, now Maura-Ma- 
tru , a city in the Peloponnefus, the capital of 
the country called Meffenia. The inhabitants 

I have rendered themfelves famous for tli$ war 
which they carried on againft the Spartans, 
and which received the appellation of the 
| Mejfenian near. The . firlt Meffenian war 
! arol'e from the following circumftances. The 
MefTenians offered violence to fome Spartan 
women who had affembled to offer facrinces 
in a temple, which was common to both na¬ 
tions, and which flood on the borders of their 
refpeCtive territories, and befides they killed 
Teleclus, the Spartan king, who attempted to 
defend the innocence of the females. This 
account, according to the Spartan traditions, 
is contradi&ed by the MefTenians, who ob- 
lerve that Teleclus with a chofen body of 
Spartans affembled at the temple, before men¬ 
tioned, difguifed in women’s cloaths, and all fe- 
cretly armed with daggers. This hoftile pre¬ 
paration was to furprize fome of the neigh¬ 
bouring inhabits; and in a quarrel which 
foon after arole, Teleclus and his aflbci'.tes 

were 







ME 


ME 


were all killed. Thefe quarrels were the caufe 
of the firft Meflenian war, which began B. C. 
743 years. It was carried on with vigor and 
(pint on both fides, and after many obftinate 
and bloody battles had been fought and con¬ 
tinued for 19 years, »t was at laft fimfhed by 
the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, a place 
which had flood a fiege of ten years ? and been 
defended with all the power of the Meflenians. 
The infults to which the conquered Mefle¬ 
nians were continually expofed, at laft excited 
their rcfentment, and they refolved to (hake 
off the yoke. They fuddenly revolted, and 
the fecond Meflenian war was begun 685 B. 
C. and continued 14 years. The Meflenians 
at firft gained fome advantage, but a fatal battle 
in the third year of the war fo totally dif- 
heartened them that they fled to Ira, where 
they refolved to maintain an obftinate fiege 
againft their vi&orious purfuers. The Spar¬ 
tans were aflifted by the Samians in befieging 
Ira, and the Meflenians were at laft obliged 
to fubmit to the fvtperior power of their ad- 
verfaries. The taking of Ira by the Lace¬ 
demonians, after a fiege of n years, put an 
end te the fecond Meflenian war. Peace was 
re-eftablifhed for fome time in Peloponnefus, 
but after the expiration of 200 years, the 
Meflenians attempted a third time to free 
themfelves from the power of I„aceda?mon, 
B. C. 465. At that time the Helots had re¬ 
volted from the Spartaus, and the Mefle¬ 
nians, by joining their forces to thefe wretched 
flaves, looked upon their relpe&ive calamities 
as common, and thought themfelves clofely 
interefted in each other’s welfare. The I.,ace- 
dxmonians were aflifted by the Athenians, 
but they foon grew jealous of one another’s 
power, and their political connexion ended 
in the moft inveterate enmity, and at laft in 
open war. Ithome was the place in which the 
Meflenians had a fecond time gathered all 
their forces, and though ten years had already 
elapled, both parties feemed equally confident 
of yiftory. The Spartans were afraid of 
ftorming Ithome, as the oracle of Delphi 
had threatened them with the greateft calami¬ 
ties, if they offered any violence to a place 
which was dedicated to the fervice of Apollo. 
The Meflenians, however, were foon obliged 
to fubmit to their victorious adverfaries, B. C. 
453, and they confented to leave their native 
country, and totally to depart from the Pelo- 
ponnefus, folemnly promifing that if they ever 
returned into Mefl'enia, they would fufFer 
themfelves to be fold as flaves. The Mefle¬ 
nians, upon this, miferably exiled, applied to 
the Athenians for protection, and were per¬ 
mitted to inhabit NaupaCtus, whence l'on.e of 
them were afterwards removed to take pof. 
feffion of their ancient territories in Mefl'enia, 
during the Peloponnefian war. The third Mef- 
fenian war was productive of great revolutions 
in Greece, and though almoft a private quar¬ 
rel, it loon engaged the attention of all the 


neighbouring ftates, and kindled the flames of 
diflention every where. Every ftate took up 
arms as if in its own defence, or to prevent 
additional power and dominion to be lodged in j 
the hands of its rivals. 1 he defendants 0^ 
the Meflenians at laft returned to Peloponne- j 
tos, B. C. 370, after a long banifhment of 300 , 

years. Pauf. Mejf. Scc.^-JuJlin.. 3, c. 4, &c. 
—Strab. 6, Scc.-^—Tbucyd. I, &c.-— Plod. IT, 

See. — Plut. tit Cym. See.—Poly an. 3.— Polyin 
4, &c. 

MesEnia, a province of Peloponnefus, 
fituate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, and" 
the lea. Its chief city is Meflena, [ Vld. 
Meflena.] 

Mestor, a fon of Perfeusand Andromeda, 
who married Lyfiditfe, daughter of Pelops, by 

whom he had Hippothoe.-^-A fon of Pte- 

rilaus-Of Priam. Apoltbd. 

Mesvla, a town of Italy, in the Country 
of the Sabines. 

Metabus, a tyrant of the Privernates. 

He was father of Camilla, whom he coni'e- 
crated to the fervice of Diana, when he had 
been banifhed from his kingdom by his fubjeCls. 
Virg. JEn. 11, v. 540. 

M etaoitn] a, a feftival in honor of Apollo, 
celebrated by the inhabitants of Melite, who 
migrated to Attica. It receives its name from 
its. being obferved in the month called Meta- 
gitnion. 

MktanTra, the wife of Celeus, king of 
Eleufis, who firft taught mankind agriculture. 

She is alfo called Meganira. Apollod. 1, 
c- 5- 

Metapontum, a town of Lucania in 
Italy, founded about 1269 years B. C. by 
Metabus, the father of Camilla, or Epeus, one 
of the companions of Neftor. Pythagoras 
retired there for fome time, and perilhed in a 
(edition. Annibal made it his head-quarters 
when in that part of Italy, and its attach¬ 
ment to Carthage was afterwards leverely 
punilhed by the Roman conquerors, who 
deftroyed its liberties and independence. A 
few broken pillars of marble are new the only 
veftiges of Metapontum. St tab. 5.— Mela ,, 

2, c. 4.— JuJlin. 12,c. 2.— Liv. I, 8, 25, 27, 

&c. 

Metatontus, a fon of Sifyphus, who 
married Theana. [Fid. Theana.] Hygin. fab. 

166. 

Metaurus, now Metro , a town with a 
lmall river of the lame name, in the country 
of the Brutii. The river Metaurus falls into the 
Tyrrhene lea above Sicily, another in Umbria, 
famous for the defeat of Afdrubal by the con- 

to Is Livy and Nero. Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 38._ 

Mela , 2, C. 4. — Lucan. 2 , V. 495. 

Metella, the wife of Sylla. 

Metelli, the torname of the family of 
the Csecilii at Rome, the mod known of 
whom were—A general who- defeated the 
Achaians, took Thebes, and invaded Mace¬ 
donia, See. -Q. Ccecilius, who rendered 

1 himfeff 









ME 


ME 


himfelf illuftrious by his fuccefTes againft Ju- 
gurtha the Numidian king, from which he 
was furnamed Numidicus . He took, in this 
expedition, the celebrated Marius, as his lieu¬ 
tenant, and he had foon caule to repent of the 
confidence he had placed in him. Marius 
raifed himfdf to power by defaming the cha¬ 
mber of his benefadlor, and Metellus was 
recalled to Rome and accufed of extortion and 
ill management. Marius was appointed fuc- 
ceflor to finilh the Numidian war, and Me¬ 
tellus was acquitted of the crimes laid to his 
charge before the tribunal of the Roman 
knights, who obferved that the probity of his 
whole life and the greatnefs of his exploits 
were greater proofs of his innocence, than the 
molt powerful arguments. Cic. de Ornt. i, 

c. 48 .—Sallujl. de bell. Jug. -1.. Crecilius, 

another, who faved from the flames the pal¬ 
ladium, when Vella’s temple was on fire. 
He was then high prieft. He loft his fight 
and one of his arms in doing it, and the l'e- 
nate, to reward his zeal and piety, permitted 
him always to be drawn to the fenate houfe 
in a chariot, an honor which no one had ever 
before enjoyed. He alfo gained a great vic¬ 
tory over the Carthaginians in the firft Punic 
war, and led in his triumph 13 generals, and 
120 elephants taken from the enemy. He 
was honored with the di&atorlhip, and the 

office of matter of horfe, Sec. -Q. Caeci- 

lius Celer, another who diftinguilhed himfelf 
by his fpirited exertions againft Catiline. He 
married Clodia the fitter of Clodius, who dis¬ 
graced him by her incontinence and lafci- 
vioufnefs. He died 57 years before Chrift. 
He was greatly..lamented by Cicero, who Hied 
tears at the lofs of one of his moft faithful 

and valuable friends. Cic. de Cal. -1.. 

Caecilius, a tribune in the civil wars of J. 
Cxfar and Pompey. He favored the caufe of 
Pompey, and oppofed Caefar when he en¬ 
tered Rome with a vi£foriou$ army. He re- 
fufed to open the gates of Saturn’s temple, in 
which were depofited great treafures, upon 
which they were broke open by Caefar, and 
Metellus retired, when threatened with 

death.-Q. Csecilius, the grandfon of the 

high prieft, who laved the palladium from the 
flames, was a warlike general, who, from his 
conqueft of Crete and Macedonia, was lur- 
named Macedonicus. He had fix fons, of 
which four, are particularly mentioned by 
Plutarch.——Q. Czecilius, lurnamed Balca- 

rietts , from his conqueft of the Baleares. - 

I.. C«ecilius, furnamed Diadi snafus, but fup- 
poled the fame as that called Lucius with 
the lurname of Dalmatian , from a victory 
obtained over the Dalmatians during his con- 

fullhip with Mutius Saevola.-Caius Cas- 

cilius, furnamed Caprarius , who was conful 

with Carbo, A. U. C. 641.-The fourth 

was Marcus, and of thefe four brothers it is 
remarkable, that two of them triumphed in 
gpe day, but ovef what nations is not men¬ 


tioned by Eutrop. 4.-Nepos a conful 

&c.———•Another, who accufed C. Curio, his 
father’s detract or, and who alfo vented his 
refentment againft Cicero when going to ba- 
nifhment.-Another, who, as tribune, op¬ 
pofed the ambition of Julius Carlar.- A 

general of the Roman armies againft the Sici¬ 
lians and Carthaginians. Before he marched 
he offered lacrifices to all the gods, except 
Vefta, for which negledft the goddefs was lb 
incenfed that lhe demanded the blood of his 
daughter Metella. When Metella was going 
to be immolated, the goddefs placed a heifer 
in her place, and carried her to a temple at 
Lanuvium, of which lhe became the prieftefs. 

-Lucius Cascilius or Quintus furnamed 

Creticus , from his conqueft in Crete, B. C. 
66, is fuppoled by fome to be the fon of 

Metellus Macedonicus.-Cimber, one of 

the cqnfpirators againft J. Ca?far. It was he 
who gave the fignal to attack and murder the 
dictator in the fenate houle.- -Pius, a ge¬ 
neral in Spain, againft Sertorius, on whofe 
head he let a price of 100 talents, and 20,000 
acres of land. He diftinguilhed himfelf alfo 
in the Marfian war and was high prieft. He 
obtained the name of Pius from the forrow he 
Ihovved during the baniihment of his father 
Metellus Numidicus , whom he cauled to be 
recalled. Paterc. 2, c. j.— Sallujl. Jug. 44. 

•-A conful who commanded in Africa, 

&C. Val. Max . — Plin. — Pint, — LIv .— Pa¬ 
terc. 2-— Flor. 3,c. S.—Pauf. 7, c. 8. Sc 13. 
— Cic. in Tufc. Sec. — Juv. 3, v. 138.— 
Appian. Cic. — Cajar. bell. Civ. — Sallujl. in 

J“g- 

Metharma, a daughter of Pygmalion, 
king of Cyprus, and mother of Adonis by 
Cinyras, Sec. — Apollod. 3, c. 14. 

MethTon, the father of Phorbas, &c. 
Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. 

Methodius, a bilhqp of Tyre, who main¬ 
tained a controverfy againft Porphyry. The 
bell edition is that of Paris, fol. 1657. 

Met hone, a town of Peloponnefus, where 
king Philip gained his firft battle over the 
Athenians, B. C. 360.-A town of Mace¬ 

donia, louth of Pella, in the liege of which, 
accoiding to Jvfiin. 7, c. 6, Philip lolt his 

right eye.-Another in Magnelia. ' Homer , 

11 . 2, v. 71. 

Methydrium, a town of Peloponnefus, 
near Megalopolis. Val: Place. 

Methymna, (now Porto Petero,) a town 
of the ifland of Lefbos, which receives its 
name from a daughter of Macareus. It is 
the l'econd city of the ifland in greatnefs, po¬ 
pulation, and opulence, and its territory is 
fruitful, and the wines it produces, excellent. 
It was the native place of Arion. When the 
whole ifland of Lefbos revolted from the power 
of the Athenians, Methymna alone remained 
firm -to its ancient allies. Diod. C.-^-Thucyd. 
3. — Herat. + • S*it* 8, V. JO .—Virg. G. 3, 
y. 90. 


Metiadusa 













ME 


ME 


MetiaIdusa, a daughter of Eupalamus, 
who married Cecrops, by whom Ihe had Pan- 
dion. Apollod. 3, c. 15. 

Metilia lex, was enabled A. U. C. 
536, to fettle the power of the dictator 
and of his mailer of hoxfe, within certain 
bounds. 

Metilii, a patrician family brought from 
Alba to Rome, by Tullus Hoftilius. Dionyf. 
Hal. 

Metilius, a man who accufed Fabius Max¬ 
imus, before the fenate, &c. 

Metigchus, a fon of Miltiades, who 
was taken by the Phoenicians, and given to 
Darius king of Perfia. He was tenderly 
treated by the monarch, though his father had 
conquered the Perfian armies in the plains of 

Marathon. Pint. — Hcrodot. 6, c. 41.-An 

Athenian entrulted with the care of the roads, 
Sc c. Plut. 

Metion, a fon of F.rechtheus, king of 
Athens and Praxithea. He married Alcippe, 
daughter of Mars and Agraulos. His tons 
drove Pandion from the throne of Athens, and 
were afterwards expelled by Pandion’s children. 
Apollod. 3, c. 1 S’ — P atl f- 2*c. 6. 

Metis, one of the Oceanides. She was 
Jupiter’s firft wife, celebrated for her great 
prudence and fagacity above the reft of the 
gods. Jupiter, who was afraid left (he Ihould 
bring forth into the world a child more cun¬ 
ning and greater than tymfelf, devoured her 
in the firft month of her pregnancy. Some 
time after this adventure the god had his head 
opened, from which iffued Minerva armed 
from head to foot. According to Apollodorus, 
X, c. 2, Metis gave a potion to Saturn, and 
obliged him to throw up the children whom he 
had devoured. Hefiod. J'heog. v. 890 .—Apollod. 
1, c. 3-— Hygin. 

Metiscus, a charioteer to Turnus. Vug . 
JEn. 12 , V. 469. 

Metius Curtius, one of the Sabines 
who fought agamft the Romans ori account of 

the ftolen virgins.-SufFetius, r. di&ator of 

Alba, in the reign of Tullus Hoftilius. He 
fought againft the Romans, and at laft, finally 
to fettle their difputes, he propofed a fingle 
combat between the Horatii and Curiatii. The 
Albans were conquered, and Metius promifed 
to aflift the Romans againft their enemies. 
In a battle againft the Veientes and Fidenates, 
Metius fhewed his infidelity by forfaking the 
Romans at the firft ©nfet, and retired to a 
neighbouring eminence, to wait for the.event of 
the battle, and to fall upon whatever fide prov¬ 
ed vi£torious. The Romans obtained the vic¬ 
tory, and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied 
between two chariots, which were drawn by 
four horfes two different ways, and his limbs 
were torn away from his body, about 669 years 
before the chriftian era. Liv. 1, c. 23, Sec . 

—~Flor. i f c. 3.— Vh-g. ,Mn. 8, v. 642.-- 

A critic. Fid. Tarpa.-Car us, a celebrat¬ 

ed informer under Domitian who enriched 


himfelf with, the plunder of thofe who were 
lacrificed to the emperor’s fufpicion. 

Metcecia, feftivals inftituted by Thefeut 
in commemoration of the people of Attica 
having removed to Athens. 

Meton, an aftrologer and mathematician 
of Athens. His father’s name was Paufanias. 
He refufed to go to Sicily with his country¬ 
men, and pretended to be infane, becaufe he 
forefaw the calamities that attended that ex¬ 
pedition. In a book called Enr.eadecaterideSf or 
the cycle'of 19 years, he endeavoured to ad- 
juft the courfe of the fun and of the moon, 
and fupported, that the folar and lunar years 
could regularly begin from the fame point in 
the heavens This is called by the moderns 
the golden numbers. He fiorilhed B. C. 43 ^* 

Vitruv. 1. — Plut. in Nicia. - A native of 

Tarentutn, who pretended to be intoxicated 
that he might draw the attention of his coun¬ 
trymen, when he wifticd to diffuade them 
from making an alliance with king Pyrrhus. 
Plut. in Pyrr. 

Metope, the wife of the river Sangarius. 
She was mother of Hecuba.-The daugh¬ 

ter of Ladon, who married the Afopus. ■— » 
A river of Arcadia. 

Metra, of a daughter of Erefichthon, a 
Theflalian prince, beloved by Neptune. When 
her father had fpent all his fortune to gratify 
the canine hunger under which he labored, 
Ihe proftituted herfelf to her neighbours, and 
received for reward oxen, goats, and fheep, 
which Ihe prefented to Erefichthon. Some 
fay that Ihe had received from Neptune the 
power of changing herfelf into whatever ani¬ 
mal fire pleated, and that her father fold her 1 
continually to gratify his hunger, and that Ihe 
inftantlv affirmed a different Ihape, and became 
again his property. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 21. 

Metragyrte, one of the names of Tel- 
lus or Cybele. 

Metrobius, a player greatly favored by 
Sylla. Plut. 

Metrocles, a pupil of Theophraftus, who 
had the care of the education of Cleombrotus* 
and Cleomenes. He fuffocated himlelf when 
old and infirm. Diog. 

Metrodorus, a phyfician of Chios, B. C. 
444. He was diiciple of Democritus, and 
had Hippocrates among his pupils. His com- 
pofitions on medicine, &c. are loft. He fup- 
ported that the world was eternal and infinite, 

and denied the exiftence of motion. Diog. -- 

A painter end philofopher of Stratonice, B. C. 
171. He was lent to Paulus Aimylins, who, 
after the conqueft of Perfeus, demanded of 
the Athenians a philofopher and a painter, the 
former to inftru£l his children, and the latter 
to make a painting of his triumphs. Metro¬ 
dorus was fent, as in him alone were united 
the philofopher and the painter. Plin. 35, c» 
II.— Cic. 5, de Finib. I. de Orat. 4. Acad .—> 

Diog. in Epic. -A friend of Mithridatef, 

fent as ambaflador to Tigranes, king of Ar¬ 
menia* 





Ml 


fnetiia. He was remarkable for his learning, 
moderation, humanity, and juftice. He was 
put to death, by his royal mafter, for his infide¬ 
lity, B. C. 72. Strab .— Pint -Another, 

of a very retentive memory. 

Metrophanes, an officer of Mithridates, 
who invaded Euboea,See. 

Metropolis, a rown of Phrygia on the 
Mseander.—;—Another of Theflaly near Phar- 
falia. 

Mettius, a chief of the Gauls, iraprifon- 
ed by J.Cselar. Caf Bell. G . 

Mettus. Vid. Metius. 

Metolum, a town of Liburnia, in he¬ 
dging of which Auguifus was wounded. Dio. 
49 ' 

Mevania, now Bevagna, a town of Um¬ 
bria, on the Clitumnus, the birth-place of the 
poet Propertius. Lucan. I, v. 473.— -Prapert. 
4 , el. I,v. 124. 

Mevius, a wretched poet. Vid. Maevius. 

Mezentius, a king of the Tyrrhenians 
when ./Eneas came into Italy. He was re¬ 
markable for his cruelties, and put his l'ubjedts 
to death by flow tortures, or fometimes tied a 
man to a dead corpfe face to face, andfuffered 
him to die in that condition. He was expelled 
by his fybjedts, and fled to Turnus, who em¬ 
ployed him in his war againftthe Trojans. He 
was killed by ./Eneas, with his ion Laufus. 
Dionyf. Hal. I,t. 15. — JuJlin. 43, C. I.— Liv. 
I,C. 2 . — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 648. 1 . 8, V. 4S2 ♦- 
Ovid. Fajl. 4, V. 88l. 

Micea, a virgin of Elis, daughter of Phi- 
lodemus, murdered by a l'oldier called Lucius, 
&c. Plut. de el. Mul. 

Micipsa, a king of Numidia, fon of Ma- 
finifla, who, at his death, B. C. 119, left his 
kingdom between his fons Adherbal and 
Hiempfal, and his nephew Jugurtha. Ju- 
gurtha abufed his uncle’s favors by murdering 
his two fons. Salluf. de Jug. — Flor . 3, c. 1. 
—Plut. in Gr. 

Micythus, a youth, through whom Di- 
omedon, by order of the Perfian king, made 
an attempt to bribe Epaminondas. C. Nep. 

in Epa. 4.-A Have of Anaxilaus,of JRJie-, 

gium. Herodot. 7,0.170. 

Midas, a king of Phrygia, fon of Gor¬ 
dius, or Gorgius. In the early part of his life, 
according to fome traditions, he found a large 
treal'ure, to which he owed his greatnefs and 
opulence. The hofpitality he Ihewed to Si- 
lenus the preceptor of Bacchus, who had 
been brought to him by fome peafants, was 
liberally rewarded; and Midas, when he con¬ 
ducted the old man back to the god, was per¬ 
mitted to chufe whatever recompence he pleaf- 
ed. He had the imprudence and the avarice 
to demand of the god that whatever he touch¬ 
ed might be turned into gold. His prayer was 
granted, but he was loon convinced of his in¬ 
judicious choice; and when the very meats 
Wiich he attempted to eat became gold In his 
mouth, he begged Bacchus to take away a 


MI 

prefent which mull prove fo fatal, to the xn* 
ceiver. He was ordered to walh himfelf in 
tjje river Padtolus, whole lands were turnedf 
into gold by the touch of Midas. Some time 
after this adventure Midas had the impru¬ 
dence to fupport that Pan was fuperior to 
Apollo in finging and playing upon the flute, 
for which ra(h opinion the offended god chang¬ 
ed his ears into thole of an afs, to Ihew hie ig¬ 
norance and ftupidity. This Midas attempted 
to conceal from the knowledge of his fubjedts, 
but one of his fervants law the length of Ids 
ears, and being unable to keep the fecret, and 
afraid to reveal it, apprehenfive of the king’s 
refentment, he opened a hole in the earth, 
and after he had whifpered there that Midas 
had the ears of an afs, he covered the place 
as before, as if he had buried his words in the 
ground. On that place, as the poets mention, 
grew a number of reeds, which, when agitated 
by the wind, uttered the fame found that had 
been buried beneath, and publifhed to the 
world that Midas had the ears of an afs. Some 
explain the fable of the ears of Midas, by the 
fuppofition that he kept a number of informers 
and fpies, who were continually employed in 
gathering every feditious word that might drop 
from the mouths of his fiibjedts. Midas, accord¬ 
ing to Strabo, died of drinking bull’s hot blood. 
This he did, as Plutarch mentions, to free 
himfelf from the numerous ill dreams which 
continually tormented him. Midas, accord¬ 
ing to l'ome, was fon of Cybele. He built a 
town, which he called Ancyrje. Ovid. Met. 
11, fab. 5.— Plut. de Sup^rjl. — Strab. I.— 
Hygin.fab. 191,274.— Max. Tyr. 30.— Pauf. 
I, c. 4. — Val. Max. I, C. 6.— Herodot. t , 
C. 14.— JElian. V. H. 4 Sc 12.— Cic. de Div. 
I, C. 36. I. 2, C. 31. 

Midea, a town of Argolis. Pauf. 6, c. 20 . 

-Of Lycia. Stat. 7 heb. 4,v. 45.—Of Bceo- 

tia, drowned by the inundations of the lake 

Copais. Strab. 8.-A nymph who had 

Afpledon by Neptune. Pauf. 9, c. 38.-* 

A miftrefs of Eledtryon. Apollod. 

Milanion, a youth who became ena¬ 
moured of Atalanta. He is fuppofed by fome 
to be the lame as Meleager or Hipporrianes. 

Ovid. Art . Am. 2, v. 188.- -A fon of Am- 

phidamas. 

Milesii, the inhabitants of Miletus. Vid. 
Miletus. 

Milesiorum MURus, a place of Egypt 
at the entrance of one of the mouths of the 
Nile. 

Milesius, a furname of Apollo.-A 

native of Miletus. 

Miletia, one of the daughters of See- 
dafus, ravifhed with her lifter by fome young 
Thebans. Plut. Ilf Pauf. 

MiLetium, a town of Calabria, built by 
the people of Miletus of AGa. --■■ A town of 
Crete. Homer. 11 . 2, v. 154. 

Miletus, a fon of Apollo, who fled from 
Crete to avoid the wrath of Minqs, whom he 
H h meditated 





MX 


MX 


meditated to, dethrone. He came to Caria, 
where he built a city which he called by his 
own name. Some fuppofe that he only con¬ 
quered a city there called Anaftoria, which 
allumed his name. They farther fay., that he 
put the inhabitants to the fword, and divided 
the women among his foldiers. Cyanea, a 
daughter of the Maeander,fell to his (hare. Strati. 
14. — Ovid.Met. 9, v. 446.— Pauf. 7, c. 2 .-— 

Apollod. 3 , c. I.—- A celebrated town of Afia 

Minor, the capital of all Ionia, fituate about ten 
itadia iouth of the mouth of the river Meander 
near thefeacoaft on the confines of loniaand Ca¬ 
ria. It was founded by a Cretan colony under 
Miletus, or, according to others, by Neleus, 
the fon of Codrus, or by Sarpedon, Jupiter’s 
foil. It has fucceltively been called Lelegcis , 
Pithyufa , and Anadloria. The inhabitants, 
called ' Mile Jit, were very powerful, and long 
maintained an ©bftinate war againft the kings 
of Lydia. They early applied themfelves to 
navigation, and planted no lefs than 80 colo¬ 
nies, or, according to Seneca, 380, in dif¬ 
ferent parts of the world. Miletus gave birth 
to Thales,'Anaximenes, Anaximander, He- 
c'ntaeus, Timotheus the mufician, Pittacus one 
of the feven wife men, &c. Miletus was alfo 
famous for a temple and an oracle of Apollo 
Hidymieus, and for its excellent wool, with 
which were made fluffs and garments, held in 
the higheft reputation, both for foftoefs, ele¬ 
gance, and beauty. The Words Mikja fa- 
lula , or Miljaca , were ufed to expreis wan¬ 
ton and ludicrous plays. Ovid. TriJ. 2 ,. 
V. 413I— Capitolin. in Alb. \\.~Virg. G. 3, 
V. 306. — Strab. 15.— Pauf. 7, C. 2 . — Mela , I, 
C. 17. — Plin. 5, c. 2<).— Hendot. 1, &c.— 
Senec. de Confol. ad Alb. 

. Mi lias, a part of Lycia. 

Miliciius, a freed man who difeovered 
Tifo’s coni piracy againft Nero. Tacit. 15, 
Ann. C. 54. 

Milinus, a Cretan king, &c. 

MilionIa, a town of the Samnites, taken 
by the Romans. 

Milo, a celebrated athlete of Crofona in 
Italy. His father’s name was Diotimus. He 
early accuftomed liimfelf to carry the greateft 
burdens, and by degree', became a monlter in 
ftrength. It is laid that he carried on his 
fhouHers a young bullock 4 years old, for 
above 40 yards, and afterwards killed it with 
one blow of his fill, and eat it up in one day. 
He was feven times crowned at the Pythian 
games, and fix at Olympia. He prefented 
liimfelf a feventh time, but no one had the 
courage or boldnefs to enter the lifts againft 
him. He was one of,the difciples of Pytha¬ 
goras, and to his uncommon ftrength the 
Jeamed preceptor and his pupils owed (heir 
fife. The pillar' which fupported the roof of 
the' fchool luddenly gave way, but Milo fup- 
^orted the \0iole .vvejgh^ of the building, and 
£ave the-philoiopher arid his auditors time to 
efcape In' his old a^^ ^VIilo attempted to pull 


up a tree by the roots and break it. He part¬ 
ly effected it, but his ftrength being gradually 
exhaufted, the tree when half cleft re-united, 
arid his hands remained pinched in the body ef 
the tree. He was then alone, and being un¬ 
able to difentangle himfelf, he was eaten up > ■ 
by the wild beads of the place, about 300 
years before the Chriftian era. Ovid. Metl 
15.— Cic. de Settedl. — Val. Max. 9, C. 12 . — 
Strab. 16.— Pauf. 6, c.Ti.——’T. Annius, a 
native of Lanuviurn, who attempted to obtain 
the confuKhip at Rome by intrigue and fedi- 
tious tumults. Clodius the tribune oppofed 
his views, yet Milo would have fucceeded had 
not an unfortunate event totally fruftrated his 
hopes. As he was geinginto the country, at¬ 
tended by his wife and a numerous retinue of 
gladiators and lervants, he met on the Appiau 
road his enemy Clodius, who was returning to 
Rome with three of his friends and fome domef- 
tics completely armed. A quarrel arofe between 
the lervants. Milo fupported his attendants, 
and the difpute became general. Clodius re¬ 
ceived many fevere wounds, and was obliged 
to retire to a neighbouring cottage. Milo pur- 
fued his enemy in his retreat, and ordered his 
. fervants to difpatch him. Eleven of the fer- 
vanfs of Clodius fliared his fate, as alfo the 
owner of the houfe who had given them re¬ 
ception. The body of the murdered tribune 
was carried to Rome, and expofed to public ... 
view. The enemies of Milo inveighed bitter¬ 
ly againft the violence and barbarity with 
which the facred perfon of a tribune had been 
treated. Cicero undertook the defence of 
Milo, but the continual clamors of the friends 
of Clodius, and the fight of an armed foldiery, 
which lufrounded the feat of judgment, lb 
terrified the orator, that he forgot the great- 
eft part of his arguments, and the defence 
he made was weak and injudicious. Milo^ 
was condemned and banilhed to Maflilia. Ci¬ 
cero foon after fent his exiled friend a copy 
of the oration which he had delivered in his 
defence, in the form in which we have it 
now; and Milo, after he had read it, ex¬ 
claimed, 0 Cicero, badf thou fpolen before my 
accufers in thofe terms , Milo "would not be now 
eating fgs at MarftWes. The friendship and 
cordiality of Cicero and Milo were the fruits 
of long intimacy and familiar intercourfe. 

Tt was by the fuccefsful labors of Milo that 
the orator was recalled from banilhment and 
reftored to his friends. Cic. pro Milan. — 
Pater c. 2, c. 47 Sc 68.-— Dio. 40. - A gene¬ 

ral of the forces of Pyrrhus. He was made 
governor of Tarentum, and that he might be . 
reminded of his duty to his lovereigfi, Pyrrhus 
fent him as a prefent a chain, which was co¬ 
vered with the Skin of Nicias the phyfician, 
who had perfidioufly offered the Romans to 
poifon his royal mafter for a fum of money. 

Poly an. 8, See. - A tyraiit of Pifo in Elis, 

thrown into the river Alpheus by his lubje&s 
for his op’prefiiun. Ovid, in lb, v. 3 25.' 

MilCxius, 






Mi 


MI 


i \ 

Milonius, a drunken buffoon at Rome, 
«ccuftomeci to dance'when intoxicated. Ho¬ 
rnt. 2, Sat. i, v. 24. 

Miltas, a foothfayeiv who affifted Dion 
- in explaining prodigies, &c. 

Miltiades, an Athenian, fen of Cyp- 
felos, who-obtained a victory in a chariot race 
at the Olympic games, and led a colony of his 
1 countrymen to the Cherlonefus. The caufes 
of this appointment are linking and fingular. 

• The Thracian Dolonci, haraffed by a long war 
with the Abfynthians, were directed by the 
oracle of Delphi to take for their king the lirll 
man they met in their return home, who in¬ 
vited them to come under h>s roof and partake 
of his entertainments. This was Miltiades, 
whom the appearance of the Dolonci, their 
•ftrange arms and garments, had ftruck. He 
invited them to his houfe, and was made ac¬ 
quainted with the commands of the oracle. 
He obeyed, and when the oracle of Delphi had 
approved a fecond time the choice of the Do¬ 
lonci, he departed for the Cherlonefus, and 
was inverted by the inhabitants with-fovereign; 
power. The fil'd meafure he took was to flop: 
the further incurfions of the Abfynthians, by 
building a ftrong wall acrofs the Ifthmus. 
When he had eftablilhed himfelf at home, and 
fortified his dominions againft foreign invafion, 
he turned his arms againft Lampfacus. His 
expedition was unfuccefsful; he was taken in 
an ambulcade and made prifoner. His friend 
Crcefus, king of Lydia, was informed of his 
captivity, and he procured his releafe by 
threatening the people of Lampfacus with his 
fevereft difpleafure. He lived a few years 
after be had recovered his liberty. As he had 
no ifliie, he left his kingdom and pcffeffiorss to 
Stefagoras the fon of Cimon, who tvas his bro¬ 
ther by the fame mother. The memory of 
Miltiades was greatly honored by the Dolonci, 
and they regularly celebrated feftivals and ex¬ 
hibited fhows in commemoration of a man to 
whom they owed their greatnefs and prefer- 
•vation. Some time after Stefagoras died with¬ 
out iffue, and Miltiades the fon of Cimon, 
and the brother of the decealed, was lent by 
the Athenians with one fhip to take poffeflion 
of the Cherlonefus. At his arrival Miltiades 
appeared mournful, as if lamenting the re¬ 
cent death of his brother. The principal in¬ 
habitants of the country vifited the new go¬ 
vernor to condole with him; hut their con- 
fdencejin his fincerity proved fatal to them. Mil¬ 
tiades feized their ,perfons> and made himfelf 
abfolute in Cherlonefus; and to ftrengihen 
himfelf he married Hegefipyla, the daughter 
of Olorus the king of the Thracians. Mis 
profperity however was of lhort duration. In 
■the third vear of his‘government his dominions 
were threatened by an invafion of the Scythian 
Nomades, whom Darius had lotne time be¬ 
fore irritated by entering their country. He 
fed before them, - but is their hoftilitivs were 
but momentary, he was Toon reitoied to his 


kingdom. Three years after he left Cherfo- 
•nelus and fet fail for Athens, where he Was 
received with great applaufe. He was prelent 
at the celebrated battle of Marathon, in whith 
all the chief officers ceded their power to him, 
and left the event of the battle to depend upon 
his luperior abilities. He obtained an impor¬ 
tant victory [Fid. Marathon] over the more 
numerous forces of his adverlaries; and when 
he had demanded of his fellow-citizens an ofitfe 
crown as the reward of his valor in the field 
of battle, he was not only refufed, but fevere- 
Iy reprimanded for prefumption. 'The only- 
reward, therefore, that he received for a vic¬ 
tory which proved fo beneficial to the interefts 
of univerfal Greece, was in itfelf fimple and 
inconfiderable, though tfuly great in the opi¬ 
nion of that age. He was reprefented i n the 
front of a picture among the reft of the com¬ 
manders who fought at the battle of MaratJion, 
and he feemed to exhort and animate his fol- 
diers to fight with courage and intrepidity. 
Some time after Miltiades was entrufted with 
a fleet of 70 (hips, and ordered to punilh thofe 
iflands which had revolted to the Perfians. He 
was. fuccefsful at firft, but a fudden report that 
the Perfian fleet wis coming to attack him, 
changed his operations as he Was befieging Pa¬ 
ros. He railed the liege and returned to Athens, 
where he was acculed of trealoti, and particu¬ 
larly of holding correfpondence with the ene¬ 
my. The falfity of thefe acculations might 
have appeared, if Miltiades had been able to 
come into the aftembly. A wound which he 
had received before Paros detained him at 
home, and his enemies, taking advantage of 
his abfence, became more eager in their accu- 
fations and louder in their clamors. He was 
condemned to death, but the rigor of the 
fentence was retracted on the recollection of 
his great fervices to the Athenians, and he 
was put into prifon till he had paid a fine 
of 50 .talents to the ftaje. His inability to 
difeharge fo great a fum detained him in con¬ 
finement, and loon after his wounds became 
incurable, and he died about 489 years before 
the Chriftian era. His body was ranfomed by 
his fon Cimon, who was obliged to borrow 
and pay the 50 talents, to give his father a 
decent burial. Tire crimes of Miltiades were 
probably aggravated in the eyes bf his coun¬ 
trymen, when they remembered how he made 
himfelf abfolute in Chsrfonefus; and iii con¬ 
demning the barbarity of the Athenians to¬ 
wards a genera!, wJjoAvas the fource of their 
military profperity, we mull remember the 
jealoufy which ever among a free and 

independent people, and hbw watchful they 
are in defence of the natural lights which they 
fee'wrefted from others by violence and dp- 
preffion. Cornelius Nepos has written the 
life of Miltiades the Ton of Cimon, but his 
hiftory is incongruous and not authentic; and 
the author, by confounding the actions of the 
fon of Cimon, with thofe of the fon of Ctp- 
Hh j felus, 




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feluS, has made the whole dark and unintelli- 
7 gible. Greater reliance in reading the a&ions, 
of both the Miltiades is to be placed on the 
narration of Herodotus, whofe veracity 
confirmed, and who was indifputably more in¬ 
formed. and more capable of giving an account 
of the life and exploits of men who florjfhed 
in his age, and of which he could lee the 
living monuments. Herodotuswas born about 
fix years after the famous battle of Marathon, 

, aiicf C. Nepos, as a writer of the Augultan 
age, florilhed about 450 years after the age of 
the father of hiltory. C. Ncf>. in vita. — He- 
rodot. 4, c. 137. 1 . 6 , C. 34, &C. — Plut. in 
Cim. — Val. Max. 5, C. 3.— JuJiin. 2.— Pauf 
— An archon of Athens. 

Milto, a favorite miltrefs of Cyrus the 
younger. [Fid. Al'pafia.] 

Milvius, a par-afite at Rome, &c, Horot. 

st, Sat. 7.-A bridge at Rome over the 

T?ber, now called Pont de Malle. Cic. ad 
Att. 13, ep. 33.— Sail. Cat . 45.— Tacit. A. 13, 
C. 47. 

Milyas, a country of Afia.Minor-, better 
.known by the name of Lycia. Its inhabi¬ 
tants, called Milyades , and afterwards 
Solymi, were of the numerous nations which 
formed the army of Xerxes in his invafion 
of Greece. Hcrodot. — Cic. — Ferr. i,c. 38. 

MiMali-ones the Bacchanals, who, 
when they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, 
put horns on their heads. They are alfo 
•died Mimallonides, and fome derive their 
name from the mountain Mimas. Per/, t, 
V. 99.— Ovid. A. A. V. 541.— Stat. Tbcb. 4, 
y. 660. 

Mimas, a giant whom Jupiter deftroyed 

ivith thunder. Horat. 3, od. 4.-A high 

mountain of Afia Minor, near Colophon. 

Ovid. Mft. 2, fab. 5.-A Trojan, ion of 

Theano and Amvcus, born on the fame night 
as Paris, with whom he lived in great inti¬ 
macy. He followed the fortune of JKneas, 
and was killed by Mezentius. Virg. JEr.. 10, 
v. 702. 

Mimnf.rmus, a Greek poet and mufician 
of Colophon in the age of Solon. He chiefly 
excelled in elegiac poetry, whence fome have 
attributed the invention of it to him, and, 
indeed, he was the poet who made elegy an 
amorous poem, inltead of a mournful and 
melancholy tale. In the expreflion of love, 
Propertius prefers him to Homer, as this verl'e 
ihews: 

JPIus in atftore valet JVtimnermi v erf us Hmero. 

In his old age Mimnermus became ena¬ 
moured of a young girl called Nanno. Some 
few fragments of his poetry remain collected 
jbv Stok-cus. He is fuppofed' by fome to be 
the inventor of the pentameter verfe, which 
others however attribute to Callinus or Archi¬ 
lochus. The furname of Ligujliades, Xiyug 
i'/brit! voiced), has been applied to him, though 
Some imagine the yrord to be the name of his 


father. Strnl. 1 & 14— Pduf. 9, c. 29.— 

Diog. I.— Propert. I, el. 9, v. 11^— Horat. I, 

ep. 6, v. 63. . ' ' 

Mincius, now Mincio, a river of Vene- 
tia, flowing from the lake Benacus, and fall- | 
ing into the Po. Virgil was born on its banks. , 

Firg. Eel. 7, v. 13. G. 3, V. 15. JEn- I®, 

V. 2C6. , 

Mindarus, a commander of the Spartan . | 
fleet during the Peloponnefian war. He was 
defeated by the Athenians, and died 410 B. C. , 
Plut. 

MInhides, the daughters of Minyas cr 
Mineus, king of Orchomenos in Bocotia. 
They were three in number, Leuconoe, Leu- 
cippe, and Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two firlt 
Clymene and Iris. They derided the orgies 
of Bacchus, for which impiety the god in- 
lpired them with an unconquerable defire of 
eating human fiefh. They drew lots which of 
them (hould give up her fon as food to the reft. 
The lot fell upon Leucippe, and (he gave up her 
fon Hippafus, who was inftantly devoured by the 
three fifters. They were changed into bats. In 
coramem oration of this bloody crime,it was ufual 
among the Orchomenians for the high prielty 
as loon as the facrifice was fmifhed, to purfue, 
with a drawn fvvord, all the women who had 
entered the temple, and even to kill the firft: 
he came up to. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 12.— 
Pint. Qua/. Gr. 38. 

Minerva, the goddefs of wifdom, war, 
and all the liberal arts, was produced from 
Jupiter’s brain without a mother. The god, 
as it is reported, married Metis, whole fupe- 
rior prudence and fagacity above the reft of 
the gods, made him apprehend that the chil¬ 
dren of fuch an union would be of a more 
exalted nature, and more intelligent than their 
father. To prevent this, Jupiter devoured 
Metis in her pregnancy, and lome time after, 

10 relieve the pains which he luffered in 
his head, he ordered Vulcan to cleave it open. 
Minerva came all armed and grown up from , 
her father’s brain, and immediately was ad¬ 
mitted into the aftembly of the gods, and 
made one of the molt faithful counfellors of 
her father. The power of Minerva was great 
in heaven; fhe could hurl the thunders of 
Jupiter, prolong the life of men, bellow the 
gift of prophecy, and, indeed, lhe was the 
only one of all the divinities whofe authority 
and conlequence were equal to thofe of Ju¬ 
piter. ^he actions of Minerva are nume¬ 
rous, as well as the kindnefies by which lhe 
endeared herlelf to mankind. Her quarrel 
with Neptune concerning the right of giving 
a name to the capital of Cecropia, deferves 
attention. The aftembly of the gods fettled 
the difpute by promifing the preference to 
i whichever of the two gave the molt ufefnt 
and necefiary prefent to the inhabitants of 
the earth. Neptune,, upon this, (truck the 
ground with his trident, and immediately a 
liorfe ifiued from the earth. Minerva pro¬ 
duced 










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Sliced the olive, and obtained the vi&ory by 
the unanimous voice of the gods, who ob¬ 
served that the olive, as the emblem of peace, 
is far preferable to the horfe, the fymbol of 
svar and bloodllied. The victorious deity 
called the capita! Athena, and became the tu¬ 
telar goddefs of the place. Minerva was hi* 
ways very jealous qf her power, and'the 
manner in which ihe )n.inifhed the preibmption 
of Araclme is well known. | Vid. Ar.iohne.] 
T he attempts ot Vulcan to offer her violence, 
are ftrong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had 
lwoin by the Styx to give to Vulcan, who 
made him a complete luit of armour, what¬ 
ever he defired. Vulcan demanded Minerva, 
and the father of the gods, who had permitted 
Minerva to live in perpetual celibacy, con¬ 
futed, but privately advifed his daughter to 
make all the refinance ihe could to fruitrate 
the attempts of her lover. The prayers and 
the force of Vulcan proved ineffectual, and 
her chaility was not violated, though the god 
left on her body the marks of his paflioiy, 
and, from the impurity which proceeded from 
this Ruffle, and which Minerva threw down 
upon the earth wrapped up in wool, was born 
Erichthon, an uncommon monfter. [ Vid. 
Erichthonius] Minerva was the firft who 
built a (hip, and'it was her zeal'for navigation, 
and her care for the Argonauts, which placed 
the prophetic-tree of Goduna behind the fhip 
Argo, when going to Colchis. She was 
known among the ancients by many names. 
She was called Athena, Pallas ‘,{Vid. Pallas.]‘ 
Parthenos, from her remaining in perpetual- 
celibacy ; Triton ia, becaufe worfhipped near 
the lake Tritonis; Glaucopis, from the blue- 
neis of her eyes; A'gorea, from her prefiding 
over markets; Hippia, becaufe llie firit taught 
mankind how to manage the horle; Stratea 
and Area, from her martial charaffer; Cory- 
phagenes, becaufe born from Jupiter’s brain: 
Sais, becaufe worfhipped it Sais, &c. Some 
attributed to her the invention of the flute, 
whence fhe was furnamed Andon, Lulcinia, 
Mufica, Salpiga, &c. She, as it is reported, 
once amufed herfelf in playing upon her fa¬ 
vorite flute before Juno and Venus, but the 
goddefles ridiculed the diftortion of her face 
in blowing the inftrumcnt. Minerva, con¬ 
vinced of the jultnefs of their remarks by 
looking at herfelf in a fountain near mount 
Ifla, threw away the mufical inftrument, and 
denounced a melancholy death to him who 
found it. Marfyas was the miierable proof 
of the veracity of her expreflions. The wor- 
fhip of Minerva was univerfally eftablifhed; 
fhe had magnificent temples in Egypt, Phoe¬ 
nicia, all parts of Greece, Italy, Gaul, and 
Sicily. Sais, Rhodes, and Athens, particularly 
claimed her attention, and it is even laid, that 
Jupiter rained a (hewer of gold upon the ifland 
of Rhodes, which had paid lb much venera¬ 
tion and fuch an early reverence to the divi¬ 
nity of his daughter. The feitiyali celebrated 


in her honor were folemn and magnificent. 
\V'uh Panathencea.] She was invoked by 
every artilt, and particularly luch as worked- 
in wool, embroidery, painting, and fculpture. 
ft was the duty of almolt every member of 
lociety to implore the alliihmce and patron¬ 
age of. a dvity who prefided over fen lie, tafte 4 
and realon. Hence the poets hay? h^id opc?- 
fion to lay, ’ 

Tu nihil invito. Piles faciejve Minerva, 
and, , 

QuS bene placidt it PaVada,de£dus erit. 

Minerva was represented in different ways 
according to the different characters in which 
(lie appeared. She generally appeared with 
a countenance full more of mafeuline firmr 
neis and cpmpofore, than of loftnefs and 
grace. Moll, ulually (lie was reprefented with 
a helmet on her head, with a large piunie 
nodding in the air. In one hand ftie neld 
a fpear, and in the other a Ihield, with the 
dying head of Medufa upon it. ■ SqnVQtimes . 
this Gorgon’s head was on her broaft-plate, 
with living ferpents writhing round it, as well 
as round her Ihield, and helmet.. Immoft of 
her ftatues Ihe is reprefented as fitting, and 
fometimes fhe holds, in one hand, a diltaff] 
inltead of a fpear. When fhe appeared as 
the goddefs. of the liberal arts fhe was arrayed 
in a variegated veil, which the ancients called . 
ptplum. Sometimes JVImerva’s helmet was 
covered at the top with the figure of a cock, 
a bird which, on account of his great courage, * 
is properly lacred to the goddefs of war. Some 
of her ffatues reprefented her helmet with a 
1’phinx in the middle, fupported on either fide, 
by griffins. In feme medals, a chariot: drawn 
by four Ivories, or fometimes a dragon or 
a lerpent, with winding fpires, appear at the 
top of her helmet. She was partial to the 
olive-tree; the owl and the cock were her 
favorite birds, and the dragon among, reptiles 
was lacred to her. The fund ions, offices, and 
actions, of Minerva, leem lb numerous, that 
they undoubtedly originate in more than one 
perfon. Cicero ipeaks of five perfons of this 
name; a Minerva, mother of Apollo; a 
daughter of the Nile, who was worfhipped at 
Sais, in Egypt; a third, born from Jupiter's 
brain ; a fourth, daughter of Jupiter and Co* 
rypbe ; and a fifth, daughter of Pallas, gene¬ 
rally reprefented with winged fiioes, This 
laft put her father to death bepaufe he at-> 
tempted her virtue. Pouf, i, a, 3, «kc.— 
Herat. I, Oil. 16. 1 . 3 , °d. 4.— Virg. JEn 2, 
&C. — Strab. 6, 9 , & 13.— PLdloJi. Icon. 2.-— 
Ovid. Fajl. 3, &C. Met. 6. — Cic. de Nat. D. I, 
C. 1 5. 1 . 3, C. 23 , &C.r —Apollod. I,&c.— Pin- 
dor. Olymp. 7.— -Lucan, 9, v. 354.—- Sophocl. 
CEdip.—tlomcr. 11 . &c, OJ. Hymn, ad Poll - 
Diod. 5.— Ilrftod. Theog.- — JEfchyl. in Bum, 
— Lucian. IXial.—r^Clcm. Alex, titrem. 
Orpheus. Hymn. 31,— Q. Swyrrt, v. 44#, 




MI 


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'-—Apollon* 'I.— Hygin,- fab. l6%.-^-Strtt. Theb . 
3 , v. 721 . 1. 7 , &C.— Gftllim. in Cerer — 
JEHamV. H. 12 . — C. Nep.in Pauf. — Plut. in 
Z*yi. See. — Tbucyd . I.— Herodot. J. 

Min-ervte CastRom, a town of Cala¬ 
bria, now Cafbc. —Prornontorium, a cape 
at the molt fouthern extremity of Cam¬ 
pania. 

Minerva’L l a, feftivals at Rome in honor 
of Miner.ya, celebrated in the months of 
March and June. During the folemnVty (cho- 
lars obtained fome relaxation from their ftu- 
dious purfqits, and the piefent, which it was 
ufual for them to offer to their mailers, was 1 
called Minerval , in honor of the goddels Mi¬ 
nerva, who patronized over literature. Varro 
dt R. R. 3, C. 2 *— Ovid . Pnijf. 3 ,v. 809.— 
Liv. 9, c. 30. 

Minio, now Migtione, a river of Etruria, 
falling into the Tyrrhene fea. Virg. JEn.. 10, 
v. 183.——One of the favorites of Antioch us, 
king of-Syria. • 

Minniei, a people of Arabia, on the Red 
Sea. Flirt: 12, c. 14. 

Minoa, a town of Sicily, built by Minos, 
when he was pmluiug Daedalus, and called 
alfo Heraclea .——A toivn* of Peloponnefus. 

--A tovvh of Crete, 

Min 01 s belonging to Minos. Crete- is 
called Minora regna,' as being the legiflator’s 
kingdom. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 14.-A patro¬ 

nymic of Ariadne. Ovid. -Mdt.- Si V.-157. 

Minos, a king of Crete, (on of Jupiter 
and Eurofia, who gave laws to his iubjedts 
B. C. I406, which ftill remained in full force 
5 n the age of the philofopher Plato. His 
juftice and moderation procured him the ap¬ 
pellation of the-favorite of the gods, the con¬ 
fident of Jupiter, the wife legifiatbr, in every 
city of Greece; and, according- to the poets, 
he was rewarded for his equity^ after death, 
with the office of fupreme and a'bfdlute judge 
in the infernal regions. In this capacity, he 
is reprefented fitting in the middle of the 
Shades, and holding a feept-re in his hand. 
The dead plead their different caufes before 
him ? and the impartial judge (bakes the fatal 
urn, which is filled with the deftinies of man¬ 
kind. He married Ithona, by whom he had 
Dycaftes, who was the father of Mitfos £' 4 l 
Motner. Cd. 19, v. 17%.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 432, 
—Apollod. c. fab. ^xA^iDkd. 4. 

—Horat. 1, od. 28.--The 2d. -vtas a fori'Of 

I, yea ft es, the fon of Minos ft and- king of 
Crete.’ He married-Pafiphae;--this daughter 
of Sol and Ferfeis, and by'her he had many 
children. He increased his paternal dominions 
by-the conqneft of the neighbouring -iflands, 
but be (hewed, himleif cruel in the ivar which 
he carried oh againft, the Athenians, .who had 
put to death his fon Androgeus. [Vid. An¬ 
drogens.] He took Megara by the treachery 
of Scylb, [Vid. Scylla.} and, not fatisfied 
with a victory, he obliged the vanqnKhed to 
bring him 'yearly to Ciete (even choien bays, 


and the fame number of virgins; to be de¬ 
voured by the Minotaur. [ Vid. Minotaurus. j' 
r rhis bloody tribute was at laft abolifhed 
when Thefeus had deftroyed the monfter. 

[ Vid. Thefeus.] When Didalus, whole in-' 
duftry and invention had fabricated the laby¬ 
rinth", and whol'e imprudence, in " afltfting 
Pafiphae- in the gratification’of her unnatural 
defires, had offended Minos, fled from the 
place of his confinement with wings, [Vid* 
Dadalus,] and arrived fafe in Sicily; the in- 
cenfed monarch purlued the offender, refolved 
to punifh his infidelity. Cocalus, kmg of 
Sicily, who had hofpitably received Daedalus,’ 
entertained his royal gueft with diffembled ’ 
friendfhip; and that he might-not deliver to ■ 
him a man whofe ingenuity and abilities he 
fo well knew, he put-Minos to death. Some 
fay that it was the daughters of Cocalus who * 
put the king of Crete to-death, by detaining 
him fo long in a hath till he fainted,' after 
which they iuffocated him. Minos died about 
35 years before the Trojin War. He was’ 
father of"Androgeus, Glaucus, and Deuca¬ 
lion, and two daughters, Phxdra and Ariadne. 
Many authors have confounded the tw© nio- 
narchs of this name, the grandfather and the 
grandfon, but Honrier, Plutarch, and Diodb- 
rus prove plainly that they were two different 
perfons. Pat'/, in Ach. 4 .— Plut. in Thcf .-— 
Hfygin. fab. 41 .- —- Ovid■ Met. 8, v. 141 .- — Diod. 
4.— Virg* JEn . 6, V. 21 .- — Plut. in Min. — 
At hen .— Place. 14 . 

Minotaurus, a celebrated monfter, half 
a man and half a bull, according to this verfe 
of Ovid, A. A. 2, v. 24. , 

Semihovemque virurii , femivirumque lovem. 

It was the fruit of Pafiphae’s amour with z 
bull. Minos refufed to facrifiee a white bull 
to Neptune, an animal which he had received 
from the god for that purpole. This offended 
Neptune, and he made Pafiphae, the wife of 
Minos, enamoured of this fine bull, which 
had been refufed to his altars. Daedalus pro- 
ftituted his talents in being fubfervient to the 
queen’s unnatural defiresi, and, by his means, 
PaliphaC’s horrible paflidns were gratified, 
and the Minotaur cavnd into the world. 
Mihos confined in the labyrinth a mOnftec 
Pvhich convinced the tvofld of his wife’s laf- 
civldufftefs and indecency* and reflefled dif- 
jgraee upon his family. The Minotaur ufu- 
ally devoured the chofen young men and 
maidens, whom the tyranny of Minos yearly 
exited from the Athenians. Thefeus deli¬ 
vered his country from this lhameful tribute, 
when it had fallen to his lot to be facrificed 
ltd the voracity of the Minotaur, and, by 
means of Ariadne, the king ? s daughter, he 
deftroyed the monfter, and made his efcape 
from the windings of the labyrinth. The 
fabulous traditions of the' Minotaur, and' oft 
the infamous commerce of -Pafiphae with a 
. favoritg bull have been efteri explained. Some- 

fuppofe 











Ml 


fuppofe that Pafiphae was enamoured of one 
of her hufbaod’s courtiers, called Taurus, 
and that Diedalus favored the paffions of the 
queen by iuffering his houfe to. become the 
retreat of die two lovers. Pafiphae, fome time 
after, brought twins into the world, one of 
whom greatly refembled Minos, and the other 
Taurus. In the natural refemblance of their, 
countenance with that of their luppqfed fathers 
originated their name, and consequently the 
fable of the Minotaur. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 2. 
— Hygi*. fab. 4 O.—Plut. in The/. — PaUphnt. 
— Virg. 6, v. 2d, 

Minthe, a daughter of Cocytus, loved by 
Pluto. Prolerpine difcovered her hulbajid’s 
amour, and changed his miftrels into an herb, 
called by the tame name, mint. Ovid\ Met., 
IO, v.729. 

MiNTURNiE, a town qf Campania, be¬ 
tween Sinueifa and Formiae. It was in the 
marthes, in its neighbourhood, that Marius, 
concealed himfelf in the mud, to avoid the 
partizans of Sylla. The people condemned 
him to death, but when his voice alone had 
terrified the executioner, they fhowed them- 
felves compatfionate, and favored his efcape. 
Marica was jworthipped there, hence Marisa 
ngna applied to the place. Strab. 2.^-Mela, 
2 , C. 4.— Liv. 8, c. IO. 1 . 10, C. 2 I.,j. 27, 
C. 38. — Paterc. 2, c. 1 4. — Lucan. 2, v. 424. 

Minutia, a veftal virgin, accufed of de¬ 
bauchery on account of the beauty and ele¬ 
gance of her drefs. She was condemned to 
be buried alive becaufe a female fupported the 
falfe accufation, A. U. C.418. Liv. 8, c. 15. 

-A public way from Rome to Brundufium. 

[rid. Via.] 

Minutius, Augurinus, a Roman conful 

(lain in a battle againft the Samnites.-A 

tribune of the people who put Maftius to 
death when he afpired to the fovereignty of 
Rome. He was honored with a brazen ftatue 
for caufing the corn to l»e fold at a reduced 
price to the people. Liv. 4, c. 16.— P/in. 18, 

c. 3-Rufus, a mailer of horle to the die* 

tator Fabius Maximus. His difobedience to 
the commands of the di&ator, was productive 
of an extenfion of his prerogative, and the 
mafter of the horfe was declared equal in 
power to the dictator. Minutius, loon after 
t his, fought with ill luccefs againft Annibal, 
and was faved by the interference of Fabius ; 
which circumftance had fUch an efifebl upon 
him tliat he laid down his power at the feet 
pf his deliverer, and fwore that he would 
never a& again but by his directions. He 
was killed at the battle of Canme. Liv. — 

C. Nep. in Ann. - A Roman conful who 

defended Coriolanus from the intuits of the 

people,, See. -Another, defeated by the 

Aiqui, and difgraced hy the di&ator Cincin- 

natus .■>-A» officer under Caefar, in Gaul, 

who afterwards became one of the confpirators 

againft his patron. Caf. B. G. 6, c. 29.- 

A tribune who warmly oppoled the views of 


MI 

C. Gracchus.-——A Roman, chofen di&afor l; 
and obliged to lay down his o‘ffice, becaufe,. 
during the time of his election, the fudden 

cry of a rat was heard.--A Roman, one of 

the firft who were chofen quteftors.-Felix, 

an African lawyer, who fiorilhed 207 A. D. 
He has written an elegant dialogue in defence 
of the Chriftian religion,called Oftavius, from 
the principal lpeaker in it. This book was 
long attributed to Arnobius, and even printed 
as an 8th book ( Oftavus ) till Balduinus dil- 
covered the imposition in his edition of Felix, 
1560. The two laft editions are that of Da¬ 
vies, 8vo. Cantab. 1712 ; and of Gronovius, 
8vo. L. Bat. 1709. 

Miny:e, a name given to the inhabitants 
of Orchomenos, in Bceotia, from Minyas, 
king of the country. Orchomenos, the fon 
of Minyas, gave his name to the capital of 
the country, and the inhabitants ftill retained 
their original appellation in contradiftijailion 
to the Orchomenians of Arcadia^ A colony 
of Orchomenians pafled into ThefTaly and 
fettled in Iolchos; from which circumftance 
the people of the place and particularly the 
Argonauts, wefe called Miny*. This name 
they received, according to the opinion of 
l'ome, not becaufe a number of Orchomenians 
had fettled among them, but becaufe the chief 
and nobleft of them were defeended from the 
daughters of Minyas. Part of the Orcho¬ 
menians accompanied the fons of Codrus when 
they migrated to Ionia. The descendants of 
the Argonauts, as well as the Argonauts them'* 
felves, received the name of Minyae. They 
firft inhabited Lemnos, where they had been 
born from the Lemnian women who had mur¬ 
dered their hufbands. They were driven 
from Lemnos by the Pelalgi about 1160 years 
before the Chriftian era, and came to fettle in 
Laconia, from whence they pafled into Callifte 
with a colony of Lacedemonians. Plygin. 
fab. 14. — Pauf. 9, C. 6.— •Apollon. I, Arg • 
Herodot. 4, C. I4J. 

Minyas, a king of Bocotia, fon of Nep¬ 
tune and Tritogenia, the daughter of iEolus. 
Some make him the fon of Neptune and Cal- 
lirrhoe, or of Chryfes, Neptune’s fon, and 
Chryfogenia, the daughter of Haimus. He 
married Clvtodora, by whom he had Pretbon, 
Periclymenus, and Eteoclymenus. He was 
father of Orchomenos, Diochithondes, and 
Athamas, by a fecond marriage with Phana- 
fora, the daughter of Paon. According to 
Plutarch and Ovid, he had three daughters, 
called Leuconoe, Alcithoe, and Leucippe. 
They were changed into bats. [Fid. Mine- 
ides.] Pauf. 9, c. 36.— ~Plut. Quajl. Graf. 
38.— Ovid. Met. 4,v. 1 & 468. 

Minvcus, a river of Theflaly, falling into 
the lea near Arene, called afterwards Orcho- 
menus. Homer. II. ll.— Strab. 8. 

Minyeides. [V'td. Mineides.] 

Minyia, A feftival obfarved at Orcho- 
nienos in honor of Minyas, the king of the 
H h 4 place 







MI 


MI 


place. The Orchomenians were called Mi- 
nyae, and the river upon whofe banks their 
town was built Mynos.- ■ — A fmall ifland 
near Patinos. 

Minvtus, one of Niobe’s Tons. Abollod. 

Mi races, an eunuch of Parthia, &c. 
Flacc. 6, v. 690. 

MiSenum or Misenus. \Vid. Mifenus.] 

Misenus, a fon of JEolus, who was piper 
to He&or. After Heftor’s death lie followed 
JEneas to Italy, and was drowned on the coaft 
of Campania, becaufe he had challenged one 
of the Tritons. iEneas afterwards found 
his body on the fea-fhore, and buried it on 
a promontory which bears his name, now 
JVLifmo. There was alio a town of the lame 
name on the promontory, at the weft of the 
bay of Naples, and it had alio a capacious 
harbour, where Auguftus and fome of„the 
Roman emperors generally kept ftationed 
one of their fleets. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 239. 
J. 6 ,v. 164 & 234.— Strab. 5. — Mela , 2, c. 4. 
— Liv. 24, Ci 13.— Tacit. H. 2, C, 9. An. 15, 
C. 51. 

Misitheus, a Roman, celebrated for his 
virtues and his misfortunes. He was father- 
jn-law to the emperor Gordian, whole coun- 
fels and actions he guided by his prudence 
and moderation. He was facrificed to the 
ambition of Philip, a wicked lenator, who 
fucceeded him as pnefe.qt of the pnetoiiaii 
.guards. He died A. D. 243, and left all his 
polleflions to be appropriated for the good of 
the public. 

Mithras, a god of Perfia, fuppofed to 
be the fun, or according to others Vemrs 
Urania. His worfhip was introduced at 
Rome, and the Romans railed him altars, 
on which was this inlciiption, Deo Soli 
Mitbra , or Soli Deo inviilo Mithra. He 
is generally represented as a ybung man, 
whole head is covered with a turban, after 
the manner of the Perfians. He fupports 
his knee upon a bull that lies on the ground, 
and one of whofe horns he holds in one 
hand, while with the other he plunges a 
dagger into his neck. Stat. Theb. 1. v. 
720 .-—Curt. 4, C. l^.—Claudian. de Laud. 

Stii. 1. 

Mith&acenses, a Perfian, who fled to 
Alexander after .die murder of Darius by 
JJeffus. Curt. 5. 

MithrapAtes, a heriman of Aftyages, 
ordered to put young Cyrus to death. He 
yefufed, and educated him at home as his own 
;fon, &c Herodot. — 'JuJlin. 

MiTiiRENES.a Perfian who betrayed Sar¬ 
des, Sec; Curt. 3. 

MiTHnipApES ift, was the third king of 
pontus; He was tributary to the crown of 
perfia, and his Attempts to make himfelf in¬ 
dependent proved fruitlefs. He was con¬ 
quered ;n 4 battle, and obtained peace with 
jdifticulty. Xenophon calls him merely a 
jpvernoj: Qf Cappadocia. lie was fticcee’ded 


by Ariobarr.anes, B. C. 363*" Liod < — Xenoph. 

-The lecond of that name, king of Pop- 

tus, was grandfon to Mithridates I. He made 
himfelf mafter of Pontus, which had been 
conquered by Alexander, and had been ceded 
to Antigonus at the general divifion of the 
Macedonian empire among the conqueror’s 
generds. He reigned about 26 years, and 
died at the advanced age of 84 years, B. C. 
302. He was fucceeded by his fon Mithri¬ 
dates Ilf. Some fay that Antigonus put him 
to death, becaule he favored the caufe of Caf- 

fander. Appian. Mitb. — Diod. -I he III. 

was fon of the preceding monarch. He en¬ 
larged his paternal poflelfions by the conqueft 
of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, and died after 

a reign of 36 years. Flor. -The IV. luc- 

ceeded his father Ariobarzanes, who was the 

fon of Mithridates III.-The V. fucceeded 

his father Mithridates IV. and ftrengthened 
himfelf on his throne by an alliance with 
Antiochus the Great, whofe daughter Laodice 
he married. He was fucceeded by his fon 

Pharnaces.-The VI. fucceeded his father 

Pliarnaces. He was the lirft of the kings ef 
Pontus who made alliance with the Romans. 
He furnilhed them with a fleet in the third 
Punic war, and affilled them againft Arifto- 
nicus, who had laid claim to the kingdom of 
Pergamus. This fidelity was rewarded ; he 
was called Evergetes, and received from the 
Roman people the province of Phrygia Major, 
and was called the friend and ally of Rome. 
He was murdered B. C- 123. Appian. Mitbr. 

— Juft’* 1 ' 37> & c *'-The VII. furnamed Eu- 

pator, and The Great , fucceeded his father 
Mithridates VI. though only at the^age of 11 
years. The beginning of his reign was 
marked by ambition, cruelty, and artifice. 
He murdered his own mother, who had been 
left by his father coheirels of the kingdom, 
and he fortified his conftitution by diinking 
antidotes againft the poifon with which his ene¬ 
mies at court attempted to destroy him. He 
early inured his body to hardfhip, and em¬ 
ployed himfelf in many manly exercifes, often 
remaining whole months in the country, and 
making the frozen inow and the earth the 
place of his repoie. Naturally ambitious and 
cruel, he fpared no pains to acquire himfelf 
power and dominion. He murdered the two 
Ions whom his lifter Laodice had had by Aria- 
rathes, king of Cappadocia, and placed one 
of his own children, only eight years old, on 
the vacant throne. Thefe violent proceedings 
alarmed Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, who 
had married Laodice, the widow of Ariarn- 
thes He fuborned a youth to be king of 
Cappadocia, as the third foil of Ariarathes, 
and Laodice was lent to Rome to impofe upoft 
the ienate, and affure them that her third fon 
was ftill alive, and thdt his pretenfions to the - 
kingdom of Cappadocia, were juft and w ell 
grounded. Mithridates ufed the fame arnni 
of difiimulation. He plio feet to Rome Goc- 

di0.v 





MI 


Mr 


dius, the governor of his fon, who folemnly 
declared before the Roman people, thk the 
youth who fat on thje throne of Cappadocia 
was the third fon and lawful heir x>f Ariarathes, 
and that he was l'upported as fuch by Mithri- 
dates. This intricate affair diipleafed the 
Roman lenate, and, finally to fettle the dis¬ 
pute between the two monarchs, the powerful 
arbiters took away the kingdom of Cappadocia 
from Mithxjdates, and Paphlagonia from Ni- 
comedes. Thele two kingdoms being thus 
feparated from their original pofieffors, were 
preiented with their freedom and indepen¬ 
dence ; but the Cappadocians refufed it and 
received Ariobarzanes for king. Such were 
the firft feeds of enmity between Rome and 
the king of Pontus. \Vid. Mithridaticum 
helium.] Mithridates never loft an opportu¬ 
nity by which he might lelfen the influence of 
his adveri'aries; and the more effectually to 
deltroy their power in Alia, he ordered all the 
Romans that were in his dominions to be 
maffacred. This was done in one night, and 
no lefs than ijo,ooo, according to Plutarch, 
or 80,000 Romans, as Appian mentions, 
were made, at or.«* blow, the victims of his 
cruelty. T his univerlal malfacre called aloud 
lor revenge. Aquilius, and loon af er Sylla, 
marched againlt Mithridates with a large ar¬ 
my. The former was made pril'oner, but 
Sylla obtained a victory over the king’s ge¬ 
nerals, and another decilive engagement ren¬ 
dered him mailer of all Greece, Macedonia, 
Ionia, and Alia Minor, which had fubmited 
to the victorious arms of the monarch of 
Pontus. This ill fortune was aggravated by 
the lofs of about 200,000 men, who were 
killed in the leveral engagements that had 
been fought; and Mithridates, weakened by 
„ repeated ill luccefs by lea and land, fued for 
peace from the conqueror, which he obtained 
on condition of defraying the expences which 
the Romans had incurred by the war, and 
of remaining latisfied with the poffellions, which 
he had received from his anceftors. While 
thefe negociations of peace were carried on, 
Mithridates was not unmindful ot his •real in- 
terefls. His poverty, 1 'and not his inclinations, 
obliged him to wilh for peace. He immedi¬ 
ately took the field with an army of 140,000 
infantry, and 16,coo liorfe which conlilled of 
his own forces and thof'e of his fon-in-law 
Tigranes, king of Armenia. With fuch a 
numerous army, he loon made himlelf mailer 
of the Roman provinces in Alia; none? dared 
to oppofe his conquefts, and the Romans, 
reiving on his fidelity, had withdrawn the 
greatell part of their armies from the country. 
The news of his warlike preparations was no 
fooner heard, than I.ucullus, the conful, 
inarched into Alia, and without delay he 
blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who 
was then bcfieging Cyzicus. The Afiatic 
monarch eleaped from him, and fled into the 
h«-»ait of fii# kingdom. JLucullus puriued him 


with the utmoll celerity, and would have 
taken him pril'oner after a battle, had not 
the avidity of his foldiers preferred the plun¬ 
dering of a mule loaded with gold, to the 
taking of a monarch who had exercifed luch 
cruelties againll their countrymen,' and fhown 
himfelf fo faithlefs to the molt lolemn engage¬ 
ments. After this elcape, Mithridates was 
more careful about the fafety of his perlbn, 
and he even ordered his wives and fillers to 
dellroy themlelves, fearful of their falling into 
the enemy’s hands. The appointment of 
Glahrio.to the command of the Roman forces, 
inllead of Lucullus, was favorable to Mithri- 
dates, and he recovered the ereatell part of 
his dominions. The fudden arrival of Pom- 
pey, however, foon put an end to his victories. 

A battle, in the night, was fought near the 
Euphrates, in w frith the troops of Pontus 
labored under every diladvantage. The en¬ 
gagement was by moon-light^ and, as the 
moon then llione in the face of the enemy, the 
lengthened lhadows of the arms of the Ro¬ 
mans having induced Mithridates to believe 
that the two armies were clofe together, the 
arrows of his foldiers were darted from a great 
diftdnce, and their efforts rendered ineffectual. 
An univerlal overthrow enlued, and Mithri¬ 
dates, bold in his misfortunes, rulhed through 
the thick ranks of the enemy, at the head 
of 800 horlemcn, 5C0 of which perithed in 
the attempt to fpllow him. He fled to Ti¬ 
granes, but that monarch refilled an aiylum 
to his father-in-law, whom he had before l'up- 
ported with all the coHedled forces.of his 
kingdom. Mithridates found a fafe retreat 
among'the Scythians, and, though deflitute 
of power, friends, and refources, yet he me¬ 
ditated the deltruftion of the Roman empire, 
by penetrating into the heart of Italy by land. 
Thefe wild projects were rejected by his fol¬ 
lowers, and he fued for peace. It was de¬ 
nied to his ambaffadors, and the victorious 
Pompey declared, that, to obtain it, Mithri¬ 
dates mull alk it in perlbn. He fcorned to 
trull himlelf into the hands of his enemy, and 
refolved to conquer or to die. His fubjedls 
refufed to follow him any longer, and they 
revolted from him, and made his lbn Phar- 
naces king. The lbn (bowed himfelf ungrate¬ 
ful to his father, and even, according to fome 
writers, he ordered him to he put to death. 
This unnatural treatment broke the heart of 
Mithridates; he obliged his wife to poifoii 
herfelf, and attempted to do the fame himlelf. 
It was in vain; the frequent antidotes he had 
taken in the'early part of his life, lengthen¬ 
ed his conftitution againlt the poifon, and, 
when this was unavailing, he attempted to 
(lab himlelf. The blow was not mortal; and, 
a Gaul, who was then prelent, at his own 
requell, gave him the fatal Itroke, about 6^ 
years before the Chriltian era, in the 72d 
year of his age. Such were the misfortunes, 
abilities, and milerable end of a man, who 

fnpportcd 





fupported himfelf fo long againft the power 
of Rome, and who, according to the declara¬ 
tion of the Roman authors, proved a more 
powerful and indefatigable adverfary to the 
capital of Italy, than the great Annibal,. and 
Pyrrhus, Perfeus, or Antiochus. Mithri- 
dates has been commended for his eminent 
virtues, and ceniured for his vices As a 
commander he deferves the moil unbounded 
applaule, and it may create admiration to fee 
him waging war with fuch fuccefs during fo 
many years, againft the moft powerful people 
on earth, led to the field by a Sylla, a Lu- 
cullus, and a Pompey. Pie was the greateft 
monarch that ever \at on a throne, according 
to the opinion of^Cicero; and, indeed, no 
better proof of his ftiilitary character can be 
brought, than the mention of the great .re¬ 
joicings which happened in the Roman armies 
and in the capital at the news of his death. 
No lefs than twelve days were appointed for 
public thankfgiviugs to the immortal gods, 
and Pompey, who h^d fent the firft intelli¬ 
gence of his death to Rome, and who had 
partly haftened his fall, was rewarded with 
the moft uncommon honors. [Fid. Ampia 
lex.] It is laid, that Mithridates conquered 
24 nations, whole different languages he knew, 
and fpoke with the fame eale and fluency as 
his own. As a man of letters he alfo de- 
lerves attention. He was acquainted with 
the Greek language, and even wrote in that 
dialect a treatife on botany. His fkill in phy- 
fic is well known, and even now there is a 
celebrated antidote which bears his name, and 
is called Mithridaie. Superftition, as well as 
nature, had united to render him great; and 
if we rely upon the authority of Juftin, his 
birth was accompanied by the appearance of 
two large comets, which were feen for feventy 
days fuccefiively, and whole fplendor eclipfed 
% the mid-day fun, and covered the fourth-part 
of the heavens. Juftin. 37, c. 1, &c.— 
'Stral. — Diod. 14.— Flor. 3, c. 5, &c.— Plut. 
in Syll . Luc. Mar. ll? Pomp. — Val. Max. 
4, c. 6, Sec.— -Dio. 30, &c.— Appian. Mithrid. 
—• PHn. 2, c. 97. 1. 7, c. 24. 1. 25, c. 2. 1. 33, 
c. 3, &c.— Cis. pro Man. &c.— Palerc. 2, c. 
18.— Eutrop. 5.— JoJipb. 14,— Or oft. 6, &c. 
- — A king of Parthia, who took Deme¬ 
trius prifoner.-A man made king of Ar¬ 

menia by Tiberius. He was afterwards im- 
prifoned by Caligula, and let at liberty by 
Claudius. He was murdered by one of his 
nephews, and his family were involved in his 
ruin. Tacit. Ann. -Another, king of Ar¬ 
menia.-A king of Pergamus, who warmly 

embraced the caufe of J. Ca?fa^ and was made 
king of Bofphprus by him. Some fuppoAd 
him to be the foil of the great Mithridates 

by a concubine. He was mtirdeied, &c.- 

A king of Iberia.-Another of Comagena. 

——A telebrated king of Parthia, who en¬ 
larged his poffefiions by the conquelt of fome 
of the neighbouring countries. He examined 


with a careful eye the conftitution and poli¬ 
tical regulations of the nations he had con¬ 
quered, and framed from them, for the ier- 
vice of his own fubje£ls, a code of laws.* 
JuJlin. — Orojius. -Another, who murder¬ 

ed his father, and made himfelf mafter of 

the crown.-A king of Pontu?, put to 

death by order of Galba, &c—A! man in 
the armies of Artaxerxes. He was rewarded 
by the monarch for having wounded Cyrus 
the younger; but, when he boafted that he had 
killed him, he was cruelly put to death. 

Plut. in Artax. -A fon of Arlobarzanes,. 

who bafely murdered Datames. C. Ncp. in 

Dat. , . .. v\„ 

Mithridaticum Bellom, begun 89 
years B. C. was one of the longeft and molt, 
celebrated wars ever carried on bv the Ro¬ 
mans againft a foreign power. - The ambi¬ 
tion of Mithridates, from whom it receives 
its name, may be called the caufe and origin 
of it. His views upon the kingdom of Cap¬ 
padocia, of which he was ftripped hy the 
Romans, firft engaged him to take up arms 
againft the republic. Three Roman officers, 
L. Cafiius, the proconful, M. Aquilius, and 
Q. Oppius, oppoled Mithpdates with the 
troops of Bithynia, Cappadocjs, Paphlagdnia, 
and Gallo-graecia. The army, of thefe pro¬ 
vinces, together with the Roman foldiers 
Afia, amounted to 70,000 men, and 6000 
horfe. The forces of the king of Pontus 
were greatly fuperior to thefe; he led 
250,000 foot, 40,000 horfe, and 130 armed 
chariots, into the field of battle, under the 
commarid of Neoptolemus and Archelaus. 
His fleet confifted of 400 fhips of war, well 
manned and provifioned. In an engagement 
the king of Pontus obtained the victory, and 
dilperfed the Roman forces in Afia. He be¬ 
came mafter of the greateft part of Afia, and 
the Hellefpont fubmitted to his power. Two 
of the Roman generals were taken, and M. 
Aquilius who was principally entrufted with the 
conduft of the war, was carried about in Afia, 
and expofed to the ridicule and intuits of the po¬ 
pulace, and at laft put to death by Mithridates, 
who ordered melted gold to be poured down his 
throat, as a flur upon the avidity of the Rod¬ 
mans. The conqueror took every poffible ad¬ 
vantage; he fubdued all the iilands of the 
Afigean fea, and, though Rhodes refufed to 
fubmit to his power, yet all Greece was loon 
over-run by his general Archelaus, and made 
tributary to the kingdom of Pontus. Mean¬ 
while the Romans, incenled againft Mithri¬ 
dates on account of his perfidy, and of his 
cruelty in maflacring 80,000 of their coun¬ 
trymen in one day.all over Afia, appointed 
Sylla to march into the eaft. Sylla landed in 
Greece, where the inhabitants readily ac¬ 
knowledged his power; but Athens lhut her 
gates againft the Roman commander, and 
Archelaus, who defended it, defeated, with 
the greateft* courage, all the efforts and opera¬ 
tions 






MI 


tibo* ‘of the eitemy. This fpirited defence 
was of Ihort duration. Archelaus retreated 
into Boeotia, where Syila loon followed him. 
The two hoftile. armies drew up in a line of 
hattle near Chacronea, and the Romans ob¬ 
tained the vifitory, and, of the almott innu¬ 
merable forces of. the Afiatics, no more than 
10,000 elcaped. Another battle in Thellaly, 
near Orchomenos, proved equally fatal to the 
king of Pontus. Dorvlaus, one of his gene¬ 
rals, was defeated and ho loon after fued for 
peace. Syila liftened to the terms of accom¬ 
modation, as -his prelence at Rome was now 
become neceffary to quell the commotions and 
cabals which his enemies-had railed againft 
' him. He pledged himlelf to the king of Pon- 
tus to confirm him in the poffeffion of his do¬ 
minions, and to procure him the title of friend 
and ally of Rome; and Mithridates consented 
to relinquilh Alia and Paphlagoma; to deliver 
Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, and Dithynia 
to Nicomedes, and to py to' the Romans 
2000. talents to. -defray the expences of the 
war, and to deliver into their hands 70 gal- 
lies with all their rigging. Though Mithri- 
dates feemed to have re-eftablilhed peace in 
his dominions, yet Fimbria, whefe lenti- 
ments were contrary to thole of Syila, and who 
made himlelf mafter of the army of Ada bv in¬ 
trigue and oppreflRon,kepit him under continual 
alarms, and rendered the exigence of his 
power precarious. Syila, who had returned 
from Greece to ratify the treaty which had 
been, made with Mithtidafesj rid the world 
of the tyrannical Fimbria; and the king of 
Pontus, awed by the" refolution arid deter¬ 
mined firmnefi of his adverfery, agreed to the 
conditions, thdugh with reluctance. -The 
hoftile preparations of Mithridates, which 
continued in the time of peace, became fuf- 
pedfed by the Romans, and MuraHia, who 
was left as governor of Alia in Syila’s ab- 
fence, and who wilhed to make himfelf 
known by fome confpicuous action, began 
hoflilities by taking Comma atfd' plundering- 
the temple-of Beltonn. Mithridates did not 
oppofe him; but he complained 'of this breach 
of peace before the Roman ienafe. Morten a 
was publicly reprimanded-; but, as he did not 
ceafe from hoftflities, it was enfily underftobd 
that he adted by the private directions of the 
Roman people. The king upon this marched 
againft him, and a battle was fought, in which 
both the adversaries claimed the vidtory. This 
was the lalt blow which the king of Pontus 
received in rids war, which is called the fe- 
cond Mithridatic War and which continued 
for about three years. Syila, at that tirtie, 
was’made perpetual didtrftor at Ronfe, and he 
commanded Munena to retire from the king¬ 
dom of Mithridates. The' death of Syila 
changed the ft 4 e of affairs; the treaty 6f peace 
between the king of Pontus and the Romans-, 
which -had never been committed to writing, 
demanded frequent explanation*) and Mithri- 


M I 

dates at laft threw off the mailt of friemfe 
fhip, and declared war. Nicomedes, at his 
death, left his kingdom to the Romans, but 
Mithridates dilputed their right to the poffel- 
fions of the detealed monarch, and entered 
the field with 120,000 men, befides a fleet 
of 400 Ihips in his ports, 16,000 herfemen 
to follow him, and 100 chariots armed with 
feythes. Lucullus was appointed over Afia, 
and entrufted with the care of the Mithrida¬ 
tic war. His valor and prudence (hewed his 
merit; and Mithridates, in his vain attempts 
to take Cyzicum, loft no let's than 300/500 
men. Succeis continually attended the Ro¬ 
man arms. The king of Pontus was defeated 
in feveral bloody engagements, and with dif¬ 
ficulty faved his fife, and retired to his fon- 
i 11-law Tigranes, king of Armenia. Lucul¬ 
lus purfued him and, when his applications 
for the perfon of the fugitive monarch had 
been defpifed by Tigranes, he marched to the 
capital of Armenia, and terrified, by bis lud- 
den approach, the numerous forces of thd 
enemy. A battle enfued. The Romans obtain¬ 
ed an eafy victory, and no Lefs thaft iOo,Co<3 
foot of the Armenians perifhed, and only five 
men of the Romans were killed. Tigrano- 
certa, the rich capital of the country fell into 
the conqueror’s hands. After fuch fignal 
victories, Lucullus had the mortification to 
fee his own troops mutiny, and tb be difpof- 
felfed of the command by the arrival of Pom- 
pey. The new general (hewed himfelf Wor¬ 
thy to fucceed Lucullus. He defeated Mi¬ 
thridates, and rendered his affairs fo delpe- 
rate, that the monarch fled for fafety into the 
country of the Scythian*, where, for a white, 
he meditated the ruin of the Pvoman empire, 
and, with mote wildnefs than prudence, fe- 
tretly relblved to invade Italy by land, and 
march an army acrolV the northern wilds 
of Alia and Europe to the Apennines. Not 
only the kingdom of Mithridates had fallen 
into the enemy’s hands, but allb all the neigh¬ 
touring kings and princes were fubdued, and 
Pompey f.iw proftrate at his feet Tigranes 
himlelf, that king of kings, who had lately 
treated the Romans with fiicft Contempt. 
Meantime, the wild projects of Mithridates 
terrified his fubjedts; and they, fearful to ac¬ 
company- him in a march of above 2coo 
miles acrofs a barren and uncultivated Coun¬ 
try, revolted and made his fon king. The 
•monarch, forlaken in his old age, even by his 
own children, pnt an end to his life, (VitL 
Mithridates VI1.) and gave the Romans" 
caufe to rejoice, as the third Mithridatic war 
was ended in his fell, B. C. 63. Such were 
the urilliccefsful ftruggles of Mithridates 
again ft the power of Rome. He Was always 
• full of refmirces, and the Romans had never 
a greater or more dangerous war to fuftain. 
The duration of the Mithridatic war is not 
precifely known. According to Juftih, Oro- 
lius, l'lorus, and Eutropius, it lafted for forty 

years; 






MN 


years; hut the opinion of others, who fix its 
duration, to 30 years, is far more credible; 
and, indeed, by proper calculation, there 
clapfed no more than 26 years from the time 
that Mithridates firft>entcred the field againft 
the Romans, till the time of i .his : death. 
Appian.in Mithrid. — f./lin. 3 7, &c *—FI or. 

&c.— Lpv .— Plutt in Luc. See. — Or of us. — 

P dterc. — Dicn. 

Mithrjdatis, a daughter of Mithri¬ 
dates the Great. She was poifoned by her 
father. 

Mithrokarzanes, a king of Armenia, 

Sic,-nAiv officer lent by Tigranes again If 

Lucullus, Sec. Pint. -The father-in-law 

of Datames. 

Mitylene Sc Mitylenje, the capital 
city of the iibmd of Lelbos, which receives its 
name from Mitylene, the daughter of Maca- 
reus, a king of the country. It was greatly 
commended by the ancients for the ltatelinei's 
of its buildings, and tHe fruitfulnets of its 
foil; but more particularly for the great men it 
produced. Pittacus, Alcanis* Sappho, Ter- 
pander, Theopha:«es, Hellenicu:;, See, were 
all natives of Mitylene. It was long a feat of 
learning, and, with Rhodes and Athens, it had 
the honor .of having educated many of the 
great men of Rome and Greece* In the Pe^ 
loponnefian war the Mityleneans Tuffered 
greatly for their revolt from the power of A- 
thens; and, in the Mithridatic wars, they had 
the boldnels to refill the Romans, and dii’dain 
the treaties which had beeu made between 
Mithridates and Sy Ha. Cic. dc leg. ag. — 
Strab. 13. — Mela, 2, C. 7.— Died. 3 & 12.— 
Paterc. I, C. 4.— Herat. I, od. 7, &C. — Thucyd. 
3, &c.— Pint, in Pomp. Sec. 

Mitys, a man whole llatue fell upon his 
murderer, and crulhed him to death, &c. 
Arijlct. 10, de Poet. -A river of Mace¬ 

donia. 

Mizjei, a people of Elymais. 

Mnasalces, a Greek poet, who wrote 
epigrams. Athen. — Strab: * 

Mnasjas, an hiltorian of Phoenicia.-- 

Another of Colophon.-A third of Patrae, 

in Achaia, who florifhed 141 B. C. 

MnasiCles, a general of Thymbro, &c. 
Died. 58. 

Mnasilus, a youth who affifted Chromis 
to tie the old Silenus, whom they found afleep 
in a cave. Some imagine that Virgil fpoke of 
Varus under fhe name of Muafilus. Virg. 
Eel. 6, v. 13. 

MnasiPpidas, a Lacedaemonian, ■ who 
impofed upon the credulity of the people, &c. 
Pulyan. 

Mnasippus, a Lacedaemonian, fent with 
a fleet of 65 ftiips'and 1500 men to Corcyra, 
where he was killed, &c. Died. 15. 

Mnasitheus, a friend of Aratus. 

Mnabon, a tyrant of Elatia, who gave 
1200 pieces of gold for twelve pictures of 
twelve godi to Afdepiodoros. Plin, 35, c. 16. 


MCE 

M&asvp.ium, a place in Rhodes, Strab, 
14. 

Mnemov, a furname given to Artaxerxes 
on account of his retentive memory. C. N:p» 
in Reg. -A Rhodian. 

Mnemosyne, a daughter of Ccelus and 
Terra, mother of the nine Mufes, by Jupiter,' 
whb afTumed the form of a fhepherd to enjoy 
her company. The word Mnemofyne fignifies 
memory , and therefore the poets have rightly 
called memory the mother of the mufes, be- 
caufe it is to that mental endowment that 
mankind are indebted from their progrels in 
lcience. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 4.— Pindar. If b, 

6.— Hefiod. Tleog. — Apollod. 1, c. I, Sec. - - 

A fountain >of Boeotia, whole waters were ge¬ 
nerally drunk by thofe who confulted the 
oracle of Trophonius. Pauf. 9, c. 39. 

Mnesarchus, a celebrated philosopher of 
Greece, pupil to Panaetius, &c. Cic. dc or at. 
1, c. 11. 

Mnesjdamus, an officer who confpired 
againft the lieutenant of Demetrius. Poly - 

an. 5. 

Mnesixaus, a fon of Pollux and Phccbe. 

Apollod. 

Mnesimache, a daughter of Dexamenus 
king of Oleuus, courted by Eurytion, whom 
Hercules killed. Apollod. 2. 

Mn ESI mac Hus, a comic poet. 

Mn ester, a freedman of Agrippina, who 
murdered himlelf at the death, of his miftrefs. 
Tacit . An. 14, c, 9. 

Mnestheus, a Trojan, defeended from 
Afiaraqus. He obtained the prize given to 
tlie bell failing vefiel by ASueas, at the fune¬ 
ral games of Anchifes, in Sicily, and became 
the progenitor of the family of the Memmii 

at Rome. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 116, &c.-A 

ion of Peteus. [ Vid. Meneftheus.]-A 

freedman of Aurelian, &c. Eutrop. 9. — Aur . 
Via. 

Mnestia, a daughter of Danaus. A- 

pollod. 

Mnf.stra, a miftrefs of Cimon. 

Mio:yis, a celebrated bull, facred to the 
fun in the town of Heliopolis. He was wor- 
ffiipped with the fame fuperllitious ceremonies* 
as Apis, and, at his death, he received the 
mod magnificent funeral. He was the emblem 
of Ofiris. Diod. I.— Pint, de Ifut . 

Moafhernes, the uncle of Strabo’s mo¬ 
ther, &c. Strab. 12. 

Modestus, a Latin writer, whofe book 
De re Militari has been elegantly edited in 2 
vols. 8vo. Vefalia?. 1670, 

Modi a, a rich widow at Rome. Juv, 3, 
v. 130. 

Mcecia, one of the tribes at Rome. Liv, 
8, c. 17. 

Mcenus, now Mayne , a river of Ger¬ 
many, which falls into the Rhiite near Mentz, 
Tacit, de Germ 28. 

Mceragetes, fatorum duftor 9 a furname 
of Jupiter. Pauf. 0 jj, < ~ . 


» 











Mceris, a king of India, who fled at the 

approach of Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 8.-- 

A Iteward of the (hepherd Menalcas in Vir¬ 
gil's Eel. 9.-A king of Egypt. He was 

the laft of the 300 kings from Menes to Se- 
foltris, and reigned 68 years. Heiodot. 2, c. 

13.-A celebrated lake in Egypt, l'uppoled 

to have been dug by the king of the lame 
name. It is about 220 miles in circumfe- 
rejice, and intended as a refervoir fot the 
fuperfluous waters during the inundation of 
the Nile. There were two pyramids m it, 
600 feet high, half of which lay under the wa¬ 
ter, and the other appeared above the lurface. 

j Herodot. 2, C. 4, &c.- -Mela, I, c. 6.— El in. 

36, C. 12. 

Moedi, a people of Thrace, conquered by 
Philip of Macedonia. 

Mceon, a Sicilian, who poifoned Agatho- 
cles, etc, 

AduiRA, a dog. [Vid. Mera.] r 

Mcesia, a country of Europe, bounded on 
the fouih by the mountains of Dalmatia, north 
by mount Hamus, extending from the con¬ 
fluence of the Savus and the Danube to the 
thores of the Euxine. It * as divided into 
Upper and Lower^ Mafia. Lower Mafia 
was on the borders of the Euxine, and con¬ 
tained that trait of country which received 
the name of Pontus from its vicinity to the 
tea, 3nd which is now part of Bulgaria. Up¬ 
per Mafia lies beyond the other, in the inland 
country, now called Serbia. Elin. 3, c. 26. 
— Virg. G. I, v. 102. 

Moleia, a feltival in Arcadia, in comme¬ 
moration of a battle in which Dycurgus ob¬ 
tained the victory. 

Mo lion, a Trojan prince who diftinguiih- 
ed himlelf in the delence of his country againft 
.the Greeks as the friend and companion of 
Thymbraeus. They were (lain by UlyflTcs and 
Diomedes. Homer. II. n, v. 320. 

MolIonf, the wife of ACtor, Ion of Phor- 
bas. She became mother of Cteatus and Eu- 
r.vtus, who, from her, are called Molionides. 
Pauf. 8, c. 14. — ApdloJ. 2, C. 7. 

Molo, a philofopher of Rhodes, called alio 
Apollonius. Some are of opinion that -Apol¬ 
lonius and Molo are two different peribns, 
who were both natives of Alabanda, and dil- 
ciples of Menecles, of the lame places They 
both vifited Rhodes, and there opened a lchool^ 
but Molo florifhed fometime after Apollonius. 
Molo had Cicero and J. Caffar among his pu¬ 
pils. £ Vid. Apollonius.] Cic. de Oral. - 

A prince of Syria, who revolted againft A11- 
tiochus, and killed himlelf when his rebellion 
was attended with ill fuccefs. 

Moloeis, a river of Eceotia, near Pla- 
taa. 

Molorchus, an old fhepherd near Cleo- 
nx, who received Hercules with great holpi- 
tality. The hero, to repay the kindnefs he 
received, deftroyed the Nemaan lion, which 
hid walle the neighbouring country, and 


therefore, the Nemaan games, inftituted orf 
this occafion, are to be underftood by the 
words Luc us Molorchi. There were two fes¬ 
tivals inftituted m his honor called Molorcbe<r. 
Martial. 9, cf>. 44- k I4» *p- 44-— -Apollo. d 
2 , c. 5.— Virg. G. 3, v. 19.— Stat. Tieb. 4, 
v. 160, 

Molossi, a people of Epirus, who inha¬ 
bited that part of the country which was called 
MoloJJia or MoloJJis from king Molefins. 
This country had the bay of Ambraiia on the 
fouth, and the country of the Perrhabeans 
on the eaft. The dogs of the place were fa¬ 
mous, and received the name of Molojffi among 
the Romans. Dodona was the capital of the 
country according to fome writers. Others, 
however, reckon it as the chief city of Thef- 
protia. Literet. 5, v. IO, 62.— Lucan. 4, v. 
440.— Strab. 7.— Lit). — JuJiin. 7, c. 6.— C. 
Nep. 2, c. 8.— Virg. G. 3, v. 495— Horat. 2. 
Sat. 6,v. 114. 

Mo los si a, or Mo los sis. Vid. Moloffi. 

Molossu 3, a fon of Pyrrhus and Andro¬ 
mache. He reigned in Epirus, after the death 
of Helenus, and part of his dominions received 
the name of Molofiia from him, Pauf. 1, c. 

11.-A furname of Jupiter in Epirus.-* 

An - Athenian general, &c. Id. in The/. .— 

The father of Merion of Crete. [Vid. Mo- 
lus.] Homer. Od. 6. 

Molpadia, one of the Amazons, Sec. 
Plut. 

Mol pus, an author who wrote an hiftory 
of Lacedaemon. 

Molus, a Cretan, father of Meriones. 

Homer. Od. 6.-A fon of Deucalion.-- 

Another, ion of Mars and Demonice. 

Molycrion, a town of iEolia between 
the Evenus and Naupa&um. Pauf. 5, 
c. 3. 

Momemphis, a town of Egypt. Strab. 
17- 

MoMus,-*he god of pleafantry among the 
ancients, was fon of Nox. according to Hefiod. 
He was continually employed in fatirizing the 
gods, ahd whatever they did was freely 
turned to ridicule. He blamed Vulcan, be- 
caufe in the human form which Jic had made 
of clay, he had not placed a window in his 
breaft, by which whatever was done or thought 
there, might be eafily brought to light. He 
cenfured the houfe which Minerva had made, 
becaufe the goddefs had not made it move- 
able, by which means a ba<f neighbourhood 
might be avoided. In the bull which Neptune 
had produced, he obferved that his blows 
might have been furer if his eyes had been 
placed nearer the horns. Venus herfelf was 
expofed to his fatire ; and when the fheering 
god had found no fault in the body of the 
naked goddefs, he obferved as fhe retired, that 
the noife of her feet was too loud, and greatly 
improper in the goddefs of beauty* Thefe 
illiberal reflections upon the gods were the’ 
caufe that Momus was driven from heaven. 

Ha 






MO 


MO 


He is generally reprefenteil railing a mafk 
from liis face,' and holding a lmall figure 
in his hand. Hefiod. in Theog. — Lucian. in 
Herm. 

Mona, an ifiand between Britain and Hi¬ 
bernia, anciently inhabited by a number of 
Druids. It is luppofed by fome to be the 
modern ifland of Anglefcy. and by others, 
the ifland of Alar.. Tacit. 14. Ann. c. 18, 
& 29. 

MoNiESES, a king of Parthia, who favored 
the caufe of M. Antony againft Auguftus. 

Horat. 3, od. 6, c. 9.-A Parthian in the 

age of Mithridates, &c. 

Monda, a river between the Durius and 
Tagus, in Portugal. JPlin. 4, c. 22. 

Monesus, a general killed by Jalon at 
Colchis, &c. 

Moneta, a furname of Juno among the 
Romans. She received it becaule fhe advifed 
them to facrifice a pregnant fow to Cybele, to 
Jivert an earthquake. Gic. de Div. 1, c. 15. 
-—Livy fays, (7, c. 28.) that a temple was 
vowed to Juno under this name, by the dic¬ 
tator Furius, when the Romans waged war 
againft the Aurunci, and that the temple was 
raifed to the goddefs by the fenate, on the 
fpot where the houfe of Manlius Capitolinus 
had formerly flood.-— Saidas, however, fays, 
that Juno was furnamed ^Moneta, from allur¬ 
ing the Romans, when in the war ag*inft 
Pyrrhus they complained of want of pecuniary 
refources, that money could never fail to thole 
who cultivated juftice. 

Monima, a beautiful woman of Miletus, 
whom Mithridates the Great married. When 
his affairs grew delperate, Mithridates ordered 
his wives to deftroy themfelves; lyfonima at¬ 
tempted to ftrangle herfelf, but when her ef¬ 
forts were unavailing, fhe ordered one of her 
attendants to flab her. Plut. in Luc. 

MoNiMus,a philofopher ofSyracufe. 

Monodus, a fon of Prufias. He had one 
continued bone inftead of a row of teeth, 
whence his name o$&). Plin. 7, 

c*i6. 

Moncecus, now Monaco , a town and port 
of Liguria, where Hercules had a temple, 
whence he is called Mon<scius y and the har¬ 
bour Herculis Portus. Strab. 4. — Virg. JEn. 
6 , v. 830. 

Mo no leu s, a lake of ./Ethiopia. 

Monophage, lacrifices in iEgina. 

Monophili/s, an eunuch of Mithridates. 
The king entrufted him with the care of one 
of his daughters; and the eunuch, when he 
faw the affairs of his mafter in a defparate fitu- 
ation, ftabbed her left lhe Ihould fall into the 
enemy’s hands, &c. 

Mons sacer, a mountain near Rome, 
where the Roman populace retired in a tu¬ 
mult, which ‘was the caufe of the election of 
the tribunes. 

MoJs r $ severus, a mountain near Rome, 

4 tc. 


Mont anus, a poet who wrote in hexaule- 

ter and elegiac verfes. Ovid, ex Pont. -* 

An orator under Vefpafian.——A favorite of 

Meffalina.-One of the ienators whom 

Domitian confulted about boiling a turbot. 
Juv. 4 . 

Monychus, a powerful giant, who could 
root up trees and hurl them like a javelin. 
He receives his name from his having the 
feet of a horle, as the word implies. Juv. 1, 
v. 11. 

Monyma. [Vid. Monima.] 

Monymus, a fervant of Corinth, who, not 
being permitted .by his mafter to follow Dio¬ 
genes the cynic, pretended madnels, and ob¬ 
tained his liberty. He became 3 great admi¬ 
rer of the philofopher, and alfo of Crates, and 
even wrote fomething in the form of facetious 
ftories. Diog. Laert. 

Mo phis, an Indian prince conquered' by 

Alexander. 

Mopsium, a hill and town of ThefTaly, be¬ 
tween Tempe and LarifTa. Liv. 42. 

Mop so pi a, an ancient name of Athens, 
from Mopfus one of its kings, and from 
thence the epithet of Mopfopius is often ap¬ 
plied to an Athenian. 

Mopsuiie.stia, or Mopsos, a town of 
Cilicia near the fea. Cic. Pam. 3, c. 8. 

Mopsus, a celebrated prophet, fon of 
Manto and Apollo, during the Trojan war. 
He was conlulted by Amphimachus, king of 
Colophon, who wifhed to know what luccefs 
would attend his arms in a war which he was 
going to undertake. He predicted the greatelt 
calamities; but Calchas, who had been a 
loothfayer of the Greeks during the Trojan war, 
promifed the greateft fuccefles. Amphima¬ 
chus followed the opinion of Calchas, but the 
opinion of Mopfus was fully verified. This 
had fuch an effeCt upon Calchas that he died 
foon after. His death is attributed by fome 
to another mortification of the lame nature. 
'Fhe two foothfayers, jealous of each other’s 
fame, came to a trial of their fkill in divina¬ 
tion. Calchas firft afked his antagonift how- 
many figs a> neighbouring tree bore; tenthou- 
fand except one, replied Mopfus, and one 
Angle vefTel can contain them all. The figs 
were gathered, and his conjectures were true. 
Mopfus now to try his adverfary, afked him 
how many young ones a certain pregnant low 
would bring forth. Calchas confefled his ig¬ 
norance, and Mopfus immediately faid that 
the fow would bring forth on the morrow ten 
young ones, of which only one Ihould be a 
male, all black, and that the females Ihould 
all be known by their white ftreaks. The 
morrow proved the veracity of his prediction, 
and Calchas died by excefs of the grief which 
this defeat produced. Mopfus after death was 
ranked among the gods; and had an oracle at 
Mafia, celebrated for the true and deCifive 
anfwers which it gave. Strab. 9— Pauf. 7, 

C. $-?~AfHni\an. 14, C. 8.—-j Flutrde brac. defedi. 

4 *-A 




MU 


M o 


* —— A fon of Am pyx and Chloris, born at 
Titarefla in Theflaly. He 'was the prophet 
and loothfayer of the Argonauts, and died at 
his return from Colchis by the bite of a fer¬ 
ment in. Lybia. Jafon eredled him a monu¬ 
ment on the tea thore, where afterwards the • 
Africans built him a temple where he gave 
oracles. He has often been confounded with 
the fon of Manto, as their profeflions and 
their names were alike. Hygin. fab. 14,128, 

x 73 -— Strab . 9.-A thepherd of that name 

in Virg. Eel. 

Morgantium (or ia), a town of Sicily, 
near the mouth of the Simethus. Cic.in Ver. 
3> c.18. 

Mor?ni, a people, of Belgic Gaul, on the 
fhores of the Britifh ocean. The fhorteft 
paflage to Britain was from their territories. 
They were called extrtmi hominum by the 
Romans, becaufe fituate on the extremities of 
Gaul. Their city, called Morinorum cajlellum , 
i* now Mount Ctijftl , in Artois ; and Morino¬ 
rum civitas, is Terouenne , on the Lis. .Virg. 
AEn. 8, v. 726.— Caf. 4, Bell. G. 2l. 

Moritasgus, a king of the Senones 
at the arrival of Caefar in Gaul. Ccefar. 
B.G. 

Morius, a river of Boeotia. Pint. 

Morpheus, the fon and minifter of the 
god Somnus, who naturally imitated the gri¬ 
maces, geltures, words, and manners, of 
mankind. He is fometimes called the god 
of fleep. He is generally reprefented as a 
fleeping child of great corpulence, and with 
wings. He holds a vafe in one hand, and in 
the other are fome poppies.. He is repre¬ 
fented by Ovid as fent to inform by a dream 
and a vifion the unhappy Alcyone of. the fate 
of her hulband Ceyx. Ovid. Met. 11", fab. 
10 . 

Mors, one of the infernal deities born of 
Night, without a father. She was worfhipped 
by the ancients, particularly by the Lacedae¬ 
monians, with great folemnity, ami reprefented 
not as an adtually exifting power, but as an 
imaginary being. Euripides introduces her in 
one of his tragedies on the ftage. 'The mo¬ 
derns reprefent her as a Ikeleton armed with 
a feythe and a feymetar. 

IVIortuum Mare. {Kid. Mare Mor- 
tuum.] 

Morys, a Trojan killed by Meriones dur¬ 
ing the Trojan war. Homer. II. I3> &c. 

Mosa, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into 
the German ocean, and now called the Maefe 
, or Meufe. The bridge over it, Mofa fins, is 
now fuppofed to be MaeJlricht. Tacit. H. 4, 
c. 66. 

Moscha, now Mafcat , a port of Arabia 
on the R.ed Sea. 

Moscui, a people of Afia, at the well of the 
Cafpian fea. Mela, 1, c. 2 , 1 . 3, c. 5.— Lu¬ 
can. 3, v. 270. 

Moschion, a name common to four diffe¬ 
rent writers, whole compofitions, charadter, 


and native place are unknown. Some frag¬ 
ments of their writings remain, fome few 
verfes and a treati (e de morbis m ulierum, edited 
by Gefner, 4to. Bajil. 1566. 

Moscnus, a Phoenician who wrote the 
hiftory of his country in his own mothef 
tongue.——A philofopher of Sidon. He is 
fuppofed to be the founder of anatomical phi- 

loiophy. Strab -A Greek Bucolic poet 

in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. The 
lweetnefs and elegance of his eclogues, which 
are ftill extant, make the world regret the lofs 
of poetical pieces no ways inferior to the pro¬ 
ductions of Theocritus. The bed editions of 
Mofchus with Bion is that of Hefkin, 8vo. 

Oxon. 1748.--A Greek rhetotician of 

Pergamus in the age of Horace, defended by 
Torquatus in an accufation of having poi- 
foned fome of his friends. Horat. 1, ep. 
v. 9. 

Mo sella, a river of Belgic Gaul falling 
into the Rhine, at Coblentz, and now called 
the Mofelle. Flor. 3, C. 10.— Tacit. An. 13, 
c. 53 - 

Mo ses, a celebrated legiflator and general 
among the Jews, well known in facred hif¬ 
tory. He was # bornin Egypt. 1571 B. C. ar.d 
after he had performed his miracles before 
Pharaoh, conducted the Ifraelites through the 
Red Sea, and given them laws and oriiU' 
nances, during their peregrination of 40 years 
in the wildernefs of Arabia, he died at the 
age of 120. His writings have been quoted 
and commended by feveral of the heathen au¬ 
thors who have diverted themfelves of their 
prejudices againft an Hebrew, and extolled his 
learning and the effedts of his wifdom. Lon¬ 
ginus. — Diod. I, 

Mosychlus, a mountain of Lemnos. 
Nieand. 

MosYNiECi, a nation on the E*mnelea,in 
whole territories the iq.ooo Greeks llaid on 
their return from Cunaxa. Xenoph. 

Mothoni, a town 'of Magnelia, where 
Philip loft one of his eyes, JuJlin. 7, c. 6- 
The word is oftener fpelt Methone. 

Motya, a town of Sicily, befieged and 
taken by Dionyfius, tyrant of Syracufe. 

Mucianus, a facetious aud intriguing ge¬ 
neral under Otho and Vitellius, &c. 

Mucius. [Kid. Muthis.j 

MucRic, a village of Samnium. Iial 

v- 565- 

Mulciber, a furname of Vulcan, (a mul- 
cendo ferrum ,) from his occupation. Ovid . 
Met. 2, v. 5. [ Kid. Vulcamts.] 

MulCcha, a river of Africa, dividing Nu« 
midia from Mauritania. Plin. 5, c. 2. * 

Mulvius Pons, a bridge on the Flami- 
nian way, about one mile diftant from Rome. 
Mart. 3,ep. 14. 

L. Mvmmius, a Roman conful, fent 
againft the Acljaeans, whom he conquered, 
B. C. 147: Me deftroyed Corinth, Thebes 
and Chalcis, by order of the ftnate, and 

obtained 





MU 


MU 


obtained the furname of Achaieus from his 
victories. He did not enrich himfelf with 
the fpoils of the enemy, but returned home 
without any increafe of fortune. He was 
io unacquainted with the value of the paint¬ 
ings and works of the molt celebrated artifts 
of Greece, which were found in the plunder 
of Corinth, that he faid to thofe who convey¬ 
ed them to Rome, that if they loll them or 
injured them, they fhould make others in 
their Head. Paterc . I, c. 13— Strab. 8 .— 
Plin. 34, c. 7. 1 . 37 , c. I. — Flor. 2 , C. 6. 
— Pauf. 5, c. 24. -Publius, a man com¬ 

mended by C. Puhlicrus for the verfatility 
of his mind, and the propriety of his man¬ 
ners. Cic. de Oral. 2. - A Latin poet. Ma- 

crobius. X. Satur. IO.- 3 VT. a prsetor. Cic. 

in Per. -Spurius, a brother of Achaieus 

before mentioned, diftinguilhed as an orator, 
and for his fondnefs for the ftoic philofophy. 

Cic. ad Brut. 25* dd Alt. 13, ep. 6.-A 

lieutenant of Craffus defeated, &c. Plut. in 
Crajf. 

Munatius, Pi.ancus, a conful fent to 
the rebellious army of Germanicus. He was 
ahrfoft killed by the incenl'ed foldiery, who 
fuipe&ed that it was through him that they 
had not all been pardoned and indemnified by 
a decree of the lenate. C'ajpurnius refeued 

him from their fury.-An orator and difei- 

ple of Cicero. His father, grandfather, and 
great-grandfather bore the fame name. He 
was with Caefar in Gaul, and was made con¬ 
ful with Brutus. He promifed to favor the 
republican caufe for l'ome time, but he deferted 
again to Cal'ar. He was long Antony’s favo¬ 
rite, but he left him at the battle of A&ium 
to conciliate the favors of Obtavlus. His 
fervices were great in the lenate; for through 
his influence and perluafion, that venerable 
body flattered the conqueror of Antony with 
the appellation of Auguttus. He was rewarded 

yvith^the office of cenfor. Pint, in Ant. -| 

Gratus, a Roman knight who confpired with 
Pifib againft Nero. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 30.—— 
Suet, in Aug. 23.——A friend of Horace, ep. 
3 > v - 3 i- 

Munda, a fmall town of Hifpania Bstica, 
celebrated for a battle which was fought there 
on the 17th of March B. C. 45, between 
Ca?far and the republican forces of Rome, 
under Labienus and the Ions of Pompey. 
Caefar obtained the victory after an obftinate 
and bloody battle, and by this blow put an 
end to the Roman republic. Pompey loll 
30,000 men, and Catfar only 1,000 and 500 
wounded. Sil. Itnl. 3. v. 400.— Hirt. Bell. 
Hi/p.27■ — Lucan. I, 

MunItus, a fon of Laodice the daughter 
of Priam bv Acamas. He was entrufted to 
the care of JEthra as foon as born, and at the 
taking of Trov he was made known to his 
father who laved his life, and carried him to 
Thrace, where he was killed by the bite of ia 
ferpept. Par then. IO. ♦ 

3 


Munvchia, (and .&) a port of Attica 
between the Piratus and the promontory ai 
Sunium, called after king Munycbtis> wh< 
built there a temple to Diana, and in whofl 
honor he instituted feftivals called Munycbia 
The temple was held fo fucred that whateve: 
criminals fled there for refuge were pardoned. 
During the feftivals they offered fmall cakes 
which they called amphiphontes , ecro <rou 
auQipzw, from Jbining all round , becaui'e 
there were lighted torches hung round when 
they were carried to the temple, or becaui'e 
they were offered at the full moon, at which 
time the folemnity was obferved. It was 
particularly in honor of Diana who is the 
fame as the moon, becaufe it was full moon 
when Themiftodes conquered the Perfian 
fleet at Salamis. The pbrt of Munychia was 
well fortified, apd of great confequence ; there¬ 
fore the Lacedemonians, when fovereigns of 
Greece, always kept a regular garrilbn there. 
Plut. — Ovid. Met. 2, V. 709.— Strab. 2.— 
Pauf. I, c. I. 

Mur/ena, a celebrated Roman, left at 
the head of the armies of the republic in 
Afia by Sylla. He invaded the dominions of 
Mithridates with fuccels, ( but foon after 
met with a defeat. He was honored with a 
triumph at his return tb Rome. He com¬ 
manded one of the wings of Sylla’s army at 
the battle againft Archelaus near Chieronea. 
He was ably defended in an oration by Cicero, 
when his chara&er was attacked and cenfured. 

Cic. pro Mur. — Appian. de Mithrid. -A 

man put to death for confpiring againft Au- 
guftus. B. C. 22. 

Murcia. [ Vid. Murria.] 

Murcus, an enemy of the triumvirate of 

J. Cieiar.-Statius, a man who murdered 

Pifo m Vefta’s temple in Nero’s reign. Tacit. 
H. 1, c. 43. 

Murgantia, a town of Samnium. Liv. 
2J, C. 27. 

Murrhenus, a friend ofTurnus killed by 
JEneas, &c. Pirg. JEn. 12, v.529. 

Mursa, now Ejfek, a town of Hungary, 
where the Drave falls in the Danube. 

Murtja, or Myrtia, (a fever®*) a 
ftippoied furname of Venus, becaui'e lhe pre. 
fided over the myrtle. This goddefs was the 
patronefs of idlenefs and cowardice. Parro de 
L.L. 4, c. 32. 

Mus, a Roman conful. \Pid. Deems.] 

Musa Antonius, a freedman and phy- 
fician of Auguftus. He cured his imperial 
mafter of a dangerous difeafe under which he 
labored, by recommending to him the ufe of 
the cold bath. He was greatly rewarded for 
this celebrated cure. He \yas honored with a 
brazen ftatue by the Roman fenate, which 
was placed near that of iElculapius, and Au¬ 
guftus permitted him to wear a golden ring, 
and to be exempted from all taxes. He was 
not fo fuccefsful in recommending the ufe of 
the cold bath to Marcellus, as he had been 

to 











MU 


MU 


to Auguftus, and his illuftrious patient died 
under his care. The cold bath was for a long 
time dilcontinued, till Charmis of Marseilles 
introduced it again, and convinced the w&rld of 
its great benefits. Mufa was brother to Eu- 
phorbus the phyfician of king Juba. 'Two 
Small treatifes, de berba Botanica , and de tu- 
enda Faletudine , are fuppofed to be the pro¬ 
ductions of his pen.— 1 —A daughter of Nico- 
medes, king of Bithynia. She attempted to 
recover her father’s kiugdom from the Ro¬ 
mans, but to no purpole, though Ctel'ar 
efpouled her caufe. Paterc. 2. — Suet, in 
Caf 

Musje, certain goddefles who prefided over 
poetry, mufic, dancing and all the liberal 
arts. They were, daughters of Jupiter and 
Mnemolyne, and were nine in number; Clio, 
Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpfichore, 
Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope, and Urania. 
Some fuppofe that there were in ancient times 
only three mufes, Melete, Mneme, and Ace- 
de; others four, Telxiope, A<ede, Arche, 
Melete. They were, according to others, 
daughters of Pierus and Antiope, from which 
circumllayce they are called Pierides. The 
name of Pierides might probably be derived 
from mount Pierus where they were born. 
They, have been Severally called CaJialiJes , 
Aganippides , LeLetbridcs , A on ides, Heliconi- 
ades, 6cc . from the places where the'y were 
vvorlhipped, or over which they prefided. 
Apollo, who was the patron and the con¬ 
ductor of the mufes, has received the name 
of Mufagetes , or leader of the mules. .The 
fame furname was alfo given to Hercules. 
The palm tree, the laurel, and all the foun¬ 
tains of Pindus, Helicon, Parnaflus, &c. were 
facred to the mules. They were generally 
reprefented as young, beautiful, and modeft 
virgins. They were fond of folitude, and 
commonly appeared in different attire accord¬ 
ing to tiie arts and Sciences over which they 
prefided. [Fid. Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Mel¬ 
pomene, &c.] Sometimes they were repre¬ 
sented as dancing in a chorus, to intimate the 
near and indiffoluble connexion which exifts 
between the liberal arts and Sciences. The 
mufes Sometimes appear with wings, becaufe 
by the afliitance of wings they freed them- 
felves from the violence of Pyrc-natus. Their 
conteft with the daughters of Pierus is well 
known. [Fid. Pierides.] The worffiip of 
the mufes was universally eftablilhed, particu¬ 
larly in the enlightened parts of Greece, 
Theffaly, and Italy. No Sacrifices were ever 
offered to them, though no poet ever began 
a poem without a folemn invocation to the 
goddefles who prefided over verfe. There 
were feftivals inilituted in their honor ip Se¬ 
veral parts of Greece, efpecially among the 
Thefpians, every fifth year. The Macedo¬ 
nians obferved alfo a feftival in honor of Ju¬ 
piter and the mules. It had been inilituted 
by king Archeiaus, and it was celebrated wich 


ftage plays, games, and different exhibitions, 
which continued nine days according to the 
number of the mufes. Plut. Erot. — Pollux* 
— JEfcbin. in Tim. — Pauf. 9, c. 29.— Apollod . 
I» «• 3.— Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 2 i. — Hefiod. 
Theog .— Firg. JEn. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 310, 
— Homer. Hymn. Muf. — Juv. 7.— Diod. I.—• 
Martial. 4, ep. 14. 

MusiEUS, an ancient Greek poet, fuppofed 
to have been fon or difciple of Linus or Or¬ 
pheus, and to have lived about 1410 years 
before the Chriftian era. Virgil has paid 
great honor to his memory by placing him 
in the Elyfian fields attended by a great mul¬ 
titude, and taller by the head than his follow¬ 
ers. None of the poet’s compofitions are 
extant. The elegant poem of the loves of 
Leander and Hero was written by a Mufasus 
who florilhed in the fourth century, according 
to the more received opinions. Among the 
good editions of Mufaeus two may be Selected 
as the belt, that of .Rover 8vo. L. Bat. 1727; 
and that of Schroder, 8vo. Leovard, 1743. 

Firg. JF.n. 6, v. 6,77.— DTog. -A Latin 

poet whole compofitions were very obfeene. 

Martial. 12, ep. 96.-A poet of Thebes 

who lfved during the Trojan war. 

Musomus Rufus, a ftoic philofopher of 
Etruria in the reign of Vel'pafian. Tacit. 
Hijl. 3, c. 81. 

Miita, a goddefs who prefided over filence, 
among the Romans. Ovid. Fajl. 2, v. 580. 
Mustfla, a man greatly elteemed by 

Cicero. Ad Attic. 12.-A gladiator. 

Cic. 

Muthullus, a river of Numidia. Sal- 
lujl. Jug. 48. 

Mutia, a daughter of Q. Mutius s Sctevok 
and filter of Metellus Celer. She was Pom- 
pey’s third wife. Her incontinent behaviour 
fo dilgulted her hufband that at his return from 
the Mithridatic war, he divorced her, though 
Ihe had borne him three children. She after¬ 
wards married M. Scaurus. Auguftus greatly 
elteemed her. Plut. in Pomp. • -A wife 
of Julius Ctriar beloved by Clodius the tri¬ 
bune. Suet, in Ctef. 50.—-The mother of 
Auguftus. 

Mutia lex, the fame as that which was 
enadted by Licinius Craffus, and Q. Mutius 
A. U. C. 657. [ Fid. Licinia Lex.] 

Mutica, or Mutyce, a town of Sicily 
weft of die cape Pachynus. Cic. in Fer. 3, 
c - 43 - 

Mutilia, a woman intimate with Livk 
Augufta, Tacit. Ann. 4, <f. 12. 

Mu tina, a Roman colony of Cifalpine 
Gaul, where M. Antony befieged D. Brutus 
whom the confuls Panfa and Hirtius delivered. 
Two battles on the fifteenth of April B. C. 
43, were fought there, in whiyh Antony was 
defeated, and at laft obliged to retire. Mu- 
tina is how called 71 Lodena. Lucan. I, v. 41, 
J. 7, v. 872.— Sit. 8, v. 592— Ovid. Met. 15, 
v. 822.-— Cic. Pam. 10, ep. 14, Brut, ep, 5. 

li Mutjnes, 







MurfNES, one of Annibal’s getierals ivho 
Itoi is honored with the freedom of Rome on 
delivering up Agrigentum. Liv. 25, c. 41. 
i. 27,0.5. 

Mu tin ns. \Vtd. Mutumis.] 

Mutius, tlie fatHer-in law of v C. Marius. 
» — A Roman who ftved the life of yomig 
Marius, bv conveying him away from the 
purfuits of his enemies in a load of rtraw. 

-A friend of Tiberius Gracchus by wfiofe 

means hfe was raifed to the office of a tribune. 

■ 4 --C. Scasvola, iiifnamed Cbrdas, became 

famous for his Courage and intrepidity. When 
Porlenna, king of Etruria, had befi'eged 
Rome to re-inftate Tafquin in all his rights 
and privileges, Mutius determined to deliver 
his country from lb dangerous an &nemy. He 
difguiled himfelf in the habit of a Tufcan, 
and as he could fluently fpeak the language, 
he gained an ealy introduction into the camp, 
and foon into the royal tent. Porlenna fat 
atonb with his fecretary wbfcn Mutitis entered. 
The Roman rtilhed upon the fecretary and 
ftabbed him to the heart, mistaking him for 
his royal nfafter. This occafioned a noife, 
and Mut'ms, unable to efcape, was feized and 
brought before the king. He gave no anfwer 
to the enquiries of the courtiers, and only 
told them* that he was a Roman, and to give 
them a proof pf his fortitude, he laid his 
right hand oh an altar of burning coals, and 
fternly looking at the king, and without utter¬ 
ing a grdan, he bbldly told him, that 300 
j/oung Romans like himlelf had confpired 
againft his life, and entered his camp in dif- 
guife, determined either to deftroy him or 
jperifh in the attempt. This extraordinary 
cottfeffion aftoniihed Porfenna, he made peace 
■with - the Romans and retired from their city. 
.Mutius obtained the furnarne of Sceevola^ be¬ 
came he had loft the ule of his right hand by 
burning it in the pretence of the Etrurian 
king. Pint, in Par. — Plor. I, c. 10.— Liv. 2, 

c. 12.-Q. Sca-vola, a Roman conful. He 

obtained a victory over the Dalmatians, and 
fignalized himfelf greatly in the Marfian war. 
He fs highly commended by Cicero, whom 
he inftruded in the ftudy of civil law. Cii 

- — Plut. -Another appointed proconful of 

Alia, which he governed with fo much po¬ 
pularity, that he was generally propofcd to 
-others as a pattern of equity and tpoderation. 
Cicero fpeaks of him as eloquent, learned, 
and ingenious, equally eminent as an orator 
and as a lawyer. He was murdered in the 
temple ©f..Vefta, during the civil war of 
Manus and Sylla, 82 years before Chrift. 
Pluf.—Cic. de Or at. I, c. A$.~Palerc 2, 
C. 22. 

. Mutdnus, or MutinUs, a dCity amofig 
the Romans, much the fame as the Priapus of 
the Greeks. The Roman matrons, and par¬ 
ticularly new married women, difgraced them- 
lelvesby the obfcei>2 ceremonies which cuftom 
obliged them to obferve before tlie ftattoe of 


this impure deity. Mtgnf. dr Civ. D. 4, C. <). 

1 . 6, C. 9.— Laftivit. t, c. 20. 

Mutuscie, a town of Uinbri??.- Virg. JErt, 

7 > V. 711. 

Muzeris, a town of India, rfotv Vizindruk. 
Plin. 6, c. 23. 

JvlvAGRus or My odes, at divinity among 
the Egyptians, called alfo Achor. He was 
entreated by the inhabitants to proteCl them 
from flies and feipents. His worfhip pafled 
into Greece and Italy* Plin* to, c. 28.— 
Pauf. 8, c. 26. 

Mycale, a celebrated magiciah, who 
boafled that flie could draw down the mooii 

from her orb. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 263.- 

A city and promontory of Afia Minor oppo- 
fite Samos, celebrated for a battle which was 
fought there between the Greeks and Peifians 
on the 22d of September 479 B. C. the fame 
day that Mardonius was defeated at Plattea. 
The Perfians w ere about 100,COO men, that 
had juft returned from the unluccefsful expe¬ 
dition of Xerxes in Greece. They had 
drawn their fliips to the Ik ore and fortified' 
themfelves, as if determined to fupport a 
fiege. They fuffered the Greeks to difem- 
bark from their fleet without the leaft moldla* 
tion, and were foon oblige^ to give way before 
the Cool and refolute intrepidity of an inferiot 
number of men. The Greeks obtained a 
complete victory. flaughtered fome thoufands 
of the enemy, burned their camp* and failed 
back to Samos with an immenfe booty, in 
which were feventy chefts of money among 
other very valuable things. Herodot. — ’Jujl'm. 

2, c. 14.— Diod. — ——A woman’s name. juv. 
4, v. 141. 

Mycalessus, an inland town of Becotia, 
where Ceres had a templp. Pauf. 9, o 

MycEm.t., a town of Argolis, in Pelo- 
ponnefus, built by Perfeus, fon of Danae. 

It was fituate otr a fmall river at the eaft of 
the Inachus, about 50 ftadia from Argos, and 
received its name from Mycene, a nymph of 
Laconia. It was once the capital of a king¬ 
dom, whofe monarehs reigned in the following 
order; Acrinus 1344 B. C< Perfeus, EleCtryon, 
Mseftor, arid Sthenelus; and Sthenelus alone 
for eight years; Atreus and Thyeftes, Aga¬ 
memnon, iEgyfihus, Oreftes, iEpytus, who 
was dilpolfelfed 1104 B. C. on the return of 
the Hernciida?. The town of Mycena? was * 
taken and laid in ruins hy the Argives B. C. 
568; and it was alnioft unknown where it 
ftood in the age of the geographer Strabo. 
Pauf. 2, c. 16. — Sfrab. 8 .—Virg. JEn. 6 , V. 
839— Mda t 2, cy 3. The word Myccttaus 
is ufed for Agamemnon as he was one of the 
kings of Mycenae. 

Mycknjs, (idis) a name applied to Iphi- 
genia a3 refiding at Mycena. Ovid. Met 12, 
v. 34 - 

MycerTnus, a fon of CheOpi, Icing 6f 
Egypt. Aff^f the defTth Uf his father he 

jreigned 




reigned with great juftice and moderation. 
jHerodot. z, c. 139. 

Myclberna, a town of the Hellefpont. 

J)iod. 1 2. 

Mycituus, a fervant of Anaxjlaus ty¬ 
rant of Rhegium. He was entmfted with 
tlie care of tne kingdom, and of the children 
of the deceased prince, and he exercifed his 
power with luch fidelity and moderation, that 
lie acquired the efleern of all the citizens, and 
at fait reliored the kingdom to his maftev’s 
children when come to years of maturity, and 
retired to peace and l'olitude with a 1'mall por¬ 
tion. He is called by tome Micalus. JuJlin. 
4 > O - 2. 

My con, a celebrated painter who with 
others afiilted in making and perfecting the 
Facile of Athens. He was the rival of Po- 

lygnotus. Flirt. 33 & 35.--A youth of 

Athens changed into a poppy by Ceres. 

My co nos, (or e,) one of the Cyclades 
between Delos and Icaria, which received its 
name from Myconus, an unknown perfon. 
It is about three miles at the ealt of Delos, 
and is thirty-fix miles in circumference. It 
remained longuninhahited on account of the 
frequent earthquakes to which it was fubjeCt. 
Some fuppofe that the giants whom Hercules 
killed were buried under that ifiand, whence 


arofe the proverb of every thing is under My 
cone y applied to thofe who treat of different 
lubje&s under one and the lame title, as if 
none of the defeated giants had been buried 
under no other ifiand or mountain about My- 
cone. Strabo obferves, and his teftimony is 
fupported by that of modern travellers, that 
the inhabitants of Mycone became bald very 
early, even at the age of 20 or 35, from 
which circumftance they were called by way 
of contempt, the bald beads of Mycone. Pliny 
fays, that the children of the place were al¬ 
ways bom without hair. The ifiand was poor, 
and the inhabitants very avaricious; whence 
Archilochus reproached a certain Pericles, 
that he came to a feaft like a Myconian, 
that is, without previous invitation. Firg. 
JEn. 3, V. 76 ,—Strah. IO .— Flirt. II, c. 37. 
L 12, c. 7. L 14, c. I.— Athen. I.— Tbucyd. 3, 
C. 29.— Mela , 3. C. 7.— Ovid. Met. 7, V. 


463* 

Mydon, one of the Trojan chiefs who 
defended Troy againft the Greeks. He 
was killed by Antilochus. Homer. II. 5, v. 
j8°. 

Myecpuoris, a town in Egypt, in a fmall 


iflaud near Bubadis. 

MyInus, a mountain of TEtolia. Flut. 


de Flum. 

Myodon, a brother of Amycus, killed in 

war againft Hercules.-A brother of He- 

^uba. [ Fid. M ygdon us. ] 

Mygdonia, a lmall province of Mace¬ 
donia near Thrace, between the rivers Axius 
and Strymon. The inhabitants, called Myg- 
danesy migrated into Alia, and fettied near 


Troas, where' fhe country received the name 
of their ancient habitation. Cybele was 
called Mygdonia, from the worfhip fhe re¬ 
ceived in Mygdonia in Phrygia. Horat. 3, 
od. 12, v. 23 . 1 . 3, od. 16, v. 41— Ovid. 

Met. 6, vb. 45.-A fmall province of 

Mesopotamia bears alio the name of Myg¬ 
donia, and wa^probably peopled by a Ma¬ 
cedonian colony. Flacc. 3, &c.— Plin. 4, 

C. IO. — Ovid. Hcroid '. 20. — Horat. 2, od. 
12. 

Mygdonus, or Mygdon, a brother of 
Hecuba, Priam’s wife, who reigned in part of 
Thrace. His fon Coroebus was called Myg- 
donides, from him. Firg. JEn. 2, v. 341.— 

Homer. H. 3.-A fmall river running through 

Mesopotamia. 

My lass a (or um,) a town of Caria. Liv. 
38, c. 39. 

Myle or Mylas, a fmall river on the 
eaft of Sicily, with a town of the fame name. 

Liv. 24, c. 30 & 31.— Suet. Aug. 16.-Alio 

a town of Theflaly, now Mulazzo. Liv. 42, 
c. J 4 - 

Myles, a fon of Lelex. 

Mylitta, a lurname of Venus among 
the AfTyrians, in whole temples all the wo¬ 
men were obliged to proftitute themfelves 
to ftrangers. Herodot. 1, c. 131 & I99-— 
Strab. 16. 

Myndus, a maritime town of Caria near 
Halicarnaffus. Cie. Fam. 3, ep. 8.— Mflay I, 
c. 16.— Plin. Sr c. 29. 

Mynes, a prince of Lyrneflus, who mar¬ 
ried Brifeis. He was killed by Achilles, and 
his wife became the property of the conqueror. 
Homer. II. 3 . 

Mynije. [Fid. Minvae.] 

M yon 1 a, a town of Phocis. Pauf. 

MyonnIs-us, a town and promontory of 
Ionia, n®w Jalangbi-Liman. Liv. 37, c. 13 
& 27. 

Myra (orum or a), a town of Lycia on a 
high hill, two miles from the fea. Plin. 5, c. 
27.— Strab. 14. 

Myriandros, a town of Seleucia in 
Syria, on the bay of IfTus, which is feme- 
times called Sinus Myriandricus. Liv. 2, C- 

108. 

MyrTna, a maritime town of TEolia, called 
alfo Sebafopolis, and now Sanderlic. Tacit. 
Ann. 3, c. 47 -— Liv. 33, C. 30.— Strab. 13. 

-A queen of the Amazons, &c. Dion. 

4.- -*~A town of Lemnos, now Palio Cafro. 

Plin. 4, c. 12_A town of Afia, deftroyed 

by an earthquake in Trajan’s reign.-The 

wife of Thoas king of Lemnos, by whom Ihe 
had Hipfipyle- 

MyrTnus, a fur name of Apollo, from My- 

rirla in TEolia, where he was worftiipped.- 

A gladiator. Mart. 12, c. 29. 

Myrke, a town of Arcadia, called alio 
Megalopolis. 

Myp.mea: or Apamea, a town of BSthy- 
nhu Plin, 5, C..32. 

I i 3 MyrmkcideJv 




MY 


MY 


Myrmf.cjdes, an artift of Miletus men¬ 
tioned as making chariots fo fmall that they 
could be covered by the wing of a fly. He 
all'o infcribed an elegiac diftith on a grain of 
Indian fei'amum. Cic 4. Acad. — JElian. V. 
H. i, . 

MyrmIdones, a people on the fonthern 
borders of Theflalv, who accompanied Achilles 
to the Trojan war. They received their name 
from Myrmidon, a*-foil of Jupiter and Eury- 
roedula, who married one of the daughters 
of iEolus, ion of Helen. His fon ACtor 
married AEgina, the daughter of the Afo- 
pus. He gave his name to his fubjeCts, who 
dwelt near the river Peneus in Thenaly. Ac¬ 
cording to fome, the Myrmidons received 
their name from their having been originally 
ants, pv^pyiKis . [ ViJ. iEacus.] According 
to Strabo, they received it from their induftry, 
becaufe they imitated the diligence of the ants, 
and like them were indefatigable, and were 
continually employed in cultivating the earth. 
Ovid. McU I, v. 654 ,—Strai. — Hygin. fab. 
51 . 

Myron, a tyrant of Sicyon.-A man 

of Priene, who wrote an hillory of MeiTenia. 

Pauf. 4, c. 6.--A celebrated ftatuary of 

Greece, peculiarly happy m imitating nature. 
He made a cow fo much refemSling life, that 
even bulls were deceived and approached her 
as if alive, as is frequently mentioned by many 
epigrams in the Anthologia. He floriihed 
about 442 years before Chrift. Ovid. Art. 
Am. 3, v. 319.— Pauf. — Juv. 8.— Propcrt. 2, 
*i. 41. 

Mykonjanus, an hiftorian. Diog . 

Myronidfs, an Athenian general, who 
conquered the Thebans* Polyecn. 

Myrrh a, a daughter of Cinyras, king of 
Cyprus. She became enamoured of her fa¬ 
ther., and introduced herfelf into his bed un¬ 
known. She had a fon by him, called Ado¬ 
nis. When Cinyras was apprized of the in¬ 
cell he had committed, he attempted to ftab 
his daughter, and Myrrha fled into Arabia, 
where fhe was* changed into a tree called 
myrrh., Hygin* fab. 58 & 275.-—Ovid. 

Jlfrf , IQ, v. 298. — Plut. in Par.-Apol- 
lod. 3. 

Myrsixus, a fon of Mytfus, the Ialt of 
the Heraclidas, who reigned in Lydia. He is 
alfo called Candanles. \Vid. Candaules.] 

Myrsus, the father of Candaules. Hero- 

dot. 1, e. 7. . A Gretk hiftorian in the age 

of Solon. 

Myrt.ue , a courtezan of Rome, miflrefj 
to the poet Horace, i.od. 33. 

Myrtea, a furname of Venus. [ Vid. 
Muitia.] 

M yktilus, fon of Mercury and Phaelufh, 

• or Cleobule, or Clymene, was arm-bearer to 
(Enomaus, king of Pifa. He was fo experi¬ 
enced in riding aud in the management of 
horles, that he rendered thole of (Enomaus 
the fwifteli all^Gieece, His infidelity 


proved at lad fatal to him* (Enomaus had 
been informed by an oracle, that his daughter 
Hippodamia’s hulband Ihould canfe his death, 
and on that account he refolved to marry her 
only to him who Ihould overcome him in a 
chariot race. This feemed totally impoffible, 
and to render it more terrible (Enomaus de¬ 
clared that death would be the confequence of 
a defeat in the fuitors. The charms of Hip- 
podamia w r ere lb great that many facrificecf 
their life in the fruitlefs endeavour to obrain 
her hand. Pelops, at lad prefented himfelf, 
undaunted at the fate of thofe who had gone 
before him, but before he entered the courfe 
he bribed Myrtilus, and allured him that he 
Ihould lhare Hippodamia’s favors if he return¬ 
ed victorious from the race. Myrtilus, who 1 
was enamoured of Hippodamia gave an old 
chariot to CEnomaus, which broke in tha- 
courle and caufed his death. Pelops gained 
the victory, and married Hippodamia; and 
when Myrtilus had the audacity to claim the 
reward promifed to his perfidy, Pelops threw 
him headlong into the lea, where he perilhed. 
The body of Myrtilus, according to fome, 
was carried by the waves to the fea Ihore, 
where he received an honorable burial, and as- 
he was the fon of Mercury, he was made a 
conftellation. Diad. 4.— Hygin. fab. 84 & 224 
— Pauf. 8, C. 14.— Apollon. 1 . 

Myrtis, a Greek woman who diftinguilh- 
ed herlelf by her poetical talents. She floriih¬ 
ed about joo years B. C. and inftruCted the 
celebrated Corinna in the feveral rules of ver- 
lification. Pindar himfelf as fome report was 
alfo one of her pupils. 

Myrtoum Mare, a part of the iEgean 
fea which lies between Eubeea, Attica, and 
Peloponnefus, as far as cape Malea. It re¬ 
ceives this naftie from Myrto, a woman, or ’ 
from Myrtos , a fmall iflaiid oppofite to 
Caryftos in Euboea; or from Myrtilus, the fon 
of Mercury, who was drowned there, &c.- ' 
Pauf. 8, e. 14-— Hygin. fab. 84.— Plm. 4, 
c. II. 

Myrtuntium, a name given to that 
part of the fea which lies on the coalt 
of Epirus between the bay of Ambracia and 
Leucas. 

Myrtusa, a mountain of Libya. Callim* 
in Apollo. 

■ Mys, ( myos ), an artift famous in working 
and polilhing filver. He beautifully repre-* 
fented the battle of the centaurs and Lapitha;, 
on a Ihield in the hand of Minerva’s ftatue 
made by Phidias. Pauf. 1, c. 28.— Martial. 

e P - 34 « & JI. 1 . 14, ep. 93.— Propcrt. 3, 
el. 9, v. 14. 

Myscelxus, or Misceelus, a native of 
Rhypaj in Achaia, who founded Crotona is 
Italy according to an oracle, which told him 
to build a city where he found rain with fine 
weather. The meaning of the oracle long 
perplexed him, till he found a beautiful wo* 
man all in tears in Italy, which circumltance 




MY 


MY 


he interpreted in his favor. According to 
fome, Myicellus, who was the; fon of Hercu¬ 
les, went out of Argos, without the permif- 
fion of the magillrates, for which he was con¬ 
demned to death. The judges had put each a 
black ball as a fign of condemnation, but Her¬ 
cules changed them all and made them white, 
and had his fon acquitted, upon which Myf- 
cellus left Greece and came to Italy, where he 
built Crotona. Ovid. Met. IS, y- 19.— Strab. 
6 Sc 8.— Suidas. 

My si a, a country of Alia Minor, gene¬ 
rally divided into major and minor. Myfia 
minor was bounded on the north and weft by 
the Propontis and Bithynia, and Phrygia on 
the fouthern and eaftern borders. Myfia ma¬ 
jor had iEolia on the fouih, the iEgean on tbe 
weft, and Phrygia on the north and eaft. Its 
chief cities were Cyzicum, Lampl'acus, &c. 
The inhabitants were once very warlike, but 
they greatly degenerated ; and the words My a 
foruin ultimas were emphatically ufed tofignify 
a perlon of no merit. The ancients generally 
hired them to attend their funerals as mourn¬ 
ers, becaule they were naturally melancholy 
and inclined to Ihed tears. They were once 
governed by monarchs. They ar^ iuppot'ed 
to be delcended from the My fians of Europe, 
a nation which inhibited that part of Thrace 
which was fituatebetween mount Hasmus and 
the Danube. Strab. — Herodot. I, Sec. — Cic. 
in Verr. — Flacc. 27.- — Flor. 3, c. 5. — Appian. 

in Mithrid. -A feftival in honor of Ceres, 

furnamed Myfia from Myfias, an Argive, 
who raifed her a temple near. Pallene in A- 


chaia. Some derive the word rev (tv0 

to cloy, or fathfy, becaule Ceres was the but 
who latisfied the wants of men by giving 
them corn. The feftival continued during 

leven days,&c. , f 

My son, a native of Sparta, one ot the te- 
ven wile men of Greece. When Anacnarfis 
conliilted the oracle of Apollo, to know which 
was the wifeft man in Greece, he received for 
anfwer, he who was now ploughing his fields. 
This was Myfon. Diog. in F~it. 

Mystes, a fon of the poet Valgms whole 
earlv death was fo lamented by the lather, that 
Horace wrote an ode to alhy the grief of his 

friend. Horat. 2. od. 9. M 

Mythecus, a fophift of Syracufe. He 
ftudied cookery,'and when he thought himfelt 
lufficiently Ikilled in dreifing meat, he went 
to Sparta, where he gained much prattice, 
elpecially among the younger citizens. He 
was loon after expelled the city by the> 
trates, who obferved that the aid of Mythe- 
cus was unneceflary, as hunger was the belt 
leafoning. 

Mytilkne. \Vd. Mitylene.J . 

Myus, (Myu»tis),a town of Ionia on the 
confines of Caria, founded by a Grecian co¬ 
lony. It is one of the 12 capital cities ol Io¬ 
nia, fituate at the diftance of about 30 ftadia 
from the mouth of the Mteander. Artaxerxes, 
king of Perfia, gave it to Themiftocles to 
maintain him in meat. Magneiia was to iup- 
port him in bread, and Lampl'acus in wine. 
C. Nep. in Themijl.—Strab. 14.— Herodot. 4 , 
C. 142.— Diod.II. 


NA 

TVTABAZANES, an officer of Darius 3d. 

at the battle of Iflus. He confpired 
with Beffus to murder his royal mafter, either 
to obtain the favor of Alexander, or to feize 
the kingdom. He was pardoned by Alexan¬ 
der. Curt. 3, &c.— <J)ied. 17. 

NaBATURA, a country of Arabia, of 
which ihe capital was called Petra. The word 
is often applied to any of the eaftern countries 
©f the world by the poets, and ieems to be 
derived from Nabath the fon of Ifmael. Ovid. 
Met. I, v. 6l. 1 . 5,v. 163. — Strab. 16. — Lu¬ 
can. 4, v. 63. — Juv. II, v. 126.— Seneca, in 
Her. (Et. 160, &C. 

Nabis, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedae¬ 
mon, who in all a&s of cruelty and opprel- 
fion furpafled a Phalaris or a Dionyfius. His 
houfe was filled with flatterers and with fpies, 
who were continually employed in watchipg 
the words and the actions of his lubje&s. 
When he had exercifed every art in plunder¬ 
ing the citizens of Sparta, he made a ltatue, 
which in refemblance was like liis wife, and 
was clothed in the molt magnificent apparel, 


NA 

I and whenever any one refufed to deliver up 
his riches, the tyrant led him to the ltatue, 
which immediately, by means of lecret Iprings, 
feized him in its arms, and tormented him m 
the moft excruciating manner with bearded 
points and prickles, hid under the cloaths. 
To render his tyranny more popular, Nabis 
1 made an alliance with Flaminius, the Roman 
! general,and purfued with the moft inveterate en- 
| mity the war which he had undertaken againft 
1 the Achaeans. He befieged Gythium, and de- 
| feated P.hilopocmen in a naval battle. His 
triumph was Ihoft; the general of the Ac!ue. 

| ans loon repaired his Ioffes, and Nabis was de¬ 
feated in an engagement, and treacheroufly 
j murdered, as he attempted to fave his life by 
I flight, B. C. 192, after an ulurpation of 14 
1 years, Polyb. 1 3° & 3 1 * PluU 

in Phil .— Pauf. 7,C. 8 .—Flor. 2, C. 7--A 

prieft of Jupiter Ammon, killed in the lecond 
Punic war, as he fought againft the Romani. 
Sil. 15, v. 672. 

Nakonassar, a king of Babylon, after the 
divifion of the AlTyrian monarchy. From him 
1 i 3 the 










NA 


the Nabonajfurean epoch received its name, 
agreeing with the.year of the world 3237* or 
746 B. C. 

Nacri campi, a place of Gallia Togata 
near Muting. Liv. 41, c. 18. 

Nadagara. [ Vid. Nargara ] 

N^nia, the goddefs of funerals at Rome, 
whofe temple was without the gates of the 
city. The fongs which were fung at funerals 
were alfo called nattria. They were generally 
filled with the prail'es of the deceafed, but 
fometimes they were fo unmeaning and im¬ 
proper, that the word became proverbial to 
fignify nonfenfe. Varro de Vita P. R .— Plaut. 
Afln. 41, c. 1, v. 63. 

Cn. Njevrus,a Latin poet in the firft Punic 
war. He was originally in the Roman ar¬ 
mies, but afterwards he applied himfelf to 
fludy, and wrote comedies, befides a poetical 
account of the firft Punic war in which he had 
ferved. His fatirical dii'pofition difpleafed the 
cenful Metellus, who drove him from Rome. 
He pafied the reft of his life in Utica, where 
he died, about 203 years before the Ckriliian 
era. Some fragihents of his poetry are extant. 

{ Cic. Tufs. I, C. I. de SeneB. — Herat. 2, ep. I, 

c. 53.-A tribune of the people of Rome, 

xvho acetified Scipio Africatius of extortion. 

> — — An augur in the reign of Tatquin. To 
convince the king and the 'Romans of his 
power, as an augur, he cut a flint with a razor, 
and turned the ridicule of the populace into 
admiration. TarquiiY rewarded his merit by 
creating him a lfatue in the tomitiini \v!vch 
was ftill in being in the age of Augustus. 
The razor and flint were buried near it under 
an altar, and it was ufual among the Romans 
to mgke wftneffcs in civil cauies fwe.ir near, 
it. This miraculous event of cutting a flint 
with a razor, though believed by tome writers, 
is treated as fabulous and improbable by Cicero, 
who hintfelf had been an augur. Dhnyf. Hal. 

-—Z/u. I, c. 36.— Cic. de divin. I, c. 17. de 
ZV. D. 2,c. 3 1 . 3, c. 6. 

N.’Evolus, an infamous pimp in Domi- 
tian’s reign. Juv. 9, v. 1. 

Naharvali, a people of Germany. Ta- 
rit. Germ. 43. 

Naiades or Naides, certain inferior dei¬ 
ties who prefided over rivers, fprings, wells, 
and; fountains. The Naiades generally inha¬ 
bited the country, and reforted to the woods 
or meadows near the ftream over which they 
prefided, whence the name (vaiuv to flow). 
7 -hey are reprefented as young and beautiful 
virgins, often leaning upon an uin, from 
which flows a ftream of water, iiigle was 
the faireft of the Naiades, according to Vir¬ 
gil. They were held in great veneration 
among the ancients, and often facrifices of 
goats and lambs were offered to them with 
libations of wine, honey, and oil. Some¬ 
times they received only offerings of milk, 
fruit, and flowers. [ Fid. Nympha?.] Virg. Eel. ( 
6 . — Ovid. Met. 14, v. 32,8.— Homer. 6d* 13. j 


NA 

Nais, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
Chiron or Glaucus, by Magnes. Apollod. 2, 

c. -A nymph, mother by Bucdion of 

iEgelus and Pedafus. Homer. II. 6. -A 

nymph in an ifland of the Red Sen, who by 
her incantations turned to fifties all thole who 
approached her refidence after five had admitted 
them to her embraces. She was herfelf 
changed into a fifh by Apollo. Ovid- Met. 4, 

v. 49, &c.-The word is ufed for water by 

TibulL 3, 7. 

Najssus or Nessus, now Niflii, a town 
of Mtrfia, the birth-place of Conftantkie, 
aferibed by fome to illyricum or Thr-aee. 

Nantuates, a people of Gaul near the 
Alps. Goef. B. G. 3, c. 1. 

Nava;^, certain divinities among the 
ancients who prefided over the hills and 
woods of the country. Some 1 up pole that 
they were tutelary deities of the fountains, 
and Naiades of the fea. Their name is 
derived from ya<r», a grove. Virg. G. 4, 
v- 535 - 

N a pat a, a town of ./Ethiopia. 

Naphilus, a river of Peloponnefus, falling 
into the Alpheus. Pan/. 1. 

Nak , now Neva , a river of Umbria, whofe 
waters, famous for their fulphureous proper¬ 
ties, pnfs through the lake Velinus, and if- 
filing from thence witli great rapidity fall into 
the Tiber, Ovid. Met. 14, v. 330.—/ / 7 r'g. JE<n. 
7, V.^17.— Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. I5.-r— Tacit. 
Anri. I, C. 79. 1 . 3, C. 9. 

NnRfto Martius, now Narhorine-, a town 
of Gfiulfounded by the confiul Mafems, A.U.C. 
636. It became the capital of a large province 
of Gaul, which obtained the name of Gallia 
lidrboncnflis. Patcrc. I, c. 15. 1 . 2, c. 8.— 

Plin. 3 

Narbonf.nsis Gallia, one of the four 
great- divifions of ancient Gaul, was bounded 
: by the Alps, the Pyrenean mountains, A v qui- 
tania, Belgicum, and the Mediterranean, and 
contained the modern provinces of Languedoc, 
Provence, Dauphine, and Savoy. 

Narc.s:us, a Ion of Bacchus and Phyfcoa. 
Pauf. 5, c. 15. 

Narcea, a lurname of Minerva in Elis, 
from her temple there, ere&ed by Nar- 

cssus. 

Narcissus, a beautiful youth, fon of 
Cephilus and the nymph Liriope, born at 
Thefpis in Bceotia. He law his image re¬ 
flected in a fountain, and beeame enamoured 
of it, thinking it to be the nymph of the 
place. His fruitlefs attempts to approach 
this beautiful object lb provoked him, that 
he grew defiperate and killed himfelf. His 
blood was changed into a flower, which ftill 
bears his name. The nymphs rfiifed a fu¬ 
neral pile to burn his bbdy, according tb 
Ovid, but they found nothing but a besufi- 
tiful flower. Paufanias fays, that Narciffus 
j had a lifter as beautiful as himlelf* Of whom, 
j he became deeply enamoured. He often 

hunted 






NA 


NA 


hunted in the woods ip her company, hut his * 
pleafure was ibon interrupted by her death, 
and itill to keep afrell* her rnem«7iy, he fre¬ 
quented the groves, where he had often at¬ 
tended her, or repofed himlelf op the i?ripn 
pf a fountain, where the fight of his.own 
reflected image ftill awakened tender ienti- 
ments. Paitf. 9, C. 21.— Hygin. f*b. 2.71. 
-r-Qvid. Pk'Lt. 3, v- 346, jScC.'— PhiloJlri.it I. 
— — A freed man and lecretnry of Claudius 
who abuled his truft and the infirmities of his 
imperial master, and plundered the citizens 
pf Rome to enrich himlelf. Meflalina, the 
emperor’s wife, endeavoured to remove him, 
but NarcifiTus facrificed her to his avarice 
and refentment. Agrippina, who fucceeded 
in the place of Melfalina, was more lbccei's- 
fuh Narciflus was banithed by her in¬ 
trigues, and compelled to kill himlelf, A D. 
54. Nero greatly' regretted his Id's, as he 
bad found him fublbrvient to his molt criminal 
and extravagant pleal'ures. Tacit .— S acton. 

-A favorite of the emperor Nero, put to 

death by Galba.--A wretch who ftrangled 

the emperor Commodus. 

Nargara, a town of Africa, where 
Hannibal and Stipio came to a parley. Liv. 
30, c. 2.9. 

Narjsct, a nation of Germany, in the 
Upper Palatinate. Tacit . de Germ. 42. 

Na.r.n.ia or Narna, anciently Nequinum, 
now Narniy a town of Umbria, vvalhed by 
the river Nar, from which it received its 
name. In .its neighbourhood are ftill vifible 
the remains of an aqueduct and ®f a bridge, 
erected by Auguftus.. Liv. 10, c 9. 

Naro, now Nanenta , a river of Dalmatia, 
falling into the Adriatic, and having the town 
of Narona, now called Narenza, on its banks, 
a little above the mouth. 

Naraes, a king of Perfia, A. D. 294, 
defeated by Maximianus Galeritis, after a 

reign of feven years.-An eunuch in the 

court of Juftinian, who was deemed worthy 

to fucceed Belifarius, &c.-A Perfian 

general, &c. 

Narthkcis, a fmall ifland near Samos. 

Narycia, or um, or Naryx, a- town of 
Magna Graecia, built by a colony of Locrians 
after the fall of Troy. The place in Greece 
from which they came bore the fame name, 
and was the country of Ajax Oileus The 
word Nary clan is more univerially under- 
llood, as applying to the Italian colony, near 
which pines and other trees grew in abundance. 
Virg. G. 2, v. 438. JEn. 3. v. 399. — Ovid., 
Mn. 15., v. 705. 

Nasamones, a lavage people of Libya near 
the Syrtes, who generally lived upon plunder. 
Curt. 4, C. 7 -— Lucan. 9, V. 439— Herodot. 
2 , c. 165.—S/ 7 . It. 2,v. 1x6 1 . IX, V. 180. 

Nascio or Natio, a goddefs at Rome, 
who prefided over the birth of children. 
She had a temple at Ardea. Cic. dc Nat. D.$, 
c. id. 


1 $LasTca, the fujrnapje of one of the ScL 
pios. Nafica was the full wfio invented the 
me^luriug qf time by water, B. C. 159, 
about 134 years after the introdu 6t ion of 

tun-dials at Rome, Vid. Scipio--An 

avaricious fellow \yhp married his daughter 
to Coranus, a man as mean 35 himfeif, that 
he might not only not repay the money 
he had borrowed, bjjt moreover become big 
creditor’s heir. Coranus under ft anding his 
meaning, purppfely alienated his property 
from him and his daughter, and expofetj 
him to ridicule. Ho rat. 2, Sat. 5, v. 64, 

& c, 

Nasidiknus, a Roman, knight, whofe 
luxury, arrogance, and plantation exhibited at 
an entertainment which* he gave to Mecamas, 
were ridiculed by Horace,2, Sat. 8. 

L. Na simps, a man lent by Porapey to 
alfift the people cf MalfiUa. After the battl® 
of Pharfalia, he followed the intereft of Pom-? 
pey’s children, - and afterwards revolted t9 
Antony. Appian. 

Naso, one of the murderers of 1 . Ctefar* 
-Oue-of Ovid’s names. Vid. Ovidius. 

Nassi/s or Nasus, a town of Acarnania, 
near the mouth of the Achelous. Liv. 26, 

c. 24.-Alio a part of the town of Syra* 

cufe. 

Nasua, a general of the Suevi, when 

Ca&far was in Gaul. 

Nataius An tonius, a Roman knight 
who conlpired againft Nero with .Pifo. Hq 
was pardoned for dilbovering the conipiracy, 
&c. Tacit. Antt. 15, c. 50. 

Natiso, now Natifone , a river rifing in the 
Alps, and falling into the Adriatic eaft of 
Aquileia. Plin , 3, c. 18. 

Natt.Aj a man whofe manner of living 
was lb mean, that his name became almolt 
proverbial at Rome. Horat. i A od. 6 f 
v. 124. 

Nava, now Nape, a river of Germany, 
falling into the Rhine at Bingen, below Mentz. 
Tacit. Hijl. 4, c. 70. 

Naurolus, a charioteer cf Laius, king of 
Thebes.——A Phocean, father of Iphitu$, 
The fons of Iphitus were called Naabolides 

from their grandfather.-A fon of Remus, 

one of thq Argonauts. 

Naucles, a general of the mercenary 
troops of Lacedaemon againft Thebes, &c. 

Nau crates, a Greek poet, who was 
employed by Artemifia to write a panegyriq 

upon Mauiolus.-Another poet. Albert, 

9.-An orator who endeavoured to ali¬ 

enate the cities of Lycia from the intereft of 
Brutus. 

Na.ucratis, a city of Egypt on the Rib 
fide of the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It 
was celebrated.for its commerce, and na(hip 
was permitted to land at any other place, 
but was obliged to fail directly to the city, 
there to depofit its cargo. It gave birth tc* 
AtRemgus, The inhabitants were tialfct Na*- 
i i 4 rKit** 







NA 


it all ta or Nauerdtiotce. Hero dot. 2, C. 97 & 
279.— Plin. 5, c. 9. 

Navius Actius, a famous augur. Vid. 
Ntevius. 

Naulochus, a maritime town of Sicily 

near Pelorum.-A town of Thrace on the 

Euxine fea. Plin. 4, c. li.--A promon¬ 

tory of the illand ‘of Imbros ——A town of 
the Locri. Plin. 4, c, 3. 

Naupactus orNAUPACTUM, a city of 
jffitolia, at the mouth of the Evenus, now 
called Lepanto. The word is derived from 
dxus 8 c wyvuf&i, becaufe it was there that 
the JHeraclida? built the fir ft.Jhip, which car¬ 
ried them to Peloponnefus. It firft belpnged 
to the Locri Ozoke, and afterwards fell into 
the hands of the Athenians, who gave it to 
the Meflenians, who had been driven from 
Peloponnefus by the Lacedaemonians. It 
became the property of the Lacedaemonians, 
after the battie of iEgofpotamos, and it was 
reftored to the Locri. Philip of Macedonia 
afterwards took it, and gave it to the JEtolians, 
from which circumftance, it has generally been 
called one of the chief cities of their country. 
Strab. 4.— Pauf. 4, c. 25.— Mela> 2, c. 3.— 
Ovid. Faji. 2, v. 43. 

NauPlia, a maritime city of Peloponnefus, 
the naval ftation of the Argives. The famous 
fountain Canathos was in its neighbourhood. 
Pauf. 2, C. 38.— Strab. 8. 

Naupliades, a patronymic of Palamedes, 
fon of Nauplius. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 39. 

Nauplius, a fon of Neptune and Amy- 
vnone, king of Euboea. He was father to 
the celebrated Palamedes, who was fo un- 
juftly facrificed to the artifice and refent- 
ment of Ulyfles by the Greeks during the 
Trojan war. The death of Palamedes highly 
irritated Nauplius, and to revenge the injuf- 
tlce of the Grecian princes, he attempted to 
debauch their wives and ruin their chara&er. 
When the Greeks returned from the Trojan 
war, Nauplius law them with pleafure dif- 
treffed in a Itorm on the coalls of Euboea, 
and to make their dilafter ltill more univer- 
fal, he lighted fires on fuch places as were 
furrounded with the moll dangerous rocks, 
that the fleet might be fhipwrecked upon the 
coalt. This fucceeded, but Nauplius was fo 
difappolnted when he faw Ulyfles and Dio- 
medes efcape from the general calamity, that 
he threw hjmfelf into the fea. According 
to l'ome mythologifts, there were two perfons 
bf this name, a native of Argos, who 
went to Colchis with Jal'on. He was fon of 
Neptune and Amymone. The other was 
king of Euboea, and lived during the Trojan 
war. He was, according to fame, fon. of 
Clyionas, one of the defendants of Nauplius 
the Argonaut. The Argonaut was remarka¬ 
ble for his knowledge of fea affairs, and of aftro- 
Iiomy. He built the town of Nauplia and fold 
Auge, daughter of Aleus, to king Teuthras, to 
withdraw her froth her father’s refentmem. 


N A 

Orph. Argon.—Apolloa. 2, c. *j.—Api/l!on. X, 
See.—Place. I & 5. — Strab . 8 .—Pauf. 4, C. 35 * 
— Hygin. fab. 116. 

Nauportus, a town of Pannonia on a 
river of the fame name, now called Ober or 
Upper Laybacb. Veil. Pat y 2, c. IIO. — Plin . 
3, c. 18. — Tacit. Ann. I, C. 20. 

Naura, a country of Scythia ^in Afia. 
Curt. 8.—-Of India within the Ganges. 
Arrian. 

Nausicaa, a daughter of Alcinous, king 
of the Phseaceans. She met Ulyffes fhip¬ 
wrecked on her father’s coafts, and it was 
to her humanity that he owed the kind 
reception he experienced from the king. 
She married, according to Ariftotle and Dic- 
tys, Telemachus the fon of Ulyfles, by whom 
ihe had a fon called Perfeptolis or Ftoliporthus. 
Homer Od. 6.— Pauf. 5, c. 19.— Hygin. fab, 
126. 

Nausicles, an Athenian, fentto aflift the 
Phocians with 5000 foot. &c. 

NausTmenes, an Athenian, whofe wife loft 
her voice from the alarm fhe received in feeing 
her fon guilty of inceft. 

Nausithoe, one of the Nel'eides. 

Nausithous, a king of the Phaeaceans, 
father to Alcinous. He was fon of Neptune 
and Periboea. Hefiod makes him fen of Ulyf¬ 
fes and Calypfo. Hefiod. Tb. I, c. 16.-, 

The pilot of the veflel which carried Thefeus 
into Crete. 

Naustathmus, a port of Phocaea in Io¬ 
nia, Liv. 37, c. 31.-Alfo a port of Cy- 

renaica, now Bondaria. Strab. 17. 

Nautes, a Trojan foothfayer, who com¬ 
forted iEneas when his fleet had been burnt 
in Sicily. Virg. JEu. 5, v. 704. He was the 
progenitor of the Nautii at Rome, a family to 
whom the Palladium of Troy was, in confer 
quence of the feiwice of their anceftors, en- 
trufted. Vitg JEn. 5, v. 794. 

Naxos, now Haxia, a celebrated ifland 
in the iEgean fea, the largeft and mod fer¬ 
tile of all the Cyclades, about 105 miles ii? 
circumference, and 30 broad. It was for¬ 
merly called Strongyle, Uia, Dionyftas, and 
Callipolis, and received the name of Naxos 
from Naxus, who was at the head of a 
Carian colony, which fettled in the ifland, 
Naxos abounds with all forts of fruits, and 
its wines are ftill in the fame repute as for¬ 
merly. The Naxians were anciently governed 
by |cings, but they afterwards exchanged 
this form of government for a tepnblic, and 
enjoyed their liberty till the age of Pififtra- 
tus, who appointed a tyrant over them. They 
were reduced by the Perfians; but in the ex¬ 
pedition of Darius and Xerxes aga'ufll Greece, 
they revolted and feught on the fide of the 
Greeks. During the Peloponnefian war, they 
fupported the intereft of Athens. Bacchus 
was the chief deity of the ifland The capL 
tal was alfo called Naxos; and i>ear it, o* 
the 20th Sept. B. C. 377 * the Lacedsmq*} 

mans 






NE 


N E 


nians were defeated by Chabrias. TLucyd. i, 
&C .— Herodbt. — Diod. 5, &c.— Ovid. Met. 

3, V. 636.— Vitg. JEn. 3, v. I2$.--Pai.f. 6, 

c. 16.— Pindar. -An ancient town on the 

eaftern fide of Sicily, founded 759 years be¬ 
fore the Chriftian era. There was alfo 
another town at the diftance of five miles 
from Naxos, which boie the fame name, and 
was often called by contradiftindion 7 auromi* I 

nium. Plin. 3. — Diod. 1 3. -r-A town of 

Crete, noted for Hones. Plin . 36, c. 7.- 

A Carian who gave his name to the great eft 
of the Cyclades. 

Nazianzus, a town of Cappadocia where 
St. Gregory was born, and hence he is called 
Hazianzenus. 

Nea or Noya infula , afmall ifland between 
Lemnos and the Hellelpont, which role out 
of the fea during an earthquake. Plin . 2, 

c.87. 

Nejf.ra, a nymph, mother of Phaetufa 
and Lampetia by the Sun. Homer. Qd. 12. 
— — A woman mentioned in Virgil’s Eel. 3. 

-A miftrefs of the poet Tibullus.-A 

favorite of Horace.-A daughter of Pereus, 

who married Aleus, by whom fhe had Ce- 
pheus, Lycurgus, "and Auge, who was ra- 
vilhed by Hercules. Apollod. 3, c. 9.— 

Pauf. 8, c. 4.-Thex wife of Autolycus 

Pauf. -A daughter of Niobe and Am- 

phion.-The wife of the Strymon. 

Apollod. 

Nevethus, now Neto , a river of Magna 
Grarcia near Crotona. Ovid. Met. 15, 

Nealces, a friend of Turnus in his 
war againlt TEnfeas. Hirg. JEn. 10, 
v. 7 53 - 

Ne Alices, a painter, amongft whole 
capital piece# are mentioned a painting of 
Venus, a fea-fight between the Perfians 
and Egyptians, and an afs drinking on the 
fliore, with a crocodile preparing to attack 
it. 

Neanoros, (or ia,) a town of Troas. 
Plin. 5, c. 30. 

Neanthes, an orator and hiftorian of 
Cyzicum, who florilhed 257 years B. C- 

Neap6lis, a city of Campania, anciently 
called Parthenope, and now known by the 
jiame of Naples, riling like an amphitheatre 
at the back of a beautiful bay 30 miles in 
circumference. As the Capital of that part 
of Italy, it is now inhabited by upwards of 
350,00b fouls, who exhibit the oppofite 
marks of extravagant magnificence, and ex¬ 
treme poverty. Auguftus called it Neapo- 

lis. Suet, in Aug. 98.-A town in Africa. 1 

--A city of Thrace. *- ■ — A town of Egypt. 

•-Of Paleftine.-O is Ionia.-Alio a 

part of Syracufe. Liv. 25, c. 24.— Cic. in 
Vtr. 5 - 

NEARCnus,an officer of Alexander in his 
Indian expedition. He was ordered to fail 
upon the Indian ocean with Queficrhus and 


to examine It. He wrote an account of this 
voyage and of the Ring’s life ; but his vera*/ 
city has been called in queftion by Arrian, 
Alter the king’s death, he was appointed 
over Lycia and Pamphylia, Curt. 9, c. 10. 
—Poly ten. 9.— Juftin. 13, c. 4.— Steak 2, 

&c.-A beautiful youth, &c. Hor.it. 3, 

od. ao,-An old man mentioned by Ci¬ 

cero de Senetl. 

Nebo, , a high mountain near Paleftine, 
beyoud Jordan, from the top of which 
Moles was permitted to view the promifed 
land. 

Nebrissa, a town of Spain, now Le- 
Irixa. 

Nebrodes, a mountain of Sicily, where 
the Himera riles. Sil. 14, v. 2^7. 

Nebko phonos, a fon of Jaion and Hypfi- 

pyle. Apollod. -One of Ada: oil’s dogs. 

0 v/J, Met. 3. 

Nebula, a name given to Nephele the 
wife of At ha nras. Lailani. ud Ado. Slat. I, 
c. 65. 

Nrcf.3sitas, a divinity who prefided over 
the deftinies of mankind, and who was re¬ 
garded as the mother of the Parca:. Pauf. 2, 
c* 4 » 

NECH0S,a king of Egypt, who attempted 
to make a communication between the 
Mediterranean and Red Seas, B. C. 610. 
No lefs than 12,000 men peiilhed in the at¬ 
tempt. It was difeovered in his reign that 
Africa was circumnavigable. Herodot. 2, c. 158. 
1.4, c. 42. ^ 

Necropolis, one of the fuburbs of Alex¬ 
andria. 

Nectanebus & NectanAhts, a king 
of Egypt, who defended his country againlt 
tbe Perfians, and was fucceeded by Tachos, 
B. C. 363. His grandfon, of the feme- name, 
made an alliance with Agefilaus king of 
Sparta, and with his aliiltauce he quelled a 
rebellion of his fubjeds. Some time after he 
was joined by the Sidouians, Phoenicians, 
and inhabitants of Cyprus, who had revolted 
from the king of Perfia. This powerful 
confederacy was foon attacked by Darius 
the king of Perfia, who marched at the head of 
his troops. Nedanebus, to defend his 
frontiers againlt lip dangerous an enemy, 
levied 2b,000 mercenary foldiers in Greece, 
die fame number in Libya, and 60,000 were 
furnifhed in Egypt. This numerous body 
was not equal to the Perfian forces; and 
Nectanebus, defeated in a battle, gave up all 
hopes of refiftance, and fled into ./Ethiopia, 
B. C. 350, where he found a lafe alylurr* 
His kingdom of Egy, t became from tj t 
time tributary to the king of Perfia. Plut. 
Agef.—Diod. l6y &C.— Polyan.~~C, Hep. in 
Agef. ^ 

Necysia, a folemniry obfeived hy the 
Greeks in memory of the dead. 

Nias, the wife ofEndymiou. Apollod. 

Neleps, a 4 on of Neptune and Tvro. 

tic 







NE 


NE 


He was brother to Pelias, with whom he was 
expofed by his mother, who wifhed to con¬ 
ceal her infirmities from her father. They 
were preferved and brought to Tyro, who 
had then married Cretheus, king of lolchos. 
Alter the death of Cretheus, Pelias atad Ne- 
leus feized the kingdom of Ioichos, which 
belonged to ./Efoii the lawful fon of Tyro by 
the deceafed monarch. After they had reigned 
for fome time conjointly, Pelias expelled 
Neleus from lolehds Neleuseame to Apha- 
reus king of MefTenia, who treated him 
with kindnefs, and permitted him to build 
a cit-y, which he called PyJos. Neleus 
married Chloris the daughter of Amphion, 
by whom he had a daughter and twelve 
fons, who,* were all, except Neftor, killed 
by Hercules, together with their father. 
Helens promifed his daughter in marriage only 
to him who brought him the bulls of -Iphiclus. 
Bias was the fuccelsful lover. Vid. Melam- 
pus. Ovid. Met. 6, V. 41 &— Pouf. 4 , c. 36. 

— Apollod. I, c, 9. 1. 2, c. 6.-A river of 

Euboea. 

Nei.o, one of the Danaides. Apollod. 2. 

Nemia, town' of Argolis between 
Cleonas and Phlius with a wood, where 
Hercules, in the 1,6th year of his age, killed 
the celebrated Nemzean lion.- This animal, 
born of the hundred-headed Typhon, in- 
fefted the neighbourhood of Nemaea, and 
kept the inhabitants under continual'alarms. 
It was th& firlt labor of Hercules t d deftroy 
it; and the hero, when he found that his 
arrows and his club were ufelels againft 
an animal whole fkin was hard and itnpe- ■ 
netrable, feized him in his arms and fqueezed 
him to death. The conqueror cloathed him- 
felf in the Ikin, and games were indituted to 
commemorate fo great an event. The Ne- . 
mtean games were originally inftituted by the 
Argives in honor of Archemorus, who died by 
the bite of a ierpent, [Fid. Archemorus.] and 
Hercules fome time after renewed them. They 
were one of the four great and lblemn games, 
which were oblerved in Greece. The Ar¬ 
gives, Corinthians, and the inhabitants of 
Cleonae, generally presided by turns at the 
celebration, in which were exhibited foot and 
horfe races, chariot races, boxing, vvreftling,. 
and contefts of every kind, both gymnical 
and equeftrian. Tlie conqueror was rewarded 
with a’ crown of olives, afterwards 6f green par¬ 
lay, in memory of tire adventure of Archemo 
rus, whom his. mirfe laid down on a fprig of 
that plant. They were celebrated every 
third, or, according - to others, every fifth-year, 
or more propeHy on-the ill and 3d year of 
every Olympiad, on the 12th day of the Corin¬ 
thian month Panamas , which correfpouds to 
our Auguft. They leryed as an era to the 
Argives, and to the inhabitants of the neigh¬ 
bouring country. It was always ufual for an 
orator to pronounce a funeral oration in me¬ 
mory of the death of Archemorus, and- thole 


who diilributed tlie prizes were always rfroflei 
in mourning. Liv. -Q.’J, c. 30 & 31. 1. 34, 
c. 41. — Ovid. Met. .9, v. 97. ep. 9, v. 6 j.— 
Patf. in Corinth.—Clem. AUxand.—Athen. 
— Poly&n . St rah. 8.— Hygin. fab. 3© & 273. 
— Apollod. 3, c. 6.—r—A river of Pelopon- 
nefus falling into the bay of Corinth. Liv. 
33i c. 15- 

Nkmausus, a town of Gaul, in Lan¬ 
guedoc, near the mou-.h of -the Rhone, now 

Pfif Ml'S. 

Nf-mesja, fedivais in honor of NemeGs. 
[Fid. Nemefis.] 

M. Aurel. Olymp. NemxsiXuus, a 
Latin poet, born at Carthage, of no very bril¬ 
liant talents, in the third century, whole poems 
on hunting and bird-catching were puhiiftied 
; by Burman,'inter fcriptores rei venatiae, 4to. 
L. Bat. .17 28. 

Nemesis, one of the infernal deities, 
daughter of Nox. ' She was the goddefs of 
vengeance, always prepared to punrfh impiety, 
and at the fame time liberally xo reward the 
good and virtuous. She is made one of the 
Parc a; by fome mythologifts, and is reprefent- 
ed with a helm and a wheel. The ,people of 
Smyrna were the firlt who made her ftatues 
with wings, to fhew with what celerity fhe is 
prepared to punifh the crimes of the wicked, 
both by iea and land, as the helm and the 
wheel hi her hands intimate. Her power did 
not only exifl in this life, but fhe was aUb 
employed after heath to find out the mod ef- 
feduial and rigorous rueaiis of correbliou. 
Nemefis was particularly worfhipped at Rham- 
nus in Attica, where die had a celebrated 
flatue 10 cubits long, made of Parian marble 
by Phidias, or, according to others, by . one of . 
his pupils. The Romans were atfb particu¬ 
larly attentive to the adoration of a deity 
whom they lblemnly invoked, .and. ta whom 4 
they offered facrifices before they declared 
war .flgainft their enemies, to fhow the .world 
that their wars were undertaken upon the 
mod juft grounds. Her ftatue at ^Rome was 
in the capitol. Some fuppofe that Nemefis 
was the perfon whom Jupiter deceived hi the 
form of a fwan, and that Leda was entruded 
with the care of the children which fprang 
from the two eggs. Others obferve that Leda 
obtained the name of Nemefis after death. 
According to.Paulanias, there were more than 
one Nemefis. The goddefs Nemefis was l'ur- 
named Phamnufa, • becaufe worfhipped at 
Rhairmus,and Adiaflia from the temple which 
AdradusJdng of Argos erebled to her when 
he went againd Thebes to revenge the indig¬ 
nities which his fon-in-law Polynices had fuf- 
fered in being unjudly driven from his king¬ 
dom by Eteocles. The Greeks celebrated a 
fedival called Netn,efia , in memory pf deceafed 
perfons, as the geddefs Nemefis Was fuppofed - 
to defend the relics and the memory of the 
dead from all intuit, Hygin. P. J. 2, c. 8. 

—Pwf »Ij -C. 33.—3, c. 10.— 

Hfiod. 





NE 


NE 

Hefiod. Tbeog. 224- Plin. 11,0.28. 1.26. 
e. 5--A miltrefs of Tibullus, 2, el. 3, 

v. 5 S' 

NEmesius, a Greek writer, whofe elegant 
and lifeful treatife de Nature Hominisy was 
edited in ixmo. Ant. apud Plant. 1365, and 
In 8vo. Qxon. 1671. 

Nemetacum, a town of Gaul, now Arras. 

NeMetes, a nation of Germany, now 
forming the inhabitants of Spire, which was 
afterwards called Noviomavtts. Tacit . de 
Qertn. 28. 

Nemoralia, feftivals obferved in the 
woods of Aricia, in honor of Diana, who pre- 
fded over the country and the forefts, on which 
account that part of Italy was fometimes de¬ 
nominated Nek:oreafis aver, * 0 . id. de A. A. 
I, v. 259. 

Nemossus, (or um,) the capital of the 
Arverni in Gaul, now Clermont. Lacan. I, 
v. 419.— Strab. 4. 

Neobvmc, a daughter of Lycambes, be- 
trotiied to the poet Archilochus. [fid. Ly- 
carnbes^] Horat. ep. 6, v. 13. 1. 1. ep. v. 79. 

■— O^id. in Jb. 54.-A beautiful woman to 

whom Horace addrefTed 3,od. 12. 

Neocjesaria, a town ot Pontus. 

Neochabis, a king <?f Egypt. 

Ne qci.es, an Athenian philofopher, fa¬ 
ther, or according to Cicero, brother to the 
philofopher Epicurus. Cic. I, de Nat. D. 

c. 2i. — Diog. -The father of Theroif- 

tocles. JElian. V. II. 2, Slc.—C. Nefi. in 
Them. 

Neocenes,- a than who made himfelf ab- 
folute,&c. Diod. rj. 

NiioMORis, one of the Nereides* Apol- 
lod. r. 

Neon, a town of Phocis.-There was 

alfo another of the fame name in the fame 
country, on the top of Parnafl’us. It was after¬ 
wards called Titborea. Pint, in Syll.—Pouf. 
PLoc. — Herodot. 8, c. 32.——One of the 
commanders of the ten thoufand Greeks who 
afiifted Cyrus againil Artaxerxes. 

NeomtIciios, a town of JEtolia near the 
Hermus.— Herodot. — Plin. 

NeoptolEmus, a king of Epirus, fon of 
Achilles and Deidamia, called Pvnhusy from 
the yellow color of his hair. He was care¬ 
fully educated' under the eye of his mother, 
and gave early proofs of his valor. After the 
death of Achilles, Calchas declared in the af- 
fembly of the Greeks, that Troy could not be 
taken without the alfiftance of the fon of the 
deceafedhero. Immediately upon this, Ulyfies 
and Phcftnix were commiffioned to bring Pyr¬ 
rhus to the war. Tie returned with them with 
pleafure, and received the name of Neoptole- 
mus, (new fjldienJ becaufe he had come late 
to the field. On his arrival before Troy, he 
paid a vifit to the tomb of his father, and wept 
over his allies. He afterwards, according to 
fome authors, accompanied Ulyfles to Lemnos, 
to engage Philodlctes to come to the Trojan 


war. He greatly fignalized himlelf during the 
remaining time of the liege, and he. was the 
full who entered the wooden horfe. He was 
inferior to none of the Grecian warriors in 
valor, and Ulyfies and Neftor alone could 
claim a luperiority over him in eloquence, 
wifdom, and addrefs. His cruelty however 
was as great as that of his father. Not fatis- 
fied with breaking down the gates of Priam’s 
palace, he exerciied the greatert barbarity 
upon the remains of his family, and without 
any regard to the fan&ity of the place where 
Priam had taken refuge, he flaughte»ed him 
without mercy ; or, according to others, drag¬ 
ged him by the hair to the tomb of his father, 
where he lacrificed him, and where he cut off 
his head, and carried it in exultation, through 
the ftreets of Troy, fixed on the point of a 
fpear. He alfo lacrificed Aftyanax to his fury, 
and immolated Polyxena on the tomb of 
Achilles according to thofe who deny that that 
lacrifice was voluntary. When Troy was 
taken, the captives were divided among the 
conquerors, and Pyrrhus had for his lhare 
Andromache the widow of HeCIor, and He- 
lenus the fon of Priam. With rhefe he de¬ 
parted for Greece, and he probably efcaped 
from deftrudtion by giving credit to the words 
of Helenus, who foretold him that if he failed 
with the reft of the Greeks, his voyage would 
be attended with fatal confequences, and per¬ 
haps with death. This obliged him to take a 
different courle from the reit of the Greeks, 
and he travelled over the greateft part of 
Thrace, where he had a fevere encounter 
with queen Harpalyce [fid. Harpalyce..] 
The place of his retirement after the Trojan 
war is not known. Some maintain that he 
went to Theffaly, where his grandfather Hill 
reigned; but this is confuted by others, who 
obferve perhaps with more re.ifou, that he 
went to Epirus, where be laid the foundations 
of a new kingdom, beejuie his grandfather 
Peleus had been deprived of his lceptre by 
Acaftus the fon of Pelias. Neoptolemus lived 
with Andromache after his arrival in Greece, 
but it is unknown whether he treated her as a 
lawful wife, of a concubine. He had a fon 
by this unfortunate princefs called Moloflus, 
and two others, if we rely on die authority of 
Paufanias. Befides Andromache he married 
Hennione the daughter of Menelaus, as alfo 
I.anaffa the daughter of Cleodteus, one of the 
defendants of Hercules. The caufe of his 
death is varioufly related. Menelaus, before 
the Trojan war, had promifed his daughter 
Herrnione to Qreftes, but the fervices he ex¬ 
perienced from the valor and the courage ef 
Neoptolemus during the liege of Troy, in¬ 
duced him to reward his merit by making him 
his fun-in-law. The nuptials were accordingly 
celebrated, but Herrnione became jealous*©f 
Andromache* and becaufe fhe had no children, 
llie refolved to deftroy her Trojan rival who 
feeroed to (leal away the affections of their 

femme* 









NE - 

eommon hiifband. In the aWence of Neop- 
tolemus at Delphi, Hcrmione attempted to 
murder Andromache, hut Hie was prevented 
by the interference of Peleus, or according to 
others, of the populace. When fhe law her 
l'chemes defeated, fhe determined to lay vio¬ 
lent hand upon herfelf, to avoid the relent- 
juent of Neoptolemus. The hidden arrival 
of Orelles changed her rclblution, and Hie 
confentcd to dope with her lover to Sparta. 
Orelles at the fame time, to revenge and to 
punifh his rival, caufed him to he aflafijnated 
in tire temple of Delphi, and he was murder¬ 
ed at the foot of the altar by Machareus the 
pried, or by the hand of Orcftes himfelf, ac¬ 
cording to Virgil, Paterculus, and Hyginus, 
Some fay that lie was murdered by the Del¬ 
phi. ins, who had been bribed by the prefertts 
of Orefles. It is unknown why Neoptolemus 
went to Delphi. Some fupport that he wifhed 
to confult the oracle to know how he might 
have children by the barren Hermione; others 
lay, that he went thither to offer the ipoils 
which he had obtained during the Trojan war, 
to nppeafe the refentmeut of Apollo whom he 
had provoked by calling him the caufe of the 
death of Achilles. The plunder of the rich 
temple of Delphi, if we believe others, was 
tli f ' objid of the jonrney of Neoptolemus, 
and it cannot but be obferved that he luffered 
the lame d' .eh and the fame barbarities which 
he had inflicted in the temple ot Minerva 
upon the aged Priam and his wretched family. 
Ftotn this circumltanee the ancients have 
made life of the proverb of Neoptolemic re¬ 
venge when a perfon had fuffered the fame 
favage treatment which others had received 
from his hand. The Delphiarts celebrated a 
i'dtival with great pomp and folemnity in me¬ 
mory of Neoptolemus, who had been llain in 
his attempt to. plunder their temple, becaufe 
as they faid, Apollo, the patron of the plac;e, 
had been in fotne manner acceflary to the 
death of.Achilles. Paterc. i, c. t.— Virg. 
JEn. 2 & 3,—IO, c. 24.— Ovid. Met. 
X3» V. 334. 455» &c. Iieroid. 8. —St mb. 9. 
— Pind. Ncm. 7 *-— Eurip. And'om. fff Orrji. 
LJ'<.— Plut. in Pyrr — Jufin. 17, c. 3.— Die- 
t\s Cut. 4, 5, & 6— Homer. Od. 11, v. 304. 
Jl. 19, v. 326. — Sopboel. Philobt. — Apollod. 3, 
C. 13. — Ilygin. fab. 97 & 102. — Philojlr. Her. 

ji), &c .—Dares Phryg. — -Q. Smyrn. 14.- 

A king of the Molofti, father of Olympias the 

mother of Alexander. 1.7, c. 3- 

Another king of Epirus.-An uncle of 

tbo celebrated Pyrrhus who a (lifted the Taren- 
tinci* He was made king of Epirus by the 
Epirots who had revolted from their lawful 
foveroign, nnd was put to death when he at¬ 
tempted to poifon his nephew, fcc. Pint, in 

Pyrrb -A tragic poet of Athens greatly 

favored by Philip king of Macedonia. When 
Cleopatra, the monarch’s daughter, was mar¬ 
ried to Alexander of Epirus, he wrote fomt 
verfes which proved to be prophetic of the 


N E 

tragical death of Philip. Diod. 16.- A re, 

lation of Alexander. He was the firft who 
climbed the walls of Gaza when that city was 
taken by Alexander. After the king’s death 
he received Armenia as his province, and 
made war againft Eumenes. He was fupport- 
ed by Craterus, but an engagement with Em¬ 
in enes proved fatal to his caufe. Craterus 
was killed and himfelf mortally wounded by 

Eumenes, B. C. 321. C. Nep. in Eumcn . .— 

One of tbe officers of Mithridates the Great, 
beaten by Lucullus in a naval battle. Plut. in 
Luc. --A tragic writer. 

Nkoris, a large country of Afia, near 
Oedrofia, ^Imoft deftitute of waters. The in¬ 
habitants were called Ncorita , and it was ufual 
among them to*fufpend their dead bodies on 
the boughs of trees. Diod. 17. 

Nepe, a conftellation of the heavens, the 
fame as Scorpio.-An inland town of Etru¬ 

ria, called alfo Ncpete , whole inhabitants are 
called Ncpejini. Ital. 8, v. 49a— Liv. c. 
19.1.26,0.34. 

Ne PH alia , feftivals in Greece, in honor 
of Mnemofyne tlx; mother of the Mufes and 
Aurora, Venus, &c. No wjne was uled dur¬ 
ing the ceremony, but merely a mixture of 
water and honey. Pollux. 6, c. 3.— Athen. 
15 ,— Saidas. 

Nkpiikm;, the firft wife of Athamas king 
of Thebes and mother of Phryxus and Helle. 
She was repudiated on pretence of being fub- 
je6t to fits of inlanity, and Athamas married 
I110 the dauglitcr of Cadmus, by whom he 
had feveral children, hno becxfrie jealous of 
Nephele, becaufe her children would fucceed 
to their father’s throne before her’s, by right 
of feniority, and fhe refolvecfto deftroy them. 
Nephele was apprized of her wicked inten¬ 
tions and (lie removed her children from the 
reach of Ino, by giving them a celebrated 
ram fprung from the union of Neptune and 
Theophane, on vvhofe back they efcaped to 
Colchis. [ Vid. Phryxus.] Nephele was 
afterwards changed into a cloud, whence her 
name is given by the Greeks to the clouds. 
Some call her Nebula , which word is the 
l atm tranflation of Nephele. The fleece of 
the ram, which laved the life of Nephele’s 
children, is often called the Nphclian fierce . 
Apollod. I, c. 9.— Hyg’tn. 2, &C.— Ovid. 

Met. 11, v. 195— Place. II, v. 36_A 

mountain of Theffa’ly, once the reiidence of 
the Centaurs. 

Nkpiieus, a cape of Cilicia. Liv. 33, 

c. 20. 

NepherTtits, a king of Egypt, who aflift- 
ed the Spartans againft. Perfia, when Aeeli- 
laus was in Alia. He lent them a fleet of 
100 (hips, which were intercepted by Conon, 
as they were failing towards Rhodes, &c. 
Diod. 14. 

Nephus, a fon of Hercules. 

Nepia, a daughter of Jalus, who mar¬ 
ried Olympus king of Mylia, .whence the , 

plains 







plains of Myfia are fometlmes called Nepia 
camp'u 

Corn. Nepos, a celebrated hiftorian in 
the reign of Auguftus. He was born at 
Hoftili*, and \ike the reft of his learned con¬ 
temporaries, he ftiared the favors and enjoyed 
the patronage of the emperor. He was the 
intimate friend of Cicero and of Atticus, and 
recommended himfelf to the notice of the 
great and opulent by delicacy of fenthr.ent and 
a lively difpofition. According to lbme writers 
he competed three books of chronicles, as alio 
a biographical account of all the moll cele¬ 
brated kings, generals, and authors of antiquity. 
Of all his valuable compofitions, nothing re¬ 
mains but his lives of the illuftrious Greek 
and Roman generals, which have often been 
attributed to ./ErnyUus Probus, who publilhed 
them in his own name in the age of Theo- 
dolius, to conciliate the favor and the friend- 
(hip of that emperor. The language of Cor¬ 
nelius has always been admired, and as a 
writer of the Auguftan age, he is entitled to 
many commendations for the delicacy of his 
exprefiions, tire elegance of his ftyle, and the 
clearnels and precifion of his narrations. 
Some l'upport that he tranllated Dares Phry- 
gius from the Greek original; but the inele¬ 
gance of the dichion, and its many iucorrebl 
exprefiions, plainly prove that it is the pro¬ 
duction, not of a writer of the Auguftan age, 
but the fpurious compofitron of a more modern 
pen. Cornelius l'peaks of his account of tire 
Greek hiftorians in Dion. c. 3. Among the 
many-good editions of Cornelius Nenos, two 
may be felected as the belt, that of Vcrheyk, 
8vo. L. Bat. <773, and that of Glafgow, 

tamo. 1761.-Julius, an emperor of the 

weft, &c. , 

Nepotianus Flavius Popilrus, a ion ol 
Eutropia, the filter of the emperor Conitan- 
tine. He proclaimed himlelf emperor after 
the death of his coufin Conftans, and ren¬ 
dered himfelf odious by his cruelty and opprei- 
ficn. He was murdered by Anicetus, after 
ene month’s reign, and his family were in¬ 
volved in his ruin. 

Neptiiys, wife of Typhon, became ena¬ 
moured of Ofiris, her brother-in law, and in¬ 
troduced herielf to his bed. She bad a ion 
•ailed Anubis by him. Pint, in Ifid, 

Neptunj fanum, a place near Cen- 

chres?. Mela, I, c. 19. - Another in" the 

iftand of Calauru.-Another near Mant .nea. 

Neptvnja, a town and cplony of Magna 
Grzecia. 

Neptunium, a promontory of Arabia, at 
the entrance cf the gulph. 

Neptunius, an epithet applied to Sext. 
Pcmpey, becaufe he believed himfelf to be 
god of the fea, or defcend^d from him, on 
account of his fupeiior.ty in ftiips, &c. Ho* 
rat. Epod. 9.— Dion. 48. 

Neptunu?, a god, ion of Saturn aud Ops, 
I 3Kd brethex to Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno* He 


was devoured by his father the day of his birtlA>'' 
and again reftored to life by means of 
who gave Saturn a certain potion. Paufanias 
lays, that his mother concealed him in a iheep- 
fold in Arcadia, and that ihe impoled upon her 
hufband, telling him that ihe had brought a v" 
colt into the world, which was inftantly de¬ 
voured by Saturn. Neptune ihared with his 
brothers the empire of Saturn and received ^ 
as his portion the kingdom of the fea. This, 
however, did not leem equivalent to the em¬ 
pire of heaven and earth, which Jupiter had 
claimed, therefore he confpired to dethrone ^ 
him with the reft of the gods. The conffi* 
racy was dilcovered, and Jupiter condemned 
Neptune to build the walls of Troy. [ Vid. 
Laomedon.] A reconciliation was i'Oon after 
made, and Neptune was re-inftituted to all 
his rights and privileges. Neptune difputed 
with Minerva the right of giving a name to 
the capital of Cecropia, but he was defeated, 
and the olive which the goddefs fuddenly raifed 
from the earth was deemed more ferviceabl* 
for the good of mankind than the horle which 
Neptune had produced by ftriking the ground 
with his trident, as that animal is the emblem 
of war and ftaughter. This decifion did nor 
j pleale Neptune, he renewed the combat by 
diluting for Trcczene, but Jupiter fettled 
their difputes by permitting them to be con¬ 
jointly worihipped there, and by giving the 
name of Polias, or the p rot ed refs pf the city, 
to Minerva, and that of king of Trcrzene to 
the god of the fea. He alfo difputed his right 
for the ifthmus of Corinth with Apollo; and 
Bviafeus the Cyclops, who was mutually 
chofen empire, gave the ifthmus to Neptune 
and the promontory to Apollo. Neptune, aa 
being god of the fea, was entitled to more 
power than any of the other gods, except Ju¬ 
piter. Not only the ocean, rivers, and foun¬ 
tains, were fuhjetfed to him, but he alfo could 
caufe earthquakes at his pleasure, and raife 
iflands from the bottom of the fea with ;t 
blow of his trident. The worfhip of Neptune , 
was eftablifhed in almoit every part of the 
earth, and the Libyans in particular venerated 
him above all other nations, and looked upon 
him as the firft -and greateft of the gods, 'i he 
Greeks and the Romans were alfo attached to 
his worlhip, and they celebratea their Ifthmian 
games and Confualia with the greateft folem- 
nity. He was generally represented fitting in 
a chariot made of a fhell, and drawn by fea 
horles or dolphins. Sometimes he is drawn 
by winged horfes, and holds his rrident in his 
hand, and Hands up as his chariot flies over 
the furface of the fea. Homer reprelents 
him as ilTuing from the fea, and in three fteps 
crofting the whole horizon. The mountains 
and the forefts, fays the poet, trembled as he 
walked ; the whales, and all the fifties />f the 
iea, appear round him, and even the fea her- 
felf feems to feel the prefence of her god. 
The ancients generally Sacrificed a bull and a 

horle 









herfe on his alurs, and the Roman focth- 
ifvers always ottered to him the gall of the 
victims, which in tafte refembles the bitter- 
neis of the fea water. The amours of Nep¬ 
tune are numerous. He obtained, by means' 

' of a dolphin, the favors of Amphitrite, who 
had made a vow of perpetual celibacy, and 
he placed among the conftelktions the fith 
which had perluaded the goddels to become 
his wife, he, alio married Venilia and Sala- 
cia, which are only the names of Amphitrite, 
according to tome authors, who obterved that 
the former word is derived from venire, allud¬ 
ing to the continual motion of the fea. Sala- 
cia is derived from falum, which fignifies the 
fea, and is applicable to Amphitrite. Nep¬ 
tune hecame a horie to enjoy the company of 
Ceres. [Fid. Avion.] To deceive Theo- 
phane, he changed himfelf into a ram. [Fid. 
Theoph.me.] He aflumed the form of the 
river Enipeus, to gain the confidence of Tyro, 
the daughter of Salmoneus, by whom he had 
Pelias and Neleus. He .was all'o father of 
Phorcus and Polyphemus by Thooffa; of Ly- 
cus, NyCleus, and Euphemus, by Celeno; 
of Chryfes by Chryl'ogenia; of Ancaeus by 
A tty pa lea; ot Boeotusand Hellen by Antiope ; 
of Leuconoe by Themifto; of Agenor and 
Bellerophon by Eurynome the daughter 
of Nylus; of Antas by Alcyone the daughter 
of Atlas; of Abas by Arethula; of Actor 
and Dictys by Agemede the daughter of Au- 
gias; of Megareus by CEnope daughter of 
Epopeus ; of Cycnus by Harpalyce ; of Taras, 
Otus, Ephialtes, Dorus, Alefus, &c. The 
word Neptunus is often uied metaphorically 
by the poets, to fignify fea ivaier . In the 
Conlualia of the Romans, hori'es were led 
through the ttreets finely equipped and crown¬ 
ed with garlands, as the god in whofe honor 
the feftjvals were inftituted, had produced the 
horie, an animal fo beneficial for the ul'e of 
mankind. ,Pauf. I, 2, Sec. — Homer. II. 7, 
— Varrt) de L. Ij. 4 .— Cic. de Hat. I). 2 , 
c. 26. 1 . 2 , c. 25. — Ihfiod. Tbeog,. — Firg. JEn. 

I, V. 12, &o. 1 . 2 , 3 , &c.^— Apollod. I, 2, See. 
Ovid. Met . 6, V. 1x7, &C.— Herodot. 2 , C. 50. 

1 . 4 y c. 188.— Macrob. Saturn. I, c. 17.— 
Aug.de Civ. D. I %.——Plut. in Them. — Hygin. 
fab. 157.— Pur ip. in Phan iff. — Place. — Apol¬ 
lon. Rhod. 

Nereides, nymphs of the fea, daughters 
of Nereus and Doris. They were fifty, ac¬ 
cording to the greater number of the mytbo- 
gifts, whole names are as follows; Sao, Am¬ 
phitrite, Proto, Galattea, Thoe, Eucrate, 1 
Eudora, Galena, Glance, Thetis, Spio, Cy- 1 
mothoe, Melita, Thalia, Agave, Eulimene, ' 
Erato, Pafithea, Doto, Eunice, Nefca, Dyna- ’ 
mene, Pherufa, Protomelia, AClca, Panope, 
Doris, Cymatolege, Hippothoe, Cymo, Eione, i 
Hipponoe, Cymodoce, Nelo, Eupompe, Pro- i 
noe, Themitto, Glauconome, Halivnede, Pon- 1 
toporia, Evagora, Diagora, Polynome, Dao- 
media, DyliaflalTa, Autonae, Meoippe, E- i 

3 


varne, Pfaroathe, Nemertes. In thofe which 
Homer mentions, to the number of 30, we 
find the following names different from thole 
fpoken of hy Hefiod: Halia, Limmoria, Iera, 
Amphitroe, Dexameue, Amphinoipe, Cal- 
lianira, Apfeudes, Callanafla, Clymene, Ja- 
nira, Naffa, Mera, Orithya, Amathea. Apol- 
lodorus, who mentions 45, mentions the fol- 
lowing naiyes different from the others; Glau- 
cothoe, Protomedufa, Pione^ Plefaura, Ca- 
lypfo, Cranto, Neomeris, Dejanira, Polynoe, 
Melia, Dione, Ilea, Dero, Eumolpe, lone, 
Ceto. Hyginus and others differ from the 
preceding authors in the following names; 
Drymo, Xantho, Ligea, Phyllodoce, Cy- 
dippe, Dycorias, Cleio, Beroe, Ephira, Tipis, 
Afia, Deopea, Arethufa,. Crenis, Eurydice, 
and Leitcothoe. The Nereides were implored 
as the reft of the deities; they had altars 
chiefly on the coaft of the fea, where the 
piety of mankind made offerings of milk, oil, 
and honey, and often of the flefh of goats. 
When they were on the fea fhore they gene¬ 
rally refided in grottos and caves which were 
adorned with lhells, and (haded by the branches 
of vines. Their duty was to a*tend upon the 
more powerful deities of the fea, and to be 
fubfervient to the will of Neptune. They 
were particularly fond of alcyons, and as they 
, had the power of ruffling or calming the 
waters, they were always addrefled by Tailors, 
who implored their protection, that they might 
grant them a favorable voyage and a profper- 
ous return. They are reprefented as young 
and handfome virgins, fitting on dolphins and 
holding Neptune’s trident in their hand, or 
fometimes garlands of flowers. Orpheus. Hymn* 
23.— Catul. de Rapt. Pel.—Ovid. Met. II, v. 
361, See. — S'at. 2, Sylv. 2 , 1 . 3. Sylv. I,— 
Pouf. 2, C. I.— Apollod. I, C. 2 , & 2.— Hefiod. 
TLcog.—Homer . II. 18, V. 39.— -Plin. 36, C. 
5.— Hygin y Sec. 

Nkreius, a name given to Achilles, as 
fon of Thetis, who was one of the Nereides. 
Herat, ep. 17, v. 8. 

Nereus, a deity of the fea, fon of Ocea- 
nus and Terra. He married Doris, by whom 
he had 50 daughters, called the Nereides. 
[Fid. Nereides.] Nereus was generally re-, 
prefented as an old man with a long flowing 
beard, and hair of an azure color. The chief 
place of his refidence was in the iEgean Tea, 
where he was furrounded by his daughters, 
who often danced in chorulles round him* 
He had the gift of prophecy, and informed 
thole that confulted him with the different 
fates that attended them. He acquainted 
Paris with the conferences of his elopement 
with Helen; and it was by his directions that 
Hercules obtained the golden apples of the 
Hefperides, but the fea god often evaded the 
importunities of inquirers by affirming different 
fliapes, and totally eicaping from their graip. 
The word Nereus is often taken for the fea 
itfelf. Nereus is fometimes called the raoft 

ancient 





NE 


ancient of all the gods. IJeftoJ. Tkeog. — Hy- 
gin — Hunter. II. 18. — Apollod .— Orpheus 
Argon.—Hot at. I, od. 13.— Et/tip. in Iphig. 

Nerio, or NeriEne, the wife of Mart. 
Gcll.B. c. 2T. 

Ner?phus, a defaTt ifland near the Thra¬ 
cian Cherl'onelus. 

' Neritos, a mountain in the ifland of 
Ithaca, as alio a i'mnll iiland in the Ionian 
fta, according to Mela. The word Neritos 
is often applied to the' whole iiland oflthaca, 
and UlyfTes, the king of it, is called Nertius 
dux , and his lhip Neritia navis. The people 
df Saguntum, as descended from a Ncritian 
colony, are called Neritia proles. Sil. It. 2 , 
V. 317 — Hirg. JEn. 3, v. 2~\. — P/in. 4 .— 
Mela , 2, c. 7.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 712. Pan. 
A. 263. 

Nfritum, a town of Calabria, now called 
Nat do. 

NfEius, a filverfmith in the age of Ho¬ 
race, 2 Sat. 3, v. 69.-An uiurer in Nero’s 

age, who was fo eager to get money, that he 
married as often as he could, and as ioon 
deflroyed his wives by poifon, to poffels him- 
f Mf of their eftates. Per/. 2, v. 1 a. 

Nero, Claudius Domitius Ca?i'ar, a cele 
bratod Roman emperor, ion of Caius Domi- 
this Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the daughter 
«ff Germanicns. He was adopted by the em¬ 
peror Claudius, A. D. 50, and four years alter 
he fucceeded to him on the throne. The be¬ 
ginning of his reign was marked by afts of 
the greateft kindnefs and condelcenfion, by 
affability, complaifnnce and popularity. The i 
objeft of his adminiftration feemed to be the 
good of his people; and when he was defired 
to fign his name to a lift of malefaftors that 
were to be executed, he exclaimed, I wifi to 
heaven I could not write. He was an enemy 
to flattery, and when the fenate had liberally 
commended the wifdom of his government 
Nero delired them to keep their praifes till he 
defirved them. ThelVpromifing virtues were 
foon diicovered to be aitificial, and Nero dis¬ 
played die propenfities of his nature. He de¬ 
livered himfelf from the fway of his mother, 
and at laft ordered her to be affiffinated. This 
unnatural aft of barbarity might aftonifh fome 
' of the Romans, but Nero had his devoted ad¬ 
herents; and when he declared that he had 
taken away his - mother’s life to lave himfelf 
from ruin, the fenate applauded his mealures, 
and the people fignified their approbation. 
Many of his courtiers lhared the unhappy fate 
of Agrippina, and Nero facrificed to his fury 
or caprice all fuch as obftrufted his pleafure, 
dr diverted his inclination. In the night he 
generally fatiied out from his palace, to viGt 
fhe menneft taverns and all the lcenes of de¬ 
bauchery which Rome contained. I11 this 
fiefturnal riot he was fond of inflating the 
people in the ftreets, and his attempts to offer 
violence to the wife of a Roman fenator, 
nearly coft him his life. He alfo turned 


NE 

aft or and publicly appeared on the Roman 
llage in the meanelt charafterj Jn his at¬ 
tempts to excel in mufic, and to conquer .the 
diladvantages of a hoarfe rough voice, lie 
moderated his meals, and often palled the day 
without eating. The celehrity of the Olym¬ 
pian games attracted his notice. He palled 
into Greece, and prefented himfelf as a can¬ 
didate for the public honors. He was defeated 
in wreftling, but the flattery of the lpeftators 
adjudged him the viftory, and Nero returned 
to Rome with all the pomp and Iplendor of 
an eaftern conqueror, drawn in the chariot of 
Auguftus, and attended by a hand of mufi. 
cinns, aftors, and ftage dancers from every 
part of the empire. Thefe private and public 
amulements of the emperor were indeed inno¬ 
cent, his character was injured, but not the 
lives of the people. But his conduft foon 
became more abominable ; he difguifed himfelf 
in the habit of a woman, and was publicly 
married to one of his eunuchs. Th is violence 
to nature and decency was loon exchanged for 
another; Nero refumed his fex, and cele¬ 
brated his nuptials with one of his meanelt 
catamites, and it ,was on this occafion that one 
of the Rom ms obferved that the world would 
have been happy if Nero's father had had fuch 
a wife. But now his cruelty was difplayed in 
a more fiiperlative degree, and he facrificed to 
his wantonnefs his wife Gctavii Pcpntea, and 
| the eelfibrat d writers, Seneca, Lucan, Pe¬ 
tr on i us, &c. The Chriftians alfo did not 
elcape his barbarity. He had heard of the 
burning of Troy, and as he wiflied to renew 
that difmal feene, he caufed Rome to be fet- 
on fire in different places. The conflagration 
became foon univerfal, a;id during nine fuc- 
ceflive days the fire was unextinguifhed. AH 
was defolation, nothing was heard but the la¬ 
mentations of mothers whole children had 
perifhed in the flames, the groans of-the dy¬ 
ing, and the continual fall of palaces and 
buildings. Nero was the only one who en¬ 
joyed the general confternation. He placed 
himfelf on the top of a high tower, and he 
■fang on his lyre the deftruftion of Troy, a 
dreadful feene which his barbarit) had realized 
before his eyes. He attempted to avert the 
public odium from his head, by a feigned 
commileration of the mileries of his fubjedfs. 
He began to repair the ftrsets and the public 
buildings at his own expence. He built him¬ 
felf a celebrated palace, which he called his 
golden houfe. it was profufedly adorned with 
gold, and precious ftones, and with whatever 
was rare and exquifite. It contained l'paciou9 
fields, artificial lakes, woods, gardens, orch¬ 
ards, and whatever could exhibit beauty and 
grandeur, The entrance of this edifice could 
admit a large colofThs of the emperor 120 
feet high, the galleries' were each a mile 
long, and the whole was covered with gold. 

‘ The roofs of the dining halls reprifrented the 
firmament, ia motion as well as in figure, 

and 






NE 


NE 


and continually turned round night and day, 
firowering down all forts of perfumes and 
tweet waters. When this grand edifice, which, 
according to Pliny, extended all round the 
city, was finilhed, Nero faid, chat now he 
could lodge like a man. His profufion was 
not defs remarkable in all-his other ad ions. 
When he went a fifhing his nets were made 
with gold and filk. He never appeared twice 
in the fame garment, and when he undertook 
a voyage, there were thoufands of f rvants to 
take care of his wardrobe. This continuation 
of debauchery and extravagance, at laft, 
roofed tire refentment of the people. Many 
coni piracies were formed ngainft the empercr, 
hut they were generally difeovered, and fuch 
as were accelfary fuffered the greatefl punifli- 
ments. The molt dangerous conlpiracy 
againtt Nero's life was that of Pifo, from 
which he was delivered by the confeffian of a 
Have. The conlpiracy of Galba proved more 
fuecefsful; and tire conlpirator when he was 
informed that his ; lot was known to Nero, 
declared himfelf emperor. The unpopularity 
of Nero favored his caufe, he was acknow¬ 
ledged by all the Roman empire, and the fe¬ 
rrate condemned the tyrant that fat oiv the 
throne to he dragged naked through the ftreets 
of Rome, and whipped to death, and after¬ 
wards to be thrown'down from the Tarpeian 
rock like the meaneft malefador. This, 
however, was not done, and Nero, by a volun¬ 
tary death, prevented the execution of the 
fentence. He killed himfelf, A. D. 68, in the 
3id year of his age. after a reign of years 
and eight months. Rome was filled with ac¬ 
clamation at tiie intelligent';' and the citizens, 
more ftrongly to indicate their joy, wore caps 
fuch as were generally uled by tlaves who had 
.received their freedom. 1 heir vengeance was 
not only exercifed againft the llatues of the 
decealed tyrant, but his friends were the ob¬ 
jects of the public refentment, and many 
were crufaed to pieces in fuch a violent man¬ 
ner that one of the l'enators, amid the uni- 
verfal joy, faid that he was afraid they lhould 
foon have caufe to with for Nero. The ty¬ 
rant, as he expired, begged that his head 
might not be cut off from his body, and ex- 
poled to the infolence of an enraged populace, 
but that the whole might be burned on the 
funeral pile. His requelt was granted by one 
of G?lba’s freedmen, and his obfequies were 
performed with the ufual ceremonies. Though 
his death feemed to be the fource of universal 
glndnefs,.yet many ef his favorites lamented 
his fall, and were grieved to fee that their 
pleafures and amufements were flopped by 
the death of the patron of debauchery and 
extravagance. Even the king of Parthia fent 
ambaffadors to Rome to condole with the 
JRomans, and to beg that they would honor 
and revere the memory of Nero. His fla¬ 
tties were alio crowned with garlands of 
flowers', and many believed that he was not 


dead, but that he would foon make his ap¬ 
pearance, and take a due vengeance upon his 
enemies. It will be fufficient to obferve, in 
finifhing the character of this tyrannical em¬ 
peror, that the name of Nero is even now 
ufed emphatically to exprefs a barbarous and 
unfeeling opprefior. Pliny calls him the com¬ 
mon enemy and the fury of mankind, and in 
this he lias been followed by all writers, who 
exhibit Nero as a pattern of the moft execra¬ 
ble barbarity, and unpardonable wantonnefs. 
Plut. in Galb. — Suet, in vita. — PI in. 7, c. 8, 
&c.— Dio. 64.— Aurcl. ViSlor■ — Tacit. Anti. 

-Claudius, a Roman general fent into 

Spain to fucceed the two Scipios. He fuf- 
fered himfelf to be impofed upon by Afdru- 
bal, .and was foon after fucceeded by young 
Scipio. He was afterwards made conful, and 
intercepted Afdrubal, who was pafiiing from 
Spain into Italy with a large reinforcement 
for his brother Annibal. An engagement was 
fought near the raver Metnurus, in which 
56,000 of the Carthaginians were left on the 
field of battle, and great numbers taken pri- 
foners, 207 B. C. Afdrubal, the Carthagi¬ 
nian general, was alfo killed, and his head 
cut off and thrown into his brother’s camp by 
the conquerors. Appian. in Han. — Or of. 4. 
Liv. 27, &c.— Herat. 4, od. 4, v. 37.— 
Fior. 2, c. 6.— Val. Max. 4, c. I.-An¬ 

other, who oppofed Cicero when he wifhed 
to jxiniih with death fuch as were acceffary 

to Catiline’s confpiracy.-A l’on of Ger- 

manicus, who was ruined by Sejanus, and 
banilhed from Rome by Tiberius. He died 
in the place of his exile. His death was vo¬ 
luntary according to fome. Sue ton. in Ti - 
ber.— Domitian was called Nero , becaufe 
his cruelty furpaffed thofe or his predecef- 
fors, and alfo Calvus, from the baldnefs of 

his head. Juv. 4.- The Neros were of 

the Claudian family, which, during the re¬ 
publican times of Rome, was honored with 
28 confulfhips, five didatorlhips, fix tri¬ 
umphs, feven cenforihips, and two ovations. 
They aflumed the furname of Nero, which, in 
the language of the Sabines, fignifies frong 
and nvarlike. 

Neronja, a name given to Artaxata by 
Tiridates, who had been reflored to his king¬ 
dom by Nero, whole favors he acknowledged 
by calling the capital of his dominions after 
the name of his benefa&or. 

Neronianac THermje, baths at Rome, 
made by "the emperor Nero. 

Nertobrigia, a town of Spain, on the 
Eilbilis. 

Nerva Cocceius, a Roman emperor 
after the death of Domitian, A. D. 96. Ke 
rendered himfelf popular by his mildnefs, his 
generofity, and the adive part he took in the 
management of affairs. He fuffered no fla- 
tues to be raifed to his honor, and he applied 
to the ufe of the government all the gold and 
filver llatues which flattery had ereded to his 

predectSor* 







NE 


NE 


yiredeceflor. In his civil chara&er he was 
the pattern of good manners of fobriety and 
temperance. He forbad the mutilation of 
male children, and gave no countenance to 
the law which permitted the marriage of an 
uncle with his niece. He made a folemn de¬ 
claration that no fenator fhould fufFer death 
during his reign; and this he obferved with 
fuch fan&ity that, when two members of the 
lenate had confpired againft his life, he was 
fatisfied to tell them that he was informed of 
their wicked machinations. He alfo con¬ 
duced them to the public fpeCacles, and 
feated himfelf between them, and, when a 
lword was offered to him, according to the 
ufual cuftom, he defired the confpirators to 
try it upon his body. Such goodnels of heart, 
luch confidence in the felf-convittion of the 
human mind, and fuch reliance upon the con- 
iequence of his lenity and indulgence, con¬ 
ciliated the affeCion of all his fubjeCs. Yet, 
as envy and danger are the conftant compa¬ 
nions of greatnefs, the praetorian guards at laft 
mutinied, and Nerva nearly yielded to their 
fury. He uncovered his aged neck in the 
prefence of the incenfed fbldiery, and bade 
them wreak their vengeance upon him, pro¬ 
vided they l'pared the life of thole to whom he 
was indebted for the empire, and whom his 
honor commanded him to defend. His Teem¬ 
ing fuhmilfion was unavailing, and he was at 
laft obliged to furrender to the fury of his 
foldiers, i'ome of his friends and fupporters. 

• The infirmities of his age, and his natural ti¬ 
midity, at laft obliged him to provide himfelf 
againft any future mutiny or tumult, by cha¬ 
fing a worthy fuccefTor. He had many friends 
and relations, but he did not confider the ag¬ 
grandizement of his family and he chofe for 
his foil and fuccefTor, Trajan, a man of wliofe 
virtues and greatnefs of mind he was fully 
convinced. This voluntary choice was ap¬ 
proved by the acclamations of the people, and 
the wifdom and prudence which marked the 
reign of Trajan fhowed how difcerning was 
the judgment, and how affe&ionate were the 
intentions of Nerva for the good of Rome. 
He died on the 27th of July, A. D. 98, in 
his 7 2d year, and his fucceflor fhowed his 
refpett for his merit and his character by 
railing him altars and temples in Rome, and 
in the provinces, and by ranking him in the 
number of the gods. Nerva was the firft 
Roman emperor who was of foreign extrac¬ 
tion, his father being a native of Crete. 

Plin. pnneg. — Dioci. 69.-M. Cocceius, a 

conful in the reign of Tiberius. He ftarved 
himfelf, becaufe he would not be concerned 

in the extravagance of the emperor.-A 

celebrated lawyer, conlul with the emperor 
Vefpafijtn. He was father to the emperor of 
that name. 

Nervii, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, 
who continually upbraided the neighbouring 
nations for fubmitting to the power of the 


Romans. They attacked J. C*far, and Were 
totally defeated. Their country forms the 
modern province of Hainault. Lucan . I, v* 
428.— Caf. Bell. G. 2, c. 15. 

Neruldm, an inland town of Lucania» 
now Lagonegro. Liv. 9, c. 20. 

Nerium, or Artabrum, a promontory of 
Spain, now cape Finifterre. Strut?. 3. 

Nesactum, a town of Iftria at the mouth 
of the Arfia, now Caf el Nuovo. 

Nes;ea, one of the Nereides. P~'trg. G. 4, 
v. 338. 

Nesimachus, the father of Hippomedon, 
a native of Argos, who was one of the feven 
chiefs who made war againft Thebes. Hygin. 
70.—- Scbel . St at. Th. I, v. 44. 

Nesis, («, or 'idis), now Nifita an ifland 
on the coaft of Campania, famous for afpara- 
gus. Lucan and Statius lpeak of its air as un- 
wholefome and dangerous. Plin. 19, c. 8.— 
Lucan. 6, v. 90.— Cic ad Att. 16, ep. I & 2* 
—*Stat. 3. Sylv. I, v. 148. 

Nessus, a celebrated centaur, fon of Ixion 
and the Cloud. He offered violence to De» 
janira, whom Hercules had entrulted to his 
care, with orders to carry her acrois the river 
Evenus. \Vid. Dejanira.] Hercules faw the 
diftreis of his wife from the oppoiite (bore of 
the river, and immediately he let fly one of 
his poifoned arrows, which ftruck the centaur 
to the heart. Neffus, as he expired, gave the 
tunic he then wore to Dejanira, alTuring her 
that, from the poifoned blood which had 
flowed from his wounds, it had received the 
power of calling a hufband away from unlawful 
loves. Dejanira received it with pleafure, 
and this mournful prefent caufed the death 
of Hercules. \Vid. Hercules.] Apollod. 2, 
c. 7.~~'Ovid. Ep. 9— Sense, in Here. fur. — 

Pauf. 3, c. 28.— Died. 4.-A river. \Vid 

Neftus.] 

Nestocles, a famous ftatuary of Greece 
rival to Phidias. Plitt. 34, c. 8. 

Nestor, a fon of Neleus and Chloris, 
nephew to Pelias, and grandfon to Neptune. 
He had eleven brothers, who were all killed, 
with his father, by Hercules. His tender age 
detained him at home, and was the caule of 
his prefervation. The conqueror fpared his 
life, and placed him on the throne of Pylos. 
He married Eurydice, the daughter of Cly- 
menes, or, according to others, Anaxibia, the 
daughter of Atreus. He early diftinguifhed 
himfelf in the field of battle, and was 1 prefent 
at the nuptials of Pirithous, when a bloody 
battle was fought between the Lapithffi and 
Centaurs. As king of Pylos and Meffenia 
he led his fubje&s to the Trojan war, where 
he diftinguifhed himfelf among the reft of the 
Grecian chiefs by eloquence, addrefs, wif¬ 
dom, juftice, and an uncommon prudence of 
mind. Homer difplays his chara&er as the 
moft perfect of all his heroes; and Agamem¬ 
non exclaims, that, if he had ten generals like 
Neftor, he fhould foon fee the walls of Troy 
K k reduced 






N1 


NI 


reduced to allies. After the Trojan war, 
Neftor retired to Greece, where he enjoyed, 
in the bofom of his family, the peace and tran¬ 
quillity which Were due to his wil'dom and to 
his'old age. The manner and the time of his 
death are unknown; the ancients are all 
agreed that he lived three generations of men, 
which length of time fome fuppofe to be 300 
years, though, more probably, only 90, al¬ 
lowing 30 years for each generation. From 
that circumftance, therefore, it was ufual 
among the Greeks and the Latins, when they 
wifhed a long and hap^y life to their friends, 
to wi!h them to fee the years of Neftor. He 
had two daughters, Pifidice and Polycafte; 
and feven Ions, Perfeus, Straticus, Aretus, 
Echephron, PifiilratUs, Antilochus, and Tra- 
fimedes. Neftor was one of the Argonauts, 
according to Valerius Flaccus 1, v. 380, &c. 

. -—DiSiys Cret. I, c. 13, &c.— Homer. 11 . I, 
See. Od 3 & 11.— Hvgift. fab. 10 & 2-73.— 
Pauf. 3, c. 26. 1 . 4, c 3 & 31.— Apollod. I, 
c. 9. 1 . 2, c. 7.— Ovid. Met.. 12, > v. 162, See. 

— Herat. I, od. 15.-A poet of Lycaonia 

in the age of the emperor Severus. He was 
father to Pifander, who, under the emperor 
, Alexander, wrote fome fabulous ftories. 

---One of the body guards of Alexander. 

Poly een. 

Nestorius, a bifhop of Conftantinople, 
who floriihed A. D. 431. He was condemned 
and degraded from his epifcopal dignity for his 
heretical opinions, See. 

Nestus, or Nessus, now Nejlo , a fmall 
river of Thrace, riling in mount Rhodope, 
and falling into the iEgean lea above the ifland 
of Thafos. It was for fome time the boun¬ 
dary of Macedonia on the eaft, in the more 
extenfive power of that kingdom. 

Netum, a town of Sicily now called Noto, 
on the eaftern ooaft. Sil 14, v. 269.— Cic. 
in Ver. 4, c. 26. 1 . 5, C. JT. 

Neuri, a people of Sarmatia. Mela , 2, c. 1. 

Nicjea, a widow of Alexander, who mar- 

pied Demetrius.-A daughter of Antipater, 

who married Perdiccas.-A city of India, 

built by Alexander on the very ipot where 
he had obtained a viilory over king Porus. 
——A town of Acbaia near Thcrmopyla?, 

on the bay of Malia.-A town of Illyricum. 

-Another in Corlica.-Another in 

Thrace.-In Bosotia.-A town of Bithy- 

nia, (now Nice or If-nik), built by Amigo, 
nus, the fen of Philip, king of Macedonia. 
It was originally called Antigonia y and after¬ 
ward* Nicee’a by Lyfindachus, who gave it the 
name of his wife, who was daughter of Anti¬ 
pater.-A town of Liguria, built by the 

people of Maftilia, in commemoration of a 
vidlory. 

Nicagoras, a fophift of Athens in *the 
reign of the emperor Philip. He wrote the 
lives of illuftrious men, and was reckoned 
©ne of the greateft and mod learned men of 
his age. 


Nicander, a king of Sp:irta, fon of Cha* 
rillus, of the family of the Proclida*. He 

reigned 39 years, and died B. C. 770.--A 

writer of Chalcedon.-A Greek gramma¬ 

rian, poet, and phylician, of Colophen, 137. 
B. C. His writings were held in ellimation, 
but his judgment cannot be highly corat-ended, 
fince, without any knctwledge of agriculture, 
he ventured to compole a book on that intri¬ 
cate fubjedt. Two of his poems, entitled 
Theriaca y on hunting, and Alexipharmaca , 
on antidotes again!! poifon, are Hill extant; 
the beft editions of which are. thofe of Gor- 
ratus, with a tranflation in Latin verfe by 
Grevinus, a phyfician at Paris, 4to. Pari£, 
1557, and Salvinus, 8vo. Florent. 1764. Cic. 
I, de Or at. c. 16. 

Nicanor, a man who conlpired again!! the 

life of Alexander. Curt. 6. -A fon of Par- 

menio, who died in Hyrcania, &c.- - A lur- 

name of Demetrius. . /[Vid. Demetrius 2d.] 

-An unlkilful pilot of Antigonus. Polyecn. 

-A (grvant or Atticus. Cic. 5, ep. 3. 

-A Samian, who wrote a treatife on rivers. 

--A governor of Media, conquered by Se-f 

leucus. - He had been governor over the. 
Athenians under Caftander, by whofe orders 
he was put to death.-A general of the em¬ 

peror Titus, wounded at- the liege of Jeru-. 
falem.-A man of Stagira, by whom Alex¬ 

ander the Great fent a letter to recall the Gre¬ 
cian exiles. Died. 18.-A governor of 

Munychia, who leized the Piraeus, and was' 
at lalt put to death by Caftander, becaufe he 
wifhed to make himfelf abfolute over Attica. 

Died. 18.-A brother of Caftander, de- 

ftroyed by Olympias. Id. 19.-A general : 

of Antiochus, king of Syria. He made war 
again!! the Jews, and ihewed himfelf uncom¬ 
monly cruel. 

N icar c hus, a Corinthian philofopher in 

the age of Periander. Pint. -An Arcadian 

chief, who deferted to the Perfians at the re¬ 
turn of the ten thoufand Greeks. 

Nicarthides, a man let over Perfepiolis 
by Alexander. 

Nicato r, a furname of Sekucus, king 
of Syria, from his having been uncon¬ 
quered. 

Nice, a daughter of Theftius. Apollod. 

Nicei horium, a town of Mefopotamia, 
on the Euphrates, where Venus had a tempile. 
Liv. 32, c. 33.— Tacit. Ann. 6. c. 41. 

Nicephorjus, now Khabour , a river which 
flowed by the walls of Tigranoceita. Tacit. 
Ann. 15, c. 4. 

Nicephorus CttSAR, a Byzantine hifto- 
rian, whole works were edited, fol. Paris, 

1661.-—Gregoras, another, edited fol. Paris, 

1702.-A Greek eccleliaftical hiftorian, 

whofe works were edited by Ductus, 2 vols. 
Paris, 1630. 

Nicer, now the N&let, a river of Ger¬ 
many, falling into the Rhine at the modern 
| town of Maqheim. Aujon. Mof. 423. 

Nicer atcs, 















NI 


NI 


Niceratus, rf poet who wrote a poem 

in praite of Lyfander.-The father of 

Nicias. 

Nicetas, one of the Byzantine hifto- 
rians, whole works were edited fol. Paris. 

1647. 

NiceTeria, a festival at Athens, in me¬ 
mory of the victory which Minerva obtained 
over Neptune, in their dispute about giving a 
name to the capital of the country. 

Nicia, a city. \Vid. Nictea.]-A river 

falling into the Po at Brixellum. It is now 
Called Lcnza, and l'eparates the duchy of Mo¬ 
dena from Parma. 

Nicias, an Athenian general, celebrated 
for his valor and for his misfortunes. He early 
conciliated the good will of the people by his 
liberality, and he established his military cha¬ 
racter by taking the ifland of Cythera from 
the power of Lacedaemon. When Athens 
determined to make war againlt Sicily, Nicias 
was appointed, with Alcibiades and Lamachus, 
to conduct the expedition, which he repro¬ 
bated as impolitic, and as the future caui'e of 
calamities to the Athenian power. In Sicily 
he behaved with great firmnels, but he often 
blamed the quick and inconfiderate meafures 
of his colleagues. The fuccel's of the Athe¬ 
nians remained long doubtful. Alcibiades was 
recalled by his enemies to take his trial, and 
Nicias was left at the head of affairs. Syra- 
cufe was furrounded by a wall, and, though 
the operations were carried on Slowly, yet the 
city would have furrendered, had not the 
fudden appearance of Gylippus, the Corinthian 
ally of the Sicilians, cheered up the courage 
of the befieged at the critical momeht. Gy¬ 
lippus propofed terms of accommodation to 
the Athenians, which were refufed; fome 
battles were fought, in which the Sicilians ob¬ 
tained the advantage, and Nicias at laft. tired 
of his ill fuccefs, and grown defponding, de¬ 
manded of the Athenians a reinforcement or 
a fucceffor. Demofthenes, upon this, was 
fent with a powerful fleet, but the advice of 
Nicias was deipifed, and the admiral, by his 
eagernefs to come to a decisive engagement, 
ruined his fleet and the interest of Athens. 
The fear of his enemies at home prevented 
Nicias from leaving Sicily; and when, at laft, 
a continued feries of ill fuccefs obliged him 
to comply, he found himilelf furrounded on 
every fide by the enemy, without hope of 
efcaping. He gave himfelf up to the con¬ 
querors with all his army, but the aflurances 
«f fafety which he had received foon proved 
vain and falfe, and he was no fooner in the 
hands of the enemy' than he was Shamefully 
put to death with Demofthenes. His troops 
were fent to quarries, where the plague and 
hard labor diminished their numbers and ag¬ 
gravated their misfortunes. Some fuppole 
that the death of Nicias was not violent. He 
perifhed about 413 years before Chrift, and 
«he Athenians lamented in him a great and 


valiant but unfortunate general. Pint, in vita, 
— Cic. Nefi. in Alcib. — Tbucyd . 4, &C. — Dioi . 

IS- - A grammarian of Rome, intimate 

with Cicero. Cic. in epifl. -A man of Ni- 

ccea, who wrote an hiftory of philofophefs. 

-A phylician of Pyrrhus^ king of Epirus, 

who made an offer to the Romans of poifon- 
ing his matter for a fum of money. The Ro¬ 
man general difdained his offers, and acquaint¬ 
ed Pyrrhus with his treachery. He is oftener 

called Cineas-A painter of Athens, in 

the age of Alexander. He was chiefly happy 
in his pictures of women. JElian. V. H. 2, 
c. 31. 

Nicitpe, a daughter of Pelops, who mar¬ 
ried Sthetielus.--A daughter of Thefpius, 

A polled. 

Nicippus, a tyrant of Cos, one! of whole 
Sheep brought forth a lion, which was conii- 
dered as portending his future greatnefs, and 
his elevation to the Sovereignty. JElian. V. 
H. 1, c. 29. 

Nico, one of the Tarentine chiefs who con- 
fpired againft the life of Annibal. Liv. 30. 
A celebrated architect and geometrician. He 
was father to the celebrated Galen, the prince 

of phyficians.-One of the Slaves of Crate- 

rus.-The name of an afs which Augultlis 

met before the battle of ACtium, a circum¬ 
stance which he considered as a favorable omen* 

-The name of an elephant remarkable for 

his fidelity to king Pyrrhus. 

Nicochares, a Greek comic poet in the 
age of Aristophanes. 

Nicocles, a familiar friend of Phocion, 

condemned to death. Plut. -A king of Sa- 

lamis, celebrated for his conteft with a king of 
Phoenicia, to prove which of the two was molt 

effeminate.-A king of Paphos who reigned 

under the protection of Ptolemy, king of 
Egypt. He revolted from his friend to the 
king of Perfia, upon which Ptolemy ordered 
one of his iervants to put him to death, to 
Strike terror into the ether dependant princes. 
The ieivant, unwilling to murder the monarch, 
advifed him to kill himfelf; Nicocles obeyed, 
and all his family followed his example, 310 
years before the Christian era.——An an¬ 
cient Greek poet, who called phyficians a 
happy race of men, becaufe light published 
their good deeds to the world, and the earth 

hid all their faults and imperfections.-A 

king of Cyprus, who fucceeded his father 
Evagoras on the throne, 374 years before 
Chrift. It was with him that the philofopher 

Ifocrates correfponded.-A tyrant of Sicyon, 

depofed by means of Aratus, the Achaean. 
Plut. in Arat. 

Ni cocrates, a tyrant of Cyrene.- 

An author at Athens.-A king of Salamis 

in Cyprus, who made himfelf known by the 
valuable collection of books which he had. 
Athen. I. 

Nicocreon, r tyrant of Salamis, in the 
age of Alexander the Great. He ordered the 
Kk ) philofopher 







N I 


philofopher Anaxarchus to be pounded to pieces 
in a mortar. 

Nicodemus, an Athenian appointed by 
Conon over the fleet which was going to the 
afliftance of Artaxerxes. JDiod. 14.-A ty¬ 
rant of Italy, &c.-An ambaflador fent to 

Pompey by Ariftobulus. 

Nicodorus, a wreftler of Mantinea, who 
ftudied philofophy in his old age. JElian . 

V. H. 2 . c. 22.—Suidas .-An Athenian 

archon. 

Nicodromus, a fon of Hercules and Nice. 

Apollod. -An Athenian who invaded 

./Egina, &c. 

Nicolaus, a philofopher.-A celebrated 

Syracufan, who endeavoured, in a pathetic 
fpeeCh, to dilfuade his countrymen from offer¬ 
ing violence to the Athenian prifoners who 
had been taken with Nicias their general. 

vHis eloquence was unavailing.-An officer 

of Ptolemy againft Antigonus.-A peripa¬ 

tetic philofopher and hiftorian in the Auguftan 

NicomXcha, a daughter of Themi- 
ftocles. 

NicomXchus, the father of Ariftotle, 
whofe fon alfo bore the fame name. The 
philofopher compofed his ten books of morals 
for the ufe and improvement of his fon, and 
theRce they are called Nicomachea. Suidas. 
———One of Alexander’s friends, who difeo- 

vered the confpiracy of Dymus. Curt. 6.- 

An excellent painter.-A Pythagorean phi¬ 

lofopher.——A Lacedaemonian general, con¬ 
quered by Timotheus.-A writer in the fifth 

century, &c. 

Nicomedes ift. a king of Bithynia, about 
278 years before the Chriftian era. It was by 
his exertions that this part of Afia became a 
monarchy. He behaved with great cruelty to 
his brothers, and built a town which he called 
by his own name, Nicomedia. ‘Jujlin.—Pauf 

&c.-The ad, was ironically furnamed Phi- 

lofater, becaufe he drove his father Prufias 
from the kingdom of Bithynia, and cauled 
him to be affafiinated, B. C. 149 He reigned 
59 years. Mithridates laid claim to his king¬ 
dom, but all their difputes were decided by the 
Romans, who deprived Nicomedes of the 
province of Paphlagonia, and his ambitious 
rival of Cappadocia. He gained the affections 
©f his fubjedls by a courteous behaviour, and 
by a mild and peaceful government, yufiin. 

.-The 3d, fon'and fucceffor of the pre¬ 

ceding, was dethroned by his brother Socrates, 
and. afterwards by the ambitious Mithridates. 
The Romans re-eftablifhed him on his throne 
and encouraged him to make reprifals upon 
the king of Pontus. He followed their advice, 
and he was, at laft, expelled another time 
from his dominions, till bylla came into Afia, 
who reftored him to his former power, and afflu¬ 
ence. Strab. — Appian. -The fourth of 

that name, was fon and fucceflor of Nico- 
jnedes 3d. He palled his.life in an eafy and 


N1 

tranquil manner, and enjoyed the peace which 
his alliance with the Romans had procured 
him. He died B. C. 75, wiibout iflue, and 
left his kingdom with all his pofleflions, to 
the Roman people. Strab. 12 .— Appian » 
Mithrid — yufiin. 38, C. 2 , & C. —Flor 3 > C. 

5.-A celebrated geometrician in the age 

of the philofopher Eratofthenes. He made 
himfelf known by his ufeful machines, &c* 

-An engineer in the army of Mithridates 

-One of the preceptors of the emperor 

M. Antoninus. 

Nicomedia, (now Ifnilmid. ,) a town of 
Bithynia, founded by Nicomedes ifl. It was 
the capital of the country, and it has been 
compared, for its beauty and greatnefs, to 
Rome. Antioch, or Alexandria. It became 
celebrated for being, for fome time, the re. 
fidence of the emperor Conftantine, and moft 
of his imperial fucceffors. Some fuppofe 
that it was originally called AJlacus t and Olbia, 
though it was generally believed that they 
were all different cities. Ammian. 17.— 
Pauf. 5, c. 12.— Plin. 5, &c.— Strab. 12, 
Sec. 

Nicon, a pirate of Phasre, in Pelopon- 

nefus, &c. Poly cert. - Ah athlete of Tha- 

fos, 14 times vidtorious at the Olympic game3. 
--A native of Tarentum. [Vid. Nico.j 

Niconia, a town of Pontus. 

Nicor hanes, a famous painter of Greece, 
whofe pieces are mentioned with commenda¬ 
tion. Plin. 35, C. IO. 

Nicophron, a comic poet of Athens fome 
time after the age of Ariftophanes. 

Nicopolis, a city of Lower Egypt.-A 

town of Armenia, built by Pompey the Great 
in memory of a vidtory which he had there 
obtained over the forces of Mithridates. 
Strab. 12.——Another, in Thrace, built on 
the banks of the Neftus by Trajan, in me¬ 
mory of a vittory which he obtained there 

over the barbarians.-A town of Epiru* 

built by Auguftus after the battle of Adlium, 

-Another, near Jerufalem, founded by. 

the emperor Vefpafian.-Another, in Ma¬ 
fia.-Another, in Dacia, built by Trajan to 

perpetuate the memory of a celebrated battle. 

-Another, near the bay of Iffus, built by 

Alexander. 

NicostrXta, a courtezan who left all her 
pofleffions to Sylla.-The lame as Car¬ 

melite, mother of Evander. 

NicostrXtus, a man of Argos of great 
ftrength. He was fond of imitating Hercules 
by clothing himfelf in a lion’s fkin. Diod. 16. 

-One of Alexander’s foldiers. He con- 

fpired againft the king’s life, with Hermolaus. 

Curt. 8.-A painter who expreffed ‘ great 

admiration at the fight of Helen’s pidlitre by 

Zeuxis. JElian. 14, c. 47.-A dramatic 

adtor of Ionia.-A comic poet of Argos. 

-An orator of Macedonia, in the reign of 

the emperor M. Antoninus.- ' — - .A fon of 

Menelaus and Helen. Pauf. 2, c. 18.-A 

general 













general of the Achxans, who defeated the 
Macedonians. 

Nicotelea, a celebrated wohian of 
Meflenia, who faid that (he became preg¬ 
nant of Ariftomenes by a ferpent. Pauf. 4, 
c.14, 

Nicoteles, a Corinthian drunkard, Sec. 
JElian. V. H. a, c. 14. 

Niger, a friend of M. Antony, lent to 

him by O&avia.-A furname of Clitus, 

whom Alexander killed in a fit of drunken- 

nefs.-C. Pefcennius Juftus, a celebrated 

governor in Syria, well known by his valor in 
the Roman armies, while yet a private man. 
At the death of Pertinaxhe was declared em¬ 
peror of Rome, and his claims to that elevated 
fituation were fupported by a found under- 
ftanding, prudence of mind, moderation, cou¬ 
rage, and virtue. He propofed to imitate the 
actions of the venerable Antoninus, of Tra¬ 
jan, of Titus, and M. Aurelius. He was re¬ 
markable for his fondnefs for ancient difei- 
pline, and never fufFered his foldiers to drink 
wine, but obliged them to quench their third 
with water and vinegar. He forbad the ufe 
of filver and gold utenfils in his camp, all the 
bakers and cooks were driven away, and the 
foldiers ordered to live, during the expedition 
they undertook, merely upon bifeuits. In his 
punilhments Niger was inexorable: he con¬ 
demned ten of his foldiers to be beheaded in 
the prefence of the army, becaufe they had 
ftolen and eaten a fowl. The lentence was 
heard with groans: the army interfered ; and, 
when Niger confented to diminifh the punifh- 
mentfor fear of kindling rebellion, he yet or¬ 
dered the criminals to make each a relloration 
of ten fowls to the perfon whofe property they 
had ftolen; they were, befides, ordered not 
to light a fire the reft of the campaign, but to 
live upon cold aliments, and to drink nothing 
but water. Such great qualifications in a 
general feemed to promife the reftoration of 
ancient dilcipline in the Roman armies, but 
the death of Niger fruftrated every hope of 
reform. Severus, who had alfo been inverted 
with the imperial purple, marched againft him ; 
fome battles were fought, and Niger was, at 
laft, defeated, A. D. 194. His head was 
cut off, and fixed to a long fpear, and carried 
in triumph through the ftreets of Rome. 
He reigned about one year. Herodian. 3.— 
Eutrop. m 

Niger or Nigris, (//«,) a river of 
Africa, which rifes in ^Ethiopia, and falls 
by three mouths into the Atlantic, little 
known to the ancients, and not yet fatisfac- 
torily explored by the moderns. PI in. 5, 
c. 1 & 8 .—Mela, 1, c. 4- 1 - 3 > c. 10 .—Ptol. 
4, c. 6 

P. Nigidius Figulus, a celebrated philo- 
fopher and aftrologer at Rome, one of the 
mod learned men of his age. He was inti¬ 
mate with Cicero, and gave his moll unbiafted 
•pinions concerning th« confpirators who had 


leagued to deftroy Rome with Catiline. He 
was made praetor, and honored with a feat 
in the fenate. In the civil wars he followed 
the intereft of Pompey, for which he wa & 
banifhed by the conqueror. He died in the 
place of his baniftiment, 47 years before 
Chrift. Cic. ad Pam. 4,ep. 13.— Lucan. I, 
V- 639. 

NigrTta, a people of Africa, who dwell 
on the banks of the Niger. Mela> 1, c. 4.— 
Pliu. 5, c. 1. 

Nileus, a fon of Codr us, who conduced 
a colony of Ionians to Alia, where he built 
Ephelus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus, 
Teos, Lebedos, Clazomenae, &c. Pauf. 7, 

c. 2, See. -A philofopher who had in his 

pofleflion all the writings of Ariftotle. A~ 
then. I. 

Nilus, a king of Thebes, who gave his 
name to the river which flows through the 
middle of Egypt, and falls into the Mediter¬ 
ranean fea. The Nile, anciently called JE- 
gyptus , is one of the moll celebrated rivers 
in the world. Its fources were unknown to 
the ancients, aud the moderns were equally ig¬ 
norant of their fituation, whence an impofti- 
bility is generally meant by the proverb of 
Nili caput queer ere. It flows through the 
middle of Egypt in a northern diredfion,and 
when it comes to the town of Cercaforum, 
it then divides itfelf into feveral ftreams, and 
falls into the Mediterranean by feven mouths. 
The moll eaftern canal is called the Pelufian, 
and the mod weftern is called the Canopic 
ihouth. The other canals are the Sebenny- 
tican, that of Sais, the Mendefian, Bolbitinic, 
and Bucolic. They have all been formed by 
nature, except the two laft, which have been 
dug by the labors of men. The ifland which 
the Nile forms by its divifion into feveral 
ftreams is called Delta , fVom its refemblance 
to the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet. 
The Nile yearly overflows the country, and 
it is to thofe regular inundations that the Egyp¬ 
tians are indebted for the fertile produce of 
their lands. It begins to rife in the month of 
May for 100 fucceflive days, and then de- 
creafes gradually the fame number of days. 
If it does not rife as high as 16 cubits, a fa¬ 
mine is generally expelled, but if it exceeds 
this by many cubits, it is of the mod danger¬ 
ous confequences; houfes are overturned, the 
cattle are drowned, and a gre'*t number of 
infers are produced from the mud, which 
deftroy the fruits of the earth. The river, 
therefore, proves a blefling or a calamity to 
Egypt, and the profperity of the nation de¬ 
pends fo much upon it, that the tributes of 
the inhabitants were in ancient times, and are 
ftill under the prefent government, propor¬ 
tioned to the rile of the waters. The caufes 
of the overflowings of the Nile, which re¬ 
mained ^unknown to the ancients, though 
fearched with the greateft application, are 
owing to the heavy rains which regularly fall 




in ./Ethiopia, in the months of April and 
May, and which ru(h down like torrents 
upon the country, and lay it all under wa¬ 
ter. Thefe caufes, as Come pebple fuppofe, 
were well known to Homer, as he feems to 
lliew it, by faying, that the Nile flowed down 
from heaven. The inhabitants of Egypt, 
near the banks of the river, were called Nili- 
aciy Nilige/ue , &c and large canals were all'o 
from this river denominated Nili or Ewipi. 
Cic . Leg. 2, c. I. ad Q. fr. 3, ep. 9,, ad Att. 

IJ, ep. 12.— Strab. 17.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 187. 
1 . * 5 » v - 75 . 1 - — Mela, I, C. 9. 1 . 3, C. 9. — 
Seneca, quaf. Nat. — Lucan. 1, 2, &c.— 
Claudian. ep. de Nilo. — Firg. G. 4, v. 288. 
JEn. 6, V. 8co. 1 . 9, v. 31.— Diod. I, &C.— -■ 
Herodot. 2.— Lucret. 6, v. 712— Ammian. 22.' 

— Pauf. 10, c. 32.— Plin. 5, c. 10.-One 

of the Greek fathers who florifhed A. D. 440. 
His works were edited at Rome, fol. 2 vols. 
1668 & 1678. 

Ninntus, a tribune who oppofqd Clodius 
the enemy of Cicero. 

Ninias. Fid. Ninyas. 

Ninus, a fon of Belus, who built a city to 
which he gave his own name, and founded the 
AlTyrian monarchy of which he was the firfl: 
love reign, B. C, 2059, He was very warlike, 
and extended his conquefts from Egypt to the 
extremities of India and Ba&riana. He be¬ 
came enamoured of Semiramis the wife of one 
of his officers, and he married her after her 
hufb'ud had deltrcyed himfelf through fear of 
his powerful rivai. Ninus reigned 32 years, 
and at his death he left his kingdom to the 
care of his wife Semiramis, by whom he had 
a fon. The hi dory of Ninus is very oblcure, 
and even fabulous according to the opinion of 
lbme. Ctelias is the principal hiflorian from 
wl>om it is dciived, but little reliance is to be 
placed upon him, when Ariflotle" deems hi hi 
unworthy to be believed. Ninus after death 
received divine honors, and became the Ju¬ 
piter of the Aflyrians and the Hercules of 
the Chaldeans. Ctefias. — Diod. 2.— JuJIin. 

X, c. 1.— Herodot. 2.-A celebrated city, 

now Nino, the capital of Aflyria, built on 
the banks of the Tigris by Ninus, and called 
Nineveh in Scripture. It was, according to 
the relation of Diodorus Siculus, fifteen 
miles long, nine broad, and forty eight in 
circumference. It was furrounded by large 
walls iOO feet high, on the top bf which 
three charibts could pafs together abreaft, 
? r nd was defended by 1500 towers each 200 
feet h'gh. Ninus was taken by the united 
armi.es of Cyaxares and Nabopolaflar king of 
^abylon, B. C. 6c6. Sirab. I.— Diod. 2.— 
fie rod op' C. 18^, &C.— Pauf. 8, C. 33.— 

Lucian. 

Ninyas, a fon of Ninus and Semiramis, 
king of Aflyria, who fucceeded his mother 
who hatl voluntarily abdicated the crown. 
Some fuppofe that Semiramis was put to 
$eath by hex* own fon, becaufe fhe had en¬ 


couraged him to commit inceflt. The reign 
of Ninyas is remarkable for its luxury and 
extravagance. The prince left the care of 
the government to his favorites and minif- 
ters, and gave himfelf up to plealure, liot, 
and debauchery, and never appeared in 
public. His fucceflors imitated the example 
of his voluptuoufnefs, and therefore their 
name or hiftory are little known till the age 
of Sardanapalus. Jufin. I, c. 2.— Diod. 
I, See. 

Niobe, a daughter of Tantalus, king of 
Lydia by Euryapafla or Dione. She mar¬ 
ried Amphion the fon of Jafus, by whom 
(he had ten fons and ten daughters accord¬ 
ing to Hefiod, or two fons and three daugh¬ 
ters according to Herodotus. Homer and 
Propertius fay, that die had fix daughters and 
as many fons; and Ovid, Apollodorus, &c. 
according to the more received opinion , fup- 
port that (he had leven fons and feven daugh¬ 
ters. The fons were Sipylus, Minytus, Tan¬ 
talus, Agenor, Phtedimus, Damafichrhon, 
and Ifmenus; and thofe of the daughters, 
Cleodoxa, Ethodasa or Thera, Aftyoche, 
Phthia, Pelopia, or Chloris, .Afticratea, and 
Ogygia. The number of her children in- 
created her pride, and fhe had the impru¬ 
dence not orly to prefer herlelf to Latona 
who had only two children, hut (lie even in- 
(lilted her, and ridiculed the worfhip which 
was paid to her, observing, that fhe had a 
better claim to altars and lacrifices than the 
mother of Apollo and Diana. This infolerice 
provoked Latona. She entreated her chil¬ 
dren to punifh the arrogant Niobe. Her 
prayers were heard, and immediately all the 
fons of Niobe expired by the darts of Apollo, 
and all the daughters, except Chloris, who 
had married Neleus king of Pylos, were 
equally deltroyed by Diana; and Niobe, 
llruck at the fuddennefs of her mhfortunes, 
was changed into a (lone. 'Fhe carcafes of 
Niobe’s children, according to Homer, were 
left unburied in the plains for nine lucceflive 
days, becaufe Jupiter, changed into (tones all 
fuch as attempted to inter them. On the 
tenth day they were honored with a funeral 
by the gods. Homer. II. 24 .—aElian V. H. 
I2 r c. 36 .—Apollod. 3, c. J.— Ovid. Met. 
fab. 5.— Hygin. fab. 9.— Horat. 4, od. 6,— 

Prop^ t. 2, el. 6.-A daughter of Phoro- 

neus, king of Peloponnefus, by Laodice. 
She was beloved by Jupiter, by whom (he 
had a fon called Argus, who gave his name 
to Argia or Argolis, a country of Peloponne- 
fus. Pauf. 2, c 22.— Apollod. 2, c. I. 1 . 3, c. 8. 

Nipujeus, a man killed by horfes, &c. 
Firg. JEn. 10, v. 570. 

Nivhates, a mountain of Afia, which di¬ 
vides Armenia from Aflyria, and from which 
the Tigris takes its rife. Firg. G. 3, v. 30.— 

Strab. it:— Mela , i, c. 15.-A river of 

Armenia, falling into the Tigris. Horat. 2, 
od. 9, v. 20.— Lucan. 3, v. 245. 

Niphk, 






NO 


N I 


, one of. Diana’s companions. Ovid. 
Met. 3, v. 245. . 

Nikeus, a king of Naxos, fon of Cha- 
rops and Aglaia, celebrated lor his beauty. 
He wj3 one of the Grecian chiefs during 
the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. — Horat. 2, 
od. 20. 

Nisa, a town of Greece. Homer. II. 2. 

——A country woman. J'Vrf. Eel. 8 -- 

A place. Vid. Nyfa.-A celebrated plain 

of Media near the Cafpian^ea, famous lor its 
hories. Herodot. 3, c. 106. 

Nisxea, a naval ftation on the coafts of 

Megaris. Stab. 8.-—A town of Parthia, 

called alfo Nila. 

NtsiEE, a fpa nymph. Hirg. ^En. 5, 

v. 826. 

Nisei a. Vid. Nifus, 

Ntstijis, a town of Mefopotamia, built by a 
colony of Macedonians on the Tigris, and cele¬ 
brated as being a barrier between the provinces 
of Rome and the Perfi in empire during the 
reign of the Roman emperors. It w as lome- 
tirnes called Antiochia Mygdonica Jofepb. 20, 
C. 2.—Stral XX.—Ammian. 2J,6tc.— Plin. C, 
C. 13. 

Nisus, a fon of Tfyrtacus, born on mount 
Ida near Troy. He came to Italy with 
iEneas, and lignalized himfelf by his valor 
againfl the Rutulians. He was united in 
the doled friendlhip with Euryalus, a young 
'Trojan, and with him he entered, in the 
dead of night, the en .-my’s camp. As they 
were returning victorious, after much blood- 
llied, they were perceived by the Rutu- 
lians, who attack .d Kory Jus. Nilus in en^ 
deavouring to relcuc his. friend from the ene¬ 
my’s darts, perilhed hinafelf with him, and 
their hea;!s were cut olf and fi*ed op a lpear, 
and carjjed in triumph tej the camp. '1 heir 
death was greatly lamented by all the Trojaps, 
and their great friendlhip, like th it of a Py- 
lpdes and an Oreltes, or of a Tiiefeus and 
Pirithous, is become proverbial. Virg.JEn. 

9, v. 176, &c.-A king of Dulichium, 

remarkable for his probity and virtue. Ho¬ 
mer. OJ. i 3 .-A king of Megara, lbn of 

Mars, or more probably of Pandion. He 
inherited his father’s kingdom with his bro¬ 
thers, and received as his portion the country 
xjf Megaris. The peace of the brother? was 
interrupted by the holtilities of Minus, who 
wifhed to avenge the death of his fon An- 
drogeus, who had been murdered by the 
Athenians. Megara was befieged, and Attica 
laid walle. The fate of Nilus depended to¬ 
tally upon a yellow lock, which, as long as 
it continued upon his head, ^cccording to the 
words of an oracle, promifed him life, and 
fuccefs to his affairs. His daughter Scylla 
(often called Nifeia Vi go), law from the 
walls of Megara the royal beliegcr, and Hie 
became defperately enamoured of him 'To 
obtain a more immediate interview with this 
qbje£t of her paflion, fhe Hole away the fa¬ 


tal hair from her father’s head as he was 
afleep; the town was immediately taken, 
but Minus difregarded the lerviccs of Scylh, 
and (he threw herlTlf into the lea. The gods 
changed her into a lark, and Nifus allumed 
the nature of the hawk at the very moment 
that he gave hiirilelf de th, not to fall into, 
the enemy’s hands. 'JL’hele two birds have 
continually been at varianie with each other, 
and bcylla, by ber appreh^n -ns at the 
fight of her father, leans to fuffer the pu- 
ninunent which her perfidy deferved. Avai¬ 
led. 3, c. 15 ^—*Pauf I, c. 19— Strab. y.—r 
Ovid. Met. 8, V. 6, — 'Pirg, G. I, v. 404, 
Sec. 

Nisvros, an ifiand in the afEgean fea, at 
the welt of Rhodes, with,a town of the fime 
name. It was originally joined to the ifiand 
of Cos, according to Pliny, and it bore the 
name of Porpbyris. Neptune, who was fop- 
pofed to have leparated them with a blow of 
his trident, and to have there overwhelmed the 
gi int lMyhotes, was worshipped there, and 
called Nifyreus. Apollod. 1, c. 6.— ■ SIela, 2, 
c. 7.— r-Strab. 10. 

NiTEfts.a daughter of Apries, king of 
Egypt, married by his fuccefTor Ainafis to 
Cyrus. Poly ten. 8. 

NrrjoeitiGiis, a people of Gaul, fuppofed 
to be A^enois, ip Guienne. Caf. B. G. 7, 
c. 7. 

Njtocris, a celebrated queen of Babylon, 
who built a bridge ncrofs th? Euphrates, in 
the middle of that city, and dug a number of 
relervoirs for the fuoerfluous waters of that 
river. She ordered herfelf to be buried over 
one of the gates of the city, and placed an in- 
feription on hep tomb, which fignified that her 
fuccelfbrs would find great treasures within, if 
ever they were }n need of money, bijt that 
their labors would he but ill repaid if ever they, 
ventured to open it without neceflaty. Cyrus 
opened it through curiofity, and was llruek to 
find within thefe words: If thy avarice bad 
not been infatiable , thou never avouldf have vio¬ 
lated the monuments of the dead. Herodot. I, 

c. 185.-*A queen o.f Egypt who built a 

third pyramid. 

Nitria, a country of Egypt with, two towns 
of the'lame name, above Memphis. 

Nivaria, an ifiand at the we if of Africa, 
fuppofed to be Tone riff, one of tfye Canaries. 
PJin. 6. C. 32. 

Noas, a river of Thraoe falling into the 
Ifler. Herodot. 4, c. 46. 

Noc mon, a Trojan killed by Turnu* 
Virg. JF.n. 9,v. 767. 

Noctilvca, a furpame of Diana. She 
had a temple 14 Rome on mount Palatin.c, 
where torches were generally lignted in the 
night. V*rr a. de L. L. 4.— Horat. 4, od. 6* 
v. 38. 

Noi.a, an ancient town of Campania, 
which became a Ron*m colony before the 
fieft Punic war. It was founded b^ a. Tuf- 
K k 4 , can 








NO 


NO 


can, or according to others by an Eubaan 
colony. It is laid that Virgil had intro¬ 
duced the name of Nola in his Georgies, but 
that, when he was refufed a glafs of water 
by the inhabitants as he patted through 
the city, he totally blotted it out of his poem, 
and fubftituted the word ora, in the 225th 
line of the 2d. book of his Georgies. Nola 
was befieged by Annibal, and bravely de¬ 
fended by Marceilns. Auguftus died there 
on his return from Neapolis to Rome. Bells 
were firft invented there in the beginning of 
the fifth century, from which reafon they 
have beer, called Nola or Campana , in 1 atin. 
The inventor was St. Paujinus, the bilhop 
of the place, who died A. D. 431, though 
many imagine that bells were known long 
before, and only introduced into churches 
by that prelate. Before his time, congrega ¬ 
tions were called to the church by the noile of 
worJen rattles (fact a ligna ). Fat ere. 1, c. 7 * 
— Sue r: Aug — Sil. 8, V. 517. 1 . 12, v. l6l. 
— A. GeFiue. 7, C. 20.— Liv. 23, C. 14 & 39. 
I 24, c. 13. 

•NomXdes, a name given to all thofe un¬ 
civilized people who had no fixed habitation, 
and who continually changed the place of 
their refidence, to go in quell of frelh paf- 
ture, for the numerous cattle which they 
tended. There were Notfiades in Scythia, 
India, Arabia, and Africa. Thofe of Africa 
were afterwards called Numidians y by a fmall 
change of the letters which com poled their 
name. Jtal. 1, v. 21 s—PHn. 5, e. 3.— 
Herodot. I, c. 15. 1 . 4> C. 187.— Sttab . 7.— 
Mela, 2, c. I. 1 . 3, C. 4 .-r-Virg. G. 3, v. 343. 
■ — Pauf. 8, C. 43. 

Nqmje, a town of Sicily. Diod. 11.— Sil. 
14, v. 266. 

NomentXnus, an epithet applied to L. 
Caffius as a native of Nomentum. He is 
mentioned by Horace as a mixture of luxury 
and dittipation. Horat. i, Sat. 2, v. 102 & 
alibi. 

Nomentum, a town of the Sabines in Ita¬ 
ly, famous for wine, and now called Lamen- 
tana. The di&ator Q. Servihus Prii'cus, gave 
the Veientes and Fidenates battle there, A. U. 
C. 312, and totally defeated them. Ovid. Fajl. 
4, v. 905.— Liv. 1, c. 38. 1 . 4, c. 22.— Vltg. 
JEn. 6, v. 7^3. 

Nomii, mountains of Arcadia. Pauf. 

Nomius, a furname given to Apollo, be 
caufe he fed pafco) the flocks of king 

j^dmetus in Theflaly. Cic. in Nat. D. 3, 
c. 23. 

Nonacjus, a town of Arcadia, which 
received its name from a wife of Lycaon. 
Th^re was a mountain of the fame name in 
the neighbourhood. Evander is fometimes 
called Nc7iacrius her os, as being an Arcadian 
by birth, and Atalanta Nonacria, as being a 
native of the place. Curt. 10, c. IO.— Ovid. 
Jajt. Si v* 07. Met. 8, fab. 10.— Pauf. 8, 
e* 2:7* &e. 


Nonius, a Roman foldier, imprifoned for 
paying relpeft to Galba’s ftatues, 8 cc. Tacit. 

: Hijl. 1, c. 56.-A Koman who exhorted his 

countrymen after the fatal battle of Pharfalia, 
and the flight of Pompey, by obferving that 
eight ftandards ( aquila) Hill remained in the 
camp, tc which Cicero anfwered, ie£ie y fi nobit 
cum graculis bcllum ejfet. 

Nonnius Marcellus, a grammarian, 
vvhofe treatife de varia ftgnijieatione verbo- 
rum was edited by Mercer, 8vo. Paris, 
1614. 

Nonnus, a Greek writer of the 5th cen¬ 
tury, who wrote an account of the embafiy 
he had undertaken to ^Ethiopia, among the 
Saracens, and other pattern nations. He is 
alfo known by his Dionyjiaca , a wonderful 
colledlion of heathen mythology and erudition, 
edited 4to, Antwerp, 1569. His paraphrafe 
on John was edited by Heinfius, 8vo. L. Bat. 
1627. 

Non us, a Greek phyttcian, whofe book de 
omnium morborum curatione was edited in I2tnd 
Argent. 1568. 

Nopia or Cinopia, a town of Boeotia, 
where. Amphiavaus had a temple. 

Nora, now Nour , a place of Phrygia, 
where Eumenes retired for fome time, &c. 
C. Nepos. -A town. Vid. Norax. 

No rax, a fon of Mercury and Eurythcea, 
who led a colony of Jberians into Sardinia, 
where he founded a town, to which he gave 
the name of Nora. Pauf. 10, c. 17. 

Norba, a town of the Volfci. Liv. 2, 

c. 34.-Caeiarea, a town of Spain on the 

Tagus. 

C. Noubanus, a young and ambitious 
Roman who oppofed Sylla, and joined his 
intereft to that of young Marius. In his 
confullhip he marched againft Sylla, by whom 

he was defeated, &c. Plut. -A friend and 

general of Auguftus employed in Macedonia 
againft the republican?. He was defeated by 
Brutus, See. 

Noricum, a country of ancient Illyricum, 
which now forms a part of modern Bavaria 
and Aujiria. It extended between the Da¬ 
nube, and part of the Alps and Vindelicia. 
Its favage inhabitants, who were once govern¬ 
ed by kings, made many incurfibns upon the 
Romans, and were at lad conquered under 
Tiberius, and the country became a depen¬ 
dent province. In the reign of Dioclefian, 
Noricum was divided into two parts, Ripenfe 
and Mediterranean. The iron that was drawn 
from Noricum was efteemed excellent, and 
thence -Noricus enfs, was ufsd to exprefs the 
goodnefs of a (word. Dionyf. Pcrieg. —. 
Strab. 4.— Plbn. 34, c. 14— Tacit. Hijl. 3, 
c. 5.— Horat. I,od. i6,v. 9.— Ovid. Met. 14, 
v. 712. 

Nortiiippus, a Greek tragic poet. 

Nortia, a name given to the goddefs 
of Fortune among the Etrurians. Liv. 7, 





Nothus, a fon of Deucalion.-A fur- 

name of Darius, king of Perfia, from his ille¬ 
gitimacy. 

Notium, a town of iEolia near the Cay- 
fter. It was peopled by the inhabitants of 
Colophon, who left their ancient habitations 
becaute Notium was more conveniently fitu- 
atcd in being on the fea fhore. Liv. 37, c. 26, 
38, 39 - 

Notus, the fouth wind, called alfo Au- 
ller. 

Novie, ( tabernee ) the new (hops built in the 
forum at Rome, and adorned with the Ihields 

of the Cirnbri. Cic. Orat. 2, c. 66.-The 

Veteres taberna were adorned with thofe of the 
Samnites. Liv. 9, c. 40. 

Novaria, a town of Ciialpine Gaul, 
now Novara in Milan. Tacit. Hiji. I, 
c. 70. 

Novatus, a man whofeverely attacked the 
character of Augultus, under a fi&itious name. 
The emperor dilcovered him and only fined 
him a l'raall lum of money. 

Novesium, a town of the Ubii, on the weft 
of the Rhine, now called Nuys , near Cologne. 
Tacit. Hijl. 4, c. 26, &c. 

Nqviodunum. a town of the iEdui in 
Gaul, taken by J. Cailar. it is pleafantly 
fituated on the Ligeris, and now called Noyon, 
or as others fuppofe, Nevers. Caf. Beil. G. 2, 
c. 12. 

Noviomagus or Neomagus, a town of 

Gaul, now Nizeux in Normandy.-Another 

called alfo Nemetes, now Spire. -Another 

in Batavia, now Nimeguen , on the fouth fide of 
the WaaL 

Novium, a town of Spain, now Noya. 

Novjus Priscus, a man baniihed from 
Rome by Nero, on fufpicion that he was 
accefiary to Pilo’s confpiracy. Tacit. Ann. 

15, e. 71.--A man who attempted to af- 

faffinate the emperor Claudius.——Two bro¬ 
thers obfeurely born, diftinguithed in the age 
of Horace for their officioufnefs. Horat. I, 
Sat. 6. 

Novum Co mum, a town of Infubria on 
the lake Larinus, of which the inhabitants 
were called Novocomenfes. Cic. ad Div. 13, 

c - 55 - . 

Nox, one of the moft ancient deities 
among the heathens, daughter of Chaos. From 
her union with her brother Erebus, (lie gave 
birth to the Day and the Light. She was 
alfo the mother of the Parcs, Hefperides, 
Dreams, of Dilcord, Death, Momus, Fraud, 
&c. She is called by fome of the poets the 
mother of all things, of gods as well as of 
men, and therefore (lie vv< s worihipped with 
great folemnity by the ancients. She had a 
famous ftatue in Diana’s temple at Ephefus. 
It was ufoal to offer her a black fheep, as 
fhe was the mother of the furies. The cock 
was alfo offered to her, as that bird proclaims 
the approach of day, during thedarknefs of the 
night. She is reprefented as mounted on a 
fhariot, and covered with a veil belpangled with 


ftars. The conftellations generally went before 
her as her conftant meflengers. Sometimes 
Ihe is feen holding two children under her 
arms, one of which is black, reprefenting death 
or rather night, and the other white, repre¬ 
fenting fleep or day. Seme of the moderns 
have deferibed her as a woman veiled in 
mourning, and crowned with poppies, and 
carried on a chariot drawn by owls and bats. 
Virg. JEn. 6, V. 950 — Ovid. Fojl. I, v. 455. 
— Pauf. IO, C. 38.— HeJ'tod. Theog. I2J fc 
212 . 

Nuceria, a town of Campania taken by 
AnnibaL It became a Roman colony under 
Augultus, and was called Nuceria Conjlan - 
tia , or Alfatema. It now bears the name 
of Nocera , and contains about 30,000 inha¬ 
bitants. Lucan. 2, v. 472 — Liv. 9, c. 41. 

I. 27. c. 3.— Ital. 8, v. 531 — Tacit. Ann. 

13 & 14.-A town of Umbria at the foot 

of the Apennines. Strab. — Plin. 

Nuithones, a people of Germany poP* 
felling the country now called Mecklenburg 
and Pomerania. Tacit. G. 40. 

Numa Martius; a man made governor 
of Rome by Tullus Hoftilius. He was fon- 
in-law of Numa Pompilius, and father to 
Ancus Martius. facit. A. 6 , c. n,— L ; v . 
1, c. 20. 

Numa Pompilius, a celebrated philo- 
lopher, born at Cures, a village of the Sa¬ 
bines, on the day that Romulus laid the 
foundation of Rome. He married Tatia the 
daughter of Tatius the king of the Sabines, 
and at her death he retired into the country 
to devote himfelf more freely to literary 
purfuits. At the death of Romulus, the Ro¬ 
mans fixed upon him to be their new king, 
and two fenators were feut to acquaint him 
with the decifions of the fenate and of the 
people. Numa refuted their offers, and it 
was not but at the repeated folicitations and 
prayers of his friends, that he was prevailed 
upon to accept the royalty, 'l’he beginning 
of his reign was popular, and he difmifled 
the 300 body guards which his predecefior 
had kept arouud his perfon, oblerving that 
he did not diftruft a people who had com¬ 
pelled him to reign over them. He was not 
like Romulus, fond of war and military 
expeditions, but he applied himfelf to tame 
the ferocity of his fubje£ts, to inculcate in 
their minds a reverence for the deity, and to 
quell their diiTentions by dividing all the citi¬ 
zens into different clafles. He eftablilhed 
different orders of priefts, and taught the 
Romans not to worlhip the deity by images ; 
and from his example no graven or painted 
ftatues appeared in the temples or fanttuaries 
of Rome for upwards of 160 years. He en¬ 
couraged the report which was fpread of his 
paying regular vifits to the nymph Egeria, 
and made ufe of her name to give fan&ion 
to the laws and inftitutions which he had in¬ 
troduced. He eftabliihed the college of the 
veftais, aud told the Romans that the iafety 





NU 


NU 


of the empire depended upon the prefervation 
of the lacred ancyle or Jhield which, as was 
generally believed, had dropped down from 
heaven. He dedicated a temple to Janus, 
which, during his wholle reign, remained 
{hut, as a mark of peace and tranquillity at 
Rome. Numa died after a reign of 43 years, 
in which he had given every poffible encou¬ 
ragement to the ufeful arts, and in which he 
had cultivated peace, B. C. 672. Not only 
the Romans, but alfo the neighbouring na¬ 
tions, were eager to pay their ia'ft offices to a 
monarchwhom they revered for his abilities, 
moderation, and humanity. He forbad his 
body to be burnt according to the cuftom of 
the Romans, but he ordered it to be buried 
near mount Janiculum, with many of the 
books which he had written. Thele books 
were accidentally found by one of the Ro¬ 
mans, about 400 years after his death, and 
as they contained nothing new or interefting, 
but merely the reafons why he had made in¬ 
novations in the form of worfhip and in the 
religion of the Romans, they were' burnt by 
order of the fenate. He left behind one 
daughter called Pompilia, who married Nu- 
rna * iarriue, and became the mother of Ancus 
Martins the fourth king of Rome. Some 
fay that he had alfo four ions, but this opin¬ 
ion is ill founded. Pint in vita. — Parro .— 
Liv. I, C. 18.— Plin. 13 & 14, &C. — 
plor. I, c. 2.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 809. 1 . 9, 
v. y6 'l.—Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 2 & 17.— 
Val. Max. I, C. 2.— Plionyf. Hal. 2, c. 59. 
—Ovid. Fajl. 3, &c.——One of the Rutu- 
lian chiefs killed in the night by Nifus and 
Euryalifs. Vld. JEn.<), v. 4C4. 

Numaka, a town of Picenum in Italy, 
cf which the people were called Namanates. 
Mela, 2,-c. 4. 

Nfmantia, a town of Spain near the 
fources of the river Durius,' celebrated for 
the war of 14 years which, though unpro¬ 
tected by walls and towers, it bravely main¬ 
tained againft the Romans. The inhabitants 
obtained feme advantages over the Roman 
forces till Scipio Africanus was empowered 
to fixiifh the war, and to fee the deftrudfion 
of Numantin. He began the liege with an 
army of 60,coo men, and was bravely op- 
pofed by the befieged who were no more 
than 4000 men able to bear arms. Both ar¬ 
mies behaved wirh uncommon valor, and the 
courage of the Numantincs was foon changed 
rnto ddpair and fury. Their provifions began 
to fail, and they fed upon the fleth of their 
horfes, and afterwards of that of their dead 
companions, and at laft were neceffitated to 
draw lots to kill and devour one another. 
The melancholy fituation of their affairs 
obliged lome to furrender to the Roman ge¬ 
neral. Scipio demanded them to deliver 
them!elves up on the morrow ; they refufed, 
and when a longer time had been granted to 
their petitions, they retired and let fire to 


their houfes, and all deftroyed themlelves, 
B. C. 133, fo that not even one remained to 
adorn the triumph of the conqueror. Some 
hiftorians, however, deny that, and fupport 
that a number of Numantines delivered them- 
felves into Scipio’s hands, and that 50 of 
them were drawn in triumph at Rome, and 
the reft fold as (laves. The fall of Numan- 
tia was more glorious than that of Carthage 
or Corinth, though inferior to them. The 
conqueror obtained the furname of Numantinus. 
Plor. 2, C. 18 .Appian, Iber. — Paterc. 2, 
c 3.— Cic. I. — Strab. 3.— Mela , 2, C. 6.— 
Plut. — Horat. 2, cd. 12 , V. I. 

NumantIna, a woman accufed under 
Tiberius, of making her hufband infane by 
enchantments, &c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 22. 

Numanos Remulus, a Rutulian who 
accufed the Trojans of effeminacy. He had 
married the younger lifter of Turnus, and 
was killed by Afcanius during the Rutulian 
war. Hirg. JEn. 9, v. 592, &c. 

Numenes, a follower of the dodtrjnes of 
Plato and Pythagoras, born at Apamea in 
Syria. He floridied in the reign of M. An¬ 
toninus. 

Numenia, or Nf.omevia, a feftival 
obferved by the Greeks at the beginning of 
every lunar month, in honor of all the gods, 
but elpecinlly of Apollo, or the Sun, who 
is juftly deemed the author of light and of 
whatever diftinttion is made in the months, 
lea Ions, days, and nights. It was obferved 
with games and public entertainments which 
were provided at the expence of rich citizens, 
and which were always frequented by the 
poor. Solemn prayers were offered at Athens 
during the folemnity, for the profperity of the 
republic. The demigods as well as the he¬ 
roes of the ancients were honored and invoked 
in the feftival. 

Numenius, a philofopher, who fuppofed 
that Chaos, from which the world was created, 
was animated by an evil and maleficeut "foul. 
He lived in the iecond century. 

Numentana via, a road at Rome which 
led to mount Sacer through the gate Vimi- 
nalis. Liv. 3, c. 52. 

Numeria, a goddefs at Rome who pre- 
lided over numbers. Aug. de Civ. 2 ). 4, 
c. 11. 

Numerianus, M. Aurelius, a fon offthe 
emperor Carus. He accompanied his father 
into the eaft with the title of Casfar, and at 
his death ke fucceeded him with his brother 
Carinus, A D. 282. His reign was Ihort. 
Eight months after his father’s death, he was 
murdered in his litter by his father-in-law 
Arrius Aper, who accompanied him in an 
expedition. The murderer, who hoped to 
afeend the vacant throne, continued to follow 
the litter as if the emperor was alive, till he 
found a proper opportunity to declare his 
fentiment. The ftcnch of the body however 
foon difeovered his perfidy, and he was la- 

cifficeii 





NU 


NY 


erificed to the fury of the foldiers. Numeria- 
nus had been admired for his learning as well 
as his moderation. He was naturally an elo¬ 
quent fpeaker, and in poetry he was inferior 

to no writer of his age.-A friend of the 

emperor Severus. 

Numerius, a man who favored the 

efcape of Marius to Africa, &c.-A friend 

ot Pomoey taken by J. Cacfar’s adherents, 
&c. Pltn. 

Numicia via, one of the great Roman 
roads which led from the capital to the town 
of Brundufium. 

NumIcus, a fmall river of Latium, near 
Lavinium, where the dead body of iEneas 
was found, and where Anna, Dido’s After, 
browned herlelf. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 150, &c. 
— 5 / 7 . 1, v. 359.— Ovid . Met. 14, v. 358. 

&c. Fuji. 3, v. 643.-A friend of Horace, 

to whom he addreffed 1 ep. 6.. 

Numida, a iurname given by Horace 1, 
•d. 36, to one of the generals of Auguftus, 
from his conquefts in Numidia. Some lup- 
pole that it is Pomponius, others, Plotius. 

Numidia, an inland country of Africa, 
which now forms the kingdom of Algiers 
and Bilduigerid . It was bounded on the 
north by the Mediterrannean lea, fouth by 
G«tulia, weft by Mauritania, and eaft by a 
part of Libya which was called Africa Pro¬ 
pria. The inhabitants were called Nomades, 
and afterwards Numidet. It was the king¬ 
dom of Maftnifla, who was the occafion of 
the third Punic war, on account of the offence 
he had received from the Carthaginians. 
Jugurtha reigned there,.as alfo Juba the fa¬ 
ther and ion. It was conquered, and became 
a Roman province, of which Salluft was the 
hrft governor. The Numidians were excel¬ 
lent warriors, and in their expeditions they 
always endeavoured to engage with the ene¬ 
my in the night time. They rode without 
laddies or bridles, whence they have been 
called infrani. They had their wives in com¬ 
mon as the reft of the barbarian nations of 
antiquity. Salh/Jl. in Jvg.-^-Flor. 2, c. 15. 
— Strab. 2 & 17.— Mela , I, c. 4, See. — 
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 754. 

Numidius Quadratus, a governor of 
Syria under Claudius. Tacit. Ann. 12. 

Numistro, a town of the Brutii in Italy. 
Li-v. 4 5 > c. 17. 

Numitor, a foil of Procas, king of Alba, 
who inherited his father’s kingdom with his 
brother Amulius, and began to reign con¬ 
jointly with him. Amulius was too avari 
cious to bear a colleague on the throne ; he 
expelled his brother, and that he might more 
i'afely lecure himfelf he put to death his ion 
Laufus, and confecrated his daughter Ilia to 
the i'ervice of-the goddefs Vefta, which de¬ 
manded perpetual celibacy. Thefe great 
precautions were rendered aboitive. Ilia 
became pregnant, and though, the two chil¬ 
dren whom ihe brought forth, were expofed 


in the river by order of the tyrant, their life 
was prelerved, and Numitor was reftored to 
his throne by his grandfons, and the tyran¬ 
nical ufurper was put to death. I)iony. Ha!. 
— Liv. I, c. 3.— Pint, in Rornul. — Ovid. 
Faji. 4, v. 55. &c.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 768. 

-A fon of Phorcus who fought with Tur- 

nus againit iEneas. Virg. Ain. 10, v. 342. 

-A rich and diflMute Roman in the age 

of Juvenal, 7, v. 74. 

Numitorius, a Roman who defended 
Virginia, to whom Appius wilhed to offer 
violence. He was made military tribune. 

-Q. Pull us, a general of Fregelke, &c. 

Cic. r e Inv. 2, C. 34. 

Numonius. Vid. Vala. 

Nuncoreus, a fon of Sefoftris king of 
Egypt, who made an obelilk, fome ages 
after brought to Rome, and placed in the 

Vatican. Plin. 36, c. 11.--Tie is called 

Pheron by Herodotus. 

NundIna, a goddefs whom the Romans 
invoked when they named their children. 
This happened the ninth day after their biith, 
whence the name of the goddefs, Nona dies. 
Macrob. Sat. I. C. 16. 

NundTnje. Val. Ferke. 0 

Nursce, a town of Italy. Virg. AEn. 7, 
v. 744. 

Nurscia, a goddefs who patronized the 
Etrurians. Jav. 10, v. 74. 

NuRSlA,novv Norza, a town of Picenum 
whole inhabitants are called Nurfini. Its 
fituation was expofed, and the air confidered 
as unwholefome. 5 / 7 . It. 8 , v. 416.— Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 716.— Martial. 13, ep. 20 .— Liv. 
28, c. 45. 

Nutria, a town of Illyricum. Polyb. 2 . 

Nycteis, a daughter of Ny&eus, who 

was mother of Labdacus.-A patronymic 

of Antiope the daughter of Nyfteus, mother 
of Amphion and Zethus by Jupiter, who 
had affumed the fhape of a iatyr to enjoy 
her company. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 110. 

Nyctelia, feftivals in honor of Bacchus, 
[ Vid. Nydtelius], oblerved on mount Ci- 
thteron. Pint. in Symp. 

Nyctelius, a furname of Bacchus, be¬ 
came his orgies were celebrated in the night. 
(vt/£ nox, niXiu perjicio.) The words latex 
Ny He lilts thence fignify wine. Seneca in 
(Edip. — Pauf. I, c. 40.— Ovid. Met. 4, 
v. 15 . 

Nycteus, a fon of Hyrieus and Clonia. 
-A fon of Chthomus.-A fon of Nep¬ 
tune by Celene, daughter of Atlas, king of 
I elbos, or of Thebes according to the more 
received opinion. He married a nymph of 
Crete called Polyxo or Amalthasa, by tvhom 
he had two daughters, Nyttimene and An¬ 
tiope. ’ he firft of thefe dilgraced herlelf by 
her criminal amours with her father, into 
whole bed Ihe introduced herfelf by means 
of her nurfe. When the father knev’ the 
incelt he had committed he attempted to 

ftab 










NY 


NY 

ftab his daughter, who was immediately 
changed by Minerva into an owl. Nytteus 
made war againlt Epopeus, who had carried 
away Antiope, and died of a wound which 
he had received in an engagement, leaving 
his kingdom to his brother Lycus, whom 
he entreated to continue the war, and punilh 
Antiope for her immodeft conduct. [Fid. 
Antiope.] Pauf. 2, c. 6.— Hygin. fab. 157 
& 204.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 590, &c. 1 . 6, 
v. no, &c. 

Nyctimene, a daughter of Ny&eus. Fid. 
Ny&eus. 

Nyctimus, a fon of Lycaon, king of Ar¬ 
cadia. He died without i(Tue, and left his 
kingdom to his nephew Areas, the fon of 
Callirto. Pauf- 8, c. 4. 

Nymbteom, a lake of Peloponnefus in 
Laconia. Id. 3, v. 23. 

NvMPHiE, certain female deities among 
the ancients. They were' generally divided 
into two clafies, nymphs of the land and 
nymphs of the lea. Of the nymphs of the 
earth, fome prefided over woods, and were 
called Dryades and Hamad) yades ; others pre- 
lided over mountains and were called Oreades; 
fome prefixed over hills and dales, and were 
called Napaa, &c. Of the fea nymphs, 
fome were called Oceanides , Nereides , Naiades , 
Potamides , Limn ades, See. Thefe prefided 
not only over the fea, but alfo over rivers, 
fountains, dreams, and lakes. The nymphs 
fixed their refidence not only in the lea, but 
alfo on mountains, rocks, in woods or 
caverns, and their grottos were beautified 
by evergreens and delightful and romantic 
feenes. The nymphs were immortal ac¬ 
cording to the opinion of fome mythologifts; 
others fuppoled that, like men, they were 
lubje£t to mortality, though their life was 
of long duration. They lived for feveral 
thoufand years according to Hefiod, or as 
Plutarch feems obfeurely to intimate, they 
lived above 9720 years. The number of the 
nymphs is not precilely known. They were 
above 30GO, according to Hefiod, whofe 
power was extended over the different places 
of the earth, and the various fundtions and 
occupations of mankind. They were wor- 
lhipped by the ancients, though not with lb 
much folemnity as the fuperior deities. They 
had no temples raifed to their honor, and 
the only offerings they received were milk, 
honey, oil, and fometimes the lacrifice of a 
goat. They were generally reprefented as 
young and beautiful virgins, veiled up to 
the middle, and fometimes they held a vafe, 
from which they fieemed to pour water. 
Sometimes they had grals, leaves, and Ihells 
inftead of vales. It was deemed unfortunate 
to fee them naked, and fuch fight was gene¬ 
rally attended by a delirium, to which Pro¬ 
pertius feems to allude in this verfe, wherein 
he fpeaks of the innocence and fimplicity of 
the primitive ages of the world, 


Nee fuerat nudas pan a videre Deal, 

The nymphs were generally diftinguiftied by 
an epithet which denoted the place of their 
refidence; thus the nymphs of Sicily were 
called Sicelides ; thofe of Corycus, Corysides y 
&c. Ovid. Met. i, v. 320. 1 . 5, v. 412. 1 . 9, 
651, &c. Faft. 3, v. 769.— Pauf. 10, c. 3. 
— Plut. de Qrac. def. — Orpheus Arg. — He¬ 
fiod. Tbeog .— Propert. 3, el. 12.— Homer. Od. 

14. 

NyMPHiEUM, a port of Macedonia. Caf 

bell, civ .-A promontory of Epirus on the 

Ionian fea.-A place near the walls of 

Apollonia, facred to the nymphs, where 
Apollo had alfo an oracle. The place was 
alfo celebrated for the continual flames of fire 
which feemed to rife at a diftance from the 
plains. It was there that a lleeping fatyr 
was once caught and brought to Sylla as he 
returned from the Mithridatic war. This 
monfter had the fame features. as the poets 
aferibed to the fatyr. He was interrogated 
by Sylla, and by his interpreters, but his 
articulations were unintelligible, and the 
Roman fpurned from him a creature which 
feemed to partake of the nature of a bead 
more than that of a man. Plut. in Sylla. 
— Dio. 41.— Plin. 5, c. 29 — Strab. 7. — 

Liv. 42, c. 36 & 49.-A city of Taurica 

Cherfonefus.-The building at Rome 

where the nymphs were worihipped bore alfo 
this name, being adorned with their ftatues 
and with fountains and water-falls, which 
afforded an agreeable and refrefhing cool- 
nefs. 

Nymphjeus, a man who went into Carla 
at the head of a colony of Melians, &c. Po* 
lyxn. 8. 

Nymphidius, a favorite of Nero, who 
faid that he was defeended from Caligula. 
He was raifed to the confular dignity, and 
foon after difputed the empire with Galba. 
He was flain by the foldiers, &c. Tacit. 
Ann. 15. 

Nymphis, a native of Heraclea, who 
wrote an hiftory of Alexander’s life and 
adtions, divided into 24 books. TElian. 7, 
de Anim. 

Nymphodorus, a writer of Amphipo- 

lis.-A Syracufan who wrote an hiftory of 

Sicily. 

Nympiioleptes or Nymphomanes, pof~ 
fejjed by the nymphs. This name was given to 
the inhabitants of mount Cithaeron, who be¬ 
lieved that they were inlpired by the nymphs. 
Plut in Arif. 

Nymbhon, a native of Colophon, &c. 

Cic. ad fra. I. 

Nypsius, a general of Dionyfius the ty¬ 
rant who took Syracufe, and put all the in¬ 
habitants to the fword. Died. 16 . 

Nysa or Nvssa, a town of ^Ethiopia, at 
the fouth of Egypt, or according to others, 
of Arabia. This city, with, another of the 

famst 




NY 


NY 


fame name in India, was facred to the god 
Bacchus, who was educated there by the 
nymphs of the place, and who received the 
name of Dionyfius, which feems to be com¬ 
pounded of Aids & N wot, the name of his 
father, and that of the place of his educa¬ 
tion. 7 ht* god made this place the feat of his 
empire and the capital of the conquered na¬ 
tions of the eaft. Diodorus, in his third ami 
fourth bocks, has given a prolix account of 
the birth of the god at Nyfa, and of his edu¬ 
cation and heroic a&ions. Mela> 3, c. 7.— 
Ovid. Met. 4, V. 13, life. — Ital. 7, v. 198. 
—Curt. 8, C. IO. — Virg. JEn. 6, V. 805. 

- - According to fome geographers there 

were no lefs than ten places of the name of 
Nyfa. One of thefe was on the coaft of‘Eu¬ 
boea, famous for its vines which grew in 
fuch an uncommon manner that if a twig 
was planted in the ground in the morning. 


it immediately produced grapes, which were 

full ripe in the evening.-A city of Thrace. 

-Another feated on the top of mount 

Parnaflus and facred to Bacchus. Juv. 7. 
v.63. 

NysjeUs, a furname of Bacchus, becaufe 
he was worlhipped at Nyfa. Propert. 3. el, 
17, v. 22.-A fon of Dionyfius of Syra¬ 

cuse. C. Nep. in Dion. 

Nysas, a river of Africa, riling in ./Ethiopia. 

Nysiie portje, a fmall ifland in Africa. 

Nysiades, a name given to the nymphs 
of Nyl'a, to whofe care Jupiter intrufted the 
education of his fon Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, 
v. 314, &c. 

NysTros, an ifland. Vid. Nifyros. 

Nysjus, a furname of Bacchus as the pro- 
tefting god of Nyfa. Cic. Flac. 25. 

Nyssa, a filter of Mithridates the Great. 
Plut. 


oc 

O AR^ES, the original name of Artax- 
erxes Memnon. 

Oarus, a river of Sarmatia, falling into 
the Palus Mceotis. Herodot. 4. 

Oasis, a town about the middle of Libya, 
at the difiance of feven days’ journey from 
Thebes in Egypt, where the Perfian army 
fent by Cambyl'esto plunder J upiter Ammon’s 
temple was loll in the fands. There were 
two other cities of that name very little 
known. Oafis became a place of baniih- 
ment under the lower empire. Strab. 17.— 
Ijofim. 5, C. 97. — Herodot. 3, c. 26. 

Oaxes, a river of Crete which received 
its name from Oaxus the fon of Apollo. Virg. 
Eel. 1, v. 66. 

Oaxus, a town of Crete where Etearchus 

reigned who founded Cyrene.-A lbn of 

Apollo and the nvmph Anchiale. 

Ohringa, now Ahr , a river of Germany 
falling into the Rh ; ne above Rimmagen. 

Obultronius, a qujeltor put to death 
by Galba’s orders, &c. Tacit, 

Ocalea or Ocalia, a town of Bceotia. 
Homer . II. 2,- — A daughter of Mantineus, 
who married Abas, fon of Lynceus and Hy- 
permneftra, by whom (he had Acrifius and 
Proetus. Apollcd. 2, c. 2. 

Oceia, a woman who prefided oyer the 
facred rites of Vella for 57 years with the 
greateft fan&ity. She died in the reign of 
Tiberius, and the daughter of Domitius Suc¬ 
ceeded her. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 86. 

Oceanides & OceanItides, fea 
nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from whom 
they received their name, and of the god- 
defs Tethys. They were 3000 according to 
Apollodorus, who mentions the names of 


OC 

feven of them ; Alia, Styx, EIe£tra, Doris, 
Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Metis. Hefiod 
fpeaks of the eldeft of them, and reckons 
41, Pitho, Admete, Prynno, Ianthe, Rho- 
dia, Hippo, Callirhoe, Urania, Clymene, 
Idyia, Pafithoe, Clythia, Zeuxo, Galuxaure, 
Plexaure, Perleis, Pluto, TTioe, Polydora, 
Melobofis, Dione, Cerceis, Xantha, Acafta, 
Ianira, Teleltho, Europa, Meneftho, Petrea, 
Eudora, Calypfo, Tyche, Ocyroe, Crifia, 
Amphiro, with thole mentioned by Apollo- 
dorus, except Amphitrite. Hyginus men¬ 
tions 16 whofe names are almoft all different 
from thole of Apollodorus and Hefiod, which 
difference proceeds from the mutilation of 
the original text. The Oceanides, as the 
reft of the inferior deities, were honored 
with libations and Sacrifices. Prayers were 
offered to them and they were entreated to 
prote/t failors from ftorms and dangerous 
tempefts. The Argonauts, before they pro¬ 
ceeded to their expedition, made an offering 
of flour, honey, and oil, on the fea Ihove, to 
all the deities of the fea, and facrificed bulls 
to them, and entreated their prote&ion. 
When the facrifice was made on the fea 
Ihore the blood of the vi6tim was received iti 
a velfel, but when it was in the open fea, the 
blood was permitted to run down into the 
waters. YVheu the fea was calm the failors 
generally offered a lamb or a young pig, but 
if it was agitated by the winds, and rough, a 
black bull was deemed the moll acceptable 
victim. Ilomer. Od. 3.— Horat. — Apollon. 
Arg. — Virg. G. 4, v. 341.— Hefiod. Thcog. 
349. Apollod. I. 

OceXnus, a powerful deity of the fea, 
fon of Coelus and Terra. He married Tethys, 

by 





oc 


oc 


iy whom he had the moft principal rivers, 
fuch as the Alphcus, Peneus, Strymon, &c. 
with a number of daughters who are called 
from him Oceanides. [Fid. Oceanides.] Ac 
cording to Homer, Oceanus was the father 
of all the gods, and on that account he receiv¬ 
ed frequent vifits from the reft of the deities. 
He is generally reprefented as an old man 
with a long flowing beard, ar.d fitting upon 
the waves of the tea. He often holds a pike 
in his hand, while {hips under fail appear at 
a dillance, or a lea monfter ftar.ds near him. 
Oceanus prefided over every part of the lea, 
and even the rivers were lubje&ed to his 
power. The ancients were fuperftitious in 
their worlhip to Oceanus, and revered with 
great l'olemnity a deity to whofe care they 
entrufted themlelves when going on any voy- 
•age. Heft'd. Tbcog. — Ovid. Fuji. 5, v. 81. 
See. — Apoilod. I. — Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 20.— 
Homer. II. 

Ocellus, an ancient philofopher of Luca- 
nia. Fid. Lucan us. 

Ocelum, a town of Gaul. Caf. Bell. C. 
I, c. 10 

Ocha, a mountain of Euboea, and the 

name of Euboea itfeif.-A filter of Ochus 

buried alive by his orders. 

Ochesius, a general of iEtolia in the Tjo- 
jan war. Homer. II. 5. 

Ochus, a furname given to Artaxerxes the 

3d king of Perfia. [Fid. Artaxerxes.]-A 

man of Cyzicus who was killed by the Argo¬ 
nauts. Flacc. 3. —. A prince of Perfia, who 

refilled to vifit his native country for fear of 
giving all the women each a piece of gold. 

Flat. -A river of India, or of Ba&riana. 

Fliti. 6, c. 16.I. 31, c. 7.-A king of Per¬ 

fia. He exchanged his name for that of Da¬ 
rius. Fid. Darius Nothus, 

Ocnus, a fon of the Tiber and of Manto, 
who aflifted ./Eneas againft Turnus. He built 
a town which he called Mantua after his mo¬ 
ther’s name. Some fuppofe that he is the 
fame as Bianor. Firg. Eel. 9, JEn. 10, v. 

298.-A man remarkable lor his induftry. 

He had a wife as remarkable for her profufion ; 
{he always confirmed and layilhed away what¬ 
ever the labors of her hufband had earned. 
He is reprefented as twitting a cord, which an 
afs {landing by eats up as foon as he makes it, 
whence the proverb of the cord of Ocnus often 
applied to labor which meets no return, and 
which is totally loft. Fropert. 4, el. 3, v. 21. 

. — Flin. 35, c. II.— Pauf. IO, c. 29. 

Ocriculum, now Otricoli, a town of Um¬ 
bria near Rome. Cic. pro Mil. — Liv. 19, 
c.41. 

Ocridion, a king of Rhodes who was 
reckoned in the number of the gods after death, 
Plut. in Grccc. qu<ef.2J. 

OcrTsia, a woman of Corniculum, who 
was one of the attendants of Tanaquil the 
wife of Tarqunius Prifcus. As lhe was 
throwing into the flames, as offerings, feme of 


the Yneats that were ferved on the table of 
Tarquin, Ihe fuddenly Yaw in the fire what 
Ovid calls otfeeni forma •virilis. She in¬ 
formed the queen of it, and when by her 
orders {he had approached near it, (he con¬ 
ceived a fon who was called Servius Tullius# 
and who being educated in the king’s fa¬ 
mily afterwards fucceeded to the vacant 
throne. Some fuppofe that Vulcan had 
aftumed that form which was prefented to 
the eyes of Ocrifia, and that the god wds 
the father of the fixth king of Rome. Plut* 
defort. Rom. — Flin. 36, c. 2 J.-~0vid.Faf. 6, 
v. 627. 

Oct acil Lius, a {lave who was manumit¬ 
ted, and who afterwards taught rhetoric at 
Rome. He had Pompey the Great in the 
number of his pupils. Sueton. in Rhet. — Mar¬ 
tial. 10, ep. 79. 

Oct avia, a Roman lady fitter to the em¬ 
peror Augultus and celebrated for her beauty 
and virtues. She married Claudius Mar- 
cellus, and after his death, M. Antony. Hef 
marriage with Antony was a political ftep to 
reconcile he£ brother and her hufband. An¬ 
tony proved for fome time attentive to her, 
but he foon after defpil'ed her for* Cleopatra, 
and when fhe attempted to withdraw him from 
this unlawful amour by going to meet him at 
Athens, {he was fecretly rebuked and totally 
banifhed from his prefence. This affront was . 
highly refented by Auguftus, and though Oc- 
tavia endeavoured to pacify him by palliating 
her hufband s behaviour, he refolved to re¬ 
venge her caufe by arms. After the battle of 
Adtium and the death of Antony, O&avia, 
forgetful of the injuries {he had received, took 
into her houfe all the children of her hufband 
and treated them with maternal tendernefs. 
Marcellus her fon by her firft hufband was 
married to a niece of Auguftus, and publicly 
intended as a fucceflor to bis uncle., His Hid¬ 
den death plunged all his family into the 
greateft grief. Virgil, whom Auguftus pa¬ 
tronized, undertook upon himfelf to pay a 
melancholy tribute to the memory of a young 
man whom Rome regarded as her future fa¬ 
ther and patron. Pie wasdefired to repeat his 
compofition in the prefence of Auguftus and 
of his filter. 0 < 5 tavia burft into tears as foon 
as the poet began ; but when he mentioned, 
Tu Marcellus eris, {he fwooned away. This 
tender and pathetic encomium upon the merit 
and the virtue of young Marcellus was liberally 
rewarded by O&avia, and Virgil received 
io,cOo fefterces for every one of the verles- 
Odtavia had two daughters by Antony, Anto¬ 
nia Major and Antonia Minor. The elder 
married L. Domitius Ahencbarbus, by whom 
{lie had Cn. Domitius the father of the em¬ 
peror Nero by Agrippina the daughter of 
Germanicus. Antonia Minor, wh6 was as 
virtuous and as beautiful as her mother, mar¬ 
ried Drnius the fon of Tiberius, by whom Ihe 
had Germanicus, and Claudius who reigned 

before 






before Nero. The death of Marcellos con¬ 
tinually preyed upon the mind of Odavia, 
who diad of melancholy about 10 years before 
the Chriftian era. Her brother paid great re¬ 
gard to her memory, by pronouncing himfelf, 
her funeral oration. The Roman people aifo 
Ihowed their rel'ped for her virtues by their 
wifti to pay her divine honors. Suet . in Aug. 

— Pint, in Anicn. Sec.- -A daughter of the 

emperor Claudius by Melfalina. She was be¬ 
trothed to Silanus, but by the intrigues of 
Agrippina, Ihe was married to the emperor 
Nero in the 16th year of her age. She was 
foon after divorced on pretence of barrennefs, 
and the emperor married b'oppsea, who exer 
cifed her enmity upon Oclavia by cauling her 
to be banifhed into Campania. She was after¬ 
wards recalled at the inftance of the people, 
and Poppaea, who was refolved on her ruin, 
cauled her again to be banilhed to an ifland, 
where Ihe was ordered to kill herfelf by open¬ 
ing her veins. Her head was cut off and car¬ 
ried to Poppxa. Suit, in Claud. 27 . in Ner. 
7 & 35 •— Tacit. Ann. 12 - 

Octavianus, or Octavius C.r.sAR,tJie 
nephew of Caelar the dictator. After the bat¬ 
tle of A&ium and the final defti uction of the 
Roman republic the fervile fenate fceftowed 
upon him the title andfurname of Augujius a , 
expreflive of his greatnefs and dignity. Fid. 
Aifl;uftus. 

OctAvius, a Roman officer who brought 
Perfeus, king of Macedonia, a priloner to the 
conful. He was lent by his countrymen to 
be guardian to Ptolemy Etipator, the young 
king of Egypt, where he behaved with the 
greateft arrogance. He was affaffinated by 
Lyfias, who was before regent of Egypt. The 

murderer wasfent to Rome.-A man who 

oppofed Metellus in the redudion of Crete 
by means of Pompey. He was obliged to 
retire from the ifland.-A man who banilh¬ 

ed Cinna from Rome and became remarkable 
for his probity and fondnefs of difeipline. He 
was feized and put to death by order of his 
fuccefsful rivals Marius and Cinna.-A Ro¬ 

man who boafted of being in the number of 
Ctefar’s murderers. His affertions v^cre falfe, 
yet he was puniflied as if he had been accef- 

fary to the confpiracy.-A lieutenant of 

CrafTus in Parthia. He accompanied his 
general to the tent of the Parthian conqueror, 
and was killed by the enemy as he attempted 
to hinder them from carrying away Craffus. 
- - A governor of Cilicia. He died in his 
province, and Lucullus made applications to 

fucceed him, &c.-A tribune of the people 

at Rome, whom Tib. Gracchus his colleague 

depofed.--A commander of the forces of 

Autony againft Auguftus.-An officer who 

killed himfelf. See. -A tribune of the peo¬ 

ple, who debauched a woman of Pontus from 
her hufband. She proved unfaithful to him, 
upon which he murdered her. He was con¬ 
demned under Nero. Tacit. Ann. & Hijl. — 

3 


Plut. in vitis.—Flor. — Liv. Sec. — —A poet 
in the Auguftan age intimate with Horace. 
He alfo diftinguifhed himfelf as an hiftorian. 
Horat. 1. Sat. 10, v. 82. 

Octodurus, a village in the modern coun¬ 
try of Switzerland, now called Matlivny. 
C‘cf B. G. 3, c. 1. 

Octogesa, a town of Spain, a little above 
the mouth of the Iberu 3 now called JYLequi- 
tienfu. Caf. B. G. 1, c. 61. 

Octolqphum, a place of Greece. Liv. 
3 1 * 

OcyXlus, one of the Phsacians with Al- 
cinous. Hcmcr. OJ. 

Ocv pete, one of the Harpies who in- 
feded whatever fhe touched. The name fig- 
riifies f ivift Jlying. Hefted Tbcog. 265.— 

Apollod. 1, c. 9.-A daughter of Thaumas. 

-A daughter of Danaus. 

Ocyroe, a daughter of Chiron by Cha- 
riclo, who had the gift of prophecy. She was 
changed into a mare. [Fid. _ Melanippe.] 
Ovid. Mel. 2, v. 638, Sec. — - — A woman 
daughter of Chefias, carried away by Apollo 
as fhe was going to a feftival at Miletus. 

Odenatus, a celebrated prince of Pal¬ 
myra. He early inured himfelf to bear fa¬ 
tigues, and by hunting leopards and wildbeafts, 
he accuftomed himfelf to the labors of a mi¬ 
litary life. He was faithful to the Romans; 
and when Aurelian had been taken prifoner 
by Sapor, king of Perfia, Odenatus warmly 
inierefted himfelf in his caufe, and folicited 
his releafe by writing a letter to the conqueror 
and fending aim prelents. The king of Per- 
fia was offended at the liberty k< Odenatus; 
he tore the letter, and ordered the prelents 
which were offered to be thrown into a river. 
To puniih Odenatus, who had the impudence, 
as he oblerved, to pay homage to fo great a 
monarch as himfelf, he ordered him to appear 
before him, on pain of being devoted to in- 
ftant deilrudion, with all his family, if he 
dared to refufe. Odenatus difiained the fum- 
mons of Sapor, and oppofed force to force. 
He obtained lbme advantages over the troops 
of the Perfian monarch, and took his wife 
prifoner with ajgreat and rich booty. Thefe 
lervices were feen with gratitr.de by the Ro¬ 
mans; and Galhenus, the then reigning em¬ 
peror, named Odenatus as his colleague on the 
throne, and gave the title of Auguftus to 
his children, and to his wife the celebrated 
Zenobia. Odenatus, invefted with new power, 
refolved to fignalize himfelf more confpkn- 
oufly by conquering the northern barbarians, 
but his exultation was Ihort, and he perifhed 
by the dagger of one of Fis relations, whom 
he had (lightly offended in a domeftic enter¬ 
tainment. He died at Emefia, about the 267th 
year of the Chriftian era. Zenobia fucceeded 
to all his titles and honors. 

Ooessus, a fea port town at the weft of 
the Euxine fea in Lower Moefia, below the 
mouths of the Danube. QvlU 1. Trijl. 9, v. 5 7. 

Odeum, 









(ED 


CE A 


Odeum, a mufical theatre^t Athens. VI- 
truv.y, c. 9. 

OdInus, a celebrated hero of antiquity, 
who florilhed about 70 years before the phrif- 
tian era, in the northern parts of imeiept Ger¬ 
many or the modern kingdom of Denmark. 
He was at once a prieft, a foldier, a poet, a 
monarch, and a conqueror. He impofed upon 
the credulity of his fuperftitious countrymen, 
and made them believe that he could raife the 
dead to life, and that he was acquainted with 
futurity. When he had extended his power, 
and encreafed his fame by conqueft, and by 
perfuafion, he rel'olved to die in a different 
manner from other men. He affembled his 
friends, and with a (harp point of a lance he 
made on his body nine different wounds in the 
form of a circle, and as he expired he declared 
he was going into Scythia, where he fhould 
become one of the immortal gods. He further 
added, that he would prepare blifs and felicity 
for fuch of his countrymen as lived a virtuous 
life, who fought with intrepidity; an^ who died 
like heroes in the field of battle. Thefe in- 
junctions had the defired effeft, his Country¬ 
men fuperflitioufly believed him, and always 
recommended themfelves to his prote&ion 
whenever they engaged in a battle, and they 
entreated him to receive the fouls of fuch as 
had fallen in war. 

OdItes, a ion of Ixion, killed by Mopfus, 
at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, 

v. 457.-A prince killed at the nuptials of 

Andromeda. Id. ib. 5, v. 97. 

OdoAcer, a king of the Heruli, who de- 
ftroyed the weftern empire of Rome, and 
called himlelf king of Italy, A. D. 476. 

Odomanti, a people of Thrace, on the 
eaftern banks of the Strymon. Liv. 45, 
c. 4. 


CEagrius is a river of Thrace, whofe waters 
fupply the ftreams of the Hebrus. Ovid, in 
lb. 414.— Apollon. I, arg. — Virg. G. 4, v. 
5Z4.— Ital. 5, V. 463.— Diod. — Apollod. I, 
C. 3. 

(Eanthe & CEanthiA, a town of Pho- 
cis, where Venus had a temple. Pauf 10, 
c. 38. 

CEax, a fon of Nauplius and Clymene. 
He was brother to Palamedes, whom he ac¬ 
companied to the Trojan war, and whofe 
death he highly relented on his return to 
Greece, by railing difturbances in the family 
of fome of the Grecian princes. DiClys Cret. 
— Apollod. 1 .— Hygin. fab. 117. 

CEbalia, the ancient name of Laconia, 
which it received from king CEbalus, and 
thence (Ebalides puer is applied to Hyacinthus 
as a native of the country, and (Ebalius/un¬ 
guis is ufed to denominate his blood. Pauf. 3, 

c. 1.— Apollod. 3, c. 10.-The fame name 

is given to Tarentum, becaule built by a La¬ 
cedaemonian colony, whofe anceftors were 
governed by (Ebalus. Virg* G. 4, v. 125.— 
Sil. 12, v. 451. 

CEbalus, a fon of Argalus or Cynortas, 
who was king of Laconia. He married Gor- 
gophone the daughter of Perfeus, by whom he 
had Hippocoon, Tyndarus, &c. Pauf. 3, c. 1. 

— Apollod. 3, c. 10.-A fon of i elon and 

the nymph Sebethis, who reigned in the neigh¬ 
bourhood of Neapolis in Italy. Virg. JEn. 7, 

v ‘ 734 \, 

(EbXres, a fatrap of Cyrus, againft the 

Medes. Polyan. 7.-A groom of Darius 

fon of Hyftafpes. He was the caufe that his 
mafter obtained the kingdom of Perfia, by his 
artifice in making his horle neigh firft. [ Vid. 
Darius lit.] Herodot. 3, c. 85.— Jufin. I, 
c. IO. . 


Odones, a people of Thrace. 

Odrysje, an ancient people of Thrace, be¬ 
tween Abdera and the river Ifler. The epi¬ 
thet of Odryftus is often applied to a Thracian. 
Ovid. Met. 6 , v. 490. 1 . 13, v. 554.— Stat. 
Ach. i, v. 184.—■£/?>. 39, c. 53. 

Odyssea, one of Homer’s epic poems, in 
which he describes in 24 hooks the adventures 
of Ulyffcs on his return from the Trojan war, 
with other material circumftanees. The whole 
of the a£tion comprehends no more than 55 
days. It is not fo efteeraed as the Iliad of 
that poet. Vid. Homerus. 

Odysskum, a promontory of Sicily, at the 
welt of Pachy nus. 

CEa, a city of Africa, now Tripoli. Plin. 

5, c. 4 .—-Si/ Ital, 3, v. 157.-Alio a place 

in iEgina. Herodot. 5, c. 83. 

CEagrus or (Eager, the father of Or¬ 
pheus by Calliope. He was king of Thrace, 
and from him mount Ha’mus, and all'o the 
Hebrus, one of the rivers of the country, have 
received the appellation of CEagrius , though 
Servius, in his commentaries, difputes the 
explanation of Diodorus, by afferting that the 


CEchalta, a country of Peloponnefus irt 
Laconia, with a lmall town of the fame name. 
This town was deltroyed by Hercules, while 
Eurytus was king over it, from which circum- 

ftance it was often called Eurytopolis. -A 

lmall town of Euboea, where, according to 
: fome, Eurytus reigned, and not in Pelopon¬ 
nefus. Strab.. 8, 9 & IO.— Virg. ASn. 8, v* 
291.— Ovid. Heroid. 9. Met. 9, v. 136. — So- 
phoc. in Trarh. 74 Iff Schol. 

(EclIdes, a patronymic of Amphiaraus 
fon of CEcleus. Ovid. Met. 8, fab., 7. 

CEcleus. Vid. Oicleus. 

CEcumenius, wrote in the middle of the 
10th century a paraphrafe of fome of the books 
of the New Tellament in Greek, edited in z 
vols. fol. Paris 1631. 

(Edipodia, a fountain'of Thebes in 
Bceotia. 

(Edipus, a fon of Laius, king of Thebes 
and Tocalta. As being defeended from Venus 
by his father’s fide, (Edipus was born to be 
expoled to all the dangers and the calamities 
which Juno could inflict upon the polterity of 
the goddefs of beauty. Laius the father of 
% (Edipus, 









CED 


(ED 


CEdipus, was informed by the oracle, as foon 
as he married Jocafta, that he mull perifh by 
the hands of his fon. Such dreadful intelli¬ 
gence awakened his fears, and to prevent the 
fulfilling of the oracle, he refolvefl never to 
approach Jocafta; but his folemn refolutions 
were violated in a fit of intoxication. The 
queen became pregnant, and Lnius'fiill intent 
to ftop thU evil, ordered his wife to deftroy 
her child as foo* as it came into the world. 
The mother had not the courage to obey, yet 
Che gave the child as foon as born fo one of 
her domeftics, with orders to expofe him on 
the mountains. The fervant was moved with 
pity, but to obey the commands of Jocafta, he 
bored the feet of the child, and fufpended him 
with a twig by the heels to a tree on mount 
Cithatron, where he was foon found by one of 
the fhepherds of Polybus, king of Corinth. 
The fhepherd carried him home; and Peri- 
bnea, the wife of Polybus, who had no chil¬ 
dren, educated him as her own child, with 
maternal tendemefs. The accomplifhments 
of the infant, who was named CEdipus, on 
account of the fwdlling of his feet (etita tu~ 
tnco, Tobis pedes,) foon became the admira¬ 
tion of the age. His companions envied his 
ftrength and his addrefs; and one of them, to 
mortify his riling ambition, told him he was an 
illegitimate child. This railed his doubt ; he 
alked Peribcea, who, out of tendemefs, told 
him that his fufpicions were ill-founded. Not 
fatisfied with this, he went to confult the ora¬ 
cle of Delphi, and was there told not to re¬ 
turn home, for if he did, he mult neceflarily 
be the murderer of his father, and the huf- 
band of his mother. This anfwer of the ora¬ 
cle terrified him ; he knew no home but the 
houfe of Polybus, therefore he refolved not 
to return to Corinth, where fuch calamities 
apparently attended him. He travelled to¬ 
wards Phocis, and in his journey, met in a 
narrow road Laius on a chariot with his arm- 
hearer. JLaius haughtily ordered CEdipus to 
make way for him. CEdipus refufed, and fi 
conteft enfued, in which Laius and his arm- 
hearer were both killed. As CEdipus was ig¬ 
norant of the quality, and of the rank of the 
men whom he had juft killed, he continued 
his journey, and was attracted. to Thebes by 
the fame of the Sphynx. This terrible mon- 
fter, which Juno had lent to lay wafte the 
country, \Vid. Sphynx,] reforted in the neigh¬ 
bourhood of Thebes, and devoured all thofe 
who attempted to explain, without fuccefs, the 
enigmas which he'propofed. The calamity 
was now become an object of public concern, 
and as the fuccefsful explanation of an enigma 
would end in the death of the fphynx, Creon, 
who at the death of Laius, had afeended the 
throne of Thebes, promiled his crown and 
Jocafta to him, who fucceeded in the attempt. 
The enigma propofed was tins; What animal 
in the morning walks upon four feet, at noon 

upon two, and in the evening ujon three ? This 


was left for CEdipus to explain; he came to 
the monfter and faid, that man, in the morn¬ 
ing of life, walks upon his hands and his feet; 
when he has attained the years of manhood, 
he waits upon his two legs; and in the even¬ 
ing, fie fupports his old age with the affiftance 
of a ftaff. r fhe monfter, mortified at the true 
explanation, dafhed his head againft a rock and 
pprilhed. CEdipus afeended the throne of 
Thebes, and married Jocafta, by whom he 
had two fons Polynices and Eteoclos, and two 
daughters, Ifmene and Antigone. Some years 
after, the Theban territories were vlfited with 
a plague ; and the oracle declared that it fhould 
ceafe only when the murderer of king Laius 
was banifhed from Bceotia. As the death of 
Laius had never been examined, and the cir- 
cumftances that attended it never known, this 
anfwer of the oracle was of the greateft con¬ 
cern to the Thebans; but CEdipus, the friend 
of his people, refolved to overcome every 
difficulty by the imoft ex.a& inquiries. His 
refearches were fuccefsful, and he was foon 
proved te he the murderer of his father. The 
melancholy difeovery was rendered the more 
alarming, when CEdipus confidered, that he 
had not only murdered his father, hut that he 
had comm itted inceft with hi s mother. In the 
excefs of his grief he put out his eyes, as un¬ 
worthy to fee the light, and baijiftied himfelf 
from Thebes, or, as fome fay, was banithed 
by his own foils. He retired towards Attica, 
led by his daughter Antigone, and came near 
Colonos, where there was a grove facred to 
the Furies. He remembered that he was 
doomed by the oracle to die in fuch a place, 
and to become the fource of profperity to the 
Country, in which his bones were buried. A 
meflenger upon this was fent to Thefeus, king 
oi the country, to inform him of the refolu- 
tion of CEdipus. When Thefeus arrived, 
CEdipus acquainted him, with a prophetic 
voice, that the gods had called him to die ill 
the place where he flood; and to fhow the 
truth of this he walked, himfelf, without the 
affiltance of a guide, to the lpot where he myft 
expire. Immediately the earth opened and 
CEdipus difappeared. Some fuppofe that 
CEdipus had not children hy Jocafta, and that 
the mother murdered herfelf as foon as (he 
knew the inceft which had been committed. 
His tomb was near the Areopagus, in the age 
of Paufanias. Some of the ancient poets re- 
prefent him in hell, as fuffering the punifh. 
ment which crimes like his feemed to deferve. 
According to fome, the four children which 
he had were by Euriganea, the daughter of 
Periphas, whom he married after the death 
of Jocafta. Apollod. 3, c. 5. — Hygiv. fab. 66, 
&c.— Eiirip. in Pban'Jf. See. — Sophocl. CEdip. 
Tyr. Ilf Col. Antir. See. — Hefiod. Tbeog. 1. 
—Homer. Od. II, c. 27 O.—Pauf 9, C. 5, See. — 
Slat. Theb. 8, V. 64a. — Senec. in CEdip* 
— Ptndar • Olytr.p. 2 .— Diod. J.— Athen. 6 3c 
JO. 

L i 


CEm*, 



CEN 


CEN 


CEme, a daughter of Danaus, by Crino. 
Apollod. 

CEnanthes, a favorite of young Ptolemy 
king of Egypt. 

CEne, a i'mall town of Argolis. The peo¬ 
ple are called (Eneada. 

CEnea, a river of AfTyria. Ammian. 

CEneus, a king of Calydon in JEtolia, fon 
of Parthaon or Portheus, and Euryte. He 
married Althaea the daughter of Theftius, by 
whom he had Clymenus, Meleager, Gorge,' 
and Dejanira. After Althaea’s death, he mar¬ 
ried Peribcea the daughter of Hipponous, by 
whom he had Tydeus. In a general facrifice, 
which CEneus made to all the gods upon reap¬ 
ing the rich produce of his fields, lie forgot 
Diana, and the goddefs, to revenge this unpar¬ 
donable neglett, incited his neighbours to take 
up arms againlt him, and befides lhe fent a 
wild boar to lay wafte the country of Caly- 
donia. The animal was at laft killed by Me¬ 
leager and the neighbouring princes of Greece, 
in a celebrated chace, known by the name of 
the chace of the Calydonian boar. Sometime 
after, Meleager died, and CEneus was driven 
from his kingdom by the fons of his brother 
Agrius. Diomedes, howeVer, his grandfon, 
foon reftored him to his throne; but the con¬ 
tinual misfortunes to which he was expofed, 
rendered him melancholy. He exiled himfelf 
from Calydon, and left his crown to hisfon-in- 
law Andremon. He died as he was going to 
Argolis. His body was buried by the care of 
Diomedes, in a town of Argolis which from 
him received the name of CEnoe. It is re¬ 
ported that CEneus received a vifit from Bac¬ 
chus, and that he fuffered the god to enjoy 
the favors of Althaea, and to become the 
father of Dejanira, for which Bacchus per¬ 
mitted that the wine of which he was the 
patron Ihould be called among the Greeks 
by the name of CEneus (01V&). Hygin. fab. 
129.— Apollod. I, c. 8.— Homer. II. 9, v. 539. 
—Diod. 4.— Pauf. 2, c. 23.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 
510. 

CEniadje, a town of Acarnania. Liv. 26, 
t. 24.1. 38, c. 11. 

CEnIdes, a patronymic of Meleager, fon 
of CEneus. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 10. 

CEnce, a nymph who married Sieinus the 
fon of Thoas king of Lemnos. From her the 

illand of Sieinus had been called CEnoe.- 

Two villages of Attica were alfo called CEnoe. 

llerodot. 5, c. 74.— Plin. 4, c. 7.-A city 

of Argolis, where CEneus fled when driven 

from Calydon. Pauf. 2, c. 25.-A town of 

Elis in the Peloponnefus. Strab. — Apollod. 1. 
C. 8 .-—Pauf. I, &c, 

CEnomaus, a fon of Mars by Sterope the 
daughter of Atlas. He was king of Pifa in 
Elis, and father of Hippodamia by Evarete 
daughter of Acrifius, or Eurythoa, the daugh¬ 
ter of Danaus. He was informed by the ora¬ 
cle that he Ihould perifli by the' hands of lus 
fen-in-law, therefore & he could Ikilfully drive 


a chariot, he determined to marry his daugh¬ 
ter only to him who could out-run him, on 
condition that all who entered the lilt Ihould 
agree to lay down their life, if conquered. 
Many had already perifhed; when Pelops fon 
of Tantalus, propofed himfelf. He previ- 
oully bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of CE- 
nornaus, by promifing him the enjoyment of 
the favors of Hippodamia, if he proved vic¬ 
torious. Myrtilus gave his mailer an old cha¬ 
riot, whofe axle-tree broke on the courfe, 
which was from Pifa to the Corinthian itth- 
mus, and CEnomaus was killed. Pelops mar¬ 
ried Hippodamia, and became king of Pifa. As 
he expired, CEnomaus entreated Pelops to re¬ 
venge the perfidy of Myrtilus, which was 
executed. Thofe that had been defeated when 
Pelops entered the lilts, were Marmax, Al- 
cathous, Euryalus, Eurymachus, Capetus, 
Lafius, Acrias, Chalcodon, Lycurgus, Trico- 
lonus, Prias, Arifiomachus, iEolius, Eury- 
thrus, and Chronius. Apollod. 2, c. 4.— Diod. 
4.— Pauf. 5, c. 17. 1 . 6, c. II, &c.— Apollon, 
Rhod. I. — Propert. I. el. 2, v. 20.— Ovid, in 
lb. 367. Art. Am. 2, v» 8. Hcroid. 8, v. 70. 

CEnon, apart ofLocris on the bayof Corinth. 

CEnOna, an ancient .name of the illand 
AEgina. It is alfo called (Enopia. Herodot. 

8, c. 46.-Two villages of Attica are alia 

called CEnona, or rather CEnoe.-A town 

of Troas, the birth place of the nymph CE- 
none. Strab. 13. 

CEnone, a nymph of mount Ida, daugh¬ 
ter of the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. As lhe, 
had received the gift of prophecy, lhe fore¬ 
told to Paris, whom lhe married before he 
was dilcovered to be the Ion of Priam, that 
his voyage into Greece would be attended 
with the? moft ferious confequences, and the 
total ruin of his country, and that he Ihould 
have recourfe to her medicinal knowledge at 
the hour of death. All thefe predictions were 
fulfilled; and Paris, when he had received 
the fatal wound, ordered his body to be car¬ 
ried to CEnone, in hopes of being cured by 
her afliftance. He expired as he came into her 
prefence; and CEnone was fo llruck at the light 
of his dead body, that lhe bathed it with her 
tears, and ftabbed herfelf to the heart. She 
was mother of Corythus by Paris, and this- 
fon perilhed by the hand of his father when 
he attempted, at the iuftigation of CEnone, to 
perfuade him to withdraw his affe&ion fron* 
Helen. I) idly s Cret. — Ovid, de Rem. Amor. 
v. 457 - Het oid. 5.— Lucan. 9. 

CEnopja, one of the ancient names of the 
illand ifigina. Ovid. Met . 7, v. 473. 

CEnopideSj a mathematician of Chios. 

Diod. I. 

(Enopton, a fon pf Ariadne by Thefeus, 
or, according to others, by Bacchus- He 
married Helice, by whom he had a daughter 
called Hero, or Merope, of whom the giant 
Orion became enamoured. The. father, un¬ 
willing to give hi$L daughter to luch a lover, 

* and 

* 








tET 


OG 


and afraid of provoking him by an open re-- 
filial, evaded his application^ and at lalt put 
out his eyes when he was intoxicated. Some 
luppole that this violence was offered to Orion 
after he had dilhonored Metope. GEnopion 
received the ill and of Chios from Rhadaman- 
thus, who Iiad conquered moll of the iilands 
of the aEgean fea, and his tomb was ltili leen 
there in the age of Paufanias. Some fuppofe, 
and with more probability, that he rrigned 
not at Chios, but at aEgina, which from him 
was called (Enopia. Plut. in Tbef — ApMod. 
1^ c. 4. — Died. Pan/. 7, c. 4.— Apollon, 
iihod. 3. 

CEnotri, the inhabitants of CEnotria. 

CEnotria, a part of Italy which was 
afterwards called Lu can't a. It received this 
name from CEnotrus the fon of Rycaon, who 
fettled there with a colony of Arcadians. 
The CEnotrians afterwards lpread themfelves 
into Umbria and as far as Latiuni* and the 
country of the Sabines, according to fome 
writers. The name of CEnotria is ibmetimes 
applied to Italy. That part of Italy where 
CEnotrus fettled, was before inhabited by the 
Auiones, Diottyf Hal. 8, c. II.— Pauf. I, 
c/3.— Virg. JEn. I, V. 536. 1 . 7, V. 85.— Ital. 
8 , v. 220. 

(Enotrides, two fmall iilands on the coafl 
of Lucania, where fome ol the Romans were 
banifhed' by the emperors. They were called 
Ifcia and Pontia. 

(E notrus, a fon of Eycaon of Arcadia. 
He paffed into Magna Grrecia with a colony, 
and gave the name of CEnotria to that part of 
the country where he fettled. DiouyJ'. Hal. 1, 
C. II.— Pauf. I, c. 3. 

(Enus.e, fmall iilands near Chios. PI in. 5, 

c. 31.— Tbucyd. 8.-Others on tire coall of 

the Peloponnei'us, near Meffenia. Ale la > 2, 
C. 17 .—PI in. 4, c. I Z. 

(Eon us, a fon of Licymnius, killed at 
Sparta, where he accompanied Hercules; and 
as the hero had promifed Licymnius to bring 
back his fon, he burnt his body, and prelent- 
ed the allies to- the afflicted father. From 
this circumltance arole a cuflom of burning 
the dead among the Greeks. Schol. Hmer. 

II. -A (mail river of Laconia. Liv. 34, 

c. 28. 

CEroe, an ifland of Bceotia, formed by the 
Afc . 13 . Hcrodot. 9, c. 50. 

* (Eta, now Banina , a celebrated mountain 
between Theffdy and Macedonia, upon which 
Hercules burnt himfelf. Its height has given 
occalion to the poets to feign that the fun, 
moon, and liars rofe behind it. Mount CEta, 
properly lpeaking, is a long chain of moun¬ 
tains which runs from the llreights of Ther¬ 
mopylae and the gulph of Malia, in a vveltern 
direction, to mount Piiidus, and from thence 
to the bay of Ambracia. The llreights or 
paffes of Mount CEta are called the llreights 
of Thermopylae from the hot baths and mi¬ 
neral waters which are in the neighbourhood. 


Tliefe paffes are not more than 25 feet in 
breadth. Alda, z, c. 3.— Ccrtull. 66, v. 54. 
— Apollfid. 2, c. 7.— Pauf. IO, c. 20, &C.— 
Ootid. Her .lid, 9. Met. 2, v. 216. 1 . 9, v. 204, 
See. — Viry. Eel. 8.— Pli/i. 25, e. 5. —Seneca 

in Med. — Lucan. 3, &c. - A l'mall town 

at the foot of Mount (Eta near Thermo- 

py ,5E - „ 

(Etylus or CEtylum, a town of Laco¬ 
nia, which received its name from (Etylus, one 
of the heroes of Argos. Serapis had a tem¬ 
ple there. Pauf. 3, c. 25. 

Oeellus, a man whom, though unpolilh- 
ed, Horace reprel'ents as a character exemplary 
for wil'dom, (Economy, and moderation. Ho - 
rat. 2, Sat. 2, v. 2. 

On, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de 
Germ. 28. 

Oc do i.Xi‘is, a navigable river flowing from, 
the Alps. Strab. 6. 

Ogdokus, a king of Egypt. 

Oolosa, an ifland in the Tyrrhene fea, ealt 
of Corlica, famous for wine, and n6w called 
Monte Cbrijlo. Pun. 3, c. 6. 

Ogmius, a name of Hercules among the 
Gauls. Lucian, in Here. 

Ouoa, a deity of Mylaffa in Caria, under 
whole temple, as was fuppoled, the fea paffed. 
Pauf. 8, c. 10. 

Ooulnia llx, by Q. and Cn. Ogulniris, 
tribunes of tbe people, A. U. C. 453. It en¬ 
treated tlie number of pontitices and augurs 
from four to nine. The addition was made to 
both orders from plebeian families.--A Ro¬ 

man lady as poor as Ihe was laiicivious. 'Juvm. 
6, v. 351. 

O0YGE3, a celebrated monarch, the molt 
ancient of thole that refgned in Greece. He 
was fon of Terra, or, as fome fuppofe, of 
Neptune, and married Thebe the daughter of 
Jupiter. He reigned in Bceqtia, which, fromt 
him, is fometimes called Qgygia, and his power 
was alfo extended over Attica. It is fuppofed 
that he was.of Egyptian or Phoenician extrac¬ 
tion ; but his origin, as well as the age int 
which he lived, and the duration of his reign, 
are lb oblcure and unknown, that the epithet 
of Ogygian is often applied to every thing of 
dark antiquity. In the reign of Ogyges there 
was a deluge, which fo inundated the terri¬ 
tories of Attica, that they remained wade for 
near 200 years. This, though it is veiy un¬ 
certain, is fuppoled to have happened about 
1764 years before the chritlian era. previous 
to the deluge of Deucalion. Recording to 
fome writers, it was owing to the overflowing 
of one of the rivers of the country, fl ho 
reign of Ogyges’ was alfo marked by an un¬ 
common appearance in the heavens, and as it 
is reported, the planet Venus changed her co¬ 
lor, diameter, figure, and her courte. Harr a 
de R. ii. 3, c. I.— Pauf. 9, c. 5.— Aug. de Civ. 
D. 18, &c. 

Ogygia, a name of one of the gates of 
Thebes in Jboeoua. Lucan. 1. v. 675.—— 

L 1 2 One 






One oiythe daughters of Niobe and Amphion, 
changed into ftones. Apollod.—Pa iff- 9, c. 8. 

- - An ancient name of Bceotia, from Ogy- 

ges who reigned there.*-The ifland of C'a- 

lypfo, oppofite the promontory of Lacinium in 
Magna Gnecia, where Ulyfles was (hipwreck- 
ed. The fituation and even the exiftence of 
Calypfo’s ifland, is difputed by l'ome writers. 
Plin. 3 ,'c. IO.— llomcr. Od. I, V. 52 Sc 85. 
I.5, v. 254. 

Ogyris, an ifland in the Indian ocean. 

Oicleus, a fon of Antiphates and Zeux- 
ippe, who married . Hypermneftra, daughter 
of Theftius, by whom he had Iphianira, Po- 
lybcea, and Amphiaraus. He was killed by 
JLaomedon when defending the Ihips which 
Hercules had brought to Aha when he made 
war againll Troy. Homer. Od. 15.— l)iod. 
4. — Apollod. I, c. 8. 1 . 3, c. 6 . — Pauf. 6. 
«-i 7 - 

OIleus, a king of the Locrians. His fa¬ 
ther’s name was\Odoedocus, and his mother’s 
Agrianome. He married Eriope by whom he 
had Ajax, called Oileus from his father, to 
diferiminate him from Ajax the fon of Tela¬ 
mon. He had alfo another fon called Mednn, 
by a courtesan called Rhene. Oileus was one 
of the Argonauts. Virg. Ain. 1, v. 45. — 
Apollon. I .— Hygin. fab. 14 & 18.'— Homer. 
Jl. 13 & 15.— Apollod. 3, c. 10. 

Olane, one of the mouths of the Po.- 

A mountain of Armenia. 

Olanus, a town of Lelbos. 

Olastr;e, a people of India. Lucan. 3, 
y. 249.— Plin. 6, c. 20. 

Olba or Ojlbus, a town of Cilic'a. 

Olbia, a town of Sarmatia at the conflu¬ 
ence of the Hypanis and the Boryfthenes r 
about 15 miles from the fea according to Pliny. 
It was afterwards called Boryjlhenes and Mile- 
topolis, becaufe peopled by a Milefian colony, 
and is now fuppoied to be Oszafonv. Strab. 7. 

«— Plin. 4, c. 12.-A town of Bithynia. 

Mela, i t c. 19.-A town of Gallia Narbo- 

nenfis. Mela , 2, c. 5.-The capital of 

Sardinia. CluuJian. 

Olbius, a river of Arcadia. Pauf. 8, 
c.14. 

Olbus, one of iEetes’ auxiliaries. Val. FI. 
6 , v. 639. 

Olchinium, orOLciNiu.M, now' Duldgno , 
a town of Dalmatia, on the Adriatic. Liv. 
45 > c. 26. 

Oleades, a people of Spain. Liv. 21, 

c * 

O Lear os, or Our os, one of the Cy¬ 
clades, about 16 miles in circumference, lepa- 
rated from Paros by a {freight of feven miles. 
Virg. Ain. 3, v. 126 e— Ovid. Met. 7, V. 469. 
—St tab. IO. — Plin. 4, C. 12. 

Oleatrum, a town of Spain, near Sa- 
guntum. Strab. 

Oi.en, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flo- 
rifhed fome time before the age of Orpheus, 
and composed many hymns, fome of which 


were regularly fung at Delphi, on folemu occa- 
fions. Some fuppofe that he was the firft who 
eftablifhed the oracle of Apollo at _ Delphi, 
where he firft delivered oracles. Herodot. 4,c. 35. 

Olenius, a Lemnian, killed by his wife. 
Val. FI. 2, v. 164. 

Olknus, a fon of Vulcan who married Le- 
thaea, a beautiful woman, who preferred her- 
felf to the goddelfes. She and her huft>and 
were changed into ftones by the deities. Ovid. 

Met. ro, v. 68.-A famous lbothfayer of 

Etruria. Plin. 28, c. 2. 

Olenus, or Olenum, a town of Pelo- 
ponnefus between Patrse and Cyllene. The 
goat Amalthzea, which was made a conftella- 
tion by Jupiter, is called Olenia , from its refi- 
dence there. Pauf. 7, c. 22.— Ovid. Met. 3.. 

— Strab. 8.— Apollod. i, c. 8.-Another in 

iEtolia. 

Oleorus, one of the Cyclades, now Anti 

Paro. 

Olgasys, a mountain of Galatia. 

Oligyrtis, a town of Peloponnefus. 

Ounthus, a town of Macedonia. Viet. 
Olynthus. 

Olisipo, now Li/bon, a town of ancient 
Spain on the Tagus, lurnamed Fclicitas Julia, 
{Plin. 4, c. 22,) and called by fome Ulyllippo, 
and laid to be founded by UlyflTes. Mela , 3, 
c. I.— Solinus 23. 

Olitingi, a town of Lufitania. Mela , 3, 
c. 1. 

OlTzon, a town of Magnefta in TheflalV. 
Homer. 

T. Ollius, the father of Poppaea, de- 
ftroyed on account of his intimacy with 
Sejanus, &C. Tacit. Ann. 13, C. 45. ■■■■■ ■ 
A river rifing in the Alps, and falling inte 
the Po, now called the Oglio. Plin. a, c. 103, 

Ollovico, a prince of Gaul called the 
friend of the- republic by the Roman fenate, 
Caf. Pell. G. 7, c. 31. 

Olmite, a promontory near Megara. 

Olmius, a river of Bceotia, near Heli¬ 
con, facred to the Mufes. Stat. Theb. 7, v; 
284. 

O lo os son, now AleJfone r a town of Mag- 
nefia. Horn. 

Olophyxus, a town of Macedonia on 
mount Athos. Herodot. 7, c. 22. 

Olp.e, a fortified place of Epirus, now 

Forte Cajlri. 

Olus, (untie,) a town at the weft of C.’cte. 

Olympeum, a place of Delos,—--Ano¬ 
ther in Syracufe. 

Olympia, (orum,) celebrated games which 
received their name either from Olympia 
where they were obferved, or from Jupiter 
Olympius, to whom they were dedicated. 
They were, according to fome, inftituted by 
Jupiter after his victory over the Titans, and 
firft obferved by the Idiei Dailyli, B. C. 1453. 
Some attribute the inftitution to Pelops, after 
he had obtained a victory over CEnomaus and 
married Hippodamia 5 but the more probable. 










OL 


OL 


ind indeed the more received opinion is, that 
they were firll eftablilhed by Hercules in ho¬ 
nor of Jupiter Olympius, after a victory ob¬ 
tained over Augias, B. C. 1222. Strabo ob¬ 
jects to this opinion, by obferving, that if they 
had been eftablilhed in the age Qf Homer, the 
poet would have undoubtedly lpoken of them, 
as he is in every particular careful to mention 
the amulements and diverfions of the ancient 
Greeks. But they were neglected after their 
fuft inftitution by Hercules, and no notice 
was taken of them according to many writers, 
till Iphitus, in the age of the lawgiver of 
Sparta, renewed them, and inilituted the ce¬ 
lebration with greater Solemnity. 7 'his re-in- 
llitution, which happened B. C. 884, forms 
a celebrated epoch in Grecian hiftory, and is 
t he beginning of the Olympiads. [ Fid. Olym¬ 
pias.] They, however, were neglected for 
fome time after the age of Iphitus, till Coicebus, 
who obtained a victory B. C, 776, re-inftituted 
them to be regularly and conftantly celebrated. 
The care and luperintendance of tne games 
were intruded to the people of Elis, till they 
were excluded by the Pifaeans B. C. 364, after 
the deltruCtion of Pifi. Thefe obtained great 
privileges from this appointment-; they were 
in danger neither of violence nor war, but 
they were permitted to enjoy their pofleffipns 
without moleftation, as the games were cele¬ 
brated within their territories. Only one per- 
fon fupedntended till the 50th olympiad, when 
two were appointed. In the 103d olympiad, 
the number was encreafed to twelve, accord - 
ing to the number of the tribes of Elis. But 
in the following olympiad, thby were reduced 
to eight, and afterwards -encreafed to ten, 
which number continued till the reign of 
Adrian. The prefidents were obliged folemnly 
to fvvear that they would a£l impartially, and 
not take any bribes, or dil'cover why tlrey re¬ 
jected lbme of the combatants. They gene 
rally fat naked, and held before them the 
crown which was prepared for the conqueror. 
There were alfo certain officers to keep good 
order and regularity, called u'Kvrai, much the 
lame as the Roman liCtors, of whom the chief 
was called a\vrecf>%vs. No women were per¬ 
mitted to appear at the celebration of the 
Olympian games, and whoever dared to tref- 
pafs this law, was immediately thrown down 
/rom a rock. This however was lbmetimes 
neglected, for we find not only women pre- 
fent at the celebration, but alfo fothe among 
the combatants, and fome rewarded with the 
crown. The preparations for thele feftivals 
were great. No perfon was permitted to en¬ 
ter the lilts if he had not regularly exerciled 
Jiimlelf ten months before the celebration at 
the public gymnalium of Elis. No unfair 
dealings were allowed, and whoever attempted 
to bribe his adverfary, was lubjeCted to a levere 
fine. No criminals, nor fuch as were con¬ 
nected with impious and guilty perfons, were 
fu£ered to prefent themlelves as combatants; 


and even the father and relations were 
obliged to fwear that they would have recourle 
to no artifice which, might decide the victory 
in favor of their friends. The wreltlers were 
appointed by lot. Some little balls, fuper- 
feribed with a letter, were thrown into a filver 
urn, and fuch as drew the lame letter were 
obliged to contend one with the other. He 
who had an odd letter remained the laft, and 
he often had the advantage, as hfe was to en¬ 
counter the laft who had obtained the fuperi- 
ority over his adverlary. He was called 
In thefe games were exhibited run¬ 
ning, leaping, wreftling, boxing, and the 
throwing of the quoit, which was called alto¬ 
gether srEvracSXav, or quinquertium. Befides 
thefe, there'were horfe and chariot races, and 
alfo contentions in poetry, eloquence, and the 
fine arts. 7 'he only reward that the conqueror 
obtained, was a crown of olive; which, as 
fome fuppole was in memory of the labors of 
Hercules, which was accomplilhed for the 
univerlal good of mankind, and for which the 
hero claimed no other reward than the con- 
fcioufnels of having been the friend of hu¬ 
manity. So fmall and trilling a reward fti- 
mulated courage and virtue, and was more 
the fource of great honors than the mod un¬ 
bounded treafures. 7 ’he ftatues of the con¬ 
querors, called Olympionicae, were erected at 
Olympia, in rhelacred wood of Jupiter. Their 
return home was that of a warlike conqueror; 
they were drawn in a chariot by four horles, 
and every where received with the greatell 
acclamations. Their entrance into their native 
city w s not through the gates, but, to make 
it more grand and more folemn, a breach was 
made in the walls. Painters and poets were 
employed in celebrating their names; and 
indeed the victories leverally obtained at 
Olympia are the fubje£ls of the mod beau¬ 
tiful odes of Pindar. 7 'he combatants were 
naked; a l'carf was originally tied round 
their wafte, but when it had entangled one of 
the adverlaries, and been the caufe that he 
loft the vi6tory, it was laid afide, and no re¬ 
gard was paid to decency. The Olympic games 
were obferved every fifth year, or to fpeak 
with greater exa&nefs, after a revolution of 
four years, and in the firll month of the fifth 
year, and they continued for five fucceffive 
days. As they were the moll ancient and the 
moll folemn of all the feftivals of the Greeks, 
it will not appear wonderful that they drew 
fo many peo le together, not only inhabitants 
of Greece, but of the neighbouring iflands 
and countries. Pind. Olymp. 1 & 2.— Strab. 8. 
— Pauf. 5, c. 67, &c..— Diod. 1, &c.— Pint, 

in Tbef. Lyc. &C.- -f-JElian. V. H. 10, v, I. 

— Cic. Tufc. I, C. 46. — Lucian, de Gym. 
Tzctz. in T.ycophr — Arijlotel. — Stat. 7heb. 6. 
— C. N f>. in Praf .— Virg. G. 3, V. 49 — 

A town of Elis in Peloponnefus, where Ju¬ 
piter had a temple with a celebrated ftatite 50 
eubits hieh, reckoned one of the fevea won- 

Ll3 




OL 


OL 


ders of the world. The Olympic games were 
celebrated in the neighbourhood. Strab. %.-*- 
Pauf. 3, c. 8. 

Oi,y ai pi a 3, a certain fpace of time which 
clapfed. between the celebration of the olym- 
pic games. The Olympic games were cele¬ 
brated aftdr the expiration of four complete 
years, whence fome- have laid that they were 
obferved every fifth' year. This period , of 
time was called Olympiad, and became a 
celebrated era among the Greeks, who com¬ 
puted their time by it. The cuftom of reck* 
ching time by the celebration of the Olympic 
games was not introduced at the fir ft intii- 
tution of thefe feftivals, but td fpeak accu¬ 
rately, only the year in which Corocbus ob¬ 
tained the prize. This Olympiad, which has 
always been reckoned the full, fell, accord¬ 
ing to the accurate and learned computations 
of fome of the moderns, exactly 776 yegrs 
before the Chriftian era, in the year of the 
Julian period 3938, and 23 years before the 
building of Rome. The games were exhi- 
l bited at the time of the full moon, next after 
the fummer folitice : therefore the olympiads 
were' of unequal length, becaufe the time of 
the full moon differs 11 days every year, and 
for that reafon they lometimes began the next 
day after the fold ice, and at other times four 
weeks after. The computations by olym¬ 
piads ceal'ed, as l'ome fyppofe, after the 
364th, in the year 440 of the Chriftian era. 
Jt was univerfally adopted, not only by the 
Greeks, but by "many of the neighbouring 
countries, though ftill the Pythian games 
ferved as an epoch to the people of Delphi 
and to the Eoeotiqns, the Mera'a>an games to 
the Argives and Arcadians, and the Ifth- 
mian to the Corinthians, and the inhabitants 
of the Peloponnefian ifthmus. To tire olym¬ 
piads hift<>ry is much indebted. They have 
ferved to fix the time of many momentous 
events, and indeed before this method of 
computing time was obferved, every page of 
hiftory is moftly fabulous, and filled with 
ebfeurity and contradiction, and no true 
chronological account can be properly efta- 
blifhed and maintained with certainty. The 
inode of computation, which was uied after 
the fuppreftjon of the olympiads and of the 
confular faili of Rome, was more ufeful as it 
was mope ujaverlal; but while the era of the 
creation of the world prevailed jn the eaft, the 
s-vellern nations in the 6th century began to 
adopt with more propriety the Chriftian 
epoch, which was propagated in the 8th 
century, and at laft, in the joth, became le¬ 
gal and popular.-A celebrated woman 

who was 'daughter of a king of Epirus, and 
who jammed Philip Ring of Macedonia, by 
whom fhe had Alexander the Great. Her 
jhaughtinefs, and, more probably, her infi- 
jdelityy^ftbliged Philip to repudiate her, ami 
to marry Cleopatra, the niece of- king Atta¬ 
ins. jOl) payi?s yyas Rabble of" this injury, 


and Alexander fhowed his difapprobation of 
his father’s irieafures by retiring from the 
court to his mother. The murder of Philip, ■ 
which loon followed this difgrace, and which 
fome have attributed to the intrigues of 
Olympias, was productive of the greateft 
extravagancies. '1 he queen paid the higheft 
honor to her hufband’s murderer. She ga- 
thered his mangled limbs, placed a crown of 
gold on his head, and laid his afhes near thofe 
of Philip. The admmrftration of Alexander, , 
who had fueceeded his .father, was, in fome 
inftances, ofthnfive to Olympias; but, when 
the ambition of her lion was concerned, fhe 
did not fcruple to declare publicly, that Alex¬ 
ander was not the fon of Philip, but that he 
was the offspring of an enormous ferpent 1 
which had fupernaturally introduced itl'elf 
into her bed. When Alexander was dead, 
Olympias feized the government of Macedo- 
nia, and, to eftablilh her ufurpation, fhe 
cruelly put to death Aridaeus, with his wife 
Eurydice, as alio Nicanor, ,the brother of 
Callander, with 100 leading men of Mace- 
don, who were inimical to her intereft. Such 
barbarities did not long remain unpu* 
nifoed; Caffander befieged her in Pydna, 
where (lie had retired with the remains of 
her family, and lhe was obliged to fui render 
after an obftinate fiege# The conqueror"* 
ordered her to be accufed. and to be put to 
death. A body of 200 loldiers were directed 
to put the bloodv commands into execution, 
but the fplendor and majefty of the queen ( 
difarmed their courage, and fhe was at laft. 
maffacred by thofe whom foe 'had cruelly 
deprived of their children, about 316 years 
before the Chriftian era. JvJli/i. 7, c. 6. 

1 . 9, C. l.-r-Plut. in Alex.< — Curt. — Pauf. 

- A fountain of Arcadia, which flowed for 

one year and the next was dry. Pauf. 8, 
c. 29, 

Olympiodorus, a mufician who taught 

Epaminondas mufic. C. Nep, -A native 

of Thebes, in Egypt, who florifoed under 
Theodofius 2d, and wrote 22 books of hif¬ 
tory, in Greek, beginning .with th.e ieventh 
-confujfhip of Honorius, and the i'econd of 
Theodofius, f© the period when Valentinian 
was made emperor. He wrote alfo an ac¬ 
count of an embaffy to lbme of the barbarian 
nations of the north, &c. His Ityle is ceu- 
fured by fome as low, and unworthy of an 
hiftorian. The commentaries of Olympl.do- 
rus on the Meteor a of Ariftotle 0 were edited 

apud Aid. iS 5 °y in foL-An Athenian 

otficer, prefect at the battle of Plataa, where 
he behaved with great valor. JPlut. 

Olympius, a ftusiame vf Jupiter at Olyn?- 
pia, where the god held a celebrated temple 
and ftatue, which paffed for one o{ the leven 
wonders of the world. If was the work of 

Phidias. Pauf. 7, c. 2.-A native of 

Carthage, called alfo Nemefianus. Vi d. 
^fomefianus.--—A favorite at "the court of 

fionorius. 




ON 


OM 

Honox'ms, who was the caufe of Stilicho’s 
death. 

Olympus, a phyfician of Cleopatra, queen 
of Jigypt, who wrote fome hillorical treatifes. 

Plut. in Anton. -A poet and mufician of 

Myfia, Ion of Ms on and dilciple to Mariyas. 
He lived before the Trojan war, and diftin- 
guifhed himlelf by his amatory elegies, his 
hymns, and particularly the beautiful airs 
which lie covnpofed, atid which were Hill 
prelerved in the age of Ariftophanes. Plato 
in Min .— Arijlot, Pol. 8.-Another mufi¬ 

cian of Phrygia, who lived in the age of Mi¬ 
das. He is frequently confounded with the 

preceding. Pollux. 4, c. 10.-A Ion of 

Hercules and Euboea. Apollod. -A moun¬ 

tain of Macedonia and Theflaly, now Lacba. 
The ancients fuppofed that it touched the 
heavens with its top; and, from that circum- 
ftance, they have placed the refidence of the 
gods there, and have made it the court of 
Jupiter. It is about one mile and a half in 
perpendicular height, and is covered with 
pleafant woods, caves, and grottoes. On the 
top of the mountain, according to the notions 
of the poets, there was neither wind nor rain, 
nor clouds, but an eternal fpring. Homer. II. 
I, &C.— Vnrg. AHn. 2, 6, &c.— Ovid. Met. — 

Lucan. 5.— Mela , 2, C. 3.— Strab. 8.-A 

mountain of Myfia, called the Mvfian Olym¬ 
pus, a name it ftill prelerves.-Another, in 

Elis.- -Another, fn Arcadia.--And ano 

ther, in the ifiand of Cyprus, now Santa Croce. 
Some fuppole the Olympus of Myfia and of 

Cilicia to be the fame.-A town on the 

coaft of Lycia. 

Olympus a, a daughter of Thefpius. 
'Apollod. 

Olynthus, a celebrated town and repub¬ 
lic of Macedonia, on the Ilthmus of the pe- 
ninlufit of Pallene. It became famous for its 
florilhing fituation,and for its frequent difputes 
with the Athenians, the Lacedaemonians, and 
with king Philip, whodeftroyed it, and fold the 
inhabitants for flaves. Cic. in Verr. — Plut. de 
Ir - cob. tf fc. — Mela , 2, C. 2.— Herodot. I, 
C. 127.— Curt. 8, C. 9. 

Olyras, a river near Thermopylae, which 
as the mytholcgifts report,attempted to extin¬ 
guish the funeral pile on which Hercules was 
,confumed. Strab. 9. 

Olyzon, a town of Theflaly. 

Omarius, a Lacedaemonian lent to Darius, 
ice. Curt. 3, c. 13. t 

Ombi and Tentyra, two neighbouring 
cities of Egypt, whofe inhabitants wero al¬ 
ways in dilcord one with another. Juv. T5, 
V- 3 J- 

Ombri. Vid. Umbri. 

Omole or Homole, a mountain of Thef- 

faly. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 675.-There were 

fome feftivals called Homolei a, which were 
•jtelebfated in Eoeotia in honor of Jupiter, fur- 
jiamed Homoleius. 

{J^ophagja, a feftiyal in honor of Bac¬ 


chus. The word fignifies the eating of rata 
Jiejb. Vid. Dionyfia. 

Omphale, a queen of Lydia, daughter of 
Jardanus. She married Tmolus, who, at his 
death, left her miftrefs of his kingdom. Om¬ 
phale had been informed of the great exploits 
of Hercules, and wilhed to lee lo illuftrious 
a hero. Her wifh was foon gratified. After 
the murder of Eurytus, Hercules fell fick, and 
was ordered to be fold as a Have, that he 
might recover his health, and the right uie of 
his lenfes. Mercury was commifiioned to fell 
him, and Omphale bought him, and rellored ' 
him to liberty. The hero became enamoured 
of his miftrels, and the queen ■favored his 
pafiion, and had a Ion by him, whom fome 
call Agelaus, and others Lamon. From this 
fon were defeended Gyges and Croslus; but 
this opinion is different from the account 
which makes theie Lydian monarchs fpring 
from Alcaeus, a fon of Hercules, by Malis, 
one of the female fervants of Omphale. Her¬ 
cules is represented by the poets as lb delpe- 
rately enamoured of the queen that, to con¬ 
ciliate her efteem, he fpins by her fide among 
her women, while fhe covers herfeif with 
the lion’s fkin, and arms herlelf with the club 
of the hero, and often ftrilces him with her 
fandals for the uncouth manner with which he 
holds the diftaff, &c. Their fondnefs was 
mutual. As they once travelled together, 
they came to a grotto on mount Tmolus, where 
the queen drefl'ed herfeif in the habit of her 
lover, and obliged him to appear in a female 
garment. After they had flipped, they both 
retired to reft in different rooms, as a facrifice 
on the morrow to Bacchus required. In the 
night, Faunus, or rather Pan, who was ena¬ 
moured of Omphale, introduced himfelf into 
the cave. He went to the bed of the queen, 
but the lion’s lkin perfuaded him that it was 
the drefs of Hercules*, and therefore he re¬ 
paired to the bed of Hercules, in hopes to 
find there the objett of his affe&ion. The 
female drefs of Hercules deceived him, and.' 
he laid himlelf down by his fide. The hero 
was awaked, and kicked the intruder into the 
middle of the cave. The noife awoke Om¬ 
phale, and Faunus was dilcovered lying on the 
ground, greatly difappointed and afliamed. 
Ovid Fajl. 2, v. 305, &c.— Apollod. I, c. 9. 

1 . 2, c. 7.— Diod. 4.— Propert. 3, el. II, 
'v. 17. 

Omphalos, a place of Crete, facred to 
Jupiter, on the borders of the river Triton. 

It received its name from the umbilical chord 
of Jupiter which fell there foon 
after his birth. Diod. 

Ompiiis, a king of India, who delivered 
himfelf up to Alexander the Great. Curt. 8 t 
c. 12. 

ONiEUM or O.ENE.UM, a promontory and 
town of Dalmatia. Liv. 43, c. 19. 

Onarus, a prieft of Bacchus, who is 
fuppofed to have married Ariadue after (be 
L 1 . 4 had 






OP 


ON 


had been abandoned by Thefeus. Plut. in 
The/. 

Onasimus, a fophift of Athens, who flo- : 
rilhed in the reign of Conftantine. 

On At as a famous ftatuary of JEgma, fon j 
of Micon. Pauf. 8,c. 42. 

Onchemites, a wind which blows from j 
Onchei'mus, a harbour of Epirus, towards j 
Italy. The word is fometimes fipelt Anche- | 
fites and Anehemites. Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. 2 . j 
—Ptolemaus. \ 

Onchestus, a town of BoeDtia, founded 
by Onchellus, a foil of Neptune. Pauf. 9, j 
c. 26. 

Oneion, a place of Arcadia. Pauf 8 , 
e. 25. 

Onesicritus, a cynic philofopher of 
,/Egtna, who went with Alexander into Afia, 
?nd was fent to the Indian Gymnofophilts. 
He wrote an biltory of the king’s life, which 
has been cenlured for the romantic, exagge¬ 
rated, ar.c^ improbable, narrative it gives. It 
is aliened, that Alexander, upon reading it, 
faid that he fhould be glad to come to life 
again for fome time, to fee what reception the 
hiftorian’s work met with. Plut. jn Alex .— 
Curt. 9, c. io«. 

Onesimus, a Macedonian nobleman, 
treated with great kindnel’s by the Roman’ 
emperors. He wrote an account 1 of the life 
of the emperor Probus and of Carus, with 
great precifion and elegance. 

Onesipfus, a fon of Hercules. Apollod. 

Onesius, a king of Salamis, who revolted 
from the Perfians. 

Onetorioes, an Athenian officer, vho 
attempted to murder the garrifon which De¬ 
metrius had ftationed at Athens, &c. Poly - 

an. 5. 

Onium, a place of Peloponnefus, near Co- 
rir.t'i. 

Onoba, a town near the columns of Her¬ 
cules. Mela , 3, c. I. 

Onobala, a river of Sicily. 

Onochonus, a river of Theffidy, falling 
into the.Peneus. It was dried up by the army 
©f Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 196. 

Onomacritus, a foothfayer of Athens. 
It is generally believed that the Greek poem, 
on the Argonautic expedition, attributed to 
Orpheus, was written by Onomacritus. The 
elegant poems of Mufaeus «re alfo, by fome, 
fuppoled to be the production of his pen. 
He floriQied about 516 years before the 
Chriftian era, and was expelled from Athens 
by Hipparchus, one of the Cons of Pififiratus. 

Jtlerodot. 7, c. 6.-A Locrian, who wrote 

concerni’jg laws,&c. Arijlot. 2. Polit. 

Onomarchus, a Plmcian, fon of Euthy- 
crates, and brother of Philomelus, whom he 
Succeeded, as general of his countrymen, in 
the facred war. After exploits of valor and . 
erfeverance, he wa^ defeated and flain in 
'heffaly by Philip of Macedon, who ordered 
his body to be ignominioufiy hung up, for 


the facrilege offered to the temp’e of Delphi. 
He died 353 B. C. Arijlot. Pol. 5, c. 4.— 

Plod. 16.--A man to whole care Anti- 

gdnus entrufted the keeping of Eumenes. C. 
Nep. in Fum. 

Oxomastorides, a Laced&monian am- 
baffiidor lent to Dariuc, &c. Curt. 3, 

c - 13 * ■ ‘ ' 

Onomastus, a freed man of the emperor 

Of ho Tacit. 

Onophas, one of the feven Perfians who 
confpirec! againll the ufurper Smerdis. Cte - 

fas. -An officer in the expedition of 

Xerxes againfi Greece. 

Okosander, a Greek writer, whofe book 
Be Imperatoris Infiitutione has been edited by 
Schwebel, with a French tranflation, foL No- 
rimb. 1752. 

Onythes, a friend of ./Eneas, killed by 
Turnus. Virg. JEn. 1%, v. 314. 

Opalia, feftivals celebrated by the 'Ro¬ 
mans, in honor of Ops, on the 14th of the 
calends of January. 

Ophelas, a general ofCyrene, defeated by 
Agathocles. 

Opueltes, a fon of Lycurgus, king of 
Thrace. He is the fame as Ar.chemorus. Vid. 

Arcbemorus.-The father of Euryalus, 

whole friendlliip with Nilus is proverbial. 
Virg. Mn. 9, v. 201. -One of die com¬ 

panions of Accctes, chartged into a dolphin 
by Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, fab.8. 

OpHENSis»a town of Africa., Tacit. Hif. 
4>c. 50. 

Ophiades, an ifiand 6n the coaft of Ara¬ 
bia, lo called from the great number of fer- 
pents found there. It belonged to the Egyp¬ 
tian kings, and was confidered valuable for 
the topaz it produced B'tod. 3. 

Op hi as, a patronymic given to Combe, 
as daughter of Ophius, an unknown perlon. 
Ovid. Met. 7, v. 382. 

Ophioneus was-an ancient foothfayer in 
the age of Ariftodemus- He was born blind. 

O phis, a fmall river of Arcadia, which 
falls into the Alpheus. 

Ophiusa, the ancient name of Rhodes. 

-A fmall ifiand near Crete.-A town 

of Sarmatia.-An ifiand near the Baleares, 

lo called from the number of ferpents which 
it produced ferpens'). It is now sailed 
Formentera. 

Ophrynium, a town of Troas on the 
Hellefpom. Heitor had a grove there. Strab. 
J 3 * 

Opici, the ancient inhabitants of Campa¬ 
nia, from whofe mean occupations the word 
Opictts, has been ufed to exprefs difgrace. 
Juv. 3, v. 207. 

Opilius, a grammarian, who florilhed 
about 94 years before Chrift. He wrote a 
book called Libri Mufarum. 

I.. Opimius, a Roman wdio made himfelf 
conful in oppofition to the interells and efforts 
of the Gracchi. He fliewed himfelf a mod 

inv$teme 






OP 


O R 


inveterate enemy to C. Gracchus and his ad- I 
herents, and behaved, during his cohfullhin, j 
like a dictator. He was acculed of bribery, i 
and banilhed. He died of want at Dyrra- I 
chium. Cic. pro Sext. Plane. Iff in Pif. — 

Pint. -A Roman, who killed one of' the 

Cimbri in (ingle combat.-A rich ufurer at 

Rome in the age of Horace, i Sat. 3, v, 14a. 

Oris, a town on the Tigris, afterwards 

ealled Antiochia. Xenopb. Anab. 2.- 

A nymph who was among Diana’s at¬ 
tendants. Virg. JEn. II, V. 532 & 867. 
——A town near the mouth of the Tigris. 
—One ofCyrene’s attendants. Vir*. O. 
4 > v - 343 - 

O piter, a Roman conful, Sec. 

Oi’ITergIni, a people near Aquileia, on 
the Adriatic. Their chief city is called Opi- 
tergum, now OJerfo. Lucan. 4, y. 4 16. 

OpItes, a native of Argos, killed by Hec¬ 
tor in the Trojan war. homer II. 

OrriA, a veltal virgin, buried alive for her 
incontinence. 

' OrriA lex, by C. Oppius, the tribune, 
A. U. C. 540. It required that no woman 
fhould wear above half an ounce of gold, 
have party-colored garments, or be carried in 
any city or town, or to any place within a 
mile’s diltance, unlefs it was to celebrate fome 
lacred feftivals or lblemnities. 1 his famous 
law, which was made while Annihal was in 
Italy, and while Rome was in diftrefflsd cir- 
curr.ftances, created difeontent, and, 18 years 
after, the Roman ladies ’petitioned the af- 
fembly of the people that it might be re¬ 
pealed. Cato oppoled it itrongly, and mnde 
many latirical refledlions upon the women for 
their appearing in public to folicit votes. The 
tribune Valerius, who had prefented their 
petition to the aflembly, anlwered the objec¬ 
tions of Cato, and his eloquence had fuch an 
influence on the minds of the people, that 
the law was inftant^y abrogated with the 
unanimous confent of all the comitia, Catr> 
alone excepted. Z/v .'33 & 34.— Cic. de Orat. 3. 

Oppiavus, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the 
fecond century. His father’s name was Age- 
filau9, and his mother’s Zenodota. He wrote 
l'ome poeihs, celebrated for their elegance and 
l'ubiimity. Two of his poems an? now ex¬ 
tant, five books on fi(hing, called alieuticon,' 
and four on hunting, called cynegeticon. The 
emperor Caracalla was fo pleated with his 
poetry, that he gave him a piece of gold for 
every verfe of his cynegeticon; from which 
circumftance the poem received the name of 
the golden verles of Oppian. The poet died 
of the plague in the 30th year of his age. 
His countrymen raifed ftatues to his honor, 
and engraved on his tomb, that the gods had 
haltened to call back Oppian in the flower of 
youth, only becaule he had already excelled 
all mankind. The beft edition of his works 
is that of Schneider, 8vo. Argent. 1776. 


Opnmus, a rich old mad introduced by 
Horace, 2 Sat. 3, v. 168. as wifely dividing 
his pofieffions among his two fo*s, and warn¬ 
ing them againft thole follies, and that 
extravagance which he believed he law riling 
in them. 

C. Oppius, a friend of Julius Cirlar, ce¬ 
lebrated for his life of Scipio Atricanus, and 
of Pompey the great. In the latter, he paid 
not much regard to hiftorical fails, and took 
every opportunity to defame Pompey, to 
extol the chara&er of bis patron Caffar. In 
the age of Suetonius, he was deemed the true 
author of the Alexandrian, African, and Spa- 
nilh wars, which fome attribute to Caiar, 

and others to A. Hirtius. Tacit. An. 12._ 

Suet, in Ceuf 53. - An officer fent by the 

Romans agaiaft Mithridites. He met with 
ill fuccefs, and was lent in chains to the 

king, See. -A Roman, who laved his 

aged father from the dagger of the tri¬ 
umvirate^ 

Ops, O/vj), a daughter of Ccchts and 
Terra* the fame as the Rhea of the Greeks, 
who manied Saturn, and became mother of 
Jupiter. She was known among the an¬ 
cients by the different names of Cybele , Bona 
Dea, Magna Mater , Tbya, Tellies, Profer•- 
pi/ta, and even of Juno and Minerva ; and the 
wordiip which was paid to thefe apparently 
leveral deities, was offered merely to one 
and the fame perfon, mother of ’the gods. 

I he word Ops leemsto be derived from Opus ■ 
becaule the goddefs, wh® is the fame as the 
earth, gives nothing without labor. Tatiui 
built her a temple at Rome, Shefwas gene¬ 
rally reprelented as a -matron, with her 
right hand opened, as if offering affiftatice 
to the helplefs, and holding a loaf in her 
left hand. Her fellivals were called Opa- 
lia , &C. Varro de L. L. 4. — DionyJ, Hal. 
2,&c.— Tibull. el. 4, v. 68.— Plin, % ip, c. 6. 

OptatuS, one of the fathers, whole 
works were edited by Du Pin, fol. Paris, 
1700. 

Optimus Maximus, epithets given to Ju¬ 
piter to denote his greatnei*, omnipotence, 
and iupreme goodnd's. Cic. de N. D. 2, 
c. 25. 

Opus, ( opuntis ), a city of J-ocris, on the 
Alopus, destroyed by an earthquake. Strab. 
<7.— Mela, 2, c. 3.— Ltv. 28, c. 7. 

Ora, a town of India, taken by Alexan¬ 
der.-One of Jupiter’s miffreflls. 

Oraculum, an anlwer of the gods to 
the queftions of men, or the place where 
thole anl’wers were given. Nothing is more 
famous than the ancient oracles of Egypt, 
Greece, Rome, &C. They were luppoled to 
be the will of the gods themfelves, and they 
were confulted, not only upon every impor¬ 
tant matter, but even in the affairs of private 
life. To make peace or war, to introduce a 
change of government, to plant a colony, 

to 







OR 


O R 


to ena£t laws to raife an edifice, to marry, 
were fufficient reafons to confult the will of 
the gods. Mankind, in confulting them, 
(hewed that they wilhed to pay implicit obe¬ 
dience to the command of the divinity, and, 
when they had been favored with an anfwer, 
they a6led with more fpirit and with more 
vigor, confdious that th^e undertaking had 
met with the fandlion and approbation of 
heaven. In this, therefore, it will not appear 
wonderful that fo many places were facred 
to oracular purpofes. The lmall province 
of Bccotia could once boaft of her 25 oracles, 
and Pelopodnefgs of the fatpe number. Not 
only the.chief of the gods gave oracles, but, 
in procefs of time, heroes were admitted to 
enjoy the famfe privileges; and the oracles of 
a Trophonius and an Antinous, were loon 
able to rival the fame,of Apollo and of Jupi¬ 
ter. The mod celebrated oracles of antiquity 
were t.hofe of JDodona, Delphi, Jupiter Am 
mon, &c. \Vid. Dodona, Delphi, Ammon. J 
The temple of Delphi teemed to claim a fu- 
periority over the other temples; its fame 
was ontp more extended, and its riches 
were fo 'great, that not only private periods, 
hut even kings and numerous armies, made 
it an object of plunder and of rapine. The 
manner of delivering oracles was different. 
A pricftels at Delphi [Fid. Pythia] was per 
mitted to pronounce the oracles of the god, 
and her delivery of the anfwers was always 
attended with a&s of apparent madnefs and 
ciefperate fury. Not only women, but even 
doves, were the minifters of the temple of 
Dodona^and the fuppliant votary was often 
ltartled fo hear hi£ qoeftions readily an¬ 
swered by the decayed trunk, or the fpread- 
ing branches of a neighbouring oak. Am¬ 
mon conveyed his anfwers in of plain and 
open manner; but Amphiaraus required 
many ablutions and preparatory ceremonies, 
and he generally communicated his oracles 
to his fuppliants in dreams and vifions. 
Sometimes the firft words that were heard, 
after ifiuing from the temple, were deemed 
the anfwers ®f the oracles, and fometimes the 
podding or (baking of the head ofj the llatue, 
the motions of fifties in a neighbouring lake, 
or their reludfance in accepting the food 
which was offered to them, were as ftrong 
and valid as the mod exprefs and the mi- 
.miteft explanations. The anfwers were alfo 
fometimes given in verfe, or written on ta¬ 
blets, but their meaning was always obfcure, 
and often the caufe of difafter to fuch as con - 
fulted them. Crcdti.s, when he confulted 
the orac.le of Delphi, was told that, if he 
crofted the Halys, he (hould deftroy a great 
empire; he fuppofed that that empire was 
the empire of his enemy, hut unfortunately it 
was his own. The words of Credo te , JEa- 
tida , Romanos y'metre peffe^ which Pyrrhus 
received when he wi(hed jto aftift the 'i'aren- 


tines againft the Romans, by a favorable in¬ 
terpretation for him felt, proved his ruin, 
Nero was ordered, by the oracle of Delphi, 
to beware of 73 years; but the pleafing idea 
that he (hould live to that age rendered him 
carelefs, and he was loon convinced of his 
nuftake, when Galba, in his 73d y®£ r > 
the prefumption to dethrone him. It is a 
queftion among the learned, whether the ora¬ 
cles were given by the inlpiration of evil 
fpirits, or whether they proceeded from the 
impofture of the prielts. Tmpofture, how¬ 
ever, and forgery, cannot Ring florilh, ?nd 
falfehood becomes its own deftroyer; and, 
on the contrary, it is well known how much 
confidence an enlightened age, therefore, 
nurch more the credulous and the luperiti- 
tious, places upon dreams and romantic do¬ 
ries. Some have lirongly believed, that all 
the oracles of the earth ceafed at the birth of 
Chrift, but the fuppofition is falie. It was, 
indeed, the beginning of their decline, Tut 
they remained in repute, and were conlulted, 
though perhaps, not fo frequently, till the 
fourth century, when Chriftianity began to 
triumph over paganil'm. The oracles often 
differed themfelves to be bribed. Alexander 
did it, but it is well known that Lylander 
failed in the attempt. Herodotus, who firft 
mentioned the corruption which often pre¬ 
vailed in the oracular temples of Greece and 
Egypt, has been feverely treated for his re¬ 
marks, by the hiltorian Plutarch. Demol- 
thenes is alfo a witnefs of the corruption, and 
he obferved, that the oracles of Greece were 
Iervilely fubfervient to the will and pleafure 
of Philip king of Macedon, as he beauti¬ 
fully exprefles it by the word Q/kierm^uv. 
If l'ome of the Greeks, and other European 
and Afiatic countries, paid fo much atten¬ 
tion to oracles, and were fo fully perfuaded 
of their veracity, and even divinity, many of 
their leading men and of their philol'ophers 
were apprized of the deceit, and paid no re¬ 
gard to the command of priefts, whom money 
could corrupt, and interpofitien filence. The 
Egyptians (bowed themfelves the molt ftiper- 
ftitious of mankind, by their blind acquief- 
cence to the impofttion cf the priefts, who 
perfuaded then! that the lafety and happinefs 
of their life depended upon the mere motions 
of an ox, or the tamenelsof a crocodile. Ho-, 
mer. II. OcL IO.— Herodot. I & 2.- — Jlenoph. 
mernor. — Strab . 5, 7, &c.— Rauf. 1, See. — 
Plut. de defedl. orac. de Agef. & de Hor. ma¬ 
lign .— Cic. de Div. I, c. ip.— -Juflin, 24, c. 6. 
— Liv. 37. — ./Elian, V. H. 6. — C. Nep. in 
Lyf — Arijiopb. in Equit. & Pksi. — Eemojl, 
Phi!.— -Ovid. Met. I. 

Ofjea, a ('mall country of Peloponneftis. 

Pauf. 2 , c. 30.-Certain folemn facrifkes 

of fruits offered in the four feal'ons of the 
year, to obtain mild and temperate weather. 
They were offered to the goddefies who pre- 
\ fried 





OR 


fided over the feai'ons, who attended upon 
the fun, and who received divine woHhip at 
Athens. 

Orasus, a man who killed Ptolemy, the 
fon of Pyrrhus. 

Orates, a river of European Scythia. 
Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. IO, v. 47. As this river 
is not now known, Voffius reads,—Cretes, 
a river which is found in Scythia. Kal. 
place. 4, v. 7 19.— -Tbucyd. 4. 

Orbelus, a mountain of Thrace or Ma¬ 
cedonia. 

Orbxlius Pupillus, a grammarian {of 
Beneventum, who was the firll jnftruCtor of 
the poet Horace. He came to Rome in the 
contulfliip of Cicero, and there, as a public 
teacher, acquired more lame than money. 

He wa>. naturally of a fevere dilpofition, of 
which his pupils often felt the effects. He 
lived almoft to his 100th year, and loft his 
memory fome time before his death. Suet, 
de Jilvjl. Gr. 9.— Horat. 2, ep. I, v. 7It 

Orbitaniun, a town of the samnites. 
Liv. 24> c. 2°- 

Orbona, a mifehievous goddefs at Rome, 
who, as it was l'uppofed, made children die. 
Her temple at Rome was near that of the 
gods Lares. Cic. de Nat. 1 ). 3, c. 25.— Plin: 

2, c. 7. 

OrcXdes, iflands on the northern confts 
of Britain, now called the Orkneys. They 
were unknown till Britain was diicovered to 
be an ifiand by Agricola, who prelided there 
as governor. Tacit, in Agric. — Juv. 2 , 
v. 161. 

Orciialis, an eminence of Boeotia, near 
Habortus, called alfo Alopecos. Plat, in 
Lyf. 

Orchamus, a king of Afiyria, father of 
JLeucothoe, by Eurynome. He buried his 
.daughter alive for her amours with Apollo, 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 212. 

Or£.uia lex, by Orchius the tribune, 
A- U. C. 566. It was enabled to limit the 
number of guefts that were to be admitted 
at an entertainment; and' it alfo enforced, 
.that during i'upper, which was the chief meal 
among the Romans, the doors of every houle 
fhould be left open. 

Orchomenus or Orchojicnum, a town 
cf Bccotia, at the weft of the lake Copais. It 
>vas anciently called Minyeia, and from th?t 
civcumftance, the inhabitants were often 
cabled Minyans of Orchomenos. 1 here was 
at Orchomenos a celebrated temple* built by 
Eteocles, fon of Cephilus, facred to the Gra¬ 
ces, who were from thence called the Orcho- 
Vnenian goddeifes. The inhabitants founded 
Teos in conjunction with the lonians, under 
rhe ions of Codrus. Plin. 4, c. 8.— Herodot. 

J, c. 14 b.—Paaj: 9, C. 37.— Strab. 9.-- 

A town of Arcadia, at the north of Manti- 

jiea. Hvmer.Il. 2.-A town of Theflaly, 

,yath i river of- the fame name. Strab* - 


O R. 

A fon of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, who gave 
his name to a city of Arcadia, &c. Pauf. 8. 

-A fon of Minyas, king of Bttotia, who 

gave the name of Orchomenians to hi$ fub- 
je£b. He died without illiie, and the crown 
devolved to Clymenus, the ion of Prefbon, 

&c. Pauf. 9, c. 36- 

Orcus, one of the names of the god of 
hell, the lame as Pluto, though confounded 
by fome with Charon. He had a temple at 
Rome. The word Orcus, is generally ul'ed to 
fignify the infernal regions. Horat. 1, od. 

29, &c.— Virg. TEti. 4, v. 502, &c.— Ovid. 
JVLt. 14. v. 116. 

Orcynia, a place of Cappadocia, where 
Eumenes was defeated by Antigdnus. 

Ordessus, a river of Scythia, which falls 
into the liter. Herodot. 

Ordovices, the people of North Wales 
in Britain, mentioned by Tacit. Ann. 12, 
c. 53 - 

Oread es, nymphs of the mountains, (oeoi 
mods), daughters of Phoroneus and Hecate. 
Some call them Orediades, and give them 
Jupiter for father. They generally attended 
upon Diana, and accompanied her in hunt¬ 
ing. Virg. JEn I, v. 504.— Homer. 11 . 

6.— Strab. IO. — Ovid. Met. v. 787. 

Oreas,3 ion of Hercules and Chryfeii. 
Orestte, a people of Epirus. Thev 
received their name from Oreltes, who tied 
to Epirus when cured of his inlunitv. Lucan. 

3, v. 249.-'—Of Macedonia. Liv. 33, 
c. 34 - 

•Orestes, a fon of Agamemnon and Cly- 
temneltra. W r hen his lather was crielly 
murdered by Clytemneftla and iEgifthus, 
young Oreftes was laved from his mother’s 
dagger by means of his filter jpe&ra, called 
Laodicea by Homer, and he was privately 
conveyed to the houi'e of Strophius, who was 
king of Phocis, and wiio had married a filter 
of Agamemnon. He was tenderly treated 
by Strophius, who educated him with his ion 
Pylades. The two young princes loon be¬ 
came acquainted, and, from their fami¬ 
liarity, arote the molt inviolable attachment 
and friendship. W ! hen Orcltt-s was arrived 
to the years of manhood, he vifiteci Myceme, 
and avenged his father’s death by aflafiinat- ' 
ing his mother Clytemnellra, and her adulte¬ 
rer iEgitthus. l'he manner in which he 
committed this murder is varioufly reported. 
According to Asichylos he was comnnf- 
lioned by Apollo to avenge his father, and, 
therefore, he introduced himlelf with hts 
friend Pylades, at the court of Mycena:, 
pretending to bring the news of the death of 
Oreltes irom king Strophius. He was at 
firft received with coldnets, and when he 
came into the pretence of iEgifthus, who 
wiihed to iniorm himlelf of the particulars, he 
murdered him, and loon after Clytemnellra 
ihared the adulterer’s fate. Euripides and 

Sophoclej 













OR 


OR 


Sophocles mention the Time circumftance. 
./Egifthus was affiiflinated after Clytemnellra, 
according to Sophocles; and, in Euripides, 
Oreftes is reprefented as mnrdering the adul¬ 
terer, while he offers a facrifice to the 
nymphs. This murder, as the poet men¬ 
tions, irritates the guards, who were prefent, 
hut Ofelles appeafes their fury by telling 
them who he is, and immediately he • is ac¬ 
knowledged king of the country. Aftcr- 
■ wards, he ftabs his mother, at the inftigxtion 
of his After Ele&ra, after he has upbraided 
her for her infidelity and cruelty to her hut- 
band/ Such meditated murders receive the 
puwilhment, which, among the ancients, was 
always fup./ofed to attend parricide. Oreftes 
is tormented by the Furies, and exiles him- 
felf to Argos, where he is ftill purfued by the 
avengeful goddeffes Apollo himfelf purifies 
him, and he is acquitted by the unanimous 
©pinion of the Areopagites, whom Minerva, 
herfelf, inftituted on this occafion, according 
to the narration of the poet iEfchylus, who 
flatters the Athenians in his tragical ftory, 
by reprefenting them as palling judgment, 
even upon the gods themlelves. According 
to Paufanias, Oreftes was purified of the 
murder, not at Delphi, but at Trcezene, 
where ftill was feen a large flone at the en¬ 
trance of Diana’s temple, upon which the ce¬ 
remonies of purification had been performed 
by nine of the principal citizens of the place. 
There was alio, at Megalopolis in Arcadia, a 
temple dedicated to the Furies, near which 
Oreftes cut off one of his fingers with his 
teeth in a fit of infanity. Thefe different 
traditions are confuted by Euripides, who 
fays, that Oreftes, after the murder of his 
mother, cenfulted the oracle of Apollo at 
Delphi, where he was informed that nothing 
could deliver him from the periecutions of 
the Furies, if he did not bring into Greece 
Diana’s ftatue, which was in the Taurica 
CHerfonefus, and which, as it is reported by 
forne, had fallen down from heaven. This 
was an arduous enterprize. The king of the 
Cherfonefus always facrificed on the altars of 
the goddefs all fuch as entered the borders of 
his country. Oreftes and his friend were both 
carried before Thoas, tire king of the place, 
and they were doomed to he facrificed. 
Iphigenia was then prieftefs of Diana’s tem¬ 
ple, and it was her office to imrrfokue thefe 
ftrangers. The intelligence that they were 
Grecians delayed the preparations, and Iphi¬ 
genia was anxious to learn fomething about a 
country which had given her birth. [Fid. 
Iphigenia). She even ii^erefted herfelf in 
their misfortune^, and offered to lpare the 
life of one of them provided he would con¬ 
vey letters to Greece from her hand. This 
was a difficult trial; never was friendftiip 
more truly difplayed, according tp the words 
of 6vid, ex Pont. 3, el. 2. 


Ire jubet Pylades ear urn tr.oriturus Orejlem, 
Hie negat ; inque •vieem pugnat uterque mori. 

At laft Pylades gave way to the prefling en¬ 
treaties of his friend, and confented to carry 
the letters of Iphigenia to Greece. Thele 
were addreffed to Oreftes himfelf, and, 
therefore, thele circumftances foon led to a 
total difeovery of the connettions of the 
prieftefs with the man. whom fhe was going 
to immolate. Iphigenia was convinced that 
he was her brother Oreftes, and, when the 
caufes of their journey had been explained,, 
fhe refolved, with the two friends, to fly from 
Cherfonelus, and to carry away the ftatue of 
Diana. Tneir flight was dilcovered, and 
Thoas prepared to purfue them ; but Minerva 
interfered, and told him, that all had been 
done by the will and approbation of the gods. 
Some luppofe, that Oreftes came to Cappa¬ 
docia from Cherfonelus, and that there he left 
the ftatue of Diana* at Comana. Others con- 
i tradibl this tradition, and, according to Pau- 
lanias, the ftatue of Diana Orthia was the 
lame as that which had been carried away 
from the Cherfonelus. Some alfo luppofe 
that Oreftes brought it to Aricia, in Italy, 
where Diana’s worfhip was eftablilhed. After 
thefe celebrated adventures, Oreftes afeended 
the*throne of Argos, where he reigned in per- 
feft fiecurity, and married Hermione, the 
daughter of .Menelaus, and gave his filler to 
his friend Pyhde*. The marriage of Oreftes 
with Hermione is a matter of difpute among 
the ancients. All are agreed that fhe had 
been promiled to the fon of Agamemnon, but 
Menelaus had married her to Neoptolemus, 
the fon of Achilles, who had fhovvn himfelf 
fo truly interefted in his caufe during the 
Trojan war. Tjpe marriage of Hermione 
with Neoptolemus difpleafed Oreftes; he re¬ 
membered that fhe had been early promifed 
to him, and therefore he refolved to recover 
her by force or artifice. This he effetted by 
caufing Neoptolemus to be affalfinated, or af- 
faflinaring him himfelf. According to Ovid’s 
epiftle of Hermione to Oreftes, Hermione 
had always been faithful to her firft lover, 
and even it was by her perfuafion that • Orrf. 
tes removed her from the houfe of Neoptole¬ 
mus. Hermione was dilfatisfied with the 
partiality of Neoptolemus for Andromache, 
and her attachment for Oreftes was encreafed. 
Euripide. , however, and others, fpesk diffe¬ 
rently of Herraione’s attachment to Neopto¬ 
lemus : fhe loved him lo tenderly, that fhe 
refolved to murder Andromache, who 
feemed to lhare, in a fmall degree, the affec¬ 
tions of her hufband. She w-as ready to per¬ 
petrate the horrid deed when Oreftes came 
into Epirus, and fhe was eafily perfuaded by 
the foreign prince to withdraw herfelf, in her 
hufbandV abfence, from a country which 
feemed to contribute fo much to her forrows. 

Oreftes, 




Oreftes, the better to fecure the affections of 
Hermione, aflaflinated Neoptolemus, \Vid. 
Neoptolemus,] and retired to his kingdom of 
Argos. His old age was crowned with peace 
and fecurity, and he died in the 90th year of 
his age, leaving his throne to his fon Tiiame- 
nes, by Hermione. Three years after, the 
Heraclidar recovered the Peloponnefus, and 
baniflied the defendants of Menelaus from 
the throne of Argos. Oreftes died in Arca¬ 
dia, as fome fuppofe, by the bite of a ferpent; 
and the Lacedemonians, who had become 
his fubjeCts at the death of Menelaus, were 
oireCted by an oracle to bring his bones to 
Sparta. They were fome time after difco- 
vered at Tegea, and his ftature appeared to 
be feven cubits, according to the traditions 
mentioned by Herodotus and others. The 
friendfhip of Oreftes and of Pylades became 
proverbial, and the two friends received di¬ 
vine honors among the Scythians, and were 
worfhipped in temples. Pan/. 1, 2, 4, See. 
— Patcrc. I, c. I & 3,— Apoilod. I, &c. — 
Slrab. 9 & 13 — Ovid. Heroid. 8 . Ex. Pont. 

3, el. 2. Met. 15 . in lb .— Euripid. in Orcjl . 
Andr. &C. Ipbig. — Sopbocl. in EleSir. & c.— 
JE/chyl. in Earn. A gam. See. — Herodot I, c. 
69. — Hygin. fab. 120 & l(>l.—Plut. in Lye. 
— DiSlys 6 , &C. — Pindar. Pyth. 2. —PI in. 33. 
—3. &c.— Homer. Od. 3, v. 304. 

1 . 4, v. 530.— Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 1374.- 

A ion of A.c\\t\ovLS.ApclIod. -A man lent as 

amhaflador, by Attua, king of the Huns, to 
the emperor Thedofius. He was highly ho¬ 
nored at the Roman court, and his fon Au- 
guftulus was the lad emperor of the weftern 

empire.-A governor of Egypt under the 

Roman emperors.-A robber of Athens 

who pretended madnefs, &c. Arijlopb. ach. 

4 , 7.-A general of Alexander. Curt. 4, 

c. 108. 

Oresteum, a town of Arcadia, about 18 
miles from Sparta. It was founded by 
Oreftheus, a ton of Lyc.ion, and originally 
called Orejibefium, and afterwards Orejisunt , 
from Oreftes, the fon of Agamemnon, who 
refided there for fome time after the murder 
of Clytemneftfa. Pauf. 8, c. 8.— Euripid. 

OrestTd.’e, the defendants or fubjedls of 
Oreftes, the fon of Agamemnon. They were 
driven from the Peloponnefus by the Hera- 
clidae, and came to fettle in a country which, 
from them, was called Orejlida , at the fouth- 
weft of Macedonia. Some l'uppofe that that 
part of Greece originally received its name 
from Oreftes, who fled and built there a city, 
which gave its founder’s name to the whole 
province. Thucyd. 2.— Liv. 31. 

Aurel. Orestilla, a miftrefs of Cati¬ 
line. Cic. ad Div. 7, C. 7. 

Orestis, or Orestida, a part of Mace¬ 
donia. Cic. dc Harufp. 16. 

Oretje, a people of Afiatic Sarmatia, on 
Euxine Sea. 

Qretani, a people of Spain, whofe capi¬ 


tal was Oretum now Oreto. Liv. 21, c. ir. 
1* 35. c. 7 . 

Oretilia, a woman who married Ca¬ 
ligula, by whom ihe was foon after banilh- 
ed. 

Oreum, one of the principal towns of Eu¬ 
boea. Liv. 28, c. 6. 

Orga, or Orgas, a river of Phrygia, 
falling into the Meander. Strab. _ PH„. 

Orgessum, a town of Macedonia. Liv 
3L c. 27. ^ 

Orgetorix, one of the chief men of the 
Helvetii, while Cceiar was in Gaul. H/t 
formed a confpiracy againft the Romans, 
and when accuied, he deftroyed himfelt. 
C/e/. 

Orgia, feftivals in honor of Bacchus. 
They are the fame as the Bacchanalia , Dio- 
ny/ia, See. which were celebrated by the an¬ 
cients to commemorate the triumph of Bac¬ 
chus in India. Vid. Dtonyfia. 

Oribasus, a celebrated phyfician, greatly 
efteemed by the emperor Julian, in wholi 
reign he floriftied. He abridged die works 
of Galenus, and of all the moil refpeaabl* 
writers on phyfic, at the requeft of the em¬ 
peror. He accompanied Julian into the eaft, 
but his fkill proved ineffe&ual in attempting 
to cure the fatal wound, which his benefac¬ 
tor had received. After Julian’s death, he 
fell into the hands of the Barbarians. The 
beft editions of his works is that of Dwndas, 

4 to L. Bat. 1745.-One of Adccon’s 

dogs, ah matis, and fiajveu, /cando. Ovid. 

Met. 

Oricum or Oricds, a town of "Epirus, 
on the Ionian lea, founded by a colony from 
Colchis, according to Pliny. It was called 
Dardania , becaufe Helenus and Androma¬ 
che, natives of Troy or Dardania, reigned 
over the country after the Trojan war. It had 
a celebrated harbour, and was greatly el- 
teemed by the Romans on account of its fltu- 
ation, but it was not well defended. Th* 
tree which produces the turpentine grew 
there in abundance. Hirg. JEn. 10, v. 136. 
Liv. 24, c. 40. — Pirn. 2, c. 89.— Co/, belt. 
Civ, 3, c. I, &c.— Lucan. 3, v. 187. 

Orisns, iji ancient geography, is taken 
for all tire moft eaftern parts of the world 
fuch as Parthia, India, Affyria, See. * 

Origen, a Greek writer, as much cele¬ 
brated for the eafinels of his manner, his hu¬ 
mility, and modefty, as for his learning and 
the fublimity of his genius. He was fur- 
named Adamantus , from his afliduity, and be¬ 
came fo rigid a Chriftian that be made him- 
felf an eunuch, by following the literal i'enfe 
of a paflage in the Greek teftament, .which 
lpeaks of the voluntary eunuchs of Chrift. 
He fuffered martyrdom in his 69th vear, A. 
C. 254. His works were excellent ‘and'nu¬ 
merous, and contained & number of homilies 
commentaries on the holy feriptures and 
different treaties, befides the HexapL, li> 





OR 


called from its being divided into fix co¬ 
lumns, the firft of which contained the He¬ 
brew text, the fecond the fame text in Greek 
chara&ers, the third the Greek verfion of the 
’ Septuagint, the'fourth that of Aquila, the 
fifth that of Symmacbus, and the fixth The- 
odotion’s Greek verfion. This famous work 
firft gave the hint for the compilation of our 
Polyglot Bibles. The wdrks of Origen have 
been learnedly edited by; the Benediftine 
monks, though the whole is not yet com¬ 
pleted. in four vols. fol. Paris, 1733, 1740, 
and I 7 J 9 * The Hexapla was puhlifhed in 
8vo, at Lipf. 1769, by Car. Frid. Bahrdt. 

Okigo, a courtezan in the age of Horace. 
Horat. I, Sat. 2, v. 55. 

Orinus, a river of Sicily. 

Oriobates, a general of Darius at the 
battle of Arbela, &c. Curt. 4. 

Orion, a celebrated giant fprung from 
\ the urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury. 
Thefe three gods, as they travelled over Bce- 
otia, met with great hofpitality from Hyrieus, 
a peafant of the country, who was ignorant 
of their dignity and chara&er. They were 
entertained with whatever the cottage af¬ 
forded, and, when Hyrieus had dilcovered 
that they were gods, becaufe Neptune told 
him to fill up Jupiter’s cup with wine, after 
he had ferved it before the reft, the old man 
welcomed them by the voluntary facrifice of 
an ox. Pleafed with his piety, the gods pro- 
mifed to grant him whatever he required, and 
the old man who had lately loft his wife, to 
whom he had prorr.ifed never to marry again, 
defired them that, as he was childlefs, they 
would give him a fon without another marriage. 
The gods coiifented, and they ordered him to 
bury-in the ground the fkin of the victim, in¬ 
to which they had all three made water. Hy¬ 
rieus did as they commanded, and when, nine 
months after, he dug for the (kin, he found 
in it a beautiful child, whom he called Urion, 
ab urina . The name was changed into Orion 
by the corruption of one letter, as Ovid lays, 
JPerdidit antiquum littera prima fonum. Orion 
loon rendered himfelf celebrated, and Diana 
took him among her attendants, and even be¬ 
came deeply enamdured of him. His gigantic 
ftature, however, difpleafed CEnopion, king of 
Chios, whofe daughter Hero or Merope he 
demanded in marriage. The king, not to 
deny him openly, promifed to make him his 
fon-in-law as loon as he delivered his ifland 
from wild beafts. This talk, which CEnopion 
deemed impracticable, was foon performed by 
Orion, who eagerly demanded his reward. 
CEnopion, on pretence of complying, intoxi¬ 
cated his illuftrious gueft, and put out his eyes 
on thfe fea fhore, where he had laid himfelf 
down to deep. Orion, finding himfelf blind 
when he awoke, was conduced by the found 
to a neighbouring forge, where he placed one 
of the workmen 011 his back, and, by his di¬ 
ctions, went to a place where the riling fun 


O R 

was feen with the gre3teft advantage. Here 
he turned his face towards the luminary, and, 
as it is reported, he immediately recovered his 
eye-fight and haftened to punilh the perfidious 
cruelty of CEnopion. It is faid that Orion 
was an excellent workman in iron ; and that he 
fabricated a fubterraneous palace for Vulcan. 
Aurora, whom Venus had infpired with love, 
carried him avvay into the ifland of Delos, to 
enjoy his company with greater fecurity; but 
Diana, who was jealous of this, deftroyed 
Orion with her arrows. Some fay that Orion 
had provoked Diana’s refentment, by offering 
violence to Opis one cf her female atten¬ 
dants, or, according to others, becaufe he had 
attempted the virtue of the goddefs herfelf. 
According to Ovid, Orion died of the bite of 
a fcorpion, which the earth produced, to punilh 
his vanity in boafting that there was not on 
earth any animal which he could not conquer. 
Some fay that Orion_was the Ion of Neptune 
and Euryale, and that he had received from 
his father the privilege and power of walking 
over the fea without wetting his feet. Others 
make him fon of Terra, like the reft of the 
giants. He^had married a nymph called Sida 
before his connection with the family of CE* 
nopion; but Sida was the enufe of her awn 
death, by boafting herfelf fairer than Juno. 
According to Diodorus, Orion was a celebra¬ 
ted hunter, fu per lor to the reft of mankind 
bv his ftrength and uncommon ftature. He 
built the port of Zancle, and fortified the 
coaft of Sicily againft the frequent inundations 
of the fea, hy heaping a mound of earth, 
called Pelorum, on whicli he built a temple 
to the gods of the fea. After death, Orion 
was placed in heaven, where one of the con- 
ftellations ftill bears his name. The conftel- 
lation of Orion, placed near the feet of the 
bull, was compofed of 17 ftars, in the form 
of a man holding a fword which has given 
occafion to the poets often to fpeak of Orion’s 
fword. As the conftellation of Orion, which 
riles about the ninth day of March, and lets 
about the 21ft of June, is generally fuppoled 
to be accompanied, at its riling, with great 
rains and ftorms, it has acquired the epithet of 
aquofus , given it by Virgil. Orion was bu¬ 
ried in the ifland of Delos, and the monument 
which the people of Tanagra in Bceotia 
Ihowed, as containing the remains of this 
celebrated hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. 
The daughters of Orion diftinguiftied them- 
ielves as much as their father, and, \\hen the 
oracle had declared that Bccotia lliould not be 
delivered from a dreadful peftilence before two 
of Jupiter’s children were immolated on the 
altars, they joyfully accepted the offer, and 
voluntary iacrificed themfelves for the good 
of their country. ThCir names were Menippe 
and Metioche. They had been carefully 
educated by Diana, and Venus and Minerva 
had made them very rich and valuable pre¬ 
fers, The deities of hell were ftruck at the 

patriolifm 



OR 


V 


OR 


patriotlfm of the two females, and imme¬ 
diately two liars were leen to arife from the 
earth, which Hill lmoked with the blood, 
?nd they were placed in the heavens in the 
form of a crown. According to Ovid, their 
bodies were burned by the Thebans, and, 
from their afhes, arofe two perfons whom 
the gods foon after changed into conftellations. 
Diet!. 4.— Homer , Od. 5, v. 121. 1 . 11, v. 309. 
— Virg. JEn. 3, v. JI7.— Apollod. I, c. 4.— 
Ovid. Met. 8 & 13* Faji. 5, &e.— Hygin. 
fab. 125, & P. A. 2, c. 44, See. — Propert. 2, 
cl. 13.-— Virg. JEn. I,&c.— Horat. 2, od. 13. 

I . 3, od. 4 & 27- Epod. IO, &c. — Lucan. I. 
'Sec. — Catull. dt Bercn. — Palcepbat. I.-—Par- 

then. erotic. 20. 

Orissus, a prince of Spain, who put Ha- 
milcar to flight, &c. 

Orisulla Li via, a Roman matron, taken 
away from Pilb, &c. 

OrTtte, a people of India, who fubmitted 
to Alexander, &c. Strab. 15. 

Orithyia, a daughter of Erechtheus, 
king of Athens, by Praxithea. She was 
courted and carried away by Boreas, king 
of Thrace as Ihe crofled the Iliflus, and be¬ 
came mother of Cleopatra, Chione, Zetus, 
and Calais. Apollon. 1.— Apollod. 3, c. 15. 
— Orpheus. — Ovid. Met. 6 . V. 706. Fajl. 5, 

v. 204.— Pauf. I, c. 19. 1 . 5, c. 19.- 

One of the Nereides.-A daughter of Ce- 

crops, who bore Europus to Macedon.- 

One of the Amazons, famous for her warlike 
and intrepid fpirit. JuJlin. 2, c. 4. 

Oritias, one of the hunters of the Caly- 
donian boar. Ovid. Met. 8. fab. 8. 

Orid Nnus, a river of Illyricum. Liv. 
44> c. 31. 

Ormenus, a king of Theflaly, fon of 
Cercaphus. He built a town which was cal¬ 
led Ormenium. He was father of Amyntor. 

Homer. Jl. 9, v. 448.-A man who let- 

tied at Rhodes.-A fon of Eurvpylus, See. 

Ornea, a town of Argolis, famous for a 
battle fought there betwen the Lacedaemo¬ 
nians and Argives. Diod. 

Orneates, a furname of Priapus, at 
Ornea. 

Orneus, a centaur, fon of Ixion and the 

Cloud. Ovid Met. 12, v. 302.—-A fon of 

Erechtheus, king of Athens, who built Ornea, 
in Peloponnefus. Pauf. 2, c. 25. 

Ornithije, a wind blowing from the north 
in the fpring, and fo called from the ap¬ 
pearance of birds aves ). Colum. 

II, c. 2. 

OrnTtron, a town of Phoenicia between 
Tyre and Sidon. 

Ornitus,' a friend of iEneas, killed by 
Camilla in the Rutulian wars. Virg. JEn. 
Ii, v. 677. 

Ornostades, a Parthian, driven from his 
country by Artabanus. He affifted Tiberius, 
and was made governor of Macedonia, &c. 
Tfuit. iUa, 6 , c« 37. 


Ornytion, a fon of Sifyphus, king of 
Corinth, father of Phocus. Pauf. 9, c. 17. 

Ornytus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the 
Argdnauts, See. Val. FI. 3, v . 173. 

Oivoanda, a town of Pifidia, now Havi- 
ran. Liv. 38. c. 18. • 

Orobia, a town of Euboea. 

Orobii, a people of Italy, near Milan. 

Orodes, a prince of Parthia, who mur¬ 
dered his brother Mithridates, and afeended 
his throne. He defeated Craflus, the Roman 
triumvir, and poured melted gold down the 
throat of his fallen enemy to reproach him 
for his avarice and ambition. He followed the 
interefl of Calfius and Brutus at Philippi. It 
is laid, that, when Orodes became old and 
infirm, his thirty children applied to him, and 
difputed, in his prefence, their right to 
the fucceffion. Phraates, the eldeft of them, 
obtained the crown from his father, and, to 
hailen him out of the world, he attempted to 
poilon him. The poifon had no effeft; and 
Phraates, Hill determined on his father’s 
death, ftrangled him with his own h*nds f 
about 37 years before the Chriftian era. 
Orodes had then reigned about fifty years. 
JuJlin. 42, c. 4.—Paterc. 2, c. 30 - An¬ 

other king of Parthia, murdered for his cru¬ 
elty. Jofephus 18. Jud. -A fon of Arta¬ 
banus, king of Armenia. Tacit. Ann. 6, * 

c. 33.-One of the friends of A 2 neas in 

Italy, killed by Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 10, 
v- 732 , &c. 

Orcetes, a Perfian governor of Sardis, 
famous for his cruel murder of Polycrates. 

He died B. C. 521. Herodot. 

O romkdon, a lofty mountain in the iflnnd 

of Cos. Theocrit. 7.-A giant. Propert . 

3, el. 7, v. 48. 

Orontas, a relation of Artaxerxes, fent 
to Cyprus, where he made peace with Evago- 
ras, &c. Polyan. 7. 

Orontes, a fatrap of Myfia, B. C. 385, 

who rebelled from Artaxerxes, &c. Id. _ 

A governor of Armenia. Id. -A king of 

the Lycians during the Trojan war, who fol¬ 
lowed JEneas, and perifhed in a Ihipwreck. 
Virg. JEn. 1, v. 117. 1 . 6, 34. - A ri¬ 

ver of Syria, (now AJi,) rifing in Ccelofyria, 
and falling, after a rapid and troubled courfe, 
into the Mediterranean, below Antioch. 
According to Strabo, who mentions iome fa r 
bulous accounts concerning it, the Orontes 
difsrppeared under ground, for thefpaCe of five 
miles. The word Oronteus is often ufed a a 
Syrius. Dionyf, Perieg. — Ovid. Met. 2 , v. 
248.— Strab. 16.— Pauf. 8. C. 20. 

Orovuernes, a man who feized the 
kingdom of Cappadocia. He died B. C. 
154 . 

Oropus, a town of Bceotia, on the borders 
of Attica, near the Euripus, which receiv¬ 
ed its name from Oropus, a foij of A 4 a- 
cedon. It was the frequent caufie of quarrels 
between the. Boeotians and the Athenians, 

whence 






OR 


OR 


whence fonse have called it one of the cities 
of Attica, and was at lad confirmed in the 
pofleflion of the Athenians, by Philip, king 
of Macedon. Amphiaraus had a temple 
there. Pauf. c. 34 .—‘-St rah. 9.——A. 
fmall town of Euboea.--—Another in Mace¬ 
donia. 

Okosjus, a Spanifh writer, A. D. 416, 
who publifhed an univerfal hiftory, in feven 
books, from the creation to his own time, in 
which, though learned, diligent, and pious, 
he betrayed a great ignorance of the know¬ 
ledge of hi ft or i cal faCts, and of chronology. 
The beft edition is that of Havercamp, 4to. 
L. Bat. 1767. 

Orospeda, a mountain of Spain. Strab. 3. 

Orpheus, aTon of (Eager, by the mute 
Calliope. Some fuppofe him to be the fon of 
Apollo, to render his birth more iliuftrious. 
He received a lyre from Apollo, or accord¬ 
ing to fome, from Mercury, upon wliich he 
played with fuch a mailerly hand, that even 
the moft rapid rivers ceafed to flow, the la¬ 
vage beads of the foreft forgot their wild- 
neis,and the mountains moved to liften to his 
fong. All nature feemed charmed and ani¬ 
mated, and the nymphs were his conftant 
companions. Eurydice was the only one who 
made a deep impreftion on the melodious 
mufician, and their nuptials were celebrated. 
Their happinefs, however, was iliort; Ari- 
ftcens became enamoured of Eurydice, and, 
as (he fled from her purfuer, a l'erpent, 
that was lurking in the grals, bit her foot, 
and (he died of the poilonous wound. Her 
lofs was feverely felt by Orpheus, and lie 
refolved to recover her, or perilh in the at¬ 
tempt. With his lyre in his hand, he en¬ 
tered the infernal regions, and gained an 
eafy admiflion to the palace of Pluto. The 
king of hell was charmed with the melody of 
his ftrains, and, according to the beautiful 
expreffions of the poets, the wheel of Ixion 
Hopped, the ftone of Sifyphus flood It ill: 
Tantalus forgot his perpetual thirft, and 
even the furies relented. Pluto and Profer- 
pine were moved with his forrow, and 
contented to retlore him Eurydice, pro¬ 
vided he forbore looking behind till he 
had come to the extrenieft borders of hell. 
The conditions were gladly accepted, and 
Orpheus vyas already in, fight of the upper 
regions of the air, when he forgot his pro- 
miles and turned back to look at his long 
loft Eurydice. He faw her, but the Inftantly 
vaniihed from his eyes. He attempted to 
follow her, but he was refufed admiffion; 
and the onjy comfort he could find, was to 
foothe his grief at the found of his mufical 
inftrument, in gvoftces, or on the moun¬ 
tains. tie totally feparafed himlelf from the 
focicty of mankind; and the Thraci <n wo¬ 
men, whom he had offended by his coldaefs, 
to their amorous paflion, or, according to 
others, by his unnatural gratifications, and 


impure indulgence, attacked him while they 
celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, and after 
they had torn his body to pieces, they threw 
his head into the Hebrus, which ftill arti¬ 
culated the words Eurydice! Eurydice! as 
it was carried down the ftream into the 
iEgean fea. Orpheus was one of the Ar¬ 
gonauts, of which celebrated expedition he 
wrote a poetical account ftill extant. This 
is doubted by Ariilotle, who fays, according 
to Gicero, that there never exifted an Or¬ 
pheus, but that the poems which pafs |j 
under his name,, are the compofitions of a 
Pythagorean philofopher named Cercops. Ac- ' 
cording to lome of the moderns, the Argor.au-.. 
tica , and the other poems attributed to Or¬ 
pheus, are the production of the pen of O110- 
macritus, a- poet who lived in the age of 
Pififtratus, tyrant of Athens. Paufanias. how- , 
ever, and Diodorus Siculus, fpeak of Or¬ 
pheus as a great poet and mufician, who ren¬ 
dered himfelf equally celebrated by his know¬ 
ledge of the art of war, by the extent of 
his underftanding, and by the laws which he 
enaCted. Some maintain that he was killed ■ 
by a thunderbolt. He was buried at Pieria 
in Macedonia, according to Apollodorus. The 
inhabitants of Dion boafted that his tomb 
was in their city, and the people of mount 
Libethrus, in Thrace, claimed the fame ho¬ 
nor, and farther obferved, that the nightin¬ 
gales which built their nefts near his tomb, 
fang with greater melody than all other birds. 
Orpheus, as fome report, after death received 
divine honors, the mufes gave an honorable 
burial to his remains, and his lyre became one 
of the conftellations in the heavens. The 
beft edition of Orpheus, is that of Gefner, 8vo. 
Lipf. 1764. Died. 1, &c.— Pauf. 1, Sec .— 
ApolloJ. I, c. 9, &c.— Cic. de Nat. D. % 1, 

C. 38.— Apollon. I.— P r i r g. JEn. 6 , v. 645. G. 

4 > v. 457, &c.— Hygin. fab. 14, 8cc. — 

Ovid. Met. 10, fab. 1, See. 1 . n, f d b. 1._ 

Plat6. Polit. I O.— Horat. 1, od. 13 Sc 33.— 
Orpheus. 

Orphic a, a name by which the orgies of 
Bacchus were called, bbcaufe they had been 
introduced in Europe from Egypt, by Or¬ 
pheus. 

Orphne, a nymph of the infernal regions, 
mother of Afcalaphus by Acheron. Ovid. 
Met: 5, v.542. 

Orsedice, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 

tharme. Apollod. 

Orseis, a nymph who married Helen. 

Apollod. 

Orsillus, a Perfian who fled to Alexan¬ 
der, when Belfus murdered Darius. Curt. 5, 

c.31. 

Orsilochus, a fon ofldomeneus, killed 
by Ulylfes in the Trojan war, &c. Homer. 

Od. 13, v. 260.-A fon of the river Al- 

pheus-A Trojan killed by Camilla in the 

Rutuliau wars, &c. V\rg. ASn. II, vi 636 & 

690. 

Orsines, 











OS 


O R 

Qrsines, one of the officers of Darius, «t 
the battle of Arbela. Curt . io, c. i. 

Orsxppus, a man of Megara, who was 
prevented from obtaining a prize at the 
Olympic games, becaufe his cloaths were 
entangled as he ran. This circumftance was 
the caule that, for the future, all the comba¬ 
tants were obliged to appear naked. Paif. i, 
c. 14- 

M. Ortalus, a grandlon of Hortenfius, 
who was induced to marry by a prelent from 
Auguftus, who wifhed that ancient family not 
to be extinguilhed Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 37.— 
Val. Max. 3, c. 5.— Suet, in Tiber. 

Ortiiacoras, a man who wrote a trea- 

tile on India, &c. JElian. Je Aninu -A 

mufician in the age of Epaminondas.-A 

tyrant of Sicydn, who mingled feverity with 
juftice in his government. The lover?ign au¬ 
thority remained upwards of 100 years iit his 
family. 

Orthia, a daughter of Hyacinthusl A- 

follod. 

Ortiie, a town of Magnolia. Plin. 

Ortiua, a turn am e of Diana at Sparta. 
In her laenfices it was ufual for boys to be 
whipped. \Vid. Diamalligofis.1 Pint, in 
Tbef. S,C. 

Orthosia, a town of Caria. Liv. 45, c. 
45.-Of Phoenicia. Plin. 5, c. 20. 

Orturus, or Orthos, a dog which belong¬ 
ed to Geryon, from whom and the Chimsra 
l'prung the fphynx and the Nemtean lion. He 
had two heads, and was fprung from the union 
of Echidna and Typhon. He \vas deftros ed 
by Hercules. HefioiL Tbeog. 310.— Apellod. 

C. J. 

Ortona. Vid. Art on a. 

Ortygia, a grove near Epfiefus. Tacit. 

Ann. 3, c. 16.-A fmall iiland of Sicily, 

within the bay of Syracufe, which formed 
once one of the four quarters of that great 
citj. It was in this iiland that the celebrated 
fountain Arethul'a arole. Ortygia is now the 
only part remaining of the once famed Syra¬ 
cufe, about two miles in circumference, and 
inhabited by 18 000 fouls. Jt has fuflfered, 
like the towns on the eaftern coaft, by the 
eruptions of ./Etna, Virg. Ain. 3, v. 694.— 

Horn. Od. is, v. 403.-An ancient name of 

the iiland of Delos. Some fuppofe that it re¬ 
ceived this name from Latona, who fled thither 
when changed into a quail, (of>rv%,) by Jupiter, 
t> avoid the purluits of Juno. Diana was 
called Ortygia , as being born there; as allu 
Apollo. Ovid. Met. i,*v. 651. Fuji* 5> v * 
6^2,— Virg. JEh. 3, v. 124. 

Ortygius, a Rutulian killed by ./Eneas. 

Virg.J£n.<),v.sn' 

Oros, or FJorus, one of the gods of the 
v Egyptians, ion of Oltris and of Ills. He af* 
filled his mother in avenging his father, whet 
had been murdered by Typhon. Orus was 
(killed in medicine, he was acquainted with 
futurity, and he made the good and tbs-hap- 


pinefs of his fubje&s the foie objeft of his go¬ 
vernment. He was the emblem of the lull 
among the Egyptians, and he was generally 
represented as an infant, fwathed in variegated 
cloaths. In one hand he held a llafF, which 
terminated in the head of a hawk, in the other 
a whip with three thongs. Herodot. 2 — Phil. 

d- //id. tsf Of. — Diod. I.--The firft king of 

Vfoczene. Paif 2,0.30. 

Oryander, a latrap of Perfia, &c. Po~ 
b an - 7- 

Oryx, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon. 
Pauf. 8, c. 25. 

Osaces, a Parthian general, who received 
a mortal wound from Caflius. Cic. ad Att.$, 
ep. 20. 

Osca, a town of Spain, now Huefca , in 
Arragon. Liv. 34, c. 10. 

Oscuophoria, a fellival obferved by the 
Athenians. It receives its name arro rou 
<pipu* ras oo-^ce;, from carrying boughs bung 
up with grapes, called oir^t. Its original in- 
ftitution is thus mentioned by Pint, in Tbef 
Theleus, at his return from Crete, forgot to 
hang out the white fail by which his father 
was to be apprized of his fuccels. This negledt 
was fatal to ./Egeus, who threw himfelf into 
the lea and perilhed. Thefeus no fooner 
reached the land, than he fetit a herald to in¬ 
form his father of his fafe return, and in the 
mean time he hegan to. make the facrifices 
which he vowed when he firft fet fail from 
Crete. The herald, on his entrance into the 
city, found the people in great agitation. Some 
l imented the king’s death, while others, elated 
at the fudden news of the vidfety of Thefeus, 
crowned the herald with garlands in dernon- 
ftration of their joy. The herald carried back 
the garlands on his ftafF to the lea lhore, and 
after he had waited till Thefeus had flniihed 
his facrifice, lie related the melancholy ftory 
of the king’s death, Upon this, the people 
ran in crowds to the city, fhowing their grief 
by cries and lamentations. From tbat circum- 
ft.rnce therefore, at the feali of Oilhophoria, 
not the herald but his ftafF is crowned with 
garlands, and all the people that are prefent 
a’ways excla : m •A.sXjw, re, the firft of which 
expreftes-hafte, and thd other a confternation 
or depreflion ofTpirits. The hiftorian further 
mentions, that Theleus, when he went to 
Crete, did not tike with him the ufual num¬ 
ber of. virgins, but that inftead of two of 
them, he filled up tire number with two youths 
of his acquaintance, whom he made pals for 
women, by dilguifing their drefs, and by 
tiling them to the ointment and perfumes of 
women, as well as by a long and lucc^lsful 
imitation of their voice. The impofition fuc- 
ceeded, their fex was not difeovered in Crete, 
and when Thefeus had triumphed over the 
Minotaur, he, with theie two youths, led a 
proceffion with branches in theie hands, in the 
fame habit which is ftill ulcd at the celebra¬ 
tion of the Ofchophuria. The branches which 
M m 'Vvei e 






OS 


OS 


wTere carried were in honor of Bacchus or of 
Ariadne, or becaufe they returned in autumn, 
when the grapes were ripe. Befides this pro- 
ceffion, there was alfo a race exhibited, in 
which only young men, whofe parents were 
both alive, were permitted to engage. It was 
ufual for them to run from the temple of 
Bacchus, to that of Minerva, which was on 
the lea fhore. The place where they (lopped 
was called oer^apo^iov, becaufe the boughs 
which they carried in their hands were depo¬ 
sited there. The rewards of the conqueror 
was a cup called crtlja ■v\aa>jxvc-fold > becaufe 
it contained a mixture of five different things, 
wine, honey, cheefe, meal, and oil. Plat, in 
Thef. 

Osci, a people between Campania and the 
country of the Volfci, who affifted Turn us 
againft iEneas. Some fuppofe that they are 
the fame as the Opici , the word Ofci being a 
diminutive or abbreviation of the other. The 
language, the plays,,and* ludicrous -expreflions 
of this nation, are often mentioned by the 
ancients, and from their indecent tendency 
fome fuppole the word obfcmnumy ([quaft ofce- 
num) y is derived. Tacit. Atm. 4, c. 14.— Cic. 
Fam. 7, ep. I.— Liv. IO, c. 20.— Strab. 5.— 
Plin. 3, c. S—Virg. JEn. 7, V. 730. 

Oscius, a mountain with a river of the 
fame name in Thrace. Thucyd. 

Oscus, a general of the fleet of the empe- 
rcr Otho. Tacit. I, hijt. i 7. 

Osi, a people of Germany. Tacit. G. 28 
& 43 ; 

OsiNtus, a king of Clufium, who affift¬ 
ed JEiieas againft Turnus. Vi'g. JEn . 10, 

v. 655. 

Osiris, a great deity of the Egyptians, 
ion of Jupiter and Niobe. All the ancients 
greatly differ in their opinions concerning 
this celebrated god, but they all agree that 
as king of Egypt, he took particular care to 
civilize his fubjefls, to polifh their morals, to 
give them good andfalutary laws, and to teach 
them agriculture. After he had accomplHhed 
a reform at home, Ofiris refolved to go and 
fpread cultivation in the other parts of the 
earth. He left his “kingdom to the care of 
his wife Ifis, and of her faithful minifter 
Hermes or Mercury. The command of his 
troops at home was left to the truft of Her¬ 
cules, a warlike officer. In this expedition 
Ofiris was accompanied by his brother Apollo, 
and by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan. His march 
was through ^Ethiopia, where his army was 
encreafed by. the addition of the Satyrs* a 
hairy race of monfters, who made dancing 
and playing on mufical inftruments their chief 
fludy. He afterwards paffed through Arabia 
and vifited the greateft part of the kingdoms 
of Alia and Europe, where 'he enlightened 
the minds of men by introducing among them 
the worfhip of the gods, and a reverence for 
the wifdom of a lupreme being. At his return 
home Offris found the minds of his fubje&s 


roufed and agitated. His brother Typbctl 
had raifed feditions, and endeavoured to make 
himfelf popular. Ofiris, whote fentiments 
were always of the mod pacific nature, endea¬ 
voured to convince his brother of his ill con r 
dudl, but he fell a facrifice to the attempt. 
Typhon murdered him in a fecret apartment, 
and cut his body to pieces, which were divided 
among the affociates of his guilt. Typhon, 
according to Plutarch, fhut up his brother in 
a coffer aud threw him into the Nile. The 
enquiries of Ifis difeovered the body of her 
hufband on the coafts of Pheenicia, where it 
bad been conveyed by the waves, but Typhon 
Hole it as it was carrying to Memphis, and he 
divided it amongft his companions, a$' was be-, 
fore obi'erved. This cruelty incenfed Ifis; 
Ihe revenged hyr huffiand’s death, and with 
her fon Orus, Ihe defeated Typhon and the 
partizans of his conlpiracy. She recovered 
the mangled pieces of her hufband’s body, the 
genitals excepted, which the murderer had 
thrown into the fea; and to render him aU 
the honor which his humanity deferved, fhe 
made as many ftatues of wax as there were 
mangled pieces of his body. Each ftatue con* 
tained a piece of the flelh of the dead monarch ; 
and Ifis, after (he had furamdned in her pre¬ 
fence one by one, the priefts of all the different 
deities in her dominions, gave them each a 
ftatue, intimating, that in doing that (he 
had preferred them to all the other communi- 
ties of Egypt, and (he bound them by a folemn' 
oath that they would keqp fecret that mark. 
,of her favor and endeavour to (how their 
fenie of it by eftabliftiing a form of worfhip 
and paying divine honors to their prince. 
They were further directed to chufe whatever 
animals they pleaied to reprelent the perloii 
and the divinity of Ofiris, and they were en¬ 
joined to pay the greateft reverence to that 
reprefentative of divinity, and to bury it when 
dead with the greateft folemnity. To render 
their eftablifhment more popular, each facer- 
dotal body had a certain portion of land al¬ 
lotted to them to maintain them, and to defray 
the expences which neceffarily attended their 
facrifices and ceremonial rites. That part of 
the body of Ofiris which Iwd not been reco¬ 
vered, was treated with more particular atten¬ 
tion by Ifis, and (he ordered that it (hould 
receive honors more folemn, and at the fame 
time Tpore myfterious than the other members. 
[Tid. Phallica.} As Ofiris had particularly 
inftru&ed his fubje&s in cultivating the .ground, 
the priefts chole the ox to reprefent him, and 
paid the mod fuperftitious veneration to that 
animal. \Fid. Apis.] Ofiris, according to 
the opinion of fome mythologies, is the fame 
as the fun, and the adoration which is paid by 
different nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus,a Di- 
ony.fius, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c„ is the lame as 
that which Ofiris received in the Egyptian 
temples, ifis alfo after death received divina. 
honors as well as her huiband* and as the ox 

was 



09 


0T 


was the fymbol of the fun, or Ofiris, fo the 
cow was the emblem of the mpon, or of Ifis. 
Nothing can give a clearer idea of the power 
and greatnefs of Ofiris than this infcription, 
which has been found on feme ancient mo¬ 
numents : Saturn , the youngcf of all the gods, 
•was my father ; I am Ofiris, who conducted a 
large and numerous army as far as the defarts 
of India, and travelled over the greatejl part 
of the world, and vfited the fireams of the 
Ificr, and the remote Jhores of the ocean, dif- 
f u f n g benevolence to all the inhabitants of the 
earth. Ofiris was generally reprefented with 
a cap on his head like a mitre, with two horns; 
he held a Hick in his left hand, and in his right 
•ft whip with three thongs. Sometimes he ap¬ 
pears with the head of A hawk, as that bird, 
by its quick and piercing eyes, is a proper em¬ 
blem of the fun. Pint, in Ifd. b* Of. — He- 
rodot. 2 , C. 144.— Prod. 1 .— Homer. Od. 12 , 

V. 3 ^ 3 - - JElian, de Anim. 3. — Lucian, de 

Dra Syr.—PI in. 8. - A Perfian general, 

who lived 450 B. C.-A friend of Turnus, 

killed in the Rutulian war.—X j. n, 
v. 458. 

Osismii, a people of Gaul in Britany. 
Mela, 3, c. 2.— Caf B. G. 2, c. ,34. 

Osphagus, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 
3 i>c- 39 - _ 

Oskhoene, a country of Mefopotamia, 
which received this name from one of its 
kings called Olrhoes. 

Ossa, a lofty mountain of ThefTaly, once 
the refidence of the Centaurs. Tt was for¬ 
merly joined to mount Olympus, but Her¬ 
cules, as fome report, feparated them, and 
made between them the celebrated valley of 
Tempe. This reparation of the two moun¬ 
tains was more probably effeiled by an earth¬ 
quake, which happened, as fabulous accounts 
represent, about 1885 years before the chrif- 
tian era. Offs was one of thofe mountains 
which the giants, in their wars againft the gods, 
heaped up one on the other to fcale the hea¬ 
vens with more facility. Mela, 2, c. 3. — 
Ovid. Met. I, V. 155. 1 . 2 , V. 22 $. 1 . 7, V. 
324. Fajl. I, v. 307. 1 . 3, V. 441.— Strab. <). 

—- Lucan . I & 6.— Hirg. G. I, V. 2%l. -A 

town of Macedonia. 

Osteodes, an ifland near the Lipari ides. 

Ostia, a town built at the mouth of the 
river Tiber by Ancus Martius, king of Rome, 
about 16 miles diftant from Rome. It had a 
celebrated harbour, and was fo pleafantly fitu- 
ated that the Romans generally fpenr a part of 
the year there as in a country feat. There 
was a (mail tower in the port like the Pharos 
pf Alexandria, built upon the wreck of a 
large fhip which had been funk there, and 
which contained the obeliiks of Egypt with 
which the Roman emperors intended to adorn 
the capital of Italy. I11 the age of Strabo the 
fand and nujd depofited by the 1 iber had 
cKoakod the haibour, and added much to the 
fize of the Anal! ifiands, Which fheltered the 


Ihips at the entrance of the river. Oftia'and 
her harbour called Portus, became gradually 
l'eparated, and are now at a conliderable dis¬ 
tance from the fea. Flor. 1 , c. 4 . 1 . 3, c. 7,1. 
— Liv. I, c. 33.— Mela, 2, c. 4 . — Sueton 
PI in. 

Ostorius ScapCla, a man made go¬ 
vernor of Britain. He died A. D. 55.— Ta- 
cit. Ann. 16, c. 23.——Another, who put 
himfelf to death when accufed before Nero, 

&c. Id. 14, c. 48.-Sabinus, a man who 

accufed Soranus, in Nero’s reign. Id. 16, c. 

33 - 

Ostracine, a town of Egypt on the con¬ 
fines of Paleftine. Plin. 3, c. 12. 

Osymandvas, a magnificent king of Egypt 
in a remote period. 

Otacihus, a Roman conful fent againft 
the Carthaginians, &c. 

Otanes, a noble Perfian, one of the 
feven who confpired againft the ufurper Smer- 
dis. It was through him that the ulurpation 
was firft diicovered. He was afterwards 
appointed by Darius over the fea coaft of Afia 
Minor, and took Byzantium. Herodot. 3, c. 
70, &c. 

Otho, M. Salvhis, a Roman emperor 
defeended from the ancient kings of Etruria. 
He was one of Nero’s favorites, and as fuch 
he was raifed to the higheft offices of the ftate, 
and made governor ofPannonia by the intereft 
-of Seneca, who wifhed to remove him from 
Rome, left Nero’s love for Poppsea Should 
prove his ruin. After Nero’s death Otho 
conciliated the favor of Galba the new empe¬ 
ror ; but when he did not gain his point, and 
' when Galba had refufed to adopt him as his 
fuccefTor he relolved to make himfelf abfolute 
without any regard to the ?ge and dignity of 
his friend. The great debts which he had 
contradled encouraged his avarice, and he 
caufed Galba to be aftalfinate^, and he made 
himfelf emperor. He was acknowledged by 
the fenate and the Roman people, but the 
fudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany ren¬ 
dered his fituation precarious, and it was mu¬ 
tually refolved that their refpeftive right to 
the empire fhould be decided by arms. Otho 
obtained three victories over his enemies, but 
in a general engagement near Brixellum, his 
forces were defeated, and he ftabbed himfelf 
when all hopes of fuccels were vaniffied, after 
a reign of about three months, on the 20th 
of April A. D. 69. It has been juftly ob- 
ferved, that the laft moments of Otho’s life 
were thofe of a philofopher. He comforted 
his foldiers who lamented his fortune, and he 
exprefled his concern for their fafety, when 
they carneftly folicited to pay him the laft 
friendly offices before he ftabbed himfelf, and 
he obferved. that it was better that one ruan 
fhould die, than that all fhould be involved in 
ruin for his ohftinacy. Hu nephew was pale, 
and diftreiTed, fearing the anger and haughti- 
aeis of the conqueror; but Otho comforted 

M m 2 him. 



ov 


him, and obferved, that Vitellius would be 
kind and affectionate to the friends and rela ¬ 
tions of Otho, fince Otho was not afhamed to 
fay, that, in the time of their greateft en- 
.mity, the mother of Vitellius had received 
every friendly treatment from his hand. He 
alfo burnt the letters which, by failing into the 
hands of Vitellius', might provoke his refit¬ 
ment again# thole who had favored the caufe 
of an unfortunate general. Thefe noble and 
humane fentiments of a man who was the affo- 
ciate of Nero’s fhameful pleai’ures, and who 
ftained his hand in the blood of his mafter, 
have appeared to fome wonderful, and palled 
for the features of policy, and not of a natu¬ 
rally virtuous and benevolent heart. Pint, in 
•vita. — Stitt. — Tacit. 2 . Hift. c. 50, &C.— J“t>. 

a, v 90.—-Roicius a tribune of the people 

who, in Cicero’s confulfhip, made a regulation 
.to permit the Roman knights at public fpeCbi- 
cles to have the 14 firft rows after the feats of 
the fenators.. This, was oppofed with viru¬ 
lence by dome, but Cicero ably defended it, 

Sec. liorat. ep. 4, v. 10. - The. father of 

the Roman emperor Otho was the favorite of 
Claudius. 

Othryades, one of the 300 Spartans who 
fought again# 300 Argives, when thole two 
nations difputed their refpedtive right to Tliv- 
rea. Two Argives, Alcinor and Cronins, and 
Othryades furvived the battle. The Argives 
went home to carry the news of their vidory, 
but Othryades, who had been reckoned among 
the number of the (lain, on account of his 
wounds, recovered himfelf and carried fome of 
the fpo’ds of which he had dripped the Argives, 
into the camp of his countrymen ; and after 
he had raifed a trophy, and had written with 
his own blood the word vici on his Ihield, he 
killed himfelf, unwilling tolurvivethe death of 
his countrymen. Val. Max. 3, c. 2. — Pint. 
Pa rail. - — A patronymic given to Pantheus, 
the Trojan prieft of Apollo, from his father 
Othryas. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 319. 

Othryoneus, a Thracian who came to 
the Trojan war in hopes of marrying Callan- 
dra. He was killed by Idomeneus. Homer. 
II. 13 . 

Otiirys, a mountain, or rather a chain of 
mountains in ThelTaLy, the refidence of the 
Centaurs. Strab. 9.— Herod-t. 7, c. 129.— 
Virg. JEn. 7, v . 675. 

Otreus, a king of Phrygia, fon of CifTeus, 
and brother to Hecuba. 

Otrceda, a fmall town on the confines of 
Bithynia. 

. Otus & Ephialtes, fons of Neptune, 
Vid. Aloides. 

Otys, a prince of Paphlagonia, who 
revolted from the Perfians to Agefilaus. 
Xenoph. 

Oyia, a Roman lady, wife of C. I.ollius, 
Cic. Att. 21, " 

P. Ovidius Naso, a celebrated Roman 
poet born at Sulrao, Uie of March, 


OV 

about 43 B. C, As he was intended for the 
bar, his father fent him early to Rome, and 
removed him to Athens in the fixteenth year 
of his ase. The progrefs of Ovid in the ftudy 
of eloquence was great, but the fathers ex¬ 
pectations were fruftrated ; hi; ion was horn 
a poet, and nothing could deter him from 
purfuing his' natural inclination, though he 
was often reminded that Homer livsd and 
died in the greateft poverty. Every thing he 
wrote was expreffed in poetical numbers, as 
he himfelf fays, et quod tentabam feribere ver- 
fus erai. A lively genius and a fertile ima¬ 
gination loon gained him admirers; the 
'learned became his friends; Virgil, Proper¬ 
tius, T ibullus, and Horace, honored him with 
their correfpondence, and Auguftus patro¬ 
nized him with the mod unbounded liberality. 
Thefe favors, However, were but momentary, 
and the poet was icon after banifhed to To- 
mos oi>the Eu.xine lea, by tho.emperor. The 
true caufe of this fudden exile is unknown. 
Some attribute it to a (hamcful amour w'itk 
Livia the wife of Auguftus, while others fup- 
port that it arofe from tlie knowledge whicli 
Ovid had of the unpardonable inceft of file 
emperor with his daughter Julia Thefe rea- 
fons are indeed merely conjectural, the caula 
was of a very private and very lecret nature, 
of whwh Ovid himfelf is afraid to 'peak, as 
ic arofe from error and not from criminality. 
It was, however, fomething improper in the 
family and court of Augustus, as thefe lines, 
feem to indicate: 

Cur aliquid •vidi F Cur noxia lamina feci ? 

Cur imprudenti cog nit a culpa mibi f ? 

Infcius ASheon •vidii fine mefe Hiar.am ; 

Pradafuit canibus non minus ille fuis. 

Again, 

Infra quod crimen vide runt lumin'i pledlor, 

Peccatumque oculos if babuijfe maim. 

And in another place, 

Perdiderunt cum me. duo crimina y carmen -et 
error , 

Jllierius facli culpa ft lend a mibi ef. 

In his banifhment, Ovid betrayed his pufil. 
l.mimity, and however affliTcd and diftrefled 
his fituation was, yet the flattery and impa¬ 
tience which he fliowed in his writings are a 
diigrace to his pen, and expofe him more to 
ridicule than pity. Though he proftituted his 
pen and his time to adulation, yet the empe¬ 
ror proved deaf to all entreaties, and re¬ 
futed to liften to his moft ardent friends af 
Rome, who wifhed for the return of the poet. 
Ovid, who undoubtedly wifhed for a Brutus 
to deliver Rome of her tyrannical Auguftus, 
continued his flattery even to meannefs; and 
when the emperor died, he was fo mercenary 
as to confeernte a temple to the depraved ty¬ 
rant on the Ihores of the Euxine, where he 
regularly offered frankincenfe evCry morning, 

Tiberius 







ox 


O V 

Tiberius proved as regardlefs as his predecef 
for, to the entreaties which were made for 
Ovid, and the poet died in the 7th or 8th year 
of his banifhment, in the 59th year of his age, 
A. D. 17, and was buried at Tomos. In the 
year T508. of the Chriftian era, the following 
epitaph was found at Stain, in the modern 
kingdom of Auftria: 

Hie Jit us eft votes quern Divi Cojaris ira 
' •Augujti patrio cedese jujjtt humo. 

Scope mijer -joinit patriis occumbere terris , 

SeJ JruJ.ra / Hu/ic illi Jot a deiiere 
locum. 

This, however, is an impoGtion to render 
celebrated an obicure corner of the world, 
which never contained the bones of Ovid. 
TJie greateft part of Ovid’s poems are re¬ 
maining. His Metamorpbojes in 15 books 
are extremely curious, on' account of the 
many different mythological fadts and tra¬ 
ditions which they relate, but they can have 
ho claim to an ep c poem. In compofing this 
the poet was more indebted to the then exit¬ 
ing traditions, and to the theogony of the an¬ 
cients, than to the powers of his own imagina¬ 
tion. His Fuji were divided into 12 books, 
the fame number as the conftellations in the 
zodiac ; but of thefe, fix have periflied, and the 
learned world have reafon to lament the lofs 
of a poem which muft have thrown fa much 
light upon the religious rites and ceremonies, 
feitivals and lacrifices of the ancient Romans, 
as we may judge from the fix that have fur- 
vived the ravages of time and barbarity. His 
Trijia, which are divided into five books, con¬ 
tain much elegance and foftnels of exprefiion, 
as alio his Elegies on different fubjetts. The 
Heroides are nervous, fpirited, and diffule, 
the poetry is excellent, the language varied, 
but the* exprelfions are often too wanton and 
indelicate, a fault which is common in his 
compofitions. His three books of AmorwHy 
and the fame number de Arte A ondi, with 
tlfe other de Remcdio Amoris , are written with 
great elegance, and contain many flowery de- 
fcriptions; but the do&rine which they hold 
forth is dangerous, and they are to be read 
with caution, as they feem to be calculated 
to corrupt the heart, and lap the foundatiors 
of virtue and morality. His Ibis , which is 
written in imitation of a poem of Callima¬ 
chus, of the fame name, is a/atirical per¬ 
formance. Befides thefe, there are extant 
fome fragments of other poems, and' among 
thefe fome of a tragedy called Medea. The 
talents of Ovid' as a dramatic writer have 
been difputed,' and fame have obletved that 
he who is lb often void of fentiment, was 
not born to fhine as a tragedian. ‘‘Ovid has 
attempted perhaps'too many forts of poetry 
at once. On whatever he has written, he 
has totally exhaufled the fubjeft and left 
nothing unfaid. He'every where paints nature 
with a mafterly hand, and gives ftrength to the 


moft vulgar exprelfions It has been judi- 
cioufly obierved, that his poetry after his ba¬ 
nifhment from Rome, was deftitute of that 
fpirit and vivacity which’we adtnire in his 
other compofitions. His Fiji are perhaps the 
beft written of all his poems, and after them 
we may fairly rank his love vertes,his Her aide's % 
and after all his Metamorpbofes, which were 
not totally finifhed when Augufttts lent him 
into banifhment. His Epjles Jr cm Pontus 
are the language of an abjett and pufillanimons 
flatterer. However critics may cenfure the 
indelicacy and the in accuracies of Ovid, it is to 
be acknowledged that his poetry contains great 
fweetnefs and elegance, and, like that of 
Tibullus, charms the ear and captivates the 
mind. Ovid married three wives, hut of the 
lnft alone he fpeaks with fondnefs and af¬ 
fection He had only one daughter, but by 
which of his wives is unknown ; and fhe her- 
felf became mother of t\vo children, by two 
hufbands. The beft editions of Ovid’s works 
are thole ofBurman, 4 vols. 4to. Amft. 172*7 ; 
of L. Bat. 1670, in 8vo. and of Utrecht, in 
l2mo. 4 vols. 1713. Ovid. Trjt. 3 & 4, &c. 

— Pater c. 2 . — Martial. 3 & 8. - A man 

who accompanied his friend Ciefonius when 
banilhed from Rome by Nero. Martial. 7, 
ep. 43 - 

Ovinia lex, was ena&ed to permit the 
cenfors to eledt and admit among the number 
of the fenators the beft and the worthiell of the 
people. 

OviNius,a freedman of Vatinius, the friend 

of Cicero, Tkc. Quintil. 3, c. 4.-Quintus, 

a Roman fenator, punifhed by Auguitus, 
for difgracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra. 
Eutrnp. 1. 

Oxathres, a brother of Darius, greatly 
honored by Alexander, and made one of his 

generals. Curt. 7, c. 5.-Another Per- 

fian, who fhvored the caufe of Alexander. 
Curt. 

Oxtdates, a Perfinn whom Darius con¬ 
demned to death. Alexander took him 
prifonef, and lome time after made him go¬ 
vernor of Media. He became 'oppreflive 
and was removed. Curt. 8, c. 3. 1 . 9, 
c. 8. 

Oximes, a people ofEuropean Sarmatia. 

Oxionje, • a nation of Germans, whom 
fuperftitious traditions reprefented as having 
the countenance human, and the reft of the 
body Rke that of beafts. Tacit, de Germ . 
46. 

Oxus, a large river of Ba&rima, now 
Gibun, falling into the eaft of the Cafpian 

fea. Plin. 16, c. 6.-Anotner in Scyi 

this. 

Oxyakes, a king of Ba&riana, who fur- 
rendered to Alexander. 

Oxycanus, an Indian prince in the ageof 
Alexander,-&c. 

Oxydracje, a nation of India. Curt. 9. 
c. 4. 

Mm3 UXTLUI 







02 


OZ 


OxyluS, a leader of the Heraclidae, when 
they recovered the Pelcponnefus. He was 
rewarded with the kingdom of Elis. Pauf. 5, 

c. 4.-A fon of Mars and Protogenia. 

Apollod. 1, c. 7. 

Oxynthes, a king of A,thcns, B. C. 1149. 
He reigned 12 years. 

Oxyporus, a fon of Cipyras and Me- 
tharme. Apollod. 3,0. 14. 

Oxyrynchus, a town of Egypt on the 
Nile. Strab. 

Ozines, a Perfian imprifoned by Craterus, 
becauie he attempted to revolt from Alexan¬ 
der. Cu,rt. 9, c. 10. 

Ozolje or Ozoli, a people who inha¬ 
bited the eaftern parts of JEtoha, which were 
called Ozolea. This tra£t of territory lay at 
the north of the bay of Corinth, and extended 
about 12 miles northward. They received 
their name from the bad fend («£»0 of their 
bodies and of their cloathing, which was the 


raw hides of wild brfafts, or from the oflferifice 
fmell of the body of Neflusthe centaur* which 
'after death was left to putrify in the country 
without the honors of a burial. Some derive 
it with more propriety from the ftench of the 
ftagnated waters in the neighbouring lakes and 
marlhes. According to a fabulous tradition, 
they received their name from a very different 
circumftance: During the reign of a fon of 
Deucalion, a bitch brought into the world a 
ftick inltead of wheljJS. The flick was 
planted in the ground by the king, and it 
grew up to a large vine and produced grapes, 
from which the inhabitants of the coifntry 
were called Ozola , not from »$uv, to fmell 
bad y but from oZ&i a branch or fprout. 
The name of Ozolae, on account of its in¬ 
delicate fignification, highly difpleafed the 
inhabitants, and they exchanged it foon for 
that of ALtolians. Pauf. 10, c. 38. — Herodot . 
8,0.32. 


PA 

ACATIANUS, Titus Julius, a general 
of the Roman armies, who proclaimed 
himfelf emperor in Gaul, about the latter part 
of Philip’s reign. He was loon after defeated, 

A. D. 249, ami put to death. Sec. 

Paccius, an infignificant poet in the age of 

Domitian. fim. 7, v. 12. 

Paches, an Athenian, who took Mitylene, 

&c. Arif. Polit. 4. 

PX chin us, or Pachynus, now Pajfaro, 
a promontory of Sicily, projecting about two 
miles into the fea, in the form of a peninfula, 
at the louth-eaft corner of the ifland, with a 
fmall harbour of the fame name. Strab. 6.— 
Mclay 2 , c. 7 .— Virg. JEn. 3 , v. 699. — Pauf. 

5»c. 25. 

M. Paconius, a Roman pur to death by 

Tiberius, &c. Suet, in Tib. 61. - A Stoic 

philofopher, fon of the preceding, he was 
banilhed from Italy by Nero, and .he retired 
from Rome with the greatell compofiue and 
indifference. Arrian . i,c. 1. 

Pacorus, the eldell of the 30 Tons of 
Orodes, king of Parthia, lent sgainft Craflus 
whofe army he defeated, and whom he took 
prifoner. He took Syria from the Romans 
and fupported the republican party of Pom- 
pey, and of the murderers of Julius Ccefar. 
He was killed in a battle by Ventidius Baifus, 

B, C. 39, on the fame day (9th of June) that 
CrafTus had been defeated. Flor. 4, c. 9.— 

Horat, 3, od. 6, v. 9..-A king of Parthia, 

who made a treaty of alliance with the Ro¬ 
mans, &c.~——Another, ultimate with Icing 
Dccebalus. 

Pactoevs, a celebrated river of Lydia, 


PA 

fifing in mount Tmolus, and falling into the 
Hermus after it has watered the city of Sar¬ 
des. It was in this river that .Midas wafhed 
himfelf when he turned into gold whatever 
he touched, and from that circumftance it 
ever after rolled golden lands, and received 
the name of Cbryforrhoaj. It is called Tmolus 
by Pliny. Strabo obferves, that it had no gol¬ 
den lands in his age. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 142 — 
Strab. 18.— Ovid. Met. 11, v. 86. — Herodot. 
5, c. 110.— -Plin. 33, c. 8. 

Pactyas, a Lydian entrufted with the 
care of the treafures of Crcefus at Sardes. 
The immenfe riches which he could com¬ 
mand, corrupted him, and to make himfelf 
independent, he gathered a large army. He 
laid fiege to the citadel of Sardes, but the 
arrival of one of the Perfian generals foon put 
him to flight. He retired to Cumce and after¬ 
wards to Lelbos, where he was delivered into 
the hands of Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 154, &c. 
— Pouf. 2, c. 35. 

Pact ye, a town of the Thracian Cherfo- 

nefus. 

Pactyes, a mountain of Ionia, near 
Ephefus. Strab. 14. 

Pacuvius, M. a native of Brundufium 
fon of the filler of the poet Ennius, who 
diftinguiihed himfelf by his fkill in painting, 
and by his poetical talents. He wrote fatires 
and tragedies which were reprefented at 
Rome, and of fome of which the names are 
preleivedf as Periboea, Hermione, Atalanta, 
Ilione, Teucer, Antiope, &c. Oreftes was 
conlidered as the bell finilhed performance ; 
the ftyle however, thpuglj rough and without 

either 






P M 


PA 


either purity or elegance, deferved the com¬ 
mendation of Citero and Quintilian, who 
perceived ftrong rays of genius and perfec¬ 
tion frequently beaming through the clouds 
of the barbarity and ignorance of the times. 
The poet in his old age retired to Tarentum, 
where he died in his 90th year, about 131 
years before Chrift. Of all his compofitions 
about 437 fcattered lines are prelerved in the 
collections of Latin poets. Cic. de Orat. 2, ad 
Heren. 2, C. 27.— Horat. 2 , ep. I, V. 56.— 
Quintil, IO, C. 10 . 

Padjei, an Indian nation, who devoured 
their fick before they died. Herodot. 13, c. 
99 - 

Pa di mum, now Bondeno , a town on the Po, 
where it begins to branch into different chan¬ 
nels. Plin. 3, c. 15. 

Padua, a town called alfo Patavium , in 
the country of the Venetians, founded by 
Aiitenor immediately after the Trojan war. 
It was the native place of the hiftorian Livy. 
The inhabitants were once fo powerful, that 
they could levy an army of 20,000 men. 
Strab. 5.— Mela, 2, C. 4. — Virg. JEn, I, 
v. 251. 

Padus, (now called the Po) a river in 
Italy, known alfo by the name of Eridanus , 
which forms the northern boundary of the 
territories of Italy. It rife* in mount Ve- 
fulus, one of the highelt mountains of the 
Alps, and after it has collected in its courle 
the waters of above 30 rivers, dilcharges itfelf 
in an ealtern direction into the Adriatic fea by 
feven mouths, two of which only, the Plana 
or Volano, and the Padufa, were formed by 
nature. It was formerly faid, that it rolled 
gold duft in its land, which was carefully 
fearched by the inhabitants. The confuls, C. 
Flaminius Nepos, and P. Furius Philus, were 
the firft Roman generals who eroded it. The 
Po is famous for the death of Phaeton, who, 
as the poets mention, was thrown down there 
by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 
2, v. 258, &C. — Mela t 2 , C* 4.— Lucan. 2,&C. 
—- Virg. JEn. 9, v. 68o«— Strab. 5.— Plin.$ 7, 
C. 2. 

Padusa, the mod feuthern mouth of 
the Po, confidered by fome writers as the 
Po itfelf. [Vid. Padus.] It was faid to 
abound in fwans, and from it there was a 
cut to the town of Ravenna, Virg. JEn. 11, 
v. 455 - 

Pjean, a furname of Apollo, derived from 
the word p&an^ an hymn which was fung in 
his honor, beeaul'e he had killed the ferpent 
Python, which had given caufe to the people 
to exclaim Jo Peean f The exclamation of 
lo Paean! was made ufe of in fpeaking to 
the other gods, as it often was a demon- 
ftratiou of joy.'—6, v. 171.— Ovid. Met. 
1, v * 358. 1 * 14, v. 7»o.— Lucan. i,&c.— 
Strab. 18. 

Pmdaretus, a Spartan who, on not being 
elected ia number of the 300 lent od 


an expedition, &c. declared, that indead of 
being mortified, he rejoiced that 300 men 
better than himfelf could be found in Sparta. 
Pint, in Lyc. 

Pjedius, a lieutenant of J. C«efar in Spain, 
who propofed a law to punifti with death all 
fuch as were concerned in the murder of his 
patron, &c. 

Pjemani, a people of Belgic Gaul, 
fuppofed to dwell in the prefent country 
at the weft of Luxemburg. Ceef. G. 2, 
c. 4- 

Pjeon, a Greek hiftorian. Plut. in The/. 

-A celebrated phyfician who cured the 

wounds which the gods received during the 
Trojan war. From him, phyficians are fome- 
times called Peeonii , and herbs fervice- 
able in medicinal procefles, Paonia lerba. 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 769.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 
535- 

Pjeones, a people of Macedonia, who in¬ 
habited a fmall part of the country called Pa~ 
onia. Some believe that they were defeended 
from a Trojan colony. Pauf. 5, c. X.— Hero- 
dot. 5,c. 13, &c. 

Pjeonia, a country of Macedonia at the 
weft of the Strymon. It received its name 
from Paeon, a fon of Endymion, who fettled 
there. Liv. 42, c. 51. 1 . 45, c. 29. ■ t A 
fmall town of Attica. 

Pjeonides, a name given to the daughters 
of Pierus who were defeated by the Mufes, 
becaufe their mother was a native of Paeonia. 
Ovid. Met. 5, ult. fab. 

Pjeos, a fmall town of Arcadia. 

Pjesos, a town of the Hellefpont, called 
alfo Apafos , fituated at the north of Lamp- 
facus. When it was deftroyed, the inhabi¬ 
tants migrated to Lampfacus, where they fet¬ 
tled. They were of Milelian origin. Strab. 

13.— Homer. II. 2. 

PiESTUM, a town of Lucania, called alfo 
Iveptunia and Pofidoitia by the Greeks, where 
the foil produced roles which bloftomed twice 
a year. The ancient walls of the town, about 
three miles in extent, are (till (landing, and 
likewife venerable remains of temples and por¬ 
ticoes. The Sinus Pee/anus on which it Hood 
is now called the gulf of Salerno. Virg. G. 4 
v. 119.— Ovid, Met. 15, V. 708. Pont. 2, el. 
4, v. 28. 

Pjetovium, a town of Pannoma. 

C.TiCi nna Pjetus, the hufband of Arria. 

[Vid. Arria.]-A governor of Armenia, 

under Nero.-A Roman who confpired with 

Catiline againft his country.--A man drown¬ 

ed as he was going to Egypt to collect money, 
Propert. 3, el. 7, v. 5. 

Pag^e, a town of Megaris. —- Of Locriso 
Plin. 4, C. 3. 

PXcXs.® or PXgasa, a town of Magne- 
fia, in Macedonia, with an harbour and a pro¬ 
montory of the fame name. The (hip Argo 
was built there, as fome fuppofe, and accord¬ 
ing to Propertius, the Argonauts let fail from 
* M m 4 that 





PA 


PA 


tHat harbour. From that circumftance not 
only the Ihip Argo, but alfo the Argonauts 
themielves, were ever after diftinguifhed by 
the epithet of Pagafeus. Pliny confounds 
Pagafie with Demetrias, but they ard different, 
and the latter was peopled by the inhabitants 
of the former, who preferred the fituation of 
Demetrias for bis conveniences. Ovid. Met. 
7, v. I. 1 . 8, v. 349.— Lucan . 2, v. 715- 1 . 6, 
v. 400.— Mela, 2, c. 3 & 7. — Strab. 9.— Pro- 
'pert. I, el. 20,.v. 17.— Plin. 4, c. Apol¬ 
lon. Rhod.j , v. 238, &c. 

Pagasu^, a Trojan killed by Camilla. 
Virg. Ain. II, v. 670. 

PAGRJE,,a town of Syria, on the borders cf 
Cilicia. Slrab. 16. 

Pagus, a mountain of iEolia. Pauf. 7. 

c. J. 

PalScium or Palatium, a town of the 

Thracian Cherlbnefus.-A fmall village, on 

the Palatine hill, where Rome was afterwards 
built. 

pALRVa town at the fouth of Corfica, now 
St. Bonifacio. 

Paljea, a town of Cyprus.-Of Ce- 

phallenia. 

Palieapolis, almall ifland on the coaft of 
Spain. Slrab. 

Palimon, or Palemon, a fea deity, 
fon of Athamas and Ino. His original name 
was' Mdkerta, and lie affumed that ofPalre- 
mou, after he had been changed into a fea 
deity by Neptune. [Fid. Meliccrta.]——A 
noted grammarian at Rome in the age of 
Tiberius, who made himfelf ridiculous by 
his arrogance and luxury. Juv. 6, v. 451. 

•—Martial. 2, ep. 86.-A ion of Neptune, 

who wap amongft the Argonauts. Apollod. 

Paltevaphos, the ancient town of Pa¬ 
phos in Cyprus, adjoining to. the new. 

, Strab. 14. 

Paliepharsai.us, the ancient town of 
Pharfalus in Thelfaly. Caf. JB. A. 48. 

Paljevhatus, an ancient Greek philo- 
fopher, whofe age is unknown, though it can 
be afcertained that he florifhed between the 
times of Ariftotle and Auguftus. He wrote 
5 books'fife incredibilibus , of which only the 
firft remains, and in it lie endeavours to ex¬ 
plain fabulous and mythological traditions by 
hiftoricnl fails. The bell edition of Palce- 
pliatus is that of J. Frid. Fifcher, in 8vo. Lipf. 

1773.-An heioic poet of Athens, who 

wrote a poem on the creation of the world. 

•-A dikip!e of Ariftotle, born at Abydos. 

--An hiftorian of Egypt. 

Paljepolis, a town of Campania, built by 
3 Greek colony, where Naples afterwards was 
ereilcd. Liv. 8, c. 22. 

PALA?sTE v a village of Epirus near Ori- 
cus, where Caifar firft landed with his fleet. 
JLucan. 5, v. 460. 

j Pal.’EstIna, a province, of Syria, &c. 
JJerodot. 1, c. IOJ.— Sil.lt. 3 ,v, 606* — Strab. 

. 


PaljestTnus, an ancient name of-the 
! river Strymon. 

Palaityrus, the ancient town of Tyre on 
the continent. Strab. 16. 

Palamedes, a Grecian chief, fon of Nau- 
plius, king of Euboea by Clymene. He was 
font by the Greek princes, who were going to 
the,Trojan war, to bring Ulylfes to the camp, 
who, to withdraw himfelf from the expedition, 
pretended infinity ; and the better to impofe 
upon his friends, uled to harnefs different ani¬ 
mals to a plough, and fow fait inftead of barley 
into the furrows. The deceit was foon per¬ 
ceived by Palamedes, lie knew that the regret 
to part from his wife Penelope, whom he had 
lately married, was the only reafpn of the 
pretended infinity of-Ulvlfes; and to demon- 
ltrate this,Palamedes took]Telemachus, whom 
Penelope had lately brought into the world, 
and put him before the plough of his father. 
Ulylfes lhovved that he was not infane, by 
turning the plough a different way not to hurt 
his child. This having been difcovered, Ulyl¬ 
fes was obliged to attend the Greek princes to 
the war, Hat an immortal enmity arofe'be¬ 
tween Ulylfes and Palamedes. The king of 
Ithaca relolved to take every opportunity to 
diffrefs him : and when all his expectations 
were fruffrated, he had the meannefs to bribe 
one of his lervants, and to make him dig a 
hole in his mailer’s tent, and there conceal a 
large fum of money. After this’ Ulylfes 
forged a letter in Phrygian characters, which 
king Priam was fuppofed to have fent to Pa¬ 
lamedes. In the letter the Trojan king teem¬ 
ed to entreat Palamedes to deliver into his 
hands the Grecian arnly, according to the 
conditions which had been previouily agreed 
upon, when he received the money. This 
forged letter was carried by means of Ulylfes 
before the princes of the Grecian army, Pa¬ 
lamedes was lummoned, and he made the 
moll folemn proteftations of innocence, but 
all was in va’in, the money that was difcovered 
in his tent ferved only to corroborate the 
accufation. He was found guilty by all the 
army and ftoned to death. Homer is filent 
about the miferable fate of Palamedes, and 
Paufanias mentions that it had been reported 
by fome that Ulyffes and Diomedes had 
drowned him in the lea as he was filhing on 
the coaft. Philoftratus, who mentions the 
tragical ftory above related, adds that Achilles 
and Ajax buried his body with great pomp on 
the lea Ihore, and that they raifed upon it a 
fmall chapel, where l'acrifices were regularly 
offered by the inhabitants of Troas. Pala¬ 
medes was a learned man as well as a foldier, 
and according 'to fome he completed the al¬ 
phabet Cadmus by the addition of the four 
letters 6 , £, <p, during the Trojan war. 

To him alio is attributed the invention of 
dice and backgammon; and it is faid he was 
the firft who regularly ranged an army in 3 
line of battle , and who placed fentinels round 

a camp, 











PA 


PA 


a camp, and excited their vigilance and atten¬ 
tion by giving them a watch word. Hygin. 
fab. 95, 105, &c.— Apollod. 2 , &c.— Diclys 
Cret. 2, C. 15.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 56 & 508.— 
Pauf. I,C. 31.— Man'll. 4, v. 205.— Pbilojlrat. 
v. 10, c. 6.— Euripid. in PbaniJJ ’ — Martial. 
I 3 > e P* 75 * — plin - 7 > c - 56. 

Pa lan tia, a town of Spain. Mela, 2, 
c. 6. 

PalatInus mons, a celebrated hill, the 
largell of the l'even hills on which Rome was 
built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the 
firft foundation of the capital of Italy, in a 
quadrangular form, and there alfo lie kept his 
court, as well as Tullus Hoftilius, and Au- 
guflus, and all the fucceeding emperors,"from 
which circumftance the word Palatium has 
ever fince been applied to the refidence of a 
monarch or prince. The Palatine hill re¬ 
ceived its name from the goddefs Pales, or 
from the Palatini, who originally inhabited 
the place, or from balare or palat e , the bleat- 
ings *of fheep, which were frequent there, or 
perhaps from the word palanUs, ivanJering, 
becaufe Evander, when he came to fettle in 
Italy, gathered all the inhabitants, and made 
them all one fociety. There were fome 
games celebrated in honor of Auguftus, and 
called Palatine, becaui'e kept on the hill. Dio. 
Caff. 53. — Ital. 12, v. 709.— Liv. I, c. 7 & 
33.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 822.— Juv. 9, v. 23. 
— Martial. I, ep. 7 1- — -Varro. de L. L. 4, 

c. 3.— Cic. in Catil. i.-Apollo, who was. 

worfhipped on the Palatine hill, was alio 
called Palatinus. His temple there had beeH 
-built, or rather repaired, by Auguftus, who, 
had enriched it with a library, valuable for 
the various colle£lions of Greek and Latin 
manufcripts which it contained, as alio for the 
Sibylline books depofited there. Horat. 1, 
ep. 3, v. 17. 

Palantium, a town of Arcadia. 

Paleis, or Palje, a town in the ifland of 
Cephallenia. Pauf. 6, c. 15. 

Pales, the goddefs of fheepfolds and of 
paftures among the Romans. She was wor- 
fliipped with great iolemnity at Rome, and 
her feftivals, called Palilia, were celebrated 
the very day that Romulus began to lay the 
foundation of the city of Rome. Virg. G. 3, 
v. I & 294.— Ovid. Pajl. 4, v. 722, &c.— Pa- 
terc . 1, c. 8. 

Palfubjus Sura, a writer, removed from 
the fenate by Pomitian, who lufpedled him 
of attachment to Vitellius, Sec. Juv. 4, 
v- 53 * 

Palibothra, a city of India, iuppofed 
now to be Patna, or according to others, Al¬ 
lahabad. Strab. 15. 

-PalTci, or Palisci, two deities, Tons of 
Jupiter by Thalia, whom ./Elchylus calls ./Etna, 
in a tragedy which is now loll, according to 
the words of Macrobius. The nymph ./Etna, 
when pregnant, entreated her lover to remove 
hei from the puriuits of Juno. The god con¬ 


cealed her in the bowels of the earth, and 
when the time of her delivery was come, the 
earth opened, and brought into the world two 
children, who received the name of Palici, 
uxo tou oraXiv iKiaSxt, becaufe they came again 
into the ivorlJ from ibe bowels of the earth. 
Thele deities were worlhipped with great cere¬ 
monies by the Sicilians, and near their temple 
were two fmall lakes of futphureous water, 
which were Iuppofed to have fprung out pf 
the earth, at the lame time that they were 
born. Near thefe pools it was ufual to-takc 
the moll lblemn oaths, by thofe who wifhed 
to decide controverfies and quarrels. If aqy 
of the perfons who took the oaths perjured 
therufelves, they wore immediately punilhed 
in a fupernatural manner; and thofe whofe 
oath, by the deities of the place, was fincere, 
departed unhurt. The Palici had alfo an 
oracle which was conl’ulted upon great emer¬ 
gencies, and which rendered the trueft and 
molt unequivocal anlwers. In a fuperltitious 
age, the altars of the Palici were flamed with 
the blood of human facrifices, but this bar¬ 
barous cuftom was foon abolilhed, and the -dei¬ 
ties were latisfied with their ufual offerings. 
Virg. JE11. 9, v. 585- — Ovid. Met. J,v. 506. 
— Diod. 2. — Mac rob. Saturn. 5, c. IO.— Ital. 
14, v. 219. 

Palilia, a feftival celebrated by the Ro¬ 
mans, in honor of the goddefs Pales. The 
ceremony confided in burning heaps of ftraw, 
and leaping over them. No facrifices were 
offered, but the purifications were made with 
the fmoke of horfes’ blood, and with the allies 
of a calf that had been taken from the belly 
of his mother, after it had been facrinced, and 
with the afhes of beans. The purification of 
the flocks was alfo made with the l'moke of 
lulphur, of the olive* the pine, the laurel, 
and the rofemary. Offerings of mild cheefe, 
boiled wine, and cakes of millet, were after¬ 
wards made'to the goddefs. This feftival was 
obfierved on the 21ft of April, and it was 
duringtbe celebration.that Romulus firft hegan 
to build his city. Some call this feftival Parilia 
quaft a paricudo , becaufe the facrifices were 
offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the 
flocks. Ovid. Md. 14, v.774. Faf. 4, v. 721, 
&c. 1 . 6, v. 257. — Propert. 4, el. 1, v. 19. — 
Tibull. 2, el. 5, v. 87* 

Palinurus, a fkilful pilot of the fhip of 
./Eneas. He fell into the lea in his fleep, and 
was three days expoied to the tempefts and 
the waves of tlie lea, and at laft came fafe to the 
fea fliore near Velia, where the cruel inhabi¬ 
tants of the place murdered him to obtain his 
cloaths. His body was left unburied on the 
fea fhore, and as, according to the religion of 
the ancient Romans, no perfon was luffered to 
crofs the Stygian lake before 100 years w'ere 
elapled, if his remains had not been decently 
buried ; we find ./Eneas, when he vifited the 
infernal regions, {peeking to Palinurus, and 
a (Turing him, that though hi* bones were de¬ 
prived 





PA 


PA 


prived of a funeral, yet the place where his 
body was cxpofed fliould foon be adorned with 
a monument and bear his name, and accord¬ 
ingly a promontory was called Palinurus, 
row Palinuro. Virg. Mn. 3, v. 513. 1 . 5, 
V. 840, &C. 1 . 6, v. 341.— Ovid, de Rom. 577. 
•—Melj t 2, c. 4.— Strain—-Horat. 3. od. 4, 
V. 28. 

Paliscorum, or PalTcorum, Stag- 
•num, a lulphureous pool in Sicily. [Vid. 
Palici.J 

Paliurus, now Nahil , a river of Africa, 
with a town of the fame name at its mouth, 
at the weft of Egypt, on the Mediterranean. 
§trab. 17. 

Pa llades, certain virgins of illuftrious 
parents, who were confccratcd to Jupiter by 
the Thebans of Egypt. It was required that 
they Ihould proftitute thcmfelves, an infamous 
euftom, which was confidered as a purification, 
during which they were publicly mourned, 
and afterwards they were permitted to marry. 
Strab. 17* 

Palladium, a celebrated ftatue of Pallas. 
It was about three cubits high, and reprelented 
the goddefs as fitting and holding a pike in her 
right hand, and in her left a diftaff and a fpin- 
dle. It fell down from heaven near the tent 
of llus, as that prince was building the citadel 
«f Ilium. Some neverthelefs fuppofe that it 
fell at Peflinus in Phrygia, or according to 
others, Dardanus received it as a prelent from 
his mother Ele&ra. There are lome authors 
who maintain that the Palladium was made 
with the bones of Pelops by Abaris; but 
Apollodorus feems to fay, that it was no more 
than a piece of clock-work which moved of 
itlelf. However difeordant the opinions of 
ancient authors be about this famous ftatue, it 
is univerially agreed, that on its prefervation 
depended the lafety of Troy. This fatality 
was well known to the Greeks during the 
Trojan war, and therefore Ulyffes and Dio- 
medes were commiflioned to fteal it away. 
They effected their purpofe ; and if we rely 
upon the authority of fome authors, they 
were directed how to carry it away by He- 
lenus the ion of Priam, who proved, in this, 
unfaithful to his country, becaufe his brother 
Deiphobus, at the death of Paris, had mar¬ 
ried Helen, of whom he was enamoured. 
Minerva was difpleafed with the violence 
which was offered to her ftatue, and according 
to Virgil, the Palladium itfelf appeared to have 
received life and motion, and by the flalhes 
which ftarted from its eyes, and its fudden 
fpringsfrom the earth, it feerned to (hew the 
refentment of the goddefs. The true Palla¬ 
dium, as fome authors oblerve, was not car¬ 
ried away from Troy by the Greeks, but only 
one of the ftatues of fimilar fiae and fliape, 
which were placed near it, to deceive what¬ 
ever facrilegious perfons attempted to fteal it. 
The Palladium, therefore, as they fay, was 
conveyed fofe from Troy to Italy bv Aeneas, 


and it was afterwards preferved by the Ro¬ 
mans with the greateft fecrecy and veneration, 
in the temple of Vefta, a circumftance which 
none but the veftal virgins knew. Herodian. 
j, c. 14, &c.— Ovid. Fajl. 6, v. 442, &c. 
Met. 13, v. 336. — DiSiys Cret. I, C. 5.— 
Apollod. 3, c. 12 . — Dionys. Hal. I, &c.— 
Homer. II. 10 .—Vi fry. Mn. 2, v. 166. 1 . 9, 
v. 151.— Pint, de reb. Rom — Lucan. 9.— 
Dares Phryg — Juv. 3, V. 139. 

Palladius, a Greek phyfician, whofe 
treatile on fevers was edited 8vo. L. Pat. 

1745.-A learned Roman under Adrian, 

&c. 

Pallanteum, a town of Italy, or perhaps 
more properly a citadel built by Evander, on 
mount Palatine, from whence its name ori¬ 
ginates. Virgil fays, it was called after Pal¬ 
las, the grandfather of Evander; but Diony- 
fius derives its name from Palantium, a town 
of Arcadia. Dionyf. I, c. 31.— Virg. Mn. 8, 
v. 54 & 341. 

Pallantia, a town of Spain, now Paleti- 
cia , on the river Cea. Mela , 2, c. 6. 

Pallantias, a patronymic of Aurora, as 
being related to the giant Pallas. Ovid. Met. 
9, fab. 12. 

Pallantides, the 50 Tons of Pallas, the 
fon of Pandion, and the brother of iEgeus. 
They were all killed by Thefeus, the fon of 
Asgeus, whom they oppofed when he came to 
take poffeflion of his father’s kingdom. This 
oppofition they fhewed in hopes of fucceeding 
to the throne, as Aigeus left no children ex- 
eept Thefeus, whole legitimacy was even de¬ 
puted, as he was born at Trcezene. Plut. in 
Thcf ..— Pauf. 1, c. 22. 

Pallas, (adit) a daughter of Jupiter, the 
fame as Minerva. The goddefs received this 
name either becaufe lhe killed the giant Pal- 
las , or perhaps from the ipear which lhe feems 
to brandijb in her hands (xttWu ►). For the 
fun&ions, power, and character of the goddefs, 
vid. Minerva. 

Pallas, (antis) a fon of king Evander, 
fent with fome troops to aftift JEneas. He 
was killed by Turnus, the king of the Rutuli, 
after he had made a great flaughter of the 

enemy. Virg. Mn. 8, v. 104, &c.-One 

of the giants, fon of Tartarus and Terra. He 
was killed by Minerva, who covered herfelf 
with his ficin, whence, as fome fuppofe, lhe is 

called Pallas. Apollod. 3, c. 12.-A fon of 

Crius and Eurybia, who married the nymph 
Styx, by whom he had Viftory, Valor, &c. 

Hefiod. Theo'x.- -A fon of Lycaon.-A 

fon of Pandion, father of Clytus and Butes. 

Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 17.— Apollod. -A freed 

man of Claudius, famous for the power and 
the riches he obtained. He advifed the em¬ 
peror, his mafter, to marry Agrippina, and to 
adopt her fon Nero for his fucceffor. It was 
by his means, and thole of Agrippina, that the 
death of Claudius was haftened, and that Nero 
was raifed to the throne. Nero forgot to 

whom 





PA 


PA 


YuhoVri he was indebted for the crown. He 
dii’carded Pallas, and lbme time alter caul'ed 
him to be put to death, that he might make 
himfelf mailer of his great riches, A. D. 61. 
Tacit . 12. Ann. C. 53. 

Fallen e, a fmall peninfula of Macedonia, 
formerly called ~Pblegr.i y fituate above the bay 
of Therm* on the iEgean fea^ and containing 
five cities, the principal of which is called Pal- 
lene. It was in this place, according to i'ome 
of the ancients, that an engagement happened 
between the gods and the giants. Liv. 31, c. 
4 t. 1 . 45 > c * 3 °- — Virg* G * 4 > v. 391. — Ovid. 

M<t. 15, v. 357.-A village of Attica, 

where Minerva had a temple, and where the 
Pallantides chieHy relided. Herodot. 1, c. 161. 
— Pint. in The/. 

Fallen ses, a people of Cephallenia,whole 
chief town was called Pala, or Paisa. Liv. 
38, c. 18.— PoIyb.s> C‘ 3- 

Palma, a governor of Syria. 

Palm aria, a lmall iiland oppofite Tarra- 
cina in Latium. Flin. 3, c. 6. 

Palmyra, the capital of Palmyrene , a 
country on the eaftern boundaries of Syria, 
now called Tbeudemor y or Tadmor. It is fa¬ 
mous for being the feat of the celebrated Ze- 
nobia and of Odenatus, in the reign of the 
emperor Aurelian. It is now in ruins, and 
tlie fplendor and magnificence of its porticos, 
temples, and palaces, are now frequently ex¬ 
amined by the curious-arid the learned. Flin. 
6 , c. 26 & 30. 

Pali'uurius, one of the flatterers of Do- 
mitian. Juv. 4, v. 53. 

Palumbinum,.! town of Samnium. Liv. 
10, c. 45 - 

Pa Ml sos, a river of Theflaly, falling into 
the Peneus. Herodot. 7, c. 129.— Flin. 4, 

c. 8.-Another of Meflenia in Pelopon- 

nefus. 

Pammenes, an Athenian general, fent to 
aflift Megalopolis, againft the Mantineans, Sec. 

——An aflrologer.-A learned Grecian 

who was preceptor to Brutus. Cic. Brut. 97, 
Or at. 9. 

Pam mon, a fon of Priam and Hecuba. 
Apollod. 

Pam pa, a vilfage near Tentyra in Thrace. 
Juv. 15, V. 76. 

Pamehilus, a celebrated painter of Ma¬ 
cedonia, in the age of Philip, diftinguhhed 
above his rivals by a fuperior knowledge of 
literature, and the cultivation of thofe lludies 
which taught him to infufe more luccelsfully 
grace and dignity into his pieces. He was 
fbunder of the ichool for painting at Sicyon, 
and he made a law which was obferved not 
Qiily in Sicyon, but all over Greece, that 
none but tire children of noble and dignified 
perfons Ihould be permitted to learn paiuting. 

Apelles was one of his pupils.— -Dio*. -A 

fon of Neodides, among the pupils of Plato. 
Viog. 


Pamphos, a Greek poet fuppofed to have 
lived before Hefiod’s age. 

Pampiiyla, a Greek woman who wrote 
a general hillory in 33 books, in Nero’s 
reign. This hiltory, fo much commended by 
the ancients, is loll. 

Pamphylia, a province of Afia Minor, 
anciently called MopJbpia y and bounded on the 
fouth by a pert of the Mediterranean, called 
the Pamplylian fea y weft by Lycia, north by 
Pifidia, and eaft by Cilicia. It abounded with 
paltures, vines, and olives, and was peopled 
by a Grecian colony. Strab. 14.— Mela y 1, 

— Pauf. 7, c. 3.— -Flin. J, c. 26.— Liv. 37, 

C. 23 & 40. 

Pan was the god of fhepherds, of hunts¬ 
men, and of all the inhabitants of the country. 
He was the fon of Mercury, by Dryope, ac¬ 
cording to Homer. Some give him Jupiter 
and Callifto for parents, others Jupiter and 
Ybis or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus, See. fup- 
port that he was the fon of Mercury and Pe¬ 
nelope, the daughter of Icarius, and that the 
god gained the affections of the princels under 
the form of a goat, as fhe tended her father’s 
flocks on mount Taygetus, before her marriage 
with the king of Ithaca. Some authors main¬ 
tain that Penelope became mother of Pan, 
during the abfence of Ulyfles in the Trojan 
war, and that he was the offspring of all the 
fuitors that frequented the palace of Penelope, 
whence he received the name of Pan y which 
fignifies all or every thing. Pan was a monfter 
in appearaece, he Lad two fmall horns on his 
head, his complexion \yas ruddy, his nofe flat, 
and his legs, thighs, tail, and feet, were thofe 
of a goat. The education of Pan was en- 
trufted to a nymph of Arcadia, called Sinoe, 
but the nurfe, according to Homer, terrified 
at the fight of fuch a monfter, fled away and 
left him. He was wrapped up in the fkin of 
beads by his father, and carried to heaven, 
where Jupiter and the gods long entertained 
thenifelves with the oddity of his appearance. 
Bacchus was greatly pleafed with him, and 
gave him the name of Pan. The god of fhep¬ 
herds chiefly refided in Arcadia, where the 
woods and the mod rugged mountains were 
his habitation. He invented the flute with 
leven reeds, which he called Syrinx , in honor 
of a beautiful nymph of the fame name, to 
whom he attempted to offer violence, and 
who was changed into a reed. He was con¬ 
tinually employed in deceiving the neighbour¬ 
ing nymphs, and often with fuccefs. Though 
deformed in his lhape and features, yet he 
had the good fortune to captivate Diana, and 
of gaining her favor, by transforming himfelf 
into a beautiful white goat. He was alfo 
enamoured of a nymph of the mountains 
called Echo, by whom he had a fon called 
Lynx. He alio paid his addreffes to Omphale, 
queen of Lydia, and it is well known in what 
manner he was received. \Vid. Omphale.] 

Th* 





PA 


PA 


The worfhip of Pan was well eftablilhed, 
particularly in Arcadia, where he gave 
oracles on mount JLycaeus. His festivals, 
called by the Greeks Lyctsa , were brought 
to Italy by Evtuider, and they were well 
known at Rome by the name of the Lu- 
percalin. \Vid. Lupercalia.] The worlhip, 
and the different functions of Pan, are de¬ 
rived from the mythology of the ancient 
Egyptians. This god was one of the eight 
great gods of the Egyptians, who ranked 
before the other 12 gods, whom the Ro¬ 
mans called Confentes. He was worfhipped 
with the greateft. folemnity all over Egypt. 
His ftatues reprelented him as a goat, not 
bccaufe he was really Inch, but this was 
done for myfterious real'ons. He was the 
emblem of fecundity, and they looked 
upon him as the principle of all things. 
His horns, as fome obferve, reprelented the 
' rays of the fun, and the brightnelV of the 
heavens was expreffed hv the vivacity and 
the ruddmels of his complexion 'ihe liar 
which he wore on his breait, was the fymbol 
of the firmament, and his hairy legs and feet 
denoted the inferior parts of the earth, inch 
as the woods and plants. Some luppofe that 
he appeared as a goat becaufe when 'the gods 
fled into Egypt, in their war againft the giants, 
Pan transformed hrmfelf into a .goat, an ex¬ 
ample which was immediately followed by 
all the deities. Pan, according to fome, is 
the lame as Faunus, and he is the chief of 
all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions, that in 
the reign of Tiberius, an extraordinary voice 
was heard-near the Echinades, in the Ionian 
fea, which exclaimed, that the great Pan was 
dead. Thisnvas readily believed by the em¬ 
peror, and the aftrologers were conl’ulted, 
but they were unable to explain the meaning 
of fo l'upernatural a voice, which probably- 
proceeded from the impofition of one of the 
courtiers who attempted to terrify Tiberius. 
Jn Egypt, in the town of Mendes, which 
word all'o fignifies a goal , there was a facred 
goat kept with the molt ceremonious fanCiry 
The. death of this animal was always attend¬ 
ed with the greateft folemnities, and like that 
of another Apis, became the cattle of an uni- 
verfal mourning. As Pan ulually terrified 
the inhabitants of the neighbouring country, 
that kind of-fear. which often feizes men, 
and which is only ideal and imaginary, has 
received from him the name of panic fear. 
This kind of terror has been exemplified not 
only in individuals, but in numerous - armies, 
fuch as that.of Brennus, which was thrown 
into the groateft confternation at Rome, 
without any.CAufe.or plaufible reafon. Ovid, 
■faf. I, v. "396. I.- 2, v. 277. Met. 1, v. 689. 
— yirg. G. i,- v. 17. JE/i. 8/ v. 343. G. 3, 
V. 392.-— Jt / V . 2, V. 142 .—Peiif 8, c. 30.— 
Jtall 13, V. 327.— Varro. de L. L. 5, C, 3.— 
fiv. I,. C. 5. — Dioay. Hal. I .—Herodot. 2 , 
C 46 & *45, &c .-—JOiod. Is— Orj>beus hymn. 

5 


IO.—- Homer, hymn, in Pan..-—Lucian. Dial. 
Merc . fsf Pan.—Apollod . I, C.^ 4. 

Panacea, a goddel's, daughter of Aifcu- 
lapius, who preiided over health. Lucan. 9, 
v.918.— Pita. 3J, C.-IIy&C. 

Panjf.tius, a ftoic philolopher of Rhodes, 
138 B. C. He ftudied at Athens for fome 
time, of which he refufed to become a citi¬ 
zen, obferving, that a good and modell man 
ought to d>e latisfied with one country. He 
came to Rome, where he reckoned among, 
his pupils Erebus and Scrpio the fecond 
Africanus. ’l’o the litter he was attached 
by the clofelt ties of frrendlhip and par¬ 
tiality, he attended him in, his expeditions, 
and partook of all his plea lures and amule- 
ments. To the intereft of their countrymen 
at Rome, the Rhodians were greatly in¬ 
debted for their prolper ty and the immu¬ 
nities which they for fome time enjoyed; 
Pansetius wrote <1 treatife on the duties of 
man, whole merit can be afeertained from 
the encomiums which Cicero bellows upon 
it. Cic. in offte. de Div. I. In Acad. 2, C. 2. 

de N. D. 2, c. 46.--A tyrant of Leontini 

in Sicily, B. C. 6l 3. Polycen. 5. 

Pan jet oljum, a gene raj affembly 6f the 
iEtolians. Liv. 31, c. 29.1. 35, c. ?2. 

Panares, a general of Crete, defeated by 
Metellus, &c. 

Panariste, one of the waiting women 
of Berenice, the wife of king Antiochus. 

Polycan. 8. 

Panatiienjea, feftivals in honor of 
; Minerva the pattonefs of Athens. They 
were firft infiituted' by Erkhthens or Or¬ 
pheus, and called A?hencea y .but T'hefeus af¬ 
terwards renewed them, and caufed them to 
-be celebrated and obierved by all the tribes 
of Athens, which he had united into one, 
and from this reafon the fellivals received 
their name. Some luppofe that they are the 
fame as the Roman Ouinquatria , as they are 
often called by that name among the Latins. 
In the firft years of the inftitution, they were 
obferved only during one day, but afterwards 
the time was prolonged, and the celebration 
was attended with greater pomp and folem¬ 
nity. The feftivals were two; the great 
Panathencea (puyuka), which were* obierved 
every fifth year beginning on the 22d of the 
month called Hecatomb seen, or 7 th of July, 
and the leffcr Panathencea (pemga t); which 
were kept every 3d year, or father annually, 
beginning on the 21ft or 20th of the month 
called ThargclioPy correiponding to the 5th 
or 6th day of the month of May. In the 
letter feftivals there were . three games con¬ 
duced by ten prefidents cholen from the 
ten tribes of Athens, who continued four 
years in office. On the evening of the firft 
day there was a race with torches, in which 
men on foot, and afterwards on horleback, 
contended. The fame was all'o exhibited in 
the greater felfivals. I he fecond combat 

was 






PA 


PA 


was gvmnical, and exhibited a trial of-ftrength I her victories over the giants. The exploits 
and bodily dexterity. The hut was a muii- of lupiter and the other gods were alio re- 
eal contention, full inllituted by Pericles, prefented there, and from that circurnltance 
In the longs they celebrated the generous | men of courage and bravery are laid to be 
undertaking of Hanoodius and Ari.logiton, ti-ttXo'j, worthy to be pourtrayed on 

who oppofed the Pilillr itidic, aud of Thrafy- ! Minerva’s facred garment. In the procef- 
bulus, who delivered Athens from its thirty j lion of the /'(•/>.!«, the following ceremonies 
tyrants. Phrynis of Mitylenc was the tirit ' were oblerved- In the cvamicusj without 
who obtained the victory hy playing upon the city, there was an engine built in the form 
the harp. There were befldes other mufical of a Ihip, upon which Minerva’s garment 
inllruments, on which they played in concert, ! was hung as a fail, and the whole was con- 


fuch as flutes, &c. 'l’he poets contended in 
four plays, called from their number 
tit^ aXeytu. The lail of thefe was a latire. 


duffed, not by hearts, as tome have luppoled, 
but by fuktenaneous machines, to the tem¬ 
ple of Ceres Eleulinia, and from thence to 


There was alio at Sunium an imitation of a the citadel, where the pcplns was placed 
naval light. Whoever obtained the victory j upon Minerva’s ftatue, which was laid upon 
in any of thefe games was rewarded with a j a bed woven or Urewed with flowers, which 
vcflel of oil, which he was permitted to dif- was called -rkay.i; Perions of all ages, of 
pole of in whatever manner he pleated, and every lex and quality, attended the procef- 
it was unlawful for any other perlbn to j lion, which vvn« kd by old men and women 
tranfpoit that commodity. 'The conqueror | carrying olive branches in their hands, from 
alfo received a crown of the olives which which reafon they were called B-a.XXecpooot, 

bearers of green bou’hs. Next follpwcd men 
of full age with lhields and lpears. They 
were attended bv tire (aztomsi, or foreigners, 
who carried fmall boats as a token of their 
foreign origin, and from that account they 


grew in the groves of Acaderuus, and were 
l'adred to Minerva, and called pooiiou, from 
f/.’sondeath , in remembrance of the tra¬ 
gical end of Hallirhotius the Ion of Nep¬ 
tune, who cut his own legs when he at 


tempted to cut down the olive which had j were called o-z'Afypogot, boat-bearers. After 
given the viftory to Minerva in preference to j them came the women attended by the wives 
his father, when'thefe two deities contended of the foreigners called v^gtatyoon, becaufe 


about giving a name to Athens. Some lop- 
pole that the word is-derived from a 

part, becaufe thefe olives were given by con¬ 
tribution by all fuch as attended at the felli- 


thev carried water-pots. Next to thefe came 
young men crowned with millet and flnging 
hymns to the god del s, and after them fol¬ 
lowed tele if virgins of the noble!! families. 


Vais. There was alfo a dance called Pyr- j called bajh t bearers, becaufe they 


rbichia , performed by young boys in armour, 
in imknt on of Minerva, who thus exprefled 
her triumph over the vanquilhed Titans. 
Gladiators were alfo introduced v\ hen Athens 
became tributary to the Romans. During 
the celebration no perlbn was permitted to 
appear in dvt-d garments, and il any one 
tranlgrefled he was pumllied accoidmg to 
the difcretion of the prefsdent of the games. 
After thefe things, a lumptuous facrifice was 
offered, in which every one ot the Athenian 
boroughs contributed an ox, and the whole 
was concluded by an entertainment for all 
the company with the flelli that remained 
from the lacrifice. In the greiter feltivals, 
the lame rites and ceremonies were tifually 
oblerved, but with more folemnity and mag¬ 
nificence. Others were alfo added, particu- 


c irried balkets, in which were certain tilings 
necelfuy for tlie celebration, with ^whatever 
uiemils were alfo requisite, Thefe feveral 
nece' r aiics -were generally in tiie poUeff&u 
of the chief manager of the feiliva! called 
ecprdjiijgo;, who dirtributeU them when 
occafion- offered. The virgins were attended 
by the daughters of the foreigners, who car¬ 
ried umbrellas and little feats, from which 
they were uamed feat carriers. 

The boys, calk’d orxtoafjuKu, as it may be 
luppoled, led the rear cloathed in coats gene¬ 
rally worn at proceffions, The neceffaries 
for this and every other feftival were pre¬ 
pared in a public hall erecled for that pur- 
pole, between the Piraean gate and the tem¬ 
ple of Ceres. The management and the 
care of the whole was entrufted to the 


Lvly the proceflion, in which Minerva’s fa- vofx.opvXx.Kz;, or people employed in feeing 
cred trzorXo;, or garment, was carried. This the ritts aud ceremonies properly oblerved. 
garment was woven by a leletf number of It was alfo ufUal to fet all prifoners at 


virgins, called zvya^ixai, from ioyov, ivorb. 
They were fuperintended by two of the 
erggr,<pooei, or young virgins, not above feven- 
teen years of age nor under eleven, whole 
garments were white and let off with orna¬ 
ments of gold. Minerva’s pephts was of a 
white color, without fleeves, and embioider- 
ed with gold. Upon it were delcribed the 
atchievements of the goddefs, p: • .icularly 


liberty, and to prefent golden crowns to 
luch as had deferved well of their country. 
Some perfons were alfo chofcu to fing fome 
of Homer’s poems, a cuftom which was 
firft introduced by Hipparchus the lbn of 
Pififtratus. ft Was aho cuftomary 3q this 
fertival and every other quinquennial fefti- 
val, to pray for the profperity of the Pla- 
tscans, whole fervices had been fo confpi- 

cuous 












PA 


PA 


cuous at the battle of Marathon. Plut. in 
Thef. — Pauf. Arc. 2.— JElian. V . H. 8, c. 
2.— Apollod. 3, c. 14. 

Pancijjea, Panchea, or Panchaia, 
an ifland of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter Tri- 

phylius had a magnificent temple.-A part 

of Arabia Felix, celebrated for the myrrh, 
frankincenfe, and perfumes which it produced. 
Virg. G. 2, v. 139. 1 . 4, v. 379. Culex, 87. 

— Ovid. Met. I, v. 309, &C- Diod. 5.— Lu- 

eret. 2, v. 417. 

Panda, two deities at Rome, who pre- 
fided one over the openings of roads ; and the 
Other over the openings of towns. Varro. dc 
P. R. I. A. Gell. 13, c. 22. 

Pandam a, a girl of India favored by Her¬ 
cules, See. Poly an. I. 

Pan daria, ovPandatauia, afmall ifland 
of the Tyrrhene fea. 

Pandarus, a fon of Lycaon, who af- 
fifted the Trojans in their war againft the 
Greeks. He went to the war without a 
chariot, and therefore he generally fought 
on foot. He broke the truce which had been 
agreed upon between the Greeks and Tro¬ 
jans, and wounded Mcnelaus and Dio- 
medes, and (hewed himfelf brave and un- 
ufually courageous. He was at lad killed 
by Diomedes; and iEneas, who then carried 
him in his chariot, by attempting to re¬ 
venge his death, nearly perifhed by the 
hivnd of the furious enemy. Diflys Crct. 2, 
C. 35.- — Homer i II. 2 & 5 .— Hygin. fab. 112. 
-+-Virg. JEn. 5, v. 495 -— Strub. 14.— St r- 

vius in loco. -A foil of Alcanor killed 

with his brother Bitias by Turntis. Virg. 

JEn 9, v. 735.-A native of Crete pu- 

nijhed with death for being acceflary to the 
theft of Tantalus. What this theft was is 
unknown. Some, however, fuppofe that 
Tantalus dole the awibrofia and the ne£tar 
from the tables of the gods to which he had 
been admitted, or that he carried away a 
dog which watched Jupiter’s temple in Crete, 
in which crime Pandarus was concerned, and 
for which he differed. Pandarus had two 
daughters, Camiro and Clytia, who were all'o 
deprived of their mother by a ludden death, 
and left without friends or protestors. Venus 
had fcompaflion upon them, and Hie fed them 
with milk, honey, and wine. The godejeffes 
were all equally interefted in their welfare. 
Juno gave them witdom and beauty, Diana 
a handl'ome figure and regular features, and 
Minerva jnftru&ed them in whatever domeftic 
accomplifhment can recommend a wife. Ve¬ 
nus withed ftill-to make their Iiappmeis more 
complete; and when they were come to nu¬ 
bile years the goddefs prayed Jupiter to grant 
them kihd and tender hulhands. But in her 
abfence the Harpies carried away the virgins' 
and delivered them to the Eumenides to (hare 
the punifhment which their father fullered. 
Fauf ;1C, c; 30.- Pindar. 

Pandarus, or Pandareus, a man who 

- I A 


had a daughter called Philomela. She wa* 
changed into a nightingale, after fhe had 
killed, by miftake, her fon Itylus, whofe 
death fhe mourned in the greatefl melan¬ 
choly. Some fuppofe him to be the fame as 
Pandion, king of Athens. 

Pandataria, an ifland 011 the coaft of 
Lucania, now called Santa Maria. 

Pandates, a friend of Datames at the 
court of Artaxerxes. C. Nep. in Bat. 

Pandemia, a furname of Venus, expref- 
five of her great power over the affedfions of 
mankind. 

Pandemus, one of the furnames of the 
god of love, among the Egyptians and the 
Greeks, who diftinguilhed two Cupids, one 
of whom was the vulgar called Pandemus, 
and another of a purer, and more celeftiaf 
origin. Plut. in Erot. 

Pandia, a feftival at Athens eftablilhed 
by Pandion, from whom it received its 
name, or becaufe it was obferved in honor 
of Jupiter, who can tu crzvret $ryivi:r 
move and turn all things as he pleafes. Some 
fuppofe that it concerned the moon, becaufe 
it does oraiTc<rt nvcii, moves incejfantly by 
(hewing itfelf day and night, rather than the 
lun whieh never appears but in the day 
time. It was celebrated after the Dionyfia, 
becaufe Bacchus is fometimes taken for the 
Sun or Apollo, and therefore the brother, 
or, as fomc will have it, the fon of the 
moon. * 

Pandion, a king of Athens, fon of 
Erichthon and Palithea, who fucceeded his 
father, B. C- 1437. He became father of 
Procne and Philomela, Erechtheus, and Butes. 
During his reign there was fuch an abund¬ 
ance of corn, wine, and oil, that it was pub¬ 
licly reported that Bacchus and Minerva had 
perfonally vifited Attica. He waged a fuc- 
celsful war againft Labdacus king of Bceo- 
tia, and gave his daughter Procne in mar¬ 
riage to Tereus, king of Thrace, who had 
adifted him. The treatment which Philo¬ 
mela received from her brother-in-law, 
Tereus, [Vid. Philomela] was the fource of 
infinite grief to Pandion, and he died through 
excels of iorrow, after a reign of 40 years. 
There was alfo another Pandion, fon of 
Cecrops 2d. by Metiaduca, who lucceeded 
to his father, B. C. 1307. He was driven 
from his paternal dominions, and fled to 
Pylas, king of Megara, who gave him his 
daughter Pelia in marriage, and refigned hi* 
crown to him. Pandion became lather of 
four children, called from him Pandionida, 
Avgeus, P.dlas, Nifus, and 1 -ycus. The 
eldeft of thele children recovered his fa¬ 
ther’s kingdom. Some authors have con¬ 
founded the two Pandions together in fuch 
an indiferiminate manner, that they feem 
to have been only one and the fame perfgn. 
Many believe that Philomela and Procne 
were the daughters, net of Pandion the Tft„ 

but 





PA 


PA 


but of Pandion the 2d. Ovid Met. 6, v. 
676 .—Apollod. 3, c. jj. — Pan/. I, c. 5.— 

Hygin. fab. 48.-A fon of Phineus and 

Cleopatra, deprived of his eye-fight by his 

father. Apollod. 3, c. 15.-A fon of ./Egyp- 

tus and Hephceftina.-A king of the Indies 

in the age of Auguftus. 

Pandora, a celebrated woman, the firft 
mortal female that ever lived, according to 
the opinion of the poet Hefiod. She was 
made with clay by Vulcan at the requeft 
of Jupiter, who wilhed to punifii the im¬ 
piety and artifice of Prometheus, by giving 
him a wife. When this woman of clay had 
been made by the artift, and received life, 
all the gods vied in making her prelents. 
Venus gave her beauty and the art of 
pleafing; the Graces gave her the power of 
captivating; Apollo taught her how to ling; 
Mercury inftru&ed her in eloquence; and 
Minerva gave her the molt rich and iplendid 
ornaments. From all thefe valuable prelents, 
which Ihe had received from the gods, the 
woman was called Pandora , which intimates 
that Ihe had received every necefiary gift t 
vrav Jupiter after this gave her a 

beautiful box, which Ihe was ordered *0 pre¬ 
lent to the man who married her; and by the 
commifiion of the cod, Mercury conducted, 
her to Prometheus. The artful mortal was 
lenfible of the deceit, and as he had always 
dill rutted Jupiter, as well as the reft of the 
gods, fince he had ftolen fire away from the 
fun to animate his man of clay, he lent away 
Pandora without l'uffering himfelf to be cap¬ 
tivated by her charms. His brother Epime- 
theus was not poflTelTed of the fame prudence 
and fagacity. He married Pandora, and 
when he opened the box which the prelented 
to him, there ilfued from it a multitude of 
evils and dillempers, which difperfed them- 
felves all over the world, and which, from 
that fatal moment, have never cealed to afflidt 
the human race. Hope was the only one 
who remained at the bottom of the box, and 
it is Ihe alone who has the wonderful- power 
of eafing the labors of man, and of rendering 
his troubles and his forrows lels painful in 
life. Hefiod. Tbeog. iff Dies.—Apollod. I, C. 
7.— PauJ'. I, c. 24 .— Hygin. 1 4.- A daugh¬ 

ter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was 
filter to Procogenia, who facrificed herfelf 
for her country at the beginning of the Eao- 
tian war. 

Pandgrus, a fon of Erechtheus, king of 
Athens. 

Pandosja, a town in the country of the 
Bttltii, fituate on a mountain. Alexander, 
king of the MolOfii, died there. Strab « 6. 
- - A town of Epirus. Plin. 4, c. 1. 

Pandrosos, a daughter of Cecrops, king 
of Athens, filler to Aglauros and Herle. 
She was the only one of the fillers, who had 
not the fatal curiofity to open a balket which 
Minerva had envulted to their care, [Vid. 


Erichthomus,] for which fincerity a temple 
was railed to her, near that of Minerva, and 
a fellival inftituted in her honor, called Par r- 
drofta. Ovid. Met. a, V. 738 .—Apollod. 3* 
— Pavf. I, &c. 

Panenus, or Pana:us, a celebrated pain¬ 
ter who was for lometime engaged in painting 
the battle of Marathon. Plin. 35. 

Pano;eus, a mountain of Thrace, an¬ 
ciently called Mons Caraminus , and joined 
to mount Rhodope near the lources of the 
river Neftu?. It was inhabited by four dif¬ 
ferent nations. It was on this mountain that 
Lycurgus, the Thracian king, was torn to 
pieces, and that Orpheus called the attention 
of the wild beads, and of the mountains and 
woods to lilten to his long. It abounded in 
gold and filver mines. Heiodot. 5, c. 16, 
&c. 1 . 7, C. 113 .—Virg. G. 4, v. 462. — 
Ovid. Fuji. 3, v. 739.— Tbucyd. 2 . — Lucan. 
i, v. 679. 1. 7, v. 482. 

Paniasis, a man who wrote a poem upon 
Hercules, &c. V'ul. Panyafis. 

Panionium, a place at the foot of 
mount Mycale, near the town of Ephefus in 
Alia Minor, iacrtd to Neptune of Helice. 

It was in this place that all the ftates of 
Ionia aflembled, either to conlult for their 
own iafety and prolperity, or to celebrate ‘ 
feftivals, or to oiler a iacrifice for the good 
of all the nation, whence the name erauwibo 
all Ionia. The deputies of the twelve 
Ionian cities which aflembled there were, 
thole of Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephefus, 
Lebedos, Colophon, Clazomenze, Phoczea, 
Teos, Chios, Samos, and Erythrze. If the 
bull oftered in Iacrifice bellowed, it was ac* 
counted an omen of the higheft favor, as the 
found was particularly acceptable to the gal 
of the fen, as in fome manner it refembled 
the roaring of the waves of the ocean. Hero~ 
dot. I, c. 148, &C.— Strab. 14. — Melgy I, 
C. 17. 

P.xnius, a place a Ccelo-Syria, where An- 
tioehua defeated Scopas, B. C. 198. 

Pan nonja, a large country of Europe, 
bounded on the call by Upper Mafia, fouth 
by Dalmatia, weft by Noricum, and north 
by the Danube. It was divided by the an¬ 
cients into Lower and Upper Pannonia. The 
inhabitants were of Celtic origin, and were 
firft invaded by J. Czeiar, and conquered in 
the reign of Tiberius. Philip and his lbn 
Alexander fome ages before had focceflively 
conquered it. Sirmium was the ancient 
capital of all Pannonia, which contains the 
modern provinces of Croatia, Carniola, Scla- 
vonia, Bofnia, Windi'ch, March, with part 
of Servia, and of the kingdoms of Hungary 
and Auftria. Lucan. 3, v. 95, 1. 6, v. 220. 
— Tibull. 4, d. I, V. 109.— Plin. 3.—Dion. 
Caff. 49 — Strab. 4 & 7.— Jornand.—Pate re. 
2 , c. Suet. Aug. 20. 

PanolbiuS) * Greek poet, mentioned by 
Suidas. 

Panomphsu^, 







PA 


P A 


Panomphjeus, a furnanie of Jupiter, 
either becaufe he was worth ipped by every 
nation on earth, or becaufe lie heard the 
prayers and the Applications which were 
add re fled to him, or becaufe the rell of the 
pods derived from him their knowledge of 
futurity otnnis , ou.$n vox'). Ovid. Mel. 

II, V, 198.— Horner. 11 . 8. 

Panope, or Panopea, one of the Nere¬ 
ides, whom Tailors generally invoked in ftoims. 
Her name fignifies, giving every ajjijlance , or 
feeing every thing. Hefted. Theog. 251.— Firg. 

JEn. 5, v. 825.-One of the daughters of 

Thefpius. A foiled. 2, c. 7.—A town of PI10- 


cis, called alto Panopeus. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 
39. — Liv. 32, c. 18. — Paitf. IO > c. 4. — St at. 
1 'htb. 7. v. 344. — Homer. 11 . 2, V. 27. Od. 
II, v. 580. 

Panopes, a famous huntlman among the 
attendants of Aceftes, king of Sicily, who was 
One of thole that engaged in the games exhi¬ 
bited by ./Eneas. Hirg. JEn. 5, v. 300. 

Panoteus, a fon of Phocus and Aflero- 
dia, who accompanied Amj>hitryon when he 
made war againlt the Teleboans. Pie was fa¬ 
ther to Epeus, who made the celebrated wooden 
horle at the liege of Troy. Pa if. 2, c. 29.— 
A polled. 2, c. 4.-A town of Phocis, be¬ 


tween Orchomenos and the Cephilbs. Pauf. 
IO, c. 4.— St rah. 9. / 

Pa nop ion, a Roman laved from death 
by the uncommon fidelity of his l'ervant. 
When the affallins came to murder him as 
being proferibed, the l'ervant exchanged 
cloaths with his mailer, and let him efcape 
by a back door. Pie afterwards went into 
his mailer’s bed, and fuffered himfelf to 
be killed as if Panopion himl'elf. Val. 
Max. 

Pa.noPOM8-, the city of Pan, a town of 
Egvpt, called all'o Chemmis. Pan bad there 
a itynplc, where lie was wot (hipped with 
great lblemnity, and reprefented in a ftatue 
f d fe ino longijfimo Ilf ere fie. Died. 5 .—Sti ab. 

* 7 - 

Panoptes, a name of Argus, from the 
power of his eyes. Apolled. 2. 

, Panormus, now called Palermo , a town 
of Sicily, built by the Phoenicians, on the 
north-well part of the iiland, with a good 
and capacious harbour. It was the ftrongelt 
hold of the Carthaginians in Sicily, and it 
was at lall taken with difficulty by the Ro¬ 
mans. Mela , 2 , C. 7 — Iial. 14, V. 262. 

■--A town of the Thracian Cherlbnefus. 

--A town of Ionia, near P'phefus.-ano¬ 
ther in Crete,-in Macedonia,-Acha- 

ia,-Samos.-A Meflenian who infulted 

the religion of the Lacediemonians. Fid. 


Gonippus. 

Panotii, a people of Scythia, faid to have 
very large ears. Plin. 4, c. 13. 

Pansa C. Vihius, a Roman conful, who, 
with A. Kirtius, purlucd the murderers of J. 
Ctclar, and was killed in a battle near Mu- 


tina. On liis death-bed he ndvifed young 
O&avius to unite his intereft with that of All- 
tony, if he wilhed to revenge the death of 
Julius Ctefar, and from his friendly advice 
loon after role the celebrated fecond triumvi- 
| rate. Some l'ujpol'e that Paula was put to 
death by Oftavius himfelf, or through liim, 
by the phvfician Glicon, who poured potion 
into tlie wounds of his patient. Panla and 
Hirtius were the two laft confuls who enjoyed 
tlie dignity of chief magillrates of Rome, 
with full power. The authority of the confuls 
afterwards dwindled into a fhadow. Patere. 
2, c. 6.— l)io. 46.— Ovid. Trijl. 3, el. 5.— 
Pint. ilT Appi an. 

Pantaonospus, a brother of Polycrates, 
tyrant of Samos. Poly an. 1. 

Pantaoyas, a linall river on the caflern 
coalt of Sicily, which falls into tlie lea, after 
running a fliort fpace in rough cafcades over 
rugged Hones and precpices. Hirg. JEn. 3, 
V. 689.— Ital. 14, V 232.— Ovid. Fajf. 4, v. 
47 *. 

Pantai.fon, a king of Pifa, who pre- 
fided at the Olympic games, B. C. 664/ 
after excluding the' Eleaiis, who on that ac¬ 
count expunged the Olympiad from the 
Palii, and called it the 2d Anolympiad. 
They had called for the fame reafon the 8th 
the lit Anolympiad, becaufe the Pilieans pre- 
fided.—An iEtolian chief. Liv 42, c. 15. 

Pantanus EACtrs, tile lake of Leftna , 
is lituated in Apulia at tlie mouth of the 
Frento. Plin. 3, c. 12. 

Pantauciius, a man appointed over ./Eto- 
lia by Demetrius, See. Pint. 

Panteoj, a friend of Cleomenes, king of 
Sparta, &c. Pint. 

Pantuides, a man who married Italia, 
the daughter of Themiliocles. 

Pantiiea, the wife of Abrndates, cele¬ 
brated tor her beauty and conjugal affection. 
She was taken priibner by Cyrus, who re- 
iuled to vilit her, not to be enfnared by the 
power of her performl charms. She killed 
herlelf 011 the body of her hufband, who had 
been llain in a battle, See. [Fid. Abrndates.] 
Xenoph. Cyrop. — Saidas. - The mother of 


Humans, the faithful l'ervant of UlyffeS. 

Pantheon, a celebrated temple at Rome, 
built by Agrippa, in the reign of Ayguffus, 
and dedicated to all the gods, whence the 
name -ra; Sse;. It wa^ftruck with lighten¬ 
ing iome time after, and partly deftroyed. 
Adrian repaired it, and it (lill remains at 
Rome, converted into a chrillian temple, the 
admiration of the curious. Plin. 36, c. ij. 
— Alarcell. l6,c. IO. 

Pantiieus, or Panthus, a Trojan, fon 
of Othryas the prieft of Apollo. When his 
country was burnt by the Greeks, he followed 
the fortune of VEncas, and was killed. Hirg, 
JEn. 2. v. 429. 

Pantuoides, a patronymic of Euphor- 
husj the fon of Panthous. Pythagoras is i'eme- 

timos 
















PA 


PA 


tames called by that name, as he afferted that 
he was Euphorbus during the Trojan war. Ho¬ 
rat. i. od. 28, v. 10.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 161. 

-A Spartan general killed by Pericles at 

the battle of Tanagra. 

Panticapjeum, now Kercbt, a town 
of Taurica Cherfonefus, built by the Mile- 
fians, and governed (ome time by its own 
laws, and afterwards fubdued by the kings 
of Bofphorus. It was, according to Strabo, 
the capital of the European Bofphorus. 
Mithridates the Great died there. Pirn .—- 
Slrab. 

PanticXpes, a river of European Scythia, 
which falls into the Boryfthenes, fuppol'ed to 
be the Samara of the moderns. Hcrodot. 4, 
<• 54 . 

Pantilius, a buffoon, ridiculed by Horat. 
I, Sat. IO, v. 78. 

Panyasis, an ancient Greek, uncle to the 
hiftorian Herodotus. He celebrated Her¬ 
cules jn one of his poems, and the Ionians 
in another, and was univerfally ellecmcd. 

Atben. 2. 

PanyXsus, a river of Illyrjcum, fall¬ 
ing into the Adriatic, near Dyrrhachium. 

Ptolem. 

Papjeus, a name of Jupiter among the 
Scythians. Hero Jot. 4. 

PXPHAGES, a king of Ambracia, killed by 
a lionefs deprived of her . whelps. Ovid in lb. 

v. J02. 

Paphia, a furname of Venus, becaufe the 

goddefs was worlhipped at Paphos.-An 

ancient name of the illand of Cyprus. 

Papuj.agonia, now Pendiracbla, a coun¬ 
try of Afia Minor, fituate at the weft of the 
river Hilys, by which it was leparated 
from Cappadocia. It was divided on the 
weft from the Bithynians, by the river Par- 
thenius. Herojpt I, c. 72. — Slrab. 4 .— 
McU.—Plin.—Curi. 6 , C. ll.—Cic. Rail. 2, 
C. 2 & 19. 

Paphos, now Bafo, a famous city of the 
ifland of Cyprus, founded, as fome luppofe, 
about 1184 years before Chrift, by Agapenor, 
at the head of a colony from Arcadia. The 
goddels of beauty was particularly worlhip¬ 
ped there, and all male animals were offered 
on her altars, which, though 100 in num¬ 
ber, daily fmoked __ with the profulion of 
Arabian frankincenfec. The inhabitants were 
very effeminate aiR lafcivicus, and the 
young virgins were permitted by the laws 
of the place, to get a dowry by profti- 
tution. Strab. 8, &c,— Plin. 2 , c. 96.— 
Mela , 2, C. 7.— Homer. Od. 8.— Hirg. JEn. 
I, v. 419, &c- 1 . IO, v. 51, — Horat. I, 
od. 30, v. I,— Tacit. A. 3, c. $2. H. 2, c. 2. 

Papui^-s, a fon of Pygmalion, by a ftatue 
which had been changed into a wo nan by 
Venus. [Hid. Pygmalion ] Ovid. Met. 10, 
v.297. 

Papia lex, de peregrinis , by Papius the 
tribuue, A, U* C, 688 } which required that 


all ftrangers (h.ould be driven. away from 
Rome. It was afterwards confirmed and 

extended by the Junian taw.-Another 

called Papia Poppoea > becaufe it was enact¬ 
ed by the tribunes, M. Papius Mutilus, and 
Q. Poppams Secundus, vvha had received 
coufular power from the confuls for fix 
months. It was called the Julian law, after 
it had been publifhed by order of Auguftus, 
who hjmlelf was of the Julian family. Hid, 
Julia lex de Maritandis ordinibus. -Ano¬ 

ther to empower the high prieft to chufis 
20 virgins for the fervice of the goddels 

Vella.-Another in the age of Auguftus. 

It gave the patron a certain right to the pro¬ 
perly of his client, if he had left a fpecified 
lum of money, or if he had not three 
children. 

Parian us, a man who proclaimed him- 
felf emperor lome time after the Gordians. 
He was put to death. 

• Papia s, an early chriftian writer, who firft 
propagated the dottrine of the Millennium. 
There are remaining fome hiltorical fragments 
of his. 

Papintanus, a writer, A. D. 212. Hid. 
iEmylius Papinianus. 

Papinius, a tribune who ccnfpired againft 

Caligula.-A man who deftroyed himfelf, 

See'. Tacit. Ann. 6, C. 49* 

Papirja, the wife of Patilus iEmylius. 
She was divorced. Pint. 

Papikia lex, by PapiriusCarbo, A.U. C. 
621. It required that, in paffmg or re¬ 
jecting laws in the ccmitia, the votes fhould 
be given on tablets.-Another, by the tri¬ 

bune Papirius, which anadfed that no perlon 
thould confecrate any edifice, place, or thing, 
without the confent and permilliOn of the 

people. Cic. pro dorno. 50.-Another. 

A. U. C.^563, to diminilh the weight, and 

increafe the value of the Roman as. -r 

Another, A. U. C. 42r, to- give the freedom 

'of the city to the citizens of Acerrie- 

Another, A. U. C. 623. It was propofed, 
but not paffed. It recommended the right of 
choofing a man tribune of the people as ofiesi 
as he wilhed. 

Papirius, a centurion engaged to mur¬ 
der Pifo, the proconful of Africa. Tacit. 
Hijl. 4, c. 49.— — A patrician, chofen >e» 
facroutm, after the expulfion of the Tarquins 

frpm Rome.-A Roman who vvifhed to 

gratify lys unnatural defires upon the body 
of one of his (laves called Publilius. The 
(lave refufed, and was inhumanly treated. 
This called for the interference of jultice, and, 
a decree was made which forbad any perlon 
to be detained in fetters, but only for a 
crime that deferved luch a treatment, anl 
only till the criminal had fuffered the pu- 
nithment which the laws direited. Credi¬ 
tors alio had a right to arrelt the goods, and 
not the perfon of their debtors. Liv. 8. 
c. 28.——-Carbo, 3 Roman conful who under- 
N n took 






took the defence of Opimius, who was ac- ' 
cufed of condemning and putting to death a 
number of citizens on mount Aventinus, 
without the formalities of a trial. His client 

was acquitted.-Curfor, a man who firft 

crewed a fun-dial in the temple of Quirinus 
at Rome, B. C. 293; from which time the 

days began to be divided into hours.-A 

dictator who ordered his matter of horle to 
be put to death, becaufe he had fought and 
conquered the enemies of the republic, with¬ 
out His content. The people interfered, and 
the dictator pardoned him. Curfor made war 
againtt the Sabines and conquered them, and 
alio triumphed over the Samnites. His 
great feverity difpleafed the people. He fio- 
rifhed about 310 years before the Chrittian 

era. Liv. 9, c. 14.-One of his family 

furnamed Pratextatus , from an action of his 
whilft he vvore the pr<etexta y z certain gown for. 
young men. His father, of the lame name, 
carried him to the fenate houfe, where affairs 
of the greatert importance were then in de¬ 
bate before the fcnators. The mother of 
young Papirius wilhed to know* what had 
patted in the fenate ; but Papirius, unwilling 
to betray the fecrets of that auguft aflembly, 
amufed his mother by telling her that it 
had been conttdered whether it would be 
more advantageous to the republic to give two 
wives to one hufband, than two hufbands to 
«ne wife. The mother of Papirius was 
alarmed, and Ihe communicated the fecret to 
the other Roman matrons, and, on the mor¬ 
row, they aflembled in the fenate, petitioning 
that one woman might have two hulbands, 
rather than one hufband two wives. The 
Senators were aftonilhed at this petition, but 
young Papirius unravelled the whole myftery, 
and from that time it was made a law among 
the fenators, that no young man fhould for 
the future be introduced into the fenate 
houfe except Papirius. 'Phis law was care¬ 
fully obferved till the age of Auguttus, who 
permitted children of all ages to hear the 
' debates oft he. fenators. Mac rob. Sat. 1, c. 6. 
—— Carbo, a friend of Cinna and Marius. He 
raifed cabals againtt Sylla and Pompey, and was 
at laft put to death by order of Pompey, after 
he had rendered himfelf odious by a tyranni¬ 
cal conlulihip, and after he had been pro- 

fcribed by Sylla.-A conful defeated by 

the armies of the Cimbri.-Crafiiis, a 

didlator who triumphed over the Samnites. 

-A conful murdered by the Gauls, &c. 

*-A Con of Papirius Curfor, w*ho defeated 

the Samnites, and dedicated a temple to 

Romulus Quirinus.-Mafo, a conful who 

conquered Sardinia and Corfica, and reduced 
them into the form of a jprovince. At his 
return to Rome, he wa:> refufed a triumph, 
upon which he introduced a triumphal pro- 
ceffion,. and walked with his vidlorious army 
to the capkol, wearing a crown of myrtle 
upon his head* H& esample was afterwards 


[ followed - by fuclv generals as were refufed' a- 
triumph by the Roman fenate. Val. Max. 

3, c. 6.-The family of the Papirii was- 

patrician,' and long diftinguifhed for its 
iervices to the date. It bore the different 
lurnames of Craffia, Curfor, Mugillanus r 
Mafo , Pratextatus , and Patus, of which 
the three Grft branches became the moll il* 
luftrious. 

Pap pi a lex was enabled to fettle the 
rights of hufbands and wives, if they had. no 

children.-Another, by which a perfen lefs 

than. 50 years old, could not marry another 
of 60. 

Pappus, a philofoplier and mathematician; 
of Alexandria, in the reign of Theodofius the 
Great. 

P apv riu 5. Vid. Papirius. 

Parabyston, a tribunal of Athens, where 
caules of inferior conlequence were tried by 
11 judges. Pai/f. 1, c. 40. 

Paradisus, a town of Syria or Phoeni¬ 
cia. P/in. 5, c. 23. — Strab. 16.-In the 

plains of Jericho there was a large palace, 
with a garden beautifully planted with trees* 
and called Balfami Paradifus . 

Par.et ac’-’e, or Taceni, a people between 
Media and PerGa, where Antigonus was de¬ 
feated by Eumenes. C.-N'-p. in Eum. 8.— 
Strab. II & 16.— Pirn. 6, C. 26. 

Parjetonium a town of Egypt at the 
well of Alexandria, where Ifis was worfliipped; 
The word Paratonius is uteri to fignify Egyp¬ 
tian, and is fometimes applied to Alexandria, 
which was Gtuate in the neighbourhood; 
Strab. 17.- — Flor. 4, C. II.— Lucan. 3, v. 293. 

1 . 10, v. 9.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 712. A. 2, eh 

* 3 * v * 7 * 

Pakali, a divifion of the inhabitants of . 
Attica; they received this name from them 
being near the fca coaf, and 

Pa 11 alus, a friend of Dion, by whofe aflitt- 
ance he expelled DionyGus.-A fon of Pe¬ 

ricles. His premature death was greatly la¬ 
mented by his father. Plut. 

Paras 1 a, a country at the eaft of Me¬ 
dia. 

Parasius, a Ion of Philonomia by a fhep- 
herd. He was expofed on Erymanthus by his 
mother, with his twin brother Lycaftus. Their 
lives were preferred. * 

Parc-e, powerful goddefles, who prefi- 
ded over the birth and the life of‘mankind. 
They were three in number, Clotho, Lache- 
Gs,’and Atropos, daughters ofNox and Ere* 
bus, according to HeGod, or of Jupiter- 
and The'mis, according to the fame poet in 
another poem. Some make them daughters- 
of ^the lea. Clotho, the youngeft of the 
Gfters, preGded over the moment in which 
we are born, and held a dittaflf iu her hand;. 
LacheGs fpun out all the events and ac¬ 
tions of onr life; and Atropos, the elded 
of the three, cut the thread of human life 
with a pair of lciffars. Their different; 

fundtions 






PA 

functions are well exprefled in *this ancient 
Veri'e: 

Clotbo col urn retinety Lacbefts net , tS* Atropos 
occat. 

The name of the Parc* according to Var- 
to, is derived a partu or pbrturiendo, becaule 
they prefided over the birth of men, and, by 
corruption, the word parca is formed from 
parta or partus , but, according to Servius, 
they are called fo by antiphrafis, quod nemini 
parcant. The power of the Parca; was great 
and extenlive. Some luppofe that they were 
fubje&ed to none of the gods but Jupiter; 
while others fupport, that even J uniter him - 
felf was obedient to their commands; and 
indeed we lee the father of the gods, in PIo- 
mer’s Iliad, unwilling to fee Patroclns perilh, 
yet, obliged, by the luperior power of the 
Fates, to abandon him to his deltiny. Ac¬ 
cording to the more received opinion, they 
were the arbiters of the life and death of 
mankind, and whatever good or evil befalls 
us in the world, immediately proceeds from 
the Fates or Parc*. Some make them mi- 
nilters of the king of hell, and reprefent 
them as fitting at the foot of his throne; 
others reprefent them as placed on radiant 
thrones, amidft the celeftial lpheres, clothed 
in robes fpangled with ftars, and wearing 
crowns on thefr heads.' According to Paula- 
nias, the names of the Parca; were different 
from thole already mentioned. The molt 
ancient of all, as the geographer oblerves, 
was Venus Urania, who prefided over the 
birth of men ; the fecond was Fortune ; Ily- 
thia was the third. To thefe fome add a 
fourth, Prolerpina, who often difputes With 
Atropos the right of cutting the thread of 
human life. The worlhip of the Parc* was 
well eftablifhed in fome cities of Greece, 
and though mankind Were well convinced that 
they were inexorable, and that it was impofti- 
ble to mitigate them, yet they were eager to 
(hew a proper relpeft to their divinity, by 
railing them temples and ftatues. 1 hey re¬ 
ceived the fame worlhip as the Furies, and 
their votaries yearly lacrificed to them black 
flieep, during which lolemnity the priefts were 
obliged to wear garlands of flowers The 
Parc* were generally reprefented as three 
old women with chaplets made with wool, 
and interwoven with the flowers of the nar- 
cifius. They were covered with a white 
robe, and fillet of the fame color, bound with 
chaplets. One of them held a diftaff, angther 
the fpindle, and the third was armed with 
fciflars, with which fhe cut the thread which her 
filters had fpun. Their drefs is differently 
reprefented by fome authors. Clotho appears 
in a variegated robe, and on her head is a 
crown offeven ftars. She holds » diftaff in 
her hand reaching from heaven to earth. 
The rohe which Lachefis wore was variegat¬ 
ed with a great number of ftars, and near 


V A 

her were placed a variety of fpindles. Apro¬ 
pos was clothed in black; fhe held fcilfars 
in her hand, with clues of thread of different 
fizes, according to the length and (hortuefs of 
the lives, whole deftinies they feemed to con¬ 
tain. Hyginus attribute tt) them the inven¬ 
tion Of thefe Greek letters et , / 3 , n, r, v, and 
others call them the fecretaries of heaven, 
and the keepers of the archives of eternity. 
The Greeks call the Pjrc*- by the different 
names of /toilet, aura, which 

are expreflive of their power and of their in¬ 
exorable decrees. Hefiod Tbeog. Iff fait. Her. 
—Pauf. i, c. 40. 1. 3, c ir. 1. 5, c 15.— 
Homer. II. 20. Od. 7.— Theocrit. — Calli - 
much. in Dian..-—JElian. Anim. IO.— Pindar. 
Olymp. IO Hem. 7.— ‘Eurip. in Ipbig. — Pint, 
de facie in orbe Luna — Hygin. in praf fab. 
Ilf fab. 277 .—Varro. — Orpb. hymn. 58.— 
Apollon. I, tl fc. — Clnudtan. de rapt. Prof.—* 
LyCophr. 15 * Tzctz. life. — Horat. 2, od. 6, 
IS’c. — Ovid. Met. 5, v. 533.— Lucan. 3.—- 
Virg. Eel. 4. JEn. 3, \Sfc. Sente, in Here. 
Fur. — Slat. Tbeb. 6. 

Parentaua, a feftival annually obferved 
at Rome in honor of the ddad. The friends 
and relations of the decealed affembled on the 
occafion, when facrifices were offered, and 
banquets provided. iEneas firlt eftablilhed it. 
Ovid. Faf. 2 , V. 544. 

Pakentium, a port and town of Iftria. 
FI in. 3, C. 19. 

Paris, the fon of Priam king of Troy, by 
Hecuba, alfo called Alexander. He was 
deftined, even before his birth, to become the 
ruin of his country; and when his mother, in 
the firft month of her pregnancy, had dream¬ 
ed that fhe fhould brrnrg forth a torch which 
would fet fire to her palace, the foothfayers 
foretold the calamities which might be expedt- 
ed from the imprudence of her future fon, 
and which would end in the deftrudlion of 
Troy. Priam, to prevent fo great and fo a- 
larming ah evil, ordered his Have Archelaus 
to deftroy the child as foon as born. The 
Have, either touched with humanity, or in¬ 
fluenced by Hecuba, did not deftroy him, hut 
was fatisfied to expofe him on mount Ida, 
where the fhepherds of the place found him. 
and educated him as their own fon. Some 
attribute the prefeivation of his life, before he 
was found by the fhepherds, to the motherly 
terldernefs of a (he bear which fuckled him. 
Young Paris, though educated among fhep- 
herds and peafants, gave early proofs of cou¬ 
rage and intrepidity, arid from his care in pro¬ 
tecting the flocks of mount Ida againft the ra. 
pacity of the wild beafts, he obtained the name 
of Alexander ( helper or defender). He gain¬ 
ed the efteem of all the fhepherd. 1 -, and his 
graceful countenance and manly deportment, 
recommended him to the favor of CEnone, a 
nymph of Ida, whom he married, and with 
whom he lived with the meft perfect tender- 
nets. Their conjugal peace was foon dj ft urb- 
N n 2 ed» 




f A 

ed. At the marriage of Pelelif and 'Vhtftis, 
the goddets of difrard, who had not been in¬ 
vited to partake of the entertainment, {Viewed 
her difpleafure by throwing into the aflembly 
of the gods who were at the celebration ftf the 
nuptials, a golden apple on which were writ¬ 
ten the words, Detur pulcbridri. All the 
goddeffes claimed it as their own ; the conten¬ 
tion at ftrft became general, but at lalt only 
.three* Juno, Venus, and Minerva, wifhed to 
difpute their reipeCtive right to beauty. The 
gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an affair 
cf fo tender and fo delicate a nature, appoint¬ 
ed Paris to adjudge the prize of beauty to the 
faired of the goddeffes, and indeed the ihep- 
herd . feemed properly qualified to decide lb 
great a conteft, as his.wifdom was fo well efta- 
blilhed, and his prudence and iagacity fo well 
known# The goddeffes appearedbeforetheirjudge 
without any covering or ornament, and each 
tried by promifes and entreaties to gain the - 
attention of Paris, and to influence his judg¬ 
ment. Juno promifed him a kingdom; Mi¬ 
nerva, military glory; and Venus, the faired 
woman in the world, for his wife, as Ovid ex- 
preffes it, Heroid. 17, v. n8. 

Unaque cum regnum; belli daret altera laudem; 

Tyndaridis coajux, Tertia dixit , eris. 

After he had heard their feveral claims and 
promifes, Paris adjudged the prize to Venus, 
and gave her the golden apple, to which, per¬ 
haps, fhe feemed entitled, as the goddefs of 
beauty. This decifion of Paris in favor of 
Venus, drew upon the judge and his family 
the refentment of the two other goddeffes. 
Soon after Priam propofed a conteft among his 
funs and other princes, and promifed to reward 
the conqueror with one of the linelt bulls of 
mount Ida. His emiffaries were fent to pro¬ 
cure the animal, and it was found in the pof- 
feflion of Paris, who relu&atttly yielded it up. 
The fhepherd was defirous of obtaining again 
this favorite animal, and he went to Troy and 
entered the lids of the combatants. He was 
received with the gtoateft applaufe, and obtain¬ 
ed the victory over his rivals, Neftor, the foil 
of Neleus; Gycnus, ion of Neptune; Poli- 
tes, HelenuS, and Deiphobus, Ions of Priam. 
He alfo obtained afuperiority over Heitor him- 
felf, and the prince, enraged to fee himfelf 
conquered by ail unknown ftranger, purfued 
him clofely, and Paris mud have fallen a vic¬ 
tim to his brother’s relentfiient, had he not 
fled to the altar of Jupiter. This iaCred re-' 
treat preferved his iife, and Caflandra, the 
daughter of Priam, druck with the- fimilariry 
of the features of Paris with thole of her 
brothers, enquired his birth and his age. 
From tbefe eircumdances die foon difcoVered 
that he was her brother, and as fuch die intro¬ 
duced him to her father and to his children. 
Priana acknowledged Paris as his fon, forgetful 
«f the alarming dream which had influenced 
Vim to meditate his death, and all jealouly 


FA 

ceafed smorg the brothers. Paris did net 
long fuffer himfelf to remain inactive ; he 
equipped a fleet, as if willing to redeem He- 
fioilfc, his father’s lifter, whom Hercules had 
carried away, and obliged to marry Telamon 
the foil of iEacus. This was the pretended 
motive of his voyage, but thq caufes were far 
different. Paris recollected that he was to be 
the hufband of the faired of women, and if 
he had been led to form thofe expectations 
while he was an obfeure lhepherd of Ida, he 
had now every plaufible reafon to fee them 
realized, fince he was acknowledged fon of the 
king of Troy. Helen was the-faireft woman 
of the age, and Venus had promifed her to 
him. On tbefe grounds, therefore, he vjfited 
Sparta, the refidence of Helen, who had mar* 
lied Menelaus. He was received with every 
mark of refpeCt, but he abufed the holpitality 
-of Menelaus, and while the hufband was 
ablent in Crete, Paris perluaded Helen to 
elope with him, and to fly to Alia* Helen 
contented, and Priam received her into his 
palace without difficulty, as his lifter was then 
detained in a foreign country, and as he wifhed 
to Ihew himfelf as holtile as poffible to the 
Greeks. This affair was foon productive of 
ferious confequences. When Menelaus had 
married Helen, all her fuitors had bound 
themfelves by a folemn oath to proteCt her 
perfon, and to defend her from every violence, 
[Fid. Helena.] and therefore the injured huf¬ 
band reminded them of their engagements, 
and called upon them to recover Helen. Up¬ 
on this all Greece took tip arms in the caul® 
of Menelaus, Agamemnon was choien gene¬ 
ral of all the combined forces, and a regular 
war was begun. [Fid. Troja.] Paris, mean¬ 
while, who had refuted Helen to the petitions 
and embaflies of the' Greeks, armed himfelf 
with his brothers and lubjeCts to oppofe the 
enemy; but the fuccefs of the war was nei¬ 
ther hindered nor accelerated by his means* 
He fought with little courage, and at the very 
light of Menelaus, whonvhehadfo recently 
injured, all his refolution vanilhed, and he re¬ 
tired from the front of the army, where he 
walked before like a conqueror. In a combat 
with Menelaus, which he undertook at the 
perl'uafion of his brother' He'd or, Paris mull 
have perilhed, had not Venus interfered, and 
llolen him from the refefitment of hie adver-r 
fary. He neverthelels wounded, in another 
battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and Diomede*, 
and, according to fome opinions, he killed with, 
one of his arrows the great Achilles. [Fid. 
Achilles.] 'Fhe death of Paris is differently 
related ; fome fuppofe that he was mortally 
wounded by one of the arrows of PhiloCletes, 
which had been once in the polfefiion of Her¬ 
cules, and that when he found himfelf languid 
on account of his wounds, he ordered himfelf 
to be carried to the feet of CEnone, whom he 
had bafely. abandoned, and who, in the years 
of his obfeurity, had foretold hjaa that he 

would 






PA 


V©iiM foiicit her affiftance in hisdying moments. 
He expired before he came into the prefence 
of CEnone,' and the nymph, ftill mindful of 
thejr former loves, threw herfelf upon his 
body, and ftnbhed herl’elf to the heart, after 
fhe had plentifully bathed it with her tears. 
According to lome authors, Paris .did not im¬ 
mediately go to Troy when he left the Pelo- 
porpielus, but he was driven on the coaft of 
•kgypt* where Proteus, wlio was king of tire 
country, detained him, and, when he heard 
of the violence which had been offered to the 
king of Sparta, he kept Helen at his court, 
and permitted Paris to retire. [Fid. Helena ] 
£>i&ys Cn’t. i, 3, & t.—Apolfod. 3, c. 12.— 
Hornet. II.. — Ovid. Heroid. 5 , 16 , & 17 .-— 
Out at. Calab IO, V. 29Q.— Ho rat. od. 3.— ] 
JLurip. in Ipbig.-j-Hygin. fab. 92, & 273.— 1 
Firg. JEn. 1 , &c. — JElian. F. H. 12 , c. 42 . 
-r —Pauf. 10, c. 27.— Cic. i'e Div.—Lycopbr. 

-U Tzetsi.in Lyc. -A celebrated player at 

Rome, in the good graces of the emperor 
Nero, &c. Tacit. Ann.. 13, c. 19, &c. 

Palisades, a king of Pontus in the age 

of Alexander the Great.-Another, king 

*f Bofphorus. 

PakTsij, a people and a city of Celtic Gaul, 
no.'.v called Paris , the capital of the kingdom 
of France. Caf. Be’l. G. 6, c. 3. 

Parisus, a rivjer of Pannonia, falling into 
the Danube. Strab. 

Pariu.m, now Ca/nanar, a town of Afia 
A^Iinor, on the Propontis, where Archilochus 
■was born, as fome lay. St nib. 10.— P/in. 7, 
c. 2.1. 36, c. 5. 

Parma, a town of Italy, near Cyemona, 
celebrated for its wool, and now for its cheel'e. 
The poet Caftius and the critic MacrobiiiS, 
was boru there. It was made a Roman' colo¬ 
ny, A. U. C. 569. The inhabitants are called 
Parmenenfes & Parmani. Cic. Pbilip. 14 .— 
Lyv. 39 > C. 55* — St rub. 5 .— Horat, l , ep. 4, 
v. 3.-!— Cic. Phil. 14, v. 3.— Farro. L. L. 7, 
c. 31.— Martial. 2, ep. 43, v. 4. Lj, ep. 13, 
v. 8 & 14, v. 155. 

Parmenides, a Greek philpfopher of Elis, 
who florilhed about 505 years before Chi ill 
He was Ion of Pyres of Elis and the pupil of 
Xenophanes, or of Anaximander, according 
to fome. He maintained that there were only 
two elements, fire, and the earth ; and he 
taught that the firil generation of men was 
produced from the fun. He firlt difeovered 
that the earth was round, and habitable only in 
the two temperate zones, and that it was fut- 
pended in the centre of the univerfe, in a 
fluid lighter than air, fo that all bodies left to 
themlelves fell on ifs furf.ee. There were, 
as he fuppofed, only twb forts of philofophy, 
—one founded on realon, and the other on 
opinion. He digefted this unpopular fyltem in 
veries, of which a few fragments remain. 
Hi*g. 

Parmenio, a celebrated general in the ar¬ 
mies of Alexander, who enjoyed th* king’s 


PA 

confidence, <ind was more attached to his per* 
fon as a man than as a moru 4 ch. When DariijS 
king of Perfia offered Alexander all the coun¬ 
try which lies at the welt of the Euphrates, 
with his daughter Statira in marriage, and 
jo,600 talents of gold, Parmonioiook occafipn 
to obferve, that he would without hefitation 
accept of thefe conditions if he were Alexan¬ 
der, Jo would I, were I Parmenioy replied 
the conqueror. This friendOiip, fo true and 
inviolable, was farrifided to a moment of re- 
fentmeut and lufpicion; and Alexander, who 
had too eagerly lillened to a light and perhaps 
a falfe accul'ation, ordered Parmenio and his 
fon to be put to death, as if guilty of treal'on 
againlt his petlbn. Panpenlo was in the 70th 
year of his age, B. C. 330. He died in the 
greatell populirity, and it has been judicioufly 
oblerved, that Parmenio obtained many vidlo- 
ries without Alexander, but Alexander not 
one without Parmenio. 'Curt. 7, &c. — Pint, 
in Alex. 

Parnassus, a mountain of Phocis, ani 
ciently called Lamajfos, from the boat of Deu¬ 
calion, (Xa^ya|) which was carried there n 
the univerlal deluge. It received the name 
of ParnalTus from Parnaflus the fon of Nep¬ 
tune, by Cleobula, and was facred to the 
Mutes, and to Apollo and Bacchus. The 
foil was barren, but the vallies and the green 
woods that covered its tides, rendered it agree¬ 
able; and fit for folitude and meditation. Par¬ 
naflus is one of the highelt mountains of Eu¬ 
rope, and it is eafily leen from the citadel of 
Corinth, though at the diftance of about 80 
miles. According to the computation of the 
ancients, it is one day’s journey round. At 
the north of ParnafTus, there is a large plain 
about eight miles in circumference. The 
mountain, according to the poets, had only 
two tops, called Hyampea and Titborea, on 
one of which the city of Delphi Was fituated, 
and thence it was called Biceps. Strab. 8, 9. 
— Ovid. Met. I, V. 317. 1 . 2, V. 221 . 1 . 5, 
V. 278.— Lucan. 5, V. 71. 1 . 3, v. 173.— 
L\v. 42, c. 16.— Sit. It. 15, V. 3 II.' — Mela t 
2, c. 3.— PauJ,’. ic, c. 6.— Propert. 2, el. 23, 
v. 13. 1 . 3, el. 11, v. 54.-A fon of Nep¬ 

tune, who gave his name to a mountain of 
Phocis. 

Parnes, (etis), a mountain of Africa 
abounding'in vines. Sfat. 12 . Tbeb. v. 620. , 

Parnessus; a mountain of Afia near Bac- 
triana. Dianyf. Per. 737. 

Parni, a tribe of the Scythians, who in¬ 
vaded Parthia. Strab. 11. 

Paron & Heraclides, two youths who 
killed a man who had infulted their father. 
Pint. Apopbtb, 

Parofamisus, a ridge of mountains at 
the north of India, called the Stony Girdle , or 
Indian Caucafus. Strab. 15. 

Par opu s, now Cfolijanoy a town at the 
north of Sicily, on the Ihoresof th^ Tyrrhene 
lea. Polyk. i, c. 24. 

H n J 


Par or J 







PA 


PA 


Paroreia, a town of Thrace, near moqnt 

Haenms. Liv. 39, c. 27.-A towfi of Pe- 

loponnefus.-A diilriit of Phrygia Magna. 

Strab. 12. 

Paros a celebrated ifland among the Cy¬ 
clades, about miles diltant from Naxos, 
and 28 from Delos. According to Pliny, it 
is half as large as Naxos, that is, about 36 or 
37 miles in circumference, a meafure which 
forne of the moderns have extended to 50 and 
even So miles. It has borne the different names 
of Padiia , Minoa, Hiria , Demetrias, Zacyn - 
thus, Cabarnis„and Hyleaffa. It received the 
name of Paros which it ltill bears, from Pa¬ 
ros, a Ion of Jafon, or as l'ome maintain, of 
Parrhafius. The ifland of Paros was rich and 
powerful, and well known for its famous mar¬ 
ble, which was always uled by the bell ftatu- 
arieSi The belt quarries were thofe of Mar- 
pefus, a mountain where ftill caverns, of the 
tnoft extraordinary depth, arefeen by modern 
travellers, and admired as the fources from 
whence the labyrinth of Egypt and the porti¬ 
coes of Greece received their fplendor. Ac¬ 
cording to Pliny, the quarries were fo uncom¬ 
monly deep, that, in the cleared weather, the 
workmen were obliged to ufe lamps, from 
which circumftance the Greeks have called the 
marble Lychnites, worked by the light of 
lamps. Paros is all'o famous for the fine cat* 
tie which it produces, and for its partridges, and 
wild pigeons. The capital city was called Paros. 
It was firft peopled by the Phoenicians, and 
afterwards a colony of Cretans fettled in it. 
The Athenians made war againft it, becaul'e 
it had affilted the Perfians in the invafion of 
Greece, and took it, and it became- a Roman 
province in the age of Pempey. Archilochus 
was born there. The Parian marbles, per¬ 
haps better known by the appellation of Arun- 
delian , were engraved in this ifland in capital 
letters, B. C. 264, and, as a valuable chroni¬ 
cle, preferved the mod celebrated epochas of 
Greece, from the year 1582 B. C. Thele 
valuable pieces of antiquity were procured ori¬ 
ginally by M. de Peiriic, a Frenchman, and 
afterwards purchafed by the earl of Arundel, 
by whom they were given to the univerfity of 
Oxford, where they are dill to be ieen. Pri- 
deaux publifhed an account of all the infcrip- 
tions in 1676. Mela, 2, c. 7.— Strab. 5.— 
C. Nep. in Milt. tfJ* Ale. — Virg. JEn. I, 
v* 593 - G. 3 i v. 34 -~ Ovid. Met. 3, v. 419. 
!. 7, v. 466.— Plin. 3, c. 14, 1. 36, c. 17.— 
Diod. 5, & Thucyd. I, — Herodot. J, &C.— Ho- 
rat. 1, od. 19, v. 6. 

Parphorus, a native of Colophon, who, 
at the head of a colony, built a town at the 
foot of Ida, which was abandoned for a fitua- 
tion nearer his native city. Strab. 14.— Pauf. 
c> 

Parrhasia, a town of Arcadia, fpunded 
by Parrhafius, the ion of Jupiter, The Ar¬ 
cadians are fometimes called Parrbafians , and 
Areas Parr baft j, and Carmenta, Evauder’s 


mother, Parrhaftadea. Lucan. 2, v. 

Virg. JEn. 8, v. 334. — Ovid. Met. 8, V. 315. 
Fajl. I, v. 618. Trip. I, v. 190. — Pauf. 8, 
c. 27. 

Parrhasius, a famous painter, fon of 
Evenor of Ephefus, in the age ot Zeuxis, 
about 415 years before Chrift. He was a 
great mader of his profefiion, and particularly 
excelled in drongly exprefling the violent paf- 
fions. He was bletfed with a great genius, and 
much invention, and he was particularly hap¬ 
py in his defigns. He acquired himfelf great 
reputation,by hispieces,but by none more than, 
that in which he allegorically represented the 
people of Athens, with all the hijudi.ee, the 
clemency, the. ficldenefs, timidity, the arro¬ 
gance and inconfidency, which fo eminently 
chara&erifed that celebrated nation. Ke once 
entered the lids againd Zeuxis, and when 
they had produced their reipedhve pieces, the 
birds came to pick with the greateft avidity 
the grapes which Zeuxis had painted. Imme¬ 
diately Parrhafius exhibited his piece, and 
Zeuxis faid, remove your curtain, that ive may 
fee the painting . The curtain was the painting, 
and Zeuxis acknowledged himlelf conquered 
by exclaiming, Zeuxis has deceived birds ; but 
Parrhafius has deceived Zeuxis himfelf. Par¬ 
rhafius grew fovain of his art, that he clothed 
himlelf in purple, and wore a crown of gold, 
calling himfelf the king of painters. He was 
lavilh in his own praifes, and by his vanity too 
often expofed himfelf to the ridicule of his 
enemies. Plut.in Thcf. ds Poet, aud.- — Pauf. I, 
c, 28 — Plin. 35, v. 10.— Herat. 4, od. 8. 

-A Ion of Jupiter, or according to fome, 

of Mars, by a nymph called Philonomia. 

Parthamisiris, a king of Armenia, in 
the reign of Trajan. 

Parthaon, a fon of Agenor and Epicafte, 
who married Euryte, daughter of Hippoda^- 
mus, by whom he had many children, among 
whom were CEneus and Sterope. Parthaon 
was brother to Demoniie, the mother of Eve- 
nus by Mars, and alfo to Molus, Pylus, and 
Theftius. He is called Portheus by Homer, 
II. l^.—Apolled. I, c. 7.— Hygin. fab. 129 &; 

239.-A fon of Peripetus and father of 

Ariftas. Pauf. 8. 

Parthenuf. & Partiienii, a certain 
number of delperate citizens of Sparta. Dur¬ 
ing the Meflenian war, the Spartans were ab- 
fent from their city for the fpac.e of ten years, 
and it was unlawful for them to return, as 
they had bound themfelves by a folemn oath 
not to revifit Sparta before they, had totally 
fubdued MelTenia. This, long abfence alarm¬ 
ed the X-acedaemonian women, as well as the 
magiftrates. The Spartans were reminded by 
their wives, that if they continued in their re- 
lolution, the ftate mull at laft decay for want 
of citizens, and when they had duly confidered 
this embafly, they empowered all the young 
men in the army, who had cqme to the war 
while yet under age, and who therefore were 

not 





■not bound by the oath, to return to Sparta, 
*nd, by a familiar and promifcuous intercourfe 
with all the unmarried women of the Hate, to 
raile a furure generation. It was carried into 
execution, and the children that fprang from 
this union were called Parthenia?, or fans cf 
virgins, (ira^svg*.). The war with Mefienu 
was fome time after ended, and the Spartans 
^returned victorious : but the cold indifference 
■with which they looked upon the Parthenia; 
was attended, with leriousconfequences. The 
Parthenia; knew they had no legitimate fa¬ 
thers, and no inheritance, and that therefore 
their life depended upon their own exertions. 
This drove them almoft to defpair. They 
joined with the Helots, whole maintenance was 
as precarious as their own, and it was mutually 
agreed to murder all the citizens of Sparta, 
and to feize their pofleftions. This maflacre 
was to he done at a general aflembiy, and the 
fignal was the throwing of a cap in the air. 
The whole, however, was difcovered through 
the diffidence and apprehenfions of the Helots; 
and when the people had aflerobied, the Par- 
theniae difcovered that all was known, by the 
voice of a crier, who proclaimed that no man 
Ihould throw up his cap. The Parthenite, 
though apprehenfive of punifhment, were not 
vifibly treated with greater feverity ; their ca- 
Jaraitous condition was attentively examined, 
and the Spartans, afraid of another coni',.iracy, 
and awed by their numbers, permitted them 
to fail for Italy, with Phalantus their ringlead¬ 
er at their head. 'I’hey fettled in Magna 
*Graecia, and built Tarentum, about 707 years 
before Chrift. ffufin. 3, c. 5.— Strait. 6.— 
Fattf. in La con, tec. — Plut. in Apoph. 

Parthenias, a river of Peloponnefus, 
flowing by Elis. Fattf. 6. c. 21.-The an¬ 

cient name of Samos. Plin. 5, c. 31. 

Parthenion,3 mountain of Peloponnefus 
at the north of Tegea. Pauf. 

Parthenios, a river of Paphlagonia, 
which, after feparating Bithynia, falls into the 
Euxine fea, near Selamum. It received its 
name either becaufe the virgin Diana, (-ra^ 
Jt*&) bathed herfelf there, Or perhaps it re¬ 
ceived it from the purity and mildnefs of its 
waters. Herodot. 2, c. 104.— Plin. 6, c. 2. 

.-A mountain of Arcadia, which was laid 

;to abound in tortoifes. Here Telephus had 
a temple. Atalanta was expofed on its top 
and brought up there. Pauf. 8 , c. 54— 

JElian. y. H. 13. — Aptllqd. 2, c. 7. - A 

favorite of the emperor Domitian. He con- 
fpired againft his imperial mafter, and aflifted 

to murder him.-A river of European Sar- 

matia. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 49.-A 

friend of iEneas killed in Italy. Virg. AEn. 
10, v. 748.-A Greek writer, whole ro¬ 

mance de Amatoriis Ajfe&ionibus , has been 
edited in i2mo. Baftl. 1531. 

Parthenon, a temple of Athens, facred 
to Minerva. It was deftroyed by the Per¬ 
sians, and afterwards rebuilt by Percies in a 


more magnificent manner. All the circum- 
llances which related to the birth of Minerva, 
were beautifully and minutely reprefented in 
bas relief, on the front of the entrance. The 
ltatue of the goddefs, 26 cubits high, and made 
of gold and ivory, palled for one of the mafter 
pieces of Phidias. Plin. 2, 4. 

PartiienopjeuS, a fon of Meleager and 
Atalanta, or, according to fome, of Milanion 
and another Atalanta. He was one of the 
leven chiefs who accompanied Adraftus the 
king of Argos in his expedition againft Thebes. 
He was killed by Amphidicns. Apollod. 3, c. 

9 -— Pauf 3, c. 12. 1 . 9, c. 19.-A l'on of 

Talnu s. 

Part uenope, one of the Siren;.-A 

daughter of Stymphalus. Apollod. -A city 

of Campania, afterwards called Neapolis, or 
tbs neiv city , when it had been beautified and 
enlarged by a colony from Euboea. It is 
now called Naples. It received the name of 
Parthenope from one of the Sirens, whofe 
body was found on the lea fhore there. Virtr. 
G. 4, v. 564.— Strab. 1 & 5.— Patcrc. I, 
c. 4. — Hornet. Od. 12, v. 167.— Ital. 12, 
v * 33 * 

Fartiiia, a celebrated country of Afia, 
bounded on the weft by Media, fouth by 
Carmania, north by Hyrcania, and eaft by 
Aria, &c. containing, according to Ptolemy, 
25 large cities, the Tnoft capital of which was 
called Hccatompyles , from its hundred gates. 
Some fuppofe that the prefent capital of the 
country is built on the ruins of Hecatompy-- 
los. According to fome authors, the Par- 
thians were Scythians by origin, who made an 
invafion on the more louthern provinces of 
Alia, and at laft fixed their relidence near 
Hyrcania. They long remained unknown 
and unnoticed, and became i'ucceflively tri¬ 
butary to the empire of the Affyrians, Medes, 
and Perfians. When Alexander invaded 
Afia, the Parthians fubmitted, like the other 
dependent provinces of Perfia, and they were 
for fome time under the power of Eumenes, 
Antigenus, Seleucus, Nicanor, and Antiochus, 
till the rapacity and oppreflion of Agathocles, 
a lieutenant of the latter, roofed their fpirit, 
and fomented rebellion. Arlaces, a man of 
oblcure origin, but blelFed with great mili¬ 
tary powers, placed himlelf at the head of 
his countrymen, and laid the foundation of 
the Parthian empire, about 250 years before 
the Chriftian era. The Macedonians at¬ 
tempted in vain to recover it, a race of aftive 
and vigilant princes, who aflumed the fur- 
name of Arfatides, from the founder of their 
kingdom, increafed its power, and rendered 
it fo formidable, that, while it polIeHed 18 
kingdoms between the Cafpian .- id Arabian 
feas, it even difputed the empire of the 
world with the Romans, and could never be 
fubdued by that nation, which had feen m> 
people on earth unconquered by their arms. 
It remained a kingdom till the reign of Ar- 
N114 , ttbanus 







PA 


P A 


tabanus, who was killed about the year 229 
of the Chrtftian era, and from that time it 
became a province of the newly> re-eftablifhed 
kingdom of Perfia, under Artaxerxes. The 
Partisans were naturally ftroug and warlike, 
and were efteemed the moft expert boric-men 
and archers in the world." The peculiar cuf- 
tom of difcharging their arrows while they 
were retiring full (peed, has been greatly cele¬ 
brated by the ancients, particularly by the 
poets, who all obferve that their flight was 
more formidable than their attacks. This 
manner of fighting, and the wonderful ad- 
drefs and dexterity with which i^ was per¬ 
formed, gained them many viiiories. They 
were addicted much to drinking, and to every 
manner of lewdnefs, and their laws permitted 
them to rail© children even by their mothers 
and filters. Strab. a, 6, &c. — Curt 6, c. 11. 
— Flor. 3, C. 5.— Virg. G. 3, v. 31 ,&c. JEn. 7, 
V. 606.— Ovid. art. am. I, See. Fuji. 5, v. 58b. 
’—Dio. Oajff. 4^-— Ptol. 6, C. 5.— P/in. 6, c. 
•IP — ■Pblyb.'j’i &c. 1 — Marccllin.—H/t-oaian. 3, 
&c.— Lucan, it, v. 230. 1 . 6, V. 50. ). IO, v. 53. 
— 4 1 ? c - — Herat. 1, od. 19. v. 11. 
1. 2,od. 13, v. 17. 

Partiuni, a people of Illyricum. Lin. 
29. c. 12. 1 . 33, e. 34. L 44, c. s'o.—Suct. Aug. 
19.— Cic. in Pi/. 40. 

Parthytene, a province of Parthia, 
according to Ptolemy, thciigh fome authors 
fupport that it is the name of Parthia itfelf. 

Parysades, a king of i’ontus, B. C. 310. 

Diod. -A king of the Cimmerian Bolphorus, 

who florifhed 2.84, B. C. 

Pa rysatis, a Perfian princefs, wife of 
Darius Ochus, by whom fhe had Artaxerxes 
Memncn, and Cyrus the younger. She was 
fo extremely partial to her younger Ton, that 
(he committed the grenteft cruelties to encou¬ 
rage his ambition, and the fupported-him with 
all her intereft in his rebellion againft his bro¬ 
ther Memnon. The death of Cyrus at the 
battle of Cunaxa, was revenged with the 
groffelt barbarity, and Paryfatis facrificed to 
her refentment all fuch as (he found concerned 
in his fall. She alto poifoned Statira the wife 
of her ton Artaxerxes, and ordered one of the 
eunuchs of the court to be dead alive, and his 
(kin'to be ftretched on two poles before her 
eyes, b'ecaufe he had, by order of the king, cut 
off the hand and the head of Cyrus. Thefe 
cruelties offended Artaxerxes, and he ordered 
his mother to be confined in Babylon; but 
they were foon after reconciled, and Paryfatis 
reg Ined all her power and influence till the 
time of her deeth. Pint, in Art.—Ciif, 
Pasargada, a town of l erfia, near Car- 
Vnamn, founded by Cyrus, on the very fpot 
where he had conquered Aftyages. The 
kin 's of Perfia were always crowned there, 
and the Pafargadse were the noblelt families 
of Perfia, in the number of which were the 
Achaemenides. Strab. i$.—Plin. 8j c. ^6.— 
frre&t. i, c. tzji—Mclai 3 j c . 8 * 


PasbaS, a tyrant in S icy on in Pclopon-. 
nefus, father to Abaiuida 9 , Sec. Pint, in 
Arat. 

Pa sic le 3, a grammarian, &c. 
Pasicuates, a king of part of the ifland of 
Cyprus. Plat. 

Pastphae, a daughter of the Sun and of 
Perfeis, who married Minos king of Crete. 
She difgraced herfelf by her unnatural paflioii 
for a bull, which, according to fome authors, 
flie was enabled to gratify by means of the 
artift Daedalus. This celebrated bull had been 
given to Minos by Neptune, to be offered on 
hts altars. Bi t as the monarch refufed to fa- 
crifice the animal on account of his beauty, 
the god revenged his difobedience by infpiring 
1 'afiphae with an unnatural love for it. This 
fabulous tradition, which is univerfally believed 
by the poets, who obferve that the Minotaur 
was the fruit of this infamous commerce, is 
refuted by fome writers, who fuppofe that 
the infidelity of Pafiphae to hei* hufband was 
betrayed in her affection for an officer called 
Taurus ; ami that Da?aalus, by permitting 
his houfe to be the afylum of the two lovers, 
was looked upon as acceffary to the gratifica¬ 
tions of Pafiphae’s luft. From this amour 
with Taurus, as it is farther remarked, the 
queen became mother of twins, and the 
name of Minotaur us allies from the refem- 
blance of the children to the hufband and 
the lover of Pafiphae. Minos had four fona 
by Pafiphae, Caftreus, Deucalion, Glaucus, 
and Androgeus, and three daughters.'Hecatej 
Ariadne, and Phaedra. [Fid. iv inotdurus.j 
Plato dc Min .— Plut. in Tbef.— Apollon. 2, 
c. I.— Firg. JEn. 6, v. 24.— Hygift. fab. 

4 O.—Diod. 4.— Ovid. Hcroid. 4, v. 57 & 
165. 

Pasithea, one of the Graces, alfo 

called Aglaia. Pauf. 9, c. 35.-One of 

the Nereides. Hejiod. -A daughter of 

Atlas. 

Pasitigris, a name given to the river 
Tigris. Strab. 15,— Plin. ft, c. 20. 

Passaron, a town of ppirus, where, after 
lacrificing* to Jupiter, the kings Twore tv* 
govern according to law, and the people to 
obey and to defend the country. Plut. in Pyrr. 
— IAv. 45, c. 26 & 33. . . 

Passienus, a Roman who reduced Nu- 
midia, &c, Tacit. Ann. -i aides, a Ro¬ 

man knight, nephew to the poet Propertius, 
whofe elegiac compofitidns he imitated. He 
likewife attempted lyric poetry, and with 
fuccefs, and chole for his model the writings erf* 

Horace. Pl'm. ep. 6 Sc 9.-Crilptis, a man 

diftinguilhed as an orator, but more aS the 
hufband of Domitia, and afterwards of Agrip* 
pina, Nero’s mother, See. Tacit. Ann. 6, 
c. 20. 

Pasus, a Theflalian in Alexander’s army* 
Sec. 

Pa tala, a harbour at the mouth of the 
Indus, in an ifland $all«d Petal*. The river 










PA 


here begins to form a Delta like the Nile. 
Pliny places this ifland within the torrid zone. 
Plin. 2, C. 73.— Curt. 9, c. 7.— Strab. 15.— 
Arrian. 6, C. 17. 

PataJ<a, (orwwj) now Patera, a town of 
Lycia, fituate on the eaftern fide of the nlouth 
of the river Xamhus, with a capacious har¬ 
bour, a temple, and an oracle of Apollo, fur- 
named Patareus, where was preferved and 
fhewn, in the age of Paufanias, a brazen cap, 
which had been made by the hands of Vulcan, 
and prelented by the god to Telephus. The 
god was iuppofed by fome to refide for the fix 
winter months at Patara, and the reft of the 
year at Delphi. The city was greatly embel- 
lifhed by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who at¬ 
tempted in vain to change its original name 
into that of his wife Arlinoe. Liv. 37, c. 15. 
r— Strab. 14.— Pan/. 9, c. 41.— Horat. 3, od. 
i4, V. 64.— Qvid.Mct. I, v. 516.— Mela, I, 

15 . 

. Patavjw-m, a city of Italy, at the north 
of the Po, on the fhorcs of the Adriatic, now 
called Padua, and once laid to be capable 
of lending 20,000 men into the field. [Fid. 
Padua.] It is the birth-place of Livy, from 
.which realon fome writers have denominated 
Patavinity , thole peculiar expreffions and pro¬ 
vincial dialed!, which they feem to dilcover 
in the hiftorian’s ftyle, not Aridity agreeable 
to the purity and refined language of the 
Roman authors who florifhed in or near the 
Auguftan age. Martial II, ep. 17, v. 8. 
— Quintil. I, c. 5, 56. 1 . 8, C. 12 ,-r-rLra. 
10, c. 2, 1 . 41, c. 27.— Strab. 5.— Mela , 2, 
C- 4 - 

Paterculus, a Roman, whoff daughter 
Sulpicla, was pronounced the ciiafteft matron 

at Rome. Plin. 7, c. 35.-Velleius, an hil- 

torian. Fid. Velleius. 

Patizithes, one of the Perfian Magi, who 
railed his brother to the throne bccaule he re- 
lembled Smerdis, the brother of Cambyles, 
&c, Herodof. 3, C. 6l. 

Patmos, one of the Cyclades, with a finall 
t«'.vu of the fame name, fituate at the ibuth of 
Icaria, and mealuring 30 miles in circumfe¬ 
rence, according to Pliny, or only 18 accord¬ 
ing to modern travellers. It has a large har¬ 
bour, near which are fome broken columns, 
the mod ancient in that part of Greece. The 
Romans generally banifhed their culprits there. 
It is now called Palotofa. Strab. — Plin. 4, 
C- 12. 

Patrjf., an ancient town at the north- 
weft of Peloponneius, anciently called Aroe. 
Diana had there a temple, and a famous 
ftatne of gold and ivory. Pauf. 7, c. 6.— Ovid. 
Met. 6, v. 417.— JUiv. 27, c. 29.— Mela, 2, 
X. 3. 

Patro, a daughter of Theftiu?. Apollod. 
. — - An epicurean philofopher intimate with 
Cicero. Cic. ad Div. 13, c. 1. 

Patrqcles, an officer of the fleet of 
^jfcleucus and Antioch us. He difeovered 


S'A 

feveral countries, and it is Ciid that he wrot® 
an hiitory of the world, Strab .— Plin. 6, 
c. 17. 

Patrocli, a fmall ifland on the coaft of 
Attica. Pauf. 4,c. 5. 

Pat roc 1. vs, one of the Grecian chiefs 
during the Trojan war, lbn of Menoctius,. by 
Sthenele, whom fome call Philomela, or Poly- 
tnela. The accidental murder of Clylbnymus, 
the fon of Amphidamus, in the time of his 
youth, obliged him to fly from Opus, where 
his father reigned. He retired to the court 
of Peleus king of Phthia, where he was kindly 
received, and where he contracted the molt 
intimate friendlhip with Achilles the monarch’s 
fon. When the Greeks went to the Trojan 
war, Patroclus alfo accompanied them at the 
exprels command of his father, who had vifited 
the court of t eleus, and he embarked with 10 
(hips from Phthia. He was the conflant com¬ 
panion of Achilles, and he lodged in the fame 
tent; and when his friend refuted to appear 
in the field efJuittle, becaufe he had been 
offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus imitated 
his example, and by his sbfence, was the 
caule of the overthrow of the Greeky But 
at laft Neftor prevailed on him to leturn to 
the war, and Achilles permitted him to ap¬ 
pear in his armour. The valor of f atroclus, 
together with the terror which the fight of 
the arms of Acbiiles infpired, foon ' routed 
the victorious armies of the Trojans, and 
obliged them to fly within their walls for 
fafety. He would have broken down the 
walls of the city ; bur Apollo, who interefted 
himfelf for the Trojans, placed himfelf to 
oppol'e him, and Hedtor, at the mitigation of 
the god, difmounted from his chariot ' to 
attack him, as lie attempted to ftrip one of the 
Trojans whom he had (lain. The engage-? 
ment was obftinate, but at laft Patroclus 
was overpowered by the valor of HeCior, and 
the interpofition of Apollo. His arms be¬ 
came the property of the conqueror, and 
Hedlor would have fevered his head from his 
body had not Ajax and Menelaus intervened. 
His body was at laft recovered and carried to 
the Grecian camp, where Achilies received it 
with the bittereft lamentations. His funeral 
was obferved with the greateft folemniry. 
Achilles facrificed near the burning pile twelve 
young Trojans, bolides fou-r of his borfes and 
two of his dogs, and the whole was concluded 
by the exhibition of funeral games, in which 
the conquerors were liberally rewarded by 
Achilles. The death of Patroclus, as it is 
deferibed by Homer, gave rife to new events; 
Achines forgot his refentment agaiuft Aga¬ 
memnon, and entered the field to avenge the 
fall of his friend, and his anger was gratified 
only by the (laughter of Hedior, who had 
more powerfully kindled his wrath by appear¬ 
ing at the head of the Trojan armies in the 
armour which had been taken from the body 
of Pafrgrius. The patronymic of is 

c&©« 







•ften applied to P.itroclus, becaufe A<ftor was ! 
j'nther to Menoctius. DiSlys Cret. I, Sc c.— ; 
Homer. 11 . 9, Sec .—Apollvd.'j,, c. l^.—Hygin. 

fab. 97 & 275.— Ovid: Met. 13, v. 273.- 

A fon of Hercules. Apdlod. -An officer of 

Ptolemy Philadelphus. 

Patron, an Arcadian at the games ex¬ 
hibited by JEneas in Sicily. Virg. JEn. 3, 
v. 29B. 

Patrous, a furname of Jupiter among 
'the Greeks, reprelented by his ftatues as 
having three eyes, which fome luppofe to 
Signify that he reigned in three different 
places, in heaven, on earth, and in hell. 
Pauf. 2. 

PatuL exus, a furname of Janus, which 
he received a pateo, becaufe the doors of his 
temple were always open in the time of war. 
Some fuppofe that he received it becaufe he 
pryfided over gates, or becaufe the year be¬ 
gan by the celebration of his feftivals. Ovid, 
lajl. I, v. 129. 

Paventia, a goddefs who prefided over 
terror at Rome, and who was invoked to 
pvoreil her votaries from its effects. Aug. 
Je Civ. I). 4, c. II. 

Paula, the firft wife of the emperor He- 
iiogabalus. She was daughter of the prefaft 
of the pretorian guards. The emperor di¬ 
vorced her, and Paula retired to folitude and 
obfciiritv with compoture. 

PaulIna, a Roman lady who married 
Saturninus, a governor of Syria, in the reign 
of the emperor Tiberius. Her conjugal peace 
was ditlurbed, and violence was offered to 
her virtue by a young man called Mundus, 
who was enamoured of her, and who had 
cauied^her to come to the temple of Ifis by 
means of the priefts of the .goddels, who de¬ 
clared that Anubis wifhed to communicate 
lo her iomething of moment. Ssturninus 
complained to the emperor of the violence 
which had been offered to Ills wife, and the 
temple of Ifis was overturned and Mundus 

banifiied, &c. Jofepb. < 4 * x8, c. 4. -The 

wife of the yhiloibpher Seneca, who attempted 
to kill herfelf when Nero had ordered her 
hulband to die. The emperor however pre¬ 
vented her, and fine lived fome few years after 
:n the greateft melancholy. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 

63, sec -A filler of the emperor Adrian.. 

_The wifes.of the emperor Maximinus.' 

PaulInus PQMvnius, an officer in Nero’s 
reign, who had; the command of the German 
armies,' and finifhed the works oft the banks 
of the Rhine, which Drufus had begun 63 
years before. Tacit . An. 13, c. 53.— Sueto - 
nius ,—*—A Roman general, the firft who 
eroded mount Atlas with an army. He wrote 
a hiilory of this expedition in Africa, which 
js loft. I’aul'mus alfo diflinguilhed himlelf 
in Britain &c. He followed the arms of Otho 

againft Vitellius. Ptin. 5, c. 1.-Valerius, 

a friend of Veipafi.m - Julius, a Batavian 

nobleman, put to death by Pcnteius Ca- 


pito, on pretence of rebellion. Tacit. H. 4» 
c. 13. 

Paulus JEmylius, a Roman, fon of 
the aEmylius who fell at Cannae, was cele¬ 
brated for his vidtories, and received the 
furname of Macedonian from his conqueft of 
Macedonia. In the early part of life he 
diitinguiihed himlelf by his uncommon ap¬ 
plication, and by his fondnefs for military 
difcipline. His firft appearance in the field 
was attended with great fuccefs, and the 
barbarians that had revolted m Spain were 
reduced with the greateft facility under the 
power of the Romans. In his firft confullhip 
his arms were directed againft the Ligurians 
whom he totally fubjedled. His applications 
for a fecond confullhip proved abortive; but 
when Perfeus the king of Macedonia had 
declared war againft Rome, the abilities of 
Paulus were remembered, and he was ho¬ 
nored with the confullhip about the 60th. 
year of his age. After this appointment he 
behaved with uncommon vigor, and foon a 
general engagement was fought near Pydna. 
The Romans obtained the vjdlory, and Per¬ 
feus faw himlelf deferted by all his fubjedls. 
In two days the conqueror made himfelf mailer 
of all Macedonia, and loon after the fugitive 
monarch was brought into his prefence. Pau¬ 
lus did not exult over his fallen enemy; but 
when he had gently rebuked him for his te¬ 
merity in attacking the Romans, he addrefTed 
himfelf in a pathetic fpeech to the officers of 
his army who furrounded him, and feelingly 
enlarged on the inllability of fortune, and the 
vicilfitude of all human affairs. When he had 
finally fettled the government of Macedonia 
with ten eommiliioners from Rome, and after 
he had lacked 70 cities of Epirus, and divided 
the booty amongll his foldiers, Paulus returned 
to Italy. He was received with the ufual 
acclamations, and though fome of the feditious 
foldiers attempted to prevent his triumphal en¬ 
try into the capitol, yet three days were 
appointed to exhibit the fruits of his vidloriesi 
Perfeus with his wretched family adorned the 
triumph of the couqueror, and as they were 
dragged through the ftreets before the chariot 
of Paulus, they drew tears of compaffion 
from the people. The riches which the Ro¬ 
mans derived from this conqueft were im- 
menfe, and the people were freed from all 
taxes till the conlulfhip of Hirtius and Panfa; 
but while every one of the citizens received 
fome benefit from the victories of Paulus, 
the conqueror himfelf was poor, and appro¬ 
priated for his own ufe nothing of the Mace- 
donian trealures except the library of Per¬ 
feus. In the office of cenfor, to which he 
was afterwards elected, Paulus behaved with 
the greateft moderation, and at his deatlj, 
which happened about 168 years before the 
Chriftian era, not only the Romans, but 
their very enemies confeffed, by their la¬ 
mentations, the lots which they had luftain- 





PA 


PA 


•d. He had married Papiria, by whom he 
had two fons, one of which was adopted by 
the family of Maximus, and the other by 
that of Scipio Africanus. He had alio two 
daughters, one of whom married a ion of 
Cato, and the other iElius 1 ubero. He af¬ 
terwards divorced Papiria; and when his 
friends wiflied to reprobate his conduct in 
doing fo, by obfervirg that flie was young and 
handlbme, and that (he had made him father of 
a fine family, Paulus replied, that the ihoe 
which lie then wore was new and well made, 
but that he was obliged to leave it off, though 
no one but himfelf, as he laid, knew where it 
pitfehed him. He married a l'econd wife, by 
whom he had two fons, whole ludden death 
exhibited to the Romans in the moft engaging 
view, their father’s philofiophy and (loicifm. 
The elder of thefe ions died five days before 
Paulus triumphed over Perfeus, and the other 
three days after the public proeeflion. This 
domeitic calamity did not fluke the firmnefs 
of the conqueror ; yet before he retired to a 
private ftation, he harangued the people, and 
in mentioning the feverity of fortune upon 
his family, he expi efled his vviih that every 
evil might be averted from the republic by 
the facrifice of the domeftic prosperity of an 
individual. Flat, in vita. — Liv. 43, 44, &c. 

Jujlin. 3’3, c. I, &c.-Samofatenus, an 

author in the reign of Gallienus.-Maxi¬ 
mus. \Vid. Maximus Fabius.]-iEgineta, 

A Greek phyfician whole work was edited 
fipud Aid. fol. 1528.-L. iEmylius, a con¬ 

sul, who, when oppofed to Annibal in Italy, 
checked the ralhnefs of his colleague Varro, 
and recommended an imitation of the condudt 
of the great Fabius, by harafling and not 
facing the enemy in the field His advice was 
rejedted, and the battle of Canute, fo glo¬ 
rious to Annibal, and fo fatal to Rome, loon 
followed. Paulus was wounded, but when he 
might have efcaped from the fiaughter, by ac¬ 
cepting a horfe generoufiy offered by one of 
his officers, he dil'dained to fly, and perifhed 
by the darts of the enemy. Horat. od. 12, 

v. 38.— Liv. 22, c. 39.-Julius, a Latin 

poet in the age of Adrian and Antoninus. 
He wrote fome poetical pieces recommended 
by A. Gellius. 

Paulus. Vid ASmylius. 

Pavor, an emotion of the mind which 
received divine honors among the Romans, 
and was confidered of a moft tremendous 
power, as the ancients fvrore by her name 
jn the moft folemn manner. Tullus Hof- 
tilius, the third king of Rome, was the 
firft who built her temples, and raifed 
altars to her honor, as alio to Pallor, the 
goddefs of paleneis. Cic. d$ Nat. D. 3, 
c. 17. 

Pausanias, a Spartan general, who greatly 
fignafiifed himfelf at the battle of Plattea, 
againft the Perfians. The Greeks were very 
fenfibie of his fervices, iind they rewarded his 


merit with the tenth of the fpoils taken from 
the Perfians. He was afterwards let at the 
head of the Spartan armies, and extended his 
conquefls in Afia ; but the haughtinefs of his 
behaviour created him many enemies, and 
the Athenians i'oon obtained a ibperiority in 
the affairs of Greece. Paufanias was diflhris- 
fied with his countrymen, and he offered to 
betray Greece to the Perfians, if he received 
in marriage, as the reward of his perfidy, the 
daughter of their monarch. His intrigues 
were ddcovered by means of a youth, who 
was entrusted with his letters to Perlia, and. 
who refufed to go, on the recollection that 
fuch as had been employed in that office before 
had never returned. The letters were given 
to the Ephori of Sparta, and the perfidy of 
Paufanias laid open. He fled for iafety to a 
temple of Minerva, and as the fandtity of the 
place fcreer.ed him from the violence of his 
purfuers, the facred building was furrounded 
with heaps of (tones, the fiift of which was 
carried there by the indignant mother of the 
unhappy man. t ? e was ftarved to death in 
the temple, arid died about 471 years before 
the Chriftian era. There was a feftival, and 
folemn games instituted in his honor, in whic 
only free-born Spartans contended. There 
was alio an oration fppken in his praife, in 
which his actions wete celebrated, particularly 
the battle of Plataea, and the defeat of Mar- 
donlus. C. Nf>. in vita .— Plut. in Arijl. ts* 

Them —•Herodot . 9.-A favorite of Philip 

king of Macedonia. He accompanied the 
prince in an expedition ngainft the Illyrians, 

in which he was killed.-Another, at the 

court of king Philip, very intimate with the 
preceding. He was g ofsly and unnaturally 
abufed by Attalus, cine of the friends of 
Philip, and when he complained of th? in¬ 
juries he had received, the king in fome mca- 
iure difregarded his remonftances, and wiflied 
them to be forgot. This incenfed Paufanias, 
he refolved to revenge himfelf, and when hp 
had heard from his mafter Hermocrates the 
fophift, that the moft effectual way to render 
himfelf illuftrious, was to murder a perfon 
who had fignalized himlelf by uncommon ac¬ 
tions; he (tabbed Philip as he entered a public 
theatre. After this bloody adtion he at¬ 
tempted to make his elcape to his chariot, 
which waited for him at the door of the city, 
but he was (topped accidentally by the twig 
of a vine, and fell down. Attalus, Perdiccas, 
and other friends of Philip, who purfued him, 
immediately fell upon him and dtfpatched 
him. Some fupportthat Paufiania? committed 
this murder at the inftigation of Olympias, 
the wife of Philip, and of her foil Alexander. 

Diod. 16.— Juflin. 9 -— Plut. in Apnj>h. -A 

king of Macedonia, depofed by Amyntas, 

after a year’s reign. Diod. -Another who 

attempted to feize upon the kingdom of Ma¬ 
cedonia, from which he was prevented by 
Iphicfates the Athenian.——A frieqd of Alex- 

ande 









wwfer the Great, made -governor of Sardis. 

--A pbyfician in the age of Alexander* 

Plui. -A celebrated orator and liiftoriyn, 

who fettled at Rome, A. Jr). 170, ♦'•here he 
sULtd in a very advanced age. He wrote an 
Lakry cf Greece, in ten books, in the Ionic 
Aialedt, :n which he 'gives, with great preen 
£0:1 and geographical knowledge, an account 
c£ the fruatron of its different cities, their nn- 
thpuitlesy and the feveral curiofitics which, they 
cepfcuned. He has alio interwoven mytho¬ 
logy in. his hiftorical account, and introduced 
xaemy fabulous traditions and fuperftitious fto 
tries. In each book the author treats of a 
Separate country, fuch as Attica, Arcadia, 
MfeOenb, Eli-., &c. Some fuppofe that lie 
jjwre a Iknilar rieferintion of-Phcenicia and Sy¬ 
ria- There was another Pawfanias, a native 
ca: Cadbrea in Cappadocia, who wrote fomo 
Reclamations, and who is often confounded 

vrkh the hilioi ian of that name.-The belt 

•eitekm of Paula nias is that of Khunius, fol. 

JLipf. 1696.-A Lacedaemonian who wrote 

s partial account of his country.-A fln- 

tmry ©f Apollonia, whole abilities were dif- 
jrfayed ia adorning Apollo’s temple at Del¬ 
phi- Pouf. 10, c. 9.-A king of Spar¬ 

ta, of tiie family of the Eurylt hen idee, 
wha died 397 R. C. after a reign of 14 years. 

Pausias, a painter of Sicyon, the fivit who 
otideritood how to apply colors to wood or 
ivory by means cf fire. He made a beau¬ 
tiful painting of his mid re is Glyccre, whom 
foe reprefented as fitting on the ground, and 
talking garlands with Sowers, ar.d from this 
tu’cunifluy ce the pidlure, which was bought 
afterwards by Lucid!us for two talents, re¬ 
ceived the name of Stiphanoplocon. Some 
time, after tire death of Paulks, the Sicyoni- 
arts. were obliged to part with the pictures they 
poffefTed to. deliver themielves from an enor¬ 
mous, debt, and M. Scatmis the Roman bought 
them all, in which were thole of Paufias, to 
adorn tho theatre, which 1 had been built during 
bis edilcibip. Paufias liyedabout 350 years be- 
fort: Christ. Plitu 35, c. 11. 

PAus 1 ly pus, a mountain near kopjes, 
tshkh receives its name from the beauty of 
its tltuatiau, [ye atm X.v xv,, ceffare facto dolor). 
The natives fhow there the tomb of Vhyil, 
and regard it with the highelt veneration. 
There were near (bme filh ponds belonging 
to the emperor. The mountain is now fa- 
4&ons for a fi?bterraneOus p-tfTage near half 
a mile in length, nnd 22 feet in breadth, 
which atTurds a fafe and convenient pafiage 
to travellers. Sint. 4. Sylv' 4, v. 52.— 
pur.. 9, c. 53.— Strut. 5.— Settee. ep.5 & 57. 

Pax, an allegorical divinity among the an¬ 
cients. The Athenians railed her a Itatue, 
'which, reprefented her as holding Plurus the 
god of wealth in her lap, to intimate that 
■ peace gives rife to proiperity and to opulence, 
*nu they were the firlt who erected an altar 
ta her honor after the viitoiies obtained by 


Timotheus over the Lacedaemonian power 
tho’ Plutarch aiferts it had been done after the 
conquefts of Cimon over the Perlians. She 
was rejncfented among the Romans with the 
horn of plenty, and all'o carrying an oliv* 
branch in her hand. The emperor Vefpafian 
built her a celebrated temple as Rome, which? 
was comurped by tire in the reign of Corn- 
modus. It was cuttomary for mem of learn¬ 
ing to afTer»ble in that templd, and even to 
depofit their writings there, as in a place of 
the greeted fecurity. Therefore when it 
was burnt, not only books, but alfo many 
valuable things, jewels, and immenfe treafures, 
were loti in the general conflagatiop. C. 
Nep.itiTivtotb.2< — Plut.ni Qim. — PauJ.y.Q. 16. 

P.\xos, a fmall ifiand between Ithaca and 
the Echinades in the Ionian lea. 

Peas, a fhepherd, who, according to fomo, 
fet on hie the pile on which Hercules was 
burnt. The hero gave him his how and ar¬ 
rows. Apolltjd. 2. 

Pedveus, an illegitimate fon of Antenor, 

Harter. 11 . 7, 

Peoacia, a woman of whom Horace, I, 

1 Sat. 8, v. 39, ipeaks of as a contemptible 

character. 

Peda.ni, Fid. Pedum. 

Pedanios, a prefect of Rome, killed 
by one of his tlaves, for having denied 
him his liberty, &c. Tacit. 14 , An. c. 42. 

P eda sa [arum), a town of Caria, neat* 
H.dicarnaluis. Liv. 33, c. 30. 

Pedasus, a fon of Bucolion, the fon of 
Laomedon. His mother was one-of the Nai¬ 
ads. He was killed in the Trojan war by 

Luryalus. Homer. 71 . 6, v. 21.-One of 

the four korfies of Achilles. As he was not 
immortal like the other three, he was killed 

by Sarpedon. Id, 16.-A town near Pyles 

in the Peloponnefus. 

Pediadis, a part of Battmna, through 
which the Oxus flows. Polyb. 

Pedias, the wife of Cranaus. 

Pedius Bljesus, a Roman, accufed by 
the people of Cyrcne, of plundering the tem¬ 
ple of JEfculapius. He was condemned 
under Nero, kc. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 18. 
- A nephew of Julius Caefar, who com¬ 
manded one of his legions in Gaul, &£.*- 

Po'plicola, a lawyer in the age of Horace. 
His father was one of J. Ca;far’s heirs, and 
became contul with Auguftus after Panfii’s 
death. 

Pedo, a lawyer patronized by Domitian. * 

Juv. 7, v. 129.-«~Aibinovanus. [Fid. Ai- 

binovanus,] 

Pedianus A sqonuts, florifhed A,D. 76. 

Pedum, a town of Latiurn, about xq 
miles from Rome, conquered by Camillus. 
The inhabitants weie called Pedant. Tim. 2, 
c. 39. 1. 8, c. 13 & 14.— Herat. I, ep. 4,v, 2. 

Peg.*:, a fountain at the foot of mount Ar- 
ganthus in Bithynia, into which Hylas fell. 
Propnt. I, el. Jo, th 33. 

PbgXsides, 










PtGA3?DES, a name given to the mufec 
from the horfe Pegafus, or from the fountain 
which Pegafus had' railed from tl\e ground, 
by linking it with his foot. Ovid. Her. 15, 
>•* 7 : 

Peg asis, a name given to (Enone by Ovid, 
{Her. 5 ) hetaule lhe was daughter of the 
river Cebrenns. 

Pegasium Stagnum, a lake near F.phe- 
fus, which aroie from the earth when Pegafus 
ltruck it with his foot. 

Pegasus, a winged horfe fprung from the 
blood of Medufa, wheiv Perfeus had cut ofF 
her head. Pie received his name from his 
being born, according to Hefiod, near the 
fou'ces (vtiyv) of the ocean. As foon as 
born he left the eartlj, and flew up into heaven, 
or rather, according to Ovid, he fixed his re- 
fidence on mount Helicon, where, by linking 
the earth with his foot, lie inftantly raifed a 
fountain, which has been called Hippocrene. 
He became the favorite of the Mules; and 
being afterwards tamed by Neptune or Mi¬ 
nerva, he was given to Bellerophon to. con¬ 
quer the Chimera. No fooner was this fiery 
monfter deftroyed, than Pegafus threw down 
his rider, becaufe he was a mortal, or rather, 
according to the more received opinion, be¬ 
caufe he attempted to fly to heaven. This 
aft of temerity in Bellerophon, was punifhed 
by Jupiter, who fent an infedt to torment Pe¬ 
gafus, which occafioned the melancholy fall 
of his rider. Pegafus continued his flight up 
to heaven, and was placed ajnofig the conftel- 
l.itions by Jupiter. Perfeus, according to 
Ovid, was mounted on the horfe- Pegafus, 
when he deftroyed the fea mo after which was 
going to devour Andromache. Hr fed. Theog. 
282.— Horat. 4, od II, v. 20.— Homer. H. 
6, V. 179. — Apdlod. 2 , C. 3 & 4 -— Lycoplr. I 7. 
— Pauf. 1», c. 3 & 4. — Ovid. Met. 4, V. 785. 
— Hygin.iJo. 57. 

Pelago, an eunuch, one of Nero s favo¬ 
rites, &c. Tacit. Anii. 14, c. 59. 

Pelagon, a man killed by a wild boar, 

Ovid. Met. 8, V. 360.-A Ion of Afopus 

and Metope.-A I hocian, one of whole 

men concluded Cadmus, and lhewed him 
where, according to the oracle, he was to build 
a city. 

PelAGOnia, one of the diviflons of Ma- 
tedonia at the north. Liv. 26, c. 25. 1 . 31, 

♦.28. 

Pelarce, a daugther of Potneus, who 
re-eftablilhed the vvorthip of Ceres in Boeotia. 
Mie received divine honors after death. Par/. 
9,0.25. 

Pelasoi, a people of Greece, fuppofed to 
be one of the moll ancient in the world. 
They firft inhabited Argolis in Peloponnefus, 
which from them received the name of Pehf- 
gid, aud about 1883 years.before the Clmf- 
tiaa era, they parted into ftEmonia, and were 
afterwards dilperfed in lcveral parts of Greece. 
$otae tf them habitation in Kpirys, 


othere ia Crete, others in Italy, and others ul 
Lelbos. From thele different changes of fi- 
ttiation in the Pelafgians, all the Greeks arc 
indiferkninately called Pelafgians, and their 
country Pelalgia, though more properly fpeak- 
ing, it Ihould be confined to Theftaly, Epirus, 
and Peloponnefus, in Greece. Some of the 
Pelafgians, that had been driven from Attka, 
fettled at Lemnos, where fome time after they 
carried Tome Athenian women, whom they 
had feized in an expedition on the eoaft of 
Attica. They raifed fome children by thefi* 
captive females, but they afterwards deftroyed 
them with their mothers, through jealouly^ 
becaute they differed in manners as well as 
language from them. This horrid murder 
was attended by a dreadful peftileuce, and they 
were 1 ordered, to expiate their crime, to do 
whatever the Athenians commanded them. 
This was to deliver their pofleflions into their 
hands. The Pelafgians,leem to have received 
their name from Pelafgus the firft king andf 
founder of their nation. Pouf. 8, c. r-—• 
St rah. 5 .— Herodot. I.— Plut. in R>>m. — Tirg. 
JEn. 1 .— Ovid. Met.— Place. — Senec. in MeJL 
15* Agent. 

Pelasgia or Pelasgiotis, a country 
of Greece whofe inhabitants are called Pelafai 
or Pelafgiotx. Every country of Greece, 
and all Greece in general, is indifcrireiaately 
called Pelafgia, though the name ftytuld h* 
more particularly confined to a part of Tkef- 
faly, fituate between the Penaus, the Alge¬ 
rnon, aiul the Sperchius. The maritime b<a- 
ders of this part' of Theftaly were afterwaixh 
called Magnefia , though the lea or its fliore 
(till retained the name of Pelafvicut 
now the gulf of Hob. Pelafgia is alfo one of 
the ancient names of Epirus, as alfo of Pelo- 
ponnefus. Vid. Pelafgi. 

Pelasgus, a fon of Terra, or according 
to others, of Jupiter and Niobe, who reigned 
in Sic yon, and gave his name to the ancient 
inhabitants of Peloponnefus. 

Pelktiironii, an epithet given to the 
Lapkhte, becaufe they inhabited the town of 
Pdcthrunhim, at the loot of mount Pe- 
linn ia Theftaly; or becaufe one of their 
number bore the name of Pelethronius. It 
is to them that mankind is indebted for t&» 
invention of the bit with which they tamed 
their horl.es with fo' much dexterity. Firi r. 
G. 3, V. 115.— Ovid. Met. 12, V. 452 .—L - 
can. 6, y. 387. 

Peleos, a king of Theftaly, fon of 
and Endeis, the daughter of Chiron. Ha 
married Thetis, one of the Nereids, and was 
the only oue among mortals who married an 
immortal. He was aceeftary to the death 
of his brother Phocus, and on that account 
he was obliged to leave his father’s domi¬ 
nions. He retired to the co?ft of Jinmus, 
the fon of A ft or, who reigned at PhthU, or 
according to the ITs received opinion of Ovi i, 
he fled to Ceyx, king of IVacbtfud. He was 






p£ 


PE 


purified of bb murder by Eurytus, with the 
titual ceremonies, and the monarch gave him 
his daughter Antigone in marriage. Some 
time after this Peleus and Eurytus went to 
the chace of the Calydonian boar, where the 
father-in-law was accidentally killed by an 
arrow which his foil-in-law had aimed at the 
bead. This unfortunate event obliged him 
to banifh himfelf from the court of Phthia, 
and he retired to Iolchos, where he was 
purified of the murder of Eurytus, by Acal- 
tus the king of the country. His refidence 
at Iolchos was Ihort ; Adydamia, the wife of 
Acaftus, became enamoured of him; and 
when fhe found him infallible to her pai- 
iionate declaration, fhe accufed him of at¬ 
tempts upon her virtue. The monarch par¬ 
tially believed the accufations of his wife, 
but not to violate the laws of hofpitslity, by 
putting him inllantly to death, he ordered 
his officers to condudl him to mount Pelion, 
on pretence of hunting, and there to tie him 
to a tree, that he might become the prey of 
the wild beads of the place. The orders of 
Acadits were faithfully obeyed; but Jupiter, 
who knew the innocence of his grandfon Pe¬ 
leus, ordered Vulcan to let him at liberty. 
As foon as he had been delivered from dan¬ 
ger, Peleus aflembled his friends to punifh the 
ill treatment which he had received from Acal- 
tus. He forcibly took Iolchos, drove the 
king from his poflefiions, and put to death 
the wicked Adydamia. After the death of 
Antigone, Peleus courted Thetis, of whole 
fuperior charms Jupiter himfelf had been 
enamoured. His pretentious,;however, were 
rejedled, and as he was a mortal, the god- 
defs fled from him with the greateft abhor¬ 
rence ; and the more effedlually to evade his 
enquiries, Ihe generally ailumed the ihape 
of a bird, or a tree, or of a tigrels. Peleus 
became more animated from her refufal, he 
offered a facyifice to the gods, and Proteus 
informed him that to obtain Thetis he mull 
furprize her while fhe was afleep in her 
trotto, near the fhores of ThefTaly. This 
advice was immediately followed, and The¬ 
tis, unable to ,elcape from the grcl'p of Pe¬ 
leus, at laft contented to marry him. Then- 
nuptials were celebrated with the greateft 
folemhity, and all the gods attended, and 
made them each the mod valuable preients. 
The goddels of difcord was the only one of 
the deities who was not prelent, and the pu- 
nifned this teeming negledl by throwing an 
apple into the midlt of the alfembly of the 
gods with the infcription of detv.r pulchriori. 

[ Vid. Difcordia,] From the marriage of 
Peleus and Thetis was born Achilles, whofe 
education was early entrufled to the Centaur 
Chiron and afterwards to Phoenix, the ion 
of Amyntor. Achilles went to the Trojan 
war, at the head of his father’s troops, and 
Peleus gloried in having a ion who was In¬ 
ferior to 4U the Greeks in valor and intre¬ 


pidity. The death of Achilles was t!te 
i'ource of grief to Peleus; and Thetis, to 
comfort her hutband, promiled him immor¬ 
tality, and ordered him to retire intp the 
grottos of the ifland nf .Leuce, where he 
would fee and couverfe with .the manes of 
his fon. Peleus had a daughter called Poly- 
dora, by Antigone, Homer. II. 9, v. 482.— 
Eurip. in Androm. — Catul. de Nupt . Pel. 15 * 
Thct .— Ovid. Heroid. 5, Fajl. 1 . Met. II, 
fab. 7 & 8.— Apollod. 3, C. 12.— Pai'f. 2 , C, 
29.— Diod. 4. — Hyofn. fab. 54. 

Peliades, the daughters of Pelias. Vid* 
Pelias. 

Pelias, the twjp brother of Neleus, 
was Ion of Neptune by Tyro, the daughter 
of Sahnoneus. His birth was concealed 
from the world by his mother, who wifti- 
ed her father to be ignorant of her incon¬ 
tinence. He was expofed in the woods, 
but his life was preferved by ihepherds, 
and he received the name of Pelias, from 
a fpot of the color of lead in his face. Some 
time after this adventure, Tyro married 
Cretheus, fon of TEolus, king of Iolchos, 
and became mother of three . children, of 
whom AEfon was the eldeft. Meantime 
Pelias vifited his mother and was received 
in her family, and after the death of Cre¬ 
theus, he unjuftly leized the kingdom, 
which belonged to the children of Tyro, 
by the decealed monarch. To ftrengthen 
himfelf in his uftirpation, Pelias conlulted 
the oracle, and when he was told to beware 
of one of the defcendants of A£olus, who 
Ihould come to his court with one foot fhod, 
and the other bare, he privately removed the 
fon of ASfon, after he had publicly declared 
that he was dead. Thefe precautions proved 
abortive. Jafon the fon of Aifon, who had 
been educated by Chiron, returned to Iol¬ 
chos, when arrived to years of maturity, and. 
as he had loll one of his Ihoes in eroding the 
river Anaurus, or the Evenus, Pelias imme¬ 
diately perceived thgt this was the perlpn 
whom he was advifed fo much to dread. 
His unpopularity prevented him from adling, 
with violence againll a ftranger, whole un¬ 
common dreis, and commanding afpedl, had 
railed admiration in his lubjedls. But his 
aftonrlhment was excited when he faw Jafon 
arrive at his palace, with his friends and hb 
relations, and boldly demand the kingdom 
which he ul'urped. Pelias was conlcious 
that his complaints_were well founded, and 
therefore, to* divert his attention, he told him 
that he would voluntarily refign the crown to 
him if he went to Colchis to avenge die 
death of Phryxus, the fon of Athamas, whom 
Aietes had cruelly murdered. He . further 
obferved that the expedition would be at¬ 
tended with the greateft glory, and that no¬ 
thing but the infirmities of old age had pre¬ 
vented him himfelf from vindicating the ho¬ 
nor of his country, and the injuries of his 

family 






PE 


i 


fcmily by punilhing the aflaflin. This fo 
warmly recommended, was as warmly ac¬ 
cepted by the young hero, and his intended 
expedition was made known all over Greece. 
\yiJ. Jafon.] During the ablence of Jafon, 
in the Argonautic expedition, Pelias mur¬ 
dered iEl'on and all his family 7 but accord¬ 
ing to the more received opinion of Ovid, 
./Eftm was ftill living when the Argonauts 
returned, and he was reftored to the vigor of 
youth by the magic of Medan. This Hidden 
change in the vigor and the conftitution of 
-flSfo'n, aftonilhed all the inhabitants of Iol- 
chos, and the daughters of Pelias, who had 
received the patronymic of Peliades, expref- 
fed their defire to fee their father’s infirmities 
, vanilh, by the fame powerful arts. Medea, 
who wilheil to avenge the injuries which 
her hulband Jafon had received from Pelias, 
railed the defires of the Peliades, by cutting 
an 6ld ram to pieces, and boiling the fielh in 
a cauldron, and afterwards turning it in*o a 
fine young lamb. After they had feen this 
fuccefsful experiment, the Peliades cut their 
father’s body to pieces after they had drawn 
all the blood from his veins, on the aflurance 
that Medea would replenilh them by her 
incantations. The limbs were immediately 
put into a cauldron of boiling water, but 
Medea fufFered the- fielh to be totally con- 
fiumed, and refuted to give the Peliades the 
promifed afliltance, and the bones of Pelias 
did not even receive a burial. The Peliades 
were four in number, Alcefte, Pifidice, Pe- 
lopea, and Hippothoe, to whom Hyginus 
adds Medufa. Their mother’s name was 
Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias, or Philomache, 
the daughter of Amphion. After this parri¬ 
cide, thePeliades fled to the court of Adme- 
tus, where Acaftus, the Ion-in-law of Pelias, 
purfued them, and took their proteftor pri¬ 
soner. The Peliades died, ?nd were buried in 
Arcadia. Hygin.fab. 12,13 & 14 —Ovid. Met. 
7, fib. 3 & 4. Heroid. 12 , V. 1 29. — Pauf. 
S, C. II. — A poll ad. I, c. 9 — Seneca in Med. 
— Apollon. Arg. I.— Pindar. Pytb. 4. — Diod. 

4 -A Trojan chief wounded by Ulylfes 

during the Trojan war. He liirvived the ruin 
©f his country, and followed the fortune of 

./Eneas. Virg. LEn. 2, v. 431.-The (hip 

Argo is called Pelias arbor, built of the trees 

of mount Pelion.-The fpear of Achilles. 

Vid. Pelion. 

PecTbES, a patronymic of Achilles, and of 
♦ Pyrrhus, as being defeended from Peleus. Vi r g* 
sEn. 2, v. 264- 

Peligki, a people of Italy, who dwelt near 
the Sabines and Marfi, and had Corfinium and 
Sulmo for their chief towns. The mod ex¬ 
pert magicians were among the Peligni* accord- 
nig to Horace. Liv . 8, c. 6 & 29. 1 . 9, c. 41. 
—Ovid, ex Pont. I, el. 8, V. 42.—Strab. 5.—- 
Horat. 3, od. 19, v. 8. 

Peugnus, a friend of the emperor Clau- 


PE 

dius, made governor of Cappadocia. TaciU 
Ann, 12, c. 49. 

PicLiNiEus, a mountain of Chios. 

Pelinn-seum, or Pelinna, a town of 
Macedonia. Strab. 14.— Liv. 36, c, 10 $c 
14. 

Pelion and Polios, a celebrated mountain 
of Theflaly, whofe top is covered with pine 
trees. In their wars againlt the gods, the giants, 
as the poets mention, placed mount Off a upon 
Pelion, to lcale the heavens with more faci¬ 
lity. The celebrated lpear of Achilles, which 
none but the hero could wield, had been cup 
down on this mountain, and was thence called 
Pelias. It was a prelent from his preceptor 
Chiron, who, like the other Centaurs, had. 
fixed his refidence here. O vid. Met. 1, v. 155. 
1 . 13, v. 199.— Mela, 2 , c. 3.— Strab. 9.-I- 
Virg. G. I, v. 28 1. 1 . 3, v. 94.— Senec. /« 
Here. Isf Med.- 

Pehum, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, 
c. 40. 

Pella, a celebrated town, of Macedonia,, 
on the Ludias not far from the finus Ther- 
maicus which became the capital of the coun¬ 
try after the ruin of Edefla. Philip, king of 
Macedonia, was educated there-, and Alex¬ 
ander the Great was born there, whence he 
is often called Pelleeus juvenis. The tonoU 
of the poet Euripides was in the neighbour¬ 
hood. The euithet Pelleeus is often applied 
to Egypt or Alexandria, becauie the Ptole¬ 
mies, kings of the country, were of Mace¬ 
donian, origin. Martial.. 13, ep. 85.— Lucan. 
5, v. 60. 1. 8, v. 475 & 607. 1. 9, v. 1016 & 
IO73. 1 IO, V. 55.— Mela, 2 , C , 3.—Strab. 7^ 
— Liv. 42, c, 41. 

Pellane, a town of I.aconia with a founl 
tain whole waters have a Lubterraneous. com-' 
munication with the waters of another fouiM 
tain. Pauf 3, c. 21.— Strab. 8. 

Pbllene, a to\yn of Achaia, iu the Pe- 
loponnelus, at the welt of Sicyon, famous for 
its wool. It was built by the giant Pallas, or 
according to otiiers by Pellen of Argos fon of' 
Phorbas, and was the country of Proteus .the 
lea god. Strab. S.—Pauf. 7, c. 26.— Liv. 23.. 
c. 14- w 

Pelopea,- or Pelopia, a daughter of 
Thyeftes the brother of Atreus. She had a 
Ion by her father who had offered her vio¬ 
lence in a wood, without knowing that Ihe 
was his own daughter. .Some luppofe that 
Thyeftes purpolely committed this inceft, as 
the oracle had informed him that his wrongs 
Ihould be avenged, and Ins brother deftroyed 
by a l'on who Ihould be bom from him 
and his daughter. This proved, too true. 
Pelopea afterwards married her uncle Atreus, 
who kindly received in his boulb his wife’s 
illegitimate ch id, called iEgyfthus, becaufe 
prelerved by goat? (utya) when expofed. in 
the mountains. iEgyfthus become his uncle’s 
murderer. [ Vid. rEgyfthus.j Hygin. fab. 87, 





PE ' 


PE 


&C.— Milan. V. H. 12. Ovid. Met. m Ik V. 
359. — Seneca, in Avam. 

Pelopeia, a feitival obferved by the peo¬ 
ple of Elis in honor of Pelops. It was kept 
in imitation of Hercules who facrificed to 
Pelops in a trench, as it was ufttal, when the 
manes and the infernal gods were the obje&s 
of worth! p. 

Pelopia, a daughter of Niobe.- A 

daughter of Pelias.-The mother of Cyc- 

nus. 

Pelopidas, a celebrated general of The¬ 
bes, ion of Hippoclus. He was defcended 
■of an illuftrious family, and was remarkable 
for his immenie poffeftions, which he bellow¬ 
ed with great liberality to the poor and ne- 
ceffitous. Many were the obje&s of his ge- 
nerofity; but when Epaminondas had refilled 
to accept his preients, Pelopidas disregarded 
all his wealth, and preferred before it the en¬ 
joyment of his frienifs converfation and of 
his poverty. From their friendthip and in- 
tercourle the Thebans derived the mod 
confiderable advantages. No fooner had the 
intereft of Sparta prevailed at Thebes, and 
the friends of liberty and national indepen¬ 
dence been banithed from the city, than Pe¬ 
lopidas, who was in the number of the exiles, 
refolved to free his country from foreign 
flavery. His plan was bold and animated, 
and his deliberations were flow. Alean 
while Epaminondas who had been left by the 
tyrants at Thebes, .as being in appearance a 
wortlilefs and infignificant philofopher ani¬ 
mated the youths of the city, and at lull 
pelopidas, with eleven of his aflociates, en¬ 
tered Thebes, and ealily maffacred the 
friends of the tyranny, and freed the coun¬ 
try from foreign mailers. After this luc- 
ceisful enterprise, Pelopidas was unani- 
rmoufly placed at the head of the govern¬ 
ment, and fo confident -were the Thebans of 
his abilities as a general* and a magiflrate, 
that they lucceffively re-eleCled him 13 times 
to fill the honorable office of governor of 
Bceotia. Epaminondas limed with him the 
fovereign power, and it was to their valor 
and prudence that the Thebans were in¬ 
debted for a celebrated vittorv at the battle 
of LeuCtra. In a war which Thebes carried 
on agajtift Alexander, tyrant cf Phera*, Pe¬ 
lopidas was appointed commander; but his 
imprudence in trufting himi'elf unarmed into 
the enemy’s camp nearly proved fatal to 
him. He was taken pr Honor, but Ep*mi- 
uondas reftored him td liberty. The perfidy 
of Alexander irritated him, and lie was 
killed hfavely fighting in a celebrated battle 
in which his troops obtained the vidlory, 
E. C. 364 years. He received an honor¬ 
able burial, the Thebans ffiewed their fenfe 
for his merit by their lamentations, they 
fent a powerful army to revenge his death 
*3 the delUudion of tire tyrant of Phene, 


and his'relations, and his children were pre- 
fented with immeufe donations by the citie* 
of Theffdy. Pelopidas is admired for hi* 
valor, as he never engaged an enemy with¬ 
out obtaining the advantage. The impo- 
verifhed flare of Thebes before his birth, 
and after his fall, plainly demonftrates the 
iuperiority of his genius and of his abilities, 
and it has been juftly oblerved that with 
Pelopidas and Epaminondas the glory and 
the independence of the Thebans rofe and 
let. Flut. Iff C. Nep. in vita.—XenopL. Hiji. 
G. — Diod. 15.— Polyb. 

Peloponnesiacum Bellum, a cele¬ 
brated war which continued for 27 years 
between the Athenians and the inhabitant* 
of Peloponnefus with their refpe&ive elites. 
It is the mod famous, and the moll intereli- 
ing of all the wars which have happened 
between the inhabitants of Greece; and for 
the minute and circupidantial defeription 
which we have ®f the events and revolu¬ 
tions which mutual animofity , produced, 
we are indebted more particularly to the 
correCl and authentic writings "of Thucy¬ 
dides and of Xenophon. The circumftances 
which gave birth to this, memorable war 
are thefeu the power of Athens-under the 
prudent and vigorous adminidration of Pe¬ 
ricles, was already extended Over Greece, 
and it had procured itfelf many admirers 
and more enemies, when the Corcyreans, who 
had been planted by a Corinthian celony, 
refuted to pay their founders thole marks 
of refpeCt and reverence which among the 
Greeks every colony was obliged to pay to 
its mother, country. The Corinthians withed 
to punifli that infidelity; and when the peo¬ 
ple of Epidamnus, a confiderable town on the " 
Adriatic had been invaded by tome'of the 
barbarians of Illyricura, the people of Corinth 
gladly granted to the Epidamnians that abid¬ 
ance which had in vain been folicited from 
the Corcyreans their founders and their pa¬ 
trons. The Corcyreans were offended at the 
interference of Corinth in the affairs of their 
colony; they manned a fleet, and obtained,* 
viClory over the Corinthian veffels which had 
affiited the Epidamnians. The fubfequent 
conduCl of the Corcyreans, and their infolence 
to i'ome of the Elians who had furniflied a few 
fhips to the Corinthians, provoked the Pel«- 
ponnefians, ^and the dUconteut became gene¬ 
ral. Ambaffadors were fent by bpth-parties 
to Athens to claim its protection, and 
to jultify tliefe violent, proceedings. Tb* 
greateil part of the Athenians heard their 
various reafons with .moderation and with 
companion, but the enterprizing .ambition- of 
Pericles prevailed, and when the Corcyreans 
had reminded the people of Athens, that in 
all the dates of Peloponnefus they had to 
dread the moll malevolent enemies, and the 
moll iufidiotkfr-of rivals* they were liltened to 

wid* 





■with attention, and were promifed fupport. 
This ftep was no looner taken than the 
Corinthians appealed to the other Grecian 
ftates, and particularly to the Lacedtemonians. 
Their complaints were accompanied by thole 
of the people of Megara and of iEgina, who 
bitterly inveighed againft the cruelty, injuft- 
ice, and iiifolence of the Athenians. This 
had due weight with the Lacedemonians, 
who had long beheld with concern and with 
jealoufy the ambitious power of the Athenians, 
and they determined to lupport the caufe of 
the Corinthians. However, before they pro¬ 
ceeded to hoftilities, an embafly was lent to 
Athens to represent the danger of entering 
into a war with the molt powerful and florifh- 
ing of all the Grecian ftates. This alarmed 
the Athenians, but when Pericles had elo¬ 
quently fpoken of the relources- and the a&u-' 
al ftrength of the republic, and of the iVeak- 
nefs of tbe allies, the clamors of his enemies 
were filenced, and the anfwer which was re¬ 
turned to the Spartans, was taken as a decla¬ 
ration of war. The Spartans were lupported 
by all the republics of the Peloponnelbs, ex¬ 
cept Argos and part of Achaia, befides the 
people of Megara, Bceotia, Phocis, Imcris, 
Leucas, Ambracia, and AnaCtorium. The 
Plaueans, the Lefbians, Carians, Chians, Mef- 
fenians, Acamanians, Zacynthians, Corcv- 
teans, Dorians, and Thracians, were the 
friends of the Athenians, with all the Cycla¬ 
des, except Euboea, Samos, Melos, and The¬ 
ra. The firft blow had already been ftruck, 
May 7, B. C. 431, by an attempt of the Boe¬ 
otians to furpvife Plataea; and therefore Ar- 
chidamus king of Sparta, who had in vain re¬ 
commended moderation to the allies, entered 
Attica at the head of an army of 60,000 
men, and laid wafte the country by fire and 
fword. Pericles, who was at the head of the 
government, did not attempt to oppofe them 
in the field; but a fleet of a hundred and flfty 
fhips fet fail without delay, to ravage the 
coafts of the Peloponnefus. Megara was alfo 
depopulated by an army of 20,000 men, and 
the campaign of the firft year of the war was 
concluded in celebrating, with the moft lblemn 
•pomp, the funerals of fuch as had nobly fallen 
in battle. The following year was remark¬ 
able for a peftilence which raged in Athens, 
and which deftroyed the greateft part of the 
inhabitants. The public calamity was ftill 
heightened by the approach of the Peloponne- 
fian army on the borders of Attica, and by 
the unfuccefsful expedition of the Athenians 
againft Epidaurus, and in Thrace. The pefti¬ 
lence which had carried away fo many of the 
Athenians proved alfo fatal to Pericles, and 
he died about two years and fix months after 
the commencement of the Peloponnefiart war. 
The following years did not give rife to deci- 
five events; but the revolt of I.elbos from the 
alliance of the Athenians was productive of 
frefti troubles. . Mitylene, the capital of the 


ifland, was recovered, and the inhabitants 
treated with the greateft cruelty. The illand 
of Corcyra became alfo the feat of new fedi- 
tions, and thole citizens who had been carried 
away priloners by the Coraithians and for' 
political reafons treated with lenity, and 
taught to deipife the'alliance of Athens, were 
no fooner returned home than they railed 
commotions, and endeavoured to preluade 
their countrymen to join the Peloponnefian 
confederates. This was ftrongly oppofed; but 
both parties obtained by turns the luperiority, 
and maffacred, with the greateft barbarity, all 
thole who obltrutted their views. Some time 
after, DemollheneS the Athenian general in¬ 
vaded iEtolia, where his arms were attended 
with the greateft fuccels. He alfo fortified 
Pylos in the Peloponnefus, and gained fo ma¬ 
ny advantages over the confederates, that they 
l'ued for peace, which the inlclence of Athens 
refuted. The fortune of the war foon after 
changed, and the Lacedaemonians, under th« 
prudent conduCt of Brafidas, made themfelves 
mailers of many valuable places in Thrace. 
But this victorious progrei's was foon Hopped 
by the death of their general, and that of 
Cleon, the Athenian commander; and the 
pacific dilpofition of Nicias, who was now at 
the head of Athens, made overtures of peace 
and univerl'al tranquillity. • Piiltoanax, the king 
of the Spartans, wilhed them to be accepted ; 
but the intrigues of the Corinthians pre¬ 
vented the difcontinuation of the war, and 
therefore hoftilities began anew. But while 
war was carried on with various fuccefs in 
different parts of Greece, the Athenians en¬ 
gaged in a new expedition; they yielded to the 
feriuafive eloquence of Gorgias of Leontium, 
and the ambitious views of Alcibiades, and 
fent a fleet of 20 Ihips to afiift the Sicilian 
ftates againft the tyrannical power of Syracule, 
B. C. 416. This was warmly oppofed by Ni¬ 
cias; but the eloquence of Alcibiades prevail¬ 
ed, and a powerful fleet was fent-againft the 
capital of Sicily. Thele vigorous, though im¬ 
politic meafmes of the Athenians, were not 
viewed with indifference by the confederates. 
Syracufe, iu her diftrefs, implored the alfift- 
ance of Corinth, and Gylippus was fent to 
direCt her operations, and to defend her againit 
the power of her enemies. The events of 
battles were dubious, and though the Athenian 
army was animated by the prudence and in-' 
trepidity of Nicias, and the more hafty cou¬ 
rage of Demofthenes, yet the good fortune of 
Syracule prevailed; and, after a campaign of 
two years of bloodihed, the fleets of Athens 
were totally ruined, and the few foldiere that 
lurvived the deltruCfive fiege, made prifoners 
of war. So fatal a blow threw the people of 
Attica into conllernation and defpair, and 
while they fought for refources at home, 
they feverely felt themfelves deprived -of fup¬ 
port abroad, their allies were alienated by th« 
intrigues of the enemy, and rebellion was 
O o fomented 





fomented in their dependent ftntes and colo¬ 
nies on the-Afiatic coalt. The threatened 
ruin, however, was timely averted, and Alci- 
biades, who had been treated with cruelty by 
his countrymen, and who had for fome time 
refided in Sparta, and directed her military 
operations, now exerted himlelf to defeat the 
defigns of the confederates, by inducing the 
Perlians to efpoufe the caufe of his country. 
But a Ihort time after, the internal tranquil¬ 
lity of Athens was diiturbed, and Alcibiades’ 
by wilhing to abolifh the democracy, called 
away the attention of his fellow citizens from 
the profecution of a war which had already 
coft them fo much blood. This, however, was 
but momentary ; the Athenians iooti after ob¬ 
tained a naval vi&ory, and the Peloponnefian 
fleet was defeated by Alcibiades. The Athe¬ 
nians beheld with rapture the luccel's of their 
arms; but when their fleet, in the abfence of 
Alcibiades, had been defeated and deftroyed 
near Andros, by Lvlander, the Lacedemo¬ 
nian admiral, they fhewed their diicontent 
and mortification by eagerly littening to the 
accufations which were brought againil •their 
naval leader, to whom they gratefully had ac¬ 
knowledged themielves indebted for their for-* 
mer vi£lories. Alcibiades was dilgraced in the 
public aflembly, and ten commanders were 
appointed to iucceed him in the management 
of the republic. This change of admirals, 
and the appointment of Callicratidas to ine- 
- ceed Lyfander, whofe office had expired with 
the revolving year, produced new operations. 
The Athenians fitted out a fleet and the two 
nations decided their luperiority near Arginu- 
ise, in a naval battle. Callicratidas was killed, 
and the Lacedemonians conquered, but the 
rejoicings which the intelligence of this victo¬ 
ry occafioned were foon flopped, when it was 
known that the wrecks of fome of the dila- 
abled (hips of the Athenians, and the bo¬ 
dies of the flain had not been laved from the 
lea. The admirals were acculed in the tu¬ 
multuous aflemhly, and immediately condemn¬ 
ed. Their fiucceUbrs in office were not fo 
prudent, but they were more unfortunate in 
their operations. Lylander was again placed 
at the head of the Peloponnefian forces, in- 
ftead of Eteonicus, who had lucceeded to the 
command at the death of Callicratidas. The 
age and the experience of this general feemed 
to promile fomething decifive, and indeed an 
opportunity was not' long wanting for the dis¬ 
play of his military character. The luperio¬ 
rity of the Athenians over that of the Pelo- 
ponnefians, rendered ^the former infolent, 
proud, and negligent, and, when they had 
imprudently forfaken their fhips to indulge 
their indolence, or purfue their amulements 
on . the fea Ihore at AEgofpotamos, Lyfander 
attacked their fleet, and his victory was com¬ 
plete. Of one hundred and eighty fail, only 
nine eicaped, eight of which fled under the 
command of Coaon, to the ifland of Cyprus, 


and the other carried to Athens the melan¬ 
choly news of the defeat. The Athenian pri- 
foners were all maflacred ; and when the Pelo¬ 
ponnefian conquerors had extended their do,- 
rninion over the ftates and communities of Eu¬ 
rope and Alia, which formerly acknowledged 
the power of Athens, they returned home to 
finilh the war by the reduction of the capital 
of Attica. The fiege was carried on with vi¬ 
gor, and lupported with lirmnefs, and the firft 
Athenian who mentioned capitulation to his 
countrymen, was inftantly facrificed to the 
fury and the indignation of the populace, and 
all the citizens unanimoufly declared, that the 
fame moment would terminate their indepen¬ 
dence and their lives. This animated lan¬ 
guage, however, was not long continued-; the 
fpirit of faction was not yet extinguilhed at 
Athens; and it proved, perhaps, more de¬ 
finitive to the public liberty, than the opera- 1 
tions and aflaults of the Peloponnefian be- 
fiegers. During four months, negotiations 
were carried on with the Spartans by the arif- 
tocratical part of the Athenians, and at laft it 
was agreed that to eftablilh the peace, tha 
fortifications of the Athenian harbours muft 
be demolilhed, together with the long walls 
which joined them to the city; all their fhips, 
except 12, were to be furrendered to the 
enemy : they were to refign every pretenficn 
to their ancient dominions abroad; to recaL 
from banithrnent all the members of the 
late ariftocracy; 1 to follow the Spartans in 
war, and, in the time of peace, to frame 
their constitution according to the will and 
the preferiptions of their Peloponnefian 
conquerors. The terms were accepted, and 
the enemy entered the harbour, and tqpk. 
polfefiion of the city, that very day on 
which the Athenians had been accuftopied 
to celebrate the anniverfary of the immortal 
victory which their jfnceftorS' had obtained 
over the Perfians about 76 years before, near 
the ifland of Salamis. The walls and forti¬ 
fications* were inftantly levelled with the 
ground, and the conquerors obferved, that 
in the demolition of Athens, fucceeding ages 
would fix the era of. Grecian freedom. The 
day was concluded with a feftival, and the 
recitation of one of the tragedies of Euripj- 
des, in which the misfortunes of the daughter 
of Agamemnon, who was reduced to mifery, 
and banilhed from her father’s kingdom,, ex¬ 
cited a kindred fympathy in the bofom of 
the audience, who melted into tears at the re¬ 
collection that one moment had likewife .re¬ 
duced to mil’ery and fervitude the capital of 
Attica, which was once called the common 
patronefs of Greece, and the fcourge of Per- 
fia. This memorable event happened about 
404 years before the Chriltian era, and .30 
tyrants were appointed by Lyfander over the 
government of. the city. Xen. Grac . Hift. 
— Plut. in Lyf .Per . Alcib. Nic. Iff Age /.—- 
DkJ. II, &.S.-—Ar?JluJ>ban.—TiiucyJ. — Plata , 





EE 

^—Arif.-^-Lyfias .— If oc rates.* — C. N~ep. in hf' 
Ahib. Scc.—Cic. in off. I, 24. 

Peloponnesus, a celebrated peninfula 
which comprehends the mod fouthern parts 
of Greece. It received its name from Pe- 
lops, who fettled there as the name indi¬ 
cates (‘rnXoT^2) J vn<r&, the ijland of Pelops,'). 
It had been called before Argia , Pelafgia, 
and Argolis , and in its form, it has been ob- 
ferved by the moderns, highly to refemble 
the leaf of the plane tree. Its prefent nanle 
is Morea , which feems to be derived either, 
from the Greek word or the Latin 

morns, which fignifies a mulberry tree , which 
is found there in great abundance. The an¬ 
cient Peloponnefus was divided into fii dif¬ 
ferent provinces, Meffenia, LaConia, Elis, 
Arcadia, Achaia propria, and Argolis, to 
which fome add Sicyon. Thele provinces 
all bordered on the lea fhore, except Arca¬ 
dia. The Peloponnefus was conquered, fome 
time after the Trojan war, by the Heracli- 
da? or delcendants of Hercules, who had 
been forcibly expelled from it. The inhabi¬ 
tants of this peninfula rendered therrlfelves 
illuftrious like the reft of the Greeks, by 
their genius, their fondnefs for the line arts, 
the cultivation of learning, and the ptofel- 
fion of arms, but in nothing more than by 3 
celebrated war, which they carried oil againft 
Athens and her allies for 2"] years, and which 
from them received the name of the Pelo- 
ponnefian war [P’id. Peloponriefiacum bellum.] 
The Peloponnefus fcarce extended 2O0 miles 
m length, and 140 iii breadth, and about 563 
miles in circumference. It was leparated 
from Greece by the narrow ifthmus of Co¬ 
rinth, which, as being only five miles broad, 
Demetrius, C«elar, Nero, and fome others, 
attempted in vain to cut, to make a com¬ 
munication between the bay of Corinth, and 
the Saronicus finus. Strab. 2>.~-TbucyJ.*~- 
t)iod. 12, 8iC. — Pauf. 3 , c. 21. 1 . 8 , c. I.— 
Ale la, 2, c. 3. — Plin. 4, C. 6. — Herodot. 8, C. 
4 °' 

Pelopea mcenia, is applied to the_ci- 
ties of Greece, but more particularly to 
Mycenae and Argos, where the defcendsnts 
of Pelops reigned, f^irg. JEn. 2, v. 193. 

Pelops, a celebrated prince, fon of Tan¬ 
talus king of Phrygia. His mother’s name 
Was Euryanaffa, or according to others Eu- 
prytone, or Euryftemifta or Dione. He was 
murdered by his father. Who wilhed to try 
the divinity of the gods who had vifited 
Phrygia, by placing on their table the limbs 
of his fon. The gods preceived his perfidious 
cruelty, and they refufed to touch the meat 
except Ceres, whom the recent lofs of her 
daughter had rendered melancholy and inat¬ 
tentive. She eat one of the ftmulders of 
Pelops, and therefore when Jupiter had 
Companion on his fate, and reftored him to 
life, he placed a {houlder of ivory ihftead of 
that which Ceres had devoured. This fliuul- 


PE 

der had an uncommon power, and it could 
heal by its very touch, every complaint, a lid 
remove every diforder. Some time after, the 
kingdom of Tantalus was invaded by Tros* 
king of Ttoy, on pretence that he had car¬ 
ried away his l'on Ganymedes. This rape 
had beetl committed by Jupiter himlelf; the 
war, neVerthelefs, was Carried orl, and Tan¬ 
talus, defeated and ruined, Was obliged to 
fly with his fdn Pelops, and to feek a ihel- 
ter in Greece. This tradition is Confuted by 
fome who lupport, that Tantalus did not fly 
into Greece, as he had been fome time before 
confined by Jupiter ill the infernal regions 
for his impiety, and therefore Pelops Was the 
only one whom the enmity of Tros perfe- 
cuted. Pelops came to Pita, where he be¬ 
came one of the iuitors of Hippodamia, the 
daughter of king (Enomaus, and he entered 
the lifts againft the father, Who promifed his 
daughter only to him, who cotild Out-run 
him in a chariot race. Pelops was not terr> 
fied at the fate of the 13 lovers, who before 
him had entered the courfe againft CE110- 
maus, and had, according to the conditions 
propofed, been put to death when conquered. : 
He previoufly bribed Myrfcilus, the chariot* 
eer of (Enomaus, and therefore he eaiily 
obtained the victory. \Vid. CEnomaus.] He 
married Hippodamia, and threw headlong 
into the lea Myrtilus, when he claimed the 
reward of his perfidy. According to fome 
authors, Pelops had received fome winged 
horfes from Neptune, with which he was 
enabled Jto outrun CEnomaus. When he had 
eftablifhed himfelf on the throne of Pil'a* 
Hippodamia’s poffeffion, he extended his 
conquefts over the neighbouring countries, 
and from him the peninfula, of which he was 
one of the monarchs, received the name of f 
Peloponnefus. Pelops, after death, received 
divine honors, and he was as much revered 
above all the other heroes of Greece, as 
Jupiter was above the reft ®f the gods. He 
had a temple at Olympia, near that of Jupiter, 
where Hercules confecrated to him a fmall 
portion of land, and offered to him a facri- 
fice. The place where this facrifke had 
been offered, was religioufly obferVed, and 
the magiftrates of the country yearly, on 
coming upon office, made there an offering 
of a black ram. During the facrifice, the 
l'oothfayer was not allowed, as at other times, 
to have a fhare of the vidtim, but he alone 
who furniffied the wood, was permitted td 
take the neck. The wood for facrificesj 
as may be oblerved, was aUvays furnilhed 
by fome of the priefts, to all fuch as of¬ 
fered vidVim3, and they received a price 
equivalent to what they gave. The white 
poplar 'was generally ufed in the lacrifices 
made to Jupiter and to Pelops. The chil¬ 
dren of Pelops by Hippodamia were Pi* 
theus, Traezen, Atreus, Thveftss, &c. be¬ 
tides fome by concubines. The time of his 
Ooi death 





PE 

death is unknown, though it is univerfally 
agreed, that he furvived for fome time 
Hinpodamia. Some fuppofe that the Pal¬ 
ladium of the Trojans was made with the 
bones of Pelops. His descendants were 
called Pelopida. Pindar, who in his firft 
Olympic, fpeaks of Pelops, confutes the 
traditions of his ivory fhoulcTer, and fays 
that Neptune took him up to heaven to be¬ 
come the cup-bearer to the gods, from 
which he was expelled, when the impiety 
of Tantalus wifhed to, make mankind par¬ 
take of the nedtar and the entertainments 
of . the go'ds. Some fuppofe that Peiops firft 
inftituted the Olympic games in honor of 
Jupiter, and to commemorate the vidtory 
which he had obtained over CEnomaus. 
Pauf. 5 , c. I, &C.— Apollod. 2, c. 5 .—pur ip. 
inlphig .— JDiod. 3.— Strab. 8.— Afela, I,C. 18. 
— Pindar. 01. I.— Pirg. G. 3j v * 7-— Ovid. 
Met. 6, v. 404, &c.— Hygin. fab. 9, 82 & 

83. 

Pelor, one of the men who fprang from 
the teeth of the dragon killed by Cadmus. 
Pauj 9, c. 5. 

Peloria, a feftival obferved by the Thef- 
falians, in commemoration of the news which 
they received by one Pelorius, that the 
mountains ofTempe had been feparated by 
an earthquake, and that the waters of the 
lake which lay there ftagnated, had found a 
paflage into the Alpheus, and left behind a 
vaft, pleafant, and mod delightful plain, See. 
Aiken. 3. 

Pelorus, {yf. is-dis. v. ias-'tados ) now 
cape Faro, one of the three great promon¬ 
tories of Sicily,’on whofe top is eredted a 
tower to diredt the failor on his voyage. It 
lies neair the coaft of Italy, and received its 
name from Peloru*, the pilot of the (hip which 
carried away Annibal from Italy. This cele¬ 
brated general, as it is reported, was carried 
by the tides into the flreights of Charybdi?, 
and as he was ignorant of the doaft, he afked 
the pilot of his lhip the name of the promon¬ 
tory, which appeared at a diftance. The pi¬ 
lot told him, it was one of the capes of Si- 
cilyi but Annibal gave no credit to his infor¬ 
mation, and murdered him on the fpot on the 
apprehenfion that he would betray him into 
the hands of the Romans. He was, however, 
foon convinced of his error, and found that 
the pilot had fpoken with great fidelity; and 
therefore, to pay honor to his memory, and 
to atone for his cruelty, he gave him a mag¬ 
nificent funeral, and ordered that the promon¬ 
tory fhould bear his name, and from that time 
it was called Pelorum. Some fuppofe that 
this account is falfe, and they obferve, that it 
bore that name before the age of' Annibal. 
Val. Max , 9, c. 8.— Mela , 2, C. 7.— Strab. 
5 *— kPirg. JEn. 3, v. 411 & 687.— -Ovid. 
Met. 5, v. 350. 1. 13, v, 727. I 15, v. 
766. 

jPELTiE, a town of Phrygia, 


\ PE 

Pelusium, now Tineh , a town of Egypt# 
fituate at the entrance of one of the mouths 
of the Nile, called from it Pelufian. It is 
about 20 ftadia from the fea, and it has re¬ 
ceived the name of Pelufium from the lakes 
and marlhes which are in its neigh¬ 

bourhood. It was the key of Egypt on the 
fide of Phoenicia, as it was impoffible to enter ' 
the Egyptian territories without palling by 
Pelufium, and. therefore on that account it 
was always well' fortified and garriloned,. as 
it was of fuch importance for the fecurity 
of the country. It produced lentils, and was 
celebrated for the linen fluffs made there. It 
is 'now in ruins. Mela , 2, c. 9 .—~Colum.$, 
c. 10.— Sil. it. 3, v, 25.— Lucani 8, v. 466. 

1 . 9, v. 83. 1 . 1-0, v. 53.— Liv. 44, c. 19. 

1 . 45, c. II.— Sirab. 17 ,-^-Virg. G. I, V. 
228. 

Penates, certain inferior deities among, 
the Romans, who prefided over heufes and 
the domeftic affairs of families. They were 
called Penates , becauie they were generally 
placed in the innermoft and moft fecret parts 
of the houfe, in penitijfima adittm parte , quod f 
as Cicero fays, penitus injident. The place . 
where they flood was afterwards called pene - j 
tralia , and they themfelves received the name j 
of Penetrates. It was in the option of every 
mafler of a family to chufe Ids Penates, and 
therefore Jupiter, and fome of the fuperior 
gods, are often invoked as patrons of domef- ] 
tie affairs. According to fome, the gods 
Penates were divided into four claffes; the 
firil comprehended all the celeftial, the fe- 1 
cond the lea gods, the third the gods of hell, j 
and the lalt all fuch heroes as had received ■ 
divine honors after death. The Penates j 
were originally the mapes of the dead, but ' 
when fiurperftition had taught mankind to pay 
uncommon reverence to the ftatues and ima¬ 
ges of their decealed friends, their attention 
was foon exchanged for regular worfhip, and 
they were admitted by their votaries to fhare 
immortality and power over the world, with 
a Jupiter or a Minerva, The flatues of the 
Penates were generally made with vvax, ivo¬ 
ry, filver, or earth, according to the afflu¬ 
ence of the worfhipper, and the only offerings 
they, received were wine, incenle, fruits, and 
fometimes the facrifice of lambs, fheep, goats. 
Sec. In the early ages of Rome, human fa- 
crifices were offered to them; but Brutu^, - 
who expelled the Tarquins, abolifted thi» 
unnatural cuftorn. When offerings were made 
to theni, their flatues were crowned with, 
garlands, poppies, or garlick, and befides the 
monthly day that was fet apart for their 
worfhip, their fpflivals were celebrated dur¬ 
ing the Saturnalia. Some have confounded 
the Lares and the Penates, but they were dif¬ 
ferent. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, C. 27 * Ver. 2.— 
Dionyf. I. 

Pendalium, a promontory of pyprus. 
Peneia or Pen us* an epithet applied 

JJaphne 






PE s 

Daphne as daughter of Peneus. Ovid. Met. 
i, v. 45a. 

Penelius, one of the Greeks killed in the 
Trojan war. Homer. II. a, V. 494. — A fon 
-Of Hjppalmus, among the Argonauts. 

Penelope, a celebrated princefs of 
Greece, daughter of Icarius, aud wife of 
Ulyfles, king of Ithaca. Her marriage with 
UlylTes was celebrated about the fame time 
that Menelaus married Helen, and ihe re¬ 
tired with her hufband to Ithaca, againft the 
inclination of her father, who wifhed to de¬ 
tain her at Sparta, her native country. She y 
foon after became mother of Telemachus, and 
was obliged to part with great reluctance 
from her hufband, whom the Greeks obliged 
to go to the Trojan war. [ Vid. Palamedes.] 
The continuation of hoftilities for ten years 
made her fad and melancholy; but when 
Ulyfles did not return like the other princes 
of Greece at the conclufion of the war, her 
fears and her anxieties were increaled. As 
lhe received no intelligence of his fituation, 
lhe was foon belet by a number of importun¬ 
ing fuitors, who wilhed her to believe that 
her hufband was fhipwrecked, and that there¬ 
fore lhe ought no longer to expeCt his re¬ 
turn, but forget his lofs, and fix her choice 
and afFe&ions on one of her numerous ad¬ 
mirers. She received their addrefles with 
coldnefs and dil'dain; but as (he was defti- 
tute of power, and a pril'oner as it were in 
their hands, {he yet flattered them with hopes 
and promifes, and declared that lhe would 
make choice of one of them, as foon as (he 
had finifhed a piece of tapellry, on which fhe 
was employed. The work was done in a di¬ 
latory manner, and (he baffled their eager ex¬ 
pectations, by undoing in the night what ihe 
had done in the day-time. This artifice ol 
Penelope has given rife to the proverb of 
Penelope s iveb , which is applied to whatever 
labor can never be ended. The return of 
Ulyfles, after an abi'ence of. twenty years, 
however, delivered her from fears and 
from her dangerous fuitors. Penelope is de- 
fcribed by Homer as a model of female 
virtue and chaftity, but fome more modern 
writers dilpute her claims to modeity and 
continence, and they reprefent her as the 
molt debauched and voluptuous of her fex. 
According to their opinions therefore, fhe li¬ 
berally gratified the defires of her fuitors, in 
the abi'ence of her hufband, and had a fon 
whom fire called Pan, as if to ihew that he 
was the offspring of all her admirers. Some 
however, fuppofe, that Pan was fon of Pene¬ 
lope by Mercury, and that he was born be¬ 
fore his mother’s marriage with Ulyfles. The 
god, as it is laid, deceived Penelope, under 
the form of a beautiful goat, as fhe was 
tending her father’s flocks on one of the 
mountains of Arcadia. After the return of 
Ulyfles, Penelope had a daughter, who 
was called Ptoliporthei but if we believe 


PE 

the traditions that were long preferved at 
Mantinea, Ulyfles repudiated his wife for her 
incontinence during his abi'ence, and Penfe- 
lope fled to Sparta, and afterwards to Man- 
tinea, where lhe died and was buried. Af¬ 
ter the death of Ulyfles, according to Hy- 
ginus, flie married Telegonus, her hufband’* 
fon by Circe, by order of the goddels Mi¬ 
nerva. Some lay that her original name was 
Arnea, or Amirace, and that (he was called 
Penelope, when fome river birds called Fe* 
nelopes had laved her from he waves of the 
fea, when her father had expofed her. Ica¬ 
rius had attempted to dettroy her, becaufe 
the oracles had told him that his daughter by 
Peribcea would be the molt diflolute of her 
fex, and a difgrace to his family. Apclldd. 
3, c. IO.— Pauf. 3, C. 12,— Homer. II. :Sc 
Od. — Ovid. Heroid. I, Met.—Arijlot. HiJ. 
anbn. 8.— Hytrin, fab. 12“] .—Ariflopb. in Avib. 
—.Plin . 37. 

Peneus, a river of Theflaly, rifing on 
mount Pindus, and falling into the Ther- 
mean gulf, after a wandering courfe be¬ 
tween mount Ofla and Olympus, through the 
plains of Tempe. It received its name from 
Peneus, a fon of Oceanus and Tethys. The 
Peneus anciently inundated the plains of 
Theflaly, till nn earthquake feparateci the 
mountains Offa and Olympus, and formed 
the beautiful vale of Tempe, where the 
waters formerly ftagnated. From this cir- 
cumltance, therefore, it obtained the name 
of Araxes, ab etoetaeui, feindo. Daphne, the 
daughter of the Peneus, according to the fa¬ 
bles of the mythologilts, was changed into a 
laurel on the banks of this river, This tra¬ 
dition arifes from the quantity of laurels 
which grow near the Peneus. Ovid. Met. 1, 
v. 452, See. — Strab. 9.— Mela % 2, C. 3.*— 

Vlrg. G. 4, v. 317— Diod. 4.-All’o a 

fmall river of Elis in Peloponnefus, better 
known under the name of Araxes. Pauf. 6, 
c. 24.— Strab. 8 & XI. 

Penidas, one of Alexander’s friends, who 
went to examine Scythia under pretence of an 
embafly. Curt. 6, c. 6. 

L’ennInje ai.pf.s, a certain part of the 
Alps. Liv. 21, c. 38. 

Pentapolis, a town of India.-A part 

of Africa near Cyrene. It received this name 
on account of the Jive cities which it contained, 
Cyrene, Arfinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais or 
Barce, and Apollonia. PUn. 5, c. 5.——— 
Alio part of faleftine, containing the five 
cities of Gaza, Gath, Alcalon, Azotu , and 
Ekron. 

Penteijcus, a mountain of Attica, where 
were found quarries of beautiful marble. Strab , 
().—PauJ. I, c. 32. 

PtNTHESiLEA, a queen of the Amasons, 
daughter of Mais, by Otrera, or Omhya. 
She came to alfift Priam in the laft years'-of 
the Trojan war, and fought againlt Achilles, 
by whom fhe was flairs. The hero was to 
O o 3 ftruds 







PE 


PE 


•. (truck with the beauty of Penthefilea, when 
he ftripped her of her arms, that he even 
(hed tears for having too violently facrificed 
her to his fury. Therfites laughed at the 
- partiality of the hero, for which ridicule he 
was inftantiy killed. Lycophron fays, that 
Achilles flew Therfites becaufe he had put 
out the eyes of Penthefilea when (he was yet 
alive. • The fcholiaft of Lycophron differs 
-from that opinion, and declares, that it was 
commonly believed, that Achilles offered vi¬ 
olence to the body of Penthefilea when fhe 
was dead, and that Therfites Was killed be¬ 
caufe he had reproached the hero for this in¬ 
famous action in the prefence of all the 
Greeks. The death of Therfites fo offended 
Diomedes that he dragged the body of Pen¬ 
thefilea odt of the camp, and threw it into 
the Scamander. It is generally fuppoled, 
that Achilles was enamoured of the Amazon 
before he fought with her, and that fhe had 
by him a Ion called Cayfter. Dittys Cret. 
3 IS* 4 -—Pauf IQ, C. 31,r— Q. Calab. I. — 
Virg. JEn. I, v. 495. 1 . II, v. 662.— Da~ 
/ ’res Pkryg — Lycopbr. in Cafs. 995, &C. — 

ply gin- fab. 112. 

Pentheus, fon of Echion and Agave, 
was king of Thebes in Bacotia. His refufal 
to acknowledge the divinity of Bacchus was 
attended with the nioft fatal confequences. 
He forbad his fubjedfs to pay adoration to this 
new god-; and when the Theban women had 
gone out of the city to celebrate the orgies 
of Bacchus, Pentheus apprized of the de¬ 
bauchery which attended the folemnity, or¬ 
dered the god himfelf, who conducted the re¬ 
ligious multitude, to be leized. Pfis orders 
were obeyed with relu£lance, but when the 
doors of the prifon in which Bacchus had 
been confined, opened of their own accord, 
Pentheus became more irritated, and com¬ 
manded his loldiers to deftroy the whole band 
of the bacchanals. This, however, was not 
executed, for Bacchus infpired the monarch 
• with the ardent defire of feeing the cele¬ 
bration of the orgies. Accordingly he hid 
himfelf in a wood on mount Cjthaeron, from 
whence he could fee all the ceremonies un- 
perceived. But here hi$ curiofity foon 
proved fatal, he was defiried by the baccha¬ 
nals, and they all ruffed upon him. His 
mother was the firft who attacked him, and 
her example was inflaptly followed by her 
two lifters, I119 and Autonoe, and his body 
was torn to pieces. Euripides introduces 
Bacchus among his priefteffes, when Pen¬ 
theus was put to death ; but Ovid, who re¬ 
lates the whole in the fame manner, differs 
from the Greek poet only in faying, that not 
Bacchus himfelf bup one of his priefts were 

J irefent. The tyee on vyhich the bacchanals 
bund Pentheus, Was cut down by the Corin¬ 
thians, by ordgr of the oracle, and with it two 
flatues of the god. pf wine were made, and 
pEcgcl in the fp^Rb Hygin, fab. 184.— 


Tbeocrit. 26.— Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 7, 8, & 9.—• 
Virg. JEn. 4, v. 469— -Pauf. 2, C. 5.— Apol- 
lod. 3, c. 5..— Euripid. in Bacch. — Senec. Pba- 
nif. Hipp. 

Pentiiilus, a fon of Oreftes by Erigone, 
the daughter of JEgyfthus, who reigned con¬ 
jointly with his brother Tilamcnus at Argos. 
He was driven fome time after from his 
throne by the Heraclid#, and he retired to 
Achaia, and thence to Lefbos, where he plant¬ 
ed a colony. Pauf. 5, c. 4 — -Strab. 13.— 
Pat ere. I, c. I. 

Penthylus, a prince of Paphos, who 
aflifted Xerxes with 12 flfips. He was 
feized by the Greeks, to whom he communi- 
cated many important things concerning the 
fituation of the Perfians, &c. Herodot. 7, c. 
W- 

Pe tar ethos, a fmall ifland of the JE gean 
fea, on the coaft of Macedonia, about 20 mil^s 
in circumference. It. abounded in olives, and 
its wines have always been reckoned excel¬ 
lent. They were not, however, palatable 
before they were feven years old. Plin. 4, c. 
12.—-CW. Met. 7, v. 470.— Liv. 28, c. 5. L 
3GC.58. 

Pephnos, a town of Laconia. Pauf. 3 X 
c. 26. 

Pepiiredo, a fea nymph, daughter.of 
Phorcys and Ceto. She was born with 
white hair, and thence furnamed Grain. She 
had a filter called Enyo. Hfwd. Th. 270.— 
Apollod. 

Pf.r.’ea, or Ber.ta, a country of Judies, 

near Egypt. Plin . 5, c. 14.-A part of 

Caria, oppofite to Rhodes. Liv . 32, c. 33, 

--A colony of the Mityleneans in iEolia. 

Liv: 37, c, 21. 

Perasippus, an ambaflador fent to Darius 
by the Lacedaemonians, &c. Curt. 3, c. 
13 - 

Percopp, a city which aftifted Priam dur¬ 
ing the Trojan war. Vid. Percote. 

Percosius, a man acquainted with futu¬ 
rity, He attempted in vain to difTuade his 
two fons to go to the Trojan way by telling 
them that they fhould perifh there. 

PercOte, a town on the Hellefpont, be¬ 
tween Abydos and Lamplacus, near the Tea 
fhore. Artaxerxes gave it to Themiftocles, 
to maintain his wardrobe. It is fometimes 
called Percope. Herodot. 1, c. 117.— 
Horn. 

Perdiccas, fhe fourth king of Macedo¬ 
nia, B. C. 729, was defeended from Teme- 
nus. He encreafed his dominions by con- 
queift, and in the latter part of his life, he 
ffevyed his fon Argeus whore he wiffed to be 
buried, and told him that as long as the bones 
of his descendants and fuccefTors on the throne 
of Macedonia were laid in the fame grave. To 
long would the crown remain ini their family. 
Thefe injunctions were obferved till the time 
of Alexander, who was buried out of Mace¬ 
donia. Herodot , 7 & 8 .—JuJlin, 7, c. 2. 

———Another 





PE 


PE 


' ' ■ Another, king of Macedonia, fon of 
Alexander. He reigned during the Pelo- 
•ponnefian war, and aflifted the Lacedarmo- 
atians againft Athens. He behaved with great 
courage on the throne, and died B. C. 413, 
after a long reign of glory and independence, 
.during which he had fubdued fome of his 

barbarian neighbours.-Another, king of 

Macedonia, who was fupported on his throne 
*by Iphicrates the Athenian, againit the intru- 
•fions of Paulanias. Ke was killed in a war 
againft the Illyrians, B. C. 360. JuJlin. 7, 

&c.--One of the friends and favorites of 

Alexander the great. At the king’s death 
he wifhed to make himfelf abfolute ; and the 
ring which he had received from the hand of 
the -dying Alexander, feemed in fome mea¬ 
sure to favor his pretenfions. The better to 
fupport his claims to the throne, he married 
Cleopatra, the lifter of Alexander, and 
fijengthened himlelf by making a league 
•with Eumenes. His ambitious views were 
eafily difcovered by Antigonus, and the reft 
-of the generals of Alexander, who all wifhed, 
like Perdiccas, to fucceed to the kingdom 
and honors of the deceafed monarch. Anti¬ 
pater, Oraterus, and Ptolemy, leagued with 
Antigonus againft him, and after much blood- 
fhed on both fides, Perdiccas was totally 
ruined, and at laft aflaflinated in his tent in 
Egypt, by his own officers, about 311 years 
•before the Chriftian era. Perdiccas had not 
the prudence and the addrefs which were ne- 
ceffary to conciliate the efteem and gain the 
attachment of his fellow foldiers, and this 
impropriety of his conduct alienated the heart 
of his friends, and at laft proved his deftruc- 
tion. Plut. in Alex — Died. 17 & 18.— 
Curt . 16.—C, Hep. Eum.—JElian. V. H. 
12 . 

Perdix, a young Athenian, fon of the lif¬ 
ter of Dzedalus. He invented the faw, and 
feemed to promife to become a greater artift 
than had ever been known. His uncle was 
jealous of his riling fame, and he threw him 
down from the top of a tower, and put him to 
death. Perdix was changed into a bird 
which bears his name, Hytrin, fab. 39 & 
274.— Apollod. 4, c. 15.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 
220, &c. 

Perenna. Vid. Anna. 

Perennis, a favorite of the emperor 
. Commodus. He is delcribed by fome as a 
virtuous and impartial magiftrate, while 
others paint him as a cruel, violent, and op- 
prellive tyrant, who committed the greateft 
barbarities to enrich himfelf. He was put 
to death ,for afpiring to the empire. He- 

fodiait. 

Pereu s,a fon of Elatusand Laodice, grand - 
fon of Areas. He left only one daughter 
called Neaera, who was mother of Auge and 
of Cepheus and Lycurgus. Apollod. 3.— Pauf. 
8, c. 4. 

Perga, a town of Pamphylia, Fid. Per&e. 
38,0.57. 


{ Pergamus, Pergama. (plur.) the citadel 
of the city of Troy. The word is often ufed 
I for Troy. It was fituated in the molt ele¬ 
vated part of the to vn, on the fhores of the 
river Scamandev. Xerxes mounted to the 
top of this citadel when he reviewed his 
troops as he marched to invade Greece. 
Herodot. 7, C. 43.— Virg. JF.n. 1, v. 466, Sid. 

Pergamus, now Bergamo . town of My- 
Ixo, on the banks of the Caycus. It was the 
capital of a celebrated empire called the king¬ 
dom of Pergamus, which was founded by 
Phikcterus' an eunuch, whom Eyfinmchus, 
after the battle of Ipius, had entrufted with 
the treafures which he had obtained in the 
war. Philiterus made himfelf mailer of the 
trealures and of Pergamus, in which they 
were depolited, B. C. 283, and laid the 
foundations of an empire, over which he him¬ 
lelf prefided for 20 years. His fueceflors be¬ 
gan to reign in the following order: His 
nephew Eumenes alcended the throne 263 
B. C.; Attalus, 241; Eumenes the lecond 
197; Attalus Philadelphia, 159; Attalus 
Philomator, 138, who, B. C. 133, left the 
Roman people heirs to his kingdom, as he 
had no children. The right of the Romans, 
however, was dilputed by an ulurper, who 
claimed the empire as his own, and Aquilius 
the Roman general was obliged to cohtjjuer 
the different cities one by one, and to gain 
their lwbmiffion by poitoning the waters which 
were conveyed to their houfes, till the whole 
was reduced into the form of a dependent 
province. The capital of the kingdom of 
Pergamus was famous for a library of 200,000 
volumes, which had been collected by the dif¬ 
ferent monarchs who had reigned there. This 
noble collection was afterwards tranfported to 
Egypt by Cleopatra, with the permiffion of 
Antony, and it adorned and enriched the Alex¬ 
andrian library, till it was mod fatally deftroy- 
ed by the Sacacens, A. D. 642. Parchment 
was tirlt invented and made ufe of, at Per¬ 
gamus, to tranferibe books, as Ptolemy king of 
Egypt had forbidden the exportation of papy¬ 
rus lrom his kingdom, in order to prevent 
Eumenes fi om making a library as valuable and 
as choice as that of Alexandria. From this 
circumitance parchment has been called ebarta 
pergamena . Galenus the phyfidan and Apol- 
lodorus the mythologill were born there. 
iElculapius was the chief deity of the country. 
Plhi. S & 15 -— Ifid. 6, c. II. — Strab. 13.— 
Liv. 29, c. II. 1. 31 , c. 46. — Plin. 10, c. 21. 

1 . 13, c. 11.-A fon of Neoptolemus and 

Andromache, wko, as lome fuppofe, found¬ 
ed Pergamus in Afia. P<*uf 1, c. 11. 

Perge, a town of Pamphylia, where Di¬ 
ana had a magnificent temple, whence her 
furname of Pergiea. Apollonius the geome¬ 
trician was born there. Mela , 1, c. 14.*— 
Strab. 14. 

Pexgus, a lake of Sicily near Enna, where 
Proferpine was carried away by Pluto. Ovid. 
Md, 5, v. 386. 

O 04 


Perian- 




PE 


PE 


PfeRiAXDER, a tyrant of Corinth, fon of 
Cypfelus. The firft years of his government 
were mild and popular, but he foon learnt tc 
become opprellive, when he had consulted 
the tyrant of Sicily about the iureft way of 
reigning. He received no other anfvver but 
whatever explanation he wifhed to place on 
the Sicilian tyrant’s having, in the prefence 
of his meflenger, plucked in a field, all the 
ears of corn which feevned to tower above the 
reft. Periander underftood the meaning of 
this anfwer. He immediately I'm rounded 
himfelf with a numerous guard, and put to 
death the richeft and moft powerful citizens 
of 1 Corinth. He was not only cruel to his 
fubjedls, but his family alfo were objebls 
of his vengeance. He committed inceft with 
his mother, and put to death his wife Melifta, 
upon falle accufation. He alfo banifhed his 
fon Lvcophron to the iiland of Corcyra, be- 
caufe the youth pitied and wept -at the raite- 
rable end of his mother, and detefted' the bar¬ 
barities of his father. Periander died about 
585 years before the Chrift'an era, in his 
• Both year, and by the meanneis of his flat¬ 
terers, he was reckoned one of the feven wife 
men of Greece. Though he was tyrannical, 
yet he patronized the fine arts; he was fond 
of peace, and he lhewed himfelf the friend 
and the protedlor of genius and of learning. 
He ufed to fay, that a man ought folemnly to 
keep his word, but not to hefitate to break it 
if ever it clalhed with his intereft. He laid 
alfo, that not only crimes ought to he pu- 
jiifhed, but alio every wicked and corrupted 
thought. , Diog. in vita. — Arjl. 5, Polit.— 

Pauf. 2. -A tyrant of Ambracia, whom 

fome rank wih the feven wife men of Greece, 

and not the tyrant of Corinth.-A man dif- 

tinguifhed as a phyfiejan, but contemptible as 
3 poet. Plut.— Lilian. 

Periarchus, a naval commander of Spar¬ 
ta conquered by Conon. I)iod. 

Peribcea, the fecond wife of CEneus, king 
of Calydon, was daughter of Hipponoug. 
She became mother of Tydeus. Some fup- 
pole that CEneus debauched her, and afterwards 

married her. Hygin. fab. 69.-A daughter of 

Alcathous, fold by her father on fulpicion that 
flie was courted by Telamon fon of iEacus, king 
of TEgina. She was carried to Cyprus, where 
Telamon the founder of Salamis married her, 
and flie became mother of Ajax. She alfo mar¬ 
ried Thefeus, according to fome. She is alfo 
called Eriboea. Pauf. 1, c. 17 & 42.— Hygin. 
97.-The wife of Polybus, king of Co¬ 

rinth who educated CEdipus as her own 

child.-A daughter of Eurymerfon, who 

became mother of Naufithous by Neptune. 

.-The mother of Penelope, according to 

fome authors. 

Peribojviius, a noted debauchee, &c. Juv. 
v. i6 : 

Pericles, an Athenian of a noble family, 
fer? pf Jiaiitbippus and Agarifte, He was 


naturally endowed with great powers, which 
he improved by attending the ledlures of Da¬ 
mon, of Zeno, and of Anaxagoras. Under 
tliefe celebrated mailers he became a com¬ 
mander, a ftatefman, and an orator, and 
gained the affections of the people by his un¬ 
common addreft and well diredied liberality. 
Vilien he took a fiiare in the adminiitration 
of public affairs, he rendered himfelf popular 
by oppofing Cimon, who was the favorite of 
the nobility, and to remove every obftacle 
which flood in the way of his ambition, he 
leffened the dignity and the power of the court 
of the Areopagus, which the people had been 
taught for ages to refpedl and to venerate. 
He alfo attacked Cimon, and cauied him to 
be baniihed by the oftracifm. Thucydides 
alfo, who had fucceeded Cimon on his ba- 
niftiment, fhared the lame fate, and Pericles 
remained for 15 years the foie minifter, and 
as it may be laid the abfolute l'overeign of a 
republic which always fliovved itlelf lb jea¬ 
lous of her liberties, and which diltrufted lb 
much the honefty of her magiftrates. In his 
minifterial capacity Pericles did not enrich 
himlelf, but the profperity of Athens was the 
object of his adminiftration. He made war 
againft the Lacedaemonians, and reftored the 
temple of Delphi to the .care of die Phocians, 
who had been illegally deprived of that ho¬ 
norable trull. He obtained a vidlory over 
the Sieyonians near jNemaea, and waged a 
fuccefsful war againft the inhabitants of Sa- 
mos at the requeft of his favorite miftrei's 
Afpafia. The Peloponnefian war was fo¬ 
mented by his ambitious views \Vid. Pelo- 
ponnefiacum bellum], and when he had 
warmly reprelented the fiorifhing ftate, the 
opulence, and adlual power of his country, 
the Athenians did not hefitate a moment to 
undertake a war againft the moft powerful 
republics of Greece, a war which continued 
for 27 years, and which was concluded by 
the delimit ion of their empire, and the de¬ 
molition of their walls. The arms of the 
Athenians were for fome time crowned with 
fuccels ; but an unfortunate expedition rail'ed 
clamors againft Pericles, and the enraged po¬ 
pulace attributed all their Ioffes to him, and 
to make atonement for their ijl fuccefs, they 
condemned him to pay 50 talents. This lofs 
ot popular favor by republican caprice, did 
not fo much aftecl Pericles as the recent death 
of all his children, and when the tide of un¬ 
popularity was palFed by, he condefcended to 
come into the public aftembly, and to view 
with fecret pride the contrition of his fellow 
citizens, who univerfally begged bis forgivee 
nefs for the violence which they had offered 
to his minifterial character. He was again, 
reftored to all his honors, and if pofljble in-* 
veiled with more power and more authority 
than before, but the dreadful peftilence which 
had diminiihed the number of his family, 
proved fatal to him, and about 4^ years be- 

3 




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tore Chrift, in his 70th year, he fell a facrifice ] 
to that terrible malady, which robbed Athens J 
of fo many of her citizens. Pericles was for ' 
40 years at the head of the adminiftration, 25 
years with others, and 15 alone, and the flo 
rilhing Hate of the empire during his govern¬ 
ment gave occafion to the Athenians pub 
licly to lament his lofs, and venerate h; p me¬ 
mory. As he was expiring, and leemingly 
fenleleis, his friends that Hood around his 
bed expatiated with warmth on the molt glo¬ 
rious actions of his life, and the victories 
which he had won, when he luddenly inter¬ 
rupted their tears and converfation, by laying 
that in mentioning the exploits that he had 
atchieved, and which were common to him 
with all generals, they had forgot to mention 
a circumftanoe which reflected far greater 
glory upon him as a minifler, a general, and 
above all, as a man. It is, fays he, that not 
a citizen in Athens has been obliged to put 
on mourning on my account. The Athe¬ 
nians were fo pleai’ed with his eloquence that' 
they compared it to thunder and lightning, 
and as to another father of the gods, they 
gave him the lurname of Olympian. 'The 
poets, his flatterers, laid that the goddefs of 
perfunfion, with all her charms and at¬ 
tractions, dwelt upon his tongue. When he 
marched at the he id of the Athenian armies, 
Pericles obferved that he had the command of 
a free nation that were Greeks, and citizens 
of Athens. He aifo declared, that not only 
the hand of a magiftrate, but alfo his eyes and 
his tongue, {hould be pure and undefiled. Yet 
great and venerable as his character may ap¬ 
pear, we mull not forget the follies of Peri¬ 
cles. His viicious partiality for the celebrated 
courtezan Afpafia, fubjeCted him to the ri¬ 
dicule and the cenl'ure of his fellow-citizens; 
hut if he triumphed over latire and malevo¬ 
lent remarks, the Athenians had occafion to 
execrate the memory of a man who by his 
example corrupted the purity and innocence 
of their morals, and who made licentiouluefs 
refpe&able, and the indulgence of every im¬ 
pure defire the qualification of the ibldier as 
well as of the fenator. Pericles loll all his 
legitimate children by the peftilence, and to 
call a natural fon by his own name he was 
obliged to repeal a law which he had made 
againlt fpurious children, and which he had 
enforced with great feverity. This fon, called 
Pericles, became one of the ten generals who 
fucceeded Alcibiades in the adminiftration of 
affairs, and like his colleagues he was con¬ 
demned to death by the Athenians, after the 
unfortunate battle of Arginufte. Pauf. I, 
f. ly.—Plut. in vita.— Quintil. 12, c. 9 , ‘ — “ 
Cit de OraU 3.— JEl'uin. V, H. 4, C. 10.— 
fCenoph. Hijl. G .— Tbucyd. 

Periclymenus, one of the twelve fons of 
Neleus, brother to Neftor, killed by Hercu¬ 
les- He was one of the Argonauts, and had 
Received from Neptune his grandfather the 


power of changing himfelf into whatever 
fhape he pleated. Apollod.—Ovid. Met. 12, 
v. 556. 

Peridia, a Theban woman, whofe fon 
was killed by Turnus in the Rutulian war. 
Kirg. JEn. 12, v. 515. 

Periegktes Dionysius, a poet. Kid. 
Dionyfius. 

Pkrieres, a fon of iEolus, or according to 
others of Cynortas. Apollod. -The cha¬ 

rioteer of Menoeceus. Id. 

Perioenes, an officer of Ptolemy, kc. 

PerigSne, a woman who had a fon called 
Melanippus, by Thefeus. She was daughter 
of Synnis the famous robber, whom Thefeus 
killed. She married Deioneus the fon of 
Eurytus, by conlVnt of Thefeus. Pint., in Thtf 
— Pauf. 10, c. 25. 

Perilous, an officer in the army of Alex¬ 
ander the Great. Curt. 10,——A tyrant of 
Argos. 

Perileus, a fon of Icarius and Periboea, 

Perilla, a daughter of Ovid the poet. She 
was extremely fond of poetry and literature. 
Ovid. Fuji. 3, cl. 7 , v. I. 

Pekillus, an ingenious artifh at Athens, 
who made a brazen bull for Phalaris, tyrant 
of Agrigentum. This machine was fabri¬ 
cated to put criminals to death by burning 
them alive, and it was fuch that their cries 
were like the roaring of a bull. When, 
Peril us gave it Phalatis, the tyrant made the 
firlt experiment upon the donor, and cruelly’ 
put him to death by lighting a flow fire under 
the belly of the Jhull. Plin. 34, c. 8.— Ovid, 
in art. am. I, V. 653, in. ib. 439.-A law¬ 

yer and ufurer in the age of Horace. Horat, 
2, fit. 3. v. 75. 

Pkrimede, a daughter of iEolus, who 

married Achelous.-1 he wife of Licym- 

nius.-A woman fldlled in the know¬ 

ledge of herbs and of enchantments. Tbeo - 
trit. 2. 

Perimela, a daughter of Hippodamus, 
thrown into the lea for receiving the ad- 
drefles of the Achelous. She was changed 
into an ifland in the Ionian lea, and became 
one of the Echinades. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 
690. 

Perinthia, a play of Menander’s. Tf 
rent. And. prol. 9. 

Perinthus, a town of Thrace, on the 
Propontis, anciently lurnamed Mygdonica. 
It was afterwards called Heraclea , in honor of 
Hercules, and now Erekli. Mela, 2, c. 2. 
— Pauf. I, C. 29.— Plin. 4, C. H. — Liv. 33, 
c. 30. 

Peripatetics, a fe<T of philofophers at 
Athens, difciples to Ariftotle. They received 
this name from the place where they were 
taught, called Peripaton , in the Lyceum, or 
* becaule they received the philofopher’s lectures 
as they walked (yrtotvritriuvriS). The Peri¬ 
patetics acknowledged the dignity of human 
' nature, and placed tkitixfummum bonum hot in 






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the pleafures of paffive fenfation, but in the 
due exercife of the moral and intellectual 
faculties. The habit of this exercife, when 
guided by reafon, conliituted the higheft ex¬ 
cellence of man. The philofopher contended 
that our own happinefs chiefly depends upon 
ourf'elves, and tho’ he did not require in his 
followers that Jelf command to which others 
pretended, yet he allowed a moderate degree 
of perturbation, as becoming human nature, 
and he coufidered a certain fenfibility of 
paflioirtotally necefiary, as by refentment we 
are ensiled to repel injuries, and the fmart 
vdrieh halt calamities have inflicted, renders 
tis careful to avoid the repetition. Cic. Acad. 

Peripha's, a man who attempted, with 
Pyiyrhus, Priam’s palace, &c. Virg . JEn. 2, 

v. 476.--A foil of A?gyptus, who married 

-AcEea. Apollod. 2, c. 1.-One of the 

Lapithae. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 449.-One of 

the firft kings of Attica, before the age of Ce- 
erops, according to fome authors. 

Periphates, a robber of Attica, fon of 
Vulcan, deftiWed by Theieus. He is all'o 
called Corynetes. Hygin. 38.— Died. 5. 

Periphemus, an ancient hero of Greece, 
to whom Solon facrificed at Salamis, by order 
of the oracle. 

Pkrisades, a people of Illyricum. 

Peristhenes, a fon of JEgyptus, who 
married Ele£tra. Apollod . 

Per it anus, an Arcadian who enjoyed 
the company of Helen after her elopement 
with Paris. The offended lover punifhed the 
Crime by mutilation, whence mutilated perfons 
w ere called Peritani in Arcadia. Ptel. Hcpb. 

I, in ir.it. 

Pf.ritas, a favorite dog of Alexander the 
Great, in whofe honor the monarch built a 
City. 

Peritontum, a town of Egypt, on the 
weftern lide of the Nile, erteemed of great 
importance, /as being one of the keys of the 
country. Antony was defeated there by C. 
Gallus, the lieutenant of Auguftus. 

Permessus, a river of Bocotia, riling in 
mount Helicon, and flowing all round it. 
It received its name from PermefTus the 
father of a nymph called Aganippe, who alio 
gave her name to one of the fountains of He¬ 
licon. The river PermefTus, as well as the 
fountain Aganippe, were iacred to the Mnfes. 
Strab . 8 .^-Propert. 2, el. 8. 

Pero, of Perone, a daughter of Neleus, 
king ofPvlos, by ? Chloris. Her beauty drew 
many admirers, but fhe married Bias fon of 
Amythnori^becaufe he had by the afliftance of 
his brothefMelampus. [Vid. Melampus,] and 
according to hef father’s defire, recovered fome 
oxen which Hercules had ftoleti away, and fhe 
became mother of Talaus. Homer. Od. 11, 
V. 284.— Propert. 2 , el. 2, v. 1 7.— Pan/. 4, c. 

36.-A daughter of Cimon, remarkable for 

her filial affeftion. When her father had been 


fent to prifon, where his judges had condemned 
him to itarve, fhe fupported his life by giving 
him the milk of her brealts, as toher own child, 
Val. Max. 5, c, 4. 

Peroe, a fountain of Bceotia called after 
Peroe, a daughter of the Al'opus. Pauf. 9, 
c. 4- 

Per ola, a Roman who meditated the death 
nf Hannibal in Italy.' His father Pacuvius 
difiuaded him from affaffinating the Carthagi¬ 
nian general. 

Per penna, M. a Roman who conquered 
Ariftonicus in Afia, and took him priloner. 

He died B. C. 130.-Another who joined 

the rebellion of Sertorius, and oppofed Pom- 
pey. He was defeated by Metellus, and 
lome time after he had the meannefs to af- 
faflinate Sertorius, whom he had invited to 
his houfe. He fell into the hands of Pom- 
pey, who ordered him to be put to death. 

Pint, in Serf. — Paterc. 2, c. 30.-A Greek 

who obtained the coniulfhip at Rome. Val. 
Max. 3, c. 4. 

Perperene, a place of Phrygia, where, 
as fome luppole, Paris adjudged the prize of 
beauty to Venus. Strab. 5. 

Perrantiies, a hill of Epirus, near Am- 
bracia. Liv. 38, c. 4. 

Pe rR iiiEij] a, a part of ThefFaly fituate on 
the borders of the Peneus, extending between 
the town of Atrax and the vale of Tempe. 
fhe inhabitants were driven from their pof- 
lefiions by the Lapitha?, and retired into 
fEtolia, where part of the country received 
the name of P. rrheebia. Propert. 2, el. 5, 
v * 33 *— Strab. q.—Liv. 33, c . 34. 1 . 39, 
c- 34 - 

Bersa, or Perseis, one of the Oceanides, 
mother of Asetes, Circe, and Pafiphae, by 
A pollo. He/tod. Tbeog. — Apollod. 3. 

Pers.t, the inhabitants of Perfia. Vid. 
Perfia, 

Pers.tus, a philofopher intimate with 
Antigonus, by whom he was appointed over the 
Acrocorinth. He floridied Bi C. 274. Diog, 
Laert. in Zenou. 

Per see, a fountain near Mycenae, in Pelo- 
ponnefus. Pauf. 2, c. 16. 

Perseis, one of the Oceanides.-A pa¬ 

tronymic of Hecate as daughter of Perles. 
Ovid. Met. 7, v. 69. 

Persephone, a daughter of Jupiter and 
Ceres, called alfo Profefpine. [Vid. Pro- 

ferpina.j-1 he mother of Amphion by 

Jafusi J 

Persepolis, a celebrated city, the capital 
of the Perfian empire. It was laid in ruins by 
Alexander after the corqueit of Darius. The 
reafon of this is unknown. Diodorus fays that 
the fight of about So^Greeks, whom the Per- 
fians had fhamefully mutilated, fo irritated 
Alexander, that he refolved to pimilh the bar¬ 
barity of the inhabitants of Perfepolis, and of 
the neighbouring country, by permitting his 
foidiers to plunder their capital. OthersTup- 

pol9 





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pofe that Alexander fet it on fire at the infti- 
gation of Thais, one of his courtezans, when 
he had pafled the day in drinking, and in 
riot and debauchery. The ruins of Perfepolfs, 
now EJiahar , or Tehel-Minar , ftill aftonifh' 
the modern traveller by their grandeur and 
magnificence. Curt. 5, c. 7.— Diod. 17, &c. 
— -Arrian. — Plut. in Alex .— 'JuJlin. H, 

c. 14. 

Perses, a fon of Perfeus and Andromeda. 
From him the Perfians, who were originally 
called Cepbenes , rectived their name. Hero- 
dot. 7, c. 61.■ A king of Macedonia. Vid. 
Perfeus. 

PaasEURj a fon of Jupiter and Danae, the 
duighter of Acrilius. As Acrifius had con¬ 
fined his daughter in a brazen tower to prevent 
her becoming a mother, becaufe he was to 
perifli, according to the words of an oracle, by 
the hands of his daughter’s fon, Perfeus was 
no fooner born [ Vid. Danae] than he was 
thrown into the lea with his mother Danae. 
Tile hopes of Acrifius were frufl rated; the 
(lender boat which carried Danae and her fon 
was driven by the winds upon the coafts of the 
ifland of Seriphos, one of the Cyclades, where 
they were found by a filherman called DiCtys, 
and carried to PolydeCtes the king of the place. 
They were treated with great humanity, and 
Perteus was entrufted to the care of the priefts 
of Minerva’s temple. His rifing genius and 
manly courage, however, loon difplealed 
Polyde&es, and the monarch, who wilhed 
-to offer violence to Danae, feared the re- 
fentment of her fon. Yet Polyde&es re- 
l'olved to remove every obftacle. He in¬ 
vited all his friends to a fumptuous enter¬ 
tainment, and it was requifite that all fuch I 
fcis came, fhould- prefent the monarch with 
^beautiful horfe. Perfeus was in the num¬ 
ber of the invited, and the more particularly 
lo, as PolydeCtes knew that he could not 
receive from him the prefent which he ex¬ 
pected from all the reft. Neverthelefs, Per- 
ieus, who wilhed not to appear inferior to 
the others in magnificence, told the king 
that as he could not give him a horfe, he 
would bring him the head of Medufa, the 
only one of die Gorgons who was fubjeft 
' to mortality. The offer was doubly agree¬ 
able to PolydeCfes, as it .would remove- 
Perfeus from Seriphos, and on account of 
its leeming impoffibility, the attempt might 
perhaps end in his ruin. But the innocence 
of Perfeus was patronized by the gods. Pluto 
lent him his helmet, which had the wonderful 
' power of making its bearer invifible ; Minerva 
gave him her buckler, which was as refplen- 
dent as glafs ; and he received from Mercury 
wings and the talaria, with a fhort dagger, made 
of diamonds, and called berpe . According to 
fome it was from Vulcan, and not from 
Mercury, that he received the berpe , which 
was in form like a Icy the. With thefe 
a?ms Perfeus began his expedition, and tra- 


verfed the air, conduced by the goddeft 
Minerva. He went to the Gra'ue, the filters 
of the Gorgons, who, according to the poets, 
had wings like the Gorgons, but only one 
eye and fine tooth between them all, of 
which they made ute, each in her turn. 
They were three in number, according to 
iElchylus and Apollodorus; or only two, 
according to Ovid and Hefiod. With Pluto’s 
helmet, which rendered him invifible, Perfeus 
was enabled to Ileal their eye and their tooth 
while they were afleep, and he returned them 
qnly when they had informed him where their 
filters the Gorgons relided. When he had 
received every neceflary information, Perfeus 
flew to the habitation of the Gorgons, which 
was fituate beyond the vveftern ocean, ac¬ 
cording to Hefiod and Apollodorus; or in 
Libya according to Ovid and Lucan ; or iu 
the defarts of Afiatic Scythia, according to 
iEfchylus. He found thefe monllers afleep, and 
as he knew that if he fixed his eyes upon 
them, he fhould be inftantly changed into 
a (tone, he continually looked on Jiis lhield, 
which reflected all the objects as clearly as 
the belt of gUfles. He approached them, 
and with a courage which the goddefs Mi¬ 
nerva iupported, he cut off Medufas head 
with one blow. The noife awoke the two 
immortal lifters, but Pluto’s helmet ren¬ 
dered Perfeus invifible, and the attempts 
of the Gorgcms to revenge Medufa’s death 
proved fruitlefs, the conqueror made his way 
through the air, and from the blood which 
dropped from Medufa’s head Iprang all thole 
innumerable lerpents which have ever fince 
infefted the fandy defarts of Libya. Chry- 
faor alfo, with the golden lword, lprung from 
thefe drops of blood, as well as the horfe Pe- 
gafus, which immediately flew through the 
air, and (topped on mount Helicon, where he 
became the favorite of the Mules. Mean 
time Perfeus had continued his journey acrols 
the delarts of Libya, but the approach of 
night obliged him ro alight in the territories 
of Atlas, king of Mauritania. He went to 
*the monarch’s palace, where he hoped to find 
a kind reception by announcing himfelf as the 
fon of Jupiter, hut in this he was difappointed. 
Atlas recollected that, according to an ancient 
oracle, his gardens were to be robbed of their 
fruit by one of the fons of Jupiter, and there¬ 
fore he not only refuted Perleus the hofpita- 
lity he demanded, but he even offered vio¬ 
lence to his perfon. Perfeus finding himfelf 
inferior to his powerful enemy, fhewed him 
Medufa’s head, and inftantly Atlas was 
changed into a large mountain which bore the- 
fame name in the delarts N of Africa. On the 
morrow Perfeus continued his flight, and as 
he pafled acrofs the territories of Libya, he 
dilcovered, pn the coafts of ^Ethiopia, the na¬ 
ked Andromeda, expofed to a fea monfter. 
He was ltruck at the fight, and offered her 
father Cepheus to deliver her from inftant 

death 





dfcathif he obtained her in manage as a - re¬ 
ward of his labors. Cepheus contented, and 
immediately Perfeus raifed himfelf in the air, 
fi'ew towards the momler, which was advancing 
to devour Andromeda, and he plunged his 
dagger in his right lhoulder, and deftroyed it. 
This happy event was attended with the 
greeted: rejoicings. Ferfeus raifed three altars 
to Mercury, Jupiter, and Fallas, and after he 
had offered the lacrifice of a calf, a bullock, 
and a heifetj the nuptials were celebrated 
with the greateit feftivity. The univerfal 
joy, however, was icon difturbed. Phineus, 
Andromeda’s uncle, entered the palace with 
a number of armed men, and attempted to 
carry away the bride, whom he had courted 
and admired long before the arrival of Fer¬ 
feus. The father and mother of Andromeda 
interfered, but in vain; a bloody battle en- 
fued, and Ferfeus mult have fallen a victim 
to the lage of Fhineus, had not he defended 
himfelf at laft with the fame arms which 
proved fatal to Atlas. He (hewed the Gor¬ 
gon’s head to his adverfaries, and they were 
inftantly turned to ftone, each in the pofture 
and attitude in which he then Hood. The 
friends of Cepheus, and l'uch as fupported 
Perfeus., lhared not the fate of Phineus, as 
the hero had previoufly warned them of the 
power of Medufa’s head, and of the fervices 
which he received from it. Soon alter this 
memorable adventure Ferfeus retired to Seri- 
phos, at the very moment that his mother 
Danae fted to the altar of Minerva, to avoid 
the purfuit of PoJydettes, who attempted to 
offer her violence. Didlys, who had laved 
her from the lea, and who as feme fay was 
the brother of Polydedtes, defended her 
againft the attempts of her enemies, and there¬ 
fore Perfeus, fenfible of his merit and of his 
humanity, placed hinl on the throne of Seri 
phos, after he had with Medufa’s head turned 
into Hones the wicked Polyde&es, and the offi¬ 
cers who were the aflocutes of his guilt. He 
afterwards reftored to Mercury his tfalaria and 
his wings, to Pluto his helmet, to Vulcan his 
fword, and to Minerva her Ihield; but as he 
was more particularly indebted to the goddels 
of wifdom for her affiftunce and protection, 
he placed the Gorgon’s head on her (hield, or 
rather, according to the more received opi¬ 
nion, on her aegis. After he had finifhed thefe 
celebrated exploits, Perfeus expreffed a with 
to return to his native country, and accord¬ 
ingly, he embarked for the Feloponnefus, with 
his mother and Andromeda. When he 
reached the Peloponnefian coafts he was in¬ 
formed that Teutamias, king of Lariffa, was 
then celebrating funeral games in honor of his 
father. This intelligence drew him to Lariffa 
to fignalize himlelf in throwing the quoit, of 
which, according to fome, he was the inventor. 
But here he was attended by an evil fate, and 
had the misfortune to kill a man with a quoit 
which he had thrown in the air. This was 


no other than his grandfather Acrifius, why 
on the firft intelligence that his grandfon had 
reached the Feloponnefus, fled from his king¬ 
dom of Argos to the court of his friend and 
•ally Teutamias, to prevent the fulfilling of 
the oracle which had obliged him to treat his 
daughter with fo much barbarity. Some flip, 
pofe with Paufanias, that Aerifies had gone 
to Lariffa to be reconciled to his grandfon, 
whole fame had been fpread in every city of 
Greece ; and Ovid maintains that the grand¬ 
father was under the ftrongeft. obligations to 
his fon- in-law, as thro’ him he had received 
his kingdom, from which he had been forcibly 
driven by the tons of his brother Prcctus. 
This unfortunate murder greatly depreffed the 
lpirits of Perfeus: by the death of Acrifius 
he was entitled to the throne of Argos, but 
he refuted to reign there; and to remove him¬ 
felf from a place which reminded him of the 
parricide he had unfortunately committed, he 
exchanged his kingdom for that of Tirynthus, 
and the maritime coaft of Argolis, where Me- 
gapenthes the ion of Prcetus then reigned, 
When he had finally fettled in this part of the 
Feloponnefus, be determined to lay the foun¬ 
dations of a new city, which he made the 
capital of his dominions, and which he called 
Myceucc, becaufe the pommel of his l’vyord, 
called by the Greeks myces> had fallen there. 
The time of his death is unknown, yet it is 
univerfally agreed that he received divine ho¬ 
nors like the reft of the ancient heroes. He 
had ftatues at Mycenae and in the ifland of 
Seriphos, and the Athenians railed him a tem¬ 
ple, in which they conlecrated an altar in ho¬ 
nor of Dictys, who had treated Danae and 
her infant fon with fo much paternal tender- 
nefs. The Egyptians alfo paid particular honor 
to his memory, and afferted that he often ap¬ 
peared among them wearing (hoes two cubits 
long, which was always interpreted as a fign 
of fertility. Perleus had by Andromeda, Al- 
ceus, Sthenelus, Neftor, Ele&ryon, and Gor- 
gophone, and after death, according to fome 
mythologifts, he became a conftellation in 
the heavens. Heiodot. 2, c. 91.— Apollod. a, 
c. 4, See. — Pauf. 2, c. 16 & 18. 1 . 3, c. 17, 
See. — -Apollon. Arg . 4, V. I ^09.— Ital. 9, V. 
442.— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 16. 1 . 5, fab. I, 

See - Lucan. 9, v. 668.— Hygin. fab. 64.— 

Hefiod. Tbeog. 270. Scut. Herc.~~Pind. 
Pyth. 7, Iff Olymp. 3.— Ital. 9.— Propert. 2. 
— Athen. I ^.—Horner. II. 14.— Tzet-z. in 

Lycoph. 17.-A fon of Neftor and Anaxi- 

bia. Apollod. 1, c. 9.-A writer who pub- 

liflied a treatile on the republic of Sparta. 

-A philofopher, diiciple to Zeno. Fid. 

Perfasus. 

Perseus, or Perses, a fon of Philip king 
of Macedonia. He diftinguilhed himlelf like 
his father, by his enmity to the Romans, and 
when he had made fufficient preparations, he 
declared war againft them. His operations, 
however, were (low and injudicious $ he want- 





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/ 


ed courage and refolution, and though he at 
firft obtained fome advantages over the Roman 
armies, yet his avarice and his timidity proved 
deftrudive to his cauie. When Paulus was 
appointed to the command of the RonVm ar¬ 
mies in Macedonia, PerfeuS (howed his infe¬ 
riority by his imprudent encampments, and 
when he had at laft yielded to the advice of 
his officers, who recommended a general en¬ 
gagement, and drawn up his forces near the 
walls of Pydna, B. C. 168, he was the firft 
who ruined his own caufe, and by flying as 
foon as the battle was begun, he left the enemy 
mafters of the field. From Pydna, Perfeus 
fled to Samothrace, but he was foon difcovered 
in his obfcure retreat, and brought into the 
prefence of the Roman conqueror, where the 
meannefs of his behaviour expofed him to ri¬ 
dicule, and not to mercy. He was carried to 
Rome, and dragged along the ftreets of the 
city to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. 
His family was all'o expolbd to the fight of 
the Roman populace, who (lied tears on view¬ 
ing in their ftreets, dragged like a (lave, a 
monarch who had once defeated their armies, 
and lpread alarm all over Italy, by the great- 
net's of his military preparations, and by his 
bold undertakings. Perfeus died in prifon, 
or according to fome, he was put to a fhameful 
death the firft year of his captivity. He had 
two Tons, Philip and Alexander, and one daugh¬ 
ter, whole name is not known. Alexander the 
younger ,of thefe was hired to a Roman car¬ 
penter, and led the greateft part of his life in 
©bfeurity, till his ingenuity raifed him to no-* 
tice. He was afterwards made fecretary to 
the fenate. Liv. 40, &c.— Ju/lin. 33, c. 1, 
&C. — Plut. in Paulo. — Flor. 2, C. 12 .— Pro- 
fert. 4, el. 12 , V. 39. 

Persia, a celebrated kingdom of Afia, 
which in its ancient ftate extended from the 
Hellespont to the Indus, above 2800 miles, 
and from Pontus to the (hores of Arabia, 
above 2000 miles. As a province, Perfia was 
but fmall, and according to the defcription of 
Ptolemy, it was bounded on the north by 
Media, weft by Sufiana, fouth by the Perfian 
gulph, and eaft by Carmania. The empire 
of Perfia, or the Perfian monarchy, was firft^ 
founded by Cyrus the Great, about 559 years 
before the Chriftian era, and under the fuc- 
ceeding monarchs it became one of the mojt 
oonfiderable and powerful kingdoms ©f the 
earth. The kings of Perfia began to reign in 
the following order : Cyrus, B. C. 559 : Cam- 
byles, 529 ; and after the ufurpation of Smer- 
dis for 7 months, Darius, 521 : Xerxes the 
Great, 485 : Artabanus 7 months, and Arta¬ 
xerxes Longimanus, 464: Xerxes II. 425: 
Sogdianus 7 months, 424: Darius II. or 
Nothus, 423: Artaxerxes II. or Memnon, 
404: Artaxerxes III. or Ochus, 358; Arfes 
or Arogus, 337 : and Darius III. or Cedo- 
manus, 335, who was conquered by Alex¬ 
ander the Great 331. The deftru&ion of the 


Perfian monarchy by the Macedonians wa$ 
eafily effected, and from that time Perfia be¬ 
came tributary to the Greeks. After the 
death of Alexander, when the Macedonian 
empire was divided among the officers of the 
deceafed conqueror, Seleucus Nicanor made 
himfelf matter of the Perfian provinces, till 
the revolt of the Parthians introduced new 
revolutions in the eaft. Perfia was partly re¬ 
conquered irom the Greeks, and remained 
tributary to the Parthians for near 500 years. 
After this ttie fovereignty was again place! 
into the hands of the Perfians, by the revok 
of Artaxerxes, a\common foldier, A. D. 229, 
who became the founder of the fecond Per¬ 
fian monarchy, which proved lo inimical to the 
power of the Roman emperors. In their na¬ 
tional character, the Perfians were warlike, 
they were early taught to ride, and to handle 
the bow, and by the manly exercifes of hunt¬ 
ing-, they were inured to bear the toils and 
fatigues of a military life. Their national 
valor, however, foon degenerated, and their 
want of employment at home foon rendered 
them unfit for’ war. In the reign of Xerxes, 
when the empire of Perfia was in its moftfio- 
riftiing ftate, a fmall number of Greeks we xc 
enabled repeatedly to repel for three fucceffive 
days, an nlmoft innumerable army. This ce¬ 
lebrated adlion, which happened at Thermo- 
pyke, fhows in a ftrong light fhe fuperiority of 
the Grecian ibldiers over the > erfians, and the 
battles that before, and a (hort time after, 
were fought between the two nations at Mara¬ 
thon, Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, are again 
an inconteftible proof that thefe Afiatics had 
more reliance upon their numbers and upon 
the fplendor and richnefs of their arms, than 
upon the valor and the difeipline of their troops. 
Their cuftom, too prevalent among eaftern 
nations, of introducing luxury into the camp,. 
proved alfo in fome meafure deftrubtive to 
their military reputation, and the view which 
the ancients give us of the army of Xerxes, 
of his cooks, ltage-dancers, concubines, mult- 
cians, and perfumers, is no very favorable 
fign of the lagacity of a monarch, who, by 
his nod, could command millions of men to 
(lock to his ftandard. In their religion the 
Perfians were very fuperftitious, they paid the 
greateft veneration to the fun, the moon, and 
the liars, and they offered facrifices to fire, 
but the fupreme deity was never reprefented 
by ftatues among them. They permitted 
polygamy, and it was no inceft among them 
to marry a fitter, or a mother. In their pu- 
nilhments they were extremely fevere, even 
to barbarity. The monarch always appeared 
with the greateft pomp and dignity; his per- 
fon was attended by a guard of 15,000 men, 
and he had befides a body of 10,000 chofen 
horfemen,called immortal. He ftyled himfelf, 
like the reft of the eaftern monarchs, the 
king of kings, as expreffive of his greathels 
and his power. The Perfians were formerly 

called 






PE 


PE 


called Cephenes , Achameniatts,- and Al tai, and 
they are often confouittfed with the Parthian s 
by the ancient poets. They received the 
name of Perfians from Perfes the fon of 
Perieus and Andromeda, who is fuppofed 
to have fettled among them. Perfepolis 
was the capital of the country. Curt. 4, 
c. 14. 1. 5, c. 3. — jpiuh in Artax. Alex. &c. 
—Mela , I, &c.— Strab. 2, 15.— Xenoph. 
Cyrcp. — Herodot. I, C. I2J, &C. — Apollod. 2. 

• — Marcel. 23. 

Persicum mare, or Perilous Sinus, a 
part of the Indian ocean 
Perfia and Arabia, nosv 
Jj algor a. 

Persis, a province of Perfia bounded by 
Media, Carmania, Sufiaua, and the Perfian 
gulf. It is often taken for Perfia itfelf. 

Aueds Persius Ela ecu s, a Latin poet 
of Volaterne. He was of an equellrian fa¬ 
mily, and he made himfelf known by his in¬ 
timacy with the moil illuftrious Romans of 
the age. The early part of Iris life was l'pent 
in his native town, and at the age oflixteen 
he ,was removed to Rome, where he fludied 
\ philofophy under Corntitus the celebrated 
ftoic. He alfo received the inltrutlions of 
Palemon the grammarian, and Virginius the 
rhetorician. Naturally of a mild difpofition, 
his character was unimpeached, his modefty 
remarkahle, and his benevolence imperially 
admired. He dillinguifhed himlelf by his fa- 
tirical humor, and made the faults of tlie 
orators and poets of his age, the fubjedl of his 
poems. He did not even fpare Nero, and 
the more effectually to expole the emperor to 
ridicule, he introduced into his iatires feme of 
his. veri'es. The torn a mimalloncis jmplerunt 
cornua bombis , with the three following verfes, 
are Nero’s according to 1'ome. But though he 
was fo fevereupon the vicious and ignorant, he 
did not forget his friendlhip for Cornutus, and 
he Ihovved bis regard for his character and abi¬ 
lities by making mention of his name with 
great propriety in his fatires. ft was by the 
advice of his learned preceptor that he cor¬ 
rected one of his poems in which he had com¬ 
pared Nero to Midas, and at his reprefenta- 
tion he altered the words Auriculas ajint Mida 
rex habet , into Auriculas ajini quis non habet ? 
Perfius. died in the 30th year of his age, 

A. D.62, and left all his books, which con- 
filled of leven hundred volumes, and a large 
lum of money, to his preceptor, but Cor¬ 
nutus only accepted the books, and returned 
the money to the filters and friends of the de- 
ceafied. The fatires of Peifius are fix in 
number, blamed by fome for obfeurity of Ityle 
and of language. But though they may appear 
almoft unintelligible to fome, it ought tp be 
remembered that they were read with pleai'ure 
and with avidity by his contemporaries,, and 
that the only difficulties' which now appear to 
the moderns, aril'e from their not kuiowing 


the vices which they lalhed, and the errors 
which they cenfured. The fatires of Pef- 
fius are generally printed with thofe of Ju¬ 
venal, the beft editions of which will be 
found to be by Hennin, 4to. L. B. 1695, and 
Hawkey, i2mo. Dublin, 1746. The belt 
edition of Perfius, feparate, is that of Me¬ 
ric Cafaubon, i2mo. Lond. 1647. Martial. 
— QuintH. IO, c. J. — Augujl. de Magift. 9. 

— LaSiant. -A man whofe quarrel with 

Rupilius, is mentioned in a ridiculous 
a j manner by Horat. Sat. 7. He is called Hy 
an the coafl of j brida, as being fon of a Greek by a Roman 
called the gulf of! woman. 

j Pertinax, Publius Helvius, a Romani 
emperor after the death of Commodus. He 
was defeended from 'sn obfeure family, and, 
like his father, who was either a Have or the 
l'on of a manumitted Have, he for fome time 
followed the mean employment of drying 
wood and making charcoal. His indigence, 
however, did not prevent him from receiving 
a liberal education, and indeed he was for 
fome time employed in teaching a number of 
pupils the Greek and the Roman languages in 
Etruria. He left this laborious profeffion for 
a military life, and by his valor and intrepi¬ 
dity,Tie gradually rofe to offices of the highelt 
trull in the army, and was made conlul by 
M. Aurelius for his eminent fervices. He 
was afterwards entrufted with the government 
of Media, and at lall he prefided over the 
city of Rome as governor. When Commodus 
was murdered, Pertinax was univerfally fe- 
le&ed to fucceed to the imperial throne, and 
his refulal, and the plea of old age and in- 
crealing infirmities, did not prevent his beihg 
faluted emperor, and Auguftas. He acqui- 
elced with reluCtance, but his mildnefs, his 
economy, and the popularity of his adminil- 
tration, convinced the lenate and the people of 
the prudence and the juftice of their choice. 

He forbad his name to be infevibed on fuqh 
places or eftates as were part of the imperial 
domain, and exclaimed that they belonged 
not to him but to the public. He melted all 
the filver ftatues which had been railed to his 
vicious predecefior, and he expofed to public 
fide all his concubines, his horfes, his arms, 
and all the inllruments of his pleai'ure and 
extravagance. With the money raifed from 
thefe he enriched the empire, and was en¬ 
abled to abolifh all the taxes which Commo¬ 
dus had laid on the rivers, ports, and high¬ 
ways through the empire. This patriotic ad- 
miniflration gained him the affeCtion of the 
worthieft and mod difcerning of his fubjeCfs, 
but the extravagant and luxurious raifed their 
clamors againlt him, and when Pertinax at¬ 
tempted to introduce among the pretorian 
guards that dilcipline which was fo neceffiuy 
to preferve the peace and tranquillity of Rome,- 
the flames of rebellionWere kindled, and the 1 
minds of- the foldiers totally alienated. Per 


the various characters which they defer ibed, tinax was apprized of this mutiny, but he re- 

K fufsd 











PE 


PE 


fufed to fly at the hour of danger. He fcorn- 
ed the advice of his friends who wifhed him 
to withdraw from the impending ftorm, and 
he unexpectedly appeared before the feditious 
pretorians, and without fear or concern, 
boldly alked them whether they who were 
bound to defend the perfon of their prince 
and emperor, were come to betray him and 
to (hed his blood. His undaunted afTurance 
and his intrepidity would have had the defired 
effect, and the foldiers had already begun to 
retire, when one of the molt feditious ad¬ 
vanced and darted his javelin at the emperor’s 
bread, exclaiming, the foldiers fend you this . 
The reft immedrately followed the example, 
and Pertinax muffling up his head and calling 
upon Jupiter to avenge his death, remained 
unmoved, and was inftamly difpatched. His 
bead was cut off, and carried upon the point 
of a fpear as in triumph to the camp. This 
happened on the 28th of Match, A. D. 
193. Pertihax reigned only 87 days, and his 
death was the more univerfally lamented as 
it proceeded from a feditious tumult, and 
robbed the Roman empire of a wife, virtuous, 
and benevolent emperor. Dio. — Herodian. 
— Capitol. 

Pertvnda, a goddefs at Rome, who 
prefided over the confummation of marriage. 
Her ftatue was generally placed in the bridal 
chamber. Farro afud Aug. Civ. D. 6, 

c * 9 * r 

Peru si a, now” Perugia, an ancient town of 
Etruria on the Tiber, built by Ocnus. L. 
Antonius was befieged there by Auguitus, and 
obliged to furreuder. Strab. 5.— Lucan. 1 v. 
41.— Paterc. 2, c. 74. — Liv. 9, C. 37. 1 . IO, 
c. 30 & 37. 

Pescennius. Fid. Niger.--A man in¬ 

timate with Cicero. 

PessInus ( unlis ), a town of Phrygia, 
where Atys, as fome fuppofe, was buried. 
It is particulaily famous for a temple and a 
ftatue of the goddels Cybele, who was 
from thence called Pejfnvntia. Strab. 
12.— Pauf. 7, c. 17— Liv. 29, c. 10 
& 11. 

Petalia, a tcrtvn of Euboea. 

Petalus, a man killed by Perfeus at 
the court of Cepheus. Ovia. Met. 5, v. 

115. 

Petelia, or Petellia, a town. Fid. 
Petilia. 

PetelTnus Lacus, a lake near one of the 
gates of Rome. Liv. 6, c. 20. 

Peteon, a town of Bocotia. Stat.Theb. 

v. 333 *—Strab 9. 

Peteus, a fon of Orneus,and grandlon of 
Erechtheus. He reigned in Attica, and be¬ 
came father of Meneflheus, who went with 
the Greeks to the Trojan war. He is repre- 
iented by fome of the ancients as a monfter, 
half a man and half a beaft. Apollod. 3, c. IO. 
—Pauf. IO, c, A 35- 

Petilia, now Strongoli, a town of 
6 


Magna Grtecia, the capital o ? I jUcaT1 £, 
built or perhaps only repaired by Ihilcxtetes* 
who, after his return from the Tt>j an Wj}r * 
left his country Melibeca, becaufe j s 
jefts had revolted. Mela, 2, c. A,~Liv 
23 , c. 20.— Firg . JEn. 3, v. \, 

Strab. 6. 

Petilia lex was enabled by Petilins 
tribune, to make an enquiry and to know ho 
much money had been obtained from the con^ 
quells over king Antiochus. 

Petiiii, two tribunes who accufed 
Scipio Africanus of extortion. He was ac¬ 
quitted. 

PetTlius, a praetor who pefluaded the 
people of Rome to burn the hooks which had 
been found in Numa’s tomb, about 400 years 
after his death. His advice was followed. 

Pint, in Num. -A plebeian decemvir, &c. 

-A governor of the capitol, who Hole 

away the trealures entrufted to his care. He 
was acculed, but, though guilty, he was acquit¬ 
ted, as being the friend of Auguitus. Horat. I, 
Sat. 4, v. 94. 

Petosiris, a celebrated mathematician of 
Egypt. Juv. 6, v. 380. 

Petra, the capital town of Arabia Pe- 

trjea, Strab. 16.-A’town of Sicily, near 

Hybla, whole inhabitants are called Petrini 

Petrcrfes. -A town of Thrace. Liv. 

40, c. 22.-Another of Pieria in Macedo¬ 

nia. Liv. 39, C. 26. — Cic. in Verr. I,c. 39L 

-An elevated place near Dyrrhirhium. 

Lucan. 6, v. 16 & 70.— Caf. Civ t 3, c. 40. 
-Another in Elis.-Another near Co¬ 
rinth. 

Petrie a, one of the Oceanides. Heftod. 

Th. -A part of Arabia, which has Syria at 

the eall, Egypt on the weft, Pnleftine on the 
north, and Arabia Felix at the fouth. This 
part of Arabia was rocky, whence it has received 
its name. It was for the moll part a)fo co¬ 
vered with barren lands, and was interlperfed 
with fome fruitful lpots. Its capital was called 
Petra. 

Petreius, a Roman foldier who killed 
his tribune during the Cimbrian wars, be^ 
caufe he helitated to attack the enemy. He 
was rewarded for his valor with a crown of 

grafs. Plin. 22, c. 6.-A lieutenant of C. 

Antonius, who defeated the troops of Cati¬ 
line. He took the part of Pompey againlt 
Julius Caelar. When Cxl’ar had been vifto- 
rious in every part of the world, Petreius, 
who had retired into Africa, attempted t» 
deftroy himfelf by fighting with his friend 
king Juba in Angle combat. Juba wa9 
killed firft, and Petreius obliged one of his 
Haves to run him through. Sallujl. Catil. 

— Appian .— Ccrf. I. Civ. -A centurion in 

Cxlar’s army in Gaul, Sec. Some read Pe- 
tronius. 

Pe irInum, a town of Campania. Horat. 
1, ep. 5, v. 5. 

Petrocorii, the inhabitants of the mo¬ 

dem- 













PH 


PE 


aern town ofPerigord in France. Caf. 7, B. 
^ Pet^W ia > l ^ e w ^ e Vitellius. Tacit. 

jnji-'i,: 6 *’ , P " 

Pet on1us > a governor of Egypt, appomt- 
^ t0 <vceed Gallus. He behaved with great 
hurrr^y t0 ^ ews ’ anc ^ made war againft 

q j. ace queen of Ethiopia. Strab. 17.- 

Jivorite of Nero, put to death by Galba. 

A—A governor of Britain.-A tribune 

/\\\ed in Parthia with CrafTus.-A man 

banilhed by Nero to the Cyclades, when 
Pifo’s confpiracy was difcovered. Tacit. Ann. 

15. .— A governor of Britain in Nero’s 

reign. He was put to death by Galba’s or¬ 
ders.-Maximus, a Roman emperor. ViJ. 

Maximus.-Arbiter, a favorite of the em¬ 

peror Nero, and one of the minifters and alfo- 
ciates of all his pleafures and his debauchery. 
He was naturally fond of pleafure and effe¬ 
minate, and he paffed his whole nights in 
revels and the days in fleep. He indulged 
himfelf in all the delights and gaieties oflife, 
but though he was the mod voluptuous of 
the age, yet he moderated his pleafures, and 
wilhed to appear curious and refined in luxury 
and extravagance. Whatever he did feemed 
to be performed with an air of unconcern 
and negligence, he was affable in his beha¬ 
viour, and his witticifms and iatirical remarks 
appeared artlefs and natural. He was appoint¬ 
ed proconful of Bithynia, and afterwards he 
was rewarded with the confullhip, in both of 
which honorable employments he behaved 
with all the dignity w'hich became one of 
the fucceffors of a Brutus or a Scipio. With 
his office he laid down his artificial gravity, 
and gave himfelf up to the purfuit of plea- 
lure : the emperor became more attached to 
him, and feemed fonder of his company, but 
he did not long enjoy the imperial favors. 
Tigellinus, likewife one of Nero’s favorites, 
jealous of his fame, accufed him of conlpiring 
againft the emperor’s life. The accufation 
Was credited, and Petronius immediately re- 
folved to withdraw himfelf from Nero’s pu- 
nifhment by a voluntary death. This was 
performed in a manner altogether unprece¬ 
dented, A. D. 66. Petronius ordered his 
veins to be opened, but without the eagerncis 
of terminating his agonies he'had them clofed 
at intervals, borne time after they were open¬ 
ed, and as if he wiflied to die in the fame 
carelefs and unconcerned manner as he had 
lived, he paffed his time in dilcourfing with 
his friends upon trifles, and liftened with the 
created avidity to love verfes, amuling (lories, 
©r laughable epigrams. Sometimes he manu¬ 
mitted his (laves or punifhed them with ftripes. 
In this ludicrous manner he fpent his laft mo¬ 
ments, till nature was exhaulted, and before 
he expired he wrote an epiflle to the emperor, 
in which he haddeferibed with a mafterly hand 
his noCfurnal extravagances, and the daily im¬ 
purities of ’ ’ 


fully fealed, and after he had conveyed it prl* 
vately to the emperor, Petronius broke his 
fignet, that it might not after his death be- 
corrie a fnare to the innocent Petronius dil- 
tinguifhed himfelf by his writings, as well* as 
by his luxury and voluptuoufnefs. He is the 
author of many elegant but obfeene compofi--* 
tians ftill extant, among which is a poem on 
the civil wars of Pompey and Ca?far, fuperior 
in fome refpe&s to the Pharfalia of Lucan. 
There is alio the feaft of Trimalcion , in which 
he pamts with too much 1 ' licentioufnefs the 
pleafures and the debaucheries of a corrupted 
court and of an extravagant monarch—re¬ 
flections on the inftability of human life—a 
poem on the vanity of dreams—another on 
the education of the Roman youth—two 
treatiles, &c. The bell editions of Petronius 
are thoi'e of Burman, 4to. Utr. 1709, and 
Reinefius 8vo. 1731. 

Pettiijs, a friend of Horace,to whom the 
poet add 1 el fed his eleventh epode. 

PETUS,an architeCl. Vid. Satyrus. 

Peuce, a fmall iflandat the mouth of the 
Danube. The inhabitants are called Pcuca 
and Peucini. Strab . 7. — Lucan. 3, r. 202. —- 
Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Peucestes, a Macedonian fet over 
Egypt by Alexander- He received Perlia 
at the general divifion of the Macedonian 
empire at the king’s death. He behaved 
with great cowardice after he had joined 
himfelf to Eumenes. C. Nep. in Eum.— 

Plut. — Curt. 4, c. 8.-An illand which 

was vifited by the Argonauts at their re- 
turn from the conqueft of the golden 
fleece. 

Peucetia, a part of Magna Graecia in 
Italy, at the north of the bay of Tarentum, 
between the Apennines and Lueania, called 
alfo Mejapia and Calabria. It received its 
name from Peucetus the fon of Lycaon, of 
Arcadia. Strab. 6 . — Plin. 3, c. Jl.— Ovid. 
Met. 14, v. 513. — Pauf. 10, c. 13. 

PeucIni, a nation of Germany, called alfo 
Bajlernee. Tacit, de Germ. 46- 

Peucoi.aus, an officer who confpired 
.with Dymnus againft Alexander’s life. 
Curt. 6.-Another, fet over Sogdiana. 

Id. 7. 

Pexodorus, a governor of Caria, who 
offered to give his daughter in marriage , to 
Aridarus the illegitimate fon of Philip 
Plut. * 

Phacium, a town of ThefTaly. Liv .32, 
c. 13. 1. 36,0. 13. 

Piiacusa, a town of Egypt on the eaftern 
mouth of the Nile. 

Phjea, a celebrated fow which infelled 
the neighbourhood of Cromyon. It was de- 
ftroyed by Thefeus as he was travelling from 
Trazene to Athens to make himfelf known 
to his father. Some fuppofe that the boar 
of Calydon fprung from this fow. Phaca, 
according to ferae authors, was no other 

than 






d 






PH 


PH 


than a woman who proflituted herfeif 
to ftrangers, whom fhe murdered, and 
afterwards plundered. Plut. in Tbef — 

S r r'. 8. 

Phjeacia, an ifland of the Ionian fea,near 
the coaft of Epirus, anciently called Siberia, 
and afterwards Cvrcyra . The inhabitants 
called Pher aces, were a luxurious and difl'olute 
people, from which realbn a glutton was gene¬ 
rally ftigmatized by the epithet of Pbaax. 
When UlyfTVs was fhipwrecked on the coaftof 
Ifliteacia, Alcinous was then king of the iflaud, 
whofe gardens have been greatly celebrated. 
Horat. i, ep. 15, v. 24— Ovid. Met. 13, 
v. 719.— Strab. 6 & 7.— Protest. 3, el. 2, 
v. 13. 

Pkjeax, an inhabitant of the ifland of 

Pha-acia. \Vid Phajacia.]-A man who 

failed with Thefeus'to Cr6te.-An Athe¬ 

nian who oppoled Alcibiades in his admini- 

ftration. 

Phjecasia, one of the Sporades in the 
TEgean. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

PiiAtDiMtrs, oneofNiobe’s children. A- 

ptllnd. 3, c. 5.-A Macedonian general who 

betrayed Eumenes to Antigonus.-A cele¬ 

brated courier of Greece. St at. 6. 

PtiiEDoN.an Athenian put to death by the 
30 tyrants. His daughters, to elcape the 
oppreftors and preferve their chnflity, threw 

themtelves together into a well.-A difciple 

of Socrates. He had been feized by pirates 
in his younger days, and the philofopher, who 
feemed to discover fomething uncommon and 
promifing in his countenance, bought his liberty 
for a l'um of money, and ever after efleemed 
him. Phxdon, after the death of Socrates, 
returned to Elis his native country, where he 
founded a fedf of philofophers called Elean. 
The name of Phtedon is affixed to one of the 
dialogues of Plato. Macrob. Sat. 1, c. II. — 

Dietr. -An archon at .Athens, when the 

Athenians were diredled by the oracle to re¬ 
move the bones of Thefeus to Attica. Plut. 
in Theft 

PuiEDRA, a daughter of Minos and Pafi 
phae, who married Thefeus, by whom fhe be¬ 
came mother of Acamas and Demophoon. 
They -had already lived for fome time in con¬ 
jugal felicity, when Venus, who hated all the 
defendants of Apollo, becaufe that god had 
diiCQvered her amours with Mars, inlpired 
Phtedra with an unconquerable paflicn jfor 
Hippolytus the fon of Thefeus, by the Ama¬ 
zon Hippolyte. This fhameful paffion Phae 
dra long attempted to ftifle, but in vain; and 
therefore, in the abfence of Thefeus, lhe ad- 
drefTed Hippolytus with all the impatience of 
a dei'ponding lover. Hippolytus rejedted her 
with horror and dil'dain; but Phaedra, incenfed 
on account of the reception fhe had met, re- 
folved to punifh his coldnefs anJ refuial. At 
the return of Theleus fhe accufed Hippolytus 
of attempts upon her virtue. The*credu)ous 
father liftened to the accufation, and without 


hearing the defence of Hippolytus, he banilhed 
him from his kingdom, and implored Nep¬ 
tune, who had promifed to grant three of his 
requells, to punifh him in fome exemplary 
manner. As Hippolytus fled from Athens, 
his horles were fuddenly terrified by a huge 
fea-monfler, which Neptune had lent on the 
Chore. He was dragged through precipices and 
oyer rocks, and he was trampled under the 
feet of his horfes, and cruflied under the 
wheels of his chariot. When the tragical 
end of Hippolytus was known at Athens, 
Phtedra confeffed her crime, and hung herlelf 
in del'pair, unable to lurvive one whofe death 
her wickednefs and guilt had occafioned. The 
death of Hippolytus, and the infamous pal- 
lion of Pluedra, are the fubjedf of one of the 
tragedies of Euripides, and of Seneca. Pha?- 
dra was buried at Trcezene, where her tomb 
was ftill leen in the age of the geographer 
Paufanias, near the temple of Venus, which 
lhe had built to render the goddels favorable 
to her inceftuous paflion. There was near her 
tomb a myrtle, whofe leaves were all full of 
fmall holes, and it was reported, that Phaedra 
had done this with a hair pin, when the vehe¬ 
mence of her paflion had rendered her melan¬ 
choly and almofl defperate. She was repre- 
fented in a painting in Apollo’s temple at 
Delphi, as fufpended by a cord, and balancing 
herlelf in the air, while her filler Ariadne 
flood near to her, and fixed her eyes upon 
her; a delicate idea, by which the genius of 
the artift intimated her melancholy end Plut. 
in The/. — Pauf. I, C. 22. 1 . 2, C. 32.— Diod. 
4. — Hvgin. fab. 47 & 243. —Ear ip. £5* Senec. 
in Hippol. — Tirg. JEn. 6 , V. 445. — Ovid. 
Heroid. 4. 

PHiUDRiA, a village ®f Arcadia. Pauf. 8, 
c-35- 

Ph-edrus, one of the difciples of Socra¬ 
tes. Cic. de Nat. D. I,-An Epicurean 

•philofopher.-A Thracian who became one 

of the freed-men of the emperor Augullus. 
He tranflated into iambic verfes, the fables of 
iEl'op, in the reign of the emperor Tiberius. 
They are divided into five books, valuables for 
their precifion, purity, elegance, and fimplicity. 
They remained long buried in oblivion, till 
they were dit’covered in the library of St. 
Remi, at Rheims, and publiibed by Peter Pi- 
thou, a Frenchman, at the end of the 16th 
century. Phaedrus was for fome time perfe¬ 
cted by Sejanus, becaufe this corrupt minifler 
believed that he was fatirized and abuled in 
the encomiums which the poet every where 
pays to virtue. The belt editions of Phaedrus 
are thofe of Burman, 4to. Leyd. 1727; Hoog- 
llraten, 4to. Amft. 1701, and Barbou, nmo. 
Paris, 1754. 

Fh£D?ma, a daughter of Otanes, who 
firft diicovered that Smerdis, who had af- 
cended the throne of Perfia at the death of 
Cam bytes, was an impoftor. Herodct. 3, 
c. 69. 

P j> Pii-awdONo®, 









PhjeMonoe, a prieftefs of Apollo. 

Phjenarete, the mother of the philo- 
fopher Socrates. She was a midwife by pro- 
feffion. 

pHAi.Ni as, a peripatetic philofopher, dif- 
ciple of Ariilotle. He wrote an hiftory of 
tyrants. Lieg. Laert. 

Ph^nna, one of the two Graces, wor- 
fliipped at Sparta, together with her (liter Cli- 
ta. Laeechemon firit paid them particular 
honor. Pauf. 9, c. 35. 

Ph tennis, a famous prophetefs in fhe age 
of Antiochus. Pan/, 10, c. 15. 

Phjesana, a town of Arcadia. 

Pha-stum, a town of Crete. Horn. Od. 

3, v. 296.-Another of Macedonia. Livi 

56, c. 13. 

Phaeton, a fon of the fun, or Phoebus 
and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He 
was fon of Cephalus and Aurora, according 
to He God and Paufanias, or of Tithonns and 
Aurora, according to Apollodorus. He is, 
however, more generally acknowledged to be 
the fon of f hcebus and Clymene. Phaeton 
was naturally of a lively difpofition, and a 
handfome figure. VenusJaecame enamoured 
cf him, and entrufted him with the care of 
one of her temples. This dillinguifhing favor 
of the goddels rendered him vain and afpiring; 
and when Epaphus, the ion of Io, had told 
him to check his pride, that he was not the 
fon of Phcrbus, Phaeton refolved to know his 
true origin, and, at the inftigatlon of his mo¬ 
ther, he viiued the palace of the fun. He 
begged Phoebus, that if he really were his fa¬ 
ther, he wpuld give him inconteftible proofs 
of his paternal tendernefs, and convince the 
world of his legitimacy. Phoebus fwore by the 
Styx, that he would grant him whatever he 
required, and nofooner was the oath uttered, 
than Phaeton demanded of him to drive his 
chariot for one day. Phoebus represented the 
impropriety of fuch a requeft, and the dan¬ 
gers. to which it would expole him; but in 
vain ; and, as the oath was inviolable, and 
Phaeton unmoved, the father inftrudled his 
fon how lie was to proceed in his way through 
the regions of the air. Elis explicit diredlions 
were forgotten, or little attended to; and no 
fooner had Phaeton received the reins from 
his father, than he betrayed his ignorance and 
incapacity to guide the chariot. The flying 
hories became feniible <jf the confufion of their 
driver, and immediately departed from the 
ufual track. Phaeton repented too late of his 
raflmefs, and already heaven and earth were 
threatened with an uuiverlal conflagration, 
When Jupiter, who had perceived tile dilorder 
of the hories of the fun, flrutk the rider w ith 
one of his thunderbolts, and hurled him head¬ 
long fronj heaven into the river to. His body, 
confumea with fire, was found hy the nymphs of 
the place, and honored with a decent burial. His 
filters mourned his unhappy end, and were 
changed into poplars by Jupiter. [ Fid. Phae- 


tontiades.] According to the poets, while 
Phaeton was unikilfully driving the chariot of 
his father, the blood of the ^Ethiopians was 
dried up, and their ikin became black, a color 
which is (till preferved among the greateil part 
of the inhabitants of the torrid zone. The 
territories of Libya were alfo parched up, ac¬ 
cording to the fame tradition, on account of 
their too great vicinity to the fun ; and ever 
iince, Africa, unable to recover her original 
verdure and fruitfulnefs, has exhibited a fandy 
country, and uncultivated waile. According 
to thofe who explain this poetical fable. Phae¬ 
ton was a Ligurian prince, who Jludied agro¬ 
nomy, and in whofe age the neighbourhood of 
the Po was vifited with uncommon heats. 
The horfes of the fun are called Phaetontis 
equi , either becaufe they were guided by* 
f-haeton, or from the Greek word (<pa' 9 -a>v'; r 
which expreiTes the fplcndor and luftre of that 
luminary. JEn. 5, v. 105.— Hefiod 

Tbeog . 985.— Ovid. Met. I, fab. 17. 1 . 2, 
fab. 1, &c.— Apollon. 4, Arg. — horat. l,od^ 
11.— Senec. in Medea. — Apollod — Hygin. fab. 

PhaetontiXdes, or Phaetontides, the 
fillers of Phaeton, who were changed into* 
poplars by Jupiter. Ovid. Met . 2, v. 346. 

ViJ. Heliades. 

Phaetusa, one of the Heliades changed- 
into poplars,, after the death of their brother 
Phaeton. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. 

Ph xv s, a town of Peloponnefus. 

Phagesia, a feilival among the Greeks* 
obierved during the celebration of the Diony- 
iia. It received its name from the good eating , 
and living that then univerfally prevailed,. 
Quyu*. 

Phaeacrink, a village of the Sabines 
where Velpafian was born. Suet. Vefp. 2. 

Phala;, wooden towers at Rome, ere&ed 
in the circus. Juv. 6 , v. 589. 

Phaljecus, a general of Phocis againil 
the Boeotians, killed at the battle of Chero- 
nrea. Died. 16. 

PuALAiSiA, a town of Arcadia. ,PauJ. 8* 
c. 35* 

Phalanna, a town of Perrhaebia. Uv. 
42 , c. 54. 

Phai.anthus, a Lacedemonian, who 
founded Tarentum in Italy, at the liead of 
the Parthenie. His father’s name was Ara- 
cus. As he went to Italy he was ihipwreck- 
ed on tile coail, and carried to iliore by a 
dolphin, and from that reafon there was a 
dolphin j V .ced’ pear his ftatue in the temple of 
Apollo at Pelphi. \Vid. Parthenie.] He 
received- divine honors after death. JuJlin. 
3, C. 4. Pauf. 10, C. IO.— Horat. 2, od. 6, 

v. 11.— Si/. Jta/. 11, v. 16.-A town and 

mountain of the fame name in Arcadia. Perf 
8, c. 35.^ 

PhXi ARIS, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who 
made ufe of the raolt excruciating torments to 
puniili his fubjecis on the fmallefi, fufpicion.. 

Per Ulus 






PH 


PH 


Perillds triad? him a brazen bull, and when 
he had preiented it to Phalaris, the tyrant or¬ 
dered the inventor to be ieized, and the firft 
experiment to be made on his body. Thefe 
cruelties did not long remain unrevenged; 
the people of Agrigentum revolted in the 
tenth year of his reign, and put him to death 
in the fame manner as he had tortured Peril- 
lus and many of his fubjeXs after him, B. C. 
552. T he brazen bull pf Phalaris was carried 
by Amilcar to Carthage; when that city was 
taken by Scipio, it was delivered again to the 
inhabitants of Agrigentum by the Roman . 
There are now fome letters extant written by 
a certain Abaris to Phalaris, with their re- 
fpeXive anfwers, but they are fuppofed by 
fome to be fpurious. The beft edition is that 
of the learned Boyle, Oxon. 1718. Cic. in 
Ferr. 4, ad Att'-c. 7, ep. 12, de offic. 2. 
—Ovid, ds Art. Am. I, v. 663.— Juv. 8, 
v. 81.— Pirn. 34, c. 8.— DioJ. -A Tro¬ 

jan killed by T 'urnus. Fi>g AZn. 9, v. 
762. 

Ph.alarium, a citadel ofSyracufe, where 
Phalaris’s bull was placed. 

PhalXrus, a liver of Bototia, falling into 
the Cephifus. Pan/. 9, c. 34. 

Pualcidon, a town of Theflaly. Polyan. 
4 - 

Piialeas, a philofopher and legiflator, &c. 

Arijl. 

Phalereus Demetrius. Fid. Deme¬ 
trius. 

Pu aleria, a town of Theflaly. Liv 32, 
c. 15. 

Pu a lkris, a Corinthian who led a colony 
to Epidamnus from Corcyra. 

Pualeron, or Pualerum, or Phalera, 
(» rum), or Phalereus port us, an ancient har¬ 
bour of Athens, about 25 ftadia from the ci¬ 
ty, which, for its fituation and fmallnefs, was 
not very fit for the reception of many (hips. 

•-A place of Theflaly. 

Pualkrus, a fon of Alcon, one of the 
Argonauts. Orpheus. 

Pn/. lias, a fon of Hercules and tieliconis, 
daughter ofTheftius. ApolloJ. 

Phallica, feltivalsoblerved by the Egyp¬ 
tians in honor of Ofiris. They receive their 
name from tQctXXes ftmulachrum ligttettm rve?n - 
bri virilis. The inftitution originated in this: 
after the murder of Ofiris, Ifis was unable to 
recover among the other limbs the privities of 
her hufband; and therefore, as (he paid parti¬ 
cular honor to every part of his body, (he dif- 
tinguifhed that which was loft *vvith more ho¬ 
nor, and paid it more attention. Its repre¬ 
sentation, called phallus , was made with wood, 
and carried during the facred feftivals which ' 
were inftituted in honor of Ofiris. T he peo¬ 
ple held it in tbe greateft veneration ; it was 
looked upon as an emblem of fecundity, and 
the mention of it among the ancients, never 
conveyed any impure thought or lafeivious re¬ 
flexion, The feftivals of tbe phallus were 


imitated by the Greeks, and introduced into 
Europe by the Athenians, who made the pro- 
ceflioh of the phallus part of the celebration 
of the Dionylia of the god of wine. Thofe 
that carried the phallus , at the end of a long 
pole, were called phallophori. They general¬ 
ly appeared among the Greeks, befmeared 
with the dregs of wine, covered with lkins of 
lambs, and wearing on their heads a crown of 
ivy. Lucian, de Led Syr. — Plut. de Jjtd. t 5 * 
OJir. — Pauf. r, c. 2 . 

P11 al y 3 1 us, a citizen of NaupaXum, 
who recovered his fight by reading a letter 
fent him by iEfculapius. Pauf. 10, cap, 
ult. 

Phanjeus, a promontory of the ifiand 
of Chios, famous for its wines. It was 
called after a king of the fame name, who 
reigned there. Liv. 36, C. 43.— Virg . G. 2, 
v. 98. 

Phanarea, a town of Cappadocia. 

Steal). 

Phan as, a famous Meflenian, Sec. who 
died B. C. 682. 

Phanes, a man of Halicarnaflus, who fled 
from Amafis, king of Egypt, to the court of 
Cambyies, king of Perfia, whom he adviied, 
when he invaded Egypt, to pafs through Ara¬ 
bia. Herodot. 3, c. 4. 

Piianeta, it town of Epirus. Liv. 32, 
c. 28. 

Piianocles, art elegiac poet of Greece, 
who wrote a poem on that unnatural fin of 
which Socrates is accufed by fome. He lup- 
ported that Orpheus had been the firft who 
dilgraced himl'elf by that filthy indulgence. 
Some of his fragments are remaining. Clem, 
Alex. Str. 6. 

Phanodemus, an hiftorian who wrote on 
the antiquities of Attica. 

Puantasia, a daughter of Nicarchus of 
Memphis, in Egypt. Some have fuppofed 
that lhe wrote a poem on the Trojan war, 
and another on the return of Ulyfies to Itha¬ 
ca, from which compofitions Homer copied the 
greateft.part of his Iliad and Odyffey, when 
he vifited Memphis, where they were depo- 
fited. 

Phanus, a fon of Bacchus, who was among 
the Argonauts. Apollod. 

Phaon, ? boatman of Mitylene in Lelbos. 
He received a fmall box of ointment from 
Venus, who had preiented herfelf to him in 
the form of an old woman, to be carried over 
into Afia, and as foon as he had rubbed him- 
felf with what the box contained, he became 
one of the raoft beautiful men of his age. 
Many were captivated with the charms of 
Phaon, and among others, Sappho, the cele¬ 
brated poetefs. Phaon gave bimfelf up. to the 
pleafures of Sappho’s company, but, however, 
he loon conceived a difdain for her, and Sap¬ 
pho, mortified at his coldnefs, threw herfelf 
into the fea. Some fay that Phaon was be¬ 
loved by the goddefs of beauty, who conceal- 

P p % ti 


) 





PH 


cd him for fome time among lettuces. -Lilian 
fays, that Phaon was killed by a man whofe 
bed he was defiling. JElian. V. H. 12.— 
Ovid. Heroid. 21. — Palaphat. de inc. 49*— 
Athen.—Lucian. in Sim. & Polijlr. 

Phara, a town of Africa, burnt by Sci* 
pio’s foldiers. 

Pharacides, a general of the Lacedae¬ 
monian fleet, who aflifted Dionyfius* the ty¬ 
rant of Sicily againft the Carthaginians. 
Polyan. 2* 

PhAR iE,or Pher^Ej a town of Crete.- 

Another in MelTenia. Pauf. 4, c. 30. Fid. 
Pherae. 

Pharasmanes, a king of Iberia, in 
the reign of Antoninus, &c. Tacit. Ann. 6 , 
c- 33- 

Piiarax, a Lacedaemonian officer, who 
attempted to make himfelf abfolute in Sicily. 
— — A Theflalian, whofe fon, called Cyanip- 
pus, married a beautiful woman, called Leu- 
cone, who was torn to pieces by his dogs. 
Parth. 

Pharis, a town of Laconia, whofe in¬ 
habitants are .called PJsarita. Pavf. 3, c. 30. 
——A fon of Mercury and Philodamea, 
who built Pharte in MelTenia. Pauf. 4, 
c. 30. 

PharmecSsa, an ifland of the ./Egean 
fea, where Julius Caefar was feized by fome pi¬ 
rates. Suet. Caf 4.-Another, where was 

lhewn Circe’s tomb. Strab. 

Pharnabazus, a fatrap of Periia, fon of 
a perfon of the fame name, B. C. 409. He 
aflifted the Lacedaemonians againft the Athe- 
nians, and gained their efteem by his friendly 
behaviour and fupport. His conduct, how¬ 
ever, towards Alcibiades,was of the mod per¬ 
fidious nature, and he did not fcruple to be¬ 
tray to his mortal enemies the man he had 
Jong honored with his friendfhip. C. Nep. in 

Ale. — Piut. -An officer under Eumenes' 

—■ . A king of Iberia. 

PriARNACE, a town of Ponttts. Plin. 6, 

c. 4.-The mother of Cinyras, king of 

PontUS. Suidas. 

PiiarnXces^ a fon of Mithridates, king of 
Pontus, who favored the Romans againft 
his father. He revolted againft Mithridates, 
and even caufed him to be put to death, ac¬ 
cording to fome accounts. In the civil wars of 
Julius Caefar and Pompey, he intereftedhim¬ 
felf for neither of the contending parties, upon 
which Caefar turned his army againft him, and 
conquered him. It was to exprefs the celerity 
of his operations in conquering Pharnaces, 
that the viftorious Roman made ufe of thefe 
words, Venty vidi, vici. Plor. 3.— Suet, in 

Caf. 37.— Pat ere. 2, c. 55.-A king of 

Pontus who made war. with Eumenes, B. C. 
l8i.. - — A king of Cappadocia.-A libra¬ 

rian of Atticus. Cic. ad Att. 

Piiarna tates, a general of Orodes, 
king of Paithia, killed in a battle by the Ro¬ 
mans. 


PH 

Pn arnaspes, the father of Caflandra, tire 

mother of Cambyfes. 

Pharnus, a king of Media, conquered 
by Ninus king of Aflyria. 

Pharos, a fmall illand in the bay of Alex¬ 
andria, about feven furlongs diftant from the 
continent. It was joined to the Egyptian 
(bore with a caufeway, by Dexiphanes, B. C. 
284, and upon it was built a celebrated tower, 
in the reigh of Ptolemy Sqter, and Philadel- 
phus, by Softratus, the fon of Dexiphanes* 
This tower, which was called the tower of 
Pharos, and which pafled for one of the feven 
wonders of the world, was built with white 
marble, and could be feen at the diftance of 
100 miles. On the top, fires were conftantly 
kept to dire6t lailors in the bay, which was 
dangerous and difficult of accefs. The build¬ 
ing of this tower coft the Egyptian monarch 
800 talents, which were equivalent to above 
165,000 1 . Englilh, if Attic, or if Alexandri¬ 
an, double that fum. There was this inferip- 
tion upon it, King Ptolemy to the Gods the fa~ 
viors, far the benefit of failors ; but Softra¬ 
tus the architect, wiftiing to claim all,the glo¬ 
ry, engraved his own name upon the ftones, 
and afterwards filled the h'ollovv with mor-• 
tar, and wrote the abovementioned inferip- 
tion. When the mortar had decayed by 
time, Ptolemy’s name difappeared, and the 
follewing infeription then became vifible : So - 
frat us the Cnidian, fon of Dexiphanes, to the 
Gods the faviors, for the beneft of failors. 
The word Pharius is often uied as Egyptian. 
Lucan . 2 , V. 636. 1 . 3, v. 260, 1. 6, V. 308. 1. 
9, v. 1005, Sec. — Ovid. A. A. 3, v. 635.*— 
Plin. 4, c. 31 & 85. 1 . 36, c. 13.— Strab. 
17.— Mela, 2 , C. 7.— Plin. 13, c. II.— 
Homer, od. 4.— Flac. 2 .— Stat. 3, Sylv. 2, 

v. 102.-A watch-tower near Capreae. 

-An ifland on the coaft of Illyricum, 

now called Lefna. Mela , 2 , c. 7. - The 

emperor Claudius ordered a tower to be 
built at the entrance of the port of Oftia, for 
the benefit of failors, and it likewife bore 
the name of Pharos , an appellation after¬ 
wards given to every other edifice which was 
railed to dirett the courfe of lailors, either 
with lights, or by lignals. Juv. II, v. 76.— 
Suet. 

Pharsalus, now Farfa, a town ofThef- 
falv, in whole neighbourhood is a large plain 
called Pbarf alia , famous for a battle which 
was fought there between Julius Cafar and 
Pompey, in which the former obtained the- 
victory. In that battle, which was fought on 
the 12th of May, B. C. 48, Caefar loft about 
200 men, or, according to others, 1200. Pom¬ 
pey’s lofs was 15,000, or 25,000, according to 
others, and 24,000 of his army were made 
priloners of war by the conqueror. Lucan. 1, 
& c -— Pint, in Pomp. Idf Caf—Appian. Civ. 

Cafar. Civ. — Sueton. in Caf.— Dio. Caff. - 

That poem of Lucan in which he gives an ac- 
count of the civil wars of Cafar and Pom- 

p e y» 






PH 

I 

pey, bears the name of Pharfalia. 1 Vid. Lu¬ 
can os. 

Pharte, a daughter of Danaus. Apol- 

lod. 

Pharus, a Rutulian killed by iEneas. 
Virg. JEn. IO, v. 322. 

. Pharusii, or Phaurusit, a people of 
Africa, beyond Mauritania. Mela, i, c. 4. 

Piiarybus, a river of Macedonia, falling 
into the iEgean lea. It is called by feme Ba- 
phyrus. 

Pharycadon, a town of Macedonia, on 
the Peneus. Strab. 9,. 

Ph ary on, a town of Locris. 

PhaseLis, a town of Pamphylia, at the 
foot of mount Taurus, which was long the 
relidence of pirates. Strab. 14.— Lucan. 8, 
c. 251. —Cic. agra. 2, c. 19. 

Phasiana, a country of Afia, near the 
river Phafis. The inhabitants called Phajia- 
ni, are of Egyptian origin. 

Phasias, a patronymic given to Medea, 
as being born near the Phalis. Ovid. Met. 

Phasis, a fon of Phoebus and Ocyroe. 
-A river of Golchis, riling in the moun¬ 
tains of Armenia, now called Faoz, and 
falling into the eaft of the Euxine. It is fa¬ 
mous for the expedition of the Argonauts, 
who entered it after a ior.g and perilous voy- 
.age, from which reafon all dangerous voyages 
have been proverbially intimated by the rvords 
of fdiling to tie -Pbafts. There were on the 
banks of the Phafis a great number of large 
birds, of which, according \n fome of the an¬ 
cients, the Argonauts brought fome to Greece, 
and which were called on that account plea- 
Jants. The Phafis was reckoned by the an¬ 
cients one of the larged rivers of Afi.i. Plin. 
10, C. 48.— Martial. 13, ep. 62.— Strab. II. 
—Mela, I, c. 19 .—Apolled. I, kc.—Pauf. 
4, c. 44.— Orpheus. 

Phassu s, a ion of Lycaon. Apdlod. 

Phauda, a town of Pontus, 

PiiavorTnus, a writer, the beft edition of 
whole Greek Lexicon is that in fol. Vend. 

I "phayi.hts, a tyrant of Ambracia.- 

The brother to Onomarchus of Phocis, &c. 
\Vid. Phocis.] Pan/. 10, c. 2. ^ 

PilEA.or Pheia, a town of Elis. Hamer. 

* Puecadum, an inland town of Macedo¬ 
nia. Liv. 31, c. 41. 

Phegeus, or Phlegeus, a companion of 
,/Eneas, killed by Turmis. Virg. JEn. 9, 
v . 76^.-Another, likewile killed by Tur¬ 
mis. Id. 12, v. 371, &c.-A prieft of 

Bacchus, the father of Alphefiboea, who pu¬ 
rified Alcmseon of his mother’s murder, and 
gave him his daughter in marriage. He was 
afterwards put to death by the children of 
Alcmseon by Callirhoe, becaufe he had or¬ 
dered Alcmseon to be killed when he had at¬ 
tempted to fecoyer a coliaj which he had given 


PH 

to his daughter. [Vid. Alcmseon.] Ovid. Met . 

9, v. 412. 

Phellia, a river of Laconia. Pauf. 3, 
c. 20. 

Phelloe, a town of Achaia near^Egira, 
where Bacchus and Diana each had a temple.. 
Pauf. 7 , c. 26, 

Phellus, a place of Attica.--— - A town 
of Elis, near Olympia. Strab. 

Phemius, a man introduced by Homer 
as a mulician among Penelope’s fuitors. 
Some lay that he taught Hbmer, for which 
the grateful poet immortalized his name. 

Homer. Od. -A man, who, according to 

fome, wrote an account of the reuTtn of 
the Greeks from the Trojan war. The 
word is applied by Ovid, Am. 3, v. 7, 
indilcriminately to any perlon who excels in 
mufic. 

Phkmonoe, a prieftefs of Apollo, who is 
fuppofed to have invented heroic verl'es. Pauf. 

10, c. 6. 

Ph eneum, a tovvnof Arcadia, whofe inha¬ 
bitants, called Pbeueata, worfliipped Mercury. 
Cic. de Nat. D. 3. 

Pjieneus, a town with a lake of the 
fame name in Arcadia, whofe waters are 
unwholelome in the night, and wholefome 
in the day time. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 23 - 
— Virg. JEn. 8, v. 165.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 

332.-A fon of Melas, killed by Tydeus. 

Apollod. 

Pherje, a town of ThefTaly, where the 
tyrant Alexander reigned, whence he was 
called Pberatis. Strab. 8 . — Cie. 2, de fpc. — 
Ovid, in lb. 321.— Fa!. Max . 9, c. 13.—r— 

A town of Attica.-Another in Laconia in 

Peloponncfus. Liv. 35, c. 30. 

Phf.rjeus, a lurname of Jafon, as being 
a native of Pherae. 

Pheraules, a Perfian whom Cyrus railed 
from poverty to affluence. He afterwards gave 
up all his poffeflions to enjoy tranquillity and 
retirement. Xenopl, Cyr. 

PnERECius,oneof the Greeks during the 

Trojan war. Ovid. Her . 15.-A pilot of 

the fhip ofThefeus, when he went to Crete. 
Plut.ru Thef. 

Pit ere crates, a comic poet of Athens, 
in the age of Plato and Ariftophanes. He is 
fuppofed to have written 21 comedies,, ef 
which only a few verfes remain. He intro¬ 
duced living chara£lers on the ftage, but ne¬ 
ver abufed the liberty which he had taken, 
either by fatire or defamation. He invented 
a fort of verfe, which from him has been 
called Pberecratians It confined of the three 
laft feet of an hexameter verfe, of which the 
firft was always a fpondee, as for inftance, 
the third verfe of Horace’s 1. od. 5, Gra fo 

Pyrrba fub autre. - Another defeendedfrom 

DeuCahon. Cic . Tuf. 

Pherechoes, a philofopher of Scyros, 
difciple of Pittacus, one of the firft who 
delivered his thoughts in profe. He was 
P p 3 ascjvaimed 






PH 


PH 


acquainted \Vith the periods of the moon, 
and foretold eclipfes with the' greateft accu¬ 
racy. The doftrine of the immortality of 
the foul was firll fupported by him, as alfo that 
of the metempfyehofis. Pythagoras was one 
of his difciples, remarkable for his efteem 
and his attachment to his learned matter. 
When Pherecydes lay dangeroufly ill in the 
ifland of Delos, Pythagoras haftened to give 
him every affiftance in his power, and when 
all his efforts had proved ineffectual, he bu¬ 
ried him, and after he had paid him the laft 
offices, he retired to Italy. Some, however, 
fuppofe, that Pherecydes threw himfelf down 
from a precipice as he was going to Delphi, 
or according to others, he fell a facrifice to 
the loufy difeafe, B. C. Ji>, in the 8.5th 

year of his age. Diog.—Laclant. -An 

hiftorian of Leros, fernamed the Athenian. 
He wrote an hiftory of Attica, now loft, 

in the age of Darius Hyftafpes.--A tragic 

poet. x 

Pheren dates, a Per flan fet over Egypt 
by Artaxerxe?. 

Pkerephate, a fu'rname of Proferpine, 
from the production of corn. 

Piieres, a Ion of Cretheus and Tyro, 
who built Pherre in Theffaly, where he reign¬ 
ed. He married Clymene, by whom he had 
Admetus and Lvcurgus. Apollod'— —A 
foil of Medea, ftoned to death by the Corinth¬ 
ians, on account of the poifonous cloaths which 
he had given to Glauce, Creon’s daughter. 

\Vid. Medea.] Paif. 2, c. 3.-A friend 

of iEileas killed by Haleius. Virg. JEn. ic, 
v. 413- 

Pheretias, a patronymic of Admetus, fon 
of Pheres. Ovid. Met. t, v. 291. 

PueretIma, the wife of Battus king of 
Cyrene, and mother of Arcefilaus. After 
her ion’s death, the recovered the kingdom 
by means of A mails king of Egypt, and to 
avenge the murder of Arcefilaus, (he caufed 
all his aflaifins to be crucified round the walls 
of Cyrene, and fhe cut off the breafts of 
their wives, and hung them up near the bo¬ 
dies of their hulbands. It is laid that ihe 
was devoured alive by worms, a punilhment 
which, according to fome of the ancients, was 
inflicted by providence for her .unparalleled 
cruelties. Polyeen 8.— Herodot. 4, c. 204, 
&c. 

Puerinom, a town of Theffaly. 

P-heron, a king of Egypt, who fuc- 
ceeded Sefoftris. He was blind, and he re¬ 
covered his fight by wafhjng his eyes, ac¬ 
cording to the direCIions of the oracle, in 
the urine of a woman who had never had 
any unlawful connections. He tried his 
wife firft, but Ihe appeared to have been 
faithleis to his bed, and Ihe was burnt with 
all thofe whole urine could not reftore fight 
to the king. He married the woman whofe 
urine proved beneficial. Herodot.2> c. ill. 
PHERusA,c.4e of the Nereides. ApdhcL 1 


PhtAL’s, one of Diana’s nymfhs. Ovid. 

Met. 3.-A celebrated cAurtezan. ^uv. 

v. 238. 

PniALiA,or Phigalia, a town of Arcadia. 
Pai/f 8, c. 3. 

PiiiAi.us, a’.king of Arcadia. /<*> IK 

Piiicorks, a people near the Palus Mas- 
otis. Mela , 1, c. 19. 

Phidias, a celebrated ftatuarvbf Athens, 
who died 8. C. 432. He made * liatue of 
Minerva at the requeft of Pericles, which 
was placed in the Pantheon. It was made 
with ivory and gold, and meafured 39 feet 
in height. His prefumption r. iled him ma¬ 
ny enemies, and he was a ecu ted of having 
carved his own image and tl)at of Pericles 
on the fhield of the ftatue of the goddefs, lor 
which he was bamlhed from Athens by the 
clamorous populace. He retired to Elis, 
where he determined to revenge the ill-treat¬ 
ment he had received from his countrymen, 
by making a llatue which fhould eclipfe the 
fame of that of Minerva. He was lucceisful 
in the attempt; and the ftatue he made of. 
Jupiter Olyrfipius was always reckoned the 
heft of all his pieces, and has pa (Ted »or one of 
the wonders of the world.' The people of 
Elis were fo fcnlible of his merit, and of the 
honor he Ind done to their city, that they ap¬ 
pointed his delcenoants to the honorable of¬ 
fice of keeping clean that magnificent ftatue, 
and of preferving it from injury. Pavf 9 ’ c * 
4.— Cic. de Orat. — Strab. 8.— Quintil . 12, C. 
10 .— Pint, in Per. 

« I hidile, a woman. Vid Phidyle. 

Phidippides, a celebrated courier, who 
ran from Athens to Lacedaemon, about 152 
Englifh miles, in two days, to.alk of the La¬ 
cedaemonians affiftance againft the Perfiairs. 
The Athenians railed a temple to his me¬ 
mory. Herodot. 6, C. 105.— C. N-p. in Milt. 

Phiditia, a public entertainment at Spar¬ 
ta, where much frugality was obferved, as the 
word (jptibirtu from tpnoo/uett, pared),, denotes. 
Perfons of all ages were admitted ; the 
younger frequented it as a fchool of tempe¬ 
rance and lobriety, where they were trained 
to good manners and ufeful knowledge, by 
the example and difeourfe of the elders. Cic. 
Tif j, c. 34 .—Pauf. 3, c. 10. 

Phidon, a man who enjoyed the fovereign 
power at Argos, and is luppoled to have in¬ 
vented feales and mealures, and coined filver 
at iEgina. He died B. C. 854. Anjl. — He - 

rodot. 6, c, 127.-An ancient legiftator at 

Corinth. 

Phidyle, a female fervant of Horace, to 
whom he addrefied 3, od. 23. 

P hjgalei, a people ot * eloptmnefus, near 
Mellenia. T hey were naturally fond of drink¬ 
ing, and negligent of domeftic affairs. Pauf. 
8,c. 39 . 

Pm la, the eldeft daughter of Antipathy, 
who married Craterus.*' She afterwards mar¬ 
ried Demetrius, and when her hulba^d had 

loit 








PH 


PH 


lofc the kingdom of Macedonia, fhe pctfbned 

hertelf. Plut.- -A town of Macedonia. 

Liv. 42, c. 67. 1 . 44, c. 2 Sc 34.-An ifland 

called alio Phla. 

Philadelphia, now Alah'Jher , a town of 

-Lydia. Plin. 5, c. 29. - Another in Cilicia. 

-Arabia. —^-Sy ria. 

Philadelphia, a king of Paphlagoriia, who 

followed the intereft of M. Antony,.-The 

furnarae of one of the Ptolemies, king of 
Psypt, by antiphrafis, becaufe hedeftroyed all 
Ins brothers. Vid. Ptolemseus 2d. 

Phi lac, a town and liland of Egypt, above 
.the imaller cataract, but placed oppofite Syene 
by Plin. 5, c. 9 . Iiis was warihipped there.— 
Lucun. 10, v. 313— Seneca. 2, Nat. 4, c. 

2*-One of the Sporades. Plin. 4, c. 

.12. 

Philjeni, two brothers of Carthage. 
When a conteft arofe between the Cyreneans 
and Carthaginians, about the extent of their 
territories, it was mutually agreed, that, at 
a dated hour, two men fliould depart from 
each city, and that wherever they met, there 
they lhould fix the boundaries of their coun¬ 
try. The Phiheni accordingly departed from 
Cartilage, and met the Cyreneans, when 
they had advanced far into their territories. 
This produced a quarrel, and the Cyreneans 
lupported, that the Pinked, had left Carthage 
before the appointment, and that therefore 
they mutt retire, or be buried in the fand. 
'Pile Phiheni refufed, upon which they were 
overpowered by the Cyreneans, and accord¬ 
ingly buried in the land. The Carthagi¬ 
nians, to commemorate the patriotic -deeds of 
the Philieni, who had facrificed their lives 
that the extent of their couutr.y might not 
be diminifhed, raifed two altars on the place 
where their bodies had been buried, which 
they called Pbil&narum aree. Thefe altars 
were the boundaries of the Carthaginian do¬ 
minions, which on the other fide extended as 
far as the columns ol'tjerrules, which is about 
2000 miles, or according to the accurate ob- 
fervations of the moderns, only 1420 geogra¬ 
phical miles. Sallujl. debell. 'Jug. J9 & 79. 
r —Sil. It. IS, v. 704. 

PniLXNis,or P.hi leris, a courtezan. Vid. 
Phileris. 

Phil.t-DS, a fon of Ajax by Lvfide, the 
daughter of Coronus,one of the Lapithte. Mil- 
Aiades, as fome fuppole,wasdei’ceB«kd from him. 
--A Ion of Augeas, who upbraided his fa¬ 
ther for not granting what Hercules juftly 
claimed for cleaning his (tables. [ Vid Augeas.] 
He was placed upon his father’s throne by 
Hercules* Apollod. 2. 

Phjlammon, a celebrated muGcian, fon 
of Apollo and Chione.-A man who mur¬ 

dered Arlinofi, and who was flain by her fe¬ 
male attendants. 

Philanthus, a fon of Prolaus of Elis, 
killed at $e .Olympic games. Rauf. 5, 
«• 3 - 


Philarckus, a hero who gave afMance 
to the 1‘hocians when the Perfians invaded 

Greece. 

Philemon, a Greek comic poet, contem¬ 
porary with Menander. He obtained l'ome 
poetical prizes over Menander, not fo much 
by the merit of his conipofition, as by the 
intrigues of his friends. Plautus imitated 
fome of his comedies. He lived to his 97th 
year, and died, as' it is reported, of laughing, 

on feeing an afs eat figs, B. C. 274.-His 

fon, who bore the fame name, wrote 54 co¬ 
medies, of which fome few fragments remain, 
which do not ieem to entitle him to great 
rank among the Greek comic writers. Val. 
Max 9, c. 12.— Quintil. IO. — Plut. de ira. 

cob. — Strab. 14.--A poor man of Phrygia. 

[Vid. Baucis].———An illegitimate ion of 
Priam. 

Philene, a town of Attica between 
Athens and Tanagra. Stat. Tbeb. 4, v. 
102. 

Phileris, an immodeft woman, whom 
Philocrates the poet lampooned. Mart. 7. 

Phi l i R0 s, a town of Macedonia. Plin. 

Philesius, a leader of the 10,000 Greeks 
after the battle of Cunaxa. 

Philetjbrus, an eunuch made governor 
of Pergamus bv Lyfimachus. He quarrelled 
with Lyfimachus, and made hiaaielf mailer of 
Pergamus, where he laid the foundations of 
a kingdom called the kingdom of Pergamus, 

B C. 283. He reignid there for 20 years, 
and at his death he appointed his nephew 
Kumenes as his fuccefi'or. Strab. 13.— Pauf. 

1, c. 8.-A Cretan general who revolted 

from Seleucus, and was conquered, Sec . Po¬ 
ll a/u 4. 

Philetas, a grammarian and poet of 
Cos, in the reign of king Philip, and of his 
fon Alexander the Great. He was made , 
preceptor to Ptolemy Phihdelphus. The 
elegies and epigrams which he wrote have 
been greatly commended by the ancients, 
and fome fragments of thetVi are dill prel'erved 
in Atheimis. He was fo fmall and (lender, 
according to the improbable accounts of 
Lilian, that he always carried pieces of lead 
in his pockets, to prevent being blown away 
by the wind. JEliart. V. H. 9, c. 14.— Ovid. 

Fafi. i, el. 5.— Propert. 3, el. 1.--An hifto- 

rian. 

Pmi.ETiusj a faithful fie ward of UlyfTes, 
who, with-Eumeus, afiilted him in deflroying 
the luitors, who had not only mfulted in® 
queen, but wafted the property of the abfent 
monarch. Homer. Qd. 20, Sec. 

Phi lidas, a friend of Pelopidas, who fa¬ 
vored the conlpiracy formed to expel the .Spar¬ 
tans from Thebes. He received the conlpira- 
tors in his own houfe. 

Philides, a dealer in horfes in the age of 
Themiltocles. Pint, in Them. 

Philinna, a courtezan, mother of Ari- 
dnsus, by Philip the fatlter of Alexander. 

P p 4 Pnn.,1- 





PH 


PH 


PhilTnus, a hative of Agrigentum, who | 
fought with Annibal againft the Romans. He 
wrote a partial hiftory of the Punic wars. C. 
iV r ?/>• in An nil). — Polyb. 

Philippei, or Philippi, certain pieces of 
money coined in the reign of Philip of Mace¬ 
donia, and with his image. Horat. 2, ep. I, 
v. 284.-— Liv. 34, c. 52. 1. 37, c. 59. 1. 39, 

c. 5 Sc 7. 

Philippi, a town of Macedonia, an¬ 
ciently called Datos, and iituate at the ealt of 
the Strvmon on a riling ground, which abounds 
with fprings and water. It was called Philippi, 
after Philip, king of Macedonia, who foiti- 
fied it againft the incudions of the barbarians 
of Thrace, and became celebrated for two 
battles which were fought there in October, 
B. C. 42, at the interval of about 20 days, 
between Auguilus and Antony, and the re¬ 
publican forces of Brutus and Cahius, in which 
the former obtained the victory. Ovid. M-t. 
15, v. 284.-=— Pliv. 7, c. 45.— Flor. 4, c. 7.— 
JPaterc. 2, c. See. — Appian. 2, civ. bell.— 
Pint, in Anton.—Virg. G. I, V. 490.— Suet. 
Aug. 2. 

Philippines, a comic poet in Alex¬ 
ander’s age. -A courier, called alfo 1- hi- 

dippides. 

Hhilipfopolis, a town of Thrace, near the 
Htbrus, built by Philip the father of Alexan¬ 
der. Liv. 39,0.53 --Of Theffaly, called 

Philippi. 

Pm lip pus ift, fon of Argeus, fuc- 
ceeded his father on the throne of Macedo¬ 
nia, and reigned 38 years, B. C. 40.- 

The fecond of that name was the fourth fon 
of Amyntas, king of Macedonia. He was 
fent to Thebes as an hollage by his father, 
where he learnt the art of war under Epami- 
nondas, and lludied with the greateft care 
the manners and the puriuits of the Greeks. 
He was recalled to Macedonia, and at the 
death of his brother Perdiccas, he afcended 
the throne as guardian and protestor of the 
youthful years of his nephew. His atnbi 
tion, however, loon dilcovered itlelf, and 
he made himfelf independent. 1 he valor 
of a prudent general, and the policy of an 
experienced ftatelinan, leemed requifite to 
enfure his power. The neighbouring na¬ 
tions, ridiculing' the youth and inexperience 
of the new king of Macedonia, appeared in 
arms, but I hilip foon convinced them of 
their error. Unable to meet them ,ns yet in 
the field of battle, he lulpended their 'fury 
by prefents, and foon turned his arms againft 
Amphipolis, a colony tributary to the Athe¬ 
nians. Amphipoiis was conquered, and add 
ed to the kingdom of Macedonia, and Phi¬ 
lip meditated no lefs than the deftrudlion of 
a republic which had rendered itfelf i'o for¬ 
midable to the reft of Greece, and had even 
claimed fubmiffion from the princes of Mace¬ 
donia. His defigns, however, were as yet 
immature, a:i 4 before he could make Athens 


an object of conqueft, the Thracians and the 
Illyrians demanded his attention. He made 
himlelf matter of a 1 hracian colony, to which 
he gave the name ol Philippi, and from which 
he received the greateft advantages on ac¬ 
count of the golden mines in the neighbour¬ 
hood. In the midft of his political prof* 
perity, Philip did not negleft the honor of 
his family. Pie married Olympias the 
daughter of Neoptolemus, king of the Mo- 
lofti, and when fome time after he became 
father of Alexander, the monarch, con- 
feious of the ineftimahle advantages which 
arile from the lellons, the example and the 
conversation of a learned and virtuous pre¬ 
ceptor, wrote a letter with his own hand to 
the philol'opher Ariftotte, and begged him 
to retire from his ui’ual purfuits,’ and to de¬ 
dicate his whole time to the inflnuftion of 
the voung prince. Every thing feemed now 
to conlpiie to his aggrandizement, and his¬ 
torians have obferved that Philip received 
in one day the intelligence of three things 
which could gratify the moll unbounded 
ambition, and flatter the hopes of the molt 
aipiring monarch: the birth of a fon, an 
honorable crown at the Olympic games, 
and a vidfory over the barbarians of Illyri- 
cum. But all the'.e increai.d rather than 
Initiated his ambition, he declared his ini¬ 
mical fentiments againfhthe power of Athens 
and the independence of all Greece, by lay¬ 
ing liege to Olynthus, a place, which, on 
account of its fit uation and confequence, would 
prove molt injurious to the interefts of the 
Athenians, and moft advantageous to the 
intrigues and military operations of every 
Macedonian prince. The Athenian^, rout¬ 
ed by the eloquence of Demofthenes, fent 
17 velfels and 2,000 men to the afliftance 
ol Olynthus, but the money of Philip pre¬ 
vailed over all their efforts. The greateft 
part of the citizens luffered themfeives to 
be bribed by the Macedonian gold, and Olyn¬ 
thus lurrendered to the enemy, and was 
inftantly reduced to ruins. His fucceffes 
were as grear in every part of Greece; he 
was declared head of the Amphidfyonic 
council, and was entrufled with the care of 
the facred temple of Apollo at Delphi. If 
he was recalled to Macedonia, it was only to 
add frefli laurels to his crown, by victories 
over his enemies in lllyricum and Theffalv. 
By alfuming the mafk of a moderator and 
peace-maker he gained confidence, and in 
attempting to protect the Peloponnefians 
againft the encroaching power of Sparta, he 
rendered his caul'e popular, and by ridicul¬ 
ing the inlults that were offered to his per- 
ion as he paffed through Corinth, he dis¬ 
played to the world his moderation and 
philofophic virtues. In his attempts to make 
himfelf mafter of Eubcea, Philip was un- 
iuccefsful; and Phocion, who delpiJfed his 
gold as well as his meannels, obliged him 
‘ to 


\ 



P H 


PH 


to evacuate an ifland whofe inhabitants were 
as infenfible to the charms of money, as 
they were unrrtoved at the horrwrs of war, 
and the bold efforts of a vigilant enemv. 
From Euboea he turned his arms againlt 
the/Scythians, but the advantages he obtain¬ 
ed over this indigent nation were inconfi- 
derable, and he again made Greece an ob¬ 
ject of plunder and rapine. He advanced far 
into Boeotia, and a general engagement was 
fought at Ghteronea. The tight was long 
and bloody, but Philip obtained the victory. 
His behaviour after the battle refte&s great 
difgrace upon him as a man, and as a mo¬ 
narch. In the hour of feftivity, and during 
the entertainment which he had given to 
celebrate the trophies he had won, Philip 
fallied from his camp, and with the iuhti 
inanity cf a brute, he intuited the bodies of 
the flaiu, and exulted over the calamities of 
the prifoners of war. His infolence, how¬ 
ever, was checked when Demades, one of 
the Athenian captives, reminded him of his 
mennnefs, by exclaiming, IVby do you , 0 king, 
the part of a Therfites , when you can rep'i- 
fvt with fo much dignity the elevated cha¬ 
racter of an Agamemnon. The reproof was 
felt, Demades received his liberty, and Phi 
lip learned how to gain popularity even 
among his fallen enemies, by relieving their 
wants and eafing their diftrefles. At the 
battle of Chteronea the independence of Greece 
was extinguilhed; and Philip, unable to fine 
, new enemies in Europe, formed new en- 
terprizes, and meditated new conqucfls 
He was nominated general of the Greeks 
againft the Perfians, and was called uj 
as well from inclination as duty to re¬ 
venge thofe injuries which Greece had luf- 
fered from the invefions of Darius, and of 
Xerxes. But he was flopped in the midft 
of his warlike preparations, he was llab- 
bed hy Paufimins as he entered the theatre 
at the celebration of the nuptials of hi 
daughter Cleopatra. This murder has 
given rife to many reflections upon the 
C3ufes which produced it, and many wh6 
confider the recent repudiation of Olym¬ 
pias, and the relentment of Alexander, are 
apt to inveftigate the caufes of his death in 
the bofom of his family. The ridiculous 
honors which Olympias paid to her hufband’s 
murderer (lengthened the fufpicion, yet Alex¬ 
ander declared that he invaded the kingdom 
of Perfia to revenge his father’s death upon 
the Pet fun fatraps and princes, hy whole 
immediate intrigues the aflaffination had 
been committed. The character of Philip is 
that of a fagacious, artful, prudent and in¬ 
triguing monarch ; he was brave in the field 
of battle, eloquent and diflimulating at 
home, and he pofleffed the wonderful art 
of changing his conduit according to the 
dil'pofition and caprice of mankind, without 
ever altering his purpol’e, or lefing fight ol 


nis ambitious aims. He pofleffed much per- 
ieverance, and in the execution of his plans 
le was always vigorous. '1 he hand of an 
a (Tallin prevented him from atchieving the 
.voided and the mod extenlive of his under¬ 
takings, and he might have acquired as 
many laurels, and conquered as many na¬ 
tions as his fon Alexander did in the fuc- 
ceeding reign, and the kingdom of Perfia 
might have been added to the Macedonian 
empire, perhaps with greater moderation, 
with more glory, and with moie lading ad¬ 
vantages. The private chara&er of Philip 
lies open to cenfure, and raifes indignation. 

I he admirer of his virtues is difgufted to* 
find him among the mod abandoned prolli- 
tutes, and disgracing himfelf by the mod 
unnatural crimes and lafeivious indulgences 
which can make even tiie mod debauched, 
and the mod profligate to blulh. Pie was 
murdered in the 47th year his age, and 
the 24th of his reign, about 336 years be¬ 
fore the Chrilban era. his reign is berome| 
uncommonly interedirig, and hia admiim- 
tration a matter of inifruddion F ! e is the 
lirit monarch whole life and actions are de- 
icribed with peculiar accuracy and hiilotic.il 
faithfulnefs. Philip was the father of Alex¬ 
ander the Great and of Cleopatra, by Olym¬ 
pias; he had alfo by Audara, an Illyrian, 
Cyna, who married Amyntas the fon of 
Pcrdiccas, Philin’s elJer brother; by Nica- 
fipolis, a Tliediiliin, Nicau, who mm ad 
Caffander; by Pl.ilinna, a LariiTtran dancer, 
AriJafus, who reigned fome time after 
Alexander’s death; bv Cleopatra, the niece 
of Attains, Caranus and Euro;.a, who were 
both murdered by Olympias; and Ptolemy 
the firif king of Egypt, by Arlince, wlio 
in the firft month of her pregnancy was mar¬ 
ried to Lagus. Demojth. in Phil, iS? Olyuth. 
—7> & c -— Plod. 16. — Ph.t. in Alex. 

' Dem. IS? Apoph. — Ifcoat. ad Phil.—-Curt £ 
\S?c. — JE,chines. — Pan). Bceoiic. iS?c. - ■ 

The lift king of Macedonia, of that name, 
was fon of Demetrius. His infancy, at tne 
death of his father, was protected by Anti, 
conus, one of his fziends, who afeended 
the throne, and reigned for 12 years, with 
the title of independent monarch. When 
Antlgonus died, Philip recovered his fa¬ 
ther's throne, though only 15 year: of age, 
and he early diftinguifhed himlelf by his 
holdneis and his ambitious views. His 
cruelty, however to Aratus, loon difplay- 
ed his* character in its true light, and to the 
gratification of every vice, and every extra¬ 
vagant propenfity, he had the meannels to 
iacrifice this faithful and virtuous Athenian. 
Not finished with the kingdom of Macedo¬ 
nia, Philip afpired to become the friend of 
Annibal, and wilhed to fhare with him the 
fpoils which the diftrefles and continual lots 
of the Romans feemed loon to pro mile. 
But his expectations were fruftrated, the 


Romans 






PH 


PH 


Romans difcovered his intrigues, and though 
weakened by the valor and artifice of the 
Carthaginian, yet they were foon enabled 
to meet him in the field of battle. The 
conful Lasvinus entered without delay his 
territories of Macedonia, and after he had 
obtained' a viilory over him near Apollonia, 
and reduced his fleer, to afbes, he compelled, 
him to fue for peace. This peaceful difipo- 
fition w6s not permanent, and when the Ro¬ 
mans difcovered that lie had affifted their 
immortal enemy Annibal with men and 
money, they appointed 'I'. Q. Flam ini us to 
puilifli his perfidy, and the violation of the 
treaty. The Roman conful, with his ufoal 
expedition, invaded Macedonia, and in a 
general engagement which was fought near 
Cynocephale, the hotlile army was totally 
defeated, and the monarch laved his life 
with difficulty by flying from the field of 
battle. Deltitute of refources, without 
friends either at home or abroad, Philip 
was obliged to fubmit to the mercy of the 
conqueror, and to demand peace by his am- 
|>nffador$. It was granted with difficulty, 
the terms were humiliating, but the poverty 
of Philip obliged him to accept the condi¬ 
tions, however disadvantageous and degrad¬ 
ing to his dignity. In the midft of thefe 
public calamities the peare of his family was 
difturbed; and Perles, the eldeft of his fons 
by a concubine, railed leditions againlt his 
brother Demetrius, whufe condefcenlion and 
humanity had gained popularity among the 
Macedonians, and who, from his refidence 
Rt Rome, as an hollage, had gained the good 
graces of the fenate, and by the modefty and 
innocence of his manners,, had obtained for- 
givenefs from that venerable body for the 
holtilities of hi? father. Philip liftened with 
too much avidity to the faffe acculation of 
Perfes; and when he heard it affected that 
Demetrius wiflied to rob him of his crown, 
he no longer hefitated to punilh with death 
fo unworthy ai>d fo ungrateful a Ion. No 
>fooner was Demetrius i'-iGrificed to credulity 
than Philip became convinced of his cruelty 
and ralhnefs, and to punilh the perfidy of 
Perfes, he attempted to make Antigonue, 
another fon, his fucceffbr on the Macedonian 
throne. But he was prevented from exe¬ 
cuting His purpole by deaths in the 4id 
year of his reign, 179 years before the Chril- 
tknera, T’he afTaflin of Demetrius, fuoceed- 
ed his father, and with the fame ambition, 
with the fame ralhnefs and oppreffion, re- 
newed tb,e war again# the Romans till his 
empire was deltroyed and Macedonia be¬ 
came a Roman province. Philip has been 
compared with his great anceftor of the 
fame name, but though they poff'elTed the 
fame virtues, the fame ambition, and were 
tainted with the fame vices, yet the father 
of Alexander was more iagadous and more 
intriguing, and the ion. w; Demetrius was 


more fufpiclous, mofs cruel, and more im» 
placable, and according to the pretended pro¬ 
phecy of one of the Sibyls. Macedonia was 
indebted to one Philip for her rife and con- 
fequence among nations, and under another 
Philip fhe lamented the lols of her power, 
her empire and her' dignity. Polyb. */>. 
&c.— ’Juftin. 29, &c. — Pint, in Flam.—* 
Pauf. 7, c. 8.— Liv. 31, &c— Val. Max, 

4, c . g.— Oroftus. 4, c. 20.-M. Julius, 

a Roman emperor, of an obfaire family iti 
Arabia, from which he was fwrnamed Ara? 
bian. From the loweft rank in the army he 
gradually role to the higheft offices, and 
when he was made general of the pretorian 
guards he allaflinated Gordian to make him* 
fell emperor. To eftablilh liimfelf with more 
certainty on the imperial throne, he left Me- 
fopotamia a prey to the continual invafions 
of the Perfians, and hurried to Rome, where 
his ele&ion was univerfaliy approved by the 
l'enate and the Roman people. Philip ren¬ 
dered Iris caul'e popular by bis liberality 
and profufion, and it added much to his 
lplendor and dignity, that the Romans du¬ 
ring his reign commemorated the foundation 
of their city, a l'olemnity which was obl'erv- 
ed but once every hundred years, and which 
was celebrated with more pomp and more 
magnificence than under the preceding reigns. 
The people were entertained with games and 
fpe£tac!es, the theatre of Pompey vvas fuc- 
celHvely crowded during three days am} 
three nights, and 2COO gladiators' bled in 
the circus at once, for the amufement and 
pleafure of a gazing populace. His ulurpa- 
tion, however, 'was lhort, Philip was de¬ 
feated by Decius, who had proclaimed him- 
lb if emperor in Pannonia, and he was af- 
taffinated by his own i'okliers near Verona^ 
in the 45th year of his age, and the 5th of 
bis reign, A. D. 2-19. His fon who bore 
the lame name, and who had fliared with 
him the imperial dignity, was alio mafia- 
cred in the arms of his mother. Young Philip 
was then in the 12th year of his age, and the 
Romans lamented in him the Id’s of riling 
talents, of natural humanity, and endearing 
virtues. Aurel. Vi Bor. — Zozim. -A na¬ 

tive of Acarnania, phyfician to Alexander the 
Great. When the monarch had been lud* 
denly taken ill, alter bathing in the Cydnus, 
Philip undertook to remove the complaint* 
when the reft of the phyficians believed that 
all medical afiiftance would be ineffectual. 
But as he was preparing his medicine, Alex¬ 
ander received a letter from Parnvemo, in 
which lie was adviied to bew r are of his phy¬ 
fician i hilip, as he had conl'pired agaiuft 
his life. The monarch wa, alarmed, and 
when Philip preferred hkn the medicine, he 
gave him Parmenio's letter to perul’e, and 
began to drink the potion. The ferenity and 
compohne of Philip’s countenance, as he 
read the letter, removed every fulpicioo frorn 

Alexan* 








PH 


PH 


Alexander’s bread, 'and lie purfued the di- 
redtiof.s of his phyfician, and in a few day? 
recovered, Plut. in Alex. — Curt 3.— Ar¬ 
rian. 2 ——A fon of Alexander the Great, 
murdered by order of Olympias.--A go¬ 
vernor of Sparta.-A fon of Callander- 

--A man who pretended to be the fon of 

Perfes, that he might lay claim to the king¬ 
dom of Macedonia. He was called Pftudo- 

philippus. -A general of Callander, in 

Aitolia.-A Phrygian, made governor of 

Jerufalem by Anticchus, &c.-A fon of 

J-Ierod the Great, in the reign of Auguftus. 

--A brother of Alexander the Great, 

called alfo Aridajus. Fid. Aridjeus —-A 

freedman of Pompey the Great. He found 
his matter’s body deferted on the lea fbore, 
in Egypt,' and he gave it a decent burial, 
with the afliiUnce of an old Roman foldier, 
who had fought under Pompey.-The fa¬ 
ther-in-law of the emperor Auguftus.-A 

Lacedaemonian who withed to make himielf 

abfolute in Thebes.-An officer made 

mafter of Parthia, after the death of Alex¬ 
ander the Great.-A king of part of Syria, 

foil of Antiochus Gryphus.——-A fon of 

Antipater in the army of Alexander.-A 

brother of Dyfimachus, who died fuddenly 

after hard walking and labor.-An hifto- 

rian of Amphipolis.-A Carthaginian, &c. 

--A man who wrote an hiftory of Caria. 

-A native of Megara, &c.-A native 

of Pamphylia, who wrote a diffufe hiftory 
from the creation down to his own time. It 
was not much valued. He lived in the age 
of Theodolius ad. 

Philiscus, a famous fculptor, whofe ftatues 
of Latona, Venus, Diana, the Mufes, and a 
naked Apollo, were preserved in the portico 

belonging to - Odtavia -A Greek comic 

poet. Plin. 11, c. 9 . -An Athenian who 

received Cicero when he fled to Macedonia. 
——An officer of Artaxerxes, appointed to 
make peace with the Greeks. 

Phi listion, a comic poet of Nicxa in 
the age of Socrates. Martial. 2 , ep. 41 - 
•-A phyfician of Locris. A. Gcll. 7, c. 12. 

Philistus, a muficiam of Miletus.- 

A Syracufan, who during his banifhment 
|roni his native country wrote an hiftory of 
Sicily in 12 books, which was commended 
by fome, though condemned for inaccuracy 
by Paufyiias. He was afterwards fent againft 
the Syracufans by Dionyfius the younger, 
and he killed himielf when overcome by 
the enemy, 356 B. C. PluU in Dion .— 
Diod. 13. 

Piullo, an Arcadian maid, by whom 
Hercules had a fon. The father named Al- 
cimedon, expofed Ins daughter, but Ihe was 
faved by means of her lover, who was di- 
redled to the place where Ihe was doomed to 
perilh, by the chirping qf a magpye, which 
imitated the plaintive cries of a child. Pauf^ 
8, c. 12. 


Philo, a Jewilh writer of Alexandria, 
A. D. 40, fent as ambaflador from his nation 
to Caligula. He was unluccelsful in his em* 
bafly, of which he wrote an entertaining ac¬ 
count ; and the emperor, who wiihed to be 
worflupped as a god, exprefleri his diffatisfac- 
tion with the Jews, becaufe they refilled to 
place his ftatues in their temples. He was fo 
happy in his exprefiiotis, and elegant in his 
variety, that he has been called the Jewiih 
Plato, and the book which he wrote on the 
fufterings of the Jews in the reign of Cains, 
met with fuch unbounded applauie in the Re¬ 
man lenate, where he read it publicly, that he 
was permitted to confecrate it in the public li¬ 
braries. His works were divided into three 
parts, of which the firft related to the crea¬ 
tion of the world, the fecond fpoke of facred 
hiftory, and in the third, the author made 
mention of the laws and cuftomsof the Jewiih 
nation. The beft edition of Philo »that of 

Mangey, 2 vols. fol. I.ondon, 1 742_A 

man who fell in love with his daughter called 
Proierpine, as ihe was bathing. He had by 

her a fon, Mercunus Triiinegiilus.- A 

man who wrote an account of a journey to 

Arabia.-A philofopher who followed the 

doctrines of Carneades, B. C. 100.—-—An¬ 
other philofopher of Athens, tutor to Ci¬ 
cero.-A grammarian in the firft century. 

--An architect of Byzantium, who flo- 

riihed about three centuries before the ChriA. 
tian era. He built a dock at Athens, where 
fhips were drawn in iafety, and protedfed 

from ftorms. Cic. in Orat. 1, c. 14.-A 

Greek Chriftian writer, whole work was 

edited at Rome, 4to. 1772.-A dialedfic 

philofopher, 260 B. C. 

Philobceotus, a mountain of Bocotia. 
Plat. 

Philochorus, a man who wrote .an hif¬ 
tory of Athens in 17 books, a catalogue of 
the archons, two books of olympiads, &c. He 
died B. C. 222. 

Phi loci, es, one of the admirals of the 
Athenian fleet, during the Peloponnefian war* 
He recommended to his countrymen to cut 
off the right hand of inch of the enemies as 
were taken, that they n\ight be rendered unfit 
for fervice, His plan was adopted by all the 
IO admirals except one, but their expeditions 
were fruftmed, and inliead of being con¬ 
querors, they were totally defeated at A£gof- 
potamos by Inlander, and Philocles, with 3000 
of his countryfnen, was put to death, and de¬ 
nied the honors of a burial. PluK in Ly f. 

—-A general of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. 

-A comic poet.-Another, who wrote 

tragedies at Athens. 

Pit ilocrates, an Athenian, famous for 

his treachery, &c.-A writer who publifhed 

an hiftory of Theifaly.-A iervant of C. 

Gracchus.-A Greek orator. 

Piiiloctetes, ion of Penan and Demo- 
naira, was one of the Argonauts according to 

Flaccitf 













PH 


PH 


'JFwears and Hvginus, and the arm-bearer and 
particular friend of Hercules. He was prefenl 
at the death of Hercules, and beeaufe he had 
eredted the burning pile on which the hero 
was canfumed, he received from him the ar¬ 
rows, which bad been dipped in the gall of 
the hydra, after he had bound hiroliglf by a 
folemapath not to betray the place where his 
afhes were depofxted. He had no fooner paid 
the hft offices to Hercules, than he returned 
to Melibcea, where his father reigned. From 
thence he vifited Sparta, where he became one 
cf the numerous fuitors oft Helen, and ioon 
after, like the reft cf thole princes who had 
courted, the daughter of Tyndarus, and who 
had bound-themlelves to protect her from in¬ 
jury, he was called upon by Menctaiis to ac¬ 
company the Greeks to the Trojan war, and 
he immediately fet fail from Melibcea with 
£even fhips, and repaired to Aulis, the general 
jendesvous of the combined fleet. He was. 
here prevented from joining his countrymen, 
jihci the offenfive fin ell which arofe from a 
wound in his foot, obliged the Greeks, at the 
infiigation of Ulyftes, to remove him from 
the camp, and he was accordingly carried to 
the iflapd of Lemnos, or as others fay to 
Chryfe, where Phimachus, the fun of Dolo- 
phion, was ordered to wait upon him. In this 
Solitary retreat he was fullered to remain for 
ibme time, till the Greeks, on the tenth year- 
of the Trointv war, were informed by .the 
©rack; that Troy could not be taken without 
the arrows of Hercules, which were then in 
the poftedion of Philo&etCs. Upon this Ulyf- 
fes, accompanied by Diomedes, or according to 
ethers by Pyrrhus, was commiflioned by the 
reft of the Grecian army to go to Lemnos, 
and to prevail upon PhilovMetes to come and 
Uni ft* the tedious liege.’ -Philo&etes recollcited 
the ill treatment he had received from the 
Greeks, and particularly from Ulyffes, and 
therefore he net only refilled to go to Troy, 
but ho even perfuaded Pyrrhus to conduit 
kirn to Melibcea. As he embarked the manes 
of Hercules forbad him ta proceed, but im¬ 
mediately to repair to the Grecian camp, 
where he fhould be cured cf his wounds, and 
put an cud to the war. \ Kiloitetes obeyed, 
and after he had been reftored to his former 
health by JEfculapius, or according to fome 
by Machaon, or Hodalirus, he deltroyed an 
immenfe number of the Trojan enemy, among 
whom was Paris, the foil of Priam, with the 
arrows of Hercules. When by his valor 
Troy had been ruined, he fet fail from Alia, 
but as he was unwilling to vifit his native coun¬ 
try, he came to Italy, where, by the aliiftance 
of his Thefialian followers, he was enabled to 
build a town in Calabrir, which he called Pe- j 
tilia. Authors dilagrce about the caules of 
the wound which Phil £et s received on the 
foot. 'I he moft ancient mytliologifts fupport, 
that it was the bite of the ferpent which Juno 
had lent to torment him, becauie he had at¬ 


tended Hercules in his Lift moments, and had 
buried his afhes. According to another opi-) 
nion, the princes of the Grecian army oblige?}' 
him to dilcover where the allies of Hercules 
were depofited, ami as he had made an oath 
not to mention the place, he only with his foot 
ftruck the ground where they lay, and by 
this means concluded he had not violated his 
lblemn engagement. For this, however, he 
was foon after punifhed. and the'fall of one 
of the poifoned arrows from his quiver upon 
the foot which had (truck the ground, occa- 
ficmed fo offenfive a wound, that the Greeks 
were obliged to remove him from their camp. 
The fuflbrings and adventures of Philoc- 
tetes are the fobjedt of on? of the beft 
tragedies of Sophocles. Virg. Adn. 3, v. 46, 
— Pindar. Pyth. I .—Diflys Cut. I, X. 14.— 
Sense, in Here — p-opbocl. Phil — Quint. Calah . 
9 & IO.— Hyyin. fab. z6, 97, & lOZ— 
Died. 2 & 4.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 329. 1 . 9, V. 
234. Drift. 5, el. 2 .— Cic. Tuft. c. 2 .— Ptolcm. 
Map 6. 6. 

t HiLoevi-Rus, a prfnce of Cyprus in the 
■ age cf Solon, by whole advice he changed the 
fttuation of a city, which in gratitude he called' 

Soli. Piut.in Sol. 

Pmi_om\MKA, one of the Danaides, 

; mother* of Phares by Mefeury. PaUf. 7, 

1 £. 22 . 

PnitonvMus, a poet in the age of Cicero, 
who rendered himfelf known by his lafeivious 
. and indelicate verfes. cic. <*e Finib. 2.—Hofat.' 

I, SaL 2, v. szr.-A comic poet, ridiculed 

by Ariftophapes. 

Puhodice, a daughter of Inachns, who? 

married Leucippus. 

Puiloi.aus, a fon of Minos, by the 
nymph Paria, from whom the illatid of Paros! 
received its name. Hercules put him to 
death, becauie he had killed two of bis com¬ 
panions. Apollod. 3, c, 1.-A Pythagorean 

phiktfopher of Crotona, B. C. 374, who firft 
fupported the diurnal motion of the earth 
round hs .axis,'and it 3 annual motion round 
the fun-. Cicero in Acad. 4, c. 39, has aferibed 
tliis opinion to the Syraculan philofopher Ni¬ 
cetas, and like wile to 1 lato; and from this 
paftage fome llippofe that Copernicus ftarted 
the idea of the lyftem which he afterwards 
eftablithed. Diog. — Cic . de Orat. 3.— Pint. 

-A lawgiver of Thebes. He was a native 

of Corinth, and of the family of the Bac- 

chiades, &c. Arif at. 2. Polite cap. tilt.- -A 

mechanic of Tarentum.-A lurname of JEi~ 

culapius, who had a temple in Laconia, near 
the Alopus. 

Philologus, a freed man of Cicero. He 
betrayed his mailer to Antony, for which he 
was tortured by Pomponia, the wife pf Cu 
cero’s bi other, and obliged to cut off his own 
flelh by piece meal, and $0 boil and eat it up. 
Piut.in Cic. Sec. 

Philon»ache, the wife of Pelias, king of 
lolchos. According to fome writers, fhe was 

daughter 










daughter to Am phi ob, king of Thetas, though 
foe is more generally called Anaxibia, daugh¬ 
ter of Bias. A polled. i, 

Pinto mbrotcs, an archon at Athens, 
in whole age the ftate was entrufted to Solon, 
when torn by fa&ions. Pint, in Sol. 

Philomrdvs, a man who made himfelf 
abfoiute in Phocxa, by promifing to afliil the 
inhabitants. Polygon. 

Philomela, a daughter of Pandion, king 
of Atliens, and lifter to Procne, who had mar¬ 
ried Tereus king of Thrace, Procne lepa- 
rated from Philomela, to whom Ihe was parti¬ 
cularly attached, fpent her time in great me¬ 
lancholy till (lie prevailed upon her hufband to 
go to Athens, and bring her lifter to Thrace. 
'Tereus obeyed his wife’s injunctions, but he 
had no fooner obtained Pandion’s permiftion to 
condudt Philomela to Thrace, than he became 
enamoured of her, and refoived to gratify his 
paflion. He difmifled the guards, whom the 
fufpidoTO of Pandion had appointed to watch 
his conduct, and he offered violence to Philo¬ 
mela, and afterwards cut oft* her tongue, that 
foe might not b<; able to difcover his barbarity, 
and the indignities which Ihe had differed. 
He confined her alfo in a lonely cattle, and 
after he had taken every precaution to prevent 
a difcovery, he returned to Thrace, and he 
told Procne that Philomela had died by the 
way, and that he had paid the lad offices to 
her remains. Procne, at this fad intelligence, 
put on mourning for the lots of Philomela; 
but a year had lcarcely elafped before Ihe was 
fecretly informed, that her fitter was not dead. 
Philomela, during her captivity, dcfcribed on 
a piece of tapeftry her misfortunes and the 
brutality of Tereus,'and privately conveyed 
it to Procne. She was then going to celebrate 
the orgies of Bacchus when (he received it, 
(he difguifed her refentment, and ?s during 
the feftivals of the god of wine, Ihe was per¬ 
mitted to rove about the country, (he battened 
to deliver her fitter Philomela from her con¬ 
finement, and Ihe concerted with her on the 
beft meafures of punifliing the cruelty of Te- 
reus. She murdered her fon Itylus, who was 
•in the lixth year oYhis age, and ferved him up 
as food before her hufband during the feftival. 
Tereus in the midll of his repaft, called for 
Itylus, but Procne immediately informed him, 
that he was then feafting on his flelh, and that 
inttant Philomela, by throwing on the table 
the head of Itylus, convinced the monarch 
of the cruelty of the feene. He drew his 
fword to puni(h Procne and Philomela, but as 
he was going to ftab them to the heart, he 
tvas changed into a hoopoe, Philomela into a 
nightingale, Procne into a lwallovv, and Itylus 
into a pheafaht. This tragical feene happened 
at Daulis in Phocis; but Paufanias and Strabo, 
who Mention the whole of the ftory, are filent 
about the transformation ; and the former ob- 
ferves that Tereus, after this bloody repaft, 
tfed to Megara, where he deftroved himlelf. 


The inhabitants of the place railed a monu¬ 
ment to his memory, where they offered 
yearly fieri (ices, and placed lmall pebbles in* 
ltejul of barley. It was on this monument 
that the birds called hoopoes were firft feen; 
flence the fable of his metamorphofis, ProCne 
and Philomela died through excefs of grief and 
melancholy, and as the nightingale’s and 
lwallow’s voice is peculiarly plaintive and 
mournful, the poets h^ve embellilhed the fable 
by iuppofing, that the two unfortunate fitters 
were changed into birds. Apollod. 3, c. 
14 .—P.wf. i, c. 42, 1. IO, C. 4— Hygin. fab. 
45.— St rah. 9.— Ovid. Add. 6. fab. 9 & 10.— 

Fit*. C. 4, v. 15 & 511.-A daughter of 

Actor, king of the Myrmidons. 

Philomelum, a town of Phrygia. Cxc. 
ad Attic. 5, ep. SO. in Verr. 3. c. 83. 

Philomelus, a general of Phocis, who 
plundered the temple of Delphi, and died 

B. C. 354. [Vld. Phocis.]-A rich mulician. 

Mart. 4, ep. 5. 

Philon, a general of feme Greeks, who 
fettled in Afin. Diod. iZ. 

P m lon ides, a courier of Alexander, who 
ran from Sicyon to Elis 160 miles, in nine 
•hours, and returned the fame journey in 15 
hours. Pltn. 2, c. 71. 

Piiilonis a name of C'hione, daughter of 
Dxdalion, made immortal by Diana. 

Phjlonoe, a daughter of Tyndarus, king 
of Sparta, by Leda daughter of Thef- 

tius. Apollod. -A daughter of Iobates, 

king of JLycia, who married Bellerophon. 

Id. %. y 

Philonome, a daughter of Nyfiimus, king 
of Arcadia, who threw into the Erymanthus 
two children whom (lie had by Mars. The 
children were preferved, and afterwards af- 
cended their grandfather’s throne. Plut. in 

Per. -The lecond wife ol Cycnus, the fon 

of Neptune. She became enamoured of Ten- 
nes, her hufband’s lon by his tirft wife Proclea, 
the daughter of Clytius, and when he refilled 
to gratify her paillon, (he accufed him of at¬ 
tempts upon her virtue. Cycnus believed the 
accufation, and ordered Tennes to be thrown 
into the fea, &c. Pauf. ic,c. 14. 

Philonomus, a fon of F.le&ryon, king of 
Mycenx by Anaxo Apollod. 2. 

Fhilonus, a village of Egypt. Strab. 

Philo pato«, a furname of one of the 
Ptolemies, king of Egypt. [Fid. Ptole- 
m£us.] 

Philophron, a general who with 5000 
foldiers defended Pelufium again# the Greeks 
who invaded Egypt. Diod. 16. 

Philopcemen, a celebrated general of the 
Achxan league, born at Megalopolis. His 
father’s name was Grangis. His education 
was begun and finilhed under Callander, Ec- 
demus, and Demophanes, and he cirly diftin- 
guiftied himfelf in the field of battle, and ap¬ 
peared fond of agriculture and a country life. 
Ho propofed himlelf Epamincndas for a mo- 
3 del, 






PH 


P H 

del, and he was norunfuccefsful in imitating 
the prudence and the fimplicity, the difinte- 
rcftednels and activity of this famous Theban. 
When Megalopolis was attacked by the Spar¬ 
tans, Philopoemen, then in the 30th year of 
his age, gave the mod decifive proofs of his 
valor and intrepidity. He afterwards aififted 
Antigonus, and was prefent in the famous 
battle m which the iJEtolinns were defeated. 
Raifed to the rank of chief commander, he 
(hewed his ability to difcharge that important 
truft, by killing with his own hand Mechafii- 
das, the tyrant of Sparta ; and if he was de¬ 
feated in a naval battle by Nabis, he loon after 
repaired his Ioffes by taking the capital of La¬ 
conia, B. 0 . 188, and by abolifhing the laws 
of Lyctlrgus, which had florifhed there for 
Inch a length of time. Sparta, after its con- 
qvieff , became tributary to the * chains, and 
Philopoemen enjoyed the triumph of having 
reduced to ruins, one of the greateft and the 
mod powerful of the cities of Greece. Some 
time after the Meffenians revolted from the 
Achaean league, and Philopccmen, who headed 
the Achaeans, unfortunately fell from hi> 
borfe, and was dragged to the enemy’s camp. 
Dinocrates, the general of the Meffenians, 
treated him with great leverity; he was thrown 
into a dungeon, and obliged to drink a dofe of 
poifon. When he received the cup from the 
hand of the executioner, Philopoemen affced 
him how his countrymen had behaved in the 
field of battle ; and when he heard that they 
had obtained the victory, he drank the whole 
with pleafure, exclaiming, that this was com¬ 
fortable news. The death of Philopoemen, 
which happened about 183 years before the 
Chriftian era, in his 70th year, was univer- 
1‘ally lamented, and the Achaeans, to revenge 
his deatlv immediately marched to Meffenia, 
where Dinocrates, to avoid their relentment, 
killed himielf. The reft of his murderers 
were dragged to his tomb, where they were 
facvificed ; and the people of Megalopolis, to 
(hew farther their great fenl'e of his merit, 
ordered a bull to be yearly offered on his tomb, 
and hymns to be lung in his praile, and his 
adlions to be celebrated in a panegyrical ora¬ 
tion. He had alfo ftatues raifed to his me¬ 
mory, which fome of the Romans attempted 
to violate, and to deftroy, to no purpol'e, when 
Mummius took Corinth. 1 hilopcemen has 
been juftly called by his countrymen, the laft 
of the Greeks. Pint, in vita. — JuJlin. 32, c. 

4,—Polyb. --A native of Pergamus, who 

died B.C. 138. 

Fuilostratus, a famous fophift born at 
Lemnos, or according to fome at Athens. He 
came to Rome, where he lived under the pa¬ 
tronage of Julia, the wife of the emperor Se¬ 
ver us, and he was entrufted by the emprefs 
with all the papers which contained fome ac¬ 
count, or anecdotes of Apollonius Thyanaeus, 
and he vyas ordered to review them, and with 
them to compile an hiftory. The life of Apol¬ 


lonius ,is Written with elegance, but the im¬ 
probable accounts, the fabulous (lories, and 
exaggerated details which it gives, render it 
difguftlng.- There is, befides, another treatife 
remaining of his writings, &c. He died A. D. 
244. The belt edition of his writings is that 

of Olearius, foil Lips. 1709.-His nephew, 

who lived in the reigh of Heliogabalus, wrote 

an account of fophifts.-A philofopher in 

the reign of Nero.——Another in the age of 
Auguftus. 

PuinoTAS, a fon of Parmenio, diftinguifh. 
ed in the battles of Alexander, and at laft 
accufed of confpiring againft bis life. He was 
tortured and ftoned to death, or, according 
to fome, (truck through with darts by the lol- 
diers B. C. 330. Curt. 6, c. 11.— Pint. — 
Arrian. -An officer in the army of Alex¬ 
ander.-Another, who was made mailer of 

Cilicia, after Alexander’s death.— : —A phyfi- 
cian in the age of Antony. He ridiculed the 
expenccs and the extravagance of this Cele¬ 
brated Roman. Plut. 

Philotbra, ‘ the mother of Mylo, 

Poly an. 8, 

Philotimus, a freed man of Cicero. Cic . 
ad. Div. 3, c. 9. 

Pm loti s, a fervant maid at Rome, wh» 
laved her countrymen from definition. Af¬ 
ter the fiege of Rome by the Gauls, the Fi- 
denates affembled an army under the com¬ 
mand of Lucius Pofthumius, and marched 
againft the capital, demanding all the wives 
and daughters in the city, as the conditions of 
peace. This extraordinary demand aftonifhed 
the fenators, and when they refuted to comply, 
Philotis advifed them to fend all their female 
Haves difguafed in matron’s cloaths, and flie 
offered to march herlelf at the head. Her 
advice was followed, and when the Fidenates 
had feaftedlate in the evening, and were quite 
intoxicated, and fallen afleep, Philotis lighted 
a torch as a ffgnal for her countrymen to attack 
the enemy. The whole was fuccefsful, the 
Fidenates were conquered, and the fenate, to 
reward the fidelity of the female ffaves, per¬ 
mitted them to appear in the drefs of the Ro¬ 
man matrons. Plut. in Rom. — Varro. de L. L. 
5.— Ovid, deart.am. 2. 

Phxloxknus, an officer of Alexander, who 
received Cilicia, at the general divifion of the 

provinces.-A fon of Ptolemy, who was 

given to Pelopidas as an hollage.-A dithy- 

rambic poet of Cythera, who enjoyed the favor 
of Dionyfius, tyrant of Sicily, for fome time, 
till he offended him by feducing one of his fe¬ 
male fingers. During his confinement, Phi- 
loxenus compofed an allegorical poem, called 
Cyclops, in which he had delineated the cha¬ 
racter of the tyrant under the name of Poly¬ 
phemus, and reprelented his miftrefs under 
the name of Galataea, and himfelf under that 
of Ulyffes. The tyrant, who was fond of 
writing poetry, and of being applauded, re<- 
moved Phiioxenus from his dungeon, but th^. 

poet 








PH 


PH 


/ 

poet refufed to purchafe his liberty, by frying 
things Unworthy of himfelf, and applauding 
the wretched verfes of Dionyfius, and there- 
' fore he was lent to the quarries. When he 
was afked his opinion at a feaft about fome 
verles which Dionyfius had juft repeated, and 
which the courtiers had received with the 
^reateft applaule, Philoxenus gave no anl'wer, 
but Ire ordered the guards that fur rounded 
■ the tyrant’s table, to take him back to the 
quarries Dionyfius was pleated with his plea¬ 
santry and with his firmnels, and immediately 
forgave him. Philoxenus died at Ephefus, 

about 380 years before (Thrift. Plui. -A 

celebrated mufician of Ionia.-A painter of 

Eretria, who made for Callander an excellent 
reprefentation of the battle of Alexander with 
Darius. He was pupil to Nicomachus. Pl'tn. 

3 1 * c* 10.--A philolopher, who wiftied to 

have the neck of a crane, that he might enjoy 
the tafte of' his aliments longer, and with more 
jdeTure. Ariff eth. 3. 

PuiLt.YX.Lius,'a comic poet. A then. 

Puilyra, one of the Oceanides, who 
was met by Saturn in Thrace. I’hc god, to 
elcape from the vigilance of Rhea, changed 
himfelf into a horfe, to enjoy the company 
©f Philyra by whom he had a fon, half a 
man and half a horfe, called Chiron. Philyra 
was fo alhamed of giving birth to fuch a 
monfter, that fhe entreated the gods to change 
her nature. She was metamorpholed into ! 
the linden tree, called by her name among 

the Greeks. Hygin . fab. 1 ffi. -The wife 

of Nauplius. 

Philyres, a people near Pontus. 

Phii.y rides, a patronymic of Chiron, the 
fon of Philyra, Ovid. art. am .— Hirg. G. 3, 
v. 550. 

Phineus, a fon of Aeenor, king of Phre- 
nicia, or according to l'ome of Neptune, who 
became king of Thrace, or as the greater part 
of the mythologiils lupport, of Eithynia. He 
married Cleopatra the daughter of Boreas, 
whom fome call Cleobula, by whom he had 
Plexippus and Pandion. After the death of 
Cleopatra, he married Idtea, the daughter of 
Dardanus. Idxa, jealous of Cleopatra’s chil¬ 
dren, accufed them of attempts upon their 
father’s life and crown, or, according to,fome, 
of attempts upon her virtue, and they were 
immediately condemned by Phineus to be de¬ 
prived of their eyes. This cruelty was loon 
after punilhed by the gods, Phineus fuddenly 
' became blind, and the fclarpies were lent by 
Jupiter to keep him imder continual alarm, 
and to ipoil the meats which were - placed on 
his table. He was iom© time after delivered 
from thefe dangerous monfters by his brothers- 
in-law, Zetes and Calais, who purlued them 
as far as the Strophades. He alfo recovered 
his fight by means of the Argonauts, whom he 
had received with great holpitality, and in- 
itrufted in the eafieft and fpcedieft way by 
^ which they could,arrive in Colchis, The caufes 


of tile lilindnefs of Phineus are a matter of 
dilpute among the ancients, fome fuppofing 
that this was inflifted by Boreas, for his cru¬ 
elty to his grandfon, whilft others attribute 
it to the anger of Neptune, becaufe he had 
direfted the Ions of Phryxus hojv to efcap© 
from Colchis to Greece. Many, however, 
think that it proceeded lrom his having raihly 
attempted to develope futurity, while others 
aiTert that Zetes and Calais put out his eyes 
on account of his cruelty to their nephews. 
The lecond wife of I hineus is called by lorn© 
Din, Eurytia, D.mae, and Idothea. Phineus 
was killed by Hercules. Arp. 2. — Apollod . 

I, c. 9. 1 . 3, C. 15. Diod. 4 .—Hyp in. fab. 19, 

— Orpheus. — Place. -’Pile brother of Ce- 

pheus, king of ./Ethiopia. He was going to 
marry his niece Andromeda, when Jier father 
Cepheus was. obliged to give her up to be de¬ 
voured by a lea monfter, to appeale'the re- 
lenrment of Neptune. She was, however, 
delivered by Perfects, who married her by the 
conl'ent of her parents, for having deftroyed 
the fea monfter. This marriage difpleafed 
Phineus; he interrupted the ceremony, and 
with a number of attendants, attacked Per¬ 
feus and his- friends. Perfeus defended him¬ 
felf, and turned into ftone Phineus, and his 
companions, by (bowing them the Gorgon’s 
head. Apollod. 2, c. I & 4.— Ovid. Met. 5, 

fab. 1 & 2.—Hyp in. fab. 64.-A fon of 

Melas.-A fou of J .ycaon, king of Arca¬ 
dia.-A fon of Belusand Anehinoe. 

Pm NT A, a king of Melfenia, &c. Pauf. 
4, c. 4. 

Pm n Tin as, a fountain where it is fuid 
nothing could fink. PUit. 31, c. 2. 

Puintia, a town of Sicily, at the 
mouth of the Himera. Cic. in Herr. 3, c. 

S3* 

Phtntias, called alfo Pithias, Pinthias 
and Phytias, a man famous for his unparal¬ 
leled friendlhip for 'Damofi. [Hid. Damon.] 
Cic. de off. 3, C. IO. Tuff. 5, C. 22 .— Diod. 

6.-A tyrant of Agrigentum, B. C. 

282. 

Puinto, a fmall ifland between Sardinia 
and Corfica, now Fipo. 

Phla, a fmall iiland in the lake Tritonis. 

Herodot. 4, c. 1/8. 

Pulecexas, an Tndian king beyond the 
Hydafpes, who furrendered to Alexander. 
Curt. 9, c. 1. 

Phuoethon, a river of hell, whofa 
waters were burning , as the word (pfaytS-c*, 
from which the name is derived, fvefris to 
indicate. Hi>g. FEn. 6, v. 550. — Ovid. 
Met. 15, V. 532.— Scnec. in. Hipp. — Sil. 13. 
V. 564. 

Puxegias, a man of Cyzicus when the 
Argonauts vifited it, &c. Place. 

Phlegon, a native of Tralles in Lydia, 
one of the emperor Adrian’s freed men. He 
wrote different treadles on the long lived, on 
wonderful things, befide-s an hiftericai account 

of 









PH 


PH 


of Sicily, fixteen books on the olympiads, an 
account of the principal places in Rome, three 
books of fafti, See.. Of thele' lome frag¬ 
ments remain. His ftyle was not elegant^ 
and he wrote without judgment or precifion. 
His woiks have been edited by Meurlms, 

4to. L. Bat. 1620.-One cf the horfes of 

the fun. The word lignifies burning. Ovid. 

Met. 2. 

PhI.EGRA, or PlILEGRAUS CAMPUS, a 
place of Macedonia, afterwards called Fallene, 
where ti e giants attacked the gods and were 
defeated by Hercules. The combat was after¬ 
wards renewed in Italy, in a place of the lame 
name near Cumae. Sil. 8, v. 538. 1 . 9. v. 305. 
— Strab. 5. — Diod. 4 & J.— Ovid. Met. IO, v. 
151. 1 . 12 , v. 378. 1 . 15, v. 53 Z.—Stat. J, 
Sylv. 3, v. 196. 

Phleoya, a people of Thefialy. Some 
authors place- them in Bceotia. They re¬ 
ceived their name from Phlegyas the fon of 
Mars, with whom they plundered and burn¬ 
ed the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Few of 
them el'caped to F hoc is, where they fettled. 
Pavf. 9, C. 36 — Homer.'II. 13, v. 301.— 
Strab. 9- 

pi; leg Yas, a fon of Mars by Chryfe, 
daughter of Halmus, was king,of the Lapi- 
thte in The (Ely. Fie was father of Ixion and 
Coronis, to whom Apollo offered violence. 
When the father heard that his daughter had 
been fo wantonly abufed, he marched an army 
again 11 Delphi, and reduced the tap pie of 
the cod to allies. This was highly relented, 
Apollo killed Phlegyas and placed him in 
helL, where a huge it one hangs over bis herd, 
and keeps him in continual alarms, by its ap¬ 
pearance of falling every moment. Pauf. 9, 
C. 36. — Apcllod. 3, C, 5.— Find. Pytb. 3.— 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 87 .—Servius ad Virg. JEn. 
6, v.618. 

Pumas, one of the Argonauts, fon of 
Bacchus anti Ariadne. Paif 2,' c. 12. 

Phliasia, a country of Peloponnelus, near 
Sicyon, of which Phlius was the capital. 

Pumus, (gen. unt is P) a town in Pelopon- 
nefus, now Staphlicd, in the territory of Si¬ 
cyon. -Another inElis.-Another in Ar- 

gobs, now Drcpano. 

P;iLCEU3, a lurname of Bacchus, expref- 
five of his youth and vigor. Plut. in Symp. 
5, qu. 8. 

Piiobetor, one of the fons of Somnus, 
and his principal minifter. His office was 
to aftume the (hape of ferpeuts and wild 
beads, to inlpire terror in the minds of 
men, as his name intimates (<po, 3 s<y). . The 
other two miniflers of Somnus were Phan- 
tafia and Morpheus. Ovid. Met . 11, v. 
640. 

Phobos, fon of Mars, and god of terror 
among the ancients, was reprefented with a 
lion’s head, and iacrifices were offered to 
him to deprecate his appearance in armies. 
Piui. in erot. 


Phocjea, now Pochia , a maritime town of 
Ionia, in Afia Minor, with two harbours, be¬ 
tween Cum® and Smyrna, founded by an 
Athenian colony It received its name from 
Phocus the leader of the -colony, or from 
(pboca) fea calves , which are found in great 
abundance in the neighbourhood. The inha¬ 
bitants, called Phoceci Sc Phocaenfes , were ex¬ 
pert mariners, and founded many cities in 
diffl-rent parts of Europe. They left Ionia, 
when Cyrus attempted to reduce them under 
his power, and they Came after many adven¬ 
tures into Gaul, where they founded Maffilia y 
now Marfeilles. r i he town of Maifeilles is 
often dillinguifhed by the epithet of Phocaica t 
and its inhabitants called Pbocaen/es. Phocaea 
was declared independent by Pompey, and 
under the firft emperors of Rome it became 
one of the moll florifhing cities of Alia Minor. 
Liv. 5, c. 34. 1 . 37, c. 31. 1 . 38, c. 39.— 
Mela, I, c. 17. — Pan/. 7, c. 3.— Herodvt . I, 
v. 165. — Strab. 14. — Horat. epod. 16.— Ovid.- 
Met. 6, V. 9. —PI in. 3, e. 4. 

Phocenses and Phocici, the inhabitants 
of Phocis in Greece. 

Phocimdes, a Greek poet and philofopher 
of Miletus, about <40 years before the Chrif- 
tian era. The poetical piece now extant called 
vouHhrixov and attributed to him, is not of his 
compolirion, but of another poet who lived in 
the reign of Adrian. 

Phocion, an Athenian, celebrated for his 
virtues, private as well as public. He was 
educated in thejehool pf Mato, and of Xe- 
nocrates, and as foon as he appeared among 
tiie ftatelmen of Athens, he diltinguifhed him- 
lelf by bis prudence and moderation, his zeal 
for the public good, and his military abilities. 
He often checked the violent and inconfiderate 
meafures of Demolihenes, and when the 
Athenians leaned eager to make war agninlt 
Philip, king of Macedonia, Phocion obterved 
that war fiiould never be undertaken without 
the ftrongelr and mod certain expedations of 
vidory and fuccefs. When Philip endeavour¬ 
ed to make himfelf mailer of Euboea, Phc- 
cion flopped his progrefs, and foon obliged him 
to relinquifh his enterprize. During the time 
of his adminiftration he was always inclined 
to peace, though he never fuffered his coun¬ 
trymen to become indolent, and to forget the 
jealoufy and rivaMliip of their neighbours. He 
was 45 times appointed governor of Athens, 
and no greater encomium can be palled upon 
his talents as a minifter and ftatefman, than 
that he never folicited that high, though dan¬ 
gerous office. In his rural retreat, or at the 
head of the Athenian armies, he always ap¬ 
peared barefooted, and without a cloak, whence 
one of his foldiers had occafion to obferve when 
he faw him drolled more warmly than ulual 
during a fevere winter, that fince Phocion 
wore his cloak it was a fign of the-moft incle¬ 
ment weather. If he was the friend of tem¬ 
perance and dilcipline* he was not a lefs bril* 

liant 







PH 




hxnt example of true heroifm. Philip, as 
well as his fon Alexander* attempted to bribe 
him, but to bo purpofe; and Phocion bo.ifted 
in being One of the pooreft of the Anthenians, 
and in delervtng the appellation of tbs Good. 

It 'Vas tltreugh him that Greece was laved from 
an impending war, and he advifed Alexander 
rather to turn his arms againft Perfia, chan to 
Ihed the blood of the Greeks, who were either 
his allies or his lubjects. Alexander was fo 
feofibie of his merit, and of his integrity, that 
he lent him ioq talents from the lpoils which 
he had obtained from the Perfians, but Pho- 
c.on was too great to luffer himlelf to he 
bribed; and when the conqueror had attempt¬ 
ed a lecond time to oblige him, and to conci¬ 
liate his favor, by offering him the government 
and polTedion of five cities, the Athenian re¬ 
jected the prefects with the fame indifference, 
and with the fame independent rotnd.i' But 
not totally to defpile the favors of, chd mo¬ 
narch, he begged Alexander to reftore to their 
liberty four Haves that were .confined in the 
citadel of Sardis. ✓Antipater, who liicceeded 
•in the government of Macedonia after the 
death of Alexander, alio attempted to corrupt 
the virtuous Athenian, but with the lame 
fuccefs at his royal predeceffor; and.iwhen a 
friend had obferved to Phocion, that if he 
could fd refutie the generous offers of his pa-, 
trons, yet he Chould confider the good of his 
children, aud accept them for their fake, Pho¬ 
cion calmly, replied, that if his children were 
like him they could maintain themfelves as 
well as their father had done,, but if they be¬ 
haved othervvife he declared that he was un¬ 
willing to leave them any thing which might 
either fupply their extravagances, or encourage 
their debaucheries. But virtues like thel’e 
could not long Hand againft the infolence and 
fkklenefs of an Athenian affembly. When 
the Piraeus was taken, Phocion was accufed of 
treafon, and therefore, to avoid the public in¬ 
dignation, he fled lor fafety to Polyperchon. 
Polyperchon lent him back to Athens, where 
he was immediately condemned to drink the 
fatal poifon. He received the indignities of 
the people with uncommon compolure; and 
when one of his friends lamented his fate, 
Phocion exclaimed, This is no more than what 
-»/ expefled; this treatment the mofl illujlrious 
citizens of Athens have received before me. He 
'took the cup with the greateft ferenity of 
mind, and as he drank the fatal draught, he 
- prayed for the prolperiry of Athens, and bade 
.his friends to tell Jus fon Phocus not to re¬ 
member the indignities which his father had 
received from the Athenians. He died about 
318 years before the Chrillian era. His body 
was deprived of a funeral by order of the un¬ 
grateful Athenians, and if it was at laft in¬ 
terred, it was by Health, under a hearth, by 
the hand of a woman who placed this inferip- 
tion over his bones: Keep inviolate, 0 facred 
healthy the precious remains of a good man till 


a letter day reflores them to the mom Went s of 
their forefathers , when Athens /hall be deli*, 
vered of her pbrtnzy, and Jhall be more wife- 
It has Wen oblerved of Phocion, that he never 
appeared elated in profperity, or dejeiled in 
adverfity, he never betrayed pulillanimity by 
a teal - , Or joy by a fmile. His countenance 
was Hern and unpleafant, but he never behaved 
with levefity, his expreilions were mild, and 
his rebukes gentle. At the age of 80 he ap¬ 
peared at the head of the Athenian armies 
like the mod atfive officer, and to his pru¬ 
dence and cool valor in every period of life 
Ins citizens acknowledged themfelves much 
indebted. His merits were not buried in ob¬ 
livion, the Athenians repented of their in¬ 
gratitude, and honored bis memory by railing 
him ftatues, and putting to a cruel death h;s 
guilty accufers. Plut. c tf C. Nep. in vita 
Died. 16. 

Phocis, a country of Greece, bounded on 
the ealt by Boeotia, and by Locris on the weft. 

It orI fe .ally extended from the bay of Corinth 
to the lea of Euboea, and reached on the north 
as far as Thermopyl®, but its boundaries were 
afterwards more contracted. Phocis received 
its name from Phocus, a fon of Ornytion, 
who fettled there. The inhabitants were called 
Phocenfesy and from thence the epithet of 
Phocicus was formed. Parnaffus wa* the moft 
celehrated of the mountains of Phocis, and 
Delphi was the greateft of its towns. Phocis 
is rendered famous for a war which it main¬ 
tained againft lome of the Grecian republics, 
and which has received the name of the Pho - 
clan war. This celebrated war originated in 
the following circumftances:—-When Philip, 
king of Macedonia, had, by his intrigues and 
well concerted policy, fomented divifions in 
Greece, and difturbed the peace of every rfc- 
public, the Greeks univerlaily became diloon- 
tented in theix fituation, fickle iivtheir refoiw- 
tions, and jealous of the profpetity of the 
neighbouring Hates. The AmphiCtycns, who 
were the lupreme rulers of Greece,- arid who 
at that time were fubfervient to the views'bf 
the Thebans, the inveterate enemies of rile 
Pfcocians, fhewed the lame lpirit of ficklenefs, 
and like the reft of their countrymen* were 
aftuated hv the fame fears, the fame jeaioufy 
and ambition. As the fupporters of religion, 
they acculed the Pliocians of impiety for 
ploughing a fmall portion of land which be¬ 
longed to the god of Delphi. They imme¬ 
diately commanded, that the facred field Ihould 
be laid wafte, and that the Pliocians, to ex¬ 
piate their crime, Ihould pay a heavy fine to 
the community. The inability of the Pho* 
cians to pay the fine, and that of the Am- 
phi&vons to enforce their commands by vio¬ 
lence, gave rile to new events. The people 
of Phocis were routed by the eloquence and 
the popularity of Philomelas, one of their f 
countrymen, and when this ambitious ring¬ 
leader had liberally contributed the great 
Q q riches 








*ich«s he poffeffed to the,good of his country, 
pien, they rei'olved to oppote the Amphi&yonic 
council by force of arms. He feized the rich 
temple of Delphi, and employed the treafures 
it contained to rails a mercenary army. 
Puling two years hoftilities were carried on 
between the Phocians and .their enemies, the 
Thebans and the people of Locris, but no, 
decifive battles were fought; and it can only 
be obferved, that the Phocian prifoners were 
always put to an ignominious death, as guilty 
of the moft abominable lacrilege and impiety, 
a treatment which was liberally retaliated on 
/uch of the army of the Amphidtyons as be¬ 
came the captives of the jenemy. The defeat, 
Jhowever, and death of Philomelus, for a while 
checked their fuccefles; but the deceafed ge¬ 
neral was foon fucceeded in the command by 
his brother, called Onomarchus, his equal in 
coldneis and ambition, and his fuperior in 
a£tivity and enterprise. Onomarchus render¬ 
ed his caufe popular, the Theflalians joined 
•his army, and the neighbouring Hates obferved 
at leaft a itrifl neutrality, if they neither 
oppofed nor favored his arms. Philip of Ma¬ 
cedonia, who had aflilled the Thebans, was 
obliged to retire from the field with difhonor, 
but a more fuccelsful battle was fought near 
Magnefia, and the monarch, by crowding the 
head of his foldiers with laurel, and telling 
them that they fought in the caufe of Delphi 
and heaven, obtained a complete viftory. 
Onomarchus was {lain, and his body expofed 
on a gibbet; 6000 {hared his fate, and their 
. bodies were thrown into the fea, as unworthy 
of funeral honors, and 3000 were taken alive. 
This fatal defeat, however, did not ruin the 
Phocians: Phayllus, the only furviving bro¬ 
ther of Philomelus, took the command of 
their armies, and doubling the pay of his fol- 
. diers, he encreafed his forces by the addition 
©f 9000 men from Athens, Lacedaemon, 
and Achaia. But all this numerous force 
at laft proved ineffe&ual, the treafures of the 
temple of Delphi, which had long defrayed 
the expences of the war, began to fail, dif- 
fenfions arofe among the ringleaders of Pho- 
cis, and when Philip had crofled the {freights 
©f Thermopylae, the Phocians relying on his 
generofity, claimed his protection, and im¬ 
plored him to plead their caufe before the Am- 
phi&yonic council. His feeble interceflion 
was not attended with fuccefs, and the The¬ 
bans, the Locrians, and the ThefTalians, who 
then compofed the Amphi&yonic council, 
unauimoufly decreed, that the Phocians Ihould 
be deprived of the privilege of fending mem¬ 
bers among the Amphidhyous. Their arms 
and their horfes were to be fold, for the be¬ 
nefit of Apollo, they were to pay the annual 
fum of 60,000 talents, till the temple of Del¬ 
phi had been reftored to its ancient fplendor 
and opulence ; their cities were to be difiman- 
tled, and reduced to diftindt villages, which 
Xi'wre to contain n0 more than fixty houfes 


each,' at the diftance of a furlong from oh® 
another, and all the privileges and the immtf* 
nities of which they vvere (kipped, were to be 
conferred on Philip, king of Macedonia, for 
his eminent fervices in the profecution of the 
Phocian war. The Macedonians were order¬ 
ed to put thefe cruel commands into execution* 
The Phocians were unable to make refiftance, 
and ten years after they had undertaken the 
facred war, they faw their country laid defo¬ 
late, .their wails demolilhed, and their cities ill 
ruins, by the wanton jealoufy of their ene¬ 
mies, and the inflexible cruelty of the Mace¬ 
donian foldiers, B. C. 348. They were not, 
hqwever, long under this difgraceful fen- 
tence, their well known valor and courage 
recommended them to favor, and they gra¬ 
dually regained their influence and cohfe- 
quence by the protection of the Athenians, 
and the favors of Philip. Liv. 3a, c. 18.— 
Ovid, a, Am. 6, v. 15. Met. 5, v. 276.—^ 
Demojl. — Juflin. 8, &c.— Diod. 16, &C.~ ■ 
Pluti in Lem. Lyf. Per. Scc.*~~Strab. 5.— 
Pauf. 4, c. 5. 

Phocus, fon of Phocion, was diffolute in 
his manners and unworthy of the virtues of 
his great father. He was lent to Lacedaemon 
to imbibe there the principles of fobriety, of 
temperance, and frugality. He cruelly re¬ 
venged the death of his father, whom the 
Athenians had put to death. Pint, in Phoc. 

iff Apopb. -A fon of iEacus by Pfamathe, 

killed by Telamon. Apollod. 3, c. ia.-A 

fon of Ornytion, who led a colony of Corin¬ 
thians into Phocis. He cured Antiope, a 
daughter of Nydteus, of infinity, and married 
her, and by her became father of Panopeus 
and Crilus. Pauf. 2, c. 4. 

Phocylides, an ancient poet. [Fid. Pho* 
cilides.] 

Phcebas, a name applied to the prieftefs 
of Apollo’s temple at Delphi. Lucan. 5, v- 
128, &c. 

Piicebe, a name given to Diana, or the 
moon, on account of the brightness of that 
luminary. She became, according to Apol- 
lodorus, mother of Afteria and Latona. [Fid. 

Diana.]-A daughter of Leucippus and 

Philodice, carried away with her After Hilai- 
ra, by Caftor and Pollux, as {he was going to 
marry one of the fons of Aphareus. [ Fid. 
Leucippides.]— Apollod. 2, c. 10.— Pauf. 2, 
C. 22. 

Phcebeum, a place near Sparta. 

PhcebTims, a Lacedaemonian general fent 
by the Ephori to the afliftance of the Mace¬ 
donians againft the Thracians. He feized the' 
citadel of Thebes; but though he was dis¬ 
graced and banifhed from the Lacedaemonian 
! aimy for^ this perfidious meafure, yet his 
countrymen kept pofleflion of the town. He 
died B. C. 377. C.Ncp. in Pslop.—Lied. 14, &c, 

Puoebigsna, a furname of TEfculapius, 
&c. as being defeended from Phoebus. Firg* 
JEn* v. 77^. 





PH 


PH 

Pff&BUS, a name given to Apollo or the 
fun. This word exprefles the brightnels and 
fplendor of that luminary (^»|^). Fid. 
Apollo. 

Phcemos, a lake of Arcadia. 

PucenTce, or PhocnIcia, a country of 
Alia, at the eaft: of the Mediterranean, whole 
boundaries have been different in different 
ages. Some luppofe that the names of Phoe¬ 
nicia, Syria, and Paleftine, are indifcriminately 
ufed for one and the fame country. Phoeni¬ 
cia, according to Ptolemy, extended on the 
north as far as the Eleutherus, a lmall river 
which falls into the Mediterranean lea, a little 
below the ifland of Aradus, and it had Pelu- 
iium or the territories of Egypt as its more 
fouthern boundary, and Syria on the eaft. 
Sidon and Tyre were the moll capital towns 
of the country. The inhabitants were natu¬ 
rally induftrious, the invention of letters is 
attributed to them, and commerce and naviga¬ 
tion were among them in ihe moll floriflhng 
ftate. They planted colonies on the fliores of 
the Mediterranean, particularly Carthage, 
Hippo, Marfeilles, and Utica, and their ma- 
nufaCiures acquired fuch a luperiority over 
thofe of other nations, that among the ancients, 
whatever was elegant, great, or pleafing, either 
in apparel, or domeftic utenfils, received the 
epithet of SiJonian. The Phoenicians were 
originally governed by kings. They were fub- 
dued by the Perfians, and afterwards by Alex¬ 
ander, and remained tributary to his lucceffors 
and the Romans. They were called Phoeni¬ 
cians, from Phoenix, ion of Agenor, who 
was one of their kings, or according to others, 
from the great number of pjlsn trees 
which grow in the neighbourhood. Herodot. 
4, C. 42. 1 . 5, C. 58.— Homer. OJ. iy.--M.ela, 
.1, c. ir. 1 . 2, c. 7.— Strab. 16.— Apollod. 3, 
c. 1.— Lucret. 2, v. 829.— P/in 2, c. 47. I.5, 
C. 12.— Curt. 4 , C. 2.— Virg. JEn. I, See.-— 
Ovid. Met. 12, v. 104. 1 . 14, v. 345. 1 . 15, 
V. 288. 

PhcenTce, a town of Epirus. Liv. 22, 

C. 12 . 

Phoenicia. Fid. Phoenice. 

PhcenTcus, a mountain of Boeotia. ■ .■ ■ 
Another in Lycia, called alio Olympus, with 

a town of the fame name.-A port of Ery- 

thrre. Liv. 56, C. 45 * 

Phcenicusa, now Felicudi , one of the 
.ijsolian iflands. 

Pucenjssa, a patronymic given to Dido 
as a native of Phoenicia. Firg. JEn. 4, v. 529. 

Phoenix, fon of Amyntor king of Argos, 
. by C-leobule, or Hippodamia, was preceptor 
to young Achilles. When his father proved 
faithlefs to his wife, on account of his fond¬ 
ue fs for a concubine, called C-lytia, Cleobule, 
jealous of her huiband, prefuaded her fon 
Phctnix to ingratiate himfelf into the favors of 
his father’s miftreis. Phoenix eafily l'ucceeded, 
but when Amyntor difeovered his intrigues, 
Jbe dr$w a curfe upon him, and the fon was 


foon after deprived of his fight by divine 
vengeance. According to feme, Amyntor 
himlelf put out the eyes of his fon, which lb 
cruelly provoked him, that he meditated the 
death of his father. Reafon and piety, how¬ 
ever, prevailed over palfion, and Phoenix, not 
to become a parricide, fled from Argos to the 
court of Peleus, king of Phthia. Here he was 
treated with tendernefs, Peleus carried him to 
Chiron, who reftored him to his eye-fight, 
and foon after he was made preceptor to 
Achilles, his benefa&or’s fon. He was alfo 
prefented with the government of many citie6, 
and made king of the Dolopes. He accom¬ 
panied his pupil to the Trojan war, and Achil¬ 
les was ever grateful for the inftrudlions and 
precepts which he had received from Phoenix. 
After the death of Achilles, Phoenix, with 
others, was commifHoned by the Greeks to 
return into Greece, to bring to the war young 
Pyrrhus. Tins commiflion he performed 
with luccefs, and after the fall of Troy, he 
returned with Pyrrhus, and died in Thrace. 
He was buried at A£on, or, according to Stra¬ 
bo, near Trachinia, where a fmall river in 
the neighbourhood received the name of Phoe¬ 
nix. Strab. 9.— Homer. II. 9, &c. ■ ■.... 

Ovid, in lb. v. 259.- Apollod. 2,c. 7. — Firg. 

JEn. 2, v. 762.-A fon of Agenor, by a 

nymph who was called Telephafla, accord¬ 
ing to Apollodorus and Mofchus, or, ac¬ 
cording to others, Epimedufa, Perimeda, nr 
Agrijpe. He was, like his brothers, Cadmus 
and Cilix, fent by his father in purfuit of his 
lifter Europa, whom Jupiter had carried 
away under the form of a bull, and when 
his inquiries proved unfuccelsful, he ict- 
tled in a country which, according to fome^ 
was from him called Phoenicia. From him, as 
fome fuppofe, the Carthaginians were called 
Freni. Apollod. 3.— Hygin. fab. 178. ■ y T he 

father of Adonis, according to Hefiod.-A 

Theban, delivered to Alexander, &c.—— A 
native of Tenedos, who was an officer in th« 
fervice of Eumenes. 

Pholoe, one of the horfes of Admetus. 
——-A mountain of Arcadia, near Pita. Ic 
received its name from Pholus, the friend of 
Hercules, who was buried there. It is often 
confounded with another of the fame name 
in Thelfaly, near mount Othrys. Plin . 
4, c. 6.— Lucan. 3, v. 198. U 6, v. 388. 
1 . 7, v. 449.— Ovid. 2. Fuji. 2, v. 273, 
——A female lervant, of Cretan- origin, 
given with her two fbns to Sergeftus by 
>Eneas. Firg. JEn. 5, v. 285.-A cour¬ 

tezan in the age of Horace. Herat. 1. od. 


33. v. 7. 

Pholus, one of the Centaurs, fon of Si- 
lenus and Melia, or, according to others, of 
b.ion and the cloud. He kindly entertained 
Hercules when lie was going againll the boar 


of Erymanthus, but he xefuled to give him 
wine, as that which he had belonged to the 
reft of the Centaurs. Hercules, upon this* 
Q q 2 without 





PH 

■without ceremony,- broke the calk and drank 
the wide. The lmell of the liq-uor drew the 
Centaurs fiom the neighbourhood to the houle 
of Pttolus, but Hercules Hopped them when 
they forcibly entered the habitation of his 
friend, and killed the greateft part of them. 
Pholus gave the dead a decent funeral, but he 
mortally wounded himfelf with one of the 
arrows which were poiloned with the venom 
of the hydra, and which he attempted to ex- 
traft from the body of one of the Centaurs. 
Hercules, unable to cure him, buried him 
when dead, and called the mountain where 
his remains were depofited by the name of 
Pholoe. Apollod. I.—Pauf. 3. — Virg. G* 2, 
v. 436. JEn. 8, V. 294.— Died' 4. — Ital. I. 

- Lucan. 3, 6, & 7.— Slat. Tbeb. 2.——One 

of the friends of ./Eneas killed by Turnus. 
Virg. JEn. 12, v. 341. 

Phorbas, a fon of Priam and Epithefia, 
killed during the Trojan war, by Menelaus. 
The god Sonmus borrowed his features when 
he deceived Palinurus, and threw him into 
the lea near the coaft of Italy. Virg. JEn. 
5, v. 842.-A fon of Lapithus, who mar¬ 

ried Hyrmine, the daughter of Epeus, by 
whom he had Adtor. Pelops, according to 
Diodorus, lhared his kingdom with Phorbas, 
who alfo, fays the fame hiftorian, eftablilhed 
himfelf at Rhodes, at the head of a colony 
from Elis and ThelTaly, by order of the ora¬ 
cle, which promifed, by his means only, de¬ 
liverance-from the numerous ferpents which 
itifefted the illand. Drod. 2.— P^tf. 5, c. 1. 

■-A fhepherd of Polybus king of Corinth. 

- — A man who profaned Apollo’s temple, 

&c. Ovid. 'Met. if, v. 414.-A king of 

'Argos.-A native of Syrene, Ion of Methi- 

*>n, killed by Perfeus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 
3 *. 

Phorcus, or Phorcys, a fea deity, fon 
•f Pontus and Terra, who married his lifter 
Ceto, by whom fce had the Gcrgons, the dra¬ 
gon that kept the apples of the Hefperides, 
and other monfters. Heftod. Theogn. — Apol- 

hd. -One of the auxiliaries of Priam, 

killed by Ajax, during the Trojan war. 

flamer. 11 . 17-A man whofe feven Ions 

afiifted Turnus againft JEneas. Virg. JEn. 
10, v. 328. 

Phormio, an Athenian general, whole 
father’s name was Afopicus. He impoverillied 
himlelf to maintain and- fupport the dignity 
•f his army. His debts were fome time after 
paid by the Athenians, who wilhed to make 
tint their general, an.office which he refufed, 
- while he had fo many debts, obferving that it 
was unbecoming an officer to be at tire head 
«f an army, when he knew that he was poorer 

than the meanell of his foldiers.-A general 

' ©f Crotona.~-A Peripatetic philofopher of 

Eyhefus, who once gave a ledture upon the 
duties of an officer, and a military profeflion. 
The philofopher was himfelf ignorant of the 
I'ubjeA which he treated, upon which Hanni- 


PH 

bal the Great, who was one of'his auditors, 
exclaimed that he had feen many doating old 
men, hut never one vvorfe than Phormio. 

Cic. dc Nat. D. 2.-An Athenian ar- 

clion.-A difciple of Plato, _chofen by 

the people of Elis, to make a reformation 
in their government, and their jurifpru- 
dence. ’ ' , ; * 

Puormis, an Arcadian who acquired 
great riches at the court of Gelon and Hie- 
ro in Sicily. He dedicated the brazen fta- 
tue of a mare to Jupiter Olympins in Pelo- 
ponnefus, which fo much refemhled natuie, 
that horfes came near it, as if it had been alive. 
Pavf. 5, c. 27. 

Phoroneus, the god of a river of Pelo- 
ponneius of the fame name. He was fon of 
the river Inachus by Meliffh, and he was the 
fecond king of Argos. He married a nymph 
called Cerdo, or Lnodice, by whom he haft 
Apis, from whom Argolis was called Apia, 
and Niobe, the firft wtur.an of whom Jupiter 
became enamoured. Phoroneus taught his 
fubjedts the utility of laws, and the advan- . 
tages of a focial life and of friendly intercourfe, 
whence the inhabitants of i Argolis are often 
called Phcroruei. Paulanias relates, that Pho¬ 
roneus, with the Cephilus, Afterion, and Ina¬ 
chus, were appointed as umpires in a quarrel 
between Neptune and JunO, concerning their 
right of patronifing Argolis. Juno-gained the 
preference, upon which Neptune, in a fit of 
refentment, dried up all the four rivers, whole 
decifion he deemed partial. He afterwards 
reftored them to their dignity and confe- 
quence. Phoroneus was the firft who railed 
a temple to Juno. He received divine honors 
after death. His temple ftill exifted at 
Argos, under Antoninus the Roman emperor. 
Prtuf. 2, C. 15, See. — iApollod. 2, c. i .— fdygin. 
fab. 143. 

PhoRonis, a patronymic of Io, as lifter 
of Phoroneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 625. 

Phoronium, a town of Argolis, built by 
Phoroneus. 

Photinus, an eunuch who was prime mi¬ 
ni (ler to Ptolemy, king of Egypt. When 
Pompey fled to the court of Ptolemy, after 
the battle of Pharfalia, Photinus adviied his 
mafter not to receive him, but to put him to 
death. His advice was ftri&ly followed. Ju¬ 
lius CaTar fome time after vifited Egypt, and 
Photinus raifed feditions againft him, for which 
he was put to death. When Caefar triumphed 
over Egypt and Alexandria, the pidfures of 
Photinus, and of lonle of thef- Egyptians 
were carried in the procelhon at Rome. 
Pint. ' 1 

PhotTus, a fon of Antonina, who betray¬ 
ed to Belifarius hifc‘ wife’s debaucheries. . . 

A patrician in Juftinian’s reign. 

Pkoxus, a general of the Phocaeans, who 
burnt Lampfscus, Sec. Polyan. 8---A ty¬ 

rant of Chalcis, banilhed by his iubjedts, &c. 
Arijht. Pel, 5, C, 4. 

pHRA« 






- Phraates ift, ,a king of Parthia, who 
Succeeded Arfaces the 3V, caBpd alto pbriapa- 
tius. He made war againft Antiocnus,kingof 
Syria, and was defeated in three lucceflive 
battles. He left many children behind him, 
but as they were all too young, and unable to 
fucceed to the throne, he appointed his bro¬ 
ther Mithridates king, of whole abilities, and 
military prudence, he had often been a lpec- 

tator. jujlin. 41, c. 5.-The 2d, fucceed- 

ed his-father Mithridates as king of Parthia; 
and made war againft the Scythians, whom he 
called to his affiftance againft Antiochus king of 
Syria, and whom he refilled to pay, on the 
pretence that they came too late. He was 
murdered by fome Greek mercenaries, who 
had been once his captives, and who had en- 
lilted in his army, B. C. 129. jujlin. 42, c. 

1.— Pint, in Pump. -The 3d, lucceeded his 

father Pacorus on the throne of Parthia, and 
gave one of his daughters in marriage to Ti- 
granes,the fon of Tigranes king of Armenia. 
Soon after he invaded the kingdom of Arme¬ 
nia, to make his i'on-ia law fit on the throne 
of his father. His expedition was attended 
with ill fuccefs. He renewed a treaty of al¬ 
liance which his father had made with the Ro¬ 
mans. At his return in Parthia, he was affal- 
finated by his ions Orodes and Mithridates. 
Jujlin. — —The 4th, was nominated king of 
Parthia by his father Orodes, whom he loon 
• after murdered, as alio his own brothers. He 
made war againft M. Antony with great fuc- 
ceis, and obliged him to retire with much lofs. 
Some time after he was dethroned by the Par¬ 
thian nobility, but he foon regained his power, 
and drove away the ul'urper, called Tiridates. 
The ul'urper claimed the protection of Au- 
guftus the Roman emperor, and Phraates lent 
ambalfadors to Rome to plead his caul'e 1 , and 
gain the favors of his powerful judge. He 
was fuccelsful in his embaffy : he made a trea¬ 
ty of peace and alliance with the Roman em¬ 
peror, rellored the enfigns and ftandards which 
the Parthians.had taken from Craflus and 
Antony, and gave up his four Tons with their 
wives as hottages, till his engagements were 
performed, Somp fuppofe that Phraates de¬ 
livered his children into the hands of Augui- 
tus to be confined at Rome, that he might 
reign with greater fecurity, as, he knew his 
i'ubjeCts would revolt, as loon as they found 
any one of his family inclined to countenance 
their rebellion, though, at the lame time, they 
fcorned tp fupport the intereft of any ul'urper, 
who was not of the royal houfe of the Arla- 
cidie. He was, however, at lait murdered by 
one of his concubines, who placed her fon 
called Phraatices on the throne. Fal. Max;. 
7, c. 6 .—Jujiin. 42, C- S.-^-Diod. Caf. 51, &C. 

Pint. in Anton.'Scc — Tacit. Ann. 6, C. 32. 
i -A prince of Parthia in the reign of Tibe¬ 
rius.-A fa trap of Parthia. Tacit. Ann. 6, 

<\ 42. 

Phraatices., a fon of Phraates 4th. He, 


] with his mother, murdered his father, Ind 
took pofle lion of the vacant throne. 11 is 
reign was (hort, he was depofed by His l'ub- 
jedts, whom he had offended by cruelty, ava¬ 
rice, and opprelfion. 

Phradatks, an officer in the army of 
Darius at the battle of Arbela. 

Phraga^dje, a people of Thrace. Liv. 
26, c. 23. 

PhrahAtes', the fame as Phraates. Fid. 
Phraates. , 

Puranicates, a general of the Parthian 
armies, &c. Strab. 16. 

Phraortes lucceeded his father Deioces 
on the throne of Media. He made war 
againft the neighbouring nations, and conquer¬ 
ed the greateft part of Afia, He was defeated 
and killed in a battle by the AlTyriaps, after a 
reign of 22 years, B. C.625. His l'on Cyaj;- 
ares lucceeded him. It is fuppoled that the 
Arphaxad mentioned in Judith is Phraortes, 

Fan/. — Hcrodot. 1, c. 102.-A king of 

India, remarkable for his frugality. Philojlr.- 

PurasTci.es, a nephew of Themiftocles, 
whole daughter Nicomacha he married,. Plut, 
in Them. 

Pu rasim u s, the father of Praxithea. A- 

pollod. 

PiiRASitrs,a Cyprian foothlayer, facrificed 
on an altar by Buiiris king of Egypt. 

I’hrata p 11 ernes, a general of the Maf- 
fagette, who furrendered to Alexander. Curt, 

8.-A l'atrap who, after the death of Da-, 

rius.fled to Hyrcania, &c. Id. 

Phriapatios, a king of Parthia, who fk>- 
rilhed B. 0 • 195. 

Phricium, a town neav Tbermopylw. 
Liv. 36, c. 13. 

Phr 1 xus, a river of Argolis. There 19 
alfo a fmajl town of that name in Elis, built 
by the Minyae. Hcrodot. 4, c. 148. 

Piironima, a daughter of Etearchus, king 
of Crete. She was delivered to a fervaut to 
he thrown into the lea, by order of her father, 
at the inftigation of his lecond wife. The 
lervant vyas unwilling to murder the child, 
hut as he was bound by an oath to throw her 
into the lea, he accordingly let her down into 
the water by a rope, and took her oat again 
unhurt. Phronima was afterwards in the 
number of the coneubines of Polymneftus, 
by whom flie became mother of Battus, 
the founder of Oyrene. Heradot. 4, 
c. 154- 

Phrontis, foil of Onetor, pilot of the 
Ihip of Menelaus, after the Trojan war, 
was killed by Apollo juft as the (hip reached 
Sunium. Horn. Od. 3, y. 282.— Pauf. 10, 

c. --One of the Argonauts. Apol- 

lod. 1. 

Phruri, a Scythian nation. 

Phryges, a river of Afia. Minor, dividing 
Phrygia from Carla,and falling into the Her- 
mus. Pauf. 

Phrygia, a cor.nti;y of Afia Minor, g'e- 







PH 


PH 

ferally divided into Fhrygia Major and Mi¬ 
nor Its boundaries are not properly or accu¬ 
rately defined by ancient authors, though it 
appears that it was fituate between Bithynia, 
X<ydia, Cappadocia, and Caria. It received its 
name from the Brygcs , a nation of Thrace, 
cr Macedonia, who came to fettie there, and 
from their name, by corruption', arofe the 
word Phrygia. Cybele was the chief deity 
ot the country, and her fefiivals were obferv* 
ed with the greateft folemnity. The mod re¬ 
markable towns, befides Troy, were Laodice, 
Hierapolis, and Synnada. 'I he invention of 
the pijre of reeds, and of all forts of needle¬ 
work, is attributed to the inhabitants, who are 
reprefented by lome authors as ftubborn, but 
yielding to correction (hence Phryx •verberatus 
melior ) , as imprudent, effeminate, fervile, and 
voluptuous; and to this Virgil teems to allude, 
JEn, 9, v. 617. The Phrygians, like all 
other nations, were called Barbarians by the 
Greeks ; their mufic ( Phtygii Cantus') was of a 
grave and folemn nature, when oppofed to the 
brllker and more chearful Lydian airs. Me¬ 
ta, I, c. 1^.—St tab. 2, 8cc.—0vid. Met. 13, 
v. 429, &c.— Cic. 7, ad /am. ep. 18.-— Place. 
^ 7 — Dio. I, c. JO.— Plin. 8,C. 48.— Herat. 
a, od. 9, v. 16.- — Paitf. 5,c . Zy.-r-Herodot. 7, 
c. 73..-A city of Thrace. 

P'hrynr, a celebrated proftitute, who flo- 
rifhed at Athens about 32S years before the 
Cluiltian era. She was miftrefs to Praxiteles 
who drew her picture. [Fid. Praxiteles.] 
1 his was one of his belt pieces, and it was 
placed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. 
It is faid that Apelles painted his Venus 
Anadyomene after he had feen Phryne on 
the fea-fhore naked, and with difhevelled hair. 
Phryne became fo rich by the liberality of 
her lovers, that Ihe offered to rebuild, at her 
own expence, Thebes, which Alexander had 
deftroyed, provided this infeription was placed 
on the walls: Alexander dir ait, fed mcretrix 
Phryne refecit. This was refilled. Plin. 34, 

c. 8.-There was all'o another of the fame 

name who was acculed of impiety. When Ihe 
faw that Ihe was going to be condemned, fhe 
unveiled her bofom, which fo influenced her 
judges, that fhe was immediately acquitted. 

QttintiL 2 , C. 15. 

Phrynicus, a general of Samos, who en¬ 
deavoured to betray his country to the Athe¬ 
nians, &c.-A flatterer at Athens.-A 

tragic poet of Athens, difciple to Thefpis. 
Jie was the firft who introduced a female 
character on the ftage. Strab. 14.-A co¬ 

mic poet. 

Pkrynjs, a mufician of Mitylene, the 
Juft who obtained a mufical prize at the Pa- 
nathenaea at Athens. He added two firings 
to the lyre, which had always been uled with 
feven by all his predecfefTors, B. C. 438. 
It is faid that he was originally a cook at 

the houfe of Hiero, king of Sicily.-_ 

A writer in the reign of Commodus, who 


made a eolte&ion, in 36 books, of phrafe* 
and fbntences from the beft Greek authors. 

Sec, 

Phryno, a celebrated general of Athens, 
who died B. C. 590. * 

Phryxus, a foil of Athatna 3 » king of 
Thebes, by Nephele. After the repudiation 
of his mother, he was yerfecuted with the 
moft inveterate fury by his ftep-mother Ino, 
becaul'e ho was to fit on the throne of Atha^ 
mas, in preference to the children of a iecond 
wife. He was-apprized of Ino’s intentions 
upon his life, by his mother Nephele. or, ac¬ 
cording to othels, by his preceptor; and the 
better to make his elcape, he leaned part of 
Ins father’s treafiu es, and privately left Bcco* 
tia with his filler Belle, to go to their friend 
and relation Aretes, king of Colchis. They 
embarked on board a Ihip, or, according to, 
the fabulous account of the poets and my tho-i 
logifts, they mounted on the back of a ram 
whole fleece was of gold, and proceeded on 
their journey through the air. The height 
to which they were carried made Helle giddy, 
and ftie fell into the lea. Phryxus gave her a 
decent burial on the i’ea-ftiore, and after he 
had called the place Hellefpont from hey 
name, he continued his flight, and arriveef 
fafe in the kingdom of iEctes, where he offer¬ 
ed the ram on the altars of Mars. T be king 
received him with great tendernels, and gav$ 
him his daughter Chalciope in marriage. HHq 
had by him Phrontis, Melias, Argos, Cylin- 
drus, whom lome call Cytorus, Catis, I.orus, 
and Hellen. Some time alter he was mur¬ 
dered bv his father-in-law, who envied him 
the poffeftion of the golden fleece; and Chal¬ 
ciope, to prevent her children from fharing 
their father’s fate, fent them privately from 
Colchis to Baotia, as nothing was to he dread¬ 
ed there from the jealoufy or relentment of 
Ino, who was then dead. The fable of the 
flight of Phryxus to Colchis on a, ram has 
been explained by lome, who obfejye, that 
the fliip on which he embarked was either 
called by that name, or carried on her prow 
the figure of that animal. The fleece of gold 
is explained by recolledling that Phryxus car¬ 
ried away immenfe treafures from Thebes. 
Phryxus was placed among the conftellations 
of heaven after death. The ram which car¬ 
ried him to Afia, is faid to have been the fruit 
of Neptune’s amour with Theophane, the 
daughter of Altis. This ram had been given 
to Athamas by the gods, to reward his piety 
and religious life, and Nephele procured it for 
her children, juft as they were going to be fa- 
crificed to the jealoufy of Ino. The murder 
of Phryxus was fome time after amply re¬ 
venged by the Greeks. It gave rife to a cele¬ 
brated expedition which was atchieved under 
Jalon and many of the princes of Greece, 
and which had for its objett the recovery of 
the golden fleece, and the punifliment pf the 
j king of Colchis for his cruelty to the fon of 

Athama^. 


/ 



PH 


PH 


Athamas. Mod. 4. — Herodot. *j, c. 197.— 
Apollon. Arg .— Orpheus. — Flaccus.-—Strab .— 
Apollod. 2, C. 9. — Pindar. Pytb. 4.— Hygitt. 
fab. 14, 188, See.—Ovid. Heroid. l8, Met. 
4 - -A fmall river of Argolis. 

PnTHiA,a tovvnof Phthiotis, at the eaft of 
mount Othrys in ThefTaly, where Achilles 
was born, and from which he is often called 
Phthius heros. Hot at. 4, Oil. 6, v. 4 .—Ovid. 
Met. 13, v. 156.— Mela , 2, c. 3.— Propert. 

el. 14, V. 38 —Cic. Tuf. I, c. 10. - A 

Pymph of Achaia, beloved by Jupiter, who, 
to l'educe her, dilguifed himlelf under the 
fhape of a pigeon. JElian. V. H. i, c. 15. 
•-A daughter of Amphion and Niobe, kill¬ 

ed by Diana. Apollod. 

Phthiotis, a fmall province ofTheflaly, 
between the Pelafgicus films, and the Maliqcus 
finus, Magnefia,and mount CEta. It was alfo 
failed Achaia. Pauf. 10, c. 8. 

Piiya, a tall and beautiful woman of Atti¬ 
ca, whom Pififtratus, when he wifhed to 
fe-eftablifh himfelf a third time in his ty¬ 
ranny, drefted like the goddefs Minerva, and 
led to the city on a chariot, making the 
populace believe that the goddefs herfelf 
came to reftore him to power. The artifice 
iliCCeeded. Herodot. I, c. 59.— Poly an. I, 
C. 40. 

Phycus, (units), a promontory, near 
Cyrene, now called Rafalfem. Lucan. 9. 

Puylacc, a town of ThefTaly, built by 
Phylacus. Protefilaus reigned there, from 
whence he is often called Phylacides. Lucan. 

6, v. 252.-A town of Arcadia. Pauf. 

1, c. 34.-A town of Epirus. Liv. 45, 

c. 26. 

PhylXcus, a fon of Deion, king of 
Phocis. He married Clymene, the daugh¬ 
ter of Mynias, aad founded Phylace. Apol¬ 
lod. 

Phylarciius, a Greek biographer, who 
florifhed 13 . C. 221. He was accufed of par¬ 
tiality by Pint, in A rat. 

Phylas, a king of Ephyre, fon of Anti- 
ochus, and grandfon of Hercules. 

Phyls, a well fortified village of Attica, 
at a little diftance from Athens. C. Nep. in 

Tbraf. 

Phylejs, a daughter of Thefpius. Apol¬ 
lod. 

Phylkus, one of the Greek captains dur¬ 
ing the Trojan war.-A fon of Augeas. 

He blamed his father for refufing to pay Her¬ 
cules what he had promifed him for cleaning 
his ftables. He was placed on his father’s 
throne by Hercules. 

Piiylira. Vid. Philyra. 

Phylla, the wife of Demetrius Poliorce- 
tes, and mother of Stratonice, the wife of Se- 
leucus. 

Phyllai.ia, a part of Arcadia.-A 

place in Theifaly. 

Phylleius, a mountain, country, and 

town of Macedonia* ApAltn, Arg. h> 


Phyllis, a daughter of Sithon, or, ac¬ 
cording to others, of Lycurgus, king of 
Thrace, who holpitably received Demophoon 
the fon of Thefeus, who, at his return froip 
the Trojan war, had flopped on her coafts. 
She became enamoured of him, and did not 
find him inlenfible to her paflion. After 
iome'months of mutual tendernefs and affec¬ 
tion, Demophoon fet fail for Athens, where 
his domeflic affairs recalled him. He pro¬ 
mifed faithfully to return as foon as a month 
was expired; but either his diflike for Phyllis, 
or the irreparable fituatkm of his affairs, obli¬ 
ged him to violate his engagement, and the 
queen, grown defperate on account of his ab- 
fence, hanged herletf, or, according to others, 
threw herfelf down a precipice into the lea, 
and perifhed. Her friends railed a tomb over 
her body, where there grew up certain trees, 
whofe leaves, at a paiticular fealon of the year, 
fuddenly became wet, as if fhedding tears for 
the death of Phyllis. According to an old 
tradition mentioned by Servius, Virgil’s com¬ 
mentator, Phyllis was changed by the gods 
into an almond-tree, which is called Phylla by 
the Greeks. Some days after this metamor- 
phofk, Demophoon revifited Thrace, and 
when he heard of the fate of Phyllis, he ran 
and clafped the tree, which, though at that 
time ffripped of its leaves, fuddenly lhot forth 
and blolFomed, as if flill lenfible of tender¬ 
nefs and love. The abfence of Demophoon 
from the houfe of Phyllis has given rife to a 
beautiful epiftle of Ovid, fuppofed to have 
been written by the Thracian queen, about 
the 4th month after her lover's departure. 
Ovid. HeroiJ. 2, de Art. Am. 2, v. 353 * 
Trif. 2, 437.— Hygin. fab. 59.-A coun¬ 

try woman introduced in Virgil’s eclogues. 

-The nurfe of the emperor Domi- 

tian. Suet, in Dorn. 17.- A country of 

Thrace near mount Pangseus. Herodot . 7, 
c. 13 * 

Phyllius, a young/Boeotian, uncommon¬ 
ly fond of Cygnus, the fon of Hyria, a wo¬ 
man of Bueotia. Cygnus flighted his paflion, 
and told him that, to obtain a return of affec¬ 
tion, he muft previoufly deftroy an enormous 
lion, take alive two large vultures, and facri- 
fice on Jupiter’s altars a wild bull that infeft- 
ed the country. This he eafily effedted by 
means of artifice, and by the advice of Her¬ 
cules he forgot his partiality for the fon of 
Hyria. Ovid. Met. 7, v, 372.— Nicand. in 

Heter. 3.-A Spartan remarkable for the 

courage with which he fought againft Pyrrhus, 
king of Epirus. 

Ph YLLoo6cE,one of the Cyrene’s attendant 
nymphs. Pirg. G. 4, v. 336. 

Phyllos, a country of Arcadia.——A 
town of ThefTaly near Larifla, where Apollo 
had a temple. 

Phyllos, a general of Phocis during tho 
Phocian or Tiered war againft the Thebans. 
He had aflhmed the command after the death 
Q 3 4 






PI 


PI 


of his brothers Philomelas and Onomar- 
chu’s. He is. called by fome Phayllus. Fid. 
Phocis. 

Puyscella, a town of Macedonia. Me- 
la, 2 , c. 3 * 

• Ph y scion, a famous rock of Bosom, which 
was the refidence of the Sphynx, and againft 
which the monlter deftroyed himfelf, when 
his enigmas were explained by CEdipus. 
Flit. 

Physcoa, a woman of Elis, mother of 
Knrcsius, by Bacchus. Pouf. 5, c. 16. 

Physcon, a furname of one of the Pto¬ 
lemies, kings of Egypt, from the great* pro¬ 
minency of his belly (1 pvexti venter). Athen. 
2, c 23. 

Phvscos, a town of Caria, oppofite Rhodes. 
Strab, 14, 

Fhyscus, a river of Afia falling into the 
Tigris. The ten thoufand^Greeks crofled it 
on their return from Cunaxa. 

Phytalides, the defeendants of Phyta- 
lus, a man who ihofpitably received and enter¬ 
tained Ceres, when Ihe vifited Attica. Plut. 
in Tbef. 

Puyton, a general of the people of Rhe- 
gium, againil Dionyfius the tyrant of Sicily. 
He was taken by the enemy and tortured, 
B. C. 387, and his fen was thrown into the 
fea. Diod. 14. 

PiivxjLiM, a town of Elis. 

Pi a, or Pialia, feitival? inftituted in ho¬ 
nor of Adrian, by the emperor Antoninus. 
They were celebrated at Puteoli, on the fe- 
cond year of the Olympiads. 

Pi asus, a general of the Pelafgh St rob. 
* 3 - 

Picent, the inhabitants of Picenum, call¬ 
ed alio Picehtes. They received their name 
from picus, a bird by whofc aufpices they had 
fettled in that part of Italy. Ilal. 8, v. 425. 
<—Strab. 5.— Mela , 2 , C. 4. 

PiCENTiA,the capital of the Picentini. 
PicentIni, a people of Italy, bet*.veen 
IAtcania and Campania on the Tufcan fea. 
They are different from the Piceni or Picen- 
, tes, who inhabited Picenum. Sil. It. 8, v. 
430. — Tacit. H. 4, c: 62, 

Picenum, or Picenus ager, a country 
of Ttaly near the Umbrians and Sabines* bn 
the borders of the Adriatic. Liv. 21^ 
c. 6. 1 . 22, c. 9. 1 . 27, c. 43.— Sil. 10, 
v. 313.— Horat. 2, fat, 3, V. 722.— Mart. 
}> ep. 44 - 

Picra. a lake of Africa, which Alexander 
crofled when he went to confult the oracle of 
Ammon. Died. 

PrcTjR, or Pictt, a people of Scythia, 
caltetf-aU'o Arathyrfr. ' They received this 
name from their painting their bodies with 
different colors, to ' appear more terrible in 
the eyes of their enemies* A colony of 
thefe, according to Scrvius, Virgil’s commen¬ 
tator, emigrated to the northern parts of Bri¬ 
tain* where they' ftul jieierved tlicir mmu 


and thejr'favage manners, but they are rr.en>j 
tioned only by later wi iterS. Marcell. 27, 
c. 18 .-—Claudian. de Hon. conf. v. 54 - — Plitt. 
4 , c. 12, —Mela , 2 , C, I. 

PicTavi, or PicTONES,apeoplecf Gaul, 
in the modern country of Poiflou. C<rf 7, 


bell. G. c. 4. 

Pictavium, a town of Gaul. 

Fabivs Pictor, a conful under whom 
fllver was firft coined at Rome, A. U. C. 

485* 

Picumnos and Pilumnus, two dei¬ 
ties at Rome, who prefided over the aufpi¬ 
ces, that were required before the celebration, 
of nuptials. Pilumnus was lbppofed to patro¬ 
nize children, as his name leems, in lonie 
manner, to indicate, quod pellat mala in - 
fantia. The manuring of lands was firfl: in¬ 
vented by Picumnus, from which reafon 
he is called Sterquilinius . P ilumnus is alio 
invoked as the god of bakers and millers," 
as he is laid to have firft invented how to 
grind corn. Turnus boafted of being one of 
his lineal defeendants. Firg. JEn. 0, v. 4.— 


Varro. 

Picus, ti king of Latium, fon o? Saturn, 
who married Venilia, who is alio called 
Canens, by whom" he had Faunus. He was 
tenderly loved by the goddels Pomona, and 
he returned a mutual affedtion. As he was 
one day hunting in the woods, he was met by 
Circe, who became deeply enamoured of him, 
and who changed him into a woodpecker, 
called by the name of picus among the Latins. 
His \vife. Venilia was fo dii'conlblate when fhe 


was informed of his death, that fhe pined 
away, Some fuppofe that Picus was the l'on 
of Pilumnus, and, that he gave out prophecies 
to his fubjetls, by means of a favorite wood¬ 
pecker, from which circumllance originated the 
fable of his being metamorphofed‘into a bird. 
Firg. JEn. 7, v. 48, 171, occ,—Ovid. Met. 


14, v. 320,&C. 

Pidorus, a town near mount Athos. H 
rodot. 7, c. 122. 

Pidytes, a man killed by UlylTes during 

the Trojan war. 

Pi elds, a fon of Neoptolemus, king of 
Epirus, after his father. Pouf. 1, c. ii. 

Pier a, a fountain of Peloponnelus, be* 
tween Elis and Olyncjpia. Pauf 5, c. 16. 

Pier ta, a imal.l track of country in Thef- 
faly or Macedonia,' 'from which the epithet ef 
Pierian Was applied to the Mufes, and to po* 
ettcal compofitions. ’ Martial, y, ep. 88, v. 3. 
— Horat. 4, od.8,v.20.-—-A place between 

Cilicia arid Syria.-One of the wives of 

Danaus, moti er of fix daughters 1 tailed Attea, 
Podarce, Di< xipp'e, Adytc, OtypCte, and 

Pilatge. Apt llod. 2.’ -Ehe M ile of Oxylus, 

the fon of Hasmon, and mother of JEtolus 

and I.aia?, Pauf. 5, 3.-The daughter of 

Pythas,VMileflan, ! ' 

Pi eridf.s, a name given fo the Mufes, 

! either becaifs they we?e bom ‘m Pierta, ii| 
5 ‘ 







PI 


PI 


Theflaly, or becaufe they were fuppofed by | 
foine to be the daughters of Pierus, a king 

of Macedonia, who fettled in Boeotia.- 

AU'o the daughters of Pierus, who challenged 
the Mules to a trial in mufic, in which they 
were conquered, and changed into magpies. 

It. may perhaps be fuppol'ed, that the vi&o- 
rious Mules aflumed the name of the con¬ 
quered daughters of Pierus, and ordered 
theml'elves to be called Pierides, in the fame 
manner as Minerva was called Pallas becaufe 
fhe had killed the giant Pallas. Ovid. Met. 
j.v.300. 

Pieris, a mountain of Macedonia. Pauf. 

9, c.39. 

Pierus, a mountain of Theflaly, facred 
to the mules, v who were from thence, as 

fome imagine, called Pierides. -A rich man 

of Theflaly, whofe nine daughters, called 
Pierides, challenged the Mules, and were 
changed into magpies when conquered. Pauf. 

9, c. 49.——A river of Achaia, in Pelopon- 
nefus.—A town of Theflaly. Pauf. 7, c. 21. 

— — A mountain with a lake of the fame 
name in Macedonia. 

Piet as, a virtue which denotes veneration 
for the deity, and love and tendernefs to our 
friends. It received divine honors among 
the Romans, and was made one of their 
gods. Acilius Glabrio firlt ereded a temple 
to this new divinity, on the fpot where a 
woman had fed with her own milk her 
aged father, who had been imprilbned by the 
order of the fenate, and deprived of all ali¬ 
ments. Cic. de div. I.— Val. Max. 5, c. 4. 
Plin. 7, C. 36. 

Pigres & Mattyas, two brothers, &c. 
Jfl. rodot. -The name of three rivers. 

Pigrum mare, a name applied to the 
Northern lea, from its being frozen. The 
tvord Pigra is applied to the Palus Mccotis. 
Ovid. 4. Pont. IO, V. 6l. — Plin. 4, C. 13.— 
Tacit. G. 45. 

Pilumnus, the god cf bakers at Rome. 
Vid. Picumnus. 

Pimpla, a mountain of Macedonia with 
a fountain of the fame name, on the confines 
of Theflaly, near Olympus, facred to the 
Mules, who ou that account are often called 
Pimpiece and Pimpleades. Horat. I, od. 26, 
v. 9.— Strab. IO. — Martial. 12, ep, II. V. 3. 
Stat. I. Sylv. 4, V. 26. Sylv. 2, V. 36. 

Pimprana, a town on the Indus. Arrian. 

Pinare, an ifland of the 7 figean lea.- 

A town of Syria, atthefouth of mount Ama- 

lius. Plin. 5, c. 25.-Of L.ycia.. Strab. 

14 - 

Pinarius & Potitius, two old men of 
Arcadia, who came with Evander to Italy. 
They were inftrubted by Hercules, who vi- 
fited the court of Evander, how they were 
to offer lacrifices to his divinity, in the 
morning, and in the evening, immediately 
^t fun-let. The morning facriftce they 
cuq$ually performed, but on,, the. evening 


Potitius was obliged to offer the fiicrifice 
alone, as Pinarius neglected to come till after 
the appointed time. This negligence offend¬ 
ed Hercules, and he ordered, that for the 
future, Pinarius and his defendants fliould 
prelide over the lacrifices, but that Potitius, 
with his pofterity, fhould wait upon the priells 
as lervants, when the lacrifices were annually 
offered to him on mount Aventine. Tills 
was religioufly obferved till the age of Appius 
Claudius, who perluaded theJPotitii by a large 
bribe, to difcontinue their facred office, and 
to have the ceremony performed by Haves. 
For this negligence, as the Latin authors ob-* 
lerve, the Potitii were deprived of fight, and 
the family became a little time after totally 
extintf. Liv. I, c. i.—Virg. j£„. 8, v. 260. 
Sec. — Viftor. de orig. 8. 

M. Pinarius Rusca, a pretor, who 
conquered Sardinia, and defeated the Corlt- 
cans. Cii. de. vrat. 2. 

Pinarus, or Pindus, now Delifou , a ri¬ 
ver falling into the fea near Iffus, after flow¬ 
ing between Cilicia and Syria. Dianyf. 
Per. 

Pin cum, a town of Media Superior, now 
Gradfca. 

Pindarus, a celebrated lyric poet, of 
Thebes. He was carefully trained from his 
earliefl. years to the ftudy of mufic and poetrv, 
and he was taught how to compofe verles 
with elegance and fimplicity, by Myrtis and 
Corinna. When he was young, it is laid 
that a fvvarm of bees fettled on his lips, and 
there left fome honey-combs as he repoled 
on the gral's. This was univerlally explained 
as a prognoftic of his future grentnels and ce¬ 
lebrity, and indeed he feemed intitled to no¬ 
tice when he had conquered Myrtis in a mu- 
fical conteft He was not however fo' 
iuccelbful againft Corinna, who obtained 
five times, while he was competitor, a poe¬ 
tical prize, which according to fome was 
adjudged rather to the charms of her perlbn 
than to the brilliancy of her genius, or the 
luperiority of her compofition. In the pub¬ 
lic aflhmblies of Greece, where females were 
not perniitted to contend, Pindar was re¬ 
warded with the prize, in preference to every 
other competitor; and as the conquerors at 
Olympia were the fubjedt of his compofitions 
the poet was courted by ftateimen and prin¬ 
ces. His hymns and pxans were repeated 
before the moll crowded aflemblies in the 
temples of Greece; and the prieflefs of Del¬ 
phi declared that it was the will of Apollo, 
that Pindar fhould receive the half of all the 
firlt fruit offerings that were annually heaped 
on his altars. This was not the only public 
honor which lie received; after bisAeath, he 
was, honored with every mark of relpe<ff, 
even to adoration. His flame was ere&ed 
at Thebes in the public place where the 
games were exhibited, and fix centuries after 
it y.as viewed w'«h plealure and admiration, 









pr 


pi 


by - the geographer Paufarrias. The honors 
which had been paid to him while alive, were 
alfo fhared by his {icfterity ; and at the cele¬ 
bration of one of the feftivals of the Greeks, 
a portion of the victim which had been offer¬ 
ed in facrifice, was referved for the defend¬ 
ants of the pocr. Even the moft inveterate 
enemies of the Thebans fhc*veri record for his 
memory, and the Spartans Ipared the honfe 
in which the prince of Lyrics had inhabited, 
when they detiroyed the houfes and the walls 
of Thebes. The fame refpett was alfo paid 
him by Alexander the Great when Thebes 
was reduced to afhes. It is laid that Pindar 
died at the adduced age of 86, 8. C. 435. 
The greateft part of his works have perrihed. 
He had written l'ome hymns to the gods, poems 
in honor of Apollo, dithyrambics to Bacchus, 
and odes on feveral victories obtained at the 
four great elf feftivals of til* Greeks, the 
Olympic, Ifthmian, Pythian and Nemean 
games. Of all thefe, the odes are the only 
compofitions extant, admired for fublimity 
of ientinients, grandeur of exprefiion, ener¬ 
gy and magnificence of ftyle, boldnefs of 
metaphors, harmony of numbers, and ele¬ 
gance of diftion. In thefe odes, which were ’ 
repeated with the aid of mufical inftruments, 
and accompanied by the various inflections 
of the voice, with fuitable attitudes, and pro¬ 
per motions of the body, the poet has not mere¬ 
ly celebrated the place where the victory was 
won, but has introduced beautiful epifodes, 
and by Enfolding the greatneis of Yns heroes, 
the dignity of their characters, and the glory 
of the feveral republics where they florifhed, 
H-e has rendered the whole truly beautiful, 
and in the higheft degree interelling. Ho¬ 
race has not hefitated to call Pindar inimita¬ 
ble, and this panegyric will not perhaps ap¬ 
pear too ©fFcnfive, when we recollect that 
tuceeeding critics have 3greed in extolling his 
beauties, his excellence, the fire, animation, 
and enthufiafm of his genius. He has been 
cent urea for his affectation in ccmpofhig an 
ode from which the letter S was excluded. 
The belt editions of Pindar are thqie of 
Tfeyfte, 4to. Gottingen, 1773; of Glafgow, 
tdmo. 17743 and of Schnndius, 4to. Wit- 
seiSerg, 1616. Athen.—Quintil. 10 , C. I.— 

Herat. 4, od. 2 — JEVtan. F. if. 3- Pauf. 

i, c. 8. L 9, c. 2i ) .—-Fal. Max. 9, c. 12 .— 

Plut. in Alex. — Curt. I, c. 13.--A. tyrant 

of Ephefus who killed his mailer at his own 
ic^uelt, after the battle of Philippi. Plut. 

--A Theban, who wrote a Latin poem on 

the Trojan war. 

PinoXsus, a mountain of Trons. 

Pinuenissus, a town of Cilicia, on the 
borders of Syria. Cicero, when proeonful in 
Aha, hefieged it for 25 days and took it. Qic. 
OklM. Caliuuj. ad Earn. 2, ep. JO. 

•PiNjous, a mountain, or rather a chain of 
saoufttnuas, between ThelTaly, Macedonia, 
3md Epirus. It was greatly celebrated as be¬ 


ing faired to the mufes and to Apoilct^ 
Ovid. Met. I, V. 57c >~r~Strab. 18. — Firg. 
Eel. 10. — Ijuean. 1, v. 674.1. 6, v. 339.^- 
Mela , 2, c. 3.——A town of Doris in 
Greece, called alfo Cyphas. It Was watered 
by a final} river of the fame nfime which 
falls into the Cephifus, near Liliea. Hoodot. 
1, c. 56. 

Pjngus, a river of Myfia, falling into the 
Danube. Plin. 3, c. 26. 

Pinna, a town of Italy at the mouth of 
the Matrinus, fouth of Picenum. 8, v. 
513. 

Pinthtas. Fid. Phinthias. 

Pintia, a town of Spain, now fuppofed t» 
be Falladolid. 

Pioxr, one of the defeendants of Hercnlesj 
who built Pionia, near the Caycus in Myfia. 

, It k faid that lmoke iffued from his tomb as 
often as facrifrces were offered to him. Pauf. 
9 c. 18. 

Pi one, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 

Pionia, a town of Myfia, near the Cay- 
cu$* 

Pixjf.us, or Pjrteeus, a celebrated ha*r 
bou* at Athens, at the mouth of the Cephi¬ 
fus, about three miles diftant from the city, 
ft was joined to the town by two walls, in 
circumference feven miles and an half, and 
fi.xty feet high, which Themiftocles wifhed 
to raife in a double proportion. One of thefe 
was built by Pericles, and the other by The- 
millocles. The towers which were raifed oh 
the walls to i'er/e as a defence, were turned 
into dwelling houfes, as the population of 
Athens gradualfy increafed. It was the molt 
capacious of all the harbours of the Athenians* 
and was naturally divided into three large 
bafons called Cantharos, Aphrodifinm-, and 
Zea, improved by the labors of Themiftocles, 
and made fufficiently commodious for the 
. reception of a fleet of 400 fliips m the greateft 
fecurity. The walls which joined it to Athens 
" ith all its fortifications, were totally demo- 
liilied when Lylander put an end to the Pelo- 
ponnefian war by the reduction of Attica. 
Pauf. 1, c. l.—Strab. 9 .— C. Jslep. in Them* 
— Plor. 3, c. J. — Juflin. 5, c. 8.— Ovid. Met. , 
6, v. 446. 

Ft ran thus, a fon of Argus and Evadne, 
brother toJaiuSjEpidaurws, and Perafus. Pauf 
2, c. 16 and 17.— Apollod. 2. 

Pirene, a daughter of Panaus.- . A 

daughter of CEbalus, or according to others, 
of the Aehelous. She had by Neptune two 
Ions called leeches and Cenchrius, who gave 
their names to two of the harbours of Corinth. 

- Pirene was lo dilconfolate at the death of her 
fon Cenchrius, who had been killed by Diana, 
that Ihe pined away, and was diffolved by 
her continual weeping into a fountain of the 
fame name, which was ftill feen at Corinth 
in the age of Paufanias. The fountain Pirene 
was facred to the Mufes, and according to 
fome, the horfe Pegafus was then drinking 

fornc 






fome of its waters, when Bellerophon took it 
to go and conquer the Chimsera. Pauf. a, c. 
3.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 240. 

Pirithous, a ion of Ixion and the cl®ud, 
©r according to others, of Dia, the daughter 
of Deioneus. Some make him ion ot l)ia, 
by Jupiter, who aiTumed the lhape of a horie 
whenever he paid his addrefles to his miftrei's. 
He was king of the Lapithie, and as an am¬ 
bitious prince he wiihed to become acquaint¬ 
ed with Theieus, king of Athens, of whole 
fame and exploits he had heard fo many re¬ 
ports. To fee him, and at the lame time 
to be a witnels of his valor, he refolved to 
invade his territories with an at^ny. The¬ 
feus immediately met him on the borders of 
Attica, but at the light of one another the 
two enemies did not begin the engagement, 
but ftruck with the appearance of each other, 
they ftepped between the hoftile armies. 
Their meeting was like that of the^noft cor¬ 
dial friend*, and Pirithous by giving Theieus 
his hand as a pledge of his fincerity, promiled 
to repair all the damages which his hoftilities 
in Attica might have occafioned. From 
that time, therefore, the two monarchs be¬ 
came the molt intimate and the moil attach¬ 
ed of friends, lb much, that their friendihip, 
fike that of Oreiles and Pylades, is become 
proverbial. Pirithous ibme time after mar¬ 
ried Hippodamia, and invited not only the 
heroes of his age, but allb the gods them- 
f'elves, and his neighbours the Centaurs, to ce¬ 
lebrate his nuptials. Mars was the only one 
of the gods who was not invited, and to punifh 
this negleft, the god of war was determined 
to rail'e a quarrel among the gueits, and to 
ffifturb the feftivity of the entertainment, 
Eurythion, captivated with the beauty of 
Hippodamia, and intoxicated with wine, 
attempted to offer violence to the bride, but 
he was prevented by Thefeus, and immedi¬ 
ately killed. This irritated the reft of the 
Centaurs, the conteft became general, but 
the valor of Theieus, Pirithous, Hercules, 
gnd the reft of the JLapitlne, triumphed over 
their enemies. Many of the Centaurs were 
flam, and the rpft faved their lives by flight. 
[Fid. Lapithus.] The death of Hippodamia 
left Pirithous very difconiblate, and he re¬ 
ceived with his friend Theieus, who had 
likewife loft his wife, never to marry again, 
except to a goddefs, or one of the daughters 
pf the gods. 'Phis determination ocealiotied 
the rape of Helen by the two friends, the lot 
was drawn, and it fell to the lhare of The¬ 
feus to have the beautiful prize. Pirithous 
uf>on this undertook with his friend to carry 
away Proferpine and to marry her. They 
deicended into the infernal regions, hut 
Pluto, who was apprized of their machi¬ 
nations to difturb his conjugal peace, flop¬ 
ped the two friends and confined them there, 
pirithous was tied to his father’s wheel, or 
according to Hyginus, he was delivered to 
the furies to be continually tormented. His 


puniftiment, however, was lhort, and when 
Hercules vifited the kingdom of Pluto, he 
obtained from Proferpine, the pardon of Pi- 
rithous, and brought him hack to his king¬ 
dom fafe and unhurt. Some fuppofe that he 
was torn to pieces by the clog Cerberus. 
[Fid. Thefeus.] Ovid. Met. 12, fab. 4 & 5. 

— Htjioci. in Scut. Her, — Howfr.Ii. 2.~‘Pauf. 

St t. I O.—Apollod I, c. 8. i. 2, c. 5 •x.t H\gin,’ 
tab. 14, 79, 155.— Died. 4.— Plut. in The/ — 
Hnrtlt. 4, od. 7.— Firg. JEn, 7, v. 3O4.—* 
Mart. 7, ep. 23. 

Pirus, a captain of the Thracians during 
the Trojan war, killed by Thoas, king of 
iEtolia. Homer. II. 4. 

Pirustje, a people oflUyricum. Lin. 45, 
c. 26, 

Pisa, a town of Elis, 011 the Alpheus at 
the weft of the Peloponnefus, founded by 
Pifus the Ion of Perieres, and grandlon of 
-ffiolus. Its inhabitants accompanied Nef- 
tor to the Trojan war, and they enjoyed long 
the privilege of prefiding at the Olympic 
games which were celebrated near their ci¬ 
ty. This honorable appointment was envied, 
by the people of F.lis who made war againft 
the Pileans, and after many bloody battles 
took their city and totally demoliihed it. It 
was at Pifa that CEnomaus murdered the 
fuitors of his daughter, and that lie himfelf 
was conquered by Pelops. The inhabitants 
were called Pjlei. Some have doubted the 
exillence of fuch a place as Pita, but this 
doubt originates from Pifa’s having been 
deftroyed in lb remote an age. The horfes 
of Pifa were famous. The year, on which 
the Olympic games were celebrated, was of¬ 
ten called Pifaius annus , and the victory 
which was obtained there was called Fife* 
ramus olivee. Fid. Olympia. Sirab. c .■*— Ovid. 
IT Fiji. 2, v. 386. 1 . 4. el. 10, vj 95.«— Mriiiy 2. 
— Firg. G. 3, v. 180.— Stat. Theb. 7, v. 417. 
— Pauf. 6 , C. 22. 

Pis/K, a town of Etruria, built by a colo¬ 
ny from Pifa in the Peloponneius. The in¬ 
habitants were called Pifani. Dionyfuis of 
Halicarnaffus affirms that it exilted before 
the Trojan war, but others fupport that it 
was built by a colony of Pifleans who were 
Ihipwrecked on the coaft of Etruria at their 
return from the Trojan ivar. Pike was once 
a very powerful and florifhing city, which con¬ 
quered the Baleares, together with Sardinia 
and Cornea. The fea on the neighbouring 
coaft was called the bay of Pifae. Firg. JEn. 
IO, v. 179*— Strab. 5.— -Lucan. 2 , V. 4OI.— 
Liv. 59, C. 2 . 1 . 4 Si c • 13 — -PH"* 1 , c. 103. 

Pisjeus, a lurname of Jupiter at Pita. 

Pi Sander, a foil of Bellerophon killed by 

the Solymi.- A Trojan chief, killed by 

Menelaus. Homer . II. 13, v. 601-Qn£ 

of Penelope’s fuitors, fon of Folydfor. Ovid. 

Hcroid. 1.-A fon of Antimachns, killed 

by Agamemnon during the Trojan war. He 
had had recourfe to entreaties and promiles, 
but in vatu, as the Grecian wiihed to relent 

the 









PI 


PI 


the advice of Antimachus, Who oppofed the re¬ 
iteration of Helen. Homer. II. n, v. 123.- 

An admiral of the Spartan fleet during the 
Peloponnefian war. He abolifhed the demo¬ 
cracy at Athens, and eftahlithed the ariltocra- 
tical government of the four hundred tyrants. 
He was killed in a naval battle by Conon the 
Athenian general near Cnidus, in which 
the Spartans loft 50 galleys, B. C. 394. 

jDiod.~ -A poet of Rhodes who compol'ed 

a poem called H'-racha, in which he gave an 
account of all the labors and all the exploits 
of Hercules. He was the firft who ever re- 
prefented his hero armed with a club. Pauf. 
8,c. 22. 

Pi sates, or Pisjei, the inhabitants of 
Pifa in the Peloponnefus. 

Pisaurus, now Faglia, a river of Pice- 
num with a town called Pifaurmn, now le- 
foro, which became a Roman colony in the 
confulfhin of Claudius Fulcher.' The town 
was deftroyed by an earthquake in the begin¬ 
ning ot the reign of Augullus. Mela , 2, c. 4. 
— Cahill . 82.— Plin. 3.— Liv. 39'. c. 44. 1 . 
41, c. 27. 

Pisenor, a fon of Ixion and the cloud. 
——One of the ancestors of the nurfeofUlyf- 
fes. Homer. Od. I. 

Pi sects, a king of Etruria, about 260 years 
before the foundation of Rome. Plin 7, c. 

26. 

Pisias, a general of the Argives in the 

age of Epaminondas.-A f tatuary at Athens 

celebrated for his pieces. Pauf. 

Pisidia, an itiiand country of Afia Mi¬ 
nor, between Phrygia, Pamphylia, Galatia, and 
Ifauria. It was rich and fertile. The inha- 
bitants^vere called Piftda. Cic. de Di-v. 1, c. 1 
Me,la. I, c. 2.— Strab. 12.— Liv. 37, c’ 
54 & 56. 

Pi si dice, a daughter of Aeolus, who 

married Myrmidon.- \ daughter of Nef- 

tor.--A daughter of Pelias.-The daugh¬ 

ter of a king of Methymna in Lelbos. She 
became enamoured of Achilles when he invad¬ 
ed her father’s kingdom, and the promiled to 
deliver the city into his hands if he would 
marry her. Achilles agreed to the propolal, 
but when he became matter of Methymna, 
he ordered Pifidice to he ftoned to death for 
her perfidy. Partl>en. erot. 21. 

Pisis, a native of Thefpis, who gained un¬ 
common influence among the Thebans, and 
behaved with great courdge in the defence of 
their liberties. He was taken prifoner by 
Demetrius, who made him governor of Thef- 
piae. 

PisistrXtidif., the defendants of Pifif- 
tratus, tyrant of Athens. Fid. Piflftratus. 

Pisistra-iides, a man lent asirmbaflador 
to the fatraps of the king of Perfia by the 
Spartans. 

. Pjsistratus, an Athenian, fon of Hip¬ 
pocrates, who early diftinguifhed himfelf by 
bis valor in the field, and by his addrefs 


and eloquence at home. After he had ren¬ 
dered himfelf the favorite of the populace by 
his liberality and by the intrepidity with 
which he had fought their battles, particu¬ 
larly near Salamis, he refolved to make him¬ 
felf matter of his country. Every thing Teem¬ 
ed favorable to his views, but Solon alone, 
who was then at the bead of affairs, and who 
had lately inftituted his celebrated laws, op¬ 
pofed him and dilcovcred his duplicity and 
artful behaviour before the public aflembly. 
Piflftratus was not difheartened by the mea- 
fures of his relation Solon, but he had re- 
I courfe to "artifice. Tn returning from his 
J country hotife, he 'cut himfelf in variou- pfo- 
| ces, and after he had expofed his mangled 
j body to the eyes of the populace, deplored 
his misfortunes, and acculed his enemies of , 
attempts upon his life, becaufe he was the 
! friend of the people, the guardian of the 
I poor, and the reliever of the opprefTed, he 
j claimed a chofen body of 30 men from the 
populace to defend his perfon in future from 
the malevolence and the cruelty of his v 
enemies. The unfulpetting people unani- 
moufly granted his requell, though Solon op¬ 
pofed it with all his influence ; and Piflftratus 
had no fooner received an armed band on 
whole fidelity and attachment he could rely, 
than he fe>zed the citadel of Athens, and 
made himfelf abfolute. The people too late 
perceived their credulity; yet, though the 
tyrant was popular, two of the citizens, Me- 
gacles and Lycurgus, confpired together 
again ft him, and by their means he was for¬ 
cibly ejected from the city. His houfe and 
all his effects were expofed to l'ale, but there 
was found in Athens only one man who 
would buy them. The private diflentions of 
the friends of liberty proved favorable to the 
expelled tyrant, and Megacles, who was 
jealous of Lycurgus, fecretlv promifed to re- 
ftore Piliitratus to all his rights and privileges 
in Athens, if he would marry his daughter. 
Piliitratus confented, and by the affiftance of 
his father-.in law, he was loon enabled to ex¬ 
pel Lycurgus, and to re-eftablilh himfelf. 

By means oi a woman called Phva, whofe 
(liape was tall, and whofe features were noble 
and commanding, he impofed upon the peo¬ 
ple, and created himfelf adherents even among 
lrs enemies. PHya was conducted through the 
ftreets of the city, and fhowing herfelf fub- 
fervient to the artifice of Piflftratus, Ihe was 
announced as Minerva, the goddefy of wif- 
ciom, and the patronefs of Athens, who was 
come down from heaven to re-eltablifh her 
favorite Piflftratus, in a power, which was 
functioned by the will of heaven, and favor¬ 
ed by the affection of the people. In the 
midft of his triumph, however, Piflftratus 
found himfelf wnlupported, and fome time af¬ 
ter, when he repudiated the daughter of Me-* ; 
gacles, he found that not only the citizens, 
but even his very troops were alienated from 

hini > 

\ 4 ar 









PI 


him by the influence, the intrigues, and the 
bribery of his father-in-law. He fled from 
Athens where he could no longer maintain 
bis' power, and retired to Eubura. Eleven 
years after, he was drawn from his obl'cure 
retreat, by means of his Ion Hippias, and he 
was a third time received by the people of 
Athens as their mailer and l'overeign. Up¬ 
on this he lacrificed to his relentment the 
friends of Megacles, but he did not lofe fight 
of the public good; and while he fought the 
aggrandizement of his family, he did not 
negledl the dignity and the honor of the Athe¬ 
nian name. He died about 527 years before 
the Chriflian era, after he had enjoyed the 
ibvereign power at Athens for 33 years, in¬ 
cluding the years of his banifhment, and he 
was lucceeded by his fon Hipparchus. Pi- 
liftratus claims our admiration for his juftice, 
his liberality and his moderation.. If he 
was dreaded and detefted as a tyrant, the 
Athenians loved and refpedted his private 
virtues and his patriotifin as a fellow citizen, 
and the opprobium which generally falls on 
his head may be attributed not to the feverity 
of his adminiilration, but to the republican 
principles of the Athenians, who hated and 
exclaimed againlt the moderation and equity 
of the mildeft l'overeign, while they flatter¬ 
ed the pride and gratified the guilty defires 
of the molt tyrannical of their fellow fub- 
jedts. Pififtratus often refuted to putiilh tire 
inlblenee of his enemies, and when he had 
one day been virulently accufed of murder, 
rather than inflidt immediate punilhment up¬ 
on the man who had criminated him, he went 
to the areopagus, and there convinced the 
Athenians that the acculations of his ene¬ 
mies were croundlefs, and that his life was 
irreproachable. It is to his labors that we are 
indebted for the preiervation of the poems 
of Homer, and he was the firft, according 
to Cicero, who introduced them at Athens, 
in the order in which they now Hand. He 
alfo oftabliihed a public library at Athens, 
and the valuable books which he had dili¬ 
gently colledted, were carried into Perfia 
when Xerxes made himfelf mailer of the. 
capital of Attica. Hipparchus and Hippias, 
the foils of Pififtratus, who have received the 
name of PiJiJIratiJee, rendered tbemlelves 
as illuftrious as their father, but the flames 
of liberty were too powerful to be extinguilh- 
ed. The Pififtratidje governed with great 
moderation, yet the name of tyrant or love- 
reign was infupportable to the Athenians. 
Two of the molt rel'pedtable of the citizens, 
called Harmodius and Ariftogiton, confpired 
againlt them, and Hipparchus was difpatched 
iu a public aflcmbly. This murder was not 
however attended with any advantage, and 
though tire two leaders of the confpiracy, 
who have been celebra'ed through every age 
for their patriotifm, were fupported by the 
people, yet JHippias quelled the tumult by his 


PI 

uncommon firmnefs and prudence, and for 
a while preserved that peace in, Athens 
which his father had often been unable to 
command. This was not long to continue, 
Hippias was at lad expelled hy the united 
efforts of the Athenians and of their allies of 
^elopomielus, and he left Attica, When lie 
found himlelf unable to maintain his power 
and independence. The reft of the family of 
Pififtratus followed him in his banilhment, 
and after they had refilled to accept the li¬ 
beral offers of the princes of Thefialy, and 
the king of Macedonia, who wifhed them 
to fettle in their refpeclive tenitories, the 
Pififtratidre retired to Sigseum, which their fa¬ 
ther had in the t'ummir of his power con¬ 
quered and bequeathed to Jhis pofterity. Af¬ 
ter the banifhment of the Piliftrntidie, the 
Athenians became more than commonly jea¬ 
lous of their liberty, and often lacrificed the 
moft powerful of their citizens, apprehenfive 
of the influence which popularity, and a 
well-directed liberality might gain among the 
fickle and unfettjed populace. The Pifif- 
rratida: were banifhed from Athens about 18 
years after the death of Pififtratus, B. C. 
510. JEltan. V. H. 13, C. 14. — Pauf. 7, c. 
26. — Herodct. I, c. 59. 1 . 6, C. 10 3. — Cic. de 

or at. 3. - Vcl. Max. 1, c. 2. - A ion of 

Neltor. A poll od. - A king of Orchomenos, 

who rendered himlelf odious by his cruelty to¬ 
wards his nobles.' He was put to death by 
them, and they carried away his body from the 
public aflembly, ’by hiding each a piece of his 
flelh under their garments, to prevent a dil- 
covery from the people, of which he was a 

great favorite. Plut. in Par.' -A Theban 

attached to the Roman intereft, while the cpn- 
lul Flaminius was in Greece. He aflallinated 
the pretor of Bucotia, for which he was put 
tq death, See. 

Piso, a celebrated family at Rome, 
which was a branch of the Calpurnians, de¬ 
fended from Calpus the lbn of Numa. Be¬ 
fore the death of Auguflus, ir of this family 
had obtained the- coniulfhip, and many had 
been honored with triumphs, on account of 
their victories. in the different provinces of 
the Roman empire. Of this family, the 

moft famous were-Lucius Calpurnius 

who was tribune of the people, about 149, 
years before Chrift, and afterwards conlul. 
His* frugality procured him the furname of 
Frugi , and he gained !he greateft honors as 
an orator, a lawyer, a ftatclinan, and an his¬ 
torian. He made a luccefsful campaign in Si¬ 
cily, and rewarded his ion, who had beha¬ 
ved with great valor during the war, with a 
crown of gold, which weighed twenty 
pounds. He ccmpofed fome annals and ha¬ 
rangues, which were loft in the age of Ci¬ 
cero. His ftyle was obl'cure and inelegant. 

-Caius, a Roman conlul, A. U. C. 687, 

who fupported the conl'ular dignity againft 
the tumults of the tribunes, and, the cla¬ 
mor* 


✓ 






mors of’ the people. He made at law to 
reftrain the cabals which generally prevailed 
at the election of the diief ni 3 giftrates. 

-Cneius, afi other conftil under Auguftus. 

He was cane of the favorites of Tiberius, by 
whom he was appointed governor of Syria, 
where he rendered hitnfelf odious hv his 
cruelty. He was accufed of having poifoned 
Germanicus, and when he favv that he was 
fhunned and difpifed by his friends, he def- 
troyed himfelf, A. D. 20. -Lucius, a go¬ 

vernor of Spain, who was aflaftinated by a 
pealant, as he was travelling through the coun¬ 
try. The murderer was feized and tortured, 
but he refufed to confefs the caufes of the 

murder.-1 ucius a private man, acculed 

of havihg uttered leditious words againit the 
emperor Tiberius. He was condemned, but 
a natural death faved him from the hands of 

the executioner--Lucius, a governor of 

Rome for twenty years, an office which he 
diicharged with the greatelt jultice and cre¬ 
dit. He was greatly honored by the friend- 
fhip of Auguftus, as well as of his iucceffor, 
» diftin&ion he deferved, both as a faithful 
citizen and a man of learning. Some, how¬ 
ever, fay', that Tiberius made him governor 
of Rome, becaufe he had continued drinking 
with him a night and two days, or two days 
and two nights, according to Pliny. Horace 
dedicated his poem, de arte Poetica , to his 
two fons, whole partiality for literature had 
diftmguifhed them among the reft of the Ro¬ 
mans, and who were fond of cultivating po¬ 
etry in their leifure hours. Plut. in Caf .— 

Plin. 18, c. 3.-Cneius, a factious and 

turbulent youth who conipired againft his 
country with Catiline. He was among the 

friends of Julius Ciefar.-Caius, a Roman 

\ybj was at the head of a celebrated conlpi- 
racy againft the emperor Nero. He had 
rendered himfelf a favorite of the people by 
his private, as well as public virtues, by the 
generofity of his behaviour, his fondnefs of 
plealure. with the voluptuous and his aufte- 
rity with the grave and the relerved. He 
had been marked by l'ome as a proper perfon 
to fucceed the emperor; but the diicovery 
of the plot by a freedman, who was among the 
conl'pirators, loon cut him off, with all his 
•partizans. He refufed to court the affe&ions 
of the people, and of the army, when the 
whole had been made public, and initead of 
taking proper meafures for his prefervation, 
either by proclaiming himfelf emperor, as 
his friends advifed, or by feeking a retreat 
in the diftant provinces of the empire, he 
retired to his own Jioule, where lie opened 
the veins of both his arms, aud bled to 

.death.-Lucius, a fenator who followed 

the emperor Valerian into Perfia. He pro¬ 
claimed himfelf emperor after the death of 
Valerian, but he was defeated and put to 
death a few weeks after, A. D. 261, by Va- 
lens, Sec, — Licinianus, a fenator adopted 


by the emperor Galba. He was put to death 
by Otho’s orders.-A lon-in-law of Ci¬ 
cero.-’A patrician, whofe daughter mar* 

ried Julius Ccei'ar. Horat. — Tacit. Ann . Iff 
Hifl. — Val. Max. — Liv. — Sueton.- — Cic. dt 

offic. Scc.-y-P/ut. in Caf. &c.-One of the 

30 tyrants appointed over Athens by Ly- 
fander. 

Pi soni s villa, a place near fiaiae in Cam* 
pania, which the emperor Nero often fre¬ 
quented. Tacit. Ann. I. 

Pissirus, a town of Thrace, hear the ri-* 
ver Nertus. Herod. 7, c. 109. 

Pistor, a furnnme given to Jupiter by the 
Romans, fignifying baker, becaufe when rheif 
city was taken by the Gauls, the god perfuact- 
ed them to throw down loafes from the Taf- 
peian hill where they were befieged, that the 
enemy might from thence fuppofe, that they 
were hot in want of provifions, though in rea¬ 
lity they were near furrendering through fa¬ 
mine. This deceived the Gauls, and they loon 
after railed the fiege; Ovid. Pajl. 6, v. 350, 
394 . &c. 

Pistoria, now Pijloja, a town of Etruria, 
at the foot of the Apennines, near Florence, 
where Catiline was defeated. Sallujl. Cat. 47. 
— Plin. 3, C. 4. 

Pis us, a fon of Aphareus, or according to 
others of Perieres. Apollod. 3.— Pauf. 5. 

Pisutiines, a Perfian fatrap of Lydia, 
who revolted from Darius Nothus. His 
father’s name was Hyftalpes. Plut. in 
Art. 

PitXne, a town of iEolia in Alia Mi¬ 
nor. The inhabitants made bricks which 
lvvam on the lurface of the water. Lucan. 
3, v. 305.— Strab. 13,— Fit, uv. 2, c. 3 « - 
Mela , I, c. 18.— Ovid. Met. 7, v. 357. 

--A town of I^aconia. Pindar, ol. 6, v. 

46. 

Pitaratus, an Athenian archon, dur¬ 
ing whole magiftracy Epicurus died. Cic. 
Pat. 9. 

Pithecusa, a fmall ifland on thecoall 
of Etruria, anciently called JEnaria , and 
Enarina , with a town of the fame name, 
on the top of a mountain. The frequent 
earthquakes to which it was fubjeCt, ob¬ 
liged the inhabitants to leave it. There was 
a volcano in the middle of the ifland, which 
has given occaflon to the ancients to fay* 
that the giant Typhon was buried there- 
Some luppole that it received its name from 
zT&tw91 monkeys , into which the inhabitants 
were changed by Jupiter. 6vid. Met. 14, 
v. 90— Plin. 3, C. 6.— Pindar. Pytb. 1.—- 
Strab. I. 

Pitheus. Vid. Pittheus. 

Pit no, called alfo Suada, the goddefs of 
perfuafion among the Greeks and Romans^ 
l'uppofed to be the daughter of Mercury and 
Venus. She was reprelented with a diadem 
on Her head, to intimate her influence over 
the hearts of men, One of her arms appears 

railed 






'ttifect ss in the attitude of an orator, ha¬ 
ranguing in a public aflembly, and with the 
other (he holds a thunderbolt and fetters, 
nude with flowers, to (ignify the powers ofrea- 
foning, and the attractions of eloquence. A 
caduceus, as a fyrabol of perfuahon, appears 
at Iver feet, with the writings of Demolihenes 
xnd Cicero, the two moll celebrated among the 
ancients, who underltood how to command 
the attention of their audience, and to roufe 
and animate their various paftions.—-—A Ro- 
tpan courtezan. She received this name on 
Account of the allurements which her charms 
pofiefled, and of her winning exprellions. 

Pnaoucs & Lyc'opiiron, fenced upon 
the fovereigu power of Phene, by killing 
Alexander. They were ejcCtod by Philip of 
Macedonia. Died. 16. 

PlTHoLEON,an infignificant poet of Rhodes, 
who mingled Qreek and Latin in his com po¬ 
rtions. He w r rote fome epigrams againit J. 
Ca?Lr, and drew upon himlelf the ridicule of 
Horace, on account of the inelegance of his 
ftyle. Sueton. de cl. Rb. — Herat. I , fat. IO, v. 
21.— Macroh. 2, fat. 2. 

PiTuoN,one of the body guards of Alex¬ 
ander, put to death by Antiochu ; . 

Pithys, a nymph beloved by Pan. 
Boreas was alfo fond of her, but (he flighted , 
his addrelles, upon which he dafhed her again It 
a rock, and Die was changed into a pine 
tree. 

Pittacus, a native of Mitylene in Lef- 
bos, was one of the feven wife men of Greece. 
His father’s name was LyrrJiadius, With the 
afiillance of the Ions of Alcaeus, he delivered 
his country from the oppreffion of the ty¬ 
rant Melanchrus, and in the war which the 
Athenians waged againit Lelbos he appeared 
at the head of his countrymen, and challenged 
to (ingle combat Phrynon, the enemy’s ge¬ 
neral. As the event of the war ieeined to 
depend upon this combat, Pittacus had re- 
<ourfe to artifice, and when he engaged, he 
entangled his adverlary in a net, which he 
had concealed under his (hield, and eairly 
difpatched him. He was amply rewarded 
for his victory, and his countrymen, fenfible 
his merit, unanimoully appointed him 
governor of their city with unlimited autho¬ 
rity. In this capacity Pittacus behaved with 
.great moderation and prudence, and after 
he had governed his fellow citizens with 
the drifted jultice, and aftet he had eita- 
blilhed and enforced the moll laluury Laws, 
he voluntarily refigned the fovereign power 
after he had enjoyed it for io years, obferving 
that the virtues and innocence of private life 
were incompatible with the power and influ¬ 
ence of a fovereign. His difintereftednefs 
gained him many admirers, and when the 
Mityleneans wiflied to reward his public fer- 
vices by prefenting him with an immenfe 
tradl of territory, he refufed to accept more 
Und than what. (hould be contained within 


the diftance to which he could throw a jave¬ 
lin. He died in the 8 2d year of his age, 
about 570 years before Child, after he had 
lpeht the lad 10 years of his life in literary 
eafe, and peaceful retirement. One of hip 
favorite maxims was, that mail ought to pro¬ 
vide againit misfortunes to avoid them; 
but that if they ever happened he ought to 
fupport them with patience and refignation. 
In profperity friends were to be acquired, 
and in the hour of adverlity their faithfulness 
was to be tried. He alfo obl'erved, that in 
our actions it was imprudent to make others 
acquainted with our deligns, for if we failed 
we had expoied ourfclves to ccnfure and ta 
ridicule. Many of his maxims were inicribed 
on the walls of Apollo’s temple at Delphi, 
to (hew the world how great an opinion the 
Mityleneans entertained of his abilities as a 
phitofopher, a moralid, and a man. By 
one of his laws, every fault committed by a 
man when intoxicated, delerved double 
punKhment. The titles of fome of fils 
writings are preserved by Laertius, among 
which are mentioned elegiac verfes, fome 
laws in profe, addrefled to his countrymen, 
epidles, and moral precepts called adomentt. 
Dkg.’ — Arijlot. Polit .— Plut. in fywfi- — I'ouf, 
IO, C. 24.— A Elian. V. H. 2, &c.— Vai. 

Max. 6, c. j.-A grandfon of Porus king 

of India. 

Pittuea, a town near Troczene. Hence 
I the epithet of Pillbeus in Ovid. Mel, IJ, v. 
296. 

PiTTHiiu3, a king of Trcczene in Argolis, 
fon of Pelops and Hippodamia. He was uni- 
verlally admired for his learning, wifdom, and 
application; he publicly taught in a fbhool ac 
Trcczene, and even compofed a book, which 
was feen by Paulanias the geographer. He 
gave his daughter iEthra in marriage to 
iEgeus, king of Athens, and he himlelf took 
I particular care of the youth and education of 
his grandfon Theleus. He was buried at 
| Trcczene, which he had founded, and on his 
tomb were feen, for many ages, three feats 6f 
white marble, on which he fat, with two other 
judges, whenever he gavelr.ws to his fubjeCts 
or fettled their dil'putes. Pavf .1 & 2.— Pint, 
j in Tbef. — Strab, 8. 

Pit u anius, a mathematician in the age of 
Tiberius, thrown down from the Tarpeian 
rock, &C- Tacit. Ann. 2. 

PitulXni, a people of Umbria. Their 
chief town ’.vas called Pitnlum. 

Pity it: a, a town of Afia Minor. Apd- 
Ion. 

Pititassus, a town of Pifidia. Strab. 

Pityonksus, a l mall ifland on the coaftof 
Peloponnel'us, near Epidaurus. Plin. 

Pityus (untie), now PitchinJa , a town of 
Colchis. Plin. 6, c J. 

Pityusa, a fmall ifland on the coaft of 

Argolis, Plin. 4, C, 12,--A name of 

Chios* 


8 







PL 


PL - 


Chios.-Two fmall ifiands in the Medi¬ 

terranean, near the coaft of Spain, of which 
the larger was called Ebufas, and the fmaller 
Ophiufa. Mela , 2, c. 7.— Strab .— Plan, 3, 
C. 5. 

Pius, a furname given to the emperor 
Antoninus, on account of his piety and 

virtue.-A furname given to a fon of 

Metellus, becaule he interefted himfelf fo 
warmly to have his father recalled from ba- 
nifhment. 

Placentia, now called Flacenxa, an 
ancierk town and colony of Italy, at the con¬ 
fluence of the Trebia and Po. Liv. 2i,c.25 

& 56. 1 . 37, c. 10-Another, near Lufita- 

nia, in Spain. 

Placibeianus, a gladiator in Horace’s 
age, 2 Sat . 7. 

Placidia, a daughter of TheodofiiiS 
the Great, filler to Honorius and Arcadius. 
She married Adolphus, king of the Goths, 
and afterwards Conftantius, by whom file 
had Valbntinian the 3d. She died A. JD. 
449. 

Placidius Julius, a tribune of a cohort, 
who imprifoned the emperor Vitellius, &c. 
Tacit. H. 3, c. 85. 

Planasia, a fmall ifiand of the Tyr¬ 
rhene lea.-Another on the coaft of 

Gaul, where Tiberius ordered Agrippa, 
the grandfon of Auguftus, to be put to 
death. Tacit. Ann. I, c. 3.——A town on 
the Rhone. 

PlancIna* a woman celebrated for her 
intrigues and her crimes, who married Pifo, j 
and was accufed with him of having mur¬ 
dered Germanieus, in the reign of Tiberius. 
She was acquitted either by means of the 
emprefs Livia, or on account of the par¬ 
tiality of the emperor for her perfon. She 
had long fupported the lpirits of her hufband, 
during his confinement, but when file law 
herfelf freed from the accufation , (he totally 
abandoned him to his fate. Subfervient in 
every thing to the will of Livia, fire, at her 
inftigation, became guilty of the greateft 
crimes, to injure the chara&er of Agrippina. 
After the death of Agrippina, Plancina was 
accufed of the moll atrocious villanies, and, 
as (he knew (he could not elude juftice, (he 
put herfelf to death, A. D. 33. Tacit. Ann. 6, 
,c. 26, &c. 

L. Plancus Munatius, a Roman, 
who rendered himfelf ridiculous by his fol¬ 
lies and his extravagance. He had been con-, 
fui; and had prefided over a province in the 
capacity, of governor, but he forgot all his 
dignity, and became one of the mod fervile 
.flatterers of Cleopatra and Antony. At the 
court of the Egyptian queen in Alexandria, 
he appeared in the character of the meanelt 
ftage dancer, and in comedy he performed 
Glaucus, and painted his body of a green co¬ 
lor, dancing on a public (tag* quite na¬ 
ked, only with a crown of green reeds on 


his head, while he had tied behind hr. back', 
the tail of a large fea fiih. This expofed him 
to the public derifion, and when Antony had 
joined the reft of his friends in cenfurmg 
him for his unbecoming behavior, he de- 
ferted to O&avius, who received him with 
great* marks of friendlhip and attention. It 
was he who propofed, in the Roman fenate, 
that the title of Auguftus (hould be conferred 
on his friend OCtavius, as exprefiive of the 
dignity and the reverence which the greatnefs 
of his exploits feemed to claim. Horace 
has dedicated 1 od. 7 to him; and he cer* 
tainly deferved the honor, from the ele¬ 
gance of his letters, which are ftill extant, 
written to Cicero. He founded a town iii 
Gaul, which he called Lugdunum. Pint, in 

Anton. -A patrician, proferibed by the 

fecond triumvirate. His fervants wirtied 
to lave him from death, but he refilled it, r$- 
ther than to expofe their perfons to danger. 

Plangon, a courtezan of Miletus, 
Ionia. * • 

Pi- atzea, a daughter of Afopits, king of 

Boeotia. Pauf. 9, c. 1, Sec. -An iiland 

on the coaft of Africa in t|ie Mediterranean. 
It belonged to the Cyreneans. Herodot. 4, 
c. 157. 

Platjka, and 7?. (arum,) a town of 
Boeotia, near mount Crtb«er6n, on the con¬ 
fines of Megaris and Attica, celebrated for a 
battle fought there, between Mardojiius the 
commander of Xerxes king of Perfia, and 
Paulanias the Lacedaemonian, ahd the 
Athenians. The Perfian.. army cbnfifted of 
300,000 men, 3000 of which (carce elcapetf 
with their lives by flight. 'The Grecian ar¬ 
my, which was greatly inferior, loft but 
few men, and among thefe 91 Spartans, 52- 
Athenians," and 16 Tegeans, were the only 
foldiers found in the number of the (lain. 
The plunder which the Greeks obtained in 
the Perfian camp was immenfe. Pnufahias y 
received the tenth of all the fpoils, on ac¬ 
count of his uncommon valor during the en¬ 
gagement, and the reft were regarded each 
according to their refpe£tive merit. This 
battle was fought on the 22d of September,, 
the fame day as the battle of Mycale, 47^ 
B. G. and by it Greece was totally delivered 
for ever from the continual alarms to which 
(lie was expofed on account of the Perfian in- 
vafions,' and from that time none of th« 
princes of Perfia daredto appear with a hof- 
tile force beyond the Hellelpont. The Pla¬ 
toons were naturally attached to the intereft 
of the Athenians, and they furnifhed them 
with a thouland foldiers when Greece was at¬ 
tacked by Datis, the general of DariuS 
Plataea was taken by the Thebans, after a fa-" 
mous fiege, in the beginning of the Pelopoit- 
nelian war, and deftroyed by the Spartans, 
B. C. 427. Alexander rebuilt it, and paid 
great encomiums to the inhabitants, on ac¬ 
count of their auceilors, who had fo bravely 

fought 








PL 


PL 


fought againft the Perfians at the battle of 
Marathon, and und. r Paulanias. Herodot. 8, 
c. JO. — Pauf. 9, c. J. — Pint, in Alex. See .—. 
C. Ncp. &C.—- Cic. dt OJfict I, C. 18 .—Stral).~ 
JuJlin. 

Platanius, a river of Bocotia. Pauf. 9, 

c. 24. 

Plato, a celebrated philofopher at Athens, 
fon of Ariftpn and PareClonia. His original 
name was Ariitocles, and he received that of 
Plato from the largenefs of his fhoulders. As 
one of the defcendants of Codrus, and as the 
offspring of a- noble, illuftrious, and opulent 
family, Plato was educated with care, his body 
was formed and invigorated with gynmaftic 
exerciies, and his mind was cultivated and en¬ 
lightened by the ftudy of poetry and of geo¬ 
metry, from which he derived that acutenels 
of judgment, and warmth of imagination, which 
have ftamped his chara&er as the mod lubtle 
and flowery writer of antiquity. He firft 
began his literary career by writing poems and 
tragedies; but he was foon difgufted with his 
oftn productions, when, at the age of 20, he 
was introduced into the pretence of Socrates, 
and when he was enabled to compare and ex¬ 
amine, with critical accuracy, the merit of 
his compofitions with thofe of his poetical 
predeceflors. He therefore committed to 
the flames thefe productions of his early years, 
which could not command the attention or 
gain the applaule of a maturer age. During 
eight years he continued to be one of the pu¬ 
pils of Socrates; and if he was prevented 
by a momentary indilpofition from attending 
the philofopher’s laft moments, yet he col¬ 
lected from the converlation of thofe that 
were prefent, and from his own accurate ob- 
fervations, the minuted and mod circumftan- 
tial accounts, which can exhibit, in its trued 
colors, the concern and lenfibiliry of the pu¬ 
pil, and the firmnefs, virtues, and moral 
fGiitiments, of the dying philoiopher. Alter 
the death of Socrates, Plato retired from 
Athens, and, to acquire that information 
which the accurate obierver can derive in fo¬ 
reign countries, he began to travel over 
Greece. He yifited Megara, Thebes, and 
Elis, where he met with the kin.deft recep¬ 
tion from his fellow diiciples, whom the 
violent’ death of their mafter had likevvil'e 
removed from Attica. He afterwards vifited 
Magna Graecia, attracted by the fame of 
the Pythagorean philofopher, and by the 
learning, abilities, and reputation ol its 
profefl'ors, Philolaus, Archytas, and Eury- 
tus. He afterwards palfed into Sicily, and 
examined the eruptions and fires ot the vol¬ 
cano of that ifland. He alfo vifited Egypt, 
where then the mathematician Theodorus 
florilhed, and where he knew that the tenets 
of the Pythagorean philolophy and metemp- 
fychofis had been foftered and cherilhed. 
When he had finilhed his-travels, Plato re¬ 
tired to the groves of Acadernus, ia the j 


neighbourhood of Athens, where Iris Lectures 
* were foon attended by a crowd of learned, 
noble, and illuilrious pupils; and the phi- 
.lofopher, by refufing to have a fhire in the 
adminirtration of affairs, rendered his , name 
more, famous, and his lchool more frequented. 
During forty years he prefided at the head of 
the academy, and there he devoted his time 
to the inftruCtion of his pupils, and compoled 
thole dialogues which have been the admiration 
of every age and country. His ft tidies, how¬ 
ever, were interrupted for a while, whilft he 
obeyed the prefling calls and invitation? of 
Dionvfius, and whilft he periuaded the tyrant 
to become a man, the father of his people, and 
the friend of liberty, j V{d. Dionyfius 2d.] 
In his drefs the philofopher was not oftenta- 
tious, his manners were elegant, but modeft, 
fimple, without affectation, and the great ' 
honors which his learning deferved were not 
paid to his appearance. When he came to 
the Olympian games, Plato refided, during the 
celebration, in a family who were totally ftran- 
gers to him. He eat and drank with them, 
he partook of their innocent pleasures and 
amuferrfents; but though he told them his 
name was Plato, yet he nc-ver fpoke of the 
employment he purfued at Athens, and never 
introduced the name ol that philofopher 
whole doCtrines he followed, and whofe 
death and virtues were favorite topics of con- 
verfation in every part of Greece. When 
he returned home, he was attended by the 
family .which had lb kindly entertained him: 
and, as being a native of Athens, he was de¬ 
fir ed to lhew them the great philofopher 
whole name he bore: their lurprife was 
great when he told them that he himfelf was 
the Plato whom they wilhed to behold. In 
his diet he was moderate, and indeed, to 
fobriety and temperance in the ufe of food, 
and to the want of thole pleafures which en¬ 
feeble the body and enervate the mind, 
foine have attributed his prelervation during 
the tremendous peftilence which raged at 
Athens with lb much fury at the beginning 
of the Peloponnefian war. Plato was never 
fubjed to any long or lingering indilpofition, 
and though change of climate had enfeebled 
a conftitUtion naturally ftrong and healthy, 
the philofopher lived to an advanced age, and 
was often heard to fay, when his phyficians 
advil'ed him to leave his refidence at Athens, 
where the air was impregnated by the pefti¬ 
lence, that he would not advance one Angle 
ftep to gain the top of mount Athos, were he 
allured to attain the great longevity which 
the inhabitants of that mountain were laid to 
enjoy above the reft of mankind. Plato died 
on his birth day, in the 8rft year of his age, 
about 348 years before the Chriftian era. 
His laft moments were eafv and without pain, 
and, according to fome, he expired in the 
midft of-an entertainment, or, according to 
Cicero, 'as he was writing. The works of 
Hr PUp 




flat 4 ate numerous; they are all written i® 
the form of a dialogue, except 12 letters. He 
fpeaks always by the mouth of others, and 
the philofopher has uo where made mentioh 
of himfelf except once in his dialogue enti¬ 
tled Phadon, and another rime, in his apo¬ 
logy for Socrates. His writings were fo ce¬ 
lebrated, and his opinion i'o relpcdfed, that 
he was called divine; and for the elegance, 
melody, and fweetnefs of his expreilions, he 
was sfifiinguityed by the appellation of the 
Athenian bee. Cicero had fuch an efteem 
lor him, that in the warmth of panegyric, 
he exclaimed err are mehereule walo cum P la- 
tone quart: cum ijlis vera /entire ; and Quin 
tilian laid, that when he read Plato, he 
feemed to hear not a man, hut a divinity 
fpeaking. His ftyle, however, though ad¬ 
mired and commended by the belt and mod 
refined of critics among the ancients, has 
not efcaped the cenfiife of fome of she mo 
derns, and the philofopher has been blamed, 
who fupports that fire is a pyramid tied to 
the earth by numbers, that the world is a 
figure confifting of 12 pentagons, and who, 
to prove the metempfyc'nolis and the immor¬ 
tality of the foul, affierts, that the dead are 
horn from the living, 3 nd the living from 
rite dead. The fpeculative mind of Plato 
was employed m examining things divine 
and human, and he attempted to fix and af- 
certain, not only the pra&ical dodtrine of 
morals and politics, hut the more fubtle 
and abftrufe theory of myflical theogony. 
His philofophy was yniverfially received 
and adopted, and It has not only governed 
the opinions of the fpecukitive part of man¬ 
kind, hut it continues ftill to influence the 
reafoning, and to divide the fentimcnts, of 
the moderns. In his fyftem of philofophy, 
he followed the phyfics of Heraclitus, the 
metaphyfidal opinions ef Pythagoras, and 
the morals of Socrates. He maintained the 
exigence oi two beings, one felf-exi'ftent, 
and the .other formed by the hand of a pre- 
exiftent creature, god and man. The world 
was created by that felf-exiflent caufe, from 
/he. rude vmJigefted mnfs of matter which 
Had exifted from all eternity, and which had 
ey$n been animated by an irregular principle 
of motion. The origin of evil could taot be 
traced under the government of a deity, with¬ 
out admitting a ftuhborn intractability and 
vrildhefs congenial to matter, and from thefe, 
confequently, could be dembnftrated the 
deviations from the laws of nature, and from 
thence the extravagant pa Hi on s and appetites 
r>{ men. From materials like thefe were 
formed the four elements, and the beautiful 
fttudture of the heavens and the earth, and 
mto the a&ive, but irrational, primyple of 
matter, the divinity infilled a rational foul. 
The fouls of men were foimed from the re¬ 
mainder of' the rational foul of the world, 
which had pmioufiy given exlftence t© the 


' invifible gods and demons. The philoftf- 
pher, therefore, fupported the dodtrin'es of 
ideal forms, and the pre-exiftence of the 
human mind, which he confidered as, eman¬ 
ations of the Deity, which can never remain 
Satisfied with objedls or things unworthy of 
their divine original. Men could perceive, 
with their corporeal fenfes, the types of im¬ 
mutable things, and the fluctuating objects 
of the material world; hut the hidden 
change.-; to which thefe are continually ob¬ 
noxious, create innumerable dHbrders, and 
lienee arifes deception, and, in fhort, all the 
errors and rarferies of human life. Yet, in 
whatever fituation man may be, he is (till 
an objedt of divine concern, and, to recom¬ 
mend himfelf to the favor of the pre-exigent 
caufe, he mult comply with the ^urpoles of 
his creation, and, by proper care and’ dili¬ 
gence, he can recover thofe immaculate 
powers with which he was naturally endowed. 
All fcience the philofopher made to confift 
in reminllceiTce, and in recalling the nature, 
forms and proportions, of thofe perfect and 
immutable eflences, with which the human 
mind had been converfanr. From obfer- 
vations like thele, the fumtnit of felicity 
might be attained by removing from the ma¬ 
terial, and approaching nearer to the ir.teL 
ledtual world, by curbing and governing 
the paffions, whidi were ever agimted and 
inflamed by real or imaginary objects. The 
paffions were divided into two claffes; the 
fir ft confided of the kafcible pafiTons, which 
originated in pride or j-efentment, and were 
feated in, the bread: the other, founded on 
the love of pleafure, was the concupifrible 
part of the foul, feated in the belly, and in¬ 
ferior parts of the body. Thefe different 
orders induced the philofopher to compare 
the foul to a fin all republic, of which the* 
reafoning and judging powers were ftatkmed 
in the head as in a firm citadel, anS of 
which the fenfes were its guards and fervanfs. 
By the irafcible part of the foul men afferted 
their dignity, repelled injuries, and fcorred 
danger; and the concupjfcible pait pro’- 
vided the fupport and the neceffitties of the 
body, and wlien governed with propriety, 
it gave rife to temperance. Juflice was pro¬ 
duced by the regular dominion of retffbn, 
and by the fuhrrtiffiori’ of the paffions ; and' 
prudence arole from the fbength, arurenefsi 
and ; perfection of the foul, without which aT' 
other virtues Could not exift. But, anfidft 
all this, wiltlom was not eafily attained ; at 
their creation all mind's were nor endowed 
with the fame excellence, the bodies which' 
they animated on earth were not alWalvs in 
harmony with the divine emanation ; Vom'e 
might he too weak, others ton ftrong,, and * 
on the fir ft years of a man’s life depended ! 
his future confeo/ience ; as an effeminate and 
licentious education feemed calculated to de-: 
ftfoy the purpofes 1 of tHe dlvinity; while the'’ 

couuary* 




PL 


PL 


contrary produced different effe&s* and 
tended to cultivate and improvo the reafon- 
ing and judging faculty,, and to produce wif- 
dom and virtue. Plato was the firlt who 
fupported the immortality of the foul upon 
arguments i'olid and permanent, deduced 
from truth and experience. He did not ima¬ 
gine that the difeafes, and the death of the 
body, could injure the principle of life 
and deftroy the foul, which, of itl’elf, was of 
divine origin, and of an uncorrupted and 
immutable eHence, which, though inherent 
for a wh;le in matter, could not lole that 
power which was the emanation of God. 
From doctrines like thele, the great founder 
of Platouilm concluded that there might 
exift in the world a community of men, 
whofe paiIion 3 could be governed with mo¬ 
deration, and who from knowing the etils 
and miferies which arife from ill conduct, 
might afpire to excellence, and attain that 
perfection which can be derived from the 
proper exercife of the rational and moral 
powers. To illultrate this more fully, the 
philol'opher wrote a l»ook, well known by the 
name of the republic of Plato, in which he 
explains with acutenefs, judgment and ele¬ 
gance, the rife and revolution of civil fociety ; 
and lb rel'peCted was his opinion as a legil- 
lator, that his 1’choUrs were employed in re¬ 
gulating the republics of Arcadia, Elis, and 
Cnidus, at the defire of thofe Hates, and 
Xenoerates gave political rules for good and 
impartial government to tile conqueror of 
the ealt. The belt editions of l’lato a je 
thole of Fu.icof. fol. 1601 ; and Bipont. 12 
vols. 8vo. 1718. P.ato. Dial. &c— Cic. de 
Ojfic. I. da Div. I. C, $6,de iV. I). 2, C. 12. 
TuJ. I, c. 17.— Plut in Sol. &c— Seneca. 
ej> — Quintil. 10 C l, See . — Milan. V. H. 2 

& 4.— Pauf. I, c. 30.— Diog. -A fan of 

Lycyon, king of Arcadia.-A Greek poet, 

called the prince of the middle comedy, who 
florilhed B. C. 445. Some fragments remain 
of his pieces. 

Plator, a man of Dyrrhachium, put to 
death by Pifo. Cic. Pif. 34. 

PLAVis.a river of Venetia, in Italy. 

Pr^L/ rlA lex, was enaCted by M. Hau- 
tius, the tribune, A. U. C. 664- It required 
every tribe annually to chiife fifteen perfons 
of their body, to' ferve as judges, making 
the honor common to all the three orders, 
according to the majority of votes in every 

tribe.-Another called alfo Plotia , A 

U, C, 675. It punilhed with the interdi&ia 
ignis £5* aqua, ail perfons who vvere.found 
guilty of attempts upon the Hate or rhe fejw- 
tors or niagiftrates, or fuch as appeared in 
public armed with ap evil defign,, or luch as 
forcibly expelled any perfon from his legal pof- 
feflions. 

PlautlSnos, Fulvips, an African of 
mean birth, who was banifhed for his leditious 
behaviour in the years of his obscurity. In 


his Jmiihment, Plautianus formed nu ac¬ 
quaintance with Severus, w’.ro, tome years 
after, amended the imperial throne. This 
was the beginning of his prosperity ; Severys 
paid the greatell attention to him, and, if 
we believe fome authors, their familiarky 
and intercoarfe were carried beyond tit* 
bounds of modefiy and propriety. Pl.uui- 
anus Hiarcd the favors of Severus in oWqur 
rity as well as on the throne. He tyas in- 
veited with as much power as his patron at 
Rome, and in the provinces, and, indeed, he 
wanted but the name of emperor to be his 
equal. His table was ferved with more de¬ 
licate meats than that of the emperor ; when 
he walked in the public ftreets he received 
the moll dillinguifiiing honors, and a num¬ 
ber of criers ordered the molt noble citizens, 
as well as the meanelt beggars, to make way 
for the favorite of the emperor, and not to 
fix their eyes upon him. He was concerned 
in all the rapine and definition which were 
committed through the empire, and he en¬ 
riched himfelf with the pofiefiions of thofe 
who had been facriliced to the emperor’s 
cruelty or avarice. To complete his triumph, 
and to make himfelf flill greater, Plau- 
tianus married his favorite daughter Plau* 
tills to Caracalla, the fon of the . emperor, 
and fo eager was the emperor to indulge 
his inclinations in this, and in every other 
relpeCt, that he declared he loved Platt- 
tianus fo much that he would even wifh 
to die before him. The marriage of Cara- 
calla with Plautilla was attended with lei ioos 
confequences. The Ion of beverus had 
complied with great reluctance, and, though 
Flautilla was amiable in her maimers, com¬ 
manding in alpeCt, and of a beautiful coun¬ 
tenance, yet the young prince often threat¬ 
ened to punifh her haughty and impe¬ 
rious behaviour as loon as he fuceeeded to 
the throne. Plautilla reported the who!a 
to her father, and to fave his daughter from 
the vengeance of Caracalla, Plautianus con- 
lpired againH the emperor and his Ion. 
The confpiracy was difrovered, and Severus 
forgot his attachment to Plautianus, and 
the favors he had heaped upon him, when he 
heard of his perfidy. Tlye wuked miniHer 
was immediately put to death, and Plautilla 
bunilhed to tbe ifland, of Lipari, with her 
brother Plautius, where, feven years after, 
lhe was put to death by' order of Caracalla, 
A. t>. 2M. Plautilla had two children, afon 
who died in his childhood, and a daughter, 
whom Caracalla murdered in the arms of her 
mother. Dion. Cajf. 

Plautilla, a daughter of, Plautianus, the 
favorite miniHer of Severus. [Pid. 1 lauti- 

anus.)-The mother of the emperor Nerva, 

descended of a noble family. 

Plautius, a Roman who became fo 
difconfolate at the death of his wife, that he 
threw himfelf upon her burning pile. P*!. 

Rr* Man. 







PL 


PL 

Max. 4, c. 6.-Caius, a conful fent againft 

the Privernates, &c.-Aulus, a governor 

of Britain, who obtained an ovation for the 
c i nquefts he had gained there over the bar- 

bnians.-One of Otho’s friends. He dif- 

j'uaded him from killing himfelfi-Late- 

ranus an adulterer of Meflalina, who con- 
fpired againft Nero, and was capitally con¬ 
demned.-Aulus, a general who defeated 

the Umbrians and the Etrurians.-Caius, 

another general, defeated in Lufitania.- 

A man put to death by order of Caracalla. 
— —— M. Sylvarius, a tribune, who made a 
law to prevent feditions in the public aflem- 

blies.--Rubellius, a man accufed before 

Nero, and lent to Ali<3, where he was af- 
lafhnated. 

M. Accius Plautus, a comic poet, born 
at Sarfina, in Umbria. Fortune proved un¬ 
kind to him, and, from competence, he was 
reduced to the meaneft poverty, by engaging 
in a commercial lirie. To maintain himfelf, 
he- entered into the family of a baker as a 
common lervant, and while he was employed 
in grinding corn, he fometimes dedicated a 
few moments to the comic mufe. Some, 
however, confute this account as falfe, and 
fupport that Plautus was never obliged to-the 
laborious employments of a bakehoufe for 
his maintenance. He wrote 25 comedies, of 
which only 20 are extant. He died about 
184 years before the Chriftian era ; and Var- 
ro, his learned countryman, wrote this 
lianas, which deferved to be engraved on his 
tomb: 

Pojlquam morte capitis ejl Plautus , 

Comadia luget,fcena ejl deferta ; 

Jdeinde rifus, Indus , jocifque , Iff numeri 

Ittnumeri fimulomnes collairymarunt. 

'I'he plays of Plautus were univerfally efteem- 
ed at Rome, and the purity, the energy, and 
the elegance of his language, were, by other 
writers confidered as objedls of imitation ; 
and Varro, whole judgment is great, and ge¬ 
nerally decifive, declares, that if the Mufes 
were willing to lpeak Latin they would fpeak 
in the language of Plautus. In the Auguftan 
age, however, when the Roman language be¬ 
came more pure and refined, the comedies of 
Plautus did not appear free from inaccuracy. 
The poet when compared to the more ele¬ 
gant exprefiions of a Terence, was cenfured 
for his negligence in verfification, his low wit, 
execrable puns, aud difgulting cbfcenitles. 
Yet, however cenfured as to language oifen- 
timents, Plautus continued to be a favorite on, 
thb llage. If his expreflions were not choice 
or delicate, it was univerfally admitted that he 
was more happy than other comic writers in 
his pidlures. the incidents of his plays were 
more varied, the ads more interefting, the 
charaders more truly difplayed and the cataf- 
trophe more natural. In the reign of the 
•emperor Diocletian, his comedies were full 


aded On the public theatres, and no greater 
compliment can be paid to his abilities as a 
comic writer, and no greater cenfure can be 
parted upon his fucceftbrs in dramatic compo- 
lition, than to obferve, that for 500 years, 
with all the difadvantagbs of obfolete language 
and didion, in fpite of the change of manners, 
and the revolutions of government, he com¬ 
manded and received that applaute which no 
other writer dared to difpute with him. The 
bed editions of Plautus are that of Grono- 
vius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1664; that of Barbou, 
i2mo. in 3 vols. Paris, I 7 f 9 > ^at ^ r ~ 
nefti, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1760; and that of 
Glafgow, 3 vols. i2mo. 1763* ^ atro a P u ^ 

Quint il. 10, c. I.— Cic. de ojfic. I, Sec. De Or at. 

3, &C. — Horat. 2 , ep. I, V. 58, I'JO. de art. 

poet. 54 Si 270.-—iElianus, a high pneft, 

who conlecrated the capitol in the reign of 
Vefpartan. Tacit. Hif. 4, c. 55. 

Pleiades, or Vergiliie, a name given 
to leven of the daughters of Atlas by Pleione 
or Aithra, one of the Oceanides. They were 
placed in the heavens after death, where they 
formed a conftellntion called Pleiades, near 
the back of the bull in the Zodiac. Their 
names were Alcyone, Merope, Maia, Eledr-, 
Taygeta, Sterope, and Celeno.. They all, 
except Merope, who married Sifyphus, king 
of Corinth, had lbme ot the immortal gods 
for their luitors. On that account, therefore, 
Merope’s flar is dim and obfeure among the 
reft of her fillers, becaufe fhe married a mor¬ 
tal. The name of the Pleiades is derived 
from the Greek word orXtuv, to fail , becaufe 
thrft conftellation (hows the time moft favor¬ 
able to navigators, which is in the fpring. 
The name of Vergiliae they derive from ver, 
the fpring. They are fometimes called Allan - 
tides , from their father, or Hrfpcrides , from 
the gardens of that name, which belonged to 
Atks. Hygin. fab. 192. P.A. 2, c. 21 — 
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 293. Faf. 5, v. 106 & 170. 
llefiod. oper. Iff dies .— Homer. Od. 5-— Horat. 

4, od. 14.— Virg. G. T,v. 138. 1. 4, 233.- 

Seven poets, who, from their number, have 
received the name of Pleiades, near the age 
of Philadelphus Ptolemy, king of Egypt. 
Their names were Lyeophron, -Theocritus, 
Aratus, Nicander, Apollonius, Philicus, and 
Homerus the younger. 

Pleione, one of the Oceanides, who 
married Atlas, king of Mauritania, by whom 
{he had twelve daughters, and a fon called 
Hyas.' Seven of the daughters were changed 1 
into a conftellation called Pleiades , and the 
' reft into another called Hyadtt. Ovid. Fall. 

5, v. 84. ^ \ 

Plemmvrium, now Maffa Oliveri, a pro-, 

montory with a lmall caftlb of that name, in 
the bay of Syracufe. Tirg. JEn. 3, v. 693. 

Plkmkeus, a king of Sicvon, fon of Pe- * 
ratus. His children always died as loon , as 1 
born, till Ceres, pitying Ins misfortune, offer- 
ed herfelf as a nurle to his wife as the Was 4 

- * ' ~ 








PL 


going to be brought to bed. The child lived 
by the care and protedtion of the goddefs, and 
Plemneus was no iboner acquainted with the 
dignity of his nurfe", than he railed her a tem¬ 
ple. faif. a, c. 5 & it. 

Pleumosii, a people of Belgium, the 
inhabitants of modern Tournay. Cxf. G. 5, 
c. 38. 

Pleuratus, a king of Tllyricum. Liv. 26, 

c. 24. 

Pleuro\ t , a fon of iEtoliis, who married 
Xantippe, the daughter of Dorus, by whom 
he had Agenor. He founded a city in iEto- 
lia on the Evenus, which bore his name. 
Apollod. I, c. 7.— Plin. 4, c. 2 .—Sil. 15, 
V. 310— Pa f : 7. c. 13.— Ovid. Met . 7, v. 382. 

Plex\urk, one of the Oceanides. Hefiod. 

Plf.xu’pus, a fon of Theftius, brother to 
Althaea, the wife of CEneus. He was killed 
by his nephew Meleager, in hunting the Caly- 
donian boar. His brother Toxeus fhared his 

fate. [ Vid. Althaea and Meleager.]-A 

fon of b’hiileus and Cleopatra, brother to Pan- 
dion, king of Athens. Apollod. 

C. Plinius Secundus, furnamed the El¬ 
der, was born at Verona, of a noble family. 
He diftinguifhed himfelf in the field, and, after 
he had been made one of the augurs at Rome, 
he wns appointed governor of Spain. In his 
public character he did not negledb the plea- 
lures of literature, the day was employed in 
the adminiftration of the affairs of his province, 
and the night was dedicated to ftudy. Every 
moment of time was precious to him ; at his 
meals one of his fervants read to him books 
valuable for their information, and from them 
he immediately made copious extradts, in a 
memorandum book. Even while he drefied 
himfelf after bathing, his attention was called 
away from furrounding objects, and he was 
either employed in liftening to another, or in 
dictating himfelf. To a mind fo earneftly de¬ 
dicated to learning, nothing appeared too labo¬ 
rious, no undertaking too trouhlefome. He 
deemed every moment loft which was not de¬ 
voted to ftudy, and, from thefe reafons, he 
never appeared at Rome but in a chariot, and, 
wherever he went, he was always accompa¬ 
nied by his amanuenfis. He even cenfured 
his nephew, Pliny the younger, becaufe he 
had indulged himfelf with a walk, and fternly 
oblerved, that he might have employed thofe 
moments to better advantage. But if his li¬ 
terary purfuits made him forget the public af¬ 
fairs, his prudence, his abilities, and the purity 
and innocence of his character, made him 
known and refpedted. He was courted and 
admired by the emperors Titus and Vefpafian, 
and he received from them all the favors which 
a virtuous prince could offer, and an hoheft 
fubje& receive. As he was at Mifenum, 
where he commanded, the fleet, which was 
then ftationed there, Pliny was furpriled at 
the fudden appearance of a cloud of duft and 
allies. He was then jguorant of the caul'e 


PL 

which produced it, and he immediately^bt fail 
in a fmall veffel for mount Vefuvius, which 
he at laft dilcovered to have made a dreadful 
eruption. The fight of a number of boats 
that fled from the coaft to avoid the danger, 
might have deterred another, but the curiolity 
of Pliny excited him to advance with morfe 
boldnels, and, though his veffel was often co¬ 
vered with ftones and alhes, that were con¬ 
tinually thrown up by the mountain, yet he 
landed on the coaft. The place was delerted 
by the inhabitants, but Pliny remained there 
during the night, the better to obferve the 
mountain, which, during the obfcurity, ap¬ 
peared to be one continual blaze. He was 
loon difturbed by a dreadful earthquake, and 
the contrary wind on the morrow, prevented 
him from returning to Mifenum. The erup¬ 
tion of the volcano increaied, and, at laft, the 
fire approached the place where the philofo- 
pher made his obfervations. Pliny endea¬ 
voured to fly before it, but though he was 
fupported by two of his fervants, he was una¬ 
ble to efcape. He ibon fell down, fuffo- 
cated by the thick vapors that furrounded 
him, and the infupportable ftench of fulphu- 
reous matter. His body was found three days 
after, and decently buried by his nephew, who 
was then at Mifenum with the fleet. This 
memorable event happened in the 79th yea t 
of the Chriftian era, and the phifofopher, who 
perilhed by the eruptions of the volcano, has 
been called by fome the martyr of nature. 
He was then in the 56th year of his age. 
Of the works which he compoied, none are 
extant but his natural hiftory in 37 books. 
It is- a work, as Pliny the younger fays, full 
of erudition, and as varied as nature itfelf. It 
treats of the ftars, the heavens, wind, rain, 
hail, minerals, trees, flowers, and plants, be- 
fides an account of all living animals, birds, 
fifties, and bealls; a geographical defcription 
of every place on the globe, and an hillory 
of every art and lcience, of commerce and na¬ 
vigation, with their rife, progrefs, and fe' eral 
improvements, He is happy in his defcrip- 
tions as a naturalift, he writes with force 
and energy, and though many of his ideas and 
conjedtures are fometimes ill founded, yet he 
poflefles that fecundity of imagination, and 
vivacity of expreflion, which are rcquilite to 
treat a fubjedt with propriety, and to render 
an hiftory of nature pleafing, interefting, and, 
above all, inftrudtive. His ftyle poflefles not 
the graces of the Auguftan age, he has neither 
its purity and elegance, nor its (implicit)', but 
it is rather cramped, obfcure, and fometimes 
unintelligible. Yet for all this it has ever been 
admired and 'efteemed, and it may be called 
a compilation of every thing which had been 
written before his age on the various fubje&s 
which he treats, arid a judicious collection 
from the molt excellent treatiies which had 
been compdfed on the various proJudtions of 
nature. Pliny was not afliamed to mention 
R r 3 th® 




PL 


PL 

tT-e abhors which lie quoted, he fpcaks of 
them with admiration, and while he pay? (He 
greateft compliment to their abilities, his en¬ 
comiums fhovy, in the ftrongjiil light, the gcOd- 
net's, the reliability, and the iugenuoirfn«fs of 
his pu n mind. He had written 160 volumes 
of remarks and annotations on the various au¬ 
thors which he Hid read, and fo great was the 
opinion in his contemporaries, of his erudition 
and abilities, that a man called Lortius Lu- 
tinius offered to buy his notes and obfervations 
for the enormous funi of about 3,2421. Fuglifh 
money. The philofopher, who was himfelt 
r’ch and independent, rejected the offer, and 
his compilations, after his death, came into 
the hands of his nephew Pliny. The bell edi¬ 
tions of Pliny are thit-of Harduin, 3 vols. fol. 
Palis, 1723; that of Frantzius, ro vols. 8vo. 
lyipf. 1728; that of Broficr, 6 vols. nmo. 
Paris, .1779, and the Variorum 8vo. in 8 vols. 
Tipf. 1778 to 1789. Tacit. Ann. x, c. 69. 1 . 
13, c. 20. 1 . ij, C. S 3 - — Plin.ep.k c.——C. 
C genius Secundus, furnamed the younger, was 
fon of Ij Caeciiius by the titter of Pliny the 
elder. He was adopted by his unde whole 
name he affumed, and whofe ettates ami effects 
he inherited. Pie received the greateft part 
of his education under Quintilian, and at the 
age of 19 he appeared at the bar, where he 
diltinguilhed himlelf lb much by his eloquence, 
that he and Tacitus were reckoned the two 
greateft orators of their age. He did not 
make his profeflion an object of gain like the 
reft of the Roman orators, but he refuted fees 
from the rich as well as from the pocreil of 
his clients, and declared that he cheerfully 
employed himlelf for the proted ion of inno¬ 
cence, the relief of the indigent, and the de¬ 
jection of vice. He publithed many of his 
harangues and orations, which have been loft. 
When Trajan was inverted with the imperial 
purple, Pliny was created conful by the em¬ 
peror. This honor the conful acknowledged 
in a Celebrated panegyric which at the requeit 
the Roman fenate, and in the name of the 
whole empire, he pronounced on Trajan. 
Some time after he pretided over Fontus and 
Bithj nia, in the office, and with the power of 
pro-conful. and by his humanity and philan- 
duppy the fubject was freed from the burden 
of partial taxes, and the perfection which had 
been begun againtt the chiillians of his pro¬ 
vince was. ftopped when Pliny folrnmly de¬ 
clared to the emperor that the followers of I 
Chrift were a meek and iiioffenfive feet of 
men, that their morals were pure and inno¬ 
cent, that they were free from all crimes, and 
that they voluntarily bound themfelves by the 
tnpll iblemn oaths to abftain from vice, and 
to relinqufh every fitful purfuit. If he ren¬ 
dered himfelt popular in his province, he was 
rot lets refpected at Rome. He was there 
the friend of the poor, the patron of learning, 
great without arroga,nee, affable in his beha¬ 
viour, and an example of good breeding, fo- 


briety,temperance, and modefty. Asa father 
and a hufband his chara&er was amiable ; as a 
fubject he was faithful to his prince; and as a 
magiftrate he was candid, open, and compat- 
fionate. His native country thared among the 
reft, his unbounded benevolence; and Comum, 
a 1 'mall town of Inliibria which gave him birth, 
boafted of his liberal* .y in the valuable and 
choice library of books winch he colle.fi ed 
there. Pie alfo contributed towards the ex- 
pences which attended the education of Ins 
countrymen, and liberally fpent part of his 
eftate for the advancement of literature, and 
for the inft ruction of thofe whom poverty 
other wife deprived of tl.e advantages of a 
public education. He made his. preceptor 
Quintilian, and th'e poet Mar''al, objects of 
his benevolence, and when the daughter of the 
former was married, Pliny wrote to tile father 
with the greateft civility; and while he ob- 
ferved that he was rich in the poffelhon of 
learning, though poor in the goods of fortune, 
he begged of him to accept, as a dowry for 
his beloved daughter, 50,000 iefterces, about 
300I. I •would not i continued he, be Jo mo¬ 
derate, 'were I not ujfured from your modefty , 
and dijUnierej}ednefs , that the fnallmfs of the 
prefent ’will raider it acceptable • Pie tbed in 
the 52d year of his age, A. D. 1x3. He had 
written an hiftory of his own times, which is 
loft. It is laid, that Tacitus did not begin his 
hiftory till he had found it impoffible to per- 
luade Pliny to undertake that laborious tafk, 
and indeed what could not have been expelled 
from the panegyrift of Trajan, if Tacitus ac¬ 
knowledged himlelf inferior to him in deli¬ 
neating the charntter of the times. Some 
luppote, but fallely, that Pliny wiote the lives 1 
of illuftrious men, univeriklly alcribed to Cor¬ 
nelius Nepos. Pie alfo wrote poetry, but hi? 
vertes have ah perifhed, and nothing of his 
learned works remains, but his panegyric on 
the emperor Trajan, and 10 books of letters 
which he himlelf collected and prepared for 
the public, from n numerous and reipeftable 
correfpondenee. Thei'e letters contain many 
curious and interefling faffs, they abound w ith 
many anecdotes of- the generofrty and the hu¬ 
mane fentiments of the writer, 7'hey ate 
written with elegance and great purity, and 
the reader every where difeovers that affability, 
that condefeenfion and philanthropy, which fo 
egregioutly marked the advocate ot the Chris¬ 
tians. Fhefe letters are efteemed by fome, 
equal to the voluminous epiftk-s 01 Cicero. 

In his panegyric, Pliny’s ftyle is florid and bril¬ 
liant, he has ufed, to the greateft advantage, 
the liberties of the panegyrift, and the elo¬ 
quence of the courtier. _ 11 is idea’s are new 
and refined, but his diction is diftinguilhod by 
that affectation and pompofity which marked 
the reign of Trajan. The’ heft editions of 
Pliny, are thofe of Gefner, 8vo. Lipf. 1770, 
and of Lallemand, nmo. Paris apud Barboli, 
and of the panegyric feparate, that of Schwartz, 

4to. 







PL 


PL 


4 U>* I74^»and of the epiftlcs, the Variorum, 
i . Bat. 1669. 8vu. Piin. cp.—VoJJiut ,— 

$ .don't us, 

Plxh thine, a town of Egypt on the Me¬ 
diterranean. 

Pus f arc hus, fon of Leonidas of the 
family of the Euryfthenida;, fucceeded on the 
Spartan throne at the death of Clsomhrotus. 
Hetodot. 9, c 10.-A brother of Ca(Hinder. 

Pi.iSTHANUi, a philofopher of Elis who 
fucceeded in the fchool of Pluedon. Disg. 

PusthSnes, a fon of Atreus king of Ar¬ 
gos, father of Menelaus and Agamemnon 
according to Hcfiod and others. Homer, how¬ 
ever, calls Menelaus and Agamemnon fons of 
Atreus, though they were in reality the chil¬ 
dren of Plifthenes. The lather died very 
young, ?j*d the two children were left in the 
houfe of their grandfather, who took care of 
them and inftructed them. From his attention 
to them, therefore, it lee ms probable that 
Atreus was univerfally acknowledged their pro 
teilor and father, and thence their lurnanae of 
Atriaa. Ovid. Runt. Am. V. 77 Z.—Di&ys 
Cret. I.— Homer. JL 

PlistInus, a brother of Fauftulus the 
ftiepherd, who faved the life of Romulus and 
Remus. He was killed in afcuffle which hap¬ 
pened between the two brothers. 

PlistoXnax and Plistonax, fon of 
Paufanias, was general of the Lacedemonian 
armies in the Peloponnefian war. He was 
banilhed from his kingdom of Sparta for 19 
years, and was afterwards recalled by order 
of die oracle ol Delphi. He reigned 58 
years. He had fucceeded Plilbirehus. Thucyd. 

Plistu s, a river of Phocis falling into the 
bay of Corinth. Strait. 9. 

Plot.*, fmall iflands on the coaft of jEto- 
lia, called alfo Strophades. 

PlotTna Pompeia, a Roman lady who 
married Trajan while he was yet a private 
man. She entered Rome in the. proceffion 
with her hulband when he was fainted empe 
ror, and diftinguilhed heriell by the affability 
of her behaviour, her humanity, and liberal 
offices to the poor and friendlefs. She accom¬ 
panied Trajan in the eall, and at his death fne 
brought hack his aihes to Rome, and lUll en¬ 
joyed all the honors and titles of a Roman 
emprefs under Adrian, who, by her means, 
had fucceeded to the vacant throne. At her 
death, A. D. 122, (be was ranked among the 
gods, and received divine honors, which, ac¬ 
cording to the fuperdition of the times, Ihe 
feemed to deferve, from her regard for the 
good and the profperity of the Roman empire, 
and for her private virtues. D on. 

Plo 1IN010LIS, a town of Thrace built 
by the emperor Trajan, and called alter Plo- 
tina, the founder’s wife.-Another in Dacia. 

PlotTnus, a platonic philofopher of Ly- 
copolis in Egypt. He was for eleven years a 
upil of Ammonius the philofopher, and after 
e had profited by all the initrucVion? ol his 


learned preceptor, he determined to improve 
his knowledge and to vilit the territories of 
India and Perfia to receive information. He 
accompanied Gordian in his expedition into 
the eall, but the day which proved fatal to 
the emperor, nearly terminated the life of the 
philofopher. He faved himfelf by flight, and 
the following year he retired to Rome, where 
he publicly taught philolophy. His fchool 
was frequented by people of every lex, age, 
and quality ; by lenators as well as plebeians, 
and to great was the opinion of the public of 
his honetly aqd candor, that many, on their 
death-bed, left all their pollelfions to his care, 
and entrulted their children to aim, as a fu- 
perior being. He was the favorite of all the 
Romans; and while he charmed the populace 
by the force of his eloquence, and the len3te 
by his doctrines, the emperor Gallienus court¬ 
ed him, and admired the extent of his learn¬ 
ing. It is even laid, that the emperor and 
the emprefs Salonina intended to rebuild a 
decayed city of Campania and to appoint the 
philofopher over it, that there he might expe¬ 
rimentally know, while he prefided over a 
colony of philolophers, the validity and the 
ul'e of the ideal laws of the republic of Plato. 
Fhis plan was not executed through the envy 
and malice of the enemies of Plotinus. The 
philofopher, at la(t, become helplels and in¬ 
firm, returned to Campania, where the libera¬ 
lity of his friends for a while maintained him. 
He died A. D. 270, in the 66th year of his 
age, and as he expired, he declared that h/e 
made his laft and moil violent efforts to give 
up what there was mod divine in him and in 
the reft of the univerle. Amidlt the great 
qualities of the philofopher, we difeover lome 
ridiculous Angularities. Plotinus never per¬ 
mitted his picture to be taken, and he ob- 
lerved, that to fee a painting of himfelf in 
the following age was befleath the notice of 
an enlightened mind. Thefe reafons alfo in¬ 
duced him to conceal the day, the hour, and 
the place of hi* birth. He never made ufe of 
medicines, and though his body was often de¬ 
bilitated by abftinence or too much ftudy, he 
deipiiwd to have recourfe to a phyfician, and 
thought that it would degrade the gravity of a 
philofopher. His writings have been collected 
by his pupil Porphyry. They confift of 54 
different treatil'es divided into fix equal parts, 
written with great fpirit and vivacity : but the 
reafonings are abftrufe, and the fubjedls meta- 
phyfical. The belt edition is that of Piciniis, 
folio. I 3 afil, I soO. 

Plotius CrispInus, a ftoic philofopher 
and poet, whole vexl’es were very inelegant, 
and whofe difpofition was moroie, for which 
he has been ridiculed by Horace, and called 
Arstalogus. Horat. I, lat. I, v. 4. — Gal- 

lus, a native of Lugdunum, who taught 
grammar at Rome, and had Cicero among 

his pupils. Cic. ds Or at -.Griphus, a man 

made fenator by Vefpafian. Tacit. 7 I/JI. 3, 





PL 


PL 


-- A centurion in Ctefar’s army, Cxf. B. 

G. 3, c. 19 .'—t—T ucca, a friend of Horace 
and of Virgil, who made him his heir He 
was feleXed by Auguftus, with Varius, to 
review the Iffineid of Virgil. Horct. i, fat. 

5, v. 40.-Lucius, a poet in the age of the 

great Marius, whole exploits he celebrated in 
his verles. 

Plusios, a furname of Jupiter at Sparta > 
expreffive of his power to grant riches. Pauf 
3,0.19. 

Plutarchus, a native of Chaeronea, de- 
fcended of a relpeXable family. His father, 
whofe name is unknown, was diftinguifhed for 
his learning and virtue, and his grandfather, 
called Lamprias, was alfo as confpicuous for 
his eloquence and the fecundity of his genius. 
Under Ammonius, a reputable teacher at 
Delphi, Plutarch was made acquainted with 
philoibphy and mathematics, and fo well efta- 
blilhed was his charaXer, that he was appointed 
by his countrymen, while yet very young, to go 
to the Roman pro-capful, in their name, upon 
an affair of the moil important nature. This 
commiffion he executed with honor to himfelf, 
and with fuccefs for his country. He after¬ 
wards travelled in queft of knowledge, and 
after he had vifited, like a philofopher and an 
hiftorian, the territories of Egypt and Greece, 
he retired to Rome, where he opened a fchool. 
His reputation made his fchool frequented. 
The emperor Trajan admired his abilities, 
and honored him with the office of conful, and 
appointed him governor of Illyricum. After 
the death of his imperial benefaXor, Plutarch 
removed from Rome to Chaeronea, where he 
Jived in the greateft tranquillity, relpeXed 
by his fellow-citizens, and raifed to all the 
honors which his native town could bellow. In 
this peaceful and folitary retreat, Plutarch 
clofely applied himfelf to ftudy,and wrote the 
greateft part of his works, and particularly his 
lives. He died in an advanced age at Ch;e- 
ronea, about the 140th year of the Chriftian 
era. . Plutarch had five children by his wife 
called Timoxena, four fons and one daughter. 
Two of the fons and the daughter died when 
young, and thofe that furvived were called 
Plutarch and Lamprias, and the latter did 
honor to his father’s memory, by giving to the 
world an accurate catalogue of his writings. 
In his private and public charaXer, the hifto¬ 
rian of Chaeronea was the friend of dilcipline. 
He boldly afferted the natural right of man¬ 
kind, liberty ; but he recommended obedience 
and fubmiflive deference to magifti ates, as ne- 
ceffary to preferve the peace of fociety. He 
lupported, that the moft violent and danger¬ 
ous public factions arofe too often from private 
difputes and from mifunderftanding. To ren¬ 
der himfelf more intelligent, he always car- 
lied a common place-book with him, and he 
preferred with the .greateft care whatever 
judicious obfervations fell in the courfe of con- 
verfation. The moft efteemed of his works 


are his lives of illuftrious men, of whom he 
examines and delineates the different charac¬ 
ters with wonderful fkilland impartiality. He 
neither mifreprefents the virtues, nor hides 
the foibles of his heroes. He writes with 
precifion and with fidelity, and though his dic¬ 
tion is neither pure nor elegant, yet there is 
energy and animation, and in many defcrip- 
tions he is inferior to no hiftorian. In fome of 
his narrations, however, he is often too cir- 
cumftantial, his remarks are often injudicious ; 
and when he compares the heroes of Greece 
with thole of Rome, the candid reader can 
eafily remember which fide of the Adriatic 
gave the hiftorian birth. Some have accufed 
him of not knowing the genealogy ot his he¬ 
roes, and have cenfured him for his l'uperfti- 
tion ; yet for all this, he is the moft entertain¬ 
ing, the moft inftruXive, and interefting of all 
the writers of ancient hiftory ; and were a 
man of true tafte and judgment alked what 
book he wilhed to lave from deftruXion, of 
all the profane compofitions of antiquity, he 
would perhaps without hefitation reply, the 
Lives of Plutarch. In his moral treatifes, 
lutarch appears in a different character, and 
his mifguided philoibphy, arid erroneous doc¬ 
trines, render fome of thefe inferior compofi¬ 
tions puerile and difgufting. They however 
contain many ufeful leffons and curious faXs, 
and though they are compofed without con¬ 
nection, compiled without judgment, and 
often abound with improbable ftories, and 
falfe reafonings, yet they contain much in¬ 
formation, and many ufeful refleXions. The 
beft editions of Plutarch are that of Franefort, 
2 vols. fol. 1599 : that of Stephens, 6 vols. 
8vo. T572 ; the Lives by Reilk*?, 12 vols, 
8vo. Lipf. 1775; and the Moralia, &c. by 

Wyttenhach. Plut. -A native of Ere- 

tria, during, the Peloponnefian war. He was 
defeated by the Macedonians. Plut. in Phoc. 

Plutia, a town of Sicily. Cic. in Verr. 

Pluto, a fon of, Saturn and Ops, inhe¬ 
rited his father’s kingdom with his brothers 
Jupiter and Neptune. He received as his lot 
the kingdom of hell, and whatever lies under 
the earth, and as fuch he became the god of 
the infernal regions, of death and funerals. 
From his funXions, and the place he inhabited, 
he received different names. He wqs called 
Disy Hades, or AJes, Clytopolony Agelajlus 
Orcusy &c. As the place of his refldence wa 
obfcure and gloomy, all the goddeffes refufed 
to marry him; but he determined to obtain 
by force what was denied to his folicitations. 
As he once vifited the ifland of Sicily, after a 
viojent earthquake, he faw Prolerpine, th« 
daughter of Ceres, gathering flowers in the 
plains of Enna, with a crowd of female atten¬ 
dants. He became enamoured of her, and, 
immediately carried her away upon his chariot 
drawn by four horfes. To make this retreat 
more unknown, he opened himfelf a paffage 
through the earth, by forking it with his tri- 






PL 


PO 


dent in the lake of Cyane in Sicily, or, ac¬ 
cording to others, on the borders of the Ce- 
philus in Attica. Proferpine called upon her 
attendants lor help, but in vain, and fhe be¬ 
came the wife of her ravither, and the queen 
ot hell. Pluto is generally reprel'ented as 
holding a iceptre with two teeth, he has nlfo 
keys in his hand, to intimate that whoever 
enters his kingdom can never return. He is 
looked upon as a hard-hearted and inexorable 
god, with a grim and dilinal countenance, and 
lor that reafoti no jemples were railed to his 
honor as to the reft of the fuperior gods. 
Black victims, and particularly a hull, were 
the only l'scrifices which were offered to him, 


and their blood was not fprinkled on the altars, 
or received in veflTls, as at other 1'acrifices, but 
it was permitted to run down into the earth, 
as if it were to penetrate as far as the realms 
ot the god. The Syracufans yearly facrifice'd 
to him black hulls, near the fountain of Cyane, 
Vvhere, according to the received traditions, he 
had dilhppeared with Proferpine. Among 
plants, the cyprefs, the narciflus, and the 
maiden-hair, were facred to him, as alio every 
thing which was deemed innul’picious, particu¬ 
larly the number two. According to l'ome of 
the ancients, Pluto tat on a throne of fulphur, 
from which iffued the rivers Lethe, Cocytus, 
Plilegethon, and Acheron. The dog Cer¬ 
berus watched at his feet, the Harpies hovered 
round him, Proferpine lat on his left hand, 
and near to the goddefs llood the Eumenides, 
with their heads covered with fnakes. The 
Parcre occupied the right, and they eaJi held 
in their hands the fymbols of their office, the 
diltaft', the l'pindle, and the fciffars. Pluto is 
called by fome the father' of the Eumenides. 
During the war of the gods and the Titans, 
the Cyclops made a helmet, which rendered 
the bearer mvifible, and gave it to Pluto. 
Perfeus was armed with -it when he conquered 
the Gorgon s. Hefiod. Tbcog. — Homer. II .— 
Apollo J. I, &c —II y gin. fab. 155. P. A. 2. — 
Slut. Tbeb. 8. — Diod. 5. — Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 
6 . — Pauf. 2 , C. 36 — Orpbeus. Hymn. 17 , &C. 
— Cic. de Nut. D. 2, C. 26.— Pinto, de rep .— 


F.uripid. in Med. Hippol .— JEfcbyl. in Pcrf. 
Ptom — V arro. L. Is. 4.— Catull. ep. 3.— 
Virg. G. 4, v. 502. JPn. 6, v. 273. 1 . 8, v. 
296.— Lucan. 6, v. 715— Horat. 2, od. 3 & 
l8.— Settee in Her. fur. 

Plutonium, a temple of Pluto in Lydia. 
Cic. de aiv. I, c. 36. 

Plutus, Ion of Jafion or Jafius, by’ Ceres, 
the goddels of corn, has been confounded by 
many of the riiythologifts with Pluto, though 
'plainly diftiuguilhed from him as being the 
god of riches. He was brought up by the 
goddels of peace, and on that account, Pax 
was reprel'ented at Athens* as holding the god 
of wealth in her lap. The Greeks ipoke of 
him as of a fickle divinity. They reprefented 
him as blind, becaufe he diflributed riches in- 
diXaimiuately; he was Lnme, becauie he came 


How and gradually; but had wings, to inthnato 
that he flew away with more velocity than lie 
approached mankind. Lucian, in Tim. — Pattf. 
9, C. 16 & 26.— Hygin. P. A — Arifloph. in 
Pint. — ‘Diod. 5 .— Htjiod. Th. 9 'O.—Dionyf. 
Hal 1,0.53. 

Pi.uvius, a l'urname of Jupiter as god of 
rain. Pie was invoked by that name among 
the Romans, whenever the earth* was parched 
up with continual heat, and was in want of re- 
frefhing lhowers. He had an altar in the 
temple on the capitol. THAI. 1 ,<?/. 7, \\ 26. 

Pi.yntjsr.ia, a feltival among the Greeks, 
in honor of Aglauros, or rather of. Minerva, 
who received from the daughter of Cecrops 
the name of Aglauros. The word leems to 
he derived from Thuvsiv, lavarc , becaufe, 
during the folemnity, they undreffed the ftatue 
of the goddels and ivajbed it. The day on 
which it was obferved was imiverlally looked 
upon as unfortunate and inaul'picious, and on 
that account, no perlou was permitted to ap¬ 
pear in the temples, as they were purpofely 
luirounded with ropes. The arrival of Alci- 
biades in Athens that day, was deemed very 
unfortunate; but, however, the i'uccefa that 
ever after attend d him, proved it to be other- 
wile. It was cuitomarv at tins feltival to bear 
in procefnon a duller of figs which intimated 
the pr ogre Ik of civilization among the fil’d in¬ 
habitants of the earth, as figs l'erved them for 
food after they had found a diflike for acorns. 
Pollux. 

Pnigdtus, a village of Egypt, near Phoeni¬ 
cia. St rub. 16 

Pnyx a place of Athens, let apart by So¬ 
lon for holding nffemblies. C. Nep. Att. 3.—. 
Pint, in Tbcf. Ilf Them. 

1’oblicius, a lieutenant of Pompey iu 
Spain. 

Podalirius, a foil of iEllulapius and 
Epione. He was one of the pupils of the 
Centaur Chiron-, and he made himfelf under 
him Inch a mailer of medicine, that during 
the Trojan war, the Greeks invited him to their 
camp, to flop a peffilencfe which had baffled the 
lkill of all their phyficians. Some, however, 
fuppofe, that he went to the Trojan war not 
in the capacity of a phyficiall in the.Grecian 
army, but as a warrior attended by his brother 
Machaon, 11130 fhips with foldiers from CL£- 
chalia, Ithome, and 'Tried At his return 
from the Trojan war, Podalirius was ftiip- 
vvrecked on the coaff of Caria, where he cured 
of the falling ficknels and married a daughter 
of Damoctns the king of the place. He fixed 
his habitation there, and built two towns; one 
of which lie called Sy run, by the name of‘his 
wife. The Carians, after his death, built him. 
a temple, and paid him divine honors. Die - 
tys Cret. —O. Smyrn. 6 Sc 9.— Ovid, de Art. 

Am. 2. Trijl. el. 6.— Pauf. 3.-A Rutu- 

liui engaged in the wars of iEneas and Tur- 
nus. Hirg. JHn. 12, v. 304. 

Podauce, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 

POBAKCES, 








ro 


BO 


Fpoakcli, a fori of Tphi'dus of I hc/Taij-', I 

ta*a went to the Trojan war.-The full 

name of Priam. When Troy was taken by 
Hercules, he was redeemed .from flavery by 
Ms filter Heftone, and fron^ thence received 
tiie name of Pri^ffn. [ Fid. Friamus.] 

Podares, a general of Mautinea, m the 
age of Epaminondas. Pan/. 8, c. 9. 

Pqdarge, one of the Harpies, mother | 
of two of the Iiorfcs of Achilles, by the 
Zephyr?. The'word intimates the fjjftnefs 
of her feet. 

PodaKjGus, a charioteer of flexor. 
Homer. 

Pceas, fan of Tbaumacus, was among the 

Argonauts.-The father of i hilocletes. 

The fon is often called Paantia proles, on ac¬ 
count of his father. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 4c. 

Pceciok, a celebrated portico at Athens, 
which received its name front the variety 
(<rct»iXaj) of paintings which it contained. It 
was there that Zeno kept his fchool, and the 
Stoics abb received their lefi'ons there, whence 
their name $oa, a porch). The Pcecite 
was adorned with pictures of gods and bene- 
ihblors, and among many others were thole of 
the fiege and lacking of Troy, the battle of 
Thefeus againlt the Amazons, the fight be¬ 
tween the Iaieedsemonians and Athenians at 
CEnoe in Argolis, and of Attieus the great 
friend of Athens. The only reward which 
M ikiades obtained after the battle of Mara¬ 
thon, was to have his picture dnawn more 
confpicucus than that of the reft of the offi¬ 
cers that fought with him, in the reprelenta- 
tton which was made of the engagement, 
which was hung up in the Puicile, in comme¬ 
moration of that celebrated vidtory. C. Nep. 
in Milt . & in Attic. 3 .——Pauf. I,— Plin. 35. 

PatNi, a name given to the Carthaginians. 

It feems to be a corruption of the word 
Phans or Pbcenices, as the Carthaginians 
v, ere of Phoenician origin. Servius. ad Fi rg. 1. 
v 3x3a. 

Pceqn. [Fid. Patomy 

Veto nia, a part of Macedonia. . [Fid. 
Paeonia.] 

Pceus, a part of mount Pindus. 

Pogon, a harbour of the Trcerenians on 
the coaft of the Peloponnefus. It received 
This name on account of its appearing to come 
forward before the town of Trcezene, as the 
heard {vtuyuv) does from the chin. Stvab. 1. 
Mela, a. 

Pula, a city of Iftrta, founded by the Col- 
chians, and afterwards made a Roman colony, 
snd called Pittas Julia. Plin. 3, c. cj. — Mela , 
3,c. $.—Strab.l &, 5. 

Po l$ marc-hu s. [P/d. Archon.]-The 

t.Tainn of Polydorus king of djrarta. Pauf. 3, 

e. 3 * 

Pol?mocp.atia, a queen of Thrace, who 
fied to Bratus after.the murder of Csefar. She 
retired from her kingdom becaufe her lubjeils 
].id lately murdered her imfband. 


Polemon, \youth of .Athens, fem of j’ht- 
loiliatus. He was much, given to dcbruchtiy 
and extravagance, and fpettt the great eft part 
of hi> life iu riot and drunkeiineft. He once, 
when intoxicated, entered the ichool of Xeuo- 
cr.ites, while the philoibpner was giving iiis 
pupils a lecture upon the effects of intempe¬ 
rance, aiid he was fi> ftruck with-the eloquence 
of the Academician, and the force of his argu¬ 
ments, tiiat from that moment he renounced 
the diffipated life he had led, and applied hivn- 
fch'totally to the lludy of philolpphy. He 
was then in the .joth year of his age, and from 
that lime Me never drank any other liquor but 
water ; and after the death of Xenocirates he 
l'ucceeded in the fchool where his reformation 
had been eftedled. He. died about 2,70 years 
before Chrilt, in an extreme old age. l)iog. 
in vita. — Horat. 2 , fit. 3, v. 254 ,—Fell Max. 

6, c. 9.-A Ion of Zeno the rhetorician, 

made king of Pontus by Antony. He at-? 
tended his parrou >n Iris expedition againil Par- 
thia. After the Untie of Actium, he w f as re¬ 
ceived iuto favor by Augultus,though he had 
fought in the cauie of Antony. He was killed 
fome time after by the barbarians near the. 
Palus Meotis, againlt whom, he had made war. 

Strab .*— Dion. -His fon of the fame name 

was confirmed on his father’s throne by the 
Roman emperors, and the province of Cilicia 

was alio added to his kingdom by Claudius.-— 

An officer in the army of Alexander, intimate 

with Philotas, 5 cc. Curt 7, c. 1, &c,-A 

rhetorician at Rome, who wrote a poem on 
weights and mealures, ttill extant. He was 
mailer to Perfius, the celebrated l'atirift, and 

died in the age of Nero.-A fophift of 

Laodice in Aiia Minor, in the reign of Adrian, 
He was oftfcn lent to the emperor with an 
embaily by his countrymen, which he execut¬ 
ed with great lucceis. He was greatly favor¬ 
ed by Adrian, from whom he extracted much 
money. In the 56th year of his age he bu¬ 
ried himtelf alive, as he labored with the 
gout. He wrote declamations in Greek. 

Pole monium, now Fatija, atownofPon- 
tu.', at the eaft of the mouth of the Thermodon. 

Polia^ a lurnaine of Minerva, as protett- 
reis of cities. 

Po Lie hna, a town of Troason Ida. He - 
rodot. 6 , c. 28—•—Another of Crete. 27 k - 
cyd. 2, c. 85. 

Pom eia, a ieftival at Thebes in honor 
of Apollo, who was represented there with 
grey hair, [crf./^), contrary to the prac¬ 
tice of all other places. The vidtim was a 
bull, but when it happened once that no 
bull could be found, an ox was taken from 
I the cart and facrificed. From that time the 
i'aerifice of laboring oxen was deemed law¬ 
ful, though before it was looked upon as a 
capital crime. 

Poljorcetk s ( dejit'ayer of cities), X ft-Uf- 
name given to Demetrius, fon of Autigonus. 

P hit. in DtmtU 


Polisma 









PO 


PO 


Pqlisma, a town of Troasj on the Simois. 
Strab* 13. 

Pot istrX'i us, an Epicurean phllofopher 
born the feme day as HippcchdeS, with whom 
he always lived in the greateft intimacy. 
They both died at the lame hour. Diog. — 
)'al. Max. I. 

PolTtks, a fon of Priam and Hecuba, 
hilled by Pyrrhus in his father’s prefence. 
Virg. JEn. 2, v. 526, &c His fon, who bore 
the fame name, followed TEneasinto Italy, and 
was one of the friends of young Alcanius. Id. 
5 > v * 5 ^ 4 - 

P01.IT0RIUM, 3 city of the Latins deflroy- 
ed by the Romans, before Chrilt 639. JJv. 
I, c. 33. 

Pol line a, a proftitute, &c. 2, v. 

68 . 

Poli.a Arcentaria, the wife of the 
poet Lucan. She aflided her hulband in 
corretting the three firlt books of his Pharlalia. 
Stat. Sy/rt. I Sc 2. 

Pollentia, now Polenta, a town of I.i- 
guria in Italy, famous for wool. There was a 
celebrated battle fought there between the Ro¬ 
mans and Alaric, king of the Huns, about 
the 403d year of the Chriilian era, in which 
the fonner, according to forae, obtained the 
vittory. Mela, 2, c. 7 -— PHn. 8, c. 48.— 
Suet. Tib. 37.— 5 / 7 . 8, V. 598.— Cic II, Fam. 

13.-A town of Majorca. Plin. Mela, 

• -of Picenum Liv. 39, c. 44. 1 . 41, c. 

Polles, a Greek poet whofe writings were 
fo obfcure and unintelligible that his name be 
came proverbial. Su/das. 

Pollio, C. Afinius, a Roman conful 
under the rei/n of Auguftus, who diitin- 
guilhed himlelf as much by his eloquence 
and writings as by his exploits iq the field. 
He defeated the Dalmatians, and favored 
the caufe of Antony againft Auguftus. He 
p.tronized with great liberality, the poets 
Virgil and Horace, who have immortalized 
him in their writings. He was the firfi 
who raifed a public library at Rome, and 
indeed his example was afierwards follow-, 
cd by many of the emperors. In his li¬ 
brary were placed the llatues of all the 
learned men of every age, and Varro was the 
Only perfon who was honored there during his 
lifetime. He was with J. Caefar when he croff- 
ed the Rubicon. He was greatly efteemed by 
Auguftus when he had become one of his 
adherents, after the ruin of Antony. Pollio 
wrote fome tragedies, orations, and an hif- 
tory, which was divided into 17 books. All 
thole compofitions are loft, and nothing re¬ 
mains of his writings except a few letters to 
Cicero. He died in the 80th year ef his 
age, A. D. 4. He is the perfon in whofe 
honor Virg 1 has inferibed his fourth eclogue, 
Pollio , as a reconciliation was efretted be¬ 
tween Auguftus and Antony during his con- 
fulihijp. The poet, k is fuppofed by fome, 


makes mention of a fon bf the conful Lorij 
about this time, and is lavilh in his excur- 
fions into futurity, and his predittions df ap¬ 
proaching profperity. Paterc. 2, c. 86 . — 
Hi rat. 2 , od- I. Sat. io, 1. 1.— Virg. Ed. 

3 & 4 — Vcl. Max;.?,, c. 13.— Quint. IO_ 

Annius, a man accufed of fedition before Ti¬ 
berius, and acquitted. He afterwards con- 
fpired againft Nero, &c. Tacit. 6, c. 9. L 

* 5 > c " -Vedius, one of the friends of 

Auguftus, wlx) ufed to feed his fifties with 
human fiefti. This cruelty was diliovered 
when one of his tenants broke a glafs in 
the pretence of Auguitus, who had been in¬ 
vited to a feaft. The matter ordered th* 
iervaiit to be feized; but he threw himfolf 
at the feet of the emperor*and begged him 
to interfere, and not to fuffer him to be de¬ 
voured by fifties. Upon this the caufes of 
his apprehenfion were examined, and Au-' 
guftus, aftonithed at the barbarity of his 
favorite, canted the tenant to be difmifled, 
all the fifh-ponds to be filled tip, and the 
cryftal glades of Poliio m be broken to 

pieces.-A man who poifoned Britan- 

nicus, at the ‘mitigation of Nero.-An 

hiftorian in the age of Conltantine the 

Great.-A lophilt in the age of Pompey 

the Great.—A fiic»d of the emperor Vetpa- 
fian. 

PoLps, a commander of the Lacedae¬ 
monian fleet defeated at Naxos, B. C. 37 7. 
Diod. 

Pollius Felix, a friend of the poet 
Statius, to whom he dedicated his lecond 
Syiva. 

Pollupex, now Final, a town rf Genoa. 

Poi.jlutia, a daughter of L. Vput 
to death after her hutband Rubellius Plapius, 
by order of Nero, &c. Tacit. 16. Ann. c. 
IO & 11. 

Pollux, a fon of Jupiter by Leda the 
wife of Tyndarus. He was brother to Cai- 

tor. [Fid. Caltor.]-A Greek writer, who 

floriftied A. D. 186, in the reign of Corn- 
modus, and died in the 58th year of his age. 
He was born at Naucratis, and taught rhetoric 
at Athens, and wrote an uleful work called 
Onowajiicon , of which the beft edition is 
that of Hemfterhufius, 2 vols. fbl. Amft. 
1706. 

Poltis, a king of'Thrace, in the time of 
the Trojan war. 

Polus, a celebrated Grecian attor.- - — 
A fophift of Agrigentum. 

Poi.usca, a town of Latium, formerly the 
capital of the Volici. The inhabitants were 
called PoLuJlifti . Liv- 2, C. 39 * 

Poly^enus, a native of Macedonia, who 
wrote eight books in Greek of ftratagems, 
which he dedicated to the emperors Anto¬ 
ninus arid Verus, while they were making war 
againft the Parthian s. He wrote alio other 
books which have been lcift, among which 
was an hutory, with a Uefcription cf the city 






PO 


PO 


of Thebes. The heft editions of his ftrata- 
gems are thole of Mafvicius, 8vo.L. Bat. 1690, 

and of Murfinna, nmo. Berlin, 1756.- 

A friend of Philopcemen.-An orator in 

the age of Julius Caefar. He wrote in three 
hook s an. account of Antony’s expedition in 

Paithia, and likewile publifhed orations.- 

A mathematician, who afterwards followed 
the tenets of Epicurus, and disregarded geome¬ 
try as a falfe and ufelefs ftudy. Cic. in Acad, 
qttajl. 4. 

PolyAnus, a mountain of Macedonia,near 
Pindus. Strab. 

Polyarciius, the brother of a queen of 
Cyrene, &c. Polyan. 8. 

Polybidas, a general after the death of 
Agelipolis the Lacedemonian. He reduced 
Olynthus. 

Polybius, or Polybus, a king of Corinth, 
who married Peribhea, whom fome have call¬ 
ed Merope. He was fon of Mercury by 
ChthUnophyle, the daughter of Sicyon, king 
of Sicyon. He permitted his wife, who had 
no children, to adopt and educate as her own 
fon, CEdipus, who had been found by his 
fhepherds expofed in the woods. He bad 
a daughter called Lyfianafla, whom he gave 
in marriage to Talaus, Ion pf Bias king of 
Argos. As he had no male child, he left 
his kingdom to Ariraftus, who had been 
banifhed from his throne, and who had fled 
to Corinth for protection. Hygin. fab. 66.— 
Pauf. 2 , c. 6.— Apollcd. 3, C. 5.— Seneca, in 
(Edify. Sl2. 

. Polybius, a native of Megalopolis in- 
Peloponnefus, fon of Lycortas. He was 
early initiated in the duties, ancf made ac¬ 
quainted with the qualifications of a (latef- 
man, by his father, who was a dr ng fup- 
porter of the Achaean league, and under 
him Philopcemen was taught the art of war. 
In Macedonia he diftinguilhed himfelf by 
his valor againlt the Romans, and when 
Perfeus had been conquered, he was car¬ 
ried to the capital of Italy’ as a prilbner of 
v>\ar. But he was not long buried in the ob- 
feurity of a dungeon. Scipio and Fabius 
were acquainted with his uncommon anilities 
as a warrior arid as a man of. learning, and 
they made him their friend by kindnefs and 
attention. Polybius was not ini'enfible to 
their merit; he accompanied Scipio in his 
expeditions, and was prefent at the taking 
of Carthage and Numantia. In the midftof 
his profpeiity, however, he felt the didreffes 
of his country, which had been reduced in¬ 
to a Roman province, and, like a true pa¬ 
triot, he relieved its wants, and eafed its fer- 
vitude by making life of the influence which 
he had acquired by his acquaintance with the 
mod powerful Romans. After the death of 
•his friend and behefadlor Scipio, he retired 
from Rome, and palled the red of his days 
at 'Megalopolis,' where he enjoyed the com¬ 
forts and honors which every good man can 


receive from the gratitude of his citizen*, 
and from the felf-fatisfadtion which attends- 
a humane and benevolent heart. He died 
in the 82d year of his age, about 124 years 
before Chrid, of a wound which he had re¬ 
ceived by a fall from his horle. He wrote 
an univerfal hidory in Greek, divided into 
40 books, which began with the wars of 
Rome with the Carthaginians, and finilhed 
with the conqued of Macedonia by Pau- 
lus. The greated part of this valuable hit- 
tory is lod ,* the five fird books are ^xtant, 
and of the twelve following the fragments 
are numerous. The hidory of Polybius is 
admired for its authenticity, and he is, per-^ 
haps, the only hiltorian among the Greeks, 
who was experimentally and profefiedly ac¬ 
quainted with the military operations, and 
the political meafures of which he makes 
’ mention. He has been recommended in every 
! age and country as the bed inader in the art 
of war, and nothing can more effectually 
prove the edeem in which he was held among 
the Romans, than to mention that Brutus, 

. the murderer of Ciefar, perufed his hidory 
with tl>e greated attention, epitomized it, and 
often retired from the field where he had 
drawn his fvvord againd Odtavius and Antony, 
to read the inftrubtive pages which deferibe'* 
the great actions of his ancedors. Polybius, 
however great and entertaining, is fometimes 
cenfured for his unneceffary digredions, for his 
uncouth and ill-digeded narrations, for his 
negligence, and the inaccurate arrangement of 
his words. But every where there is in- 
druftion to be found, information to be col¬ 
lected, and curious facts to be obtained, and 
it reflects not much honor upon Idvy for 
calling the hiltorian, from whom he has 
copied whole books almod word for word, 
without gratitude or acknowledgement, haud- 
quaijvam fpernendus aitdior. Dionyfius al¬ 
io of Halicarnaffus, is one of his mod vio¬ 
lent accuiers; but the hidorian has rather 
expoled his ignorance of true criticifm, than 
difcovered inaccuracy or inelegance. The. 
bed editions of Polybius are thole of Gro- 
novius, 3 vols. 8vo. Amd. 1670, of Ernedi, 

3 vols. 8vo. 1764^ and of Schweighaenfer, 

7 vols. 8vo. Lipl’. 1785. Pint, in Phil, in 
prcec. — Liv. 30, c. 45.— Pan/. 8, c. 30.—A 

freedman of Augudus. Suet. -A phyfi- 

cian, difciple and fucceffor of Hippocrates. 

-A foothfayer of Corinth, who foretold 

to his Ions the fate that attended thetn in the 
Trojan war. 

Poly bo: a, a daughter of Amyclas and 
Diomede, lifter to Hyacinthus. Pauf. 3, c. 
19. 

Poi,yb(Ktes. Vid. Poly poet es. 

Polybotes, one of the giants who made 
war • again ft Jupiter. He was killed by 
Neptune, who crulhed him under a part of 
the illand of Cos, as he was walking aCrofs 
the iEgeaii. Pauf. i,c. 2 .—ffjgin infra, fab. 

Poly- 







PO 


PO 


Poly bus, a king of Thebes in Egypt in 
the time of the Trojan war. Horn. Od. 22, 

v. 284.-One of Penelope’s fuitors. Ovid. 

Heroid. 1.-A king of Sicyon.-A king 

of Corinth. Vid. Polybius. 

Polycaon, a ion of Lelex who fucceeded 
his brother Myles. He received divine ho¬ 
nors after death with his wife MefTene, at 
Lacedtemon, where he had reigned. PauJ 4, 

c. I, &c. - A fon 0/ Butes, who married a 

daughter of Hyllus. 

PoLYCARi’us, a famous greek writer, 
born at Smyrna, ^nd educated at the expence 
of a rich but pious lady. Some fuppofe that 
he was St. John’s difciple. He became bilhop 
of Smyrna, and went to Rome to fettle the 
feftival of Eafter, but to no purpole. He was 
condemned to be burnt at Smyrna, A. D. 167. 
His epiftle to the Philippinns is fimple and 
' modell, yet replete with ufeful precepts and 
rules for the condudl or life. The belt edi¬ 
tion of Polycarp’s epiftle, is that of Oxon, 
8vo. 1708, being annexed to the works of 
Ignatius. 

Polycaste, the youngeft of the daughters 
ofNeftor. According to feme authors (he mar¬ 
ried Telemachus, when he vifited her father’s 
court in quell of Uiyfles. 

Polychares, a rich Mefienian, find to 
have been the caufe of the war which was 
kindled between the Spartans and his coun- 
t-ymen, which was called the lirlt Meflenian 
-war. 

Polyclea, the mother of Theftalus, 

&c. 

PoIycles, an Athenian in the time of 

Demetrius, &c. Polyun. 5.-A famous 

athlete, often crowned at the four folemn 
games of the Greeks. He had a ftatue in 
Jupiter’s gr >ve at Olympia, Pauft 6, c. 1. 

Polycletus, a celebrated ftatunry of 
Sicyon, about 232 years before Chrift. He 
was qniverlally reckoned the moll Ikilful 
artift of his profelfion among the ancients, 
and the fecond rank was given to Phidias. 
One of his pieces, in which he had repre- 
ientfcd a body guard of the king of Perfia, 
was fo happily executed, and fo nice and 
exa£t in all its proportions, that it was looked 
upon as a moll perfect model, and accordingly 
called the Rule . He was acquainted with archi¬ 
tecture. PauJ. 2 & 6— Quintil. 12, C. IO. - 

Another who lived about 30 years after.- 

A favorite of the emperor Nero, put to 
death by Galba. 

1 Polyclitus, an hiftorian of Larifla. Allen. 
12 .— 'MUan. 16, c. 41. 

Polycrates, a tyrant of Samos, wejl 
known for the continual flow of good for- 
tune which attended him. He became 
very powerful, and made hjmVelf mailer 
not only of the neighbouring iflands, but 
alfo of fome „cities on the coaft of Alia. 
He had a fleet of a hundred (hips, of war, 
and was fo univerfally reflected, tfiatAtju- 


fis, the king of Egypt, made a treaty of al¬ 
liance with him. The Egyptian monarch, 
however, terrified by his continued pro- 
fperity, adviied him to chequer his enjoy¬ 
ments, by relinquilhing fome of his moll 
favorite objeCls. Poly crates complied, and 
threw into the lea a beautiful leal, the 
moll valuable of his jewels. The volun¬ 
tary lofs of ib’precious a feal afflidled him 
for fome time, but in a few days after, he re¬ 
ceived as a prefent a large filh, in whole 
belly the jewel was found. Amafis no 
fooner heard this, than he rejedled all alli¬ 
ance’ with the tyrant of Samos, and obser¬ 
ved, that fooner or later his good fortune 
would vanifh. Some time after Polycrates 
; vifited Magnefia on the Maeander, where 
I he had been invited by Orgetes, the gover- 
| nor. He was Ihamefuliy put to death, 522 
I years before Chrift, merely becaufe the 
j governor wifhed to terminate the rofperity 
I of Polycrutes. The daughter of Polycrates 
; had dilfuaded her father from going to the 
{ houle of Oroetes, 011 account of the bad 
I dreams which (he had had, but her advice 
j was dilregarded. PauJ. 8, c. 14. — Strab. 

1 14.— Herodot. 3, c. 22, &c.-A lbphift 

{ of Athens, who to engage the public atten¬ 
tion, wrote a panegyric on Buliris and Cly- 

temneftra. Quintil. 2,0.17.-An ancient 

ftatuary. 

PolycrT.ta, or PolycrTta, a young 
woman of*Naxos, who became the wife of 
Diognetus, the general of the El ythreans, &c. 

Polyan. 8.-Another woman of Naxos, who 

died through the excefs of joy. Pint, de clar , 

Mul. 

Polycrxtus, a man who wrote the 
life of Dionyfius, the tyrant of Sicily.— 
Diog. 

Polyctor, the hulband of Stygna, one- 

of the Danaides. Apollod. 2, c. 1.-The 

father of Pilimder, one of Penelope’s l’uitors, 

-An athlete of Elis. It is laid , that he 

obtained a viClory at Olympia by bribing 
his adverfary Sofander, who was fuperior to 
him in ftrength and courage. PauJ, i 5, c. 
21 . 

Polyd&mon, an Aflyrian prince killed 
by Perleus. Ovid. Met. 5. fab. 3. 

Polydamas, a Trojan, fort of Amend* 
by Theano, the filler of Hecuba. He mar- 
j ried Lycafte, a natur.d daughter of Priam 
! He is acculed by feme of having b?trave4- 

| his country to die Greeks. Dares Phry. -. 

i A fon of Panthous, bom the lame night as 
| Hr &.or. He was inferior in valor to none 
■ of the Trojans, .except Hedtor, and his pru- 
j dencej the wifilpm of his couufels, and the_ 
j fijrmn.tfs of hi? mind, claimed equal admira- 
1 tion, and proved moll falutary to his unfor¬ 
tunate and mii'guided countrymen. He was.- 
{ at lalt killed by Ai.ix, after he had ftaugbtered. 
j a great number of the enemy, Diftys Cret. 
i, he.—Homer. II. 12, £.c, —~-A edebr^t-. 

i 4 ed 










PO 


PO 


ed athlete, fon of Nicias, who imitated Her¬ 
cules in whatever he did. He killed a lion 
with his fill, and it is faid that he could ftop 
with his hand a chariot in its moft rapid 
courfe. He was one day with fome of his 
friends in a cave, when on a i'udden, a large 
piece of rock came tumbling down, and 
while all fled away he attempted to receive 
the falling fragment in his arms. His pro¬ 
digious ftrength, however, was infufficient, and 
he was inftantly crufhed to pieces under 
the rock. Pat/f. 6, c. 5.--One of Alex¬ 

ander’s officers, intimate with Parmenio. Curt. 
4, c. 15. 

PoLvhAMNA, a wife' of Thonis, king of 
Egypt. It is laid that fhe gave Helen a cer¬ 
tain powder, which had the wonderful power 
of driving away care and melancholy. Homer. 
O-J. 4, v. 228. 

Polydectes, a king of Sparta, of the 
family of the Proclidie. He was fon of Eu- 
nomus. Pauf. 3, c. 7.-A fon of A 4 ag¬ 

ues, ky)g of the ifland of Seriphos. He 
received with great kindnefs Danae and her 
fon Perfeus, who had been expofed on the 
Cea by Acrilius. [ Hid. Perfeus.] He took 
particular care of the education of Perfeus; 
but when he became enamoured of Danae, 
he removed him from his kingdom, appre- 
henfive of his refentment. Some time after 
he paid his addreUes to Danae, and when 
the rejected him, he prepared to offer her 
violence. Danae fled to the altar of Mi¬ 
nerva for protection, and DiClys, the bro¬ 
ther of Polydectes, who had himlelf fared 
her from the fea-waters, oppofed her ravifh- 
er, and armed himfelf in her defence. At 
this critical moment, Perl'eus arrived, and 
with Medufa’s head he turned into ftones 
PolydeCtes, with the affociates of his guilt. 
The crown of Seriphos was given to Di&ys, 
who had (hewn himfelf fo adtive in the 
caufe of innocence. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 242.— 
Hygin.fab. 63, &c. - ■ A fculptor of Greece. 
Pirn. 

Poi.ydeucea, a fountain of Laconia, near 
Therapne. Strab. 9. 

Pot. v dor a, a daughter of Peleus king 
of Thyffaly, by Antigone, the daughter of 
Eurytion. She married the river Sperchi- 
us, by whom fhe had Mneltheus. Apollod. 

-One of the Oceanides. Heftod. -A 

daughter of Meleager king of Caiydon, who 
married Protefilaus. She killed herfelf 
when fhe heard that her hufband was dead. 
The wife of Protefilaus is more commonly 
called Liodamia. \Vid. Protefilaus.] Pa/f 

4, c. - A daughter of Perieres.-- 

An ifiand of the Propontis near Cyzicus. 

Polvdorus, a fon of Alcamenes, king 
of Sparta. He put an end to the war which 
bad been carried on during 20 years, be¬ 
tween MelTenia and his fubjedls, and during 
bis reign, the Lacedemonians planted two co¬ 
lonies, one at Crorona, and the other at Lo- 


cri. He was universally refpedldd. He 
was affaffinked by a nobleman, called Pole- 
marshus. His fon Eurycrntes fucceeded him 
724 years before Chrift. Pauf. 3.— Hero !ot. 

7, c. 204.---A celebrated carver ©f Rhodes, 

who with one (lone made the famous ftatue 
of Laocoon and his children. Plin. 34, c. 

8. -A fon of Hippomedon, who went with 

the Epigoni to the fecond Theban war. Patf. 
2. —s-Afon of Cadmus and Hermione, who 
married NyCteis, by whom he had Lahdacus, 
the father of I.aius. He had fucceeded ttr 
the throne of Thebes, when his father had 
gone to Illyricum. Apollod. 3. -A bro¬ 

ther of Jal’on of Pheras, who killed his bro¬ 
ther, and feized upon his poffelfions. Diod. 

25-.-A fon of Priam killed by Achilles. 

-Another fon of Priam hy Hecuba, or 

according to others by Laothoe, the daughter 
of Altes, king of Ped.il'us. As he was 
young and inexperienced when Troy was be- 
iieged by the Greeks, his father removed 
him to the court of Polymneftor, king of 
Thrace, and alio entrufled to the care of the 
monarch a large fum of money, and the 
greateft part of his treafures, till his country 
was freed from foreign invafion. No fooner 
was the death of Priam known in Thrace 
than Polymneftor made himlelf mafter of the 
riches which were in his poffeflion, and to 
eniure them the better, he affaffinated young 
Polydorus, and threw his body into the lea, 
where it was found by Hecuba. \_Vid. He¬ 
cuba.] According to Virgil the body of Po^ 
lydorus was buried near the fhore by his affaf- 
fin, and there grew on his grave a myrtle, 
whofe boughs dropped blood, when ^Eneas, go¬ 
ing to Italy, attempted to tear them from the 
tree. [ Vid. Polymneftor.] Virg. JEn. 3, v. 
21, &c.— Apollod. 3, C. 12.— Ovid. Met. 13. 
v. 432. — Homer. II. 20. — Difiyf. Cret. 2. C. 

18. 

Poi Yfiius, a fum am e of Mercury. Pauf. 

Polygnotus, a celebrated painterof Tha- 
fos, about 422 years before the Chriftian era. 
His father’s name was Aglaophon, He adorn¬ 
ed one of the public porticos of Athens with 
his paintings, in which he had reprelented the 
moft ftriking events of the Trojan war. 
He particularly excelled in giving grace, live- 
linefs, and expreftion to his pieces. The 
Athenians were fo pjeafed with him, that 
they offered to reward his labors with what¬ 
ever he pleafed to accept. He declined this 
generous offer, and the AmphiCtyonic coun¬ 
cil, which was compofed of the reprefe na¬ 
tives of the principal cities of Greece, or¬ 
dered that Polygnotus fhoulc) be maintained 
at the public expence wherever he went.— 
Quintil. 12, C. 19.— Plin. 33 & 34.— Pint, in 
Ci?n. — Pauf. 10, e. 25, kc .——A ftatuary. 
Plin. 34. _ 

Polygonus and Teleconus, fons of 
Proteus ayd Coronis, were killed by Hercules. 
Apollod. 

PoLYHyM- 








’ Pa:.YrrTaiNi.vand Polymvia, tmc-.of 
the Miiies, daughter of Jnpiter and Mne- 
mofyne. She prefided bvsr finging ami rhe¬ 
toric, and was deemed the inxentrefs of har¬ 
mony. She was reprelented veiled in white, 
holding a feeptre in her left hand, and with 
her right railed up, as if ready to harangue. 
.She had a crown of jewels cm her head. 
HjtoJ. Tbeog. 7$ Sc 915.— Pint, in Syrnp. 
— Hei'ct . I, od, I.— Ovid Fuji. 5, v. 9 Sc 
53 - 

Poctidus, a plryfician who brought 
bade r« life Glaucus, the l'on of Minos, by. 
applying to his body a certain herb, with 
which he had leen a ferpent reftore life to 
another which was dead. [Fid. Glaucus.] 

April»<1. 3,c. 3.— Pauf. 1, c. 43.-A fon of 

Hercules hy one of the daughters of Theftius. 

Apol/oJ. -A Corinthian foothfayer, called 

alfo Polybitu. -Adithyrambic poet, painter, 

and muftcian. 

PolvlXus, a fon of Hercules aud Cra- 
the, daughter of Thefpius. 

1 ‘oi.YMKNE), an officer appointed to take 
rare of Kgypt after it had been conquered bv 
Alexander. Curt. 4. c. 8. 

Poj-YmIdIi, a daughter of Autolvcus. 
wlio married AElbn, Ly whom lhe hid Jafon. 
She furvived her hufband ouly a few days.— 
Apollo A r, c. 13. 

Polymedon, one of Priam's illegitimate 
children. 

Poly mk la, one of Diana’s companions. 
She was daughter of Phylas, and had a Ion 
by Mercury. Homer. II. i6 .~——A daughter 
of TEolus, feduced bv Ulyfles.-A daugh¬ 

ter of A&or. She was the taril wife of Peleus 
•lie fatlier of Achilles. 

PoiYM.vr^TEs, a Greek poet of Colophon. 

Pun/. i,c 14.-A native of Thera, father 

of Ilattus, or Ariftoctes, by Phronima, the 
daughter of Etearchus, king of Oaxu*. He¬ 
rodA. 4, c. I CO. 

PotvMNESTon, n king of the Thraciin 
Cbcrfonefus, who married Uione the eideft 
of Priam’s daughters. When the Greeks be- 
fieg^d Troy, Priam lent the greateft part of 
his trealures, together with Polyrlerus, the 
voungeft of his foils, to Thr ice, where they 
were entr lifted to the care of Polymneftor. 
'1 he Thracian monarch paid every attention 
to his brother-in-law; but when lie was in¬ 
formed that Priam was dead, he murdered 
him to become mailer of the riches which 
were in his polfeff-on. At that time, the 
Greeks were returning victorious from Troy, 
followed by all the captives, among whom 
Was Hecuba, the mother of Polydorus. i lie 
fleet (topped on the coaft of Thrace, where 
one of the female captives difcovfcred on the 
fhcre the body of Polydorus, whom I dym- 
neflor had thrown into the fea. The dread¬ 
ful intelligence was immediately 'communi¬ 
cated to the molfcer, and Hecuba, who re- 
cotie&ed tlie frightful dreams which ftie had 


had on the preceding night, did not doubt 
bur Polymneftor was the cruel aflaifin. i>h* 
refolvcd to revetige her fon’* death, and im¬ 
mediately the called out Polymneftor, as if 
wilhing to impatt to him a matter of the 
moll important nature. The tyrant was 
drawn into the fuare, and was no lboner in¬ 
troduced into the apartments of the Trojan 
princefs, than the female captives refned 
upon him, and put out his eyes with their 
pins, while Hecuba murdered his two chil¬ 
dren who had accompanied hi v. AocoiV- 
ing to Euripides, the Greeks condemned 
Polymneftor to be baniihed into a dillant 
tilnnd for his perfidy. Hyginus, however, 
relates the whole differently, and o Weaves, 
that when Polydorus was lent to Thrace, 
Uione, his lifter, took him inftead of her (bn 
Deiphilus, who was of the lame age, ap- 
prehenfive of her hutband’s cruelty. The 
monarch was unacquainted with the impbii- 
tion, he looked upon Polydorus as his own 
fon, and treated Deiphilus as the' brother ot 
(Jione. After the deilruction of Froy, the 
conquerors who wilhed the houfe and fa 
milyofl'riam to be totally extirpated, offer¬ 
ed F.leftra, the daughter of Agamemnon, 
to Polymneftor, if he would deilroy Uione 
and Polydorus. The monarch acceded the 
offer, and immediately dilpatclved his own 
fon Deiphilus, whom he had been taught to 
regard ;:s Polydorus, Polydorus, who 
as the fon of Polymneftor, eonfiiltqd the 
oracle after the murder of Deiphilus, and 
when he was informed that Ids father was 
dead, l\is mother a captive ia the hands of 
the Greeks, and his country in ruins, he 
communicated the anfwer of the god to Et¬ 
on e, whom he had always regarded as hiv 
mother. Uione told him the meafure (he 
had pitrfued to fave his life, slid upon this 
he avenged the perfidy of Polymneftor, 
by putting out his eyes. Eurip. in fbec/F. 
—Hy gin. fab. £02. — F'zrg. Jll n. 3, v. 45, 

kc. - Ovid. Met, 13, v. 430, See.- 

A king of Arcadia, fucceeded on the 

throne by Ecmis. Pauf. 8.-A young 

Miiefian who took a hare in running, 
afterwards obtained a prize at the Olympic 
games. 

PoltnTces, a fon of CSdipua* king «jf 
Thebes, by Jo calls. He inherited his E»- 

ther’c throne with his brother Eteodes, and 
it was mutually agreed between the two bro¬ 
thers, that they Ihould reign each a year 
alternately. Eteodes firft afeended the throne 
1 by right of feniority ; hut when the year wj*- 
[ expired, he refufed to refign the crown to 
his brother. Polynices, upon this, fled tv* 
j Argos, where he married Argia, the daugh¬ 
ter of Adraftus, the king of ;the country, 
and levied a large army, at the head -«T 
which he marched to Thebes. The com¬ 
mand of this army was divided amon.; 

■ .even celebrated chiefs, who vuhc to atuck 
$ lire 












P o 


* PO 

the (even gates of the city of Thebes. The 
battle was decided by a tingle combat be¬ 
tween the two brothers, who both killed 
one another. [ Vid. Eteocles.] JEJ'chyl. 
fept. ante Th b. — Eurip. Pfaniff. — Senec. 
in Thcbt — Diod. 4.— Hygin. fab. 68, &C. 
— Pauf. 2 , C. 20 . 1 . 9, C. J.— />polled 3. c. 

5 * 

Polynoe, one of the Nereides. Apollcd. 

3, c. 2. 

PolypkmoNj a famous thief called, al- 
fo Procnfes, who plundered all the travel¬ 
lers about the Cephilus, and near Eleufis in 
Attica. He was killed by Thelcns. Ovid 
calls him father of Procruftes, and Apollo- 
dorus of Sini . [ Fid. Procrulles.] Pauf. 1, 

c. 38.— Ovid, in lb. 409.— Uiod. 4.— Plut. in 
Tbcf. 

Polyi’erciion, or Po l y s per chon, one 
of the officers of Alexander. Antipater at 
Ids death, appointed him governor of the^ 
kingdom of Macedonia, in preference to his 
own ion Caffiander. Polyperchcn, though 
old, and a man of experience, ffiowed great 
ignorance in the adminillration of the go¬ 
vernment. He became cruel not only to 
the Greeks, or Inch as oppofed his ambi¬ 
tious views, but even to the* helplefs and 
innocent children and friends of* Alexander, 
to whom he was indebted for his rife and 
military reputation. He was killed in a 
battle 309 B. C. Curt. — Died. 17, Sec .— 
Jufiin. 13. _ 

Polyphemus, a celebrated Cyclops, king 
of all the Cyclops in Sicily, and ion of 
Neptune and i'hoofa, the daughter of 1 hor- 
cys. He is reprel’ented as a inonfter of 
llrength, of a tall ttature, and one eye in the 
middle of the forehead. He fed upon human 
Belli, and kept l.is flocks on the coails of 
Sicily, when Ulylfes, af his return from the 
Trojan war, was driven there. The Gre¬ 
cian prince, with twelve of liis companions, 
vifiied the coaLt, and were leized by the Cy¬ 
clops, who confined them in his cave, and 
daily devoured two of them. Ulyfies vvAuld 
have fturcd the fate of his companions, had 
he net intoxicated the Cyclops, and put out 
his eye with a firebrand while he was afleep. 
Polyphemus was awaked by the Hidden pain, 
he flopped the entrance of his cave, but Uly fi¬ 
les made his elcape by creeping between the 
legs of the rams of the Cyclops, as they were 
led out to feed on the mountains. Poly¬ 
phemus became enamoured of Galatasa, but 
his addr.cffes w'ere diliegarded, and the nymph 
fhunued hjs prefence. '1 he Cyclops was merg, 
carneft, and when he law Gaiattca lurrender 
herl'elf to the plealurcs of Ada, he crufhed 
his,rival with a piece of a broken rock. Tbec- 
trit. I -— Ovid. Piet. 13, v. 772.— Homer. Qd. 
jej .— Eurip.in Cyclop —liygin. fob. 125.— 
Vir g. JEn. 3, v. 61 y, &c.——One of the 
Argonauts, ion of flatus and hi ippea. Hy¬ 
gin. 14* 


Polyp jionta, one of Diana’s nymphs, 
daughter of Hippo nus and T hr sola. 

Poly phontes, one of the Heraclidte, who 
killed Crefphonr.es, king of Meffienia, and 

ufurped his crown. Hygin. fob. 137.-One 

of tire Theban generals, under Eteocles. PEfo 
chyl. Sept, ante Tbeb. 

Poi.ypcetes, a fon of Pirithous and Hip- 
pocamia, at the Trojan war. Hower. 11. 2. — 

Pauf to, v. 26.-A fon of Apollo by Py- 

thia.-One of the Troians whom Aineas 

law when he vifited the. infernal regions. Virg, 
JEn. 6,v. 484. 

Polysperciion. Vid. Polyperchon, , 

Polystratus, a Macedonian foldier, 
who found Darius after he had been ftabbed 
by Beffus, and gave him water to drink, 
and carried the lalt injunctions of the dying, 

monarch to Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 13.-■ 

An epicurean philofopher who florillied B. C. 

238. 

Polytecmus, an artift of Colophon, who 
married JEdon, the daughter of Pandarus. 

Polyt 1 on, a friend of Alciuiades, with 
whom he profaned the myfteries of Ceres. 
Pauf. I, C. 2. 

Polytimetus, a river ofSogdiana. Curt. 

6, c. 4. . V * 

Polyfhron, a prince killed by liis nephew 
Alexander, the tyrant of Pherate. 

Pol ytropus, a man fent by the Lacedae¬ 
monians with an army agaiml the" Arcadians. 
He was killed at Orchomenus. Diod. 15. . 

Polyxena, a daughter of I riarn and 
Hecuba, celebrated for her beauty and ac- 
complifhments. Achilles became enamourr 
ed of her, .-and folicited her hand, and their 
marriage would have been confummated, 
had not Heitor her brother oppoled it. Po¬ 
lyxena, according to fome authors, accom¬ 
panied her father when he went to the tent 
of Achilles to redeem the body of his Ion 
Heitor. Some time after the Grecian hero 
came into the temple of Apollo to obtain 
a fight cf the T rojan princels, but he was 
murdered there by Paris; and Polyxena, 
who had returned his affeition, was lb af- 
fiiited at his death, that (lie went and iacri- 
ficed herfelf on his tomb. Some however 
luppole that that facrifice was not voluntary, 
but that the manes of Achilles appeared to 
the Greeks as they were going to embark, 
and demanded of them the iacr’fice of Po¬ 
lyxena. The princefs who was in the num¬ 
ber of rhe captives, was upon this dragged to 
her lover’s tomb, and there immolated by 
Neoptolemus, the fon of Achilles. Ovid, 
diet. 13, fab. 5, See. — Didfys Cret. 3 Sc 5.— 
Virg. JEn. 3, v. 321.— Catul. ep. 63.— Hygin. 
fab. 90. 

Polyxenidas, a Syrian general, who'll 0- 
rilhed H. C. 192. 

Poly:^£nus, ope of the Greek princes 
during the Trojan war His father’s name 
was Agafthenes. Homer. It, 2,. — Pauf. 3, 

3 *— 


c. . 










PO 


PO 


3.-A Con of Medea by Jafon.-A young 

Athenian who became blind, &c. Plut. in 

Parall. -A general of Dionyfius, from 

whom he revolted. 

Polvxo, a prieftefs of Apollo’s temple 
in Lemnos. She was alio nurfe to queen 
Hypfipyle. It was by her advice that the 
Lemnian women murdered all their hufbnnds. 

Apollon. I .-~Flacc. 2.—Hy gin. fab, IJ.- 

One of the Atlantides--A native of Ar¬ 

gos, who married Tlepolemus, fon of Her¬ 
cules. She followed him to Rhodes, after 
the murder of his uncle Licyranius, and 
when he departed for the Trojan war 
with the reft of the Greek princes, Ihe be¬ 
came the foie miftrefs of the kingdom. Af¬ 
ter the Trojan war, Heten fled from Pelo- 
ponnet'us to Rhodes where Polyxo reigned. 
Polyxo detained her, and to punifh her 
as being the cauiV of a war, in which 
Tlepolemus had perifhed, ie ordered her 
to be hanged on a tree by her female 
.fervants, dilguited in the habit of Fu¬ 
ries. [P’id. Helena.] Pauf. 5, c. 19.- 

The wife of Nycleus.-One of the wives 

[ of JDanaus. 

Poi.yzklus, a Greek poet of Rhodes. 
He had written a poem on the origin and 
, birth of Bacchus, Venus, the Mufes, &c. 

■ Some of his verfes are quoted by Athe- 
• in us. Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 14.-An Athe¬ 

nian archon. 

Pomaxjethrks, a Parthian foldier, who 
killed CrafTus according to fome." Pint. 

PoMETlA,PoMETlI, and PoMETIA SuES- 
sa, a town of the Volfci in Latium, totally 
deftroyed by the Romans, becaufe it had 
revolted. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 775. — Liv. 2, 
c.17. 

PometIna, one of the tribes of die people 
at Rome. 

Pomona, ? nymph at Rome who was 
fuppofed to prefide over gardens, and to be 
the goddefs of all forts of fruit-trees. She 
had a temple at Rome, and a regular pried 
tailed Plamen Pomohalis, who offered facri- 
fices to her divinity, for the prefervation of 
fruit. She was generally reprefented as fit¬ 
ting on a balket full of flowers and fruit, 
and holding a bough in one hand, and ap¬ 
ples in the other. Pomona was particularly 
delighted with the cultivation of the earth, 
fbe difdained the toils of the field, and the 
fatigues of hunting. Many of the gods of 
the country endeavoured to gain her affe&ion, 
but fhe received their addreffes with cold- 
nefs. Vertumnus was the only one who, by 
alfuming different fhapes, and introducing him- 
felf into her company, under the form of 
an old woman, prevailed upon her to break 
her vow of celibacy and to marry him. This 
deity was unknown among the Greeks. Ovid. 
Af t. 14 , V. 628, &C. — Fejlus tie V.Jig. 

Pompeia, a daughter of Sextus Pom¬ 
pey, by Scribonia. She was prvnrvHed to 


Marcellus, as a means of procuring a recon¬ 
ciliation between her father and the trium¬ 
virs, but me married Scribonius Libo.-• 

A daughter of Porhpey the Great, Julius 
Crefar’s third wife. She was accufed of in¬ 
continence, becaufe Clodius had introduced 
himfelf in women’s cloaths into the room 
where fhe was celebrating the myfteries of 
Cybele. Caefar repudiated her upon this 

acculation. Pint. -The wife of An nee us 

Seneca, was the daughter of Pompeius Paul- 

linus.-There was a portico at Rome, called 

Pompeia , much frequented by all orders of 

people. Ovid. art. am. V. 67. - Mart. II, 

ep. 48. 

Pompeia lex, by Pompey the Great, 
dc ambitu■, A. U. C. 701. It ordained that 
whatever perfon .had been convifted of the 
crime of ambitus , fhould be pardoned, pro¬ 
vided he could impeach two others of the 
fame crime, and occafion the condemnation 

of one of them.-Another by the fame, 

A. U. C. 701, which forbade the ufe of lau- 
datores in trials, or perfons who gave a good 
character of the priioner then impeached, 

-Another by the fame A. U. C. 683. 

It reftored to the tribunes their original pow¬ 
er and authority, of which they had been de¬ 
prived by the Cornelian law.-Another 

by the fame A. U. C. 701. It fhortened the 
forms of trials, and enacted that the three 
firft days of a trial Ihould be employed in 
examining witneffes, and it allowed only 
one day to the parties to make their acctifa- 
tion and defence. The plaintiff was confin¬ 
ed to two hours, and the defendant to three. 
This law had for its objeft the riots, which 
happened from the quarrels of Clodius and 

Milo.-Another by the fame, A. U. C. 

698. It required, that the judges Ihould 
be the richeit of every century, contrary to 
the ulual form. It was however requifite 
that they Ihould be fuch as the Aurelian 

law preferibed.-Another of the fame, A. 

U. C. 701. Pompey was by this empowered 
to continue in the government of Spain five 
years longer. 

Pompeianus Jupiter, 3 large ftatueof 
Jupiter, near Pompey’s theatre, whence it 
received its name. Plut. 34, c. 7. 

Pompeianus, a Roman knight of An¬ 
tioch, railed to offices of the greateft trull, 
under the emperor Aurelius, whofe daugh¬ 
ter Lucilla he married. He lived in great 
popularity at Rome, and retired from the 
court when Commodus fucceeded to the 
imperial crown. He ought, according to 

Julian’s opinion, to have been chofen and 

adopted as fiTcceffor by M. Aurelius.-. 

A general of Maxentius, killed by Conftan- 

tine.-A Roman put to death by Cara- 

calla, 

Pompeii or PompEium, a town of Cam¬ 
pania, built, as fome fuppofo, by Hercules ‘ 
and lb called becaufe the hero there exhibited 
Si the 










the long procefiion (fonpa\ of the heads 
of Geryon, whieh he had obtained by con- 
qneft. it was partly demolilhed by an earth¬ 
quake, A. D. 63, and afterwards rebuilt. 
.Sixteen years after it w s fwallowed up by 
another earthquake, which accompanied one 
pf the eruptions of mount Veiyvius. Her¬ 
culaneum, in its neighbourhood, (hared the 
f:\me fate. The people of the town were 
then afiembled in a theatre, where public 
.fpeCtacles were exhibited, Vid. Herculane¬ 
um. Liv. 9, c. 38.- — Strab. 6.— Me! a, 2. c.- 
4.^—Dionyf. I.— Seneca, (^uarf. 4.— "Batin. 8 . 

PoMrKiovoeis, a town of Ciliqa, fonrtei- 

ly called Soli. Mcla % i, c. 17.-Another 

in Paphlagonia, originally called Eupatoria, 
which name was exchanged when Pompey 
conquered Mithridates. 

O. Pompeius, a conlul who carried' on 
war jagainlt the Numan tines* and made a 
lbameful treaty^ He is the tjyft of that no¬ 
ble family, of whom mention is made. Flor. 

i, c. 18., - ^Gneus, a Roman general, who 

made war 2gain(t the Mai/i, and triumphed 
over the Piceni. He declared. nWfelf againft 
Ginna and Marius, and luppoiteq.the intereft 
of the republic.. He was .furpamed ,Strab'\ 
becapfe he lquiuted. ■ Wlple lie was march¬ 
ing againft; Marius, a plague ,br,ok.e out in 
his army,. and, raged with luqn yiolence, that 
it carried away II,OCO men in a few days. 
He ,\vas killed by a flafli of, lightening, and 
35, he had behaved with cruelty while in p Av¬ 
er, the people dragged his body through the 
ftreqts of Rome with an iron hook, and 
threw.it into the Tiber. Paterc. 2 . — Pint, in 

Pomp. -Rufus, a Roman conful with 

Sylla. He was fent to finilh the Marfian 
war, but the army mutinied at the inftiga- 
tion of Pompeius Strabo, whom he was to 
fucceed in command, and he was aflaffinat- 
ed by fome of the folaiers, Appian Civ. 1. 

--A general who fucceeded Metelhis in 

Spain, and was the occafion of a war with 

Nimiantia.-Another general taken pri- 

foqer by Mithridates.-Sextus, a governor 


of Spain, who cured himfelf of the gout by 
placing himfelf in corn above the knee. Pirn 
22, c. 25. -Rufus a graixlfon of Sylla 


A tribune of the foldiers in .Nero’s 
reign, deprived of his office when Pifo’s con- 
fpiracy was difeovered. Tacit. -A con¬ 


ful praifed for his learning and abilities. Ovid. 

ex poni. 4, ep. r.-A foil of Theophanes 

of Mitylene,' famous for his intimacy with 
Pompey the Great, and for his writings. Ta¬ 
cit. Ann. 6.-A tribune of a pretorian 

cohort under Galba.-A Roman knight 

put to death by the emperor Claudius for 
his adultery with Melfalina. Tacit. II, Ann. 

* -Cneus, furnamed Magnate from the 

greatnefs pf liis exploits, was fon of Pom¬ 
peius Strabo, and Lucilia. He early diftin- 
guifhed himfelf in the field of battle, and 
fought with fuccefs and bravery under his 


father, .whole courage and military prudence 
he imitated. He began his career wit !t 
great popularity, the beauty and 1 elfegance of 
his perfbn gained him- admirers,, and by 
pleading at the bar, he dilplayetr his elb- 
! quence, and received the moft 'unbounded' 

! applatife. In the. difturbances which agitated 
| Rome, by the ambition and avarice of Ma¬ 
rius and'Sylla, Pompey followed the intereft 
of the latter, and by levying three.legions for 
his fervice he gained his friendfliip and his 
prote&ion. In the a6th year of his age, he 
Conquered Sicily, which was in the power of 
Marius and his adherents, and in 40 days he 
regained all the territories of Africa, which- 
had forlaken the intereft of Sylla. This ra¬ 
pid fuccefs aftoniflied the Romans, and 
Sylki, who admired and dreaded the rifing 
power of Pompey, recalled him to Rome, 
Pompey immedraf-ely 'obeyed, and the dic¬ 
tator, by fainting him w ith the appellation of 
the Great, (hewed to the world what ex¬ 
pectations he formed from the maturer age 
of his victorious lieutenant. This founding 
title was not fufficient to gratify the ambition 
of Pompey, he demanded a triumph, and 
when Sylla refilled to grant it, he emphati¬ 
cally exclaimed, that the fun (hone with mhre 
ardor at his rifing than at his letting. His 
afliira'nce gained what petitions and ent'rehties- 
could.not obtain, and he was the firft Rjaman 
knight who, without an office under the apJ 
pointment of the' fenate, marched in trium¬ 
phal proceffion through the ftreets of Rome. 
He now appeared, not as a dependant, but asf 
a rival of the dictator, and his oppofition to 
his meafures totally excluded him from his* 
will. After the death of Sylla, Pompey 
fupported himfelf againft the remains of the ; 
Marian faction, which were headed by Lepi-* 
dus. He defeated them, put an end to the 
war which the revolt of Sertorius in Spain' 
hadoccafioned, and obtained a fecond triumph,' 
though ftill a private citizen, about 73 years, 
before the chriftian era. He was foon after 
made conful, and in that- office he reftored 1 
the trihunitial power to its original dignity,* 
and in forty days removed the pirates front, 
the Mediterranean, where they had reigned 
for many years, and by their continual plun¬ 
der and audacity, almoft deftroyed the whole* 
naval power of Rome. While he profecuted* 
the piratical war, and extirpated thefe mari- ■* 
time robbers in their obfeure retreat in Cili-* 
cia, Pompey was called to greater undertakings,* 
and by the influence of his friends at Rome, 
and of the tribune Manilius, he was empower-' 
ed to finilh the war againft two of the mo(T 
powerful monarchs of Alia, Mithridates king* 
of Pontus, and Tigranes king of Armenia. . 
In this expedition Pompey (bowed himfelf no-- 
ways inferior to Lucullus, who was then at' 
the head of the Roman armies, and who re-'"'* 
figned with reluctance an office which would" 
have made him the conqueror of Mithridates 

■ anch 








PO 


PO 


and the matter of all Afia. His operations 
againft the king of Pentus were bold and vi¬ 
gorous, and in a general engagement the 
Romans fo totally defeated the enemy, that 
the Aliatic monarch elciped with difficulty 
trom the field of battle. [ffiJ. Mithridaticum 
bellum.] Pompey did not lofe light of the 


' tical hands which held the jarring intereft of 
| Csefar and Pompey united. Pompey dreaded 
his father-in-law, and yet.he affetted to de- 
| l'pife him; and by iuffering anarchy to prevail 
in Rome, he convinced his fellow-citizens of 
[ the necelfity of inverting him with dictatorial 


advantages dil'p.itch would enfure ; he entered 
Armeuia, received the fubmiilion of king Ti- 
granes, and after he had conquered the Alba - 
nians and Iberians, vifited couimies which 
were lcarce known to the Romans, and, like 
a mafter of the world, dilpofed of kingdoms 
and provinces, and received homage from 12 
crowned heads at once; he entered Syria, and 
puttied his conquefts as far as the Red Sea. 
Part of Arabia was fUbdued, Judiea become a 
Roman province, and when he had now no¬ 
thing to tear from Mithridates, who had volun¬ 
tarily deftroyed himfelf, Pompey returned to 
Italy with all the pomp and majelty of an 
eaftern conqueror. The Romans dreaded his 
approach, they knew his power, and his influ¬ 
ence among his troops, and they feared the re¬ 
turn of another tyrannical Sylla. Pompey, 
however, banifhed their fears, he dilbanded 
his army, and the conqueror of Afia entered 
Rome like a private citizen. This modeft 
and prudent behaviour gained him more 
friends and adherents than the moft unbound¬ 
ed power, aided with profufion and liberality. 
He was honored with a triumph, and the 
Romans, for three fucceflive days, gizedwith 
aftonilhment on the riches and the fpoils which 
their conquefts had acquired in the eaft, and 
exprefted their raptures at the fight of the 
different nations, habits, and treafures, which 
preceded the conqueror’s chariot. But it was 
not this alone which gratified the ambition, and 
flattered the pride of the Romans*, the ad¬ 
vantages of their conquefts were more lading 
than an empty fhow, and when 20,000 talents 
were brought into the public trealury, and 
when the revenues of the republic were 
raifed from 50 to 85 millions of drachma?, 
Pompey became more powerful, more flatter¬ 
ed, and more envied. To ftrengthen himfelf, 
and to triumph over his enemies, Pompey 
foon after united bis interefl with that of Catfar 
and CrafTus, and formed the firft triumvirate, 
by lolemnly fwearing that their attachment 
fiiould be mutual, their caufe common, and 
their union permanent. The agreement was 
completed by the marriage of Pompey with 
Julia, the daughter of Casfar, and the pro¬ 
vinces of the republic were arbitrarily divided 
among the triumvirs. Pompey was allotted 
Africa and the two Spains, while CrafTus re¬ 
paired to Syria, to add Parthia to the empire 
of Rome, and Caeiar remained fatisfied with 
the reft, and the continuation of his power as 
governor of Gaul for five additional years*. 
But this powerful confederacy was foon bro¬ 
ken, the fudden death of Julia, and the total 
defeat of CfuiTus in Syria, fluttered the poll- 


power. But while the conqueror of Mithri¬ 
dates was as a fovereign at Rome, the ad¬ 
herents of Cxfar were not filent. They de¬ 
manded that either the conlullhip fhould be 
given to him, or that he fhould be continued 
in the government of Gaul. This juft de¬ 
mand would perhaps have been granted, but 
Cato oppoled it, and when Pompey fent for 
the two legions which he had lent to Caefar, 
the breach became more wide, and a civil war 
inevitable. Ctefar was privately preparing to 
meet his enemies, while Pompey remained 
indolent, and gratified his pride in feeing all 
Italy celebrate his recovery from an indifpofi- 
tion by univerlal rejoicings. But he was foon 
roufed from his inactivity, and it was now time 
to find his friends, if any thing could be ob¬ 
tained from the caprice and the ficklenefs of a 
people which he had once delighted and 
amufed, by the exhibition of games and fpec- 
tacles in a theatre which could contain 20,000 
fpetlators. Czelar was now near Rome, he 
had crofted the Rubicon, which was a declara¬ 
tion of hoftilities, and Pompey, who had once 
boafted that he could raife legions to his aftift- 
ance by (tamping on the ground with his foot, 
fled from the city with precipitation, and re¬ 
tired to Brundufium with the confuls and part 
of the fenators. His caufe, indeed, was po¬ 
pular, he had been inverted with dilcretionary 
power, the fenate had entreated him to pro¬ 
tect the republic againft the ufurpation and ty¬ 
ranny of Caefar ; and Cato, by embracing his 
caufe, and appearing in his camp, feemed to 
indicate that he was the friend of the repub¬ 
lic, and the affertor of Roman liberty and in¬ 
dependence. But Csefar was now matter of 
Rome, and in fixtv days all Italy acknowledged 
his power, and the conqueror haftened to 
Spain, there to defeat the intereft of Pompey, 
and to alienate the hearts of his foldiers. 
He was too iuccefsful, and when he had gain¬ 
ed to his caufe the weftern parts of the Ro¬ 
man empire, Cielar crofted Italy and arrived 
in Greece, where Pompey had retired, fup- 
ported by all the power of the eaft, the wifhes 
of the republican Romans, and by a numerous 
and well difeiplined army. Though fuperior 
in numbers, he refuled to give the enemy 
battle, while Caefar continually harafted him, 
and even attacked his camp. Pompey repel¬ 
led him with* great fuccefs, and he might have 
decided the war, if he had continued to purfue 
the enemy, while their confufion was great, 
and their efcape almoft impoffible. Want of 
provifiorts obliged Cxfar to advance towards 
Theflalv ; Pompey purfued him, and in the 
plains of Pharfalia the two armies engaged. 
The whole was conducted againft the advice 
S * % and 



PO 


PO 


and approbation of Pompey, and by fuffering 
his troops to wait for the approach of the ene¬ 
my, he deprived his foldiers of that advantage 
which the army of Cjefar obtained by running 
to the charge with fpirit, vigor, and anima¬ 
tion. The cavalry of Pompey foon gave way, 
and the general retired to his camp, over¬ 
whelmed with grief and lhame. But here 
there was no fafety, the conqueror pulhed on 
every fide, and Pompey difguifed himfelf, and 
fled to the lea-coaft, whence he palled to 
Egypt, where he hoped to find a fafe afylum, 
till better and more favorable moments return¬ 
ed, in the court of Ptolemy, a prince whom 
he had once protected and enfured on his 
throne. When Ptolemy was told that Pompey 
claimed his prote&ion, he confulted his minif- 
ters, and had the baienefs to betray and to de¬ 
ceive him. A boat was lent to fetch him on 
fhore, and the Roman general left his galley, 
after an affe&ionate and tender parting with his 
wife Cornelia. The Egyptian tailors fat in 
fullen filence in the boat, and when Pompey 
difembarked, Achillas and Septimius affafii- 
nated him. His wife who had followed him 
with her eyes to the Ihore, was a fpeCtator 
of the bloody icene, and fhe battened away 
from the bay of Alexandria, not to lhare his 
miferable fate. He died B. C. 48,111 the 58th 
or 59th year of his age, the day after his birth 
day. His head was out off and'lent to Caflar, 
who turned away from it with horror, and lbed 
a flood of tears. The body was left for fome 
time naked on the fea-fhore, till the humani¬ 
ty of Philip, one of his freedmen, and an old 
foldier, who had often followed his ftandard 
to viCfory, raifed a burning pile, and depofited 
Ills alhes under a mound of earth. Csefar 
ereCted a monument on his remains, and the 
emperor Adrian two centuries after, when he 
vilited Egypt, ordered it to be repaired at his 
own expence, and paid particular honor to the 
memory of a great and good man. The cha¬ 
racter of Pompey is that of an intriguing and 
artful general, and the oris prohi, and an into 
stiverecundo of Salluft, Ihort and laconic as it 
may appear, is the belt and molt defcriptive 
(picture of his character. He wiflied it to ap¬ 
pear that he obtained all his honors and digni¬ 
ty from merit alone, and as the free and un¬ 
prejudiced favor of the Romans, while he fe- 
cretly claimed them by faction and intrigue; 
and he who wiihed to appear the patron, and 
an exapnph 2 of true diicipline and ancient fim- 
plicity, was not albamed publicly to bribe 
the populace to gain an election, or iupport 
his favorites. Yet amidft all this diflimulation, 
w hich was perhaps but congenial with the age, 
we perceive many other ftriking features; 
Pompey was kind and clement to the conquer¬ 
ed, and generous to his captives, and he bu¬ 
ried at his own expence Mithridates, with all 
the pomp and the folemnity which the great- 
nefs of his power, and the extent of his domi¬ 
nions teemed to claim. He was an enemy to 


flattery, and when bis character was impeaeft- 
ed 1 by the malevolence of party, he conde- * 
feinded, though conlul, to appear before the 
.cenl'orial tribunal, and to (hew that his aClions 
and mealures were' not fubverfive of the peace 
and the independence of the people. In his 
private character he was as remarkable, he 
lived with great temperance and moderation; 
and his houle was lmall, and not oftenfatioufly 
furnilhed. He deftroyed with great.prudence 
the papers which were found in the camp of 
Sertorius, led mifehievous curiofity Ihould find 
caufes to accufe the innocent, and to meditate 
their dettruCtion. With great difinteretted- 
nefs he refilled the prefents which princes and 
monarchs offered to him, and he ordered them 
to be added to the public revenue. He 
might haveleen a better fate, and terminated 
his days with more glory, if he had not aCfed 
with i’uch imprudence when the flames of civil 
war were firtt kindled; and he reflected with 
remorle, after the battle of Pharfalia, upon 
his want of ufual fagacity and military pru¬ 
dence, in fighting at luch a diftance from the 
fea, and in leaving the fortified places of Dyrra- 
chium, to meet in the open plain an enemy 
without provifions, without friends, and with - - 
our relouices. The misfortunes which at¬ 

tended him after the conqueft of Mithridates, 
are attributed by Chriflian writers to his im- 1 
piety in prophaning the temple of the Jews, 
and in entering with the infolence of a con¬ 
queror the Holy of Holies, where even the 
lacred perfon of the high prieft of the nation 
was not admitted but upon the mod folemn I 
occafions. His duplicity of behaviour in re¬ 
gard to Cicero is deiervedly cenfured, and he 
Ihould not have violently facrificed to party 
and fedition, a Roman whom he had ever 
found his firmed friend and adherent. In his 
meeting with Lucullus he cannot but be taxed 
with pride, and he might have-paid more de¬ 
ference and more honor to a general who was 
as able and more entitled than himfelf to 
finifh the Mithridatic war. Pompey married 
tour different times. His fird matrimonial 
connection was with Antidia, the daughter of 
the prictor Antidius, whom he divorced with 
great reluctance to many JEmylia, the 
daughter-in-law of Sylla. iEmylia died in 
child-bed ; and Pompey’s marriage with Julia, 
the daughter of Ciefar, was a ftep more of 
policy than affeCtion. Yet Julia loved Pom¬ 
pey with great tendernefs, and her death in 
child-bed was the fignal of war between her 
hulband and her father. He afterwards mar¬ 
ried Cornelia, the daughter of Metellus Sci* 
pio, a woman commended for her virtues, 
beauty, and accomplifhments. Pint, in vita. 
— Flor. 4.— Paterc. 2, c. 29.— Dio. Cajf. — Lu- 
can.~~Appian.—Caf. bell. Civ.—Cic. Orat. 68 , 
ad Attic. 7, ep. 25, ad fam. 13, ep. 19.-— Ev - 

trop. -The two Tons of Pompey the Great, 

called Cneius and Sextus, were mafters of a 
powerful array, when the death of their father 

was 







PO 


PO 


was known. They prepared to oppofe the 
conqueror, but Cielar purfued them with his 
ufual vigor and fuccefs, and at the battle of 
Munda they were defeated, and Cneius was 
left among the {lain.- Sextus fled to Sicily, 
where he for fome‘time fupported himfelf; 
but the murder of Cirlar gave rife to new 
events, and if Pompey had been as prudent 
and as fag.icious as his father, he might have 
become, perhaps, as great and as formidable. 
He treated with the triumvirs as an equal, 
and when Auguftus and Antony had the im¬ 
prudence to truft therr.felves without arms and 
without attendants in his fhip, Pompey, by 
following the advice of his friend Menas, who 
wilhed him to cut off the illuftrious perfons 
who were mailers of the world, and now in 
his power, might have made himlelf as abt'o- 
lute as Ciefar; but he refufed, and oblerved 
it was unbecoming the foil of Pompey to ait 
with luch duplicity. This friendly meeting of 
Pompey with two of the triumvirs was not 
productive of advantages to him, hewithed to 
have no luperior, and hoftilities began. Pom¬ 
pey was at the head-of 350 fhips, and appen.- 
ed fo formidable to his enemies, and fo confi¬ 
dent of fuccefs in himfelf, that he called him¬ 
felf the l'on of Neptune, and the lord of the 
Lea. He was, however, loon defeated in a 
naval engagement by Oitavius, and Lepidus, 
g,nd of all his numerous fleet, only 17 fail ac¬ 
companied his flight into Alia. Here for a mo* 
- ment he railed l'editions, but Antony ordered 
him to be ieized, and put to death about 35 
years before the Chriltian eia. Plut. in Anton. 
&c. — Paterc. 2 , C. 55, &C. — Flur. 4, C. 2 , &C. 

——Trogus. Fid. Trogus.-Sextus Fei- 

tus, a Latin grammarian, of whole treatife de 
•vetborum ftgnijicatione , the belt edition is in 
4to. Amlt. 1699. 

Pom felon, a town of Spain, now Pom- 
peluna, the capital of Navarre, Plin. I, 
c* 3- 

PomI’ iLius Numa, the fecond king of 
Rome. [Fid. Numa.] The defcendants of 
the monarch were called Pompilius Sanguis , 
an exprellion applied by Horace to the Pifos. 
Art. Poet. v. 292.-Andronicus, a gramma¬ 

rian of Syria, who opened a fchool at Rome, 
and had Cicero and Ctelar among his pupils. 
Sue ton. 

Pompilia, a daughter of Numa Pompi¬ 
lius. She married Numa Martius, by whom 
fhe had Aijcus Mattes, the fourth king of 
Rome. 

PompTlus, a filherman of Ionia. He 
carried into Miletus, Ocyroe the daughter 
of Chefias, of whom Appllo was enamoured, 
but before he had reached the Ihore, the god 
cl tanged the boat into a rock, Pompilu* into 
a filh of the fame name, and carried away 
Ocyroe. Plin. 6, c. 29. 1 . 9, c* 15 * 1 * 3 a * 
C. 11. 

Pom pis cos, an Arcadian. Poly ten. 5. 

ppHrpNiA, the wife of Q* Ciceio, filter 


to Pomponius Atticus. She punilhed with 
the greateft cruelty Philologus, the (lave who 
had betrayed her hulband to Antony, and fhe 
ordered him to cut his fielh by piece-meal, and 
afterwards to boil it and eat it in her prefence. 

-A daughter of Pomponius Gra:cinus, in 

the age of Auguftus, &c.-Another ma¬ 

tron banilhed from Rome by Domitian, and 
recalled by Nerva. 

Pomponius, the father of Numa, advifed 
his ibn to accept the regal dignity which the 

Roman ambaffadors offered to him.-A 

celebrated Roman intimate with Cicero. He 
was l'urnamed Atticus, from his long relidence 

at Athens. [Fid. Atticus ]-* Flaccus, a 

man appointed governor of Media and Syria 
by Tiberius, becaufe he had continued drink¬ 
ing and eating with him for two days without 
iitfermiflion. Suet, in Theb. 42.-A tri¬ 

bune of the people in the time of Servilius 

Ahala the conlul.--Labeo, a governor of 

Mecli.i, accufed of ill management in his pro¬ 
vince. He deftroyed himlelf by opening his 

veins. Tacit. Ann. 6, v. 29. - Mela, a 

Spaniard who wrote a book on geography. 

[Fid. Mela.]-A proconlul of Africa ac- 

cufed by the inhabitants of his province, and 

acquitted, &c.-A Roman who accufed 

Manlius the diftator of cruelty. He tri¬ 
umphed over Sardinia, of which he was made 
governor. He eicaped from Rome, and the 
tyranny of the triumvirs, by afluming the 
habit of a pnetor, and by travelling with his 
fervants dilguiied in the drels of lidlors with 
their falces.-Secundus, an officer in Ger¬ 

many in the age of Nero. He was honored 
with a triumph for a victory over the barba¬ 
rians of Germany. He wrote fome poems 
greatly celebrated by the ancients for their 
beauty and elegance. They are loft. —— A 
friend of C. Gracchus. He was killed in at¬ 
tempting to defend him. ,Plut,in Grac. -. 

An officer taken prifoner by Mithridates. 

-A dillblute youth, See. Horat. 1, fat. 

4, v. 52.-Sextus, a lawyer, difciple to 

Papinian, &c. 

Po.viposjXnus, a Roman put to death by 
Domitian. He had before been made confui 
by Vefpafian. 

Po m p r i n a. Fid. Pontina. 

C. Pomptinus, a Roman officer who con¬ 
quered the Allobroges after the defeat of Ca¬ 
tiline, Cic. 4. Att. 16. 1 . 6 , ep. 3. 

Pom pus, a king of Arcadia. Pauf. 8, 
c* S’ 

Pons iEuus was built by the emperor 
Adrim at Rome. It was the fecond bridge of 
Rome in following the current of the Tiber. 
It is ftillto be leen, the largeft and moft beau¬ 
tiful in Rome.-iEmylius, an ancient 

bridge at Rome, originally called Sublitius , be- 
caule built with wood {fublica ?). It was 

railed by Ancus Martius, and dedicated with 
great pomp and folemnity by the Roman 
priertfc It was rebuilt with (tones by JEmy* 
8s 3 liua 









PO 


PO 


lius Lepidus, whofe name it affirmed. It was 
much injured by the overflowing of the river, 
and the emperor Antoninus who repaired it, 
made it all with white marble. It was the lall 
of all the bridges of Rome, in following the 
courfe of the river, and fome veftiges of it 

may ftill be feen.-Anienfis was built acrofs 

the river Anio, about three miles'from Rome. 
It was rebuilt by the eunuch Narfes, and cal¬ 
led after him when deftroyed by the Goths. 

— Ceftus was built in the reign of Tiberius, 
by a Roman called Ceftius Gallus, from whom 
it received its name, and carried back from 
an ifland of the Tiber, to which the Fabricius 

conducted.-Aurelianus was built with 

marble by the emperor Antoninus.-Ar- 

monienfis was built by Auguitus, to join the 

Flamiriian to the iEmylian road-Bajanus 

was built at Baias in the fea by Caligula. It 
was fupported by boats, and mealured about 

fix miles in length.-Janicularis received its 

name from its vicinity to mount Janiculum. 

It is ftill (landing.-Milvius was about one - 

mile from Rome. It was built by the eenfor 
jEHus Scaurus. It was near it that Conftan- 

tihe defeated Maxentius. •-Fabricius was 

built by Fabricius, and carried to an ifland of 
the Tiber.—Gardius was built by Agrippa. 

-Palatinus, near mount Palatine, was alio 

called Senator ius , becaufe the fenators walked 
over it in proceffion, when they went to con- 
fult the Sybilline books. It was hegun by M. 
Fulvius, andfiniflied in the cenforfhip of L. 
Mummius, and fome remains of it are ftill 

vifible.-Trajani was built by Trajan acrofs 

the Danube, celebrated for its bignefs ana 
magnificence. The emperor built it to affift 
more expeditioufly the provinces againft the 
barbarians, but his fticceffor deftroyed it, as he 
fuppofed that it would be rather an induce¬ 
ment for the barbarians to invade the empire. 
It was raifed on 20 piers of hewn Hones, 
150 feet from the foundation, 60 feet broad, 
and 170 feet diftant one from the other, ex¬ 
tending in length above a mile. Some of the 

pillars are ftill Handing.-Another was built 

by Trajan over the Tagus, part of which ftill 
remains. Of temporary bridges, that of Cte- 

far over the Rhine was the moll famous.-- 

The largeft (ingle arched bridge known is over 
the rivet Elaver in France, called Pons Fete, 
ris Brivatis. The pillars (land on two rocks, 
at the diftance of 195 feet. The arch is 84 

feet high above the water.-Suffragiorum 

was built in the Campus Martius.and receiveu 
its name, becaufe the populace were obliged 
to pafs over it whenever they delivered their 
fuffrages at the elections of magiftrates and 

officers of the (late-Tirenfis, a bridge of 

Latium between Arpinum and - Minturnae. 

--Triumphalis was on the way to the ca¬ 
pital, and pafled over by thofe who triumphed. 

■-Narnienlis joined two mountains near 

Narnia, built by Auguitus, of ftupendous 
height, 60 miles from Rome: one arch of it 
remains, about 100 feet high. 


Pontia, a Roman matron who committed 
adultery with Sagitta, &c. Tacit. Ann. 12. 

• -- A mother famous for her cruelty. 

Martial, i, ep. 34.-A lurname of Venus 

at Hermione. Pauf. 2, c. 34. - A woman 

condemned by Nero as guilty of a confpiracy. 
She killed herfelf by opening her veins. She 
was daughter of Petronius, and wife of Bola- 

nus. Juv.6, v. 637.-An ifland in the 

Tyrrhene fea, where Pilate, furnamed Pon¬ 
tius, is fuppoled to have lived. P/in. 3, c. (r, 
—- Ptol.3 , c. 1. Fid. CEnotrides. 

Ponticum mare, the fea of Pontus, ge¬ 
nerally called the Euxine. 

Ponticus, a poet of Rome, contempora¬ 
ry with Propertius, by whom he is compared 
to Homer. He wrote an account of the 
Theban war in heroic verl'e. Propert. 1, el. 

7--A man in Juvenal’s age, fond of boaft- 

ing of the antiquity and great ailions of his 
family, yet without poffeffing himfelf one 
(ingle virtue. 

Pontina, or Pomtina iacus, a lake 
in the country of the Vollci, through which 
the great Appian road pafled. Travellers were 
lometimes conveyed in a boat, drawn by a 
mule, in the canal that ran alpng the road from 
Forum Appii to Tarracina. This lake is now 
become fo dangerous, from the exhalations of 
its ftagnant water, that travellers avoid paffing 
near it. Horat. I, Sat. 5, v. 9.— Lucan. 3, 
v. 85. 

PontTnus, a friend of Cicero.-A tri¬ 

bune of the people, who refufed to rife up 
when Caefar pafled in triumphal proceflion. 
He was one of Caflar’s murderers, and was 
killed at the battle of Mutina. Sueton.in 

Ccefar. 78.— Cic. IO, adfam. -A mountain 

of Argolis, with a rivet of the fame name. 
Pauf. 2, c. 73. 

Pontius Aufidianus, a Roman citizen, 
who upon hearing that violence had been of¬ 
fered to his daughter ; punifhed her and her 

ravilher with death. Fal. Max. 6, c. 1.- 

Herennius, a general of the Samnites, who 
furrounded the Roman army under the con- 
fuls T. Veturius and P. Pofthumius. As there 
was no pofiibility of efcaping for the Romans, 
Pontius confulted his father what he could do 
with an army that were prifoners in his hands. 
The old man advifed him either to let them go 
untouched, or put them all tp the fword. 
Pontius rejected his father's advice, and fpared 
the lives of the enemy, after he had obliged 
them to pafs under the yoke with the greateft 
ignominy. He was afterwards conquered, and 
obliged in his turn to pafs under the yoke. 
Fabius Maximus defeated him, when he ap¬ 
peared again at the head of another army, and 
he was afterwards (hamefully put to death by 
the Romans, after he had adorned the triumph 

of the conqueror. Liv. 9, e. 1, &c_- 

Cominius, a Roman who gave information to 
his countrymen who were befieged in the ca- 
pitol that Camillus had obtained a vidlory over 

the 

















PO 


PO 


the Gauls. Plat .-A Roman flave who 

told Sylla in a prophetic ftrain, that he brought 

him fuccefs from Bellona.--One of ’the 

favorites of Albucilla. He was degraded 
from the rank of a lenator. Tacit ,—^-Ti¬ 
tus, a Roman cetoturion, whom Cicero 8 e 
'Sene ft. mentions as pofleffed of uncommon 
ftrength. 

Pontus, a kingdom of Afia Minor, 
hounded ou the ealt by Colchis, well by the 
Halys, north by the Euxine lea, and i'outh Im¬ 
part of Armenia. It was divided into three 
parts according to Ptolemy. Fontus Galaticus , 
of which Amalia was the capital, Fontus Po~ 
hmoniacus , from its chief town Polemoninm, 
and Pontus Cappadocia* , of which TrapestUS 
was the capital. It was governed by kings, 
the firlt of whom was Artabazes, either one 
of the feven Perfian noblemen who murdered 
the ufurper Smerdis, or one of their defeen- 
dants. The kingdom of Pontus was in its 
moll florilhing (late under Mithridates the 
Great. When J. C;rfar had conquered it, it 
became a Roman province, though it was often 
governed by monurchs who were tributary to 
the power of Rome. Under the emperors a 
regular governor was always appointed over it. 
Pontus produced caftors, whole tefticles were 
highly valued among the ancients for their la- 
lutary qualities in medicinal procefles. Pirg. 
G. I, v. 58.— Mela , I, c. I & 19.— Strab. 12. 

-— Cic. pro Leg. — Man. — Appian. — Ptul. 5, c. 
-6.-A part of Myfia in Europe on the bor¬ 

ders of the Euxine lea, where Ovid was ba- 
nilhed, and from whence he wrote his four 
books of epiftles de Ponto, and his fix books de 

Trijlibus. Ovid, de Pont. - An ancient deity, 

father of Phorcys, Thaumas, Nereus, Eury- 
bia,and Ceto, by Terra. He is the fame as 
Oceanus. Apollcd. X c. 2. 

Pontus EuxiNus, a celebrated fea, fi- 
tuate at the well of Colchis between Afia 
and Europe, at the north of Afia Minor. It 
is called the Black Sea by the moderns. [Pid. 
Euxinus.] 

M. Poi*iLius,a conful who was informed, 
as he was offering a iacrifice, that a iedition 
was raifed in the city againil the lenate. Upon 
this he immediately went to the populace in 
his facerdotal robes, and quieted the multitude 
with a fpeech. He lived about the year of 
Rome 404. Liv. 9, c. 21.— Pal. Max. 7, 

c. 8.-Caius, a conful, who, when befieged 

by the Gauls, abandoned his baggage to lave 

his army. Cic. ad Hcrcn. I, c. 15.- 1 - 5 - 

nas, a Roman ambalfador to Antiochus, king 
of Syria. He was commillioned to order the 
monarch to abllain from hoftilities agaiuft Pto¬ 
lemy, king of Egypt, who was an ally of 
Rome. Antiochus wilhed to evade him by 
his anfwers, but Popilius, with a Hick which 
he had in his hand, made a circle round him 
on the fand, and bade him, in the name of 
the Roman fenate and people, not to go be¬ 
yond it before he fpoke decifively. This bold- 


nefs intimidated Antiochus; he withdrew his 
garrifions from Egypt, and no longer meditated 
a war again!! Ptolemy. Pal. Max,. 6, c. 4.—- 
Xiv. 45, c. 12.— Patcrc. I, c. IO.-A tri¬ 

bune of the people who murdered Cicero, to 
whofe eloquence he was indebted for his life 

when he was accufed of parricide. Pint. -• 

A pnetor who banilhed the friends of Tibe¬ 
rius Gracchus from Italy.-A Roman con- 

lul who made war againil the people ofNu- 
mantia, on pretence that the peace had not 
Keen firmly eltubliihed. He was defeared by 

them.--A feDator who alarmed the com- 

fpirators againil Cielar, by telling them that 

the whole plot was dilcovered.-A Roman 

emperor. [Pid. Nepotianus.] 

Popucola, one of the lirlt confuls. [Pid. 
Publicola.] 

Fopp.ta Sabina, a celebrated Roman 
matron, daughter of Titus Ollius. She mar¬ 
ried a Roman knight called Rufus Crii'pinus, 
by whom lhe had a fon. Her perl'onal 
charms, and the elegance of her figure capti¬ 
vated Otho, who was then one of Nero’s fa¬ 
vorites.' He carried her away and married 
her; but Nero who had feen her, and had 
often heard her accomplifhments extolled,' 
loon depi ived him of her company, and fent 
him out of Italy, on pretence of prefiding 
over one of the Roman provinces. After he 
had taken this Hep, Nero repudiated his wife 
Odlavia, on pretence of barrennels, and mar¬ 
ried Popprbal The cruelty and avarice of the 
emperor did not long permit Popptea to lhare 
the imperial dignity, and though lhe had al¬ 
ready made him father of a fon, he began to 
ael’pife her, and even to ufe her with barba¬ 
rity. She died of a blow which fhe received 
from his foot when many months advanced in 
her pregnancy, about the 65th year of the 
Chriftian era. Her funeral was performed 
with great pomp and iblemnity, and flatties 
were railed to her memory. It is laid that 
fhe was fo anxious to prel'erve her beauty and 
the elegance of her perfon, that 500 afles 
were kept on purpofe to afford her milk in 
which fhe ufed daily to bathe. Even in her 
banifhment lhe was attended by 50 of thefe 
animals for the fame purpole, and from their 
milk lhe invented a kind of ointment, or poma¬ 
tum, to prel'erve beauty,called poppaanum from 
her. Plin. II, c. 41 .— Dio. 62. — 'Jav. 6 .— 

Sueton. in Net. 13 * Oth. — Tacit. 13 & 14 .-— 

A beautiful woman at the court of Nero. 
She was mother to the preceding. Tacit. Amu 
11, c. 1, &c. 

Popp;eus Sabinus, a Roman of obfeure 
origin, who was made governor of lome of 
the Roman provinces. He deftroyed himfelf. 

See. Tacit. 6 , Ann. 39. - Sylvamis, a man 

of conlular dignity, who brought to Vefpafian 
a body of 600 Dalmatians.——A friend of 
Otho. 

Populonia, or Populanium, a town of 
Etruria, near Pila, deftroyed in the civil wars 
5 s 4 of 









PO 


PO 


of Sylla. Strab. 5.— Virg. JEn. 10, V, 1 72 . 
—Mela , 2 , c. 5.—3,0.5. 

Porata, a river of Dacia, now Pruth , 
falling into the Danube a little below Axiopoli. 1 

Porcia, a lifter of Cato of Utica, greatly 

commended by Cicero.-A daughter of 

Cato of Utica who married Bibulus, and after 
his death, Brutus. She was remarkable for 
her prudence, philofophy, courage, and con¬ 
jugal tendernefs. She gave herlelf a heavy 
wound in the thigh, to fee with what forti¬ 
tude (he could bear pam; and when her huf- 
band alkedherthe reafon of it, (he laid that 
lhe wilhed to try whether lhe had courage 
enough to (hare not only his bed, but to par¬ 
take of his mod hidden fecrets. Brutus was 
aftonifhed at her conftancy, and no longer de¬ 
tained from her knowledge the conlpiracy 
which he and many other illuftrious Romans 
had formed againft J. Caefar. Porcia wilhed 
them fuccefs, and though (he betrayed fear, 
and fell into a fwoon the day that her holbapd 
was gone to aflalfinate the dictator, yet lhe 
was faithful to her promife,. and dropped no¬ 
thing which might afted. the fituation of the 
confpirators. When Brutu$ was dead, lhe re- 
fufed to Furvive him, and attempted to end 
her life as a daughter of Cato. Her friends 
attempted to terrify her; but when (he faw 
that every weapon was removed from her 
reach, lhe fvvallowed burning'coals and died, 
about 42 years before the Chriftian era. 
Valerius Maximus lays, that flte was ac¬ 
quainted with her hufband’s confpiracy againft 
Ca:far when lhe gave herlelf the wound. Val. 
Max. 3 , c. 2 . 1 . 4, C. 6.— Plut. hr Brut. &c. 

Porcia lex, de civitate, , by M. Porcius, 
die tribune, A. U. C. 453. It ordained 
that no magiftrate lhould punilh with death, 
or fcourge with rods a Roman citizen when 
condemned, hut only permit him to go into 
exile. Sallujl in Cat. — Liv. 10.— Cic.pro. Rah. 

Porcina, a furname of the orator M. JE. 
Lepidus, who lived a little before Cicero’s age, 
and was diftinguilhed for his abilities. Cic. ad 
Her. 4, c. 5. 

M. Porcius Latro, a celebrated orator 
who killed himfelf when laboring under a 

quartan ague, A. U. C. 750.-Licinius, a 

.Latin poet during the time of the third Punic 
war, commended for the elegance, the graceful 

cafe, and happy wit of his epigrams,-A 

Roman fenator who joined the confpiracy of 

Catiline.-A fon of Cato of Utica, given 

much to drinking. 

Poredorax, one of the 40 Gauls whom 
Mithridates ordered to he put to death, and 
to remain unburied for confpiring againft 
him. His miftrefs at Pergamus buried him 
againft the orders of the monarch. Plut. de 
virt. mul. 

Porina, a river of Pcloponnefus. Pauf. 

PoRosELEN£,an ifland near Lefbos. Strab. 
13.—/ 7 /«. 5, c, 31. 


Porpwyrton, a fon of Coelus and Terra, 
one of the giants who made war againft Ju¬ 
piter. He was fo formidable, that Jupiter, to 
conquer him infpired him with love forJuno,and 
while the giant endeavoured to obtain his 
willies, he, with the atfiltance of Hercules, 
overpowered him. Horat. 3, od. 4. — Mart . 
13, ep. 78.— Apollod. 1, c. 6. 

Porphvris, a name of the ifland Cy- 
thera. ' _ 

Porphvrius, a Platonic philofopher of 
Tyre. Heftudied eloquence at Atliens under 
Longinus, and afterwards retired to Rome, 
where he perfected himlelf under Plotinus. 
Porphyry was a man of univerfal information, 
and, according to the teftimony of the ancients,' 
he excelled his contemporaries in file know¬ 
ledge of hiftory, mathematics, mulic, and phi¬ 
lofophy. He exprelTed his fentiments with 

elegance and with 'dignity, and while other 

philofophers ftudied obfcurity.in their language, 
hisftyle was remarkable for its fimplicity and 
grace. He applied himfelf to the ftudy of 
magic, which he called a theourgic or divine' 
operation. The books that he wrote were 
numerous, and foine of his fmaller treatifes 
are Hill extant. His molt celebrated work, 
which is now loft, was againft the religion of 
Chrilt, and in this theological conielt he ap¬ 
peared lo formidable, that molt of the fathers 
of the church have been employed in confuting 
his arguments, and developing the fall'ehood of 
his allertions. He has been uuiverfall.y 
called the greateft enemy which the Chriftian 
religion had, and indeed his doctrines were la 
pernicious, that a eopy of his book was pub¬ 
licly burnt by order of Theodoflus, A. D, 388. 
Porphyry relided for fome time in Sicily, and 
died at the advanced age of yr, A. D. 304. 
The belt edition of his life of Pythagoras is 
that of Kniter, 4to. Amft. 1707, that of his 
treatife, De abjlinentid , is De Rhoer. 1 raj- ad 
Rhen. 8vo. 1767, and that Dc Autro Nympha- 

rum in 8vo. Tr-aj. ad Rhen. 1765. - A Latin 

poet in the reign of Conllantine the Great. 

Porrima, one of the attendants of Car- 
mente when (he came from Arcadia. O'vid. 1, 
Fa ft. v. 633. 

PoRSEfiNA or Porsena, a king of Etru¬ 
ria, who declared war againft the Romans 
becaufe they refilled to rellore Tarquin to his 
throne and to his royal privileges. He was 
at firlt fuccefsful, the Romans were defeated, 
and Porlenna would have entered the gates of 
Rome, had not Codes ftood at the head of a 
bridge, and fupported the fury of the whole 
Etrurian army, while his companions behind 
were cutting off the communication with the 
oppolite fhore. This act of bravery aftonilhed 
Porfenna ; but when he had ieen Mutius Scae- 
vola enter his camp with an intention to mur¬ 
der him, and when he had feen him bum his 
hand without emotion, to convince him of his 
fortitude and intrepidity, he no longer dared 
to make head againft a people lb brave and fo 

generous. 







generous. He made a peace with the Romans, ' 
and never after lupported the claims of Tar- 
quin. The generolity of Porlenna’s behaviour 
to the captives was admired by the Romans, 
and to iv. p.rd his humanity they railed a bra- j 
zen Hpu.o " his honor. Liv 2, c. 9, fcsV.— 1 
Plut. i.i . ui 7 V— Flor. i, c. 10.— Horat. ep. ! 
16.- Hit . in. 8, v. 646. 

Port., Catena, a gate at Rome, which I 
leads to the Appian road. Ovid. Fuji. 6, v. 
192.-Aurelia, a gate at Rome, which re¬ 

ceived its name from Aurelius, a conl'ul who 
made a road which led to Pila, all along the 
conft of Etruria.——Alinaria led to mount 
Ccelius. It received its name from the family 

pfthe Afinii.-Carmentalis was at the foot 

of the capitol, built by Romulus. It was af¬ 
terwards called Scelerata , becaule the 300 Fa- 
bii marched through when they went to fight 
<*n enemy, and were kiHed near the river 

Cremera.-Janualis was near the temple of 

Janus.-Ei'quilina was alfo called Met in, 

f’ourica, or Libitinenjis, and all criminals who 
tfere going to be executed generally palfed 
through, as alfo dead bodies which were car¬ 
ried to be burnt on mount Efquilinus.-Fla- 

minia, called alfo Fimnentana , was fituate be¬ 
tween the capitol and mount (Quirinalis, and 

thro’ it the Flamiuian road palled.'-Fon- 

tinalis led to the Campus Martius. It received 
its name from the great number of fountains 

that were near it.-Navalis w r as fituate near 

the place where the (hips camq from Oitia. 
•——Viminalis was near mount Viminalis. 

--Trigemina, called alfo Ojlie/jis , led to the 

town of Oitia.-Catulana was near the 

Carmentalis Porta, at the foot of mount Vi¬ 
minalis.-Collatina received its name from 

its leading to Collatia.-Collina, called all'o 

Quirinalis, Ayonenjis, and Solaria, was near 
Quirinalis Mohs. AnniSal rode up to this 
gate and threw a fpear into the eity. It is to 
he oblerved, that at tjie death of Romulus 
there w'ere only 3 or 4 gates at Rome, but 
the number was encrealed, and in the time of 
Pliny there were 37, when the circumference 
of the walls was 13 miles and aoo paces. 

Portia & Portius. \Vid. Porch & 
Porous.] 

Poktmos, a town of Euboea. DemoJH,. — 
Flin. 3, c. 5. 

Portumnalia, fefiivalsof Portumnus at 
Home, celebrated on the 17th of Auguit, in 
a very lblemn and lugubrious manner, on the 
borders of the Tiber. Ovid. Fuji. 6, v. 547. 

-— Harro. de L. L . 5, c. 3. 

Portumnus, a fea deity. \Vid. Meli- 
certa.] 

Porus, the god of plenty at Rome. He 

\yas fon of Metis or Prudence. Plato. - 

A king of India, when. Alexander invaded 
Aha* The* conqueror of Darius ordered him 
to come and pay homage to him, as a depen¬ 
dent prince. Porus fcorned his commands, 
£iid declared he would go and meet him on the 


frontiers of his kingdom iword in-hand, and 
immediately he marched a large army to the 
banks of the Hydaipes. The dream of the 
river was rapid ; but Alexander crofled it in 
the obicurity of the night, and defeated one 
of the ions of the Indian monarch. Torus 
himfelf renewed the battle, but the valor of 
the Macedonians prevailed, and the Indian 
prince retired covered with wounds, on the 
back of one of his elephants. Alexander lent 
one of the kings of India to demand him to 
furrender, but Porus killed the mefleuger, 
exclaiming, is not this the tfoice of the wretch 
w ho has abandoned his country ? and when he 
at lull was prevailed upon to come before the 
conqueror, lie approached him as an equal. 
Alexander demanded of him how he willied 
to be treated; like a ling, replied the Indian 
monarch. ’Phis magnanimous anfvver fo 
pleated the Macedonian conqueror, that he 
not only rellored him his dominions, but he 
encrealed his kingdom by the conqueft of 
new' provinces: and Porus,in acknowledgment 
of luch generolity and benevolence, became 
one of the moil faithful and attached friends 
of Alexander, and never violated the allurances 
of peace which he had given him. Porus is 
reprefented as a man of uncommon flature, 
great ftrength, and proportionable dignity. 
Flut. in /Ilex. — Pbilojlr. 2, C. IO.— Curt. 8 , 

c 8, tkc .— Claud. Con/: Honor. 4.-Another 

king of India in the reign of Alexander.—— 
A king of Babylon. 

PoslDEs,an eunuch and freedman of the 
emperor Claudius, who rofe t» honors by the 
favor of his mailer. Juv. 14, v. 94. 

Posjdkum, a promontory and town of 
Ionia, where Neptune had a temple. Strab. 

14.-—A town of Syria below Libanus. 

Flin. 5, c. 20.-A town near the Stry- 

mon on the borders of Macedonia. Flin. 4, 
c. 10. 

Posidon, a name of Neptune among the 

Greeks. 

Posidonxa, a town of Lucania, better: 
known? by the name of Ptellum. [Hid .Pact 
turn.] 

Posidonium, a town or temple of Nep¬ 
tune, near Cxenis in Italy, where the ftreights 
of Sicily are narrowed, and fcarce a mile dif- 
tant from the oppofite lliore. 

Posidonius, a philofopher of Apamea. 
IJe lived at Rhodes for fome time, and 
afterwards came to Rome, where, after cul¬ 
tivating the friendfliip of Pompey and Cicero, 
he died in his 84th year. He wrote a trea- 
tiie on the nature of the gods, and alfo at¬ 
tempted to mealure the circumference of 
the earth ; he accounted for the tides from 
the motion of the moon, and calculated the 
height of the atmolphere to be 400 ltadia, 
nearly agreeing to the ideas of the mo¬ 
derns. Cic. Tvfc. 5,0.37.— Strab. 14.—— 
Another philofopher, born at Alexandria m 

E m*> 

10 Posio, 











PC 


PO 


Posio, a native of Magnefra, who wrote 
an hiftory of the Amazons. 

Postiium i a, a veftal virgin, accufed of 

adultery and acquitted.-The \vife of 

Servius Sulpicius. Cii.ep. -A daughter of 

Sylla. 

Posthumius Albinus, a man who fuf- 
fered himfelf to be bribed by Jugurtha, againft 

whom he had been fent with an army--A 

writer at Rome, whom Cato ridiculed for 
compofing an hiftory in Greek, and after¬ 
wards offering apologies for the inaccuracy 

and inelegance of his exprelhons.-Tubero, 

a matter of hori'e to the dictator A 1 'm thus 
Mamercus. He was himfelf made dictator 
in the war which the Romans waged againft 
the Volfci, and he puniflted his Ion with death 
for fighting againft his orders, A. U. C. 31a. 

Liv. 4, c. 23.-Spurius, a conful fent 

againft the Samnites. He was taken in an 
ambulh by Pontius the enemy’s general, and 
obliged to pats under the yoke with alt his 
army. He laved his life by a fhameful treaty, 
and when he returned-to Rome, he perfuaded 
the Romans not to reckon as valid the en¬ 
gagements he had made with the enemy, as it 
was without their advice. He was given up 
to the enemy becaufc he could not perform his 
engagements; but he was relealed by Pontius 

for his generous and patriotic^behaviour.- 

Aulus, a dictator who defeated the Latins and 

the Volfci.--Tibertius, another dictator, 

who defeated the JEqui and Vollci.-Lu¬ 
cius, a conful fent againft the Samnites.-A 

general who defeated the Sabines, and who' 

was the firft who obtained an ovation.-A 

man poifoned by his wife.-A general who 

conquered the JEqui, and who was ftoned by 
the army, becaufe he refuted to divide the 
promifed fpoils. Flor. 22.-Lucius, a Ro¬ 

man conful, who was defeated by the Boii. 
He was left among the flain, and his head was 
cut off from his body, and carried in triumph 
by the barbarians into their temples, where 
they made with the Trull a facred veffel to 

offer libations to their gods-Marcus 

Craffus Latianus, an officer proclaimed em¬ 
peror in Gaul, A. D. 260. He reigned with 
great popularity, and gained the affeftion of 
his fubjefts by his humanity and moderation. 
He took his fon, of the fame name, as a col¬ 
league on the throne. They were both affaf- 
finated by their foldiers, after a reign of fix 

years.-Megilthus, a conful againft the 

, Samnites and Tarentines.-Quintus, a 

man put to death by Antony.-A footh- 

fayer in the age of Sylla.-Spurius, an 

enemy of Tib. Gracchus.——Albvis, a Ro¬ 
man decemvir, fent to Athens to collect the 
moft falutary laws of Solon, &c. Liv. 3, 

c. 31.-Sylvius, a fon of JEneas and 

Sylvia. 

Postverta, a goddefs at Rome, who pre¬ 
fided over the 1 painful travails of women. 
Ovid. Faji. 1, v. 633. j 


Postumia via, a Roman road about the 
town ofHoftilia. 

TosTumius. . [Fid Pofthumius.] 

Pot amices, nymphs who prefided over 
rivers and fountains, as their name 
Jtuvius) implies. 

Potamon, a philofopher of Alexandria, in 
the age of Auguttus. He wrote feveral trea- 
tifes, and confined" himfelf to the doctrines of 
no particular feil of philofopHers. 

Potamos, a town of Attica near Sunium. 
Strab. 9. 

Potentia, a town of Picenum. Liv. 39, 
c. 44- 

PothInus, an eunuch tutor to Ptolemy, 
king of Egypt. He advifed the monarch to 
murder Pompey, when he claimed his. pro- 
teitionafter the battle of Pharl'alia. Re ftir- 
red up commotions in Alexandria, when Cse- 
far came there, upon which the conqueror or¬ 
dered him to be put to death. Lucan. 8, v. 
483,1. TO, v. 95. 

Pothos, one of the deities of the Samo- 
thracians. P in. 36, c. J. 

PoTiDiEA, a town of Macedonia, fituate 
in the peninfnla of Pallene. It was founded 
by a Corinthian colony, and became tributary 
to the Athenians from whom Philip of Mace¬ 
donia took it. The conqueror gave it to the 
Olynthians to render them more attached to 
his intereft. Callander repaired and enlarged 
it, and called it Cnjfundria, a name which it 
ftill preferves, and which has given oceafion to 
Livy to fav, that Caffander was the original 
founder of that city. Liv. 44, c. 11.— Be - 
mojib. Olynth. — Strab. 7.— Pauf. 5, C. 23.— 
Mela. 2 , C. 2 . 

Potidania, a town of JEtolia. Liv. 28, 
c. 8. 

PotTna, a goddefs at Rome, who prefided 
over children*? potions. Varro. 

PoTrTius. [Fid. Pinariusi] 

Potni.t, a town of Boeotia, where Bac¬ 
chus had a temple. The Potnians, having 
once murdered the prieft of the god, were or¬ 
dered by the oracle, to appeafe his refentment, 
yearly to offer on his altars a young man. 
This unnatural facrifice was continued for fome 
years, till Bacchus himfelf fubftituted a goat, 
from which circumfiance he received the ap¬ 
pellation of JEgobolus and JEgopbagus. There 
was here a fountain whofe waters made horfes 
run mad as foon as they were touched. There 
were alfo here certain goddeffes called Pot - 
niadesy on whole altars, in a grove facred to 
Ceres and Proferpine, victims were lacrificed, 
It was alfo ufual at a certain feafon of the 
year, to conduit into the. grove, young pigs, 
which were found the following year in the 
groves of Dodona. The mares of Potniae de- 
ftroyed their mafter Glaucus, fon of Sifyphus. 
[Fill. Glaucus.] Pauf. 9, c. 8.— F'irg. G. 3, 

v. 267.— JElian. V. H. 15, c. 1 $. -A town 

of Magnefia, whofe paftures gave madnefs to 
affes, according to-PUny. 

Practium, 


















PR 


PR 


Practium, a town and fmall river of Afia 
Minor, on the Hellefpont. 

Prjkcia, a courtezan at Rome, who 
influenced Cethegus, and procured Alia as 
a confular province for Lucullus. Plut. in 
Luc. 

Prjenrste, r town of Latium, about 
II imUfcS from Rome, built by Telegonus, 
fon of UlylTes and irce, or according to 
others by Cieculus the fon of Vulcm. 
There was a celebrated temple of Fortune 
there, with two famous images, as all'o an 
oracle, which was long in great repute. 
Cic. de Div. 2, C. 41. — 'Virg. JF.n. 7, v. 
680.— Horat. 3, od. 4.— Stut. I, Syiv. 3. 
v. 80. 

Prjesos, a fmall town of Crete, deltroyed 
in a civil war by one of the neighbouring 
cities. 

Pr;esti, a nation of India. Curt. 9, 

c. 8. 

Prjetor, one of the chief magiftrates at 
Rome. The office of prtetor was firft in- 
llituted A. U. C. 388, by the fenators, who 
wilhed by lome new honor to compenfate for 
the lofs of the confulfhip, of which the ple¬ 
beians had claimed a lhare. The Prsetor re¬ 
ceived his name a preeeundo. Only one was 
originally eleited, and another A. U. C. 501. 
One of them was totally employed in admi- 
niltering jultice among the citizens, whence 
he was called Prietor urbanus\ and the ether 
appointed judges in all caufes which related to 
foreigners. In the year of Rome 520, two 
more pra?tors were created to affift the conlul 
in the government of the provinces of Sicily 
and Sardinia, which had been lately conquered, 
and two more when Spain was reduced into 
the form ot a Roman province, A. U. C. 
521. Sylla the dictator added two more, and 
Julius Caefar encreafed the number to 10, 
and afterwards to 16, and the fecond tri¬ 
umvirate to 64. After this their numbers 
fluctuated, being fometimes 18, 16, or 12', 
till, in the decline of the empire, their dignity 
decreafed, and their numbers were reduced to 
three. In his public capacity the Praetor ad- 
miniftered juftice, protected the rights of 
widows and orphans, prefided at the-celebra- 
tion of public feltivals, and in the abience of 
the conlul airemhled or prorogued the lenate 
as he pleafed. He alfo exhibited fhows to the 
people, and in the feftivals of the Bona Dea, 
where no males were permitted to appear, his 
wife prefided over the ?eft of the Roman 
matrons. Feafts were announced and pro¬ 
claimed by him, and he had the power to 
make and repeal laws, if it met with the ap¬ 
probation of the lenate and people. The 
quaeftors were lubje& to him, and in the ab- 
fence of the confuls, he appeared at the head 
of the armies, and in the city he kept a re- 
gifter of all the freedmen of Rome, with the 
reafons for which they had received their free¬ 
dom. In the provinces the Pmors appeared 


with great pomp, fix li&ors with the fafees 
walked before them, and when the empire 
was encrealed by conquefts, they divided like 
the conluls their government, and provinces 
were given them by lot. When the year cf 
their prsetorfhip was elapfed, they were 
called proprietors, if they llill continued at the 
head of their province. At Rome the i'rz- 
tdrs appeared alfo with much pomp, two 
lidors preceded them, they wore the pra - 
texta, or the white robe with purple borders, 
they fat in curule chairs, and their tribunal 
was dittinguifhed bv a iword and a l'pear, while 
they adminiftered jullice. The tribunal was 
called pratoriurn. When they rode they ap¬ 
peared on white horles at Rome, as a mark 
of diftmdion. The Prtetor w-ho appointed 
judges to try foreign caufes, was called p'ator 
peregrinus. The Piattcrs Cereales, appointed by 
Julius Ca'lar, were employed in providing 
corn and provifions for the city. They 
were on that account often called frumen - 
tarii. 

Pretoria, a town of Dacia, now Cron~ 
Jiadt. -Another, now Aoujl , in Pied¬ 

mont. 

Pljetorius, a name ironically applied 
to Af. Sempronius Rufus, becaule he was 
difappointed in his felicitations for the prae- 
torfhip, as being too diflolute and luxurious 
in his manners. He was the firft who had a 
Hoik brought to his table. Horat. 2 , Sat. z. 
v.50. 

Frjetutium, a town of Picenum. Ital. 
15, v. 568.— Liv. 22, c. 9. 1 . 27. c. 

43 - 

Prasiane, now Verdant , a large ifland at 
the mouth of the Indus. Plin. 6, c 20. 

Prasias, a lake between Macedonia and 
Thrace, where were filver mines. Iierodot. 
5, c. 17 . 

Prasii, a nation of India in Alexander’s 
age. Curt. 9, c. 2. 

Pratellja lex:, was enafted by Pra- 
tellius the tribune, A. U. C. 398, to curb and 
check the ambitious views of men who 
were lately advanced in the ftate. Liv. 7, c. 
IJ- 

Pratinas, a Greek poet of Phlius, 
contemporary with, Aifchylus. He was the 
firlt among the Greeks who compofed fa- 
t res, which were reprelented as farces. Of 
thefe 32 were afted, as alfo 18 of his tra¬ 
gedies, one of which only obtained the poeti¬ 
cal prize. Some of his verfes are extant, 
quoted by Athenseus. Pauf. 2,c. 13. 

Praxagoras, an Athenian writer, who 
publilhed an hiftory of the kings of his own 
country. He was then only 19 years 
old, and three years after, he wrote the 
life of Conltantine the Great. He had alfo 
written the life of Alexander, all now 
loft. 

Praxias, a celebrated ftatuary of Athens. 
Pauf. 10, c. 18. 


\ 


Praxi- 




PR 


Praxidimas, a famous athlete of iEgina. 
Pauf. 6, c. 18. 

Praxidice, a goddefs among the Greeks, 
who prefided over the execution of enter- 
prizes, and who punifhed all evil actions. Pauf. 
9> c -33* v 

Praxila, a lyric poetefs of Sicyon, who 
florifhed about 49a years before Chrift. Pauf. 

3 > C * I 3 - 

Praxipiianes, a Rhodian, who wrote, a 
learned commentary on the obfcure -paflages of 
Sophocles.-An hiftorian.— Diog. 

Praxis, a furname of Venus at Megara. 
Pauf. 1, c. 43. 

Praxiteles, a famous fculptor of Mag¬ 
na Graecia, who floriflied about 324 years 
before the Chriftian era. He chiefly work¬ 
ed on Parian marble, on account of its 
beautiful whitenefs. He carried his art to 
the greateft perfection, and was lo happy in 
'copying nature, that his ftatues leemed to be 
animated. The moil famous of his pieces 
was a Cupid which he gave to Phvyne. This 
celebrated courtezan, who wilhed to have 
the belt of all the ftatues of Praxiteles, and 
who. could not depend upon her own judg¬ 
ment in the choice, alarmed the fculptor, by 
telling him his houfe was on fire. Praxiteles 
upon this fhowed his eagernefs to fave his 
Cupid from the flames, above all his other 
pieces; but Phryne reftrained' his fears, and 
by diicovering her artifice, obtained the fa¬ 
vorite ftatue. The fculptor employed his 
child in making a ftatue of this beautiful 
courtezan, which was dedicated in the tem¬ 
ple of Delphi, and placed between the fta¬ 
tues of Archidamus, king of Sparta, and 
Philip, king of Macedon. He alfo made a 
ftatue of Venus, at the requelt of the people 
of Cos, and gave them their choice of the 
goddefs, either naked or veiled. The for¬ 
mer was Superior to the other in beauty and 
perfection, but the inhabitants of Cos prefer¬ 
red the latter. The Cnidians, who did not 
wilh to patronize modefty and decorum with 
the iatne eagernefs as the people of Cos, 
bought the naked Venus, and it was lb uni- 
verfally efteemed, that Nicomedes king of 
3Bithynia, offered the Cnidians, to pay an en¬ 
ormous debt, under which they labored, if 
they would give him their favorite ftatue. 
This offer was not accepted. The famous 
Cupid was bought of the Thefpians by Cuius 
Cslar, and carried to Rome, but Claudius 
reftored it to them, and Nero afterwards ob¬ 
tained poireltion of it. ' Pauf. I, c. 40. 1 . 8, 
C. 9 .—Plin. 7, C. 34 & 3 

pRA.xn iiEA, a daughter of Phrafimus and 
Piogenea. She married Erechtheus, king of 
Athens, bv whom lhe had Cecrops,Pandarus, 
Slid Metion, and four daughters, Procris* 
Creufy, Club-cnia, and Orithyia. Apollod. 
3, c. 15.-A daughter of Theftius, mo¬ 

ther cf ibme children by Hercules. Id, 2, c. 


PR 

7.— — A daughter of Erechtheus facrificed by 
order of the oracle. 

Prelius, a lake of Tiffcany, now Cajlig - 
Hone, Cic. Mil. 27 ,— Plin. 3, c.5. 

PftESBON,a fon of Phiyxus,father of Cly- 

menus.-A fon of Clytodora and Minyas, 

allb bore the fame name. Pauf. 9, c, 34 & 
37* 

Preugenes, a fon of Agenor. P2uf. 3, 
c. 2. 1. 7, c. 18 & 20. 

Prexaspks, a Perlian who put Smerdis to 
death, by order of king Cambyfes. Hero dot. 
3> c - 3°- 

Priamides, a patronymic applied 60 Paris, 
as being lbn of Priam. It is alio given to 
HeCtor, Deiphobus, and all the other chil¬ 
dren of the Trojan monarch. Ovid. Heroid. — 
Firg. JEn. 3, v. 235. 

Priamus, the laft king of Troy, was fon 
of Laomedon, by Strymo, called Placia by 
fome. When Hercules took the city of Troy 
[ Fid. Laomedon], Priam was in the number 
of his priioners, but his lifter Hefione re¬ 
deemed him from captivity, and he exchang¬ 
ed his original name of Pcdarces for that of 
Priam , which lignifies bought or ranfomcd, 
[ Fid. Podarces.] He was a(lo placed on his 
father’s throne by .Hercules, and he employed 
himfelf with well directed diligence in re¬ 
pairing, fortifying, and embellifhing, the 
city of Troy. He had married, by his fa¬ 
ther’s orders, Arilba, whom now he divorced 
for Hecuba, the daughter of Dimas, or Cif- 
feus, a neighbouring prince. He had by 
Hecuba 17 children, according to Cicero, or 
according to Homer, 19; the molt celebrated 
of whom are HeCtor, Paris, Deiphobus, He- 
lenus, Pamraon, Polites, Antiphus, Hippo- 
nous, Troilus, Creula, Laodice, Polyxena, 
and Caflandra. Befides thefe he had many 
others by concubines. Their names, accord¬ 
ing to Apollodorus, are Melampirs, Gorgy- 
thion, Philaemon, Glaucus, Agathon, Evago- 
ras, Hippothous, Cherfidamas, Hippodamas, 
Mellor, Atas, Dorcylus, Dryops, Lycaon, 
Aflygonus, Bias, Evander, Chromius, Teleftas, 
Melius, Cebrion, Laodocus, Idomeneus, Ar- 
chemachus, Echephron, Hyperion, Alcanius, 
Arrhetiis, Democoon, Dejoptes, Echemon, 
t loviuSjiEgioneus, Hypirychus, Lyfithous, Po-. 
lymedon, Meduia, Lyfimache, Medeficafte, 
and Ariltodeme. After he had reigned for 
fome time in the greateft profperity, Pri an} 
exprelfed a defire to recover his filter Hefione, 
whom Hercules had carried into Greece, and 
married to Telamon hi? friend. To carry 
this plan into execution, Priam manned a fleet, 
of which he gave the command to his lbn 
Paris, with orders to bring back H efione. Pa¬ 
ris, to whom the goddefs of beauty had pro- 
miled the fair eft woman in the world [ Fid, 
Paris] negleCted in fome mealhre his father’s 
injunctions,and as if to make reprifals upon the 
Greeks, he carried away Helen the wife of 

Mend-ms* 






PR 


Menelaus, king of Sparta, during the ahfenee 
of her hufband. Priam beheld this with la- 
tisfadlion, and he countenanced his Ion by re¬ 
ceiving in his palace the wife of the king of 
Sparta. This rape kindled the flames of war ; 
all the fuitors of Helen, at the requell of Me¬ 
nelaus, \Vid. Menelaus] afl'embled to revenge 
the violence offered to his bed, and a fleet, 
according to.ibme, of 140 fhips under the com¬ 
mand of the 69 chiefs that fumUhed them, let 
fail for Troy. Priam might have averted the 
impending blow by the reftoration of Helen; 
but this he refufed to do, when the ambaffa- 
dors of the Greeks came to him, and he im¬ 
mediately railed an army to defend himfelf. 
Troy was loon befieged, frequent fkirmifhes 
took place, in which the fuccefs was various, and 
the advantages on both lides inconfiderable. 
The fiege was continued for ten fucceflive 
years, and Priam had the misfortune to lee 
the greateft part of his children mafiacred by 
the en 4 emy. Hedor, the eldeft of thele, was 
the only one upon whom now the Trojans 
looked for protection and lupport; but he loon 
fell a l'acrihce to his own courage, and was killed 
by Achilles. Priam leverely felt his lois, and 
as he loved him with the greatest tendernefs, 
he wilhed to raufon^his body which was in the 
enemy’s camp. The gods, according to Ho¬ 
mer, interefted themlelves in favor of old 
Priam. Achilles was prevailed upon by his 
mother, the goddefs Thetis, to reltore Hedor 
to Priam, and the king of Troy palled through 
the Grecian camp conduded by Mercury the 
nielfenger of the gods, who with his rod had 
made him invifible. The meeting of Priam 
and Achilles was l'olemn and affeding,the con¬ 
queror paid to the Trojan monarch that atten¬ 
tion and reverence which was due to his dig¬ 
nity, his years, and his misfortunes, and Priam 
in a fuppliant manner addreffed the prince 
whofe favors he claimed, and kiffed the hands 
that had robbed him of the greateft and the 
bell of his children. Achilles was moved by 
his tears and entreaties, he reftored Hedor, 
and permitted Priam a truce of 12 days for the 
funeral of his ton. Some time after Troy 
was betrayed into the hands of the Greeks by 
AntCnor and ./Eneas, and Priam upon this 
refolved to die in defence of his country. 
He put on his armour and advanced to meet 
the Greeks, but Hecuba by her tears and 
entreaties detained him near an altar of Jupi¬ 
ter, whither the had fled for protection. While 
Priam yielded to the prayers of his wife, Po- 
lites one of his fons, fled alio to the altar before 
Neoptolemus, who purfued him with fury. 
Polites, wounded and overcome, fell dead at 
the feet of his parents, and the aged father, 
fired with hidigHiition, vented the moll bitter 
invedives againft the Greek, who paid no re¬ 
gard to the fauiiity of altars and temples, 
and railing his lpear darted it upon him. 
The fpear hurled by the feeble hand of 
Priam, touched tire buckler of Neoptolemus, 


PR 

✓ * 

and fell to the ground. This irritated the fon 
of Achilles, he leized Priam by his grey hairs, 
and, without compafiion or reverence for the 
fandity. of the place, he plunged his dagger into 
his breaft. His head was cut oft', and the mu¬ 
tilated body was left among the heaps of flAin. 
Didys Cret. i,&c. —Dares Phryg.—Hero Jot. 
2, C. 120.— “Pauf 10, c. 25 . — Homer. Il . 22. 
■fee— Eurip. in TroaJ. — Cic. Tufc. I. c. 35. 
— Q. Smyrn. I. — Virg. aEn. 2, V. 507 , &C. 
— Haratj OJ. 10, v. 14.— H'ygin. fab. no. 
— Q. Calaber. 15 , v. 226. 

Pkiapus, a deity among the ancients, who 
prelided over gardens, and the parts of gene¬ 
ration in the iexes. He was fon of Venus by 
Mercury or Adonis; or according to the more 
received opinion, by Bacchus. The goddefs 
of beauty, who was enamoured of Bacchus, 
went to meet him as he returned victorious 
from his Indian expedition, and by him (he had 
Priapus, who was born at Lampfacus. Priapus 
was lb deformed in all his limbs, particularly 
the genitals,by means of Juno, who had afliftei 
at the delivery of Venus, that the mother, 
afhamed to have given birth to fuch a mpnfler, 
ordered him to be expofed on the mountains. 
His life, however, was preferved by the (hep- 
herds, and he received the name of Priapu> 
propter deformitatem c5* memb'i virilis magnt- 
tudinem. He loon became a favorite of the 
people of Lampfacus, but he was expelled by 
the inhabitants on account of the freedom he 
took with their wives. This violence was 
punilhed by the Ion of Venus, and when the 
Lampiacenianshad been afflicted with a difeafe 
in the genitals, Priapus was recalled, and 
temples ereded to his honor. Feftivals were 
alfo celebrated, and the people, naturally idle 
and indolent, gave themlelves up to every 
lafcivioufnels and impurity during the cele¬ 
bration. His worftiip was alfo introduced in 
Rome.; but the Romans revered him more as 
a god of orchards and gardens, than as the 
patron of licentioufnefs. A crown painted 
with different colors was offered to him in the 
fpring, and in the fummer a garland of ears of 
corn. An als was generally facrificed to him, 
becaufe that animal, by its braying, awoke the 
nymph Lotis, to whom Priapus was going to 
offer violence. He is generally represented 
with an human face and the ears of a goat; he 
holds a flick in his hand, with which he terrifies 
birds, as alfo a club to drive away thieves, and * 
feythe to prune the trees and cut down corn. 
He was crowned with the leaves of the vine, 
and ihmetimes with laurel or rocket. The 
laft of thefe plants was (acred to him, and it is 
laid to raile the paffions and excite love. Pria¬ 
pus is often diftingui(hed by the epithet ofpbal- 
lus f fajcinus t Ityphallus, or ruber , or ruLicupdjis % 
which are all exprelfive of his deformity. 
Catull. ep. 19 & 20.— Cnknn, 2- de Cult, 
hori .— Horat. I,fat. I.— Tibidl. I, cl. £, v:£8. 
— Ovid. Fajl. I, v. 415. i. 6, v. 319. — Virg. 
Eel. it v. 33, G. 4, v. lii.->Pauf. 9, c. Vr. 





PR 


PR 


—Hygin. fab. 190.— Diod. I.— ———A town 
of Afia Minor near Lampfacus, now Caraboa. 
Priapus was the chief deity of the place, and 
from him the town received its name, becaufe 
he had taken refuge there when banifhed from 
JLampfncus. Strab. 12. — Plin. 5, c. 32.-— 

Mela , I, c. 19.-An ifland near Ephefu§. 

Pirn. 5, c. 31. 

Prienr, a maritime town of Afia Minor 
at the foot of mount Mycale, one of the 
twelve independent cities of Ionia. It gave 
birth to Bias, one of the feven wife men of 
Greece. It had been built by an Athe¬ 
nian colony. Pauf. 7, C. 2 . 1 . 8, C. 14.— Strab. 
12 . 

Prima, a daughter of Romulus and Her- 
£lia. 

Prion, a place at Carthage. 

Priscianus, a celebrated grammarian 
at Athens, in the age of the emperor Juf- 
tinian. 

Prjscii.la, a woman praifed for her con¬ 
jugal affection by Statius, 5, Sylv. 1. 

Priscus Serviuius, a dictator at Rome 
who defeated the Veientes and the Fidenates. 

-A furname of the elder Tarquin king of 

Rome. [Fid. Tarquinius ]-A governor cf 

Syria, brother to the emperor Philip. He 
proclaimed himfelf emperor in Macedonia 
when he was informed of his brother’s death, 
but he was loon after conquered and put to 

death by Decius, Philip’s murderer.-A 

friend of the emperor Severus-A friend 

of the emperor Julian, almoft murdered by 

the populace.-Helvidius, a quteftor in 

Achaia during the reign of Nero, remarkable 
for his independent fpirit, &*c. Tacit. Hi ft. 4, 

c. J>. — Juvenal. - An officer under Vitel- 

lius.-One pf the emperor Adrian’s friends. 

.-A friend of Domitian.--An orator, 

whofe diiTipated and luxurious manners Ho¬ 
race ridicules, 1 Sat. 7, v. 9. 

pRiSTiS, the name of one of the (hips that 
engaged in the naval combat which was exhi¬ 
bited by ./Eneas at the anniverfary of his fa¬ 
ther’s death. She was commanded by Mnelt- 
heus. Fi>*. JEn. I, v. 116. 

Priyernus, a Putu'.ian killed by Capys 
in the wars between Aineas and Turnus. Firg. 
JEn. 9, v.576. 

PRIVERNUM, now Piper ns Fecchio, a town 
of the Volfci in Italy, whole inhabitants were 
called Privernates. It became a Roman co¬ 
lony. Liv. 8,C 10 .— Firg. JEn. II, v. 54O. 
— Cic. I, J Div. 43. 

Prop a, the wife of the emperor Probus. 

--A woman who opened the gates of Rome 

to the Goths. 

Probus, M. Aurelius Severus, a native 
of Sirmium in Pannonia. His father was 
originally a gardener, who, by entering the 
army, rofe to the rank of a military tribune. 
His fon obtained the fame office in the 22d 
year of his age, and he diilineuilbed him¬ 
felf fo much by his probity, his valcr, his 


\ 

intrepidity, moderation, and clemency, that 
at the death of the emperor Tacitus, he 
was inverted with the imperial purple by the 
voluntary and uninfluenced choice of his fol- 
diers. His election was univerfally approv¬ 
ed by the Roman fenate and the people : and 
' rohus, ftrengthened on his throne by the 
affe< 5 tion and attachment of hisfubje&s, march¬ 
ed againft the enemies of Rome, in Gaul 
and Germany. Several battles were fought, 
and after he had left 400,000 barbarians 
■dead in the field. Probus turned his arms 
againft the Sarmatians. The fame fuccefs at¬ 
tended him, and after he had quelled and 
terrified to peace the numerous barbarians of 
the north, he marched through Syria againft 
the Blemmyes in the neighbourhood of Egypt. 
The Blemmyes were defeated with great 
(laughter, and the military chara£!er of the 
emperor was fo well eftablilhed, that the king 
of Perfia fued for peace by his ambaffadors, 
and attempted to buy the conqueror’s fa¬ 
vor with the moil fplendid prefents. Probus 
was then feafting upon the mod common 
food when the ambafladors were introduced ; 
but without even carting his eyes upon them, 
he fnid, that if their mafter did not give pro¬ 
per fatisfa&ion to the Romans, he would lay 
his territories defolate, and as naked as the 
crown of his head. As he fpoke, the emperor 
took off his cap, and (hewed the baldnefs of 
his head to the ambaftadors. The conditions 
were gladly accepted, by the Perfian monarch, 
and Probus retired to Pome to convince his 
fubie&s of the greatnefs of his conquefts, 
and to claim from them the applaule which 
their anceftors had given to the conqueror 
of Macedonia or the deftroyer of Carthage, 
as he parted along the ftreets of Rome. His 
triumph lafted feverai days, and the Roman 
populace were long entertained with (hows 
and combats. But the Roman empire, deli¬ 
vered from its foreign enemies* was torn by 
civil difeord ; and peace was not re-eftabiifh- 
ed till three ufurpers had been fever ally 
defeated. While his fubje&s enjoyed tranquil¬ 
lity, Probus encouraged the liberal arts, he 
permitted the inhabitants of Gaul and 
Illyricum to plant vines in their territories, 
and he himfelf repaired 70 cities in diffe¬ 
rent parts of the empire which had been re¬ 
duced to mins. He alfo attempted to drain 
the waters which were ftagpated in the neigh¬ 
bourhood of Sirmium, by conveying them to 
the (ea by artificial canals, t-? is armies were 
employed in this laborious undertaking ; 
but as they were unaccuftomed to fuch toils, 
they foon mutinied, and fell upon the emperor 
as he was parting into one of the towns of 
niyricum. He fled into an iron tower which 
he himfelf had built to obferve the marfties, 
but as he was alone, and without arms, he 
was foon overpowered and murdered in the 
50th year of his age, after a reign of fix years 
and four months, on the fecond of No- 
6 vember. 














vemher after Chrift 282. The news of his 
death was received with the gieateft conller- 
natiott, not only his friends, but his very 
enemies deplored his fate, and even the ar¬ 
my, which had been concerned in his faH, 
erected a monument over his body, and 
placed upon it this inlcription: H e Pro- 
bus imperator, vere probus,ft us c/I, vilior om¬ 
nium gentium barbararum , -victor etiam tyran- 
norum. He was then preparing in a few 
days to march againft the Peifians that had 
revolted, and his victories there might have 
been as great as thole he obtained in the 
two other quarters of the globe. He was 
lucceeded by Carus, and his family, who 
had fhared his 'greatnels, immediately retired 
from Rome, not to become objects either of 
private or public malice. Zof. — Prob. — Sa¬ 
turn. --iEmilius a grammarian in the age 

of Theodofius. '1'he lives of excellent com¬ 
manders, written by Cornelius Napos, have 
been fallely attributed to him, by tome au¬ 
thors.-An opprellive prefect of the pre- 

torian guards, m the reign of YaleYitmian. 

Procas, a king of Alba aftef his father 
Aventinus. Pie was father of Amulius and 
Kumitor. Li-v. I, c. 3.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 
622.— Hirg. JEn. 6, v. 767. 

Prochyta, an ifland of Campania in 
the bay of Puteoli, now PraciJa. It was fitu- 
ated near Inarima, from which it was laid that 
it had been feparated by an earthquake. It 
received its name according toDionyfius from 
the nurfe of ./Eneas. Vitg. JEn. 2, v. 715. 
—Mela,?,) C. 7.— Dionyf. Hal.. 2., 

Procjlius, a Latin hiftorian in the age 
of Pompey the Great. Varro. 

Procilla Julia, a woman of uncommon 
virtue, killed* by the foldiers of Otho. Tacit. 
Agric. 4. 

C. Valerius Procillus, a prince of 
Gaul, intimate with Ctefar. 

Proclea, a daughter of Clitius, who 
married Cycnus, a fon of Neptune. Pauf. 

10, c. 14. 

Procles, a fon of Ariftodemus and Ar- 
gia, born at the fame birth as Eurylthenes. 
There were continual diffentions between the 
two brothers, who both fat on the Spartan 
throne. [Hid. Eurylthenes & Lacedaemon.] 
——A native of Andros in the Aigean 
fea, who was crowned at the Olympic games. 

Pauf. 6, c. 14. - A man who headed the 

lonians when they took Samos. Id. 7, c. 

4.-A Carthaginian writer, fon of Eu- 

crates. He wrote fome hiftorical treatifes, 
of which Paufanias has prelerved fome frag¬ 
ments. Id. 4, c. 35.-A tyrant of Epi- 

daurus, put to death and thrown into the 

fea. Plut. dc orac. --A general of the 

Naxians, in Sicily, who betrayed his coun¬ 
try to Dionyfius the tyrant, for a fum of 
money. 

Procljdje, the defendants of Procles, who 
Lt on the throne ef Sparta together with the 


Ewrydbenicke, [Hid. Lacedaemon and Euryfb- 
heues..] 

Procne. Hid. Progne. 

Proconnesus, now Marmora, an iiland 
of the Propontis, at tire north-eaft of Cyzicus ; 
alio called Elaphonnefus and Neurit. It was 
famous for its fine marble. Plin 5, c. 32.-— 
Strab. 13— Mela , 2, c. 7. 

Procopius, a celebrated officer of a noble 
family in, Cilicia, related to the emperor 
Julian, with whom he lived in great inti¬ 
macy. He was univerfally admired for his 
integrity, hut be was not deftitute of am¬ 
bition or pride. After he had fignalized 
himfelf under Julian find his fucceffor, he 
retired from the Roman provinces among the 
barbarians in the Thracian Cherfonefus, and 
fome time after he lbddenly made his ap¬ 
pearance at Conttant’mople, when the em¬ 
peror Valens had marched into the eaft, 
and he proclaimed himfelf mafter of the 
eaftern empire. His ufurpation was univer¬ 
fally acknowledged, and his victories were 
lb rapid, that Valens would have refigned 
the imperial purple, had not his friends in¬ 
tervened. But now fortune changed, Proco¬ 
pius was defeated in Phrygia, and abandon¬ 
ed by his army. His head was cut off, and 
carried to Valent inian in Gaul, A. D. 366. 
Procopius was (lain in the 42d year of his age, 
and he had ufurped the title of emperor for 
above eight months. Ammian. Marcel, ip & 

26.-A Greek hiftorian of Cacfarea in Pa~ 

leftine, fecretary to the celebrated Belifa- 
rius, A. D 334* He wrote the hiftory of 
the reign of Juftinian, and greatly celebrat¬ 
ed the hero whole favors and patronage he 
enjoyed. This hiftory is divided into 8 books, 
2. of which give an account of the Perlian 
war, 2 of the Vandals, and 4 of the Goths, 
to the year 553, which was afterwards con¬ 
tinued in 5 hooks by Agathias till 539. Of 
this performance the character is great, though 
perhaps the hiftorian is often too levere on the 
emperor. The works of Procopius were 
edited in 2 vols. folio. Paris, 1662. 

Procris, a daughter of Erechtheus, king 
of Athens. She married Cephalus. [Hid. 
Cephalus.] Hirg. JEn. 6,v. 443.-A daugh¬ 

ter of Theftius. 

Procrustes, a famous robber of Attica, 
killed by Theieus near the Cephifus. He 
tied travellers on a bed, and if their length 
exceeded that of the bed, he uled to cut it 
off, but if they were fhorter, he had them 
ftretched to make their length equal to it. 
He is called by fome Damaftes and Polype- 
mon. Ovid. Ee-aiJ. 2, v. 69. Met. 9, v. 43. 
— Plut. in Tbef. 

Procula, a proftitute in Juvenal’s age, 2. 

v. 68. 

Proculeius, a Roman knight, very in¬ 
timate, with Auguftus. He is celebrated for 
his humanity and paternal kindtiel's to his 
brothers Muraena and Scipio, with whom 

* ■' “he 








he divided his pofleffions, after they had for¬ 
feited their eftates, and incurred the dii'plea- 
lure of Auguftus, for tiding with young Pom- 
pey. He was fent by Auguftus to Cleopatra, 
to endeavour to bring -her alive into his pre¬ 
fence, but to no purpofe. He deftroyed him- 
felf when laboring under a heavy difeale. 
Horat. 2, od. 2.— Plut. in Anton. — Plin. 36, 

e. Z4.-A debauchee in Nero’s reign. 

JtlV . I, V. 40. 

Proculus Julius, a Roman who, after 
the death of Romulus, declared that he had 
feen him in his appearance more than hu¬ 
man, and that he had ordered him to hid 
the Romans to offer him facrifices under the 
name of Quirinus, and to reft afftired that 
Rome was deilined, by the gods, to become 

the capital of the world. Plut. in Rom. - 

Liv. I, c. 16.-Gegnnius, a Roman coniul. 

--Placitius, a Roman who conquered the 

Hernici.-t-A friend of Vitellius.—A conful 

under Nerva.-A man accul'ed of extortion. 

-An African in the age of Aurelius. He 

publiihed a book entitled de regionibus , or re- 
ligionipus, on foreign countries, &c. — An 
officer who proclaimed himfelf emperor in 
Gaul, in the reign of Piobus. He was loon 
after defeated, and expofed on a gibbet. He 
was v„ery debauched and licentious in his 
manners, and had acquired riches by pirati¬ 
cal excurfions. 

Procyon, a ftar near Sirius, or the dog 
ftar, before which it generally riles in July. 
Cicero calls it Anticanis , which is of the 
fame fignification X 1 *? 0 kvwv). Horat. 3, od. 
29.— Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 44. 

Prodicus, a fophift and rhetorician of 
Cos, about 396 years before thrift. He 
was fent as ambaffador by his countrymen 
to Athens, where he publicly taught, and 
had among his pupils Euripides, Socrates, 
Theramenes, and liberates. He travelled 
from town to town in Greece, to procure, 
admirers and get money. He made his au¬ 
ditors pay to hear him harangue, which has 
given occafionto fome of the ancients to fpeak 
of the orations of Prodicus, for 50 drachmas. 
In his writings, which were numerous, he 
compofed a beautiful epiibde, in which vir¬ 
tue and pleafore were introduced, as attempt¬ 
ing to make Hercules one of their votaries. 
The hero at laft yielded to the charms of 
virtue, and reje&ed pleafure. This has been 
imitated by Hunan. Prodicus was at laft put 
to death by the Athenians, on pretence that 
he corrupted the morals of their youth. Xe¬ 
nophon. inexior, 

Proerna, a town of Phthiotis. Liv. 63, 
c. 14. 

Prcgrosia, a furname of Ceres. Her fef- 
tivals celebrated at Athens and Eleufis be¬ 
fore the lowing of corn, bore the fame name. 
JAeurf. de myji. El. 

Prcetxoes, the daughters of Prgetus, king 
©f Argolis, were three in number, Lyfippe, 


Tphinoe, and Tphianafla, They became in- ^ 
fane for neglecting the worfhip Of Bacchus, 
or according to others, for preferring them- 
feives to Juno, and they ran about the field* 
believing themfelyes to be cows, and flying 
away. not to be barnefted to the plow or 
to tfie chariot. Proctus applied to T\Ae:»m- 
pus to cure his daughters of their infinity, 
but he refilled to emplo him when he de¬ 
manded the third part . t his kingdom > a 
reward. This negleCt of Prartus was punith- 
ed, the infanity became com... i ,us, and the 
monarch at laft promifed Melampus two 
parts of his kingdom and one of lijs daugh¬ 
ters, if he would reltore them and the Ar- 
gian women to their lenles, IVIelampus ccn- 
fented, and after he had wrought the cure, 
he married the moft beautiful of the Picctides. 
Some have called them Lyfippe, Ipponoe. and 
Cyrianafla. Apollod. 2, c. 2. — Ft rg. Ed. 6, 
v. 48.— Ovid. Met. 15.— Ladant. ad Slat*. 
Theb. I & 3. 

Prcetus, a king of Argos, fon of Abas 
and Ocalea. He was twin brother to Aeri¬ 
fies, with whom he quarrelled even before 
their birth. I his diffention between the two 
brothers encreafed with their years. After 
their Other’s death, they both tried to ob¬ 
tain the kingdom of Argos j but the claims 
of Acrifius prevailed, and Prcetus left Pelo- 
ponnefus and retired to the court of Jobates, 
king of I..ycia, where he married Stenobcea, 
called by fome Antea or Antiope. He af¬ 
terwards returned to Argolis, and by means 
of his father-in-law, he made himfelf matter 
of 1 irynthus. Stenobcea had accompanied 
her hulband to Greece, and fhe became by 
him mother of the Picctides, v and of a fon 
called Megapenthes, who after his father’s 
death iucceeded on the throne of Tirynthus. 

[ Fid. Stenobcea.] Homer. II. 6, v. 160_ 

Apollod. 2, c. 2. 

Progne, a daughter of Pandion, king 
of Athens, by Zeuxippe. She married 
Tereus, king of Thrace, by whom Ihe had 
a- fon called Itylus, or Itys. [Fid. Philome¬ 
la.] 

Prolaus, a native of Elis father to Phi- 
lantluis andXampus, by Lvfippe. Pauf. 5, 
c. 2. 

Promachus, one of the Epigoni, fon 

cf Parthenopteus. Pauf. 2, c. 20._A 

fon of Pi'ophis, daughter of Eryx, king of 
Sicily. IJ. 8, c. 34.——An athlete of Pal- 

lene.-A fon of JEfon, killed by Pelias. 

Apollod. 

Promathijdas, an hiftorian of Hera- 
clea. 

Promathion, a man who wrote an hiftory 
of Italy. Plut. in R^m. 

Promedon, a native of the ifiand. of Nax¬ 
os, See. 

Promen jf.a, one of the prieftcJTes of the 
temple of Dodona. It was from her that 
HuotJotu* received the tradition that two 

doves 






PR 


PR 


ioves had flown from Thebes, in Egypt, one 
to Dodona, and the other to the temple of 
Jupiter Ammon, where they gave oracles.— 
Herodot. z, c. 55. 

PromeTiiei jugum & antrum, a place 
on the top of mount Caucasus, in Alba¬ 
nia. 

Prometheus, a fon of Iapetus by Cly- 
mene, one of the Oceanides. He was bro¬ 
ther to Atlas, Meticct us, and Epimetheus, 
and furpafled all mankind in cunning and 
fraud. He ridiculed the gods, and deceived 
Jupiter himielf. He facrificed two bulls, and 
filled their ikins, one with the fielh and the 
©tiler with the Dones, and alked the father 
ol the gods, which of the two he preferred 
as an offering. Jupiter became the dupe 
of his art: bee, and chol'e the bones, and from 
that time the priefts of the temples wexv 
ever after ordered to burn the whole vic¬ 
tims on the altars, the fleth and the bones 
altogether. To punifh Prometheus and the 
reft of mankind, Jupiter took lire away from 
the earth, but the foil of Iapetus out-wiited 
the father of the gods. He climbed the hea¬ 
vens by the afliftance of Minerva, and ftole 
fire from the chariot of the fun, which he 
brought down upon the earth, at the end 
of a ferula. This provoked Jupiter the more ; 
he ordered Vulcan tomake a woman of clay, 
and alter he had given her life, he lent her 
to Prometheus, with a box ol' the richeft 
and moft valuable pret'ents which fhe had 
received from the gods. [ Vid. Pandora.] Pro¬ 
metheus, who fufpe£ted Jupiter, took no no¬ 
tice of Pandora or her box, but he made 
his brother Epimetheus marry her, and the 
god, now more irritated, ordered Mercu 
ry, or Vulcan, according to ./El'chylus, to 
carry this artful mortal to mount Caucafus, 
and there tie him to a rock, where for 
30,000 years, a vulture was to feed upon 
his liver, which was never diminithed, though 
continually devoured. He was delivered from 
this painful confinement about 30 years afrer- 
wards * y Hercules, who killed the bird of 
prey. The vulture, or according to others, 
the eagle, which devoured the liver of Pro¬ 
metheus, was born from Typhon and Echid¬ 
na. According to Apollodorus, Prometheus 
made the firfl man and woman that ever were 
upon the earth, with clay, which he animat¬ 
ed by means of the fire which he had llolen 
from heaven. On tEis account therefore, 
the Athenians railed him an altar in the 
grove of Academus, where they yeatly cele¬ 
brated games in his honor. During thefe 
games there was a race, and h^ who carried 
a burning torch in his hand without extin- 
guiihiug it, obtained the jtrize. Prometheus, 
as it is univerfafly credited, had received the 
gift of prophecy, and all the gods* and even 
Jupiter himfelf confulted him as a moil in¬ 
fallible oracle. To him mankind are indebt¬ 
ed for the invention of many of the ufe- 


ful arts; he taught them the ufe of plants, 
with their phytical power, and f.om him 
they received the knowledge of taming horfes 
and differenr animals, either to cultivate the 
ground, or for the purpofes of luxury. He- 
ftod. Tbeog 510 & 550.— A pulled. I & - 

Pan/. I, c. 30.1. 5, c. II. — Hygin. fib. I44v 
—AH c by l- in Prom.——Virg . Eel. 6 .— Ovid. 
Met. I, V. 8 a.— Hot at. I, od. 3,— Senua. in 
J\Ped. 823. 

Promkthis, Sc Promethides, a patro¬ 
nymic applied to the children of Prometheus, 
as to Deucalion, &c. Ovid Met. 10, v. 
39 °* 

Prometuus & Damasiciithon, two 
fans of Codrus, who condudled colonies into 
Afia Minor. Pan/, i. c. 3. 

Promui.us, a Trojan killed by Turnus. 
Vdrg. JEn. 9, v. 574. 

Pronamdes, an ancient Greek poet of 
Athens, who was according to lome, pre¬ 
ceptor to Homer. It is faid that lie full 
taught the Greeks how to write from the 
left to the right, contrary to the cuilom of 
writing from the right to the left, which is 
Hill ©bferved by fome of the eaftarn nations. 
Diod. 3. 

Pronax, a brother of iVlraftus king of 
Argos, ion of Tala us and Lyfiinache. Pauf . 
3, c. 18. 

Pkonoe, a daughter of Phorhus, mother 
of Pleuron and Calydon, by JSolus. 

Pronomus, a 'lheban who played fo 
fkilfully on the flute, that the invention of 
that mufical inftrument is attributed to him. 
Pattf. p, c. 12.— Athen. 14, c. 7. 

Pronocjs, a fon of Phlegeas, killed by the 
Tons of Alcmieon. 

Pronuba, a furname of Juno, becaufe 
Ihe prefided over marriages. Virg. JEn. 4, 
v. 166. 

Propertius (Sextus Aurelius,) a Latin 
poet born at Mevauia, in Umbria. His 
father was a Roman knight* whom Au- 
guftus proferibed, becaufe he had fdllowed . 
the interell of Antony. He came to Rome, 
where his genius and. poetical talents foon 
recommended him to the notice of the great 
and powerful. Mecauas, Gallus, and Vir¬ 
gil, became his triends and Augustus his 
patron. Mecanas withed him to attempt 
an epic poem, of which he. proofed the em¬ 
peror for hero; but Propertius refuted, ob- v 
ferving that his abilities were unequal to the 
talk. He died about 19 years before Chrilt, « 
in the 40th year of his age. His works enn- 
liitof four books of elegies, 'vhich are writ¬ 
ten with fo much fpirit, vivacity and energy, 
that many authors call him the prince of the 
elegiac poets among the Latins. . His poetry . 
though elegant is no^ free from faults, and 
the many lafcivious exprefiions which he ul^s ^ 
defervedly expole him to ceniure. Gyntliia, 
who is the heroine of all h;s,elegies, was/t 
Roman hay, whofe real n*a»c was Hoilin, 
T t or 




PR 


to Hoftilia, of whom the poet tvas deeply 
enamoured. Though Mevania is more ge¬ 
nerally fuppofed to be the place of his birth, 
yet tour other cities of Umbria have dif- 
puted the honor of it; Hefpillus, Ameria, 
Perufia, and Aflifium. The belt edition is 
that of Santenius, 4to. Traj. ad Rh. 1780, and 
when publifhed together with Catullus, and 
Tibullus, thofe of Graeviu6, 8vo. Utr. 1680, 
and of Vulpius, 4 vols. Patavji, 1737, 1749, 
1755, and the edition of Barbou, ianio. Pa¬ 
ris, 1754. Ovid. Trijl. 2, v. 465. 1 . 4, el. lO, 
v. 55 * de art. aw. 3, v. 333.— Martial. 8, eju 
73. h 14, ep. 189.— Qiiintil. IO, C. 1 .— Plin. 6. 

1. 9, ep. 22. 

PROFCETrnrs, fome women of Cyprus, fe- 
verely punifhed by Venus, whofe divinity they 
had defpifed. They fent their daughters to 
the fea fhore, where they proftituted rhem- 
felves to ftrangers. The poets have feigned, 
that they were changed into ft ones, pn account 
of their infeufibility to every virtuous lenti- 
rrent. Jujlin. 18, c. 5 — Ovid. Met. 10, v. 
238. 

Propontis, a fea which has a commu¬ 
nication with the Euxine, by the Thracian 
Eofphorus, and with the Aegean by the Hel- 
lelpont, now Called the fea of Marmora. 
It is about J75 miles long and 62 broad, 
and it received its name from its vicinity to 
Pontus. Mela, X, c. 19.^— Strab. 2. — Ovid. 
2. Trijl. 9, v. 29.— Proptrt. 3, el. 22. 

Profylea, a furname of Diana. She had 
a temple at Eleufis in Attica. 

Prosci.ystjus, a furrarne of Neptune, 
among the Greeks. Pa-f 2. 

Proserpina, a daughter of Ceres by 
Jupiter, called by the Greeks Perfephone. 
She was fo beautiful, that the father of the 
gods himfelf became enamoured of her, and 
deceived her by changing himfelf into a 
ferpent, and folding her in his wreaths. Pro- 
ferpine made Sicily the place of her refi- 
dence, and delighted herfelf with the beauti¬ 
ful views, the flowery meadows, and limpid 
itreams, which lurrounded the plains of En- 
na. In this folitary retreat, as fhe amufed 
herfelf with her female attendants in gather¬ 
ing flowers, Pluto carried her away into the 
infernal regions, of which fhe became the 
queen. [Hid. Pluto.] Ceres was fo difeon- 
lolate at the lots of her daughter, that 
Ihe travelled all over the world, but her 
inquiries Were in vain, and Ihe never could 
have difeovered whither (he had been car¬ 
ried, had not (he found the girdle of Pro- 
ferpine on the lurface of the waters of the 
fountain Cyane, near which the ravrlher had 
opened himfelf a paftage to his kingdom by 
ftriking the earth with his trident. Ceres foon 
learned from the nymph Arethufa that her 
daughter had been carried away by Pluto, 
and immediately Ihe repaired to Jupiter, and 
demanded of him to punifh the ravifher. 
Jupiter in vain attempted to perfuade the 


1* ft 

mother, that Pluto was not unworthy of her 
daughter, and when he faw that Ihe was in¬ 
flexible for the reftitution of Proierpine, he 
4 a id that fhe might retum on earth, if ftie 
had not .taken any aliments in the infernal 
regions. Her return,however, was irnpoflible. 
Proierpine as fhe walked in the Elyfian 
fields, had gathered a pomegranate from a 
tree and eaten it, and Afcalaphus was the 
only cne who faw it, and lor his difeovefy 
the goddefs inftantly turned him into an owl. 
Jupiter to appeafe the refentment of CereS, 
and footh her grief, permitted that Proierpine 
fhould remain fix months with Pluto in the 
infernal regions, and that fhe fhould fpend 
the reft of the year with her mother on 
earth. As queen of hell, and wife of Plu¬ 
to, Proferpine prefided over the death of 
mankind, and according to the opinion of 
the ancients, no one could die, if the god¬ 
defs herfelf, or Atropos her miniiler, did nos 
cut off one of the hairs from the head. From 
this fuperftitious belief, it was tifuai to cut 
off fome of the hair of the deceafed, and to 
llrew it at the door of the houfe, as an offer¬ 
ing for Proferpine. The Sicilians were very 
particular in their tvorflup to Proferpine, 
2nd as they believed that 1 the fountain Cy¬ 
ane had rifen from the earth at the very 
place where Pluto had opened himfelf a paftage, 
they annually facrHked there a bull, ot 
which they fuffered the blood to run into 
the water. Proferpine was univerl'ally wor- 
fhipped by the ancients, and fhe was known 
by the different names of Core, Tbeogamia, 
Libit in a, Hecate , Juno inferna, Anthefpht- 
ria, Cotyto, Deois, Libera, &c. Pint, in Liit. 
— Pauf. 8, C. 37. 1 . 9, C. 31— Ovid. Met. 
5, fab. 6 . Faf. 4, v. 417.— Virg. JEn. 4, V. 
698. 1 . 6, v. 138.— Strab. J.—Diod. 5.— 
Cic. in Terr. 4.-— Hygin. fab. 146.— Refiod. 
Tbeog. — Apollod. I, c. 3,— Orpheus, hymn. 2 8. , 
— Claudian. de rapt. Prof. 

pRosorrris, an ifland in one of the mouths 
of the Nil?. Herodet. 2, C. 4, 

Prosper, one of the fathers who* died A. 
D. 466. His works have been edited by 
Mangeant, fol. Paris, 1711. 

Prosymna, a part of Argolis, where Juno 
was worfhipped. It received its name from 
a nymph of the fame name, daughter of 
Afterion, who nurfed Juno. Pauf.2. 

Protagoras, a Greek philofopher of Ab- 
dera in Thrace, who was originally a porter-. 
He became one of the difciples of Demo¬ 
critus, when that philofopher had feen him 
carrying faggots on his head, poifed in a pro¬ 
per equilibrium. He foon rendered himfelf 
ridiculous by his ‘do&rines, and in a book 
which he publifhed, he denied the exifterree 
of a fupreme being. This doftrine he firp- 
ported by obferviftg, that his doubts ardle 
from the uncertainty of the exiftence of* 3 
fupreme power, and from- the fhorthefs-Vif 
human life. This book- was publicly \burht 

at 



PR 


PR 


ft Athens and the philofopher baniftied from 
the city, as a worthlefs and contemptible 
being. Protagoras vifited from Athens, dif¬ 
ferent iflands in the Mediterranean, and died 
in Sicily in a very advanced age, about 400 
years hefore the C'hriftian era. He gene¬ 
rally reafoned by dilemmas, and always left 
the mind in fufpence about all the queftions 
which he propol'ed. Some fuppofe that he 

was drowned. Diog. 9.— Plat. in Protag. - 

A king of Cyprus, tributary to the court of 
Peifia.-Another. 

Protagorides, an hiftorian of Cyzicus, 
who wrote a treatife on the games of Daphne, 
celebrated at Antioch. 

Protei columns, a place in the re- 
motell parts of Egypt. Virg. JEn. n, v. 
262. 

Protesilai turris, the monument of 
Protefilaus, 0.1 the Hellelpont. Plin. 4, c. 11. 
— Mela , 2, c. 2 . 

ProtesilAus, a king of part of Thel- 
faly, ion of lphiclus, originally called Io- 
laus, grandfon of Phylacug, and brother to 
Alcimede, the mother of Jafon. He mar¬ 
ried Laodamia, the daughter of Acaftus, 
and iome time after he departed with the 
reft of the Greeks for the Trojan war with 
40 fail. He was the tirft of the Greeks who 
let foot on the Trojan Ihore, and as fuch he 
was doomed by the oracle to perifh, there¬ 
fore he was killed as i'oon as he had leaped 
from his fnip, by iEneas or HeCtor. Hbmer 
has not mentioned the perl'on who killed him. 
His wife Laodamia deftroyed herielf, when 
ihe heard of his death. \Vid. Laodamia.] 
Protefilaus has received the patronymic of 
Phyla rides, either becaufe he was defend¬ 
ed fiom Phylacus, or becaufe he was a na¬ 
tive of Phylace. He was buried on the Tro¬ 
jan lhore, and according to Pliny, there 
were near his tomb certain trees which grew 
to an extraordinary height, which as i'oon as 
they could be dilcovered and feen from Troy 
immediately withered and decayed, and after¬ 
wards grew up again to their former height, 
and fuffered the lame viciffitude. Homer. II. 
2, v. 205.— Ovid. Met. 12, fab. I. Heroid. 
13, V. I'J.-^Propert. I, el . 19.— Hygin. fab. 

103, &c. 

Proteus, a fea deity, fon of Oceanus 
and Tethys, or according to fome of Neptune 
and Phoenice. He had received the gift of 
prophecy from Neptune becaufe he had tend¬ 
ed the monfters of the lea, and from his 
knowledge of futurity mankind received the 
greateft Cervices. He ufually refided in the 
Carpathian lea, and like the reft of the gods, 
he repofed himlelf on the lea ihore, where 
fuch as wifhed to confult him generally re¬ 
torted. He was difficult of accefs, and when 
coniblted he refufed to give anfwers, by im¬ 
mediately afliiming different (hapes, and if 
not properly fecured in fetters, eluding die 
grafp in the form of a tiger, or a lion, or 


difappearng in a flame of fire, a whirlwind, 
or a rulhing ftream. Ariftasfis and Mene- 
laus were in the number of thole who con- 
l'ulted him, as alio Hercules. Some, fuppofe 
that he was originally king of Egypt, known 
among his fubje&s by the name of Cetes, and 
they aflert that he had two ions, Telogon 11s 
and Polygonus, who were both killed by 
Hercules. He had alfo fome daughters, among 
whom were Cabira , Eidothea, and Rhetia. 
Homer. Od. 4, V. 360.— Ovid. Met. 8. fab. 
IO. Am. el. 12 , v. 36. — Heftod. Pheog. V . 
243.— Vi\rg. G. 4, v. 387.— Hygin. fab. Il8. 

—- Htrodot . 2, C. 1 12. — Diod.l. 

Prothenor, a Boeotian who went to the 
Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. 

Protheus, a Greek at the Trojan war. 

-A Spartan who endeavoured to prevent a 

war with the Thebans. 

Prothous, a fon of Lycaon of Arcadia, 
Apollod. ■ ■ ■ A fon of Agrius. 

Proto, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 

Protogenea, a daughter of Calydon, 
by iEolia the daughter of Amythaon. She 
had a l'on called Oxillus by Mars. Apol- 
lod. 1. 

Protogenes, a painter of Rhodes who 
fiorilhed about 328 years before C’hrift. 
He was originally fo poor that he painted. 
Ihips to maintain himfelf. His countrymen 
were ignorant of his ingenuity before Apelles 
came to Rhodes, and offered to buy all his 
pieces. This opened the eyes of the Rho¬ 
dians, they became l'enfible of the merit of 
their countryman, and liberally rewarded him. 
Protogenes was employed for feven years in 
finilhing a pi&ure of Jalyfus, a celebrated 
huntfman, fuppofed to have been the fon of 
Apollo, and the founder of Rhodes. During 
all this time the pamter lived only upon lu¬ 
pines and water, thinking that fuch aliments 
would leave him greater flights of fancy; 
but all this did not feem to make him more 
fuccefsful in the perfection of his picture. 
He was to reprefent in the piece a dog 
panting, and with froth at his mouth, but this 
he never could do with fatisfaC'tion to him¬ 
felf ; and when all his labors feemed to be 
without fuccefs, he threw his fponge upon 
the piece in a fit of anger. Chance alone 
brought to perfection what the utmoft la¬ 
bors of art could not do, the fall of the 
fponge upon the picture represented the froth 
of the mouth of the dog in the molt per¬ 
fect and natural manner, and the piece was 
univerfally admired. Protogenes was very 
exaCt in his reprefentations, and copied na¬ 
ture with the greateft nicety, but this was 
blamed as a fault by his friend Apelles. When 
Demetrius befieged Rhodes, he refufed to fet 
fire to a part of the city which might have 
made him mafter of the whole, becaufe he 
knew that Protogenes was , then working in 
that quarter. When the town was taken, the 
painter was found clofely employed in a garden 
T t 2 






PS 


PR 

Jn finifhing a pi&ure,; and when the conqueror 
ailced "him, why he (bowed not more concern at 
the- genera) calamity ; he replied that Deme¬ 
trius made war again!) the Rhodians, and not 
again!) the fine arts. Pauf. i, c. 3. — Plin. 
35, C. 10. —JElian. V. H. 12.— Juv. 3, v, 

I2C r—Plut. in Pern.. -One of Caligula’s 

favorites, famous for his cruelty and extrava¬ 
gance. 

ProtogenTa, a daughter of Deucalion 
and Pyrrha She was beloved by Jupiter, 
by whom !he had jEthlius, the father of 
Endymion. Apbllod. 1, c. 7.— Pauf. 5, c. 

1 .— Hygin. fab. 155-Another. Pid. Pro- 

togenea. 

Protomedusa, one of the Nereides, called 
Protomelia by Hefiod. Tb. 245. 

Proxenus, a Boeotian of great authority 
at Thebes, in the age of Xenophon. Polycen. 
—A writer who published hiltorical accounts 
®f Sparta. Athe.t. 

Prudent! ub (Aurelius Clemens,) a Latin 
poet who florifhed A. D. 392, and was l'uc- 
ceffively a foldier, an advocate, and a judge. 
His poems are numerous, and aU theological, 
devoid of the elegance and purity of the Au- 
guftan age, and yet greatly valued. The be!) 
editions are the Delphin, 4to. Paris 1687 ; that 
of Cellarius, i2mo. Hake 1703 ; and that of 
Parma, 2 vols. 4to. 1788. 

Pkumnides, a king of /Corinth. 

Prusa, a town of Bithynia, built by king 
Prufias,from whom it received its name. Strab. 
12 . — Plin. IO yep. 16. 

Prus.t.us,D ioo,florifhed A. D. 105. 

* Prusias, a king of Bithynia, who florifhed 

221 B. C.-Another, l'urnamed Vena- 

to who made an alliance with the Ro¬ 
mans when they waged war with Antio- 
chus, king of Syria. He gave a kind re¬ 
ception to Annibal, and by his advice he 
made war againlt Eumenes, king of Perga- 
mus, and defeated him. Eumenes, who 
was an ally of Rome as well as Prufias, 
.complained before the Romans of the hol- 
tilities of the king of Bithynia. Q. Fla- 
minius was fent from Rome to fettle the dif- 
put^s of the two monarchs, and he was no 
fooner arrived in Bithynia, than Prufias, to 
gain his favor, prepared to deliver to hint, 
at his requefi, the celebrated Carthaginian, to 
whom he was indebted for all the advantages 
he had obtained over Eumenes; but Annibal 
prevented it by a voluntary death. Prufias 
was obliged by the Roman ambafiador to 
(make a reftitution of the provinces he had 
conquered, and by his meannefs he continued 
to enjoy the favors of the Romans. When 
fome time after he vifited the capital of 
Italy, he appeared in the habit of a manu¬ 
mitted Have, calling himfelf the freed-man 
of the Romans; and when he was intro¬ 
duced into the fenaro-houfe, he faluted the 
Tenators by the name of vifible deities, of l'a- 
,viours and deliverers. Such abjed behaviour 
s i 


rendered him contemptible not only in the 
eves of the Romans, but of his fubje&s, and 
when he returned home the Bithynians re¬ 
volted, and placed his fon Nieomedes on 
the throne. The banifiied monarch fled to 
Nicomedia, where he was afTafiinated near 
the altar of Jupiter, about 149 years before 
Chrift. Some fay that his fon became his 
murderer. Prufias, according to Polybius, 
was the meaneft of monarchs, without honefty, 
without morals, virtue, or principle; he waR 
cruel and cowardly, intemperate and volup¬ 
tuous, and an enemy to all learning. He was 
naturally deformed, and he often appeared in 
public in the habit of a woman to render his 
deformities more vifible. Polyb. — Liv.— 
JuJlin. 31, Sec. — C. Ncp. in-Annib. — Pint. in. 
Flam. SeC- 

Prymno, one of the Oceanides. 

Prvtanes, certain magillrates at Athens 
who prefided over the fenate, and had the 
privilege of aflembling it when they plealed, 
feftivals excepted. They generally met in a 
large hall, called prytaneumy where they .gave 
audiences, offered lacrifices, and feafted to¬ 
gether with all thofe who had rendered fignal 
fervice to their country. The Prytanes were 
ele&ed from the fenators, which were in 
number 500, 50 of which were chofen from 
each tribe. When they were eledled, the 
names of the to tribes of Athens were thrown 
into one veffel, and in another were placed 
nine black beans and a white one. The tribe 
whofe name was drawn with the white bean, 
prefided the fir!), and the reft in the order in 
which they were drawn. They prefided each 
for 35 days, as the year was divided into TO 
parts ; but it is unknown what tribe prefided 
the reft of thofe days which were fupernume- 
rary. When the number of tribes was increas¬ 
ed to 12, each of the Prytanes prefided one 

full month.-Some of the principal ma-’ 

giftrates of Corinth were alfo called Pry¬ 
tanes. 

PrvtXnis, a king of Sparta, of the family 

of the Prod id se. Pan/. 2, c. 36.-One of 

the fiiends of ./Eneas killed by Turnus. Virg. 
JEn. 9, v. 767. 

Psamath 5 , one of the Nereidfes, mother of 
Phocus by /Eacus, king of JEgina. Apollod t 
3, c. 12.— -Ovid. Met. II, V. 398.— Place. 

v. 364.-A daughter of Crotopus, king of 

Argos. She became mother of Linus by 
Apollo, and, to conceal her lhame from heij- 
father, !he expofed her child, which was found 
by dogs and torn to pieces. Pauf. I, c. 43. 

-A fountain and town of Thebes. Place. 

1, v. 364. 

Psamathos, a town and port of Laconia^ 
Pauf. 5,c. 25. 

PsammenItus, fucceeded his father Ama- 
fis on the throne of Egypt. Cambyfes made 
war again!) him, and as he knew that the 
Egyptians paid the greatel) veneration to cats, 
the Ptrfian monarch placed Ibme of tbele 

animals 







PS 


PT 


animals at the head of his army, and the 
enemy unable to defend themfelves and un- 
! willing to kill thole objects of adoration, were 
eafily conquered. Plainmenitus was twice 
beaten at Pelufium and in Memphis, and 
became one of the prilbners of Cambyfes, who 
treated him with great humanity. Plamme- 
nitus however railed leditions againlt the Per- 
lian monarch ; and attempted to make the 
Egyptians rebel, for which he was put to death 
by drinking bull’s blood. He had reigned 
about % months. He florifhed about 525 
years before the Chrillian era. Herodot. 3, 
c- lo,&c. * 

Fsammktichus, a king of Egypt. He 
was one of the 12 princes who lhared the 
kingdom among themfelves; but as he was 
more popular than the reft, he was banillied 
from his dominions, and retired into the 
m.irfhes near the lea Ihore. A delcent of 
fome of the Greeks upon Egypt, proved fa¬ 
vorable to his caule; he joined the enemy, 
and defeated the 11 princes who had expelled 
him from the country. He rewarded the 
Greeks, hy whole valor he had recovered 
Egypt, he allotted-them l'ome territory on the 
fea coaft, patronized the liberal arts, and en¬ 
couraged commerce among his lubjeth. He 
made ufelel's enquiries to find the lources of 
the Nile, and-he flopped, by bribes and mo¬ 
ney, a large army of Scythians that were 
marching againlt him. He died 617 years 
before the Chriftian ''era, and was buried in 
Minerva’s temple at Sais. During his reign 
there was a contention among l'ome of the 
neighbouring nations about the antiquity of 
their language. Pfammetichus took a part in 
the contelt. He confined two young children 
and fed them with milk; the fhepherd to 
whole care they were entrufled, was ordered 
never to fpeak to them, but to watch dili¬ 
gently their articulations. After fome time 
the fhepherd ohl'erved, that whenever he en¬ 
tered the place of their confinement they re¬ 
peated exclaimed Beccos , and he gave in¬ 
formation of this to the monarch. Pfamme¬ 
tichus made enquiries, and found that the 
word Beccos fignilied bread in the Phoenician 
language, and from that circumllance, there 
fore, it was univerlally concluded that the 

- language of Phoenicia was of the greatefl an- 
. tiquity. Herodct. 2, c. 28, &c.— Polydrn. 8. 

r —Strab . t6.-A fon of Gordius, brother to 

- Periander, who held the tyranny at Corinth 
,ffpr three years, B. C. 584. Arijlot. Polit. 5, 

C. 12. 

Psammis, or Pfammuthis, a king of Egypt, 
. B. C. 376. 

Psaphis, a town on the confines of Attica 
and Bacotia. There was there an oracle of 
Amphiaraus. 

Psapho, a Libyan who taught a number 
of birds which he kept to lay, Pfapho is a god. 
and afterwards gave them their liberty. The 
, birds did not forget the words' which they had 


been taught, and the Africans paid divine 
honors to Plapho. Jit Han. 

Ps ec as, one of Diana’s attendant nymphs. 
Ovid. Met. 3. 

Psqphis, a-town of Arcadia near the river 
Erynunthus, vvhofe name it originally bore, 
and afterwards that of Phegia. Stat. Th. 4, 

V. 296.— Pauf, 8, c. 24.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 607. 

-A river and town of Elis_A daughter 

of Ervx-A town of Acarnania.-Ano¬ 

ther of Libya. 

Psyche, a nymph whom Cupid married 
and carried into a place of bills, where he 
long enjoyed her company. Venus put her 
to death becaufe Ihe had robbed the wot id of 
her Ion ; but Jupiter, at the requeil of Cupid, 
granted immortality to Plyche. The word 
fignifies the fouly and this perfonification of 
Plyche firft mentioned by Apuleius is pof- 
terior to the Auguftan age, though Hill it is 
connected with ancient mythology. Plyche • > 
is generally represented with the wings of a 
butterfly to intimate the lightnefs pf the foul, 
of which the butterfly is the fymbol, and on 
that account, among the ancients, when a man 
had juft expired, a butterfly appeared flut¬ 
tering above, as if riling from the mouth of the 
decealed. 

Ps ychru 3, a river of Thrace. When 
fheep drank of its waters they were faid always 
to bring forth black lambs. Arijlot. 

Psylli, a people of Libya near the Syrtes, 
very expert in curing -the venomous bite 
of l’erpents, which had no fatal effedt upon 
them. Strab. 17-— Dio. 51, C. 14.— Lucan. 
9» v -894» 937-— Herodot. 4,c. 173.— Pauf. 9, 
c. 28. 

Pteleum, a town of Theflaly on the bor¬ 
ders of Boeotia. Lucan. 6, v. 852.*— Liv. 35, 
c. 43 - 

Pterelaus, a fon ofTaphius, prefented 
with immortality from Neptune, provided he 
kept on his head a yellow lock. His daughter 
cut it off, and he died. He reigned at Taphos 
in Argos, .Sec. Apollod. 2, c. 4. 

Pteria, a well fortified town of Cappado¬ 
cia. It was in the neighbourhood, according 
to fome, that Croclus was defeated by Cyrus. 
Herodot. I, c. 76. 

Ptolederma, a town of Arcadia. Pauf. 

8, c. 27. 

Pto lem alum, a certain place ft Athens 
dedicated to exercile and ftudy. Cic. 5, de 
fn. 

Ptolemjeus ift, furnamed Lagus , a king 
of Egypt, fon of Arfinoe, who, when preg¬ 
nant by Philip of Macedonia, married La¬ 
gus, a man of mean extraction. \Vid. La¬ 
gus.] Ptolemy was educated in the court of 
the king of Macedonia, he became one of 
the friends and affociates of Alexander, and 
when that monarch invaded Aiia, the fon of 
Arfiwoe attended him as one of his generals. 
During the expedition, he behaved with un¬ 
common valor; he killed one of the Indian 
T t 3 monarch* 






PT 


PT 


monarchs in tingle combat, and it was to his 
prudence and courage that Alexander was in¬ 
debted for the reduction of the rock Aornus. 
After the conqueror’s death, in the general 
divifion of the Macedonian empire, Ptolemy 
obtained as his Ihare the government of Egypt, 
with Libya, and part of the neighbouring ter¬ 
ritories of Arabia. In this appointment the 
governor foon gained the efteem <>f the peo¬ 
ple by a£ts of kindnefs, by benevolence, and 
clemency; and though he did not aflume the 
title of independent monarch till 19 years 
after, yet he was fo firmly eftablifhed, that 
the attempts of Perdiccas to drive him away 
from his poflefiions proved abortive; and 
Ptolemy, after the murder of his rival by 
Grecian foldiers, might have added the king¬ 
dom of Macedonia to his Egyptian territories. 
He made himfelf mafter of Coelofyria, Phoe¬ 
nicia, and the neighbouring coaft of Syria, 
and when he had reduced Jerufalem, he car¬ 
ried about 100,000 prifoners to Egypt, to 
people the extenfive city of Alexandria, 
which became the capital of his dominions. 
After he had rendered thele prifoners the 
moft attached and faithful of his fuhje&s 
by his liberality and the grant of privileges, 
Ptolemy aflumed the title of king of Egypt, 
and foon after reduced Cyprus under his 
power. He made war \yith fuccefs againft 
Demetrius and Antigonus, who difputed his 
right to the provinces of Syria; and from the 
affiftance he gave to the people of Rhodes 
againft their common enemies, he received 
the name of Soter. While he extended 
bis dominions, Ptolemy was not negligent 
of the advantages of his people. The bay 
of Alexandria being dangerous of accefs, he 
built a tower to condudt the failors in the 
obfcurity of the night, [Fid. Pharos.] and 
that his fubje&s might be acquainted with 
literature, he laid the foundation of a library, 
which under the fucceeding reigns, became 
the moft celebrated in the world. He alfo 
eftablifhed in the capital of his dominions a 
fociety called mufeum , of which the members, 
maintained at the public expence, were em¬ 
ployed in philofophical refearches, and in the 
advancement of lcience and the, liberal arts. 
Ptolemy died in the 84th year of his age, af¬ 
ter a reign of 39 years, about 284 years be¬ 
fore Chrilt. He was fucceeded by his fon 
Ptolemy i'hiladelphus, who had been his 
partner on the throne the lalt ten years of his 
reign. Ptolemy. Lagus has been commended 
for his abilities, not only as a fovereign, but 
as a writer, and among the many valuable 
competitions which have been loft, we are to 
lament an hiftory of Alexander the Great, by 
the king of Egypt, greatly admired and va¬ 
lued for elegance and authenticity. All his 
fucceflbrs were called Ptolemies from him. 
Pan/. l‘o, C. 7 *— Juftitt, 13, &C. — Polyb. 2 . 

Arrian. — Curt. — Pint, in Alex. -The 

ad, fon of Ptolemy the full, fucceeded his 


father on the Egyptian throne, and was called 
Philadelphia by antipbrafis, becaule he killed 
two of his brothers. He fhovved himfelf wor¬ 
thy in every relpedt to fucceed his great father, 
and confcious of the advantages which arile 
from an alliance with powerful nations; he 
fent ambafladors to Italy to folicit the friend- 
fliip of the Romans, vvhofe name and military 
reputation had become univerfally known for 
the victories which they had juft obtained over 
Pyrrhus and the Tarentines. His ambafladors 
were received with marks of the greateft at¬ 
tention, and immediately after four Romai\ 
fenators’ came to Alexandria, where they 
gained the admiration of the monarch and of 
his lubjedls, and by refuting the crowns of 
gold and rich prefents which were offered to 
them, convinced the world of the virtue and', 
of the difintereftednefs of their nation. But 
while Ptolemy ftrengthened himfelf by alliances 
with foreign powers, the internal peace of hi^ 
kingdom was difturbed by the revolt of Magas 
his brother, king of Cyrene. The fedition 
however was flopped, though kindled by A11- 
tiochus, king of Svria, and the death of the 
rebellious prince re-eftablifhed peace for lbme 
time in the family of Philadelphus, Antiochus 
the Syrian king married Berenice the daughter 
of Ptolemy, and the father, though old and 
infirm, conduced his daughter to her hub- 
band’s kingdom, and altifted at the nuptials. 
Philadelphia died in the 64th year of his age, 
346 years befoie the Chriftian era. He left 
two fons and a daughter, by Arfinoe, the 
daughter of Lyfimachus. He had afterwards 
married his filter Arfinoe, whom he loved 
with uncommon tendernefs, and to whole 
memory he began to eredt a celebrated mo¬ 
nument. [Fid. Dinocrates.] During the 
whole of his reign, I'hiladelphus was employed 
in exciting induftry, and in encouraging the 
liberal arts and uieful knowledge among his 
fubjedts. The inhabitants of the adjacent 
countries were allured by promiles and pre- 
i'ents to increafe the number of the Egyptian 
fubjedts, and Ptolemy could boaft of reigning 
over 33,339 well peopled cities. He gave 
every poflible encouragement to commerce, 
and by keeping two powerful fleets, one in 
the Mediterranean, and the other in the Red 
Sea, he made Egypt -the mart of the world. 
His army confifted of 200,000 foot, 40,000 
liorle, betides 300 elephants, apd 2000 armed 
chariots. With juftice therefore he has been 
called the richeft of all the princes and mo- 
narchs of his age, and indeed the remark is 
not falfe when it is obferved, that at his 
death he left in his treafury '750,000 Egyp¬ 
tian talents, a fum equivalent to two hundred 
millions fterling. His palace was the afylum 
of learned men, whom he admired and pa- 
tro»ized. He paid particular attention to 
Euclid, Theocritus, Callimachus, and Ly- 
cophron, and by increafing the library 
which his father had founded, he (hewed his 

tafte 



PT 


PT 


Ufte for learning, and his wilfi to encourage 
genius. This celebrated librarv at his death 
contained 200,000 volumes of the bed and 
choicelt books, and it was afterwards en- 
creal'ed to 700,000 volumes. Part of it was 
burnt by the flames of Ctefar’s fleet when he 
let it on fife to lave himl'elf, a circumftance 
however not mentioned by the general, and 
the whole was again magnificently repaired 
by Cleopatra, who added to the Egyptian li- 
. brary that of the kings of Pergnmus. It is 
laid that the Old Teflament was tranflated into 
Greek during his reign, a tranllation which 
has been called Septuagint, becaufe tranflated 
by the labors of 7a different perlons. Rutrop. 
—rjujlin. 17, C. 2, &C —— Pint.—Then - 
cril. — At ben. 12. — Plin. 13, C. 12 . — Din. 

4 2,—Gellius 6, c. 17.-1 he 3d,fucceeded 

his father Philadelphus on the Egyptian 
tin one. He early engaged in a war againli 
Antiochus Theus, for his unkiudnefs to 
Berenice the Egyptian king’s filter, whom he 
had married with the content of Philadel¬ 
phus. With the moft rapid tuccefs he con¬ 
quered Syria and Cilicia, and advanced as far 
as the Tigris, but a fedition at home flopped 
his progrels, and he returned to Egypt loaded 
with the tpoils of conquered nations. Among 
the iramenle riches which he brought he 
had above 2300 ltatues of the Egyptian gods, 
which Cambyfes had carried away into Per¬ 
sia when he conquered Egypt. Thefe were 
reftored to the temples, and the Egyptians 
called their fovereign Evergetes, in acknow¬ 
ledgement of his attention, beneficence, 
and religious zeal for the gods of his country. 
The lafl years of Ptolemy’s reign were pafTed 
in peace, if we except the refulal of the Jews 
to pay the tribute of 20 filver talents which 
their anceftors had always paid to the 
Egyptian monarchs. He alio interefted him- 
l'elf J11 the affairs of Greece, and aflifted 
Cleomeues the Spartan king againfl the leaders 
of the Achaean league ; but he had the mor¬ 
tification to fee his ally defeated, and even 
a fugitive in Egypt. Evergetes died 221 
years before Chriit, after a reign of 25 years, 
and like his two illuflrious predecelibrs, he 
was the patron of learning, and indeed he is 
the lafl of the Tagides who gained popula¬ 
rity. among his fubjedls by clemency, mode¬ 
ration, and humanity, and who commanded 
relpedl . even from his enemies, by valor, 
prudence, and reputation. It is faid that he 
depofited 15 xalepts in the hands of the Athe¬ 
nians, to be permitted to tranflate the original 
manufcripts of jElchylus, Euripides, and So¬ 
phocles. Plut. in Gleom. Itfc.—Polyb. 2.— 
JuJl n. 29, Sec. ——The 4th, fucceeded his 
father Evergetes on the throne of Egypt, and 
received the furname of Philopater by anti- 
phrafis, becaule, according to fome hiftorians, 
he deflroyetl his father by poifon. He began 
his reign with adls of the greatefl cruelty, and t 
be fucceffively facxificed to his avarice his 


e own mother, his wife, his filler, and his bro- 
i ther. He received the name of Tipbon from 
I his extravagance and debauchery, and that of 
. Gulins, becaufe he appeared in the flreets 
5 of Alexandria like one of the bacchanals, and 
• with all the geftyres of the priefts of Cybele. 

: In the midft of his pleasures, Philopater was 
l Called to war againli Antiochus king of Syria, 
l and at the head of a powerful army he loon 
invaded his enemy’s territories, and might have 
; added the kingdom of Syria to Egypt, if he 
1 had made a prudent ufe of the victories which. 
1 attended his arms. In his return he vifited 
I Jerufalem, but the Jews prevented him forci¬ 
bly from entering their temple, for which in- 
l'olexce to his majefly the monarch deter¬ 
mined to extirpate the whole nation. He or¬ 
dered an immenfe number of Jews to be ex- 
poled in a plain, and trodden under the feet 
of elephants, but, by a l'upernatural inftind', 
the generous animals turned their fury not on 
rhot'e that had been devoted to death, but 
upon the Egyptian fpedtators. This circum¬ 
ftance terrified Philopater, and he behaved 
with more than common kindnefs to a nation 
which he had fo lately devoten :o deftrudlion. 
In the latter part of his "reign, the Romans, 
whom a dangerous war with Carthage had 
weakened, but at the lame time roufed to fu- 
perior ailivity, renewed, for political reafons, 
the treaty of alliance which had been made 
with the Egyptian monarchs. Philopater at 
lad, weakened and enervated by intemperance 
and continual debauchery, died in the 37th 
year of his age, after a reign of 17 years, 2C4 
years before the Chrifthn era. his death 
was immediately followed by the murder of the 
companions of his voluptuoufnels and extrava¬ 
gance, and their carcales were dragged with 
the greateil ignominy through the ftreets of 
Alexandria. Polyb. — 'Jujlin. 30, — Plut • 

in Glenn. -The 5th, fucceeded his father 

Philopater as king of Egypt, though only in 
the 4th year of his age. During the years cf 
his minority he was under the prote&ion of 
Soficius and of Ariftomenes, by whole pru¬ 
dent adminiftration Antiochus was difpolfefTed 
of the provinces of Ccelolyria and Paleftine, 
which he had conquered by war. The Ro¬ 
mans alfo renewed their alliance with him after 
their vi£lories over Annibal, and the conclu- 
fion of the Tecond Punic war. This flatter¬ 
ing embafly induced Ariftomenes to offer the 
care of the patronage of the young monarch to 
the Romans, but the regent was confirmed 
in his honorable office, and by making a 
treaty of alliance with the people of Achaia, 
he convinced the Egyptians that he was quali¬ 
fied to wield the feeptre and to govern the 
nation. But now that Ptolemy had reached 
his 14th year, according to the laws and cuf- 
toms of Egypt, the years of his minority had 
expired. He received the furname of Epipba - 
nes, or illuflrious, and was crowned at Alex¬ 
andria with the greateil folemnity, and the 
Tt 4 faithful 







PT 


PT 


faithful Ariftomenes refigned into his hands 
an empire which he had governed with honor 
to himfelf, and with credit to his i'overeign. 
Young Ptolemy was no fooner delivered from 
the fhackles of a fuperior, than he betrayed the 
fame vices which had chara6terifed his father, 
the counfels of Ariltomenes' were delpifed, 
and the minifter who for ten years had 
governed the kingdom with equity and mode¬ 
ration, was facrificed to the caprice of the fo- 
vereign, who abhorred him for the falutary ad¬ 
vice which his own vicious inclinations did not 
permit him to follow. His Cruelties raifed ie- 
ditions among his fubje£ts, but thefe were 
twice quelled by the prudence and the mode 
ration of one Polycrates, the mod faithful of 
his corrupt minilters. In the midlt of his ex¬ 
travagance, Epiphanes did not forget his al¬ 
liance with the Romans ; above all others be 
fhowed himfelf eager to cultivate friendfhiu 
with a nation from whom he could derive fq 
many advantages, and during their war againft 
Antiochus he offered to affil’ them with money 
againft a monarch, whofe daughter Cleopatra 
he had married, but whom he hated on ac¬ 
count of the feditions he raifed in the very 
heart of Egypt. After a reign of 34 years, 
180 years before Chrift, Ptolemy was poifoned 
by his minifters, whom he had threatened to 
rob of their poffeffions, to carry on a war 
againft Seleucus king of Syria. Liv. 35, c. 

13, tyc. — JuJlin. Iffc -The 6th, fucceed- 

ed his father Epiphanes on the Egyptian 
throne, and received the furname of Pbitome- 
tor , on account of his hatred againft his mo¬ 
ther Cleopatra. He was in the 6th year of 
his age when he afeended the throne, and 
during his minority the kingdom was governed 
by- his mother, and at her death by an eunuch 
who was one of his favorites. He made war 
againft Antiochus Epiphanes, king of Syria, to 
recover-the provinces of Paleftine and Ccelo- 
fyria, which were part of the Egyptian do¬ 
minions, and after feveral iuccefles he fell into 
the hands of his enemy, who detained him in 
confinement. During the captivity of Phi- 
lometor, the Egyptions raifed to the throne 
his younger brother Ptolemy Evergetes, or 
Phylcon, alio fon of Epiphanes, but he was 
110 fooner eftablifhfcd in his power than Antio¬ 
chus turned hi$ arms againft Egypt, drove the 
ufurper, and reftored Philometor to all his 
rights and privileges as king of Egypt. This 
artful behaviour of Antiochus was foon 
comprehended by Philometor, and when he 
iaw that Pelufium, the key of Egypt, had re¬ 
mained in the hands of his Syrian ally, he 
recalled his brother Phyfcon, and made him 
partner oh the throne^ and concerted with 
him how to repel their common enemy. 
This union of interelt in the two rcval bro¬ 
thers incenled Antiochus ; he entered Egypt 
with a large,army, but the Romans checked 
his progrel's and obliged him to retire. No 
fooner were they delivered from the impend¬ 


ing war, than Philometor and Phyfcon, whom - 
the fear of danger had united, began vvith mu¬ 
tual jealouiy to oppoie each other’s views, • 
Phylcon was at lail banifhed by the fuperior 
power of his brother, and as he could find no 
fupphrt in Egypt, he immediately repaired to 
Rome. To excite more effectually the com¬ 
panion of the Romans, and to gain their afiitt- 
ance, he appeared in the meaner! drefs, and 
took his refideuce in the moft obicure corner : 
of the city. He received an audience from 
the fenate, and the Romans fettled the dilpute 
between the two royal brothers, by making 
them independent of one another, and giving 
the government of Libya and Cyrene to 
Phyfcon, and confirming Philometor in the 
poffeflion of Egypt, and the ifi.ind of . yprus. . 
Thefe terms of accommodation were gladly 
accepted, but Phyfcon foon claimed the do- - 
minion of Cyprus, and in this he was fup- 
ported by the Romans, who wilhed to aggran¬ 
dize themi lves by the diminution of the 
Egyptian power. Philometor . relufed to de¬ 
liver up the ifland of Cyprus, and to call aiva-y - 
his brother’^ attention, he fomented the feeds , 
of rebellion in Cyrene. But the death of 
Philometor, 14? years before the Chriltian 
era, left Phyfcon matter of Egypt, and all the 
dependent provinces. Philometor has been : 
commended : 'y l'orne hiftorians for his clemen- ’ 
cy and moderation. Diod. — Liv.—Polyb. 

—-The 7th Ptolemy, lurnamed Phyfcon, on 1 

account of the prominence of his belly, af¬ 
eended the throne of Egypt after the death 1 
of his brother Philometor, and as he had ' 
reigned for,fame time conjointly with him, . 
[Fid. Ptolemceus 6th.] his fuccelfion was ap- - 
proved, though the wife and the fon of the 
deceafed monarch laid claim to the crown. 
Cleopatra was lupported in her claims by the 
Jews, and it was at laft agreed that Phyfcon 
fhould marry the queen, and that her ion 
fhould fucceed on the throne at his death. 
The nuptials were accordingly celebrated, but 
on that very day the tyrant murdered Cleopa¬ 
tra’s fun in her arms. He ordered himfelf to 
be called Pvcrgctrs, but the Alexandrians re- 
fufed to do it, and ftigmatized him with the 
appellation of Kakcrgetes , or evil doer, a fur- 
name which he deferved by his tyranny and 
opprelfion. A l'eries of barbarity rendered 
him odious, but as no one attempted to rid 
Egypt of her tyranny, the Alexandrians aban- r 
doned their habitations, and fled from a place 
which continually ftreamed with the blood of • 
their maffacred .fellow-citizens. If their mi-, 
gration proved fatal to the commerce and pro- ■ 

1 fperity of Alexandria,_it was of the moft ef- 
fential fervice to the countries where, they re¬ 
tired ; and the numbers of Egyptians that 
fought a lafer afylum in Greece and Afia, in- - 
troduced among the inhabitants of thofe coun¬ 
tries the different profefiions that were prac-*, 
tifed with fuccefs in the capital of Egypt*. 
Phyfcon endeavoured to re^peepl$ the city 

which 







■which his cruelty hr.d laid defbhte; but the 
fear of lharing the fate of the former inha¬ 
bitants, prevailed more than the pro mile of 
r.^hes, rights, and immunities. The king at 
Lit dilgufted With Cleopatra, repudiated her, 
and married her daughter by Pbilomeror, called 
alio Cleopatra. He itill continued to exer- 
eiie tlie greateft cruelty upon his lubjeCts, 
but the prudence and vigilance of his mi¬ 
llers kept the people in tranquillity, till all 
Egypt revolted when the king had bafely 
murdered all the young men of Alexandria 
Wrthour friends or i’upport in Egypt he fled 
to Cyprus, and Cleopatra the divorced queen 
atcended the throne. In his banifhment Phyl- 
con dreaded left the Alexandrians lhouid alfo 
place the crown on the head of his foil, by 
his After Cleopatra, who was then governor o! 
Cyrene.and under thele apprehenfions he lent 
for tlie young prince, called Memphitis, to 
Cyprus, and murdered him as loon as he reach¬ 
ed the thore. To make the barbarity more 
complete, he fent the limbs of Memphitis to 
Cleopatra, and they were received as the 
queen was going to celebrate her birth day. 
boon after this he invaded Egypt with an 
army, and obtained a vithory over the forces 
of Cleopatra, who, being left without friends 
or alliftance, fled to her eld eft daughter Cleo¬ 
patra, who had married Demetrius king of 
Syria. This decifive blow reltored Phvfron to 
his throne, where he continued to feign for 
fume time, hated by his lubje^fs, and feared 
by his enemies. He died at Alexandria in the 
67th year of his age, after a reign of 29 
years, about 116 years before Chrtft. Some 
authors have extolled Phylcon for his fondnefs 
for literature; they have oblerved, that from 
his extenfive knowledge he was called the pbi- 
lologjl, and that he wrote a comment upon 
Homer, befides an hiftory in 24 books, ad¬ 
mired for its elegance, and often quoted by 
l’ucceeding authors whofe pen was employed on 
the fame l'ubje^t. Diod. — JuJfin. 38, &c — 

Athen. 2. — Porpbyr. - The 8th, lurnamed 

Lathyrus , from an excrelcence like a pea on 
the note, lucceded his father Phylcon as king 
of Egypt. He had no fooner afeended the 
throne, than his mother Cleopatra, who 
- reigned conjointly with him, expelled him to 
Cyprus, and placed the crown on the head of 
his brother Ptolemy Alexander, her favorite 
fon. Lathyrus, hani(lied from Epypt, became 
Icing of C) prus, and foon after he appeared at 
the head of a large army, to make war againft 
Alexander Janntrus, king of Judea, through 
whole alfiftance and intrigue he had been ex¬ 
pelled by Cleopatra. The Jewith monarch 
was conquered, and so,000 of his men were 
eft on the field of battle. Lathyrus, after he 
had exercifed the greateft cruelty upon the 
Jews, and made vain attempts to recover the 
kingdom of Egypt, retired to Cyprus till the 
death of his brother Alexander reftored him 
19 Iris native dominions. Some sf tire cities 


of Egypt refufed to acknowledge him as their 
lovereign, and Thebes, for its obftinacy, was 
clofely befiged for thr$e l'ucceflive years, and 
IronT a powerful and populous city, it was re* 
duced to ruins. In the latter part of his reign 
.Lathyrus was called upon to aftift the Romans 
with a navy for the conqueft of Athens, but: 
Lucullus, who had been fent to obtain the 
wanted lupply, though received with kingly 
honors, was dilinlfled with evafive and unlatis- 
fattory aniwers, and the monarch refufed to 
part with troops which he deemed necell’ary 
to preserve the peace of his kingdom. La¬ 
thyrus died 81 years before the Chriftian era, 
after a reign of 36 years liuce the death of 
his father Phyfcon, eleven of which he had 
pelFed with nis mother Cleopatra on the Egyp¬ 
tian throne, eighteen in Cypfu , and feven 
after his mother’s death He was iucceeded 
by his only daughter Cleopatra, whom Alex¬ 
ander, tlie fon of Ptolemy Alexander, by 
means of the diHstor Sylla, foon alter mar¬ 
ried and murdered. Jofeph. H>J 1 .— Jujlin. 

39. — Pint, ht Luc -- Appian. .in Mitbrii. 

- Thje b^ij. Alexander Ptolemy id ; 

for the loth Ptolemy, vid. Alexatiadr Ptole¬ 
my ad ; for the 1 ith, vid. Alexander Ptole¬ 
my 3d-The 12th, the illegit imate fon of 

Lathyrus, afeended the throne of Egypt at 
the death of Alexander 3d. He received ths 
lurname of Anlctij, beCaufe he played fkil- 
fully on tne flute. His rife (hewed great 
marks of prudence and circumfpedlion, and 
as his predeeeflor by his will had left the king¬ 
dom of Egypt to the Romans, Auletes knew 
that he could not be firmly cllablilhed cn his 
throne, without the approbation of the Ro¬ 
man lenate. He was iuccefsfol in his applica- , 
cions, and Caefar, who was then con ! ui, and 
in want of money, eftablifhed his fucceflion, 
and granted him die alliance of the Romans, 
after he had received the enormous lum of 
about a million and 162,5001. fterling. But 
thele meafures rendered him unpopular at 
home, and when he had lufFered the Romans 
quietly to take poflelfion of Cyprus, tlie Egypt¬ 
ians revolted, and ‘Auletes was obliged to fly 
from his kingdom, and feek protection among 
the mod powerful of his allies. His complaints 
were heard at Rome, at lb ft with indifference, 
and the murder of 100 noblemen of Alexan¬ 
dria, whom the Egyptians had lent to juftify 
their proceedings before the Roman fenate, 
rendered him unpopular and fufpe^led. Pom- 
pey, however, fupported his caule, and the 
fenators decreed to re-eftablifli Auletes on his 
throne; but as they proceeded (lowly in tha 
execution of their plans, tlie monarch retired 
from Rome to Ephefus, where he lay conceal¬ 
ed for fome time in the temple of Diana. 
During his ablence from Alexandria his 
daughter Berenice hid made herfelf abibiute, 
and eitabliihed herfelf on the throne by a 
marriage with Archebus, a prieft of Bellona’s 
temple at Coaiuiu, but fire was loon driven 

iron* 









PT 


PT 


from Egypt, when Gabinius, at the hesd of a 
Romqn army, approached to replace Auletes 
on his throne. Auletes was no l'ooner reftor- 
ed to power, than hefacritieed to his ambition 
his‘ daughter Berenice, and behaved with the 
greateft ingratitude and perfidy to Rabirius, 
a Roman who had iupplied him with money 
when expelled from his kingdom. Auletes 
died four years after his reftor.ition, about 51 
years before the Cbriftian era. He left two 
ions and two daughters, and by his will order¬ 
ed the eldeft of his fons to marry the eldell of 
his. fillers, and to afcend with her the vacant 
throne. As thefe children were young, the 
dying monarch recommended them to the pro¬ 
tection and paternal care of the Romans, anti 
accordingly Pompey the Great was appointed 
by the lenate to be their patron and their 
guardian. Their reign was as turbulent as that 
of* their predeceflbis, and it is remarkable for 
no uncommon events, only we may obferve that 
the young queen was the Cleopatra who icon 
after became fo celebrated as being the miflreis 
of J. Caefar, theSvife of M. Antony, and the 
latt of the Egyptian monarchs of the family 

of Lagus. Cic. fro Rabir. — Strab- 17 - 

Dion. 39.— Affiati. de Civ. —— The 13th, 
i'urnamed Dianyjtus or Bacchus , attended the 
throne of Egypt conjointly with liis lifter 
Cleopatra, whom he had married, according 
to the directions of his father Auletes. He 
was under the care and protection of Pompey 
the Great, \Vid. Ptolemaeus 12th,] but the 
wickednefs and avarice of his minifters foon 
obliged him to reign independent. He was 
then in the 13th year of hi« age, when his 
guardian, after the fatal battle of Pharfalia, 
came to the fhores of Essypt, and claimed his 
protection. He refufed to grant the required 
alfift&nce, and by the advice of his minifters he 
bafely murdered Pompey, after he had brought 
him to fhore under the maik of friendfhip and 
cordiality. To curry the favor of the con¬ 
queror of Pharfalia, Ptolemy cut off the head 
of Pompey, but Csefar turned with indignation 
from fuch perfidy, 3nd when lie arrived at 
Alexandria, he found the king of Egypt as 
faithlels to his caufe as to that of his fallen ene¬ 
my. Caefar fat as judge to hear the various 
claims of the brother and filler to the throne ; 
and, to fatisfy the people, he ordered the will 
of Auletes to be read, and confirmed Ptolemy 
and Cleopatra in the potfeffon of Egypt, and 
appointed the two younger children mailers of 
the ifiand of Cyprus. This fair and candid 
decifion might have left no room for dilFatif- 
fation, but Ptolemy was governed by cruel, 
and avaricious minifters, and therefore he re¬ 
fufed to acknowledge Caefar as a judge or a 
mediator. The Roman enforced his authority 
by arms, and three victories were obtained over 
the Egptian forces. Ptolemy, who had been 
for fornc time a prifoner in the hands of 
C*far, now headed his armies, but a defeat 
was fatal, and as he attempted to:fave his life 


by flight, he was drowned in the Nile, about 
46 years before Chrill,«and three years and 
eight months, after the death of Auletes, 
Cleopatra, at the death of her brother, be¬ 
came ibJe miftrefs of Egypt; but as the Egyp¬ 
tians were no friends to female government, 
Cffilar obliged her to marry her younger bro¬ 
ther Ptolemy, who was then in the eleventh 
year of his age. Affian. Civ. — Caf.in Alex. 
— Strab. 17. — Jofefh. Ant.-— Dio. — Plui. in 

Aut. Is’c.—Sueto/i. in Catf. -Apron, king of 

Cyrene, was the illegitimate fon of Ptolemy 
Phylcon. After a reign of 20 years he died ; 
and as he had no children, he made the Ro¬ 
man heirs of his dominions. The Romans 
prefented his fubjefts with their independence. 
Liv. 70-Ceraunus, a fon of Ptolemy Sof¬ 

ter, by Eurydice the daughter of Antipater, 
Unable to l'ucceed to the throne of Egypt, 
Ceraunus fled to,the court of beleucus, where 
he was received with friendly marks of atten¬ 
tion. Seleucus was then king of Macedonia, 
an empire which lie had lately acquired by the 
death of Lyfimachus in a battle in Phrygia, 
but his reign was foon, and Ceraunus perfidi- 
oufty murdered him and afeended his throne, 
280 B. C. The murderer, however, could 
not be firmly ellablifoed in Macedonia, as long 
as Arfinoe the widow, and the children of 
I.yfimachus were alive, and entitled to claim 
his kingdom as the lawful poftellion of their 
father. To remove thefe obftacles, Ceraunus 
made offers of marriage to Arfinoe, who was his 
own lifter. The queen at firft refufed, but 
the proteftations and folemn promiles of the 
uiurper at.lafl prevailed upon her to content. 
The nuptials, however, were no focner cele¬ 
brated, than Ceraunus murdered the two 
young princes, and confirmed his ulurpation 
by rapine ana cruelty. But now three pow¬ 
erful princes claimed the kingdom of Mace¬ 
donia as their own; Antiochus, the fon of 
Seleucus ; Amigotius, the foil ot Demetrius ; 
and Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus. Thele ene¬ 
mies, however, were foon removed ; Cerau- 
wus conquered Antigonus in the field of battle, 
and Hopped the hostilities of his two other ri¬ 
vals by promiles and money. He did not long 
remain inadlive, a barbarian army of Gauls 
claimed a tribute from him, and the monarch 
immediately marched to meet them in the 
field. The battle was long and bloody. - The 
Macedonians might have obtained the victory, 
if Ceraunus had ftiewn more prudence. He 
was thrown down from his elephant, and taken 
prilbner by the enemy, who immediatly tore 
his body to pieces. Ptolemy had been king ©f 
Macedonia only 18 months. Jnfin. 24, &c. 

— : Pentf. 10, c. 10-An illegitimate fon of 

Ptolemy Lathyrus, king of Cyprus, of which 
he was tyrannically difpofiefled by the Ro¬ 
mans. Cato was at the head of the forces 
which were fent againft Ptolemy by the fe- 
nate, and the Roman general propofed to the 
monarch to retire from the throne, _ and to 

pals 









PT 


PU 


pafs the reft of his days in the ofefcure office 
of high prieft in the temple of Venus, at Pa¬ 
phos. This offer wa? reje&ed with the. indig¬ 
nation which it merited, and the monarch 
poilbnod himfelf at the approach of the ene¬ 
my. The treafures found in the illand amount¬ 
ed to the enormous ium of 1,356,1501. fterling, 
which were carried to Rome by the conquer¬ 
ors. Plut. in Cat.—Val.i Ifax. 9.— Flor. 3. 

--A man who attempted to make himlelf 

king of Macedonia, in oppofition to Perdiccas. 

He was expelled by Pelopidas.-A l'on of 

Pyrrhus king of Epirus, by Antigone, the 
daughter of Berenice. He was left governor 
of Epirus, when Pyrrhus went to Italy to aflift 
the Tarentines againft the Romans, where he 
prefided with great prudence and moderation. 
He was killed, bravely fighting, in the expedi¬ 
tion which Pyrrhus undertook againft Sparta 

and Argos.-An eunuch, by whole friendly 

aftiftance Mithridates the Great faved his life 
after a battle with Lucullus.——A king of 
Epirus who died very young as he was march¬ 
ing an army againft the JEtolians, who had 
1'eized part ol his dominions* 'Jujlin. 28. 
——A king of Chalcidica in Syria, about 30 
years before Chrift. He oppol'ed Pompey 
when he invaded Syria, but he was defeated 
in the attempt, and the conqueror lpared his 
life only upon receiving 1000 talents. Jojepb. 

Ant. 13.--A nephew of Antigonus, who 

commanded an army in the Peloponnefus. 
He revolted from his uncle to Callander, and 
fome time after he attempted to bribe the 
foldiers of Ptolemy Lagus, king of Egypt, 
who had invited him to his camp. He was 
feized and impril'oned for this treachery, and 
the Egyptian monarch at laft ordered him to 

drink hemlock.-A fon of Seleucus, killed 

in the celebrated battle which was fought at 
lffus, between Darius and Alexander the 
Great.-A fon of Juba, made king of Mau¬ 

ritania. He was fon of Cleopatra Selene, 
the daughter of M. Antony, and the cele¬ 
brated Cleopatra. He was put to death by 

Caius Caligula. Dio. — Tacit. Ann. II.-- 

A fripnd of Otho.-A favorite of Antio- 

chus king of Syria. He was furnamed Ma¬ 
tron, -A Jew, famous for his cruelty and 

avarice. He was for fome time governor of 

Jericho, about 135 years before Chrift.- 

A powerful Jew during the troubles which 
difturbed the peace of Judcea, in the reign of 

Auguftus.-A l'on of Antony by Cleopatra, 

furnamed Pbiladclpbus by his lather, and 
made mafter of Phoenicia, Syria, and all the 
territories of Alia Minor, which werefituated 
between the iftigean and the Euphrates. Plut. 

in Anton. - A general of Herod, king of 

Judaxu-A fon of Chryfermus, who vi- 

fited Cleomenes king of Sparta, when impri- 

foned in Egypt.-A governor of Alexandria, 

put to death by Cleomenes.-Claudius, a 

celebrated geographer and aftrologer in the 
xeign of Adrian and Antoninus. He ,was a 


native of Alexandria., or, according to others 
of Peluiium, and, on account of his great 
learning, he received the name of mod wife, 
and mod divine among the Greeks. In his 
lyllem of the world, he places the earth in 
the centre of the univerfe, a dodtrine univer- 
fally believed and adopted till the 16th cen¬ 
tury, when it was confuted and reje&ed by Co¬ 
pernicus. His geography is valued for its 
learning, and the very uieli.il information which 
it gives. Befides his lyftem slid his geography, 
Ptolemy wrote other books, in. one of which 
he gives an account of the fixed liars, of 1022 
of which he gives the certain and' definite lon¬ 
gitude and latitude. The heft edition of Ptole¬ 
my’s geography is that of Bertius, fol. 
Amft. 1618, and that of his treatile dc Ju- 
diciis AJlrologicis by Camerar. 4to. 1555, 
and of the Harmonica , 4to. Wallis, Oxon* 
1683. 

Ptoi.emais, a town of Thebais in Egypt, 
called after the Ptolemies, who beautified it. 
There was alfo another city of the fame 
name in the territories of Cyrene. It was 
fituate on the lea coalt, and, according to fome, 
it was the fame as Barce. \Vid. Baree.]-^— 
A city of Paleftine, called alfo Aeon. Mela. 
I, C. 8. I.3, c. 8.— Plin. 2, C. 73.— Strab. 
14,&c. 

Ptolycus, a ftatuary of Corcyra, pupil 
to Critias the Athenian. Pauf. 6, c. 3. 

Ptous, a fon of Athamas and Themifto, 
who gave his name to a mountain of Bosotia 
upon which he built a temple to Apollo, 
furnamed Ptous. The god had alfo a ce¬ 
lebrated oracle on mount Ptous. Plut. 
de nrac. def. — Pauf. 9, c. 23.— Apollod. I, 
c. 9. 

Publicius, a Roman freedman, fo much 
like Pompey the Great, that they were often 
confounded together. Vul. Max. 9, e. 
14. 

Publicia lf.x forbad any perfon to play 
with bad or fraudulent defigns. 

Publicola, a name given to Publius Va- 
lerius, on account of his great popularity. 
Vid. Valerius. Plut. in Pub. — Liv. 2, c. 8* 
—Plin. 30, C. 15. 

Publilia i. ex, was made by. Publilius 
Philo the didlator, A. U: C. 445. It per¬ 
mitted one of the cenfors to be eledled from 
the plebeians, fince one of the confuls was 

chofen from tha t body. L'ru. 8, c. 12.-• 

Another, by whrch it was ordained,, that all 
laws Ihould be previoufiy approved by the fe- 
nators, before they were prupofed by the peo¬ 
ple. 

Publius Syrus, a Syrian mimic poet, 
who florifhed about 44 years before Chrift. 
He was originally a (lave fold to a Roman 
patrician, called Domitius, who brought him 
up with great attention, and gave him his 
freedom when of age. He gained the 
efteem of the moll powerful at Rome, and 
reckoned J, Cxfar among his patrons. He 

foon 











TV 


TV 

foon eclipfed the poet Laberins, whofc bur- 
lefque, compofitions were in general efteem. 
There remains of Publius, a colle&ion of 
moral fentences, written in iambics, and 
placed in alphabetical order, the neweft 
edition of which is that of Patav. Comin. 
1740. 

Publius, a prtenomen common among 

the Romans.-—Caius, a man who conlpired 

with Brutus againlt J. Caffar.-A prte- 

cor who conquered Paltepolis. He was only 
a plebeian, and though neither conful nor 
dilator, he obtained a triumph in fpite of the 
oppofition of the fenators. He was the firft 
who was honored with a triumph during 3 
pnetorfhip.-A Roman conful who de¬ 

feated the Latins, and was made dictator. 
-A Roman flatterer in the court of Ti¬ 
berius.-A tribune who accufed Manlius, 

& c. 

PudTcitia, a goddefs who, as her name 
implies, prefided over ehallity. She had two 
temples at Rome. Fijius de V. ft*. — Liv. 
10, c. 7. 

Pulcherta, a daughter of the emperor 
Theodofius the Great, famous for her pi Ay, 

moderation, and virtues.-A daughter of 

Arcadius, who held the government cf the 
Roman empire for many y/'ars. She was 
mother of Valentinian. Her piety, and her 
private as well as public virtues have been uni- 
verfally admired. She died A. D. 452, and 
was interred at Ravenna, where her tomb is 

Itill to be leen.-A lifter of Theodofius, 

who reigned abfolute for fome time in the 
Roman empire. 

Pulchrum, a promontory near Carthage, 
now Raftfrav. Liv. 29, c. 27. 

Pullus, a furname of Numitorius. 

Punicu.m bellum. The firft Punic war 
was undertaken by the Romans againlt Car¬ 
thage, B. C. 264. The ambition of Rome 
was the origin of this war. For upwards of 
24O years, the two nations had beheld with 
fecret jealoufy each other’s power, but they 
had totally eradicated every caufe of conten¬ 
tions, by fettling, in three different treaties, 
the boundaries of their refpeCtive territories, 
the number of their allies, and how far one 
nation might fail in the Mediterranean, with¬ 
out giving offence to the other. Sicily, an 
ifland of the higheft confequence to the Car¬ 
thaginians as a commercial nation, was the 
feat of the firft diftentions. The Mamertini, 
a body of Italian mercenaries, were appointed 
by the king of Syracul'e to guard the town of 
MeffariA, but this tumultuous tribe, inftead 
of protecting' the citizens, balely mafTacred 
them, and feized their poffellions. This aCt 
.of cruelty raifed the indignation of all the 
Sicilians, and Hiero, king of Syracufe, who 
hiid'employed them, prepared to punilh their 
perfidy; and the Mamertini, befieged in 
Meflana, and without'friends or refources, 
'feiblvtd to throw themfelves for protection 


j into the hands of the firft power that eouM 
relieve them. They were, however, divided 
in their fentiments, and while fome implored 
the afliftance of Carthage, others called upoft* 
the Romans for protection. Without helita-’ 
troiv or delay, the Carthaginians entered 
Meffana, and the Romans alio haftened rc> 
give to the Mamertini, that aid which had 
been claimed from them with as much eagftr- 
nels as from the Carthaginians. At the ap¬ 
proach of the Roman tro ps, the Mamertini, 
who Had implored their afliftance, took up 
arms, and forced the Carthaginians to evacuate 
Meffana. Frefh forces were poured in on 
every fide, and though Carthage feerned fupe- 
rior in arms and in refources, yet the valor 
and intrepidity of the Romans daily appeared 
more formidable, -and Hiero, the Syracufaxl 
king, who hitherto embraced the'inteieft of 
the Carthaginians, became the moft faithful 
aHy of the republic. From a private quarrel 
the war became general. The Romans ob¬ 
tained a viClery in Sicily, but as their enemies 
were mailers at fea, the advantages they 
gained were fmall and inconfiderable. T-o 
make themfelves equal to their adverlaries, 
they afpired to the dominion of the fea, and 
in fixty days timber was cut down, and a fleet 
of 126 gallies completely manned and provi- 
fiened. 'I’he fucceffes they met with at lert 
were trivial, and little advantage could be 
gained over an enemy that were Tailors by 
aClual practice and long experience. Duilius 
at la it obtained a vidlory, and he was the firft 
"Roman whoever received a triumph after * 
naval battle. The Ioffes they had already 
fuftahred induced the Carthaginians to fue 
for peace, and the Romans, whom an unluc- 
cefsful defeent upon Africa, under Regulus, 
\Vid. Regulus.] had rendered diffident, lifteil- 
ed to the propofal, and the firft Punic war was 
concluded B. C. 241, on the following terms : 
—The Carthaginians pledged themfelves to 
pay to the Romans, within twenty years, the 
fum of 3000 F.uhoic talents, they promifed to 
releale all the Roman captives without ran- 
fom, to evacuate Sicily, and the other iflands 
in the Mediterranean, and ftot to moleft Hrc'- 
ro, king of Syracufe; or his allies. A*rer this 
treaty, the Carthaginians, who had loft the 
dominion of Sardinia and Sicily, made new 
conquefts in Spain, and foon began to repair 
their Ioffes by induftry and labor. : They 
planted colonies, and fecretly prepared to re¬ 
venge themfelves upon their powerfu lrjyais. 
The Romans were not inlenfibte of their fuo 
ceffes in Spain, and to ftop their prOgefs to¬ 
wards Italy, they made'ftrpulationsvvith the 
Carthaginians, by which they were not per¬ 
mitted to crofs the Iberus, or to moleft the 
cities of their allies the Saguatioes. This was 
for fome time .observed, but .when Anhibal 
fueceededto the command-ofjhe ^•fth;iginia« 
armies ,iit Spain, he tpurnecti-tha‘.boundaries 
which the jealoufy of Rome hacl fet to his 

arms* 









PU 


PU 


arms, and he Immediately formed the fiege 
of •Sagontum, The Romans were apprifed of 
the hollilities which had been begun againft 
their allies, but Saguntum was in the hands of 
the active enemy before they had taken any 
fteps to oppofe him. Complaints were carried 
to Carthage, and war was determined on by 
the influence of Annibal in the Carthaginian 
fenate. Without delay or diffidence, B. C. 
218, Annibal marched a numerous army of 
90,000 foot and 12,000 horl'e, towards Italy, 
refolved to carry on the war to the gates of 
Rome. He croffed the Rhone, the Alps, and 
the Apennines, with uncommon celerity, and 
the Roman coni'uls who were llationed to Hop 
his progrefs, were feverally defeated. The 
battle of Trebia,and that of the lakeofThra- 
fymenus, threw Rome into the greatell appre- 
henfions, but the prudence and the dilatory 
meafures of the dictator Fahius, loon taught 
them to hope for better times. Yet the con¬ 
duit of Fahius was univerl'ally cenfured as cow¬ 
ardice, and the two coni'uls who i'ucceeded 
him in the command, by purfuing a different 
plan of operations, loon brought on a decifive 
adtion at Canme, in which, 45,000 Romans 
were left in theffield of battle. This bloody 
victory caufed fo much confternatior. at 
Rome, that fome authors have declared that 
if Annibal had immediately marched from 
the plains of Canine to the city, he would 
have met with no refiftance, but would have 
terminated a long and dangerous war with 
glory to himfelf, and the molt ineftimable 
advantages to his country. This celebrat¬ 
ed victory at Canme left the conqueror 
mailer of two camps, and of an immenfe 
booty ; and the cities which had hitherto ob- 
ferved a neutrality, no fooner law the defeat 
«f the Romans, than they eagerly embraced 
the interell of Carthage. The news of this 
victory was carried to Carthage by Mago, 
and the Carthaginians refufed to believe it 
till three bulhels of golden rings were fpread 
before them, which had been taken from 
the Roman knights in the field of battle. 
After this Annibal called his brother Af- 
drubal from Spain with a large reinforcement; 
bilt the march of Afdrubal was intercepted 
by the Romans, his army was defeated, and 
himfelf flain. Affairs now had taken a dif¬ 
ferent turn, and Marcellus, who had the 
command of the Roman legions in Italy, loon 
taught his countrymen that Annibal was not 
invincible in the field. In different parts 
of the world the Romans were making very 
rapid conquefts, and if the fudden arrival of 
a Carthaginian army in Italy at firft railed 
fears and apprehenflons, they were fooa en¬ 
abled to difpute with their enemies for the 
fovereignty of Spain, and the dominion of the 
lea. Annibal no longer appeared formidable 
in Italy; if be conquered towns in Campa¬ 
nia or Magna Grsecia, lie remained mailer of 
sheoa onl/ while hie vvny hovered in the 




1 


I 


1 


neighbourhood, and if he marched towards 
Rome the alarm he occafioned Was but mo¬ 
mentary, the Romans were prepared to oppofe 
him, and his retreat was therefore the more 
difhonorable. The conquefts of young Sci- 
pio in Spain had now railed the expedlatioua 
of the Romans, and he had no fooner return¬ 
ed to Rome than he propoled to remove An¬ 
nibal from the capital of Italy by carrying 
the war to the gates of Carthage. This 
was a bold and hazardous enterprise, but 
though Fabius oppofed it, it was univerlally 
approved by the Roman fenate, and young 
Scipio was empowered to fail to Africa. 
The conquefts of the young Roman • were 
as rapid in Africa as in Spain, and the 
Carthaginians, apprehenfive fer the fate of 
their capital, recalled Annibal from Italy, 
and preferred their fafetv at home, to the 
maintaining of a long and expenfive war 
in another quarter of the globe. Anni- 
bal received their orders with indignation, 
and with tears in his eyes he left Italy, 
where for 16 years he had known no fu- 
perior jn the field of battle. At his arrival 
in Africa, the Carthaginian general loon 
collected a large army, and met his exulting 
ndverl'ary in the plains of Zama. The bat¬ 
tle was long and bloody, and though one 
nation fought for glory, and the other for the 
dearer lake of liberty, the Romans obtained 
the victory, and Annibal, who had fworn 
eternai enmity to the gods of Rome, fled 
from Carthage tifter he had advifed his 
countrymen to accept the terms of the con¬ 
queror. This battle of Zama was decifive, 
the Carthaginians i'ued for peace, which the 
haughty conquerors granted with difficulty. 
The conditions were thei'e: Carthage was 
permitted to hold all the polTeffiotis which 
lhe had in Africa before the war, and to be 
governed bv her own laws and inftitutions. 
She was ordered to make reftitution of all the 
ihips and other effects which had been taken 
in violation of a truce tiiat had been agreed 
upon by both nations. She was to lurrender 
the whole of her fleet, except 10 gallies; 
lhe was to releafe and deliver up all the cap¬ 
tives, rieferters, or fugitives, taken or re¬ 
ceived during the war; to indemnify Mali* 
niffa for all the Ioffes which he had fuitaiti¬ 
ed ; to deliver up all her elephant:, and for 
the future never more to tame or break any 
more of thefe animals. She was not to 
make war upon any nation whatever, 
without the content of the Romans, and 
lhe was to reimbnrl'e the Romans, to pay 
the fum of 10,000 talents, at therateof zoa 
talents a year for fifty years, and (lie was to 
give up holtares from the nobleil families for 
the performance of thefe feveral articles; 
and till the ratification of the treaty to fup- 
ply the Roman forces with money and provi- 
fionS. Thefe humiliating conditions were 
accepted 201 £. C. and immediately. 4000 







Roman captives were releafed, five hundred 
gallies were delivered and burnt on the lpot, 
but the immediate exaction of aoo talents 
vtas more ■ feverely felt, and many of the 
Carthaginian fen a tors burft into tears. Dur¬ 
ing the 50 years which followed the con- 
clufion of the fecond Punic war, the Car¬ 
thaginians were employed in repairing their 
Ioffes by unwearied application and in- 
duftry; but they found ltill in the Romans 
a jealous rival, and a haughty conqueror, 
and in Mafinifla, the ally of Rome, an in¬ 
triguing and ambitious monarch. The king 
of Numidia made himfelf matter of one of 
their provinces; but as they were unable to 
make war without the content of Rome, the 
Carthaginians fought relief by embattles, 
and made continual complaints in the Ro¬ 
man fenate of the tyranny and oppreflion 
of Adafinifia. Committioners were appointed 
to examine the caufe of their complaints; 
but ds Mafinifla was the ally of Rome, the 
intereft of the Carthaginians was negle&ed, 
and whatever feemed to deprefs their repub¬ 
lic, was agreeable to the Romans. (jato, 
who was in the number of the commiffon¬ 
ers, examined the capital of Africa with a 
jealous eye; he faw it with concern, rifing 
as it were from its ruins; and when he 
returned to Rome he declared in full fe¬ 
nate, that the peace of Italy would never be 
eftablittied while Carthage was in being. The 
fenators, however, were not guided by his 
opinion, and the de'enda ejl Carthago of Cato 
did not prevent the Romans from afting with 
moderation. But while the fenate were de¬ 
bating about the cxiltence of Carthage, and 
while they confidered it as a dependant 
power, and not as an ally, the wrongs of 
Africa were without redrefs, and Mafinifla 
continued his depredations. Upon this the 
Carthaginians refolved to do to their caufe 
that juftice which the Romans had'denied 
them ; they entered the field againft the Nu- 
midians, but they were defeated in a bloody 
battle by Mafinifla, who was then 90 years 
old. In this bold meafure they had broken 
the peace ; and as their late defeat had ren¬ 
dered them delperate, they haftened with all 
poflible l'peed to the capital of Italy to juftify 
their proceedings, a»d to implore the for- 
givenefs of the Roman fenate. The news of 
MafinifiVs victory had already reached Italy, 
and immediately fome forces were i'ent to 
Sicily, and from thence ordered to pals into 
Africa. The ambafiadors of Cartilage re¬ 
ceived evafive and unfatisfaCrtory- anfwers 
■from the fenate; and when they faw the 
Romans landed at Utica, they refolved to 
purchafe peace by the moll l’nbmifiive terms 
x*hich even the moll abjeCt Haves could 
offer. The Romans aCted with the deepeft 
policy, no declaration of war had been made, 
though hoftilities appeared inevitable; and 
in aufwer to the fubmiflive offers of Carthage 


the toilful* replied, that to prevent every 
caufe of quarrel, the Carthaginians mult 
deliver into their hands 300 hoftages, all 
children of fenators, and of the molt noble 
and reipedtable families. The demand was 
great and alarming, but it was no fooner 
granted, than the Romans made another de¬ 
mand, and the Carthaginians wer e told that 
peace could not continue if they refufed to 
deliver up all'their fhips, their arms, engines 
of war, with all their naval and military ltores. 
The Carthaginians complied, and immediately 
40 000 fuits of armour, 30,000 large engines 
of war, with a plentiful (tore of ammunitions 
and mifiile weapons were lurrendered. After 
this duplicity had lucceeded, the Romans laid 
open the final relolutions of the fenate, and 
the Carthaginians were then £old that, to 
avoid hoftilities, they mull leave their ancient 
habitations and retire into the inland parts of 
Africa, and found another city, at the diftance 
of not lets than ten miles from the lea. This 
was heard with horror and indignation; the 
Romans were fixed and inexorable, and Car¬ 
thage was filled with tears and lamentations. 
But the fpirit of liberty and independence was 
not yet extinguithed in the capital of Africa, 
and the Carthaginians determined to facrifice 
their lives lor the protection of their gods, 
the tombs of their forefathers, and the place 
which had given them birth. Before the 
Roman army approached the city, prepara¬ 
tions to fupport a fiege were made, and the 
ramparts of Carthage were covered with 
Hones, to compenfate for the weapons and 
inftruments of war which they had ignorantly 
betrayed to the duplicity of their enemies. 
Afdrubal, whom the deipair of his country¬ 
men had banilhed on account of the unfuc- 
cefsful expedition againft Mafinifla, was im¬ 
mediately recalled; and in the moment of 
danger, Carthage feemed to have poffeffed 
more fpirit and more vigor, than when An- 
nihal was victorious at the gates of Rome. 
The town was blocked up by the Romans, 
and a regular fiege begun. Two years were 
fpent in ulelefs operations, and Carthage 
feemed ftill able to rife from its ruins, to 
dilpute for the empire of the world; when 
Scipio, the defeendant of the great Scipio, 
who finiftted the fecond Punic war, was 
lent to conduCt the fiege. The vigor of 
his operations foon baffled the efforts, and 
the bold refiftance of the belieged; the com¬ 
munications which they had with the laud 
were cut off, and the city, which was twenty 
miles in circumference, was complete!^ fug- 
rounded on all fides by the enemy. Defpair 
and famine now raged in the city, and Scipio 
gained accefs to the city walls, Where the bat¬ 
tlements were low and unguarded. His en¬ 
trance into the ftreets was difputed with un¬ 
common fury, the houfes as he advanced 
were let on fire to flop his progrel's; but 
when a bjady of 50,000 perfons of either lex, 

had 



PY 




had clamed quartetythtf reft of the inhabi¬ 
tants were diffieartened, and fuch as difdained , 
to be prifoners of -war, perifhed in the flames, 
which gradually deltroyed their habitations, 
147 B. C. after a continuation *oY hoftilities 
for three years. During 17 days Carthage 
was inflames ; and'thel'oldiers were permitted 
to redeem from the fire whatever poliellion 
they could. But while others profited from 
the deftru&ion of Carthage, the philosophic 
general, ftruek by the melancholy alpect of 
the lcene, repeated two lines from Homer, 
which contained a prophecy concerning the Sail 
of *1 roy. He was afked by the hiftorian 
Folvbius, to what lie then applied his predic¬ 
tion ? To my country, replied Scipio, for her 
too I dread the nicijfitmie of human affairs, and 
in her turn Jhe may exhibit another faming 
Carthage. This remarkable event happened 
about the year of Rome 606. The news of 
this v\t\oty caufed the greateft rejoicings at 
Rome ; and immediately commiflioners were 
appointed by the Roman ienate, not only to 
raze tire walls of Carthage, but even to de- 
mtililh and burn the very materials with which 
they were made: and in a few days, that city 
which had been once the Seat of commerce, 
the model of magnificence, the common ftore 
of the wealth of nations, and one of the moft 
powerful ftates of the world, left behind no 
traces of its Splendor, of its power, or even of 
its exiitence. Polyh. — 0 rtfius. — Appian. de 
Funic. l 5 ‘c.-~-Flor. — Pint, in Cat. Sc. c.— 
.Strab.-~-Li<u, ef>Hn+-Diod. 

Pu Pi a 1. Ex de fen at u, required that the 
' Senate thould not he affirm bled from the 18th 
of the calends of February to the calends of 
the lame month, and that before the etnbaf- 
lies were either accepted or rejected, the fie- 
* nate fho;dd be held on no account. 

PuinuNUS, Marcus Claudius Maximus, 
a man of an obfcure family, who railed him- 
felf by his merit to the higheft offices in the 
Roman armies, and gradually became a prae¬ 
tor, conful, prefeti of Rome, and a governor 
of the provinces. His father was a black¬ 
smith. After the death of the Gordians, Pu- 
pienus was elected with Balbinus to the im¬ 
perial throne,and to rid the world of the ulur- 
pation and tyranny of the Maximini, lie im¬ 
mediately marched agaioft thefe tyrants; but 
he \V«s Soon informed that they had been facri- 
•ficed to the fury ahd refentment of their own 
Soldiers; and therefore he retired to Rome to 
’enjoy the tranquillity which his merit claimed. 
cHe ibon after* prepared to make war ngainft 
the Petfians, who infulted the majelly of 
Rome, but in this he was prevented, and 
maffacred A. D. 236, by the praetorian guards. 
Balbinus fhared his fate. Pupienus is Some¬ 
times called Maximus. In his private cha¬ 
racter he appeared always grave and Serious, 
he was the conftant friend of juftice, modera¬ 
tion, and clemency, and no greater enco¬ 
mium can be palled upon his virtues, than to 


fay that he was inverted with the purple with¬ 
out Soliciting for it, and that the Roman Senate 
Said that they had Seledled him from thoulands, 
becaufe they knew no perSon more worthy or 
better qualified to Support the dignity of an 
emperor. 

Pupius, a centurion of Pompey’s army. 
Seized by Caefar’s Soldiers, &c. Caf. B.G. 1, 
c. 13. 

Puppios, a tragic poet in the. age of J. 
CceSar. His tragedies were So pathetic, that 
when they were represented on the Roman 
ftage, the audience melted into tears, from 
which circumftance Horace calls them lacry~ 
tnofa, I, ep. I, v. 67. 

Purvurari-K, two ifiamls of the At¬ 
lantic on the African coaft, now Lauca- 
reia and Fortuventura. Plin. 6, C. 3 1 * b 3 i» 
C. 6. 

Poteoli, a maritime town of Campania, 
between Bake and Naples, founded by a co¬ 
lony from Cumae. It was originally called 
Dictearchia, and afterwards Puteoli , from the 
great number of wells that were in the neigh¬ 
bourhood. It was much frequented by tli© 
Romans, on account of its mineral waters and 
hot baths, and near it Cicero had a villa called 
Puteolanutn. It is now called Puzzoli, and 
contains, inftead of its ancient magnificence, 
not more than 10,000 inhabitants. Sil. 13, 
v. 385.— Strah. 5.— Varto. L. L- 4, c. 5 * r T 
Cic. Phil. 8, c. 3. jam. 15, ep. 5.— Mela , 2 , 
C. 4.— Pauf 8, c. 7. 

Puticulje, a place of the Efquiline gat$, 
where the meaneft of the Roman populace 
were buried. Part of it was converted into a 
garden by Mecaenas, who received it as a pre¬ 
lent from Auguftus. Horat. I, Sat. 8, v. 8. 
— Varro . L . L . 4, C. 5. 

Pvanepsia, an Athenian feftival cele¬ 
brated in honor of Thefeus and his com¬ 
panions: who, after their return from Crete, 
were entertained with all manner oi fruity, 
and particularly pulfe. From this circum- 
'iance, the Pvanepfia was ever after comme¬ 
morated by the hailing of pulfe , an rsv 
■ri iciva. Some however SuppoSe, that it was ob- 
lerved in commemoration of the Heraclidx, 
who were entertained with pulfe by the 
Athenians. 

Pvbna, a town of Macedonia, originally 
called Citron, fituate between the mouth of 
the rivers Aliacmon and Lydius. It was hi 
this city that Callander mailiicred Olympias 
the mother of Alexander the Great, his wife 
Roxane and his lbn Alexander. Pydna is fa¬ 
mous for a battle which was fought there, on 
the 22dof June, B. C, 168, between the Re¬ 
mans under Paulus, and king Philip, in which 
the latter was conquered, and Macedonia food 
after reduced to the form of a Roman pjjp- 
vince. Jufin.J 4, C. 6.— Blurs — Plut. in Pan/. 
— Lh. 44, c. IO. 

Pygela, a feaqport town of Ionia. XiV 


/ 





PY 


pycMjEt, a nation of dwarfs, in the et- 
tremeit parts of India, or according to others, 
in Aith'uj»» Some authors affirm, that they 
were no more than one foot high, and that 
they built their ironies with egg (hells. Ari- 
kotle fays that they lived in holes under the 
earth, and that they came out in the harveft 
time with hatchets to cut down the corn as if fo 
liell a (oreft. They went on goats and lambs 
of proportionable ftature to themlblves, to 
make war againft certain birds, whom fome 
call cranes, which came there yearly from 
Scythia to plunder them. They were origin¬ 
ally governed by Gerana a princels, yvho was 
changed into a crane, for boafting heffelf 
fairer than Juno. Ovid Met. 6, v. 50.— Ho¬ 
mer. II. 3. — Strain 7.— A rift. Anitn. 8, C. 12. 

- — *Juv. 13, v. 186.— Plih. 4. *C.— TAcda, 3> 

e. %.~Suet. in Aug. 83- Philojlr. ia.n. 2, 

c. 22, mentions that Hercules once fell aileep 
in the deferts of Africa, after he had conquer¬ 
ed Antseus, and that he was fuddenly awakened 
by an attack which had been made upon his 
body, by an army of thefe Lilliputians, who 
dtfeharged their arrows with great fury upon 
his arms and legs. The hero, pleafed with 
their courage, wrapped the greatoft number of 
them in the fkin of the Nemoean lion, and 
carried them to Euryftheus. 

PvGMffOK, a lurname of Adonis in Cy¬ 
prus. Hcfycb. 

PygmAlioN, a king of Tyre, fon of Be- 
lus, and brother to the celelnated Dido, who 
founded Carthage. At the death of his father, 
he afeended the vacant throne, and loon be¬ 
came odious by his cruelty and avarice. He 
faerificed every thing to the gratification of his 
predominant paflions, and he did not even 
fpare the life of Sichxus, Dido’s hufband, be- 
caule he was the molt powerful and opulent 
of all the Phoenicians. This murder he com¬ 
mitted in a temple, of which Skhteus was the 
pried; but inftead of obtaining the riches 
which he defired, Pygmalion was (hunned by 
his lubjefts, and Dido, to avoid further ads of 
cruelty, fled away with her hufband’s treal'ure, 
and a large colony to the coaft of Africa, 
where (be founded a city. Pygmalion died in 
the 56th year of-his age, and in the 47th of 
his reign. Virg. JEn. I, v. 347 ? & c — J u fi n ' 
18, c 5'— Apollod. 3.— Jtal. 1 . -A celebrat¬ 

ed flatuary of the ifiand of Cypius. The de¬ 
bauchery "of the females of Amalhus, to 
which he was a witnel’s, created in him fuch 
an averfion for the fair fex, that he lefolved 
never to marry The .affedion which he had 
denied to the other fex. he liberally be¬ 
llowed upon the works of his own hands. 
He became enamoured of a beautiful ftatue 
of marble which he had made, and at his 
tarnelt requeft and prayers, according to the 
mythologies, the goddeis of beauty changed 
the favorite Ifatue into a woman, whom 
the artift married, and by whom he hAd | 
» fen called Paphus, who founded, the city j 
14 


PY 

of that name in Cyprus. Ovid. Met *0, 

fab. 9, 

PylXdes, a fon of Strophius, king of Pho- 
cis, by one of the fillers of Agamemnon. 
He was educated, together with his coufiti 
Oreftes, with whom he formed the mod in¬ 
violable friendfliip, and whom he aflifted to 
revenge the murder of Agamemnon, by af- 
faflinating Clytemnefira and jEgyfthu*. He 
alfo accompanied him to Taurica Cherionefus, 
and for his fervices Oreftes rewarded him, by 
giving him his filler Eledra in marriage. Py- 
lades had by her two Cons, Medor* and Stro¬ 
phius. The friendlhip of Oreftes and Pvlades 
became proverbial. [Hid. Oreftes.] JEurip. 
in Ip big. — JEfcbyl. in A?. Sec.—Pavf t, 

c 28.-A celebrated Greek mufician; ia 

the age of Philopoemen. Pint, in Phil. -- 

A mimic in the reign of Auguftus, banifhed, 
ana afterward-recalled. 

Pylae, a town of Afia, between Cappa¬ 
docia and Cilicia. Cic. 5, ad. Alt. The 
word Pyla , which fignifies gates , was often 
applied by the Greeks to any ftreights or 
paffages which opened a communication be¬ 
tween one country and another, inch as the 
ilreightsof Thermopylae, ofTerfia, Hyrcania, 
&c. 

Pyx-jemenes, a Paphlagoman fon of Melius 
who came to the Trojan war, and was killed 
by Menelaus. His fon, failed Harpalion, 
was killed by Meriones. Diftys Cret. 2, c. 
34.— Ho mer. II. 2, v. 3.58 ——A king of Ma?- 
onia, who fent his fons, Meftes and Antiphus, 

to the Trojan war.-Another fon of Nico- 

medes, banifhed from Paphlagonia by Mith- 
rklates, and reftored by Pompey. Eutrdp. 5 
& 6 . 

Pylagors, a name given to the Am- 
phidyonic council, becaufe they always 
affemhled at Pylae, near the temple of 
Delphi. 

Pylaon, a fon of Neleus and Chloris, 
killed by Hercules with his brothers. Apollod. 
1,0.9 

Pylarge, a daughter of Danaus. Apo[lod. 

Pyi.artes, a Trojan killed by Patrodus. 
Homer. II. 16, v. 695. 

Pylas, a king of Megara. He had the 
misfortune accidentally to kill his uncle Bias, 
for which he fled away, leaving his kingdom 
to Pandion, his fon-in-law, who had been 
driven from Athens. Apollod. 3, c. 15.— 
Pauf. I, c. 39. 

Pylene, a town of iEtolia. Homer. II. 2. 

Pyleus. a Trojan chief, killed by A- 
chilles.-A fon of Ctymenus, king of Or- 

chomenos. 

Pylleon, a town of Theflily. Liv. 42, 
c.42. 

Pylo, a daughter of Thefpius, mother of 
Hippotas. Apollod. 

Pylos, now Navarln , a town of Mef- 
1 fenia, fituate on the vveftern coalt of the Pelo- 
| ponneius, oppofite the idand Sphader.a in the 

louiau 


l 










BY 


PY 


fea. It was alfo- called Cotyphafion 
from the promontory on which it was ereited. 
It was built by .Pylus, at tile head of a co-; 
lony from Megara. The founder was dit'pol- 
JefTcd of .it by Neleus, and fled into Elis,, 
where he dwelt in a Cmall town which he 

alio called Pylos.--A town of Elis, at the 

mouth of the liver Alpheus, between the 

Pen, us and Selleis.-Another town of Elis 

called Tripbyliacba , fronj Triphylia, a pro¬ 
vince of Elis, wneie it was fituate. Tliefe 
three cities, which bore the name of Pylos, 
dilputed their refpedlive right to the honor of 
having given birth to the celebrated Nellor, 
foil of Neleug. The Pylos, which is fltuate 
near the Alpheus, l'eems to win the palm, as 
it had in its neighbourhood a finall village 
called Geranus, and a river called Geron, of 
which Homer makes mention. , t'indar, how¬ 
ever, calls Nellor king of MeflTema, and there¬ 
fore gives the preference to the firft mention¬ 
ed of theie three cities. Apoilod. i, c. 19. 
1 . 3, C. 15.— Puijf. I, c. 39.— Strab. 9— Ho¬ 
mer. II. 2, OJ. 3. 

Pylus, a town. [ Fid. Pylos.]-A fon 

of Mars by Demouice, the daughter of Age- 
nor. He was prelent at the chace of the Ca- 
lydouian boar. Apoilod. 1. 

Pyra, part of mount CEta, on which 
the body of Hercules was burnt. Liv. 36, c. 30. 

Pyracmon, one of Vulcan’s workmen 
in the forges of mount iEtna. The name 
is derived from two Greek, words, which 
fignify Jire and an anvil. Virg. JEn. 8, V. 425. 

Pyracmos, a man killed by Caeneus. 
Ovid. Met. 12, v. 460. 

Pyrajchmes, a king of Euboea.-A 

king of Pmonia during the Trojan war. 

Pyramus, a youth of Babylon, who be^ 
came enamoured of Thifbe, a beautiful virgin, 
who dwelt in the neighbourhood. The flame 
was mutual, and the two'lovers, whom their 
parents forbad fo marry, regularly received 
each other’s addreffes through the chink of 
a'wall, which leparated their houfes. After 
the mod folemn vows of fincerity, they both 
agreed to elude the vigilance of their friends, 
and to meet <?ne another at the tomb of 
Ninus, under a white mulberry-tree, with¬ 
out the walls of Babylon. Thifbe came firft 
to the appointed place, but the fudden arrival 
of a lionefs frightened her away; and as fhe 
fled into a neighbouring cave (he dropped her 
veil, which the lionefs found and bel’meared 
with blood. Pyramus toon arrived, he found 
Thilbe’s veil all bloody, and concluding that 
ftie had been torn to pieces by the wild beads 
of the place, he dabbed himlelf with his 
fuord. Thifbe, whenhfr fears were vanished, 
returned from the cave, and at the fight of the 
dying .Pyramus, fhe fell upon the fword which 
itill reeked with his blood. This tragical feene 
happened under a white mulberry-tree, which, 
as the poets mention, was flained with the 
blood of the lovers, and ever after bore 


fruit of the color of blood. Ovid. Met. 4, 

v. 55,&c.— Hygin. hb. 243.-A river of 

Cilicia, riling in mount Taurus, and falling 
into the Pamphylian fea. Cic. 3, fam. 11.— 
Dionyf. Perieg. , 

Pyrenea Venus, a town of Gallia Nar- 
bonefis. 

Pyrknjej, a mountain, or a long ridge of 
high mountains, which feparate Gaul from 
Spain, and extend from the Atlantic to the 
Mediterranean lea. They receive their name 
from Pyrene the daughter of Bebrycius, 
[Vtd. Pyrene,] or from the fire (prvo) which 
once raged there for leveral days. This fire 
was originally kindled by fhepherds. and fo 
intenfe was the heat which it occafioned, that 
all the lilver mines of the mountains were 
melted, and ran down in large rivulets. This 
account is deemed fabulous by Strabo and 
others. Diod. 5.— Strab. 3.— Mela, 2, c. 6. 
— Ital. 3, v. 415.— Liv. 21, C. 6 p.— Pint. 4, 
c. 20. 

Pyrenjeus, a king of Thrace, who, during 
a fhower of rain, gave fhelter in his houfe 
to the nine mules, and attempted to offer 
them violence. The goddefles upon this took 
to their wings and flew away. Pvremeus, 
who attempted to follow them, as if he had 
wings,' threw himfelf down from the top 
of a tower and was killed. Ovid. Met. 5, 
v. 274. _ 

Pyrene, a daughter of Bebrycius, kifig of 
the lbuthern parts of Spain. Hercules offers 
ed violence to her before he went to attack 
Geryon, and (lie brought into the world a 
lerpent, which fo terrified her, that fhe fled 
into the woods, where fhe was torn to pieces 

by wild beafts.-A nymph, mother of Cyc~ 

nus by Mars. Apoilod. -A fountain near 

Corinth.-A fmall village in Celtic Gaul, 

near which, according to fome, the river lifer 
took its rife. , 

Pyrgi, an ancient town of Etruria, on the 
fea coaft. Virg. Ain. 10, v. 184— Liv. 36, c. 3. 

Pyrgion, an hifterian who wrote on the 
laws of Crete. Atben. 

Pyrgo, the nurfe of Priam’s children wljo 
followed ./Eneas in his flight from Troy, 
Virg. JEn. 5, v. 645. 

Pyrgoteles, a celebrated .engraver on 
gems in the age of Alexander the Great. 
He had the exclufive privilege of engraving 
the conqueror, as Lyfippus was the only fculp* 
tor who was permitted to make flatues of him.. 
Plin. 37 > C. I, 

Pyrgus, a fortified place of Elis in the Pe* 
loponneius. 

Pyrippe, a daughter of Thefpius. 

PYROjOnecf the Oceanides. Hefiod. 

Pyroues, a lbn of Cilix, faid to be the 
fint who dilcovered and applied to human, 
pur poles the fire concealed in flints. Plin. 7, 
c. 56. 

Pyrois, one of the horfes of the fun^ 
Ovid. Met. 2, v, 133. ' ~ n 

U u Pyronia, 




P yRoxiAjii-'fuKuame of Dia.ua. S,c. 16. 

Pvrrha, a daughter of TLpimet heus and 
Pandora, who married Deucalion, the ion of 
Prometheus, who reigned in ThelTaly. In 
her age all mankind were deftroyed by a de¬ 
luge, and the alone, with her hulband, eicaped 
from the general defirudfion, by laving thetn- 
ielves in a boat which Deucalion had made 
by his father’s advice. When the waters 
had retired from the furface of the earth, 
Py-rrha, with her hufband, went to the oracle 
of Themis, where they were directed to re¬ 
pair the lo-is of mankind, to throw Hones be¬ 
hind their backs- They obeyed, and the 
Hones which Pyrrha threw were changed into 
women, and thole of Deucalion into men. 
\Vid. Deucalion.] Pyrrha became mother of 
Amphidtyou, Hellen,-and Protogenea, by 
Deucalion. Ovid. Met. I, v. 350, &c.— 
pfygin. fab. 153.— Apollon. Rhod. 3, v - 1085. 

■-A daughter of Creon, king of Thebes. 

Pauf. 9, c. to.-The name which Achilles 

bore when he dilguifed himfelf in women’s 
cloaths, at the court of JLycomedes. Hygin. 

fab. 96.-A town of Euboea. Mela , 2, 

c. 7.-A promontory of Phthiotis, on the 

bay of Malia.-‘A town of Leibos.- 

A beautiful cfturtezan at Rome, of whom 
Horace was long an admirer. Horat. i,od 5.. 

Pyrrheus, a place in the city of Ambra- 
va. Liv. 38, c. 5, 

Pyrriii castra, a place of Lucania. 
Liv. 35, c. 27. 

Pyrrhias, a boatman of Ithaca, remark¬ 
able for his humanity. He delivered from 
fiavery an old* man who had been • taken by 
pirates, and robbed of fome pots full of pitch. 
The old man was fo grateful for his kindnefs, 
that he gave the pots to his deliverer, after 
he had told him that they contained gold 
under the pitch. Pyrrhias upon this, offered 
the facrifice of a bull to the old man, 
and retained him in his houfe, with every 
of kindnefs and attention, till the time of 

his death. PluU in quaji. C. -A general 

of the ZEtolians, defeated by i hilip, king of 
Macedonia'. 

Pyrrhicha, a kind of dance, laid to be 
invented and introduced into Greece by Pyr¬ 
rhus the fon of Achilles. The dancers were 
generally armed. Plin 7, c. 56. 

PyrrhiCus, a free town of Laconia. 
Pauf. 3, c. 21.— Atben. 14. 

Pyrrhjdje, a patronymic given to the fuc- 
celfors of Neoptolemus in Epirus. 

Pyrrho, a philofopher of Elis, difciple to 
Anaxarchus, and originally a painter. His 
father’s name was PliHarchus, or Piflocrates. 
He was in continual fufpenle of judgment, he 
doubted of every thing, never made any con- 
clufions, and when he had carefully examined 
a fubjett, and inveHigated all its parts, he con¬ 
cluded by Hill doubting of its evidence. This 
manner of doubting in the philoibpher has 
been railed Pyrrbomfm , and his difciples 


have teceived the appellation df feeptics, nt-. 
quifitovs, examiners, &c. He pretended to 
have acquired an uncommon dominion over 
opinion and paflions. The former of tUefe- 
virtues he called ataraxia , and the latter 
matriopathia, and lo far did he carry his want 
of common feeling and lympathy, that he 
pafled with unconcern, near a ditch, in which 
his maHer Anaxarchus had fallen, and 
where he nearly perifhed. He was once 
in a Horm, and when all hopes were va- ' 
nifhed, and defirubtion certain, the philolo- 
pher remained unconcerned; and while the 
reH of the crew were loH in lamentations, 
he plainly told them to look at a pig which 
was then feeding himfelf on board the velfel, 
exclaiming, This is a true model for a wife 
man. As he ftlowed lb much indifference in 
every thing, and declared that life and death 
were the fame thing ; fome of his difciples 
afked him, why he did not hurry himfelf out 
of the world; becaufe , fays he, there is n» 
difference between life and death. When he 
walked in the Hreets he never looked 
behind, or moved from the road for a 
chariot, even in its moH rapid courfe; and, 
indeed, as fome authors remark, this indiffe¬ 
rence for his lafety often expoled him to tile 
. greateH and moH imminent dangers, from 
which he was faved by the interference of 
his friends who followed him. He florifhed 
B. C. 304, and died at the advanced age of 90. 
He left no writings behind him. His coun¬ 
trymen were fo partial to him, that they railed 
Hatues to his memory, and exempted all the 
philofophers of Elis from taxes. Diog. 9.— 
Cic. de orat. 3, c. 17.— Aul. Gel. II, c. 5.— 
Paif.f , c. 24. 

Pyrrhus, a fon of Achilles and Deidamia, 
the daughter of king Lycomedes, who re¬ 
ceived this name from the yellewnefs of his 
hair. He was alfo called Neoptolemus, or 
new warrior , becaufe he came to the Trojan 
war in the laH year of the celebrated liege of 
the capital of Troas. [ Vid. Neoptolemus.] 

-A king of Epirus, defeended from A- 

chilles, by the fide of his mother,, and from 
Hercules, by that of his father, and fon of 
ZEacides and Phthia. He was faved when au 
infant, by the fidelity of his fervants, from the 
pursuits of the enemies of his father, who had 
been banilhed from his kingdom, and he was 
carried to the court of Glautias king of Illy- 
ricum, who educated him with great tender- 
nefs. Callander, king of Macedonia, wilhed 
to difpatch him, as he had fo rntich to dread 
from him; but Glautias not only refufed to 
deliver him up into the hands of his enemy, 
but he even went with an army, and placed 
him on the throne of Epirus, though only 
12 years of age. About five years after, the 
ahfence of Pyrrhus to attend the nuptials of 
one of die daughters of Glautias, railed new 
commotions. The monarch was expelled 
from his throne by Neoptolemus who had 

uiurped 








ufurpeff it after the death of iEacides; and 
being ftill without refources, he applied to his 
brother-in-Luv Demetrius Yor affiltance. He 
accompanied Demetrius at the^battle of Ipfus, 
and fought there with all the prudence and 
intrepidity of an experienced cetera'. He 
afterwards patted into Egypt, where by his 
marriage with Antigone the daughter of Be¬ 
renice, he foon obtained a iufficient force to 
attempt th£ recovery of his throne. He was 
fuccefstul in the undertaking, but to remove 
all cnut'es of quarrel, he took the ufurper to 
fhare with him the royalty, and feme time 
after he put him to death under pretence that 
he had attempted to poifon him. In the 
ihbfequent' years of his reign, Pyrrhus en¬ 
gaged in tlie quarrels which diftinhed the 
ipeace ol the Macedonian monarchy; he 
marched againtt Demetrius, and gave the Ma¬ 
cedonian foldiers frefh proofs of his valor and 
activity. By diflimulation he ingratiated him 
lelf in the minds of his enemy’s fubjc&s, and 
when Demetrius labored under a momentary 
illnels, Pyrrhus made an attempt upon the 
crown of Macedonia, which, if not then fuc- 
celsful, foon after rendered him matter of the 
kingdom. This he fhared with Lyfimachus 
for ieven months, tyil the jealouiy of the 
Macedonians, and the ambition of his col¬ 
league, oblige him to retire. Pyrrhus was 
meditating new conquefts, when the Taren- 
tines invited him to Italy to aflift them againtt 
the encroaching power of Rome. He gladly 
accepted the invitation, but his paffage acrofs 
the Adriatic proved nearly fatal, and he reach¬ 
ed the (hores of Italy, after the lofs of the 
greateft-part of his troops in a ftorm. At his 
entrance into Tarentum, B. C. 280, he began 
to reform the manners of the inhabitants, 
and, by introducing the ftri&eft difeipline 
among their troops, to accuftom them to bear 
fatigue and to defpife dangers. In the firft 
battle which he fought with the Romans, he 
obtained the victory, but for this he was more 
particularly indebted to his elephants, vvhofe' 
bulk and uncommon appearance, aftonilhed 
the Romans and terrified their cavalry. The 
number of the (lain was equal on both tides, 
and the conqueror faid that fuch another vic¬ 
tory would totally ruin him. He alfo fent 
Cineas, his chief minifter, to Rome, and 
though viftorious, he fued for peace. Thefe 
otters of peace were refufed, and when Pyr¬ 
rhus quettioned Cineas about the manners 
and the character of the Romans, the fuga¬ 
cious matter replied, that their fenate was 
a venerable aflembly of kings, and that to 
tight againtt; them, was to attack another Hy¬ 
dra. ‘ A fecond battle was fought near Afcu- 
lum, but the flaughter was fo great, and the 
valor fo contpicuous on ; both (ides, that the 
Romans and their enemies reciprocally claimed 
the vitlory as their own. Pyrrhus ftill con¬ 
tinued the war in favor of the Tarentines, 
when he was' invited into Sicily by the inha¬ 


bitants, who labored under the yoke of Car¬ 
thage, and the cruelty of their own petty 
tyrants. His fondnels of novelty foon de- > 
termined him to quit Italy, he left a garrifon 
at Tarentum, and crofted over to Sicily, 
where he obtained two victories over the Car¬ 
thaginians, and took many ^of their towns. 
He was for a while fucceisfnl, and formed 
the projedt of invading Afrign; but foon his 
popularity vaniihed, his troops became info- 
lent, and he behaved with haughtinefs, and 
(liewed himfelf oppirettive, fo that his return 
to Iraly .was deemed a fortunate event for all 
Sicily. He had no fooner arrived at Taren¬ 
tum than he renewed hoftilities with the Ro¬ 
mans with great acrimony, but when his army 
.of 80,000 men had been defeated by 20,000 
of the enemy, under Curios, he left Italy 
with precipitation, B. C. 274, k alhamed.of the 
enterprize, and mortified by the vidfories 
which had been obtained over one of the 
defendants of Achilles. In Epirus he began 
to repair his military character; by attacking 
Antigonus, who was then on the Macedonian 
throne. He gained fome advantages over his 
enemy, and was at latt rettored to the throne 
of Macedonia. He afterwards marched 
againtt Sparta, at the req- left of Cleonymus, 
but when all his vigorous operations were in- 
iufficient to take the capit.il of Laconia, he 
retired to Argos, where the treachery of 
Arifteus invited him. The Argives defired 
him to retire, and not to interfere in the af¬ 
fairs of their republic, which were confounded 
by the ambition of two of their nobles. He 
complied with their willies, but in the night 
he marched his forces into the town, and 
might have made himfelf matter of the place 
had he not retarded his progrefs by entering it 
with his elephants. The combat thatenlued 
was obftinate and bloody, and the monarch, to 
fight with more boldnels, and to encounter 
dangers with more facility, exchanged his 
drefs. He was attacked by one of th’e ene¬ 
my, but as he was going to run him through 
in his own defence, the mother of the Ar- 
give, who faw her Ion’s danger from the top of 
a houle, threw down a tile, and brought Pyr¬ 
rhus to the ground, his head was cut off, 
and carried to Antigonus, who gave his re¬ 
mains a magnificent funeral, and prefented his 
alhes to his fon Helenus, 272 years before 
the Chriftian era. Pyrrhus has been defer- 
vedly commended for his talents as a general; 
and not only his friends, but alfo his enemies, 
have been warm in extolling him ; and Anni- 
bal declared, that for experience and fagacity 
the king of Epirus was the firft; of command¬ 
ers. He had cholen Alexander the Great for 
a model, and in every thing he wifhed not 
only to imitate, but to furpafs him. In the 
art of war none were fuperior to him, he not 
only made it his ftudy as a general, but even 
he wrote, many books on encampments, and 
the different ways of training up an army, 
U u % and 




and whatever he did was by principle and 
rule. His uncommon underlianding, and his 
penetration, are alfo admired ; but the general 
is Severely cenlured, who has no looner con¬ 
quered a country, than he looks for other 
vi&ories, without regarding, or (ecuting what 
he has already obtained, by mealures and re¬ 
gulations honorable to himlelf, and advantage¬ 
ous to his fubje&s. The Romans palled great 
encomiums upon him, and Pyrrhus was no lefs 
(truck with their magnanimity and valor; fo 
much indeed, that he exclaimed, that if he 
had foldiers like the Romans, or if the Ro. 
mans had him for a general, he would leave 
no corner of,the earth tinfeen, and no natiorv 
unconquercd. Pyrrhus married many wives, 
and all for political veafons; betide* Antigone, 
he had LanafTa the daughter of Agathoeles, 
as alfo a daughter of Autcdeon king of P;eo- 
nia. His children, as his biographer obierves, 
derived a warlike fpirit from their father, and 
when he'was alked by one to which of them 
he (hould leave the kingdom of EpirOs, he 
replied, to him who has the fharpeft lword. 
JFJian. Hif. an. 10 — Pint, hi i vita.-*—’Jujtin ■ 
17, & c — I/ru. 13 & 14,— Horat. 3, odL 6, 

--A king of Epirus, fon of Ptolemy 

murdered by the people of Ambracw. His 
daughter, called Laudamia, or Deidamia, 
fucceeded him. Patif. -A fon of Daedalus. 

Pyste, the wife of Seleucus, taken pri- 
foner by the Gauls, &c. Polyan. 2 . 

Pythagoras, a celebrated philofopher, 
born at Samos. His father Mnefarchus was 
a perfon of diltin&ion, and, therefore, tlie fon 
received that education which was nioft cal¬ 
culated to enlighten his mind and invigorate 
his body. I.ike his contemporaries, he was 
early made acquainted with poetry and mufk ; 
eloquence and allronomy became his private 
ftudies, and in gymnaltie exerciles he often 
bore the palm for ftrengtli and dexterity. He 
firlt made himfelf known in Greece, at the > 
Olympic games, where he obtained, in the 
18th year of his age, the prize for vvreftling; 
and, after he had been admired for the ele¬ 
gance and the dignity of his perlon, and the 
brilliancy of his underlianding, he retired into 
the ead. In E.gypt and Chaldiea he gained 
the confidence of the prieds, and learned from ; 
them the arffi.il policy, and the lymbolic wr'u I 
tings, by which they governed the princes as 
well as the people, and,, after lie had (pent ma¬ 
ny years in gathering all the information 
which could be collected from antique tradi¬ 
tion concerning the nature of the gods and 
the immortality of the lbul, Pythagoras revi- 
(ited his native illand.‘ The tyranny of Poly¬ 
crates at Samos difgufted the philofopher, who 
was a great advocate for national independence, 
and though lie was the favorite of the tyrant, 
he retired from the illand, and a lecond time 
aflided at the Olympic games. His fame 
xvas too well known to efcape notice; he was 
f»iuted in the public allembly by the name 


of Snpbijl, or wife man; but he refufedf thi 
appellation, and was iatisfied with that of 
philofopher, or, the friend of •wifdotn. “ At 
the Olympic games,” laid he, in explanation 
of this new appellation lie wilhed to affume, 
“ l'ome are attrailed with the defire of obtain¬ 
ing crowns and honors, others come to expofe 
their different commodities to fale, while curio- 
fity draws a third clnfs, and the defire of con¬ 
templating whatever deferves notice in that 
celebrated aflembly : thus on the more exten- 
frve theatre of the workf, while many drug¬ 
gie for the glory of a name, and many pant 
for the advantages of fortune, a few, and in¬ 
deed but a few, who are neither delirous of 
money nor ambitious of fame, are fufficiently 
gratified to be l'pedlators of the wonder, the 
hurry, and the magnificence of the fcene.” 
From Olympia, the. philofopher viiited the 
republics of Elis and ^Sparta, and retired to 
Magna Gracia, where .Ee fixed his habitatioa 
in the town of Crotona, about the 40th year 
of his age. Here he founded a le 61 which 
has received the name of the Italian , and he 
lbon law hiini'ylf lurrounded by a great num¬ 
ber of pupils, which the recommendation of 
his mental, as well as his perfonal accomplilh- 
ments, had procured, his ikill in rnulic and 
medicine, and his knowledge of mathematics 
and of natural philoifophv, gained him friends- 
and admirers, and amidlt the voluptuoufnefs 
that prevailed among the inhabitants of Cro¬ 
tona, the Samian i'age found his inftrubtions 
re(pe£ted, and his approbation courted; the 
molt debauched and effeminate were pleafed 
with the eloquence and the graceful delivery 
of the philofopher, who boldly upbraided them 
for their vices, and called them to more virtuous 
and manly purfujts. Thefe animated harangues 
were attended with rapid 1 fuccefs, and a refor¬ 
mation loon took place in the morals and the 
life of the people of Crotona. The females 
were exhorted to become modeft, and they 
left cff their gaudy ornaments i the youths 
were called away from their purfuits of plea- 
lure, and inftantly they forgot their intempe¬ 
rance, and paid to their parents that fub- 
miffive attention and deference which the pre.-. 
cepts of Pythagoras required. As to the old 
they were directed no- longer to fpend their 
time in amalling money, but to improve their 
undemanding, and to feek that peace and thofe 
comforts of mind which frugality, benevolence, 
and philanthropy alone can produce. The 
fober and religious behaviour of the philo- 
lbpher ltrongly recommended the necefiity and 
importance of thele precepts. Pythagoras was 
admired for his venerable afpett, his voice 
was harmonious, his eloquence perluafive, and 
the reputation he had acquired by his diltant 
travels, and by being crowned at the Olympic, 
games, was great and important. He regular- 
| ly frequented the temples of tlie gods, and 
| paid his devotion to the divinity at an early 
: : lie lived upon (he pureftandmoftinno-. 

cent 





PY 


PY 


t?ent food, he cloathed himfelf like the priefts 
of the Egyptian gods, and by his continual 
purifications, and regular offerings, he teemed 
to be l'uperior to the reft of mankind in fan&- 
hy. Thefe artful meafures united to render 
him an objebf not Snlv of reverence, but of 
imitation. To figt hknfelf at a greater cfiftance 
from his pupils, a number of vears was requi¬ 
red to try their various difpofitions; the moft 
talkative were not permitted to fpeak rn the 
pretence of their matter before they had been 
his auditors for hve years, and thole who poi- 
iefled a natural taciturnity were allowed to 
fpeak after a probation of two years. When 
they were capable of receiving the iecret in¬ 
ductions of the philofopher, they were taught 
•the life of cyplvers arid hieroglyphic writings, 
and Pythagoras might boaft that his pupils 
could correlpond together, though in the moft 
diftant regions, in unknown characters; and 
by the figns and words which jthey had recei¬ 
ved, they could dkcover, though ftrangers and 
•barbarians, tliole that had been educated in 
the Pythagorean fchool. So great was his im- 
thority among his pupils, that, to dilpnte his 
word was deemed a crime, and the moft ftuh- 
born were drawn to coincide w/th the ephri- 
*>ns of their opponent- when they helped their 
arguments by the words of the ma/er /aid fo, 
«n expreftion which became proverbial in 
jurare in verba magijlru The great influence 
which the philofopher. polfefled in his fchool, 
was transferred to the world : the pupils divided 
the applaule and the approbation of the people 
with their venerable matter, and in a fhort 
.time, the rulers and the legillators of all the 
principal towns -of Greece, Sicily, and Italy, 
boafted in ,being the difcipfteB of Pythagoras. 
The Samian philofopher was the firft who 
Supported the doCtrine of metempfycb/ts , or 
tranfmigration of the foul into different bo¬ 
dies, and thole notions he leemed to have 
imbibed among the pried s of Egypt, or in 
the folitary retreats of the Bvachmans. More 
ftrenuoully to fopport his chimerical lyftem,be 
(declared he recollected the different bodies his 
foul bad animated before that pf the ion oT 
Mnefarchus. He remembered to have been 
iEthalides, the fon of Mercury, to have alftlled 
*he Greeks during theTrojan war in the charac¬ 
ter of Euph'vini-s, f Fid. Euphorbus,] to have 
been Hermoumus,afterwards a filherman, and 
4 a(t of Pythagoras. He forbad his difciples to 
-eat flelh,as alfo beans, hecaufe he fuppoffcd them 
■to have been proditced from the fame petrified 
.matter from which, at the creation of the 
world, mau was formed. In his theological 
•fyftem Pythagoras fupported that the urriverfe 
was created from a ftiapelels heap of pafitve 
matter by the hands of a powerful being, 
-who himlelf was the mover and foul of the 
world, and of whole fubftance the fouls of 
*napkin 4 were a portion. He confidered num¬ 
bers as the principles of every thing, and per¬ 
ceived in the unjverle regularity, correfpon- 


denee, beauty, pnsportion, and harmony* a 
intentionally produced by tire creator. In his 
do&rines of morality, he perceived in the 
human mind, propenfities common to us with 
the bnite creation ; but befides thefe, and the 
paflions of avarice and ambition, he dilcovered 
the nobler feeds of virtue, and fuppofted that 
the moft ample and perfedf gratification was to 
be found in the enjoyment of moral and in¬ 
tellectual pleafures. The thoughts of the paft 
he confidered as always prefent to us, and he 
believed that no enjoyment could be had where 
the mind was diftuvbed by confcioufnefs of 
guilt, or fears about futurity. This opinion 
induced the philofopher to recommend tp his 
followers a particular mode of education. The 
tender years of the Pythagoreans were em¬ 
ployed in continual labor, in ftudy, in exercile, 
raid repole; and the philofopher maintained 
his well known and important maxim, that 
many things, efpecially love, are heft learnt 
late. I« a more advanced age, the adult was 
defired to behave with caution, lpirk, and pa- 
triotifm, and to remember, that the commu¬ 
nity and civil locicty demanded his exertions, 
and that the good of the public, and not his 
own private enjoyments, were the ends of his 
•creation. From leftons like thefe, ihe Pytha¬ 
goreans were ftriCHy enjoined to call to mind, 
and carefully to review, the actions, not only 
of the prefent, but of the preceding days. 
In their affs of devotion, they early repaired 
to the moft folitary places of the mountains, 
and after'they had examined their private and 
.public conduCC, and converted withthemfelves, 
they joined in the -company of their friends, 
and early refreihed their body with light and 
frugal aliments. Their conversion was of - 
the moft innocent nature; political or philo- 
fophic lubjccts were difcuiled with propriety, 
but without warmth, and, after the conduct of 
the following day was regulated, the evening 
was fpent with the fame religious ceremony as 
the morning, in a ftrkft and partial lelt-cxamina- 
tion. From fuch regularity nothing but the 
moft lalutary confequences could iirife, and k 
will not appear wonderful that (the difciples of 
Pythagoras were fo much refpefted <md ad¬ 
mired a a legislators, and imitated lor their-con- 
ft-anev, friendlhip, and humanity. The authors 
that lived in, and alter, the age of Alexander, 
have rather tarniibe-l than brightened the glory 
of the founder of tire Pythagorean lchool, and 
they hav-e obfcured his fame byatti ibuting to him 
actions which were dillbnant with his character 
as a man and a moralift. To .give more weight 
to his exhortations, as lome writers mention,Py¬ 
thagoras retired into a fu’ftterraneous cave,where 
his mother feat him intelligence of every thing 
which happened during his abfence. After a 
certain number of months he again re-appeared 
on the earth with a grim and ghaftly counte¬ 
nance, and declared, in the alfembly of the 
people, that he wasre;ui nqd from hell. From 
fimilar exaggerations, it has beeu averted that 
u«3 H 





PY 


PY 


he appeared at the Olympic games with a gol- I 
den thigh, and that he could write in letters of 
blood whatever he pleafetion a looking-glals,and 
that, byfetting it oppofite to the moon, when 
full, ail the characters which were on theglafs 
became legible on the moon’s diic. They ah'o 
fupport, that, by fome magical words, he 
tamed a bear, Hopped the flight of an eagle, 
and appeared on the fame day and at the 
fame inftant in the cities of Crotona and 
Metapontum, &c. The time and the place 
of the death of this great philofopher are 
unknown ; yet many fuppofe that he died at 
Metapontum about 497,years before Chrift ; 
and fo great was the veneration of the people 
of Magna Grascia for him, that he received 
the fame honors as were paid to the immor¬ 
tal gods, and his houfe became a facred tem¬ 
ple. Succeeding ages likewife acknowledged 
his merits, and when the Romans, A. U. C. 
411, were commanded by the oracle of Del¬ 
phi to.eredl a ftatue to the braveft and vvifeu 
of the Greeks, the diftinguifhed honor was 
conferred on Alcibiades and Pythagoras. 
Pythagoras had a daughter, called Damo. 
There is now extant a poetical compofition 
afcribed to the "philofopher, and called die 
golden verfesof Pythagoras , which contain 
the greateft part, of his doctrines and moral 
precepts ; but many fupport, that it is a fup- 
pofititious compofition, and that the true 
name of the writer was Lyfis. Pythagoras 
diflinguifhed hintfelf alfo by his dilcoveries in 
geometry, aftronomy, and mathematics, and 
it is to him that the world is indebted for 
the demonftration of the 47th propofition of 
the flrfl book of Euclid’s elements, about 
the fquare of the hvpothenufe. It is faid, 
that he was fo elated after making the dif- 
covery, that he made an offering of a heca¬ 
tomb to the gods; but the facrifice was un¬ 
doubtedly of fmall oxen, made with wax, as 
the philolopher was ever an enemy to fhed- 
ding the blood of all animals. His fyftem of 
tfie univerfe, in which he placed the lun in 
the centre, and all the planets moving in 
elliptical orbits round it, was deemed chi¬ 
merical and improbable, till the deep enquiries 
and the philofophv of the 16th century proved 
it, by the molt accurate calculations, to be 
true and inconteftable. Diogenes, Porphyry, 
Tamblicus, and others, have written an ac¬ 
count of his life, but with more erudition, 
perhaps, than veracity. Cic. de Nat. D. 1, 
c. 5. Tufc. 4, c. I.— JDiog. isfe. 8.— Hygin 
fab. 112.— Ovid.. Met. 1$, v. 60, &c— Plato. 
—Plin. 34, C. 6.— Cell. 9 — Iamblic. — Por- 

fbyu — Plut. -A foothfayer at Babylon, 

who foretold the death- of Al exan der, and. of 
Hephceflion, by confulting the entrails of 

vi&ims.-A tyrant of Ephefus.-—Cue of 

Nero’s wicked favorites. 

Pytheas, an archon at Athens. - A 

native of Maffilia, famous for his knowledge 
pf aftronomy, mathematics, philosophy., and 


geography. He alfo diftinguifhed himfelf 
by his travels, and, with a mind that wifhed 
to leek information in every corner of the 
earth, he advanced far into the northern feas, 
and difeovered tire ifland of Thule, and en¬ 
tered that then unknown lea which is now 
called the Baltic. His dilcoveries in aftro¬ 
nomy and geography were ingenious, and in¬ 
deed, modern navigators have found it expe¬ 
dient to juftify and accede to his conchdions. 
He was the firft who eftablifhed a diitindlion 
of climlate by the length of days and nights. 
He wrote different treatifes in Greek, which 
have been loft, though lome of them were 
extant in the beginning of the fifth century. 
Pytheas lived, according to fome, in the age 

of Ai iftotle. Strab . 2, Sec. — Plin. 37.- 

An Athenian rhetorician, in the age of De- 
mofthenes, who diftinguifhed himfelf by bis 
intrigues, rapacity, and his oppofition to the 
meatures of Demofthenes, of whom he ob-? 
ferved, that his orations l'melt of the lamp. 
Pytheas joined Antipat er after the death of 
Alexander the Great. His orations were de¬ 
void of elegance, harfli, unconue&ed and dif. 
fufe, and from this circumftance he has not 
been ranked among the orators of Athens, 
JElian. V. H. 7, c. 7.— Plut. in Dem. Sc 
Polit.fr. 

Pytiies, a native of Abdera, in Thrace, 
fon of Andromache, who obtained a crown 
at the Olympian games. Plin. 34, c. 7.— 
Pauf. 6, c. 14. 

Pytheus, a Lydian, famous for his riches 
in the age of Xerxes. He kindly entertain¬ 
ed the monarch and all his army, when he 
was marching on his expedition againft Greece, 
and offered him to defray the expeuces of 
the whole war. Xerxes thanked him with 
much gratitude, and promifed to give him 
whatever he fhould require. Pytheus afked 
him to difmifs his fon from the expedition ; 
upon which the monarch ordered the young 
man to be cut in two, and one half of the 
body to be placed on the right hand of the 
way, and the other on the left, that his army 
might march between them. Plut. de mul.viri. 
—Herodof. 

Pythia, the priefiefs of Apollo at Delphi. 
She delivered the anfwer of the god to fuch 
as came to confult the oracle, and was fup- 
poied to be fuddenly infpired by the ful- 
phureous vapors which i(Tued from the hole 
of a lubterraneous cavity within the .temple, 
over which {he lat bare on a three-legged 
ftool, called a tripod. In this ftool was a fmall 
aperture, through which the vapor was exha¬ 
led by the priefteis, and, at this divine in- 
fpiration, her eyes fuddenly fparkled, her 
hair flood on end, and a fhiveripg ran over 
all her body. In this cpnvulfiveftate fhe fpoke 
the oracles of the god, often with loud bow¬ 
lings and cries, and her articulations were 
taken down by the prieft, and fet in order. 
Sometimes the fpirit of inlpiration was morq 

gentle, 






py 


PY 


gentle, andliot always violent; yet Plutarch ' fifth year, or tire fecond year of every olym- 
mentions one of the priellefles who was j piad, according to the number of the Parnaf- 
throvvn into iuch an excellive fmyf that not lian nymphs who congratulated Apollo aftej: 
only thole that confuked the oracle, but al- his vi&ory. The gods themt'elves were ori- 
fo the prielts that conducted her to the facred J ginally among the combatants, and, according 
tripod, and attended her during the infpira- to lame authors, the firft prize was Won by 
lion, were terrified and forfook the temple ; j Pollux, in boxing ; by valtor, in horfe-races; 


and lb violent was the fit, that Ihe continued 
for tome days in the molt agonizing litua- 
tiou, and at laft died. The Pythia, before 
lhe placed herfelf on the tripod, ufed to 
walk her whole body, and particularly her 
hair, in the waters of the fountain Caftalls, 
at the foot of mount Parnalliis. She alfo 
lhook a laurel tree that grew near the place, 
jyid lometimes eat the leaves with which 
lhe crowned herfelf. The prieftefs was origi- 


Hercules, in the pancratium ; Zetes, in fight¬ 
ing with the armour ; Calais, in running ; 
Telamon, in wreftling ;^and Peleus, in throw¬ 
ing the quoit. Thefe illuftrious conquerors 
were rewarded by Apollo himlelf, who was 
prelent, with crowiis and laurel: Some how¬ 
ever oblerve, that it was nothing but a 
muficnl contention, in which he who fung 
belt the praifes of Apollo obtained the prize, 
which was prelents of gold or iilver, which 


nally a virgin, but the inftitution was changed were afterwards exchanged for a garland of 
when Echecrates, a ThefTalian, had offered \ the palm tree, or of beech leaves. It is 


violence to one of them, and none but wo¬ 
men who were above the age of fifty were 


permitted to enter upon that facred office. 
They always appeared di*effed in the gar¬ 
ments of virgins to intimate their purity and 
modefty, and they wpre lblemnly bound to ob- 
ferve the ftri&eft laus of temperance and 
chaltity, that neither fantaftical dieffes nor 
lalcivious behaviour might bring the office, 
the religion, or the fanctity of the place in¬ 
to contempt. There was originally but one 
Pythia, belides fubordinate prielts, and after¬ 
wards two were cholen, and lometimes more. 
The molt celebrated of all thefe is Phemonoe, 
who is filppofed by fome to have been the 
% firlt who gave oracles at Delphi. The ora¬ 
cles were always delivered in hexameter verfes, 
a cuftom which was fome time after dil- 
continued. The Pythia was confuked only 
one month in the year, about the fpring. It 
was always required, that thole who confult- 
ed the oracle lhould make large prelents to 
Apollo, and from thence arole the opu¬ 
lence, lplendor, and the magnificence, of that 
celebrated temple of Delphi. Sacrifices were 
alfo offered to the divinity, and if the omens 
proved unfavorable, the jprieftefs refuted to 
give an anfwer. There were generally five 
priefts who affilted at the offering of the fa- 
crifices, and there was alfo another who at¬ 
tended the Pythia, and affifted her in receiving 
the oracle. [Fid. Delphi, Oraculum.] Pa»fi 
IO, C. 5.— Diod. 16.— Strab. 6 & 9 -— 

514 , C. 5 *— Plut. de orat. def — Eurip. in Ion. 

— Cbryfojl. -Games celebrated in honor 

of Apollo, near the temple of Delphi. They 
were firlt inftituted, according to the more 
received opinion, by Apollo himfelf, in com¬ 
memoration of the vidory which he had ob¬ 
tained over the ferpent Python, from which 
they received their name; though others 
maintain that they were firft eftablilhed by 
Agamemnon, or Diomedes,or by Amphidyon, 
or, laftly, by the council of the Amphidyons, 
13 . C. 1263. They were originally celebrat¬ 
ed once in nine years, but afterwards every 


laid that Hefiod was refilled admiffion to 
thefe games becaufe he was not able to play 
upon the harp, which was required of all luch 
as entered the lifts. The foogs which were 
fung were called irvS-ixoi vs/x/>i,tbe Py'hian mo¬ 
des, divided into five parts, which contained 
a reprel'entation of the fight and vidory of 
Apollo v>ver Python : avKK>*<rij, the prepara¬ 
tion for the fight: tuirtigx, the fiirjl attempt : 
KXTXKSXiVfffcos, t hing breath and collecting 
courage: ixuSoi xcti 'tecxrvXoi, the hftilting far- 
eafims of the %od over his vanqnjhed enemy : 
avoiyya, an imitation of the hijfes of the fer- 
pent, jult as he expired under the blows of 
Apollo. A dance was alfo introduced; and 
in the 48th Olympiad, the Amphidyons, who 
prefided over the games, increafed the num¬ 
ber of mufical inllruments by the addition of 
a flute, but, as it was more peculiarly ufed in 
funeral longs and lamentations, it was fooij 
rejeded as unlit for merriment, and the fes¬ 
tivals which 1 ’prelented the triumph of Apol¬ 
lo ovrr the conquered ferpent. 'l he Romans, 
according to fume, introduced them into their 
city, and called them Apollitvires ludi. Pciuf. 


IO, C. T 3 & 37-— Strab. 9 .— Ovid. Met. I, 
v. 447.— Plin. 'j.-y—IAv. 25. 

Pythias, a Pythagorean philofopher, in¬ 
timate with Damon. [Fjd. PhintiaS.]-A 

road which led from ThefTaly to Tempe. JElt- 
an. -A comic character, &c. 

Pythion, an Athenian killed, with 420 
loldief's, wheir he attempted to drive the 
garrilbn of Demetrius from Athens, &c. Pc* 
lyan. 5, 

Pytiiium, a town of Theffaly. Lh. 42, 

c. 53 .1. 44-c-2. 

Pythius, a Syracufan, who defrauded Ca- 
nius, a Roman knight, to whom he had fold 

his gardens, &c. Cic. de off. 3, c. 14.-A 

furname of Apollo, which he had received for 
his having conquered the ferpent Python, or 
becaufe he was worlhipped at Delphi; called 
all'o Pyiho. Macrob. I, Sat. 17.— Propert. 2, 
el. 23, v. 16. 

Pytho, the ancient name of the town of 
• U u 4 Delphi, 








PY 


PY 


Delphi, vvhicn it received arro <reu rrvSi<r6cti, 
becaufe the ferpent which Apollo killed, rot¬ 
ted 'there. It was all'o called Parnaflia Nape. 
[ Fid. Delphi.] 

hvTHocHARis, a mufician, who afiuaged 
the fury of fome wolves by playing on a mu- 
fical inftrument, &c. JEliun. 

Pythocles, an Athenian defcended 
from Aratus. It is faid, that on his ac¬ 
count, and for his inftrudlion, Plutarch- 

wrote the Jife of Aratus.-A man put to 

death with Phocion.-A man who wrote 

on Italy. 

Pythodorus, an Athenian archon in the 
age of Themiftocles. 

Pvtholaus, the brother of Theba, the 
wife of Alexander, tyrant of Fliers;. He 
aflifted his filter in dilpatching her hulband. 
Plut. 

Python, a native of Byzantium, in the 
age of Philip of Macedonia. He was a great 
favorite of the monarch who lent him to 
Thebes, when that city, at the mitigation of 
Demolthenes, was going to take arms againlt 

P hilip. Plut. in Pan. — Diod. -One of the 

friends of Alexander, put to death by Ptolemy 

Lagus.-A man who killed CotyS king of 

Thrace at the mitigation of the Athenians. 

---A celebrated ferpent, l'prung from the 

mud and ftagnated waters which remained on 
the furface of the earth after the deluge of 
Deucalion. Some, however, fuppofe that it 
was produced from the earth by Juno, and ' 


fent by the goddefs to perfecute I,atona, wh# 
was then pregnant by Jupiter. Latona ef- 
caped his fury by means of her lover, who 
changed her into a quail during the remaining 
months of her pregnancy, and afterwards re- 
ftored her to her original lhape in the ifiand of 1 
'Delos, where fhe gave birth to Apollo and 
Diana. Apollo, as foon as he was born, at¬ 
tacked the monlter and killed him with his ar¬ 
rows; and in commemoration of the victory 
which he had obtained, be inftituted the cele¬ 
brated Pythian games. Strab. 8.— Pouf. 2, c. 
7. 1 . IO, c.- 6 .—Hygin. — 0 <uid. P/Let. I, v. 438, 
&C — Lucan. 5, v. 134. 

Pythonice, an Athenian proftnute greatly 
honored by Harpalus, whom Alexander fome 
time before had emrulted with the trenlures of 
Babylon. He married her; and according 
to fome, fhe died the very moment that the 
nuptials were going to be celebrated. He 
railed her a fplendid monument on the road 
which led from Athens to Eleufis, which colt 
him 30 talents. Diod. 1 7.— Pauf. i.—Atben. 
13, &e. 

Pythonissa, a name given to the prieft- 
efs of Apollo’s temple at Delphi. She is more 
generally called Pythia. [ Kid. Pythia."j the 
word Pyihonijfa was commonly applied to wo¬ 
men who attempted to explain futurity. 

Pytna, a part ofmountlda. 

Pyttalus, a celebrated athlete, fon of 
Lair pis of Elis, who obtained a prize at the 
Olympic games. Pauf. 9. c. 16. 


QU 

UADERNA, a town of Italy. 

Quadi, an ancient nation of Germany, 
near the country of the Marcomanni, on 
the borders of the Danube, in modern Mo¬ 
ravia. They rendeied themfelves celebrated 
by their oppofition to rhe Romans, by whom 
they were often defeated, though not totally 
l'ubdued. Taeit.in (derm. 42 & 43. An. 2,0.63. 

Quadratus, a furname given -to Mer¬ 
cury, becaufe fome of his llatues were fquare. 
The number 4, according to Plutarch, was 
lacred to Mercury, becauie he was born on the 
4th day of the month. Plut. in Sympof. 9. 

--A governor of Syria in the age of Nero. 

Quadrifrons, or Quadriceps, a fur- 
name of Janus, becauie he Was reprefented 
with four heads. He had a temple on the 
Tarpeian rock, railed by L. Catulus. 

QuiESTORES, two officers at Rome, firll 
created A. U. C, 269. They received their 
name a 'tyuecraido, becaufe they colledted the 
revenues of the ftate, and had the total ma¬ 
nagement of the public treafury. The quad- j 
lorlhip was the firll office which could be had 
in the ftate. It was requifite that the candi¬ 
dates fhould be 24 or 25 years of age, or ac 


QU 

cording to fome 27. In the year 332, U. C. 
two more were added to the others, to at¬ 
tend the confuls, to take care of the pay of 
the armies abroad, and fell the plunder and 
booty which had been acquired hy conquell. 
Theie were called Peregrini, whilft the others, 
whole employment was in the city, received 
the name of U'bani. When the Romans were 
mailers of all Italy, four more were created, 
A. U. C.439, attend the pro-confuls and 
proprietors in their provinces, and- to collect 
all the taxes and cuftoms which each particular 
dillrid owed to the republic. They were cal¬ 
led Provinciates. Sylla the dictator created 
20 quaeftors, and J. Calar 40, to fill up the 
vacant feats in the lenate; from whence it is 
evident that the qineftors ranked as fenators in 
the lenate. 'I he qiueftors were always ap¬ 
pointed by the lenate at Rome, and if any 
perfon was appointed to the quaeftorlhip with¬ 
out their permiffion, he was only called Pro - 
qua-Jlor. The qua;(tores urbani were apparent- 
! ly of more coniequer.ce than the relt, the 
treafury was entrulted to their care, they kept 
an account of all receipts and difburlements, 
and the Roman eagles or enfigns were always 

in 










in their pofleffion when the armies were not 
on an expedition. They required every ge¬ 
neral before he triumphed to tell them, upon 
his oath, that he had given a juft account ot 
the number of the (lain on both (ides, and that 
he had been faluted impcrator by the ibldieys, 
a title which every commander generally re¬ 
ceived from his army after he had obtained a 
victory, and which was afterwards confirmed 
and approved by the fenate. The city quae- 
ftors had alfothe care of the ambafladors, they 
lodged and received them, and forne time 
after, when Auguftus was declared emperor, 
they kept the decrees of the lenate, which had 
been before enirufted with the ediles and the 
tribunes. This gave rile to two new offices 
of truft and honor, one of which was quajor 
palatii , and the other quajior principis , or 
aujru/ti, fometimes called candidatus principis. 
The tent of the quceftor in the camp was 
called quajhrium . It ifood near that of the 
general. Varro. dc L. L. 4*— Liv. 4, C. 43. 
—- L>io. 43- 

Quari, a people of Gaul. 

QuARius.a river of Bceotia. 

Quercens, a Rutulian who fought againft 
the Trojans. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 684. 

Querquetulanus, a name given to 
mount Ccclius at Rome, from the oaks which 
gre v there. Tacit. An. 4, c. 6j. 

Quietis fanum, a temple without tile 
walls of the city of Rome. Quies was the 
goddefs of reft. Her temple was fituate near 
the Colline gate. Liv. 4,0.4.— Augujt de Civ. 
D. 4, e. 16. 

L. Quietus, an officer under the empe¬ 
ror Trajan, who behaved with great valor in 
the expeditions which were undertaken by the 
army, which he commanded. He was put to 
death by Adrian. 

Quinctia prata. Vid. Quintia. 

Quinctianus, a man who confpired 
againft Nero, for which he was put to death. 

Quinctilia, a comedian who lefufed to 
betray a conl'piracy which had been formed 
againft Caligula. 

OuinctiusT., a Roman conlul who gained 
fome victories over the iEqui and the Vol- 
fci, and obtained a triumph for lubduing Pra> 

nefte.-Cififo, a man acculed before the 

Roman people, and vindicated by his father 

Cincinnatus.-A Roman celebrated for his 

frugality. [ Vid. Cincinnatus.]-A matter of 

horfe,-A Roman conful when Annibal in¬ 
vaded Italy.-A brother of Flaminius, ba- 

nillied from the lenate by Cuto, for killing a 
Gaul.—•—-An officer killed by the Carthagini¬ 
ans. -An officer under Dolabella.-Ano¬ 
ther who defeated the Latins.-A conlul 

w ho obtained a victory over the Volfci.- 

Hirpinus. Vid. Hirpinus. 

Quinda, a town of Cilicia. 

Quinuecimviri, an order of priefls 
whom Tarquin the proud appointed fo take 
fare of the , Sibylline books/ They were 


originally two, but afterwards the number was 
increaled to ten, to whom Sylla added five 
more, whence their name. Vid. Decemviri 5 c 
Duumviri 

Quin^uatria, a feftival in honor of 
Minerva at Rome, which continued during 
five days. 'I'he beginning of the celebration 
was the 18th of March. The firft day 
tacrifices and oblations were prefented, but 
however w.’-hout the effufion of blood. On 
the fecond, third, and fourth days, (hows of 
gladiators were exhibited, and .on the fifth 
day there was a folemn proceffion through 
the Itreets of the city. On the days of the 
celebration, lcholars obtained holydays, and 
it was ufual for them to offer 1 prayers to 
Minerva for learning and wifdorn, which the 
goddels patronized ; and on their return to 
lchool they prefented their mailer with a 
gift which has received the name of Miner - 
val. They were much the fame as the Pa- 
nathemea of the Greeks. Plays were alio 
a£fed, and dilputations were held on lubjeils 
of/literature. They received their name from 
the Jive days which were devoted for the ce¬ 
lebration. 

Quinouennales ludi, games celebrated 
by the Chians in honor of Homer every 
fifth year. There were alfo tome games 
among the Romans which bore this name. 
They are the lame as the Aftian games. 
Vid. Adtia. 

Quintia Prata, a place on the borders of 
the Tiber near Rome, which had been culti¬ 
vated by the great Cincinnatus. Liv. 3, c. 
26. 

Quintilianus, Marcus Fabius, a cele¬ 
brated rhetorician born in Spain. He open¬ 
ed a lchool of rhetoric at Rome, and was the 
firft who obtained a lalary from the itate as 
being a public teacher. After he had re¬ 
mained twenty years in this laborious em¬ 
ployment, and obtained the merited applaufe 
of the moll illultrious Romans, not only as 
a preceptor, but as a pleader at the bar, 
Quintilian, by the permillion of the em¬ 
peror Domitian, retired to enjoy the fruits 
of his labors and induftry. In his retire¬ 
ment he affiduoufly dedicated his time to the 
lludy of literature, and wrote a treatifeon the 
caules of tlifi corruption of eloquence. Some 
time after, at the preffing folicitations of his 
friends, he wrote his injituti^ncs oratorica y 
the moft perfedl and complete fyltem of ora¬ 
tory extant. It is divided into 12 books, in 
which the author explains from obfervation, 
as well as from experience, what can con- 
ftitute a good and perfect orator, and in this 
he not only mentions the purfuits and the 
employments of the rhetorician, but he alfo 
fpeaks of his education, and begins with the 
attention which ought to be (hewn him even 
in his cradle. He was appointed preceptor 
to the two young princes whom Domitian 
deftined for his luccelTors on the throne, but 

* 






QU 

*v 

■the plealures which the rhetorician received 
.from the favors and the attention ot the em¬ 
peror, and from the kicceis which his wri¬ 
tings met in the world, were embittered by 
'the lols of his wife, and of his two Ions. It 
is faid that Quintilian was poor in his retire¬ 
ment, and that his indigence was relieved hy 
the liberality of his pupil, Pliny the younger. 
He died A. D. 95. His inftitutious were 
diicovered in the 14x5th year < *' the Chrif- 
tian era, in an old tower of a monaftery at 
St. <Gal, by Poggio Eiatcioiini, a native ot 
Florence. The belt editions of Quintilian are 
thole of Gelner, 4to. Gotting. 173B; of L. 
Bat. 8vo. cutp notis variorum, 1665 ; of Gib- 
fon, 4to.Oxon. 1693 ; and,that of Rollin, re- 
pukiilhediin 8vo. London, 1792. 

- Quintilius Varus, a Roman governor 

of Syria. [Fid. Varus.’-A friend of the 

emperor Alexander.-A man put to death 

by the, emperor Severus. 

Quintilla, a courtezan at Rome, &c. 
Juv. 7, v.,75. 

, -Quintiulus, M. Aurelius Claudius, a 
brother of Claudius who proclaimed him- 
ielf emperor, and 17 days after dellroyed 
himielf by opening his veins in a bath, 
when he heard that Aurelian was marching 
again# him, about the 2/Gth year of the 
Chriftian era. 1 

Quintus, or Quinctius, one of the 

names of Cincinnatus. Per/. I, v. 73.- 

Pedius, a painter. Vid. Pedius. 

Quintus Curtius Rut us, a Latin hif- 
torian, who florilhed, as fome luppofe, in the 
reign of Vefpafian or Trajan. He has ren¬ 
dered ,himielf known by his hiltory of the 
reign of Alexander the Great. This hiltory 
was divided into 10 books, of which*the two 
fir It v the end of the fifth, and the beginning of 
the fixth are lolt. This work is admired for 
its elegance, the purity, and the floridnels of 
the ftyle. It is however blamed for great 
anachronifms, and glaring miltakes in geo¬ 
graphy, as well as hiltory. Freinlhemius has 
written a fupplement to Curtius, in which he 
feems to have made fome very fatisfadpry 
amends for the lofs which the hiltory has 
fufFered, by a learned collection of fa£ts and 
circumftances from all the different authors 
who have employed their pen in writing an 
{account of Alexander, and of his Afiatic con- 
quelts. Some fuppofe that the hiftorian is the 
fame with that Curtius Rufus, who lived in 
the age of Claudius, under whom he was 
made conful. This Rufus was born of an ob- 
ficure family, and he attended a Roman quash or 
in Africa, when he was met at Adrumetum 
by a woman above an human' lhape, as he was 
walking under the porticos in the middle of 
the day. This extraordinary character ad- 
drelfed the indigent Roman, and told him 


QU 

that the day' (liould come in which he Ihould 
govern Africa with confular power. This 
ltrange prophecy animated Rufus; he re¬ 
paired to Rome where, he gained the favors 
of the emperor, /obtained confular honors, 
and at lalt retired as, pro-confi.il to Africa,, 
where he died. The belt editions of Curtius 
are thole of Elzevir, 8vo. Amft. 1673 ; of 
Smikenhijrg, 4to. L. Bat. 1724 ; and of Bar- 
bou, i2mo. Paris, 1757. Tacit. Ann. n, 
c. 23, &c. 

Quintus Vr.RANius,a governor of Cap¬ 
padocia.—r—Cicero, the brother of Cicero. 

-Catulus, a Roman conlul.-A friend 

of Casfar. 

Quirinali A,feftivals in honor of Romulus, 
lurnamed Quirinus, celebrated on the 13th of 
the calends of March. 

Quirinams, a hill at Rome, originally 
called Agonius, ?nd afterwards* Collinus. The 
name of Quirinalis is obtained from the in¬ 
habitants of Cures, who fettled there under 
their king Tatius. It was alfo called Ca- 
baliniis, fiom two marble (tatues of a horfe, 
one of which was the work of Phidias, and 
the other of Praxiteles. Liv. 1, c. 44.— 

'■4 Ovid. Fajl. 375. Met. , 14, V. 845.- 

One of the gates of Rome near mount Qui¬ 
rinalis. 

QuirTnus, a furname of Mars among the 
Romans. This name was alio given to Ro¬ 
mulus when he had been made a god by his 
fuperftitious fubjedh. Ovid. Paji.% 2 , v. 475. 

-^Alfo a furname of the god Janus.- 

Sulpitius, a Roman conful born at Lanuvium. 
Though defeended of an obfeure family, he 
was raifed to the greatetl honors by Auguftus. 
He was appointed governor of Syrta, and was 
afterwards made preceptor to Caius, the grand- 
ion of the emperor. He married ./Emilia 
Lepida,the grand-daughter ofSylla and Pom- 
pey, but fome time after he ihamefully repu¬ 
diated her. He died A. D. 22. Tacit. Ann. 
3 > &- c< 

Quirites, a name given to the Roman 
citizens, becauie they admitted into their 
City the Sabines, who inhabited the town 
of Cures, and who on that account were 
called Quirites. After this union, the two 
nations were indiferiminately and promil- 
cuouily called by that name. It is, however, 
to be obferved that the word was confined 
to Rome, and not ufed in the armies, as we 
find fome of the generals applying it only to 
fuch of their foldiers as they difmilfed or dis¬ 
graced. Even fome of the emperors appealed 
a iedition, by calling their rebellious foldiers 
by the degrading appellation of Quirites, 
Suet on. Caf. 17 O.—— Lamp rid. 53.— Lucan. 5, 
v. 55^-— Horat. 4, od. 14, v. I.— Varro de 
L '. L. /[.-—Liv. 1 , C. 13.— Ovid. Faji. 2, 
v. 479. 


RAPIRIUS, 








R ABIRIUS, C. a Roman knight, who 
lent an immenfe fum of money to Eto- 
lemy Auletes, king of Egypt. The mo¬ 
narch afterwards, not only refilled to repay 
him, but even confined him, and endangered 
his lite. Rabirius efcaped from Egypt with 
difficulty, but at his return to Rome, he was 
accuied by the fenate of having lent money 
to an African prince, for unlawful purpofes. 
He was ably defended by Cicero, and ac¬ 
quitted with difficulty. Cic. pro Rab. -A 

Latin poet in the age of Auguftus, who 
wrote, befides fatires and epigrams, a poem 
on the victory which the emperor had gained 
over Antony at Adfium. Seneca has com¬ 
pared him to Virgil for elegance and majefty, 
but Quintilian is not lb favorable to his 

poetry.--n architedl in the reign of 

Dotnitian, who built a celebrated palace for 
the emperor, of which the ruins are Hill feen 
at Rome. 

Racilia, the wife of Cincinnatus. Liv. 3, 

c. 26. 

Racilius, a tribune who complained in 
the fenate of the fadfion of Clodius. Ck. in 
Verr. 2, c. 12. ad Q.fr. 2, C, I. 

Rjesaces, an officer of Artaxerxcs. He 
revolted from his matter, and fled to 
Athens. 

Ramises, a king of Egypt. Vid. Rham- 

fes. 

Ramnes, or Rhamnenses, one of the 
three centuries inftituted by Romulus. Af¬ 
ter the Roman people had been divided into 
three tribes, the monarch elected out of each 
IOO young men of the belt and nobleft fami¬ 
lies, with \*hich he formed three companies of 
horfe. One of them was called Ramnes, 
either from the tribe of which it was chofen, 
or from Romulus. Another was called 7 b- 
tiar.y and the third Luceres. Va>r. de L. L. 
4, c. O.— Liv . I, c. 13 .—Hof at. de Art. poet. 

' 340.— Plut.in Rom. 

Rand a, a village of Perfia, where 3000 
rebellious Perfians were llain by Chiles. 
Roly sen. 7. 

Rafo, a Rutulian chief, &c. Virg. FEn. 
10, v. 748- 

RascipPLIs, a Macedonian fent to the 
afliftance of Pompev. Ca-far. Bell. Civ. 3, 

c. 4. 

Ravenna, q town of Italy on the Adria¬ 
tic, which became celebrated under the Ro¬ 
man qmperors for its capacious harbour, 
which could contain 250 Ihips, and for being 
for fometime the feat of the weftern empire. 
It was difficult of accefs by land, as it ftood 
a final! peumfula; and fo ill fupplied 


vith water, that it was fold at a higher price 
than wine, according to Martial. The em¬ 
perors kept one of their fleets there, and the 
other at Mifenum, on the other fide of Italy, 
t was founded by a colony of Theflalians, or 
according to others, of Sabines. -'It is now 
fallen from its former grandeur, and is a 
wretched town fituate at the diftance of about 
4 miles from the lea, ;md furrounded with 
fwamps and marfhes. Strab. 5. — Suet, in 
Aug. 49.— Plin. 36, c. 12.— Mela , 2, c. 4.-— 
Martial. 3, ep 93.. v. 8, &c. 

Ravola, a celebrated debauchee, See. Juv . 

Rauraci, a people of Gaul, whole 
chief town is now Augft on the Rhine. 
Ccef. G. 1, c. 5. 

Reate, a plea fan t. town of Umbria, built 
as fome luppole before the Trojan war, about 
15 miles from Fanum Vacunse, near the 
lake Velinus. Cybele was the chief deity of 
the place. It was famous for its alTes. Strab. 

5.— Dionyf. Hal. I.— Varto. de R . R. 1_ 

Liv. 25, c. 7. 1 . 26, c. II. 1 . 28, C. 45.— Cic. 
Cat. 3, C. 2. N. B. 2, c. 2 . 

Rediculus, a deity whofe name is de¬ 
rived from the word redire , (to return). The 
Romans railed a temple to this imaginary deitv 
on the fpot where Annibal had retired when 
he approached Rome, as if to befiege it. 
Fejlus de V. ftg. 

Redones, a nation among the Arm or id, 
now the people of Rennes and St. Malces , in 
Britany. Ccef. B. G. 2, c. 41. 

Regilla:, or Regillum, a town in ths 
country of the Sabines in Italy, about 20 niiles 
from Rome, celebrated for a battle which was 
fought there, A- U. C. 258, between 24,000 
Romans, and '40,000 Etrurians, who were 
headed bv the Tarquin*. The Romans ob¬ 
tained the viblory, and fcarce 10,000 of the 
enemy efcaped from the field of battle. Caftor 
and Pollux, according to fome accounts, were 
feen mounted on white ‘ hurfes, and fighting at 
the head of the Roman army. Liv. 2, c. 16 
Dionyf. Hal. 5.— Pint, ill Cor. — Val. Max. 
I.— Flor. I.— Suet. Tib. 1. 

Regillianus, Q. Nonius, a Dacian 
who entered the Roman armies, and was 
tailed to the greateft honors under Valerian. 
He was eleded emperor by the populace, 
who were diilatisfied with Gallienus, and was 
foon after murdered by his loldiers, A. D. 262. 

Regillus, a fmall lake of Latium, 
whole waters fall into the Anio, at the eaft: 
of Rome. The dictator Polthumius de¬ 
feated the Latin army near it. Liv. 2, c. 19. 

RegiNum, a town of Germany, now 
fuppoied Rati Item or Regenlburg. 

RegiuM, 




RE 


RH 


Rfcium Leptdum, a town of Modena, 
slow Jiegioy at the fouth of the Po. PJin. 3, 
C. 15.— Ctc, il t f am. 5. 1.13, ep. 7. 

M. Attilius Regulus, a conful during 
t;he firft Punic war. He reduced Brundufi- 
tim, and in Tiis fecond confulfliip he took 64, 
and funk 30 gallies of the Carthaginian fleet, 
on the coaft of Sicily. Afterwards he landed 
in Africa, and fo rapid was his l\iccefs, that in 
a fhort time he defeated three generals, and 
made himfelf mailer of about aoo places of 
confequence on the coaft. The Carthagi¬ 
nians fued for peace, but the conqueror re- 
fufed to grant it, and loon after he was de¬ 
feated in a battle by Xanthippus, and 30,000 
of his men were left on the field of battle, 
and 15,000 taken prifoners. Regulus was hi 
the number of the captives, and he was car¬ 
ried in triumph to Carthage. He was after¬ 
wards fent by the enemy to Rome, to propofe 
an accommodation, and an exchange of pri¬ 
foners; and if his commiflion was unfuccefs- 
jftilj he was bound by the raoft lblepm oaths 
to return to Carthage without delay. When 
he came to Rome, Regulus difluaded-his 
countrymen from accepting the terms which 
the enemy propofed, and when his opinion 
had had due influence on the .fenate, Regulus 
retired to Carthage agreeable to his engage¬ 
ments. The Carthaginians were told that 
their offers of peace had been rejected at 
Rome, by the means of Regulus, and there¬ 
fore they prepared to punilh him with the 
greaielt feverity. His eyebrows were cut, 
and he was expoled for fome days to the ex- 
ceflive heat of the meridian fun, and after¬ 
wards confined in a barrel, whofe fides were 
every where filled with large iron fpik'es, till 
he died in the greateft agonies. His lufferings 
were heard at Rome, and the fenate permit¬ 
ted his widow to infliCt whatever punifhment j 
flie pleafed on fome of the moll illuftrjous 
captives of Carthage, w ho were in their hands. 
She confined them alio in prefles filled with j 
fharp iron points, and was fo exquifite in her ) 
cruelty, that the fenate at lall interfered, and | 
flopped the barbarity of her punilhments. j 
Regulus died about 251 years before Chrift. 
'Sil. 6, v. 319.— P/or. 2, c. 3.— Horut. 3, od. 
5.— Cic. de off. 1, c. 13.— Val. Max. I, c. I. 
t p, c. %. — Liv. cp. 16.-Memmius, a Ro¬ 

man made governor of Greece by Caligula. 
While Regulus was in this province, the em¬ 
peror wilhed to bring the celebrated ftatue of 
Jupiter Olympius, by Phidias, to Rome; but 
this was fupernaturaliy prevented, and accord¬ 
ing to ancient authors, the (hip which was 
to convey if was deftroyed by lightning, and 
the workmen who attempted to remove 
the ftatue, were terrified away by fudden 
noifes. Bio. Caff.- -A man who condemn¬ 
ed Sejanus.--Rolcius, a man who held the 

eonfutfhip but for one day, in the reign of Vi- 
tellius. 

ReM t, a nation of Gaul, whofe -principal 

7 


’ town Duricortorium, is now Rheims, in the 
! north of Champagne. P/in. 4,,c. 

' B. G. 1, c. 5. 

Ricmmia lex de judiciis, was enabled to 
punilh all calumniators. The letter K was 
marked on their forehead. ‘This law was 
aboliihed by Conftantine the Great. Cic. pm 
R cj: 

Remulus, a chief of Tibur, whofe arms 
were feized by the Ruttilians, and afterwards 
became part of the plunder which Euryalus 

obtained. Firg. JF.n. 9, v. 360.-A friend 

of Turnus, trampled to death by liis horfe\ 
which Orfilochus had wounded. Id, 11, v. 
636,&c. 

Remulus Sylvius, a king of Alba, de¬ 
ftroyed by lightning on account of his impiety. 
Ovid. Triji. 4, v. 50. 

Remuria, fellivals eftablilhed at Rome by 
Romulus, to appeafe the manes of his brother 
Remus. They were afterwards called Lomu* 
ria , and celebrated yearly. 

Remus, the brother of Romulus, was ex- ■ 
pofed together with him, by the cruelty of his 
grandfather. In the conteft which happened 
between the two brothers about building a city, 
Romulus obtained the preference, and Remus, 
for ridiculing the riling wall:, was put to death 
by his brother’s orders, or by Romulus him¬ 
felf. [Fid. Romulus.] TJ)e Romans were 
affli&ed with a plague after this murder, upon 
which the oracle was conlulted, and the 
manes of Remus appealed by the inft.itution 

of the Remuria. Ovid. -One of the auxili? 

arivs of T-urnus againll JEneas. Firg. JEn. 

9 > v » 

Res.tema, a town of Mefopotamia, famous 
for the defeat of Sapor by Gordian. 

Repus, a finall river of Alia Minor, fall¬ 
ing into the Marauder. 

Retina, a village near Milenum. P/iu, 
6, ep. 16. 

Rf.udigni, a natron of Germany. Tacit. 

de Germ. 40. 

Rha, a large river, now the Folga , of 
Ruftia. A medicinal root which grew ou 
its bank was called Rha laHarum , Rhu¬ 
barb. 

Rhacia, a promontory in the Mediter¬ 
ranean fe3, projecting from the Pyrenean 
mountains. 

Rhacius, a Cretan prince, the firft of that 
nation who entered Ionia with a colony. He 
feized Claros, of which he became the fove- 
reign. He married Manto, the daughter of 
Tirefias, who had been feized ,011 his coafts. 
Potuf. 7, c. 3. 

Ruacotis, an ancient name of Alexan¬ 
dria the capital of Egypt. Strub. — Pauf. 5, 

C. 21 . 

Rhadamanthus, a Ion of Jupiter and 
Enropa. He vvas born in Crete, which he 
abandoned about the 30th year of his age. 
He paffed into tome of'the Cyclades, where 
he reigned with fo much juftice and imparti¬ 
ality 













RH 


ality, that the ancients have faid he became 
ene of the judges of hell, and that he was 
employed in the infernal regions in obliging 
the dead to confels their crimes, and in punch¬ 
ing them for their offences. Rhadamanthos 
reigned not only over fome of the Cyclades, 
but over many of the Greek cities of Alia. 
Pauf. 8, c. 53.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 435.— Diod. 

5. — Plato.—Homer. II. 4. V. ,564. — Virg. JEn. 

6, V. 566. 

Rhadamistvs, a ion of Pharnafmnnes 
king of Iberia. He married Zenobin, the 
daughter of his uncle Mithridates, king of Ar¬ 
menia, and fome time after-put him to death. 
He was put to death by his father for his cru¬ 
elties, about the year 32 of the Chiiftian era. 
Tacit. Ann 13,0.37. 

Riiadius, a ion of Neleus. 

RhjeteUiM v7 a city of Phrygia. 

RH.’E.Tf, or Rjeti, an ancient and war¬ 
like nation of Etruria. They were driven 
from their native country by the Gauls, and 
wqnt to fettle on the other fide of the Alps. 
Vid. Rhtetia. Plin. 3, c. 10.— Jvftin. 20, 
c-5- 

Rh.’etia, a country at the north of Italy, 
between the Alps and the Danube, which 
now forms the territories of the Gril'ons, of 
Tyrol, and part of Italy. It was divided into 
two parts, J2 iatia primes , and Rhceiia fecunda. 
The firit extended from the fources of the 
Rhine to thole of the Licus or I.ek, a fmall 
river which falls into the Danube. The 
other, called alfo Vindeiicia , extended from 
the Licus to another fmall river called CEnus, 
or Inn, towards the eaft. The principal towns 
of Rhtetia were called Curia, Tridentum, 
Belunum, Feltria. The Rhretians rendered 
themfelves formidable by the frequent inva- 
fions they made upon the Roman empire, and 
were at lalt conquered by Dfulus, the bro¬ 
ther of Tiberius, and others under the Ro¬ 
man emperors. Virg. G . 2, v. 96.— Strab. 4. 
— Plin 3, C. 20 . 1. 14, C. 2 , Sec.— Herat. 4, 
Od. 4 &I 4 - 

Rhamnes, a king and augur, who aflift- 
ed Tiirnus againft ./Eneas. He was killed 
in the night by Nifus. Tirg. JEn. 9, v. 
325. 

Rhamnus, a town of Attica, famous for 
a temple of Amphiaraus, and a llatue of the 
goddel's Nemefis, who was from thence called 
Phajr.nuJin. This ftatue was made by Phidias, 
out of a blocjc of Parian marble which the 
Perfians intended as a pillar to be erected to 
Commemorate their expelled victory over 
Greece. Pauf 1.— Plin. 36. 

RhamnusiAj 2 name of Neroefts. Vid. 
Rhamnus. 

RhampsinTtus, an opulent king of Egypt 
who fucceeded Proteus. He built a> large 
tower, with ftoncs, at Memphis, where his 
itches were depofited, and of which he was 
robbed by the artifice of the architect, who 
had left a ftone in the tvall eafily moveable, 


RH 

fo as f to admit a plunderer. Herodot. 2, c. 
121, &c. 

Rhamses, or Ramises, a powerful king 
of Egypt, who with an army of 700,000 
men, conquered Ethiopia, Libya, Perfia, 
and other eaitern nations. In his reign, 
according to Pliny, Troy was taken. Some 
authors eonfider him to be the fame as Se- 
t'ollris. Tacit. Ann. 2, C. 60.— Plin. 36, 
c. 8. 

Rhanis, one of Diana’s attendant nymphs, 

Ovid. Met. 3. 

Rharos or Riiarium, a plain of Attica, 
where corn was firft l’own by Triptoiemus. 

It received its name from the lower’s father, 
who was called Rharos. Pauf. 1, c. 14 & 

33 . 

Rhascuporis, a king of Thrace, who in¬ 
vaded the pofiTelfions of Cotys, and was put to 
death by order of Tiberius, See. Tacit. Ann, 
2,0.64. 

Rhea, a daughter of Coelus and Terra, 
who married Saturn, by whom Ihe had Vefta^ 
Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, &c. Her 
hufband, however, devoured them all as foon- 
as born, as he had fucceeded to the throne 
with the folemn promife that he would raife 
no male children, or according to others, be- 
caufe he had been informed by an oracle, that 
one of his fons would dethrone him. To ftop 
the cruelty of her hufband, Rhea confuked 
her parents, and was advifed to impofe upon 
him, or perhaps to fly into Crete. Accor¬ 
dingly, when Ihe brought forth, the child was 
immediately Goticeaied, and Saturn devoured 
up a Hone which his wife had given him as her 
own child. The fears of Saturn were foon 
proved to be well founded. A year after, 
the child, whole name was Jupiter, became 
fo ft rung and powerful, that he drove his fa¬ 
ther from his throne. Rhea has been con¬ 
founded by the mythologifts with fome of the 
other goddelTes, and many have luppofed that 
Are was tl*. s fjjme divinity that received 
adoration under the various names ( of Bonn 
Dea, Cybele, Dindymena, Magna mater, 
Ceres, Vefta, Titaea, and Terra, Tellus, and 
Ops, [Vid. Cybele, Ceres, Vefta, &c.) 
Rhea, after the expulfion of her hufband 
from his throne, followed hiar> to Italy, where 
he eitabliftied a kingdom. Her benevolence 
in this part of Europe was fo great, that the 
golden age of Saturn is often called the age 
of Rhea. Hefted. Theog. — Orpheus., in 
Hymn. — Homer, ih. — JEfchyl.' Prom. — Eu- 
rip id. Ba.cc. If? Elect. — Ovid. Fuji. 4 , v. I97, 

— A pel led. 1, c. I, See.-Sylvia, the 

mother of Romulus and Remus. She is 

alfo called Ilia. Vid. Uia.-A nymph of 

Italy, who is faid to have borne a fon called 
Aventinus to Hercules. Vizg. JEn. 7, v. 
659 - 

Rhebas, or Ruebus, a river of Bitbynia, 
flowing from mount Olympus into the Euxine 
lea. Place. 7. v- 698. 


Rhedoxep, 










RH 


RH 


Rhedone?. Vid. Redon es. 

Rhegium, now Rheggio , a town of Italy, 
in the country, of the unit'd, oppofita Mef- 
f-na in Sicily, where a colony of Melfenians 
under Alcidaniidas fettled, B. C. 7 2 3 * It 
was originally* called Rhegium-, and afterwards 
Rhegium Julium, to dift'inguifti it from Rhe¬ 
gium Let>idi, a town of Cifalpine Gaul. Some 
iuppofe that it received its name from the 
Greek word to breab, becaufe it is 

fituate on the ltieights of.Carybdis, which 
were formejd when the ifland of Sicily, as it 
were, was broken and ieparated from the con¬ 
tinent of Italy. This town has always been 
fubjedt to great earthquakes, by which it has 
often been deftroyed. The neighbourhood is 
remarkable for its great fertility, and for its 
delightful views. Sil. 13, v. 94— Cic. pro 
Arch. 3.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 5 & 48.— JuJtin. 
4 , c. I.— Me/a, 2, c. 4.— Strab. 6. 

Rhegusgi, a people of the Alps. 

Rhemi. Vid. Remi. 

Rhene, a fmall ifland of the iEgean, 
abo'ut zoo yards from Delos, 18 miles in 
circumference. The inhabitants of Delos 
always bmied their dead there, and their 
women alio retired there during their labor, 
as their own ifland was confecrated to Apol- 
o, where Latona had brought forth, and 
where no dead bodies were to be inhuma- 
ted. Strabo lays, that it was uninhabited, 
though it was once as populous and fio- 
riihing as the reft of the Cyclades. Poly¬ 
crates conquered it, and confecrated it to 
Apollo, after he had tied it to Delos by ' 
means of a long chain. Rhene was fome- 
times called the fmall Delos, and the ifland 
of Delos the great Delos. Tbitcyi. 3.— Strab. 
IO. — Mela , 2, c. 7. 

Rheni, a people on the borders of the 
Rhine. 

Rhenus, one of the largeft rivers of Eu¬ 
rope, which divides Germany from Gaul. 
It riles in the Rluetian Alps, and falls into 
the German Ocean. Virgil has called it bi- 
(ornis, becaufe it divides itlelf into two ftreams. 
The river Rhine was a long time a bar¬ 
rier between the Romans and the Germans, 
and on that account its banks were covered 
with ftrong caftles. J. Cadar was the firft 
Roman who crofted it to invade Germany.' 
The waters of that river were held in great 
veneration, and were fuppofed by the an¬ 
cient Germans to have fome peculiar virtue, 
as they threw their children into it, either 
to try’ the fidelity of the mothers, or to 
brace and invigorate their limbs. If the 
child fwam on the furface, the mother was 
acquitted of lufpicion, but if it funk to the 
bottom, its origin was deemed illegitimate. 
In modern geography the Rhine is known 
as dividing itfelf into four large branches, the 
Waal, Lech, Iflel, and the Rhine. That 
branch which ftill retains the name of Rhine, 
lofes itfelf in the lauds above modern Ley¬ 


den, and is afterwards no longer known by 
its ancient appellation, fince the year 860, A. 
D. when inundations of the fea deftroyed 
the regularity of its mouth. Ovid. Met. 2 , 
v. 258.— Strab. 4, — Me/a, 2, C. 3. ,1. 5, C. 2 . 
— Cafar. dt bell . G. 4, C. IC.— Tacit. Ann. 

Z, c. 6. — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 727. - 7 A fmall 

river of Italy, falling into the Po on the 
louth, now Rhciio. Sil. 8, v. 600.— Plin. 
3,c. 16.I. 16, c. 36. 

RHEqMrrRES, a Perfian who revolted 

from Apataxerxes, &c. JOiod. 15.-A Per- 

fiati officer killed at the battle of Iffus. Curt. 

2, c.5. 

Rhesus, a king of Thrace, fon of the 
Strymon and Terpfichore, or, according to 
orhers, of Eioneus by Euterpe. After many 
warlike exploits and conquefts in Europe, 
he marched to the afliftance of Priam, king 
of Troy, againft the Greeks. He was ex¬ 
pelled with great impatience, as an ancient 
oracle had declared, that Troy ihould never' 
be taken, if the horl'es of Rhefus drank the 
waters of the Xanthus, and fed upon tire 
graft of the Trojan plains. This oracle was 
well known to the Greeks, and therefore 
two of their beft general-., • Diomedes and 
Ulyfles, were commiflioned by the reft to 
intercept the Thracian prince. The Greeks 
entered his camp in the night, flew him, and 
carried away his horfes to their camp. Ho¬ 
mer. II. 10. — Ditlys Cret Z . — Apollod. , T,C* 

3. — Virg. JEn. I, V. 4^3.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 

9 & ^ % . \ . . 

Rhetogenes, a prince of Spain who fur- 
rendered to the Romans, and was treated with 
great humanity. 

R hetico, a mountain of Rhaetia. 

Rheunus, a place in Arcadia. Pauf. 8, 
c. 23. 

Riiexknor, a fon of Nauflthous, king of 

Phxacia. Homer. Od. 7.-The father of 

Chalciope, the wife of jEgeus, king of Athens. 

-A mufician who accompanied Antony in 

Afia. 

ft hexibius, an athlete of Opus, who 
obtained a prize in the Olympic games, and 
had a ftatue ip the grove of Jupiter. Pauf. 6 , 
c. 18. 

Rhianus, a Greek poet of Thrace, ori¬ 
ginally a flave. He wrote an account of the 
war between Sparta and Meflenia, which 
continued for twenty years, as alfo an hif- 
tory of the principal revolutions and events 
which had taken place in Theflaly. Of this 
poetical compofttion nothing but a few vcries 
are extant. Pie florifhed about 200 years be¬ 
fore the Chriftiau era. Pauf. 4, c. 6. 

R hid ago, a river of Hyrcania falling into 
the Caipian fea. Curt. 6, c. 4, 

Rhimotacl.es, a king of Thrace, who 
revolted from Antony to Auguftus. He 
boafted of his attachment to the emperor’s 
perfon at an entertainment, upon which Au¬ 
guftus faid, prsditionem amo, pr editor es yero odi. 

Rhino- 






RH 


RH 


Rhinocolura, a town on the borders of 
Paleftine and Egypt. Liv. 45, c ii. 

Rhion, a promontory of Achaia, oppo¬ 
se to Antirrhium in YEtolia, at the mouth 
of the Corinthian gulf, called alfo the Dar 
danelles of Lepanto. The firait between 
Naupatfum and Patrre bore alfo the fame 
name. The tomb of Heliod was at the 
top of the promontory. Liv. 27, c. 30. 

1 . 38, c. 7.— PUn. 4, c. 2.— Pauf. 7, c. 
22. 

Rhipua, or Rhtphe, a town of Arcadia. 
Stat. 4. Theb. v. 286. 

Khipu.ui, large mountains at the north 
of Scythia, vtfhers, as fome fuppofe, the 
Gorgoiis had' fixed’ their reftdence. The 
name of Rbiph<ean was applied to any cold 
mountain in a northern country, and indeed 
thefe mountains teem to have exifted only 
in the imagination of the poets, though 
fome make the Tanais rile there. PUn. 4, 

12.— Lucan. 3, v. 2 -] 2 . 1. 3, V. 282. 1. 
4 » v. 4 * 8 .— Virg- G. I, v. 240. 1 . 4, v. 
5 * 8 . 

Rhinthon a Greek poet of Taventum, 
in the age of Alexander. Cic. ad Alt. ep. 

20. 

Rhjpheus, one of the Centaurs. Ovid. 

i! Let. -A Trojan praifed for his juftice, &c. 

Virg JEn. 2 , v. 426. Vid. Ripheus. 

Rhium. Vid. Rhion. 

Rhizonitjf., a people of Illyricum, whofe 
chief town was called Rbizinium. Liv. 45, c. 
26. 

Rhoda, now Rojesy a lea port town of 

Spain. Liv. 34, c. 8.-A town of the 

Rhone, from which the river received its 
name. It was ruined in Pliny’s age. PUn. 
3 > G 4. 

Rh00anus, a river of Gallia Narbo- 
nenfis, riling in the Rhtetian Alps, and fall¬ 
ing into the Mediterranean fea, near Mar- 
" leilles. It is one of the largeft and mod 
rapid rivers of Europe, now known by the 
name of the Rhone. Mela y 2, c. 5. 1 . 3, c. 
3.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 258.— Si I. 3, v. 477.— 
Marcell. 15, &C. — Ceefar. bell. G. I, C. I. — 
Plin. 3, c. 4. — Strab. 4. — Lucan. I, V. 433. 1 . 
6, v. 475. 

Rhode, a daughter of Neptune. Apollod. 
-Of Danaus. Id. 

Rhodia, one of the Oceanides. Hefiod. 

'. - - A daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 

Rhodogyne, a daughter of Phraates, 
king of Parthia, who married Demetrius, 
when he was in banifhment at her father’s 
court. Polyan. 8. 

Rhodope, or Rhodopjs, a celebrated 
courtezan of Greece, who was fellow fer- 
vant with YEfop, at the court of a king 
of Samos. She was carried to Egypt by 
Xanthus, and her liberty was at laft.brought 
by Charaxes of Mitylene, the brother of 
Sappho, who - was . enamoured of her, and 
who married her. She fold her favors at 


Naucratis, where Ihe colle&ed fo much 
money, that, to render her name immortal, 
the conlecrated a number of l'pits in the 
temple of Apollo at Delphi; or, according 
to others eredted one of the pyramids of 
Egypt. YElian fays, that as Rhodope was 
one day bathing herlelf, an eagle carried 
away one of her fandals, and dropped it 
near Pfammetichus, king of Egypt, at' 
Memphis. The monarch was llruck with 
'the beauty of the fandal, ftridt enquiry was' 
madd to find the owner, and' Rhodope, 
when dilcovered, married Pfammetichus. 
Herodot. 2, c. 13 4, &c.— Ovid. Heroid. 15. 
— JEllan. V. H. 13, c. 33. Perizonius 
luppofes there were two perlons of that 
name. 

Rhodope, a high mountain of Thrace, 
extending as far as the Euxine fea, all acrofs 
the country nearly in an eaftern diredtion. 
Rhodope, according to the poets, was the 
wife of Hajraus, king of Thrace, who was 
changed into this mountain, becaule fhe 
preferred herlelf to Juno in beauty. Ovid. 
Met. 6. v. 87, &C. — Virg. Lei. 8, G. 3, v. 
351.— Mela, 2, c. 2.— Strab. 7.— Ital. 2, v. 
73 .— Seneca, in Here. Oet. 

Ruodopeius, is ufed in the fame fignifica- 
tion as Thracian, becaufe Rhodope was a moun¬ 
tain of that country. Ovid. A. A. 3, v. 321. 
Heroid. 2. — Virg. G. 4, v. 461. 

Rhodunia, the top of mount CEtp. Liv. 
36, c. 16. 

R hodus, a celebrated ifiand in the Car¬ 
pathian -fea, 120 miles in circumference, at 
the fouth of Caria, from which h is diftant 
about' 20 miles. Its principal cities were 
Rhodes, founded about 408 years before the 
Chrillian era, Liodus, Camilus, Jalylus. 
Rhodes was famous for the fiege which if 
l'upported againit Demetrius, and for a cele¬ 
brated llatue of Apollo. [ Vid. Cdlofiusl] The 
Rhodians were originally governed by Iiiiigs, 
and were independent, but this government' 
Was at Kill exchanged for a democracy and 
an ariftocracy. They Were naturally given 
up to commerce, and during many ages, they' 
were the mod pow erful nation by fea. Their 
authority was refpedted, and their laws vverd" 
fo univerfally approved, that every country 
made ufe of them to decide difputes concern¬ 
ing maritime affairs, and they were 'at hit 
adopted by other commercial nations, and 
introduced into the Roman codes, from' 
whence they have been extracted to form the 
bafis of the maritime regulations of modern 
Europe. When Alexander made himfel£ 
mailer of Alia, the Rhodians loft their inde¬ 
pendence, but they loon after afferted their 
natural privileges under Jiis cruel fucceffors/ 
and continued to hold that influence among 
nations to which their maritime power and’ 
conl'equence entitled them. They affifted. 
Pompey againft Ciefar, and were defeated' 
by Calliusj and became dependent upon the 

Romans 







RH 


RO 


Romans. The ifland of Rhodes has been 
known by the feveral names of Opbiufa , 
Utadia, Telcbinis, Corymbia , Trinacria , 
JEthrea , Afteria, Poejfa, Atabyria, Oloejfa, 
Marcia , and Pelagia. It received the name 
of Rhodes, either on account of Rhode, a 
beautiful nymph who dwelt there, and who 
was one of the favorites of Apollo, or be- 
caufe rofes , (’^av), grew in great abundance 
all over the ifland. Strab. 14.— Homer. II. z. 
— Mela, 2, C. 7.— H od. 5.— Plin. 2, c. 62 
& 87. 1 . 5, c. 31.— Flor. 2 , cj 7.— Pindar. 
Olywp. 7— Lucan. 8, v. 248.— Cic. pro Man. 
leg. in Brut. 13.— Liv. 27 > c. 30. 1 . 31, C. 
2 . 

R hoe bus, a liorfe of Mczentius, whom his 
matter addreffed with the determination to 
conquer or to die, when he faw his fon Laufus 
brought lifelefs from the battle. This beau¬ 
tiful addrefs is copied from Homer, where 
likewife Achilles addrefies his horfes. Virg. 
JEn. 10, v. 861. 

Rhcecus, one of the Centaurs who at¬ 
tempted to offer violence to Atalarita. He 
was killed at the nuptials of Pirithous by 
Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 301.— -Virg. 
G. 2.-One of the giants killed by Bac¬ 

chus, under the form of a lion, in the war 
which thefe fons 6f the earth waged againft 
Jupiter and die gods. Herat. 2, Od. 19, v. 
23 - 

Rhceo, a nymph beloved by Apollo. Hi- 
od. 5* 

Rhceteum, or Riicetus, a promontory 
of Troas, on the Hellefpont, near which the 
body of Ajax was buried. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 
197, 4 Fajl. v. 279.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 505. 1 . 
12, v. 456. 

Rhcetius, a mountain of Ccrfica, now > 
Rojfo. 

Rhcetus, a king of the Marrubii, who 
married a woman called Cafperia, to whom 
Archemorus, his fon by a former wife, offer¬ 
ed violence. After this iriceiluous attempt, 
Archemorus fled to Turnus, king of the Ru- 

tulL Virg. JEn. 10, v. 388.-A Rutu- 

lian killed by Euryalns in the night. Id. 9, v. 

344.-An ./Ethiopian killed by Perfeus. 

Ovid. Met. 5, v. 38. 

RhosaceS; a Perfian killed by Clitus as he 
was going to ftab Alexander at the battle of 
the Granicus. Curt. 8, c. 1. 

Rhosus, a town of Syria, on the gulf of 
Iffus, celebrated for its earthen ware. Cic. 6. 
Att. r. 

Rhoxalani, a people at the north of the 
Palus Maeotis. Tr. it. Hiji. 1, c. 79. 

Rkoxaka, Oi Roxana, a miftrefs of 
Alexander, daughter of a Perfian fatrap. Vid. 
Roxana. 

RuoxAni, a nation againft whom Mithri- 
dates made war. 

RhutSmi and. Rutheni, a people of 
Gaul 


Rijyndacus, a large river of Myfia, itt 
Afia Minor. Plin. J, c. 32 . | 

Rhynthon, a dramatic writer of Syracufe, 
who florifhed at Tarentum, where he wrotir 
38 plays. Authors are divided with refpe&i 
to the merit of his compofitions, and thej 
abilities of the writer. Vid. Rhinthon. 

Rhyp:e, a town of Acliaia, at the weft of 
Helice. 

Rigodulum, a village of Germany, now 
Rigol, near Cologne. Tacit. H. 4, c. 71. 

Riph.?ei. Vid. Rhiphad. 

Ripheus, a Trojan who joined ./Eneas 
the night that Troy was 'reduced to aihes, 
and was at laft killed after making a great 
carnage of the Greeks. He is commended 
for his love of juftice and equity. Virg. JEn. 

2 t v. 339 & 426.-One of the Centaurs 

killed by Thefeus at the nuptials of Pirithous. 
Ovid. Met. 12, v. 352. 

Rixamarje, a people oflllyricum. Liv. 
45, c. 26. 

RoeIgo, ar RubTgo, a goddefs at Rome, 
particularly worfhipped by hufbandmen, as 
fhe prefided over corn. Her feftivals called 
Robigalia , were celebrated on the 25th of 
April, and incenie was offered to her, as 
alio the entrails of a fheep arid of a dog. 
She was intreated to preferve the corn from 

blights. Ovid. Fajl. 4, v. 911.- Virg. G. 

I, v. 151.- Varro. dc L. L. 5,-de R. R. I, 

c. I. * 

Rouumna, now Roanne , a town of the 
./Edui, on the Loire. 

Roma, a city of Italy, the capital of the" 
Roman empire; fituate on the banks of the 
river Tiber, at the diftance of about 16 miles 
from the fea. The name of its founder, and 
the manner of its foundation, are not pre- 
cifely known. Romulus, however, is uni- 
verfally fuppofed to have laid the foundations 
of that celebrated city, on the 20th of April, 
according to Varro, in the year 3961 of the 
Julian period, 3251 years after the creation 
of the world, 753 before the birth of Chrift, 
and 431 years after the Trojan war, and in 
the 4th. year of the fixth Olympiad. In its 
original itate, Rome was but a fmall caftle 
on the fummit of mount Palatine; and the 
founder, to give his followers the appearance 
of a nation or a barbarian horde, was ob¬ 
liged to ere£t a ftandard as a common afy- 
lurn for every criminal, debtor, or murderer, 
who fled from their native country to avoid 
the punifhment which attended them. From 
fuch an afTemblage a numerous body was foon 
collected, and before the death of the foun¬ 
der, the Romans had covered with their ha¬ 
bitations, the Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, 
Elquiline hills, with mount Callus, and 
Quirinalis. After many fuccefsful wars 
againft the neighbouring ftates, the views of 
Romulus were directed to regulate a nation 
naturally fierce, warlike, and, uncivilized. 

Th* 







RO 


RO 


Tlve people were divided into dalles, the 
interest of the whole vv^re linked in a com¬ 
mon .chain, and the. labors of the iubjetl, 
as well as thofe of his patron, tended to the 
fame end,' the aggrandisement of the Hate. 
Under the fuccefTors of Romulus; the pow- 
er of Rome was encreafed, and -the bounda- 
daries of her dominions extended; while one 
was employed in regulating the forms of wor¬ 
ship, and inculcating in the minds of his 
fbbje&s a reverence for the deity, the other 
was engaged in enforcing dilciplitie among the 
arm)', and railing the confequence of the 
foldiers in the government of the ltare, and 
a third made the objedt of his adminiitration 
con.ill in adorning his capital, in beautifying 
the edifices, and in fortifying it with towers 
and walls. During 244 years, the Romans 
were governed by kings, but the tyranny, 
the opprellion, and the violence of the )aft 
of thefe monarchs, and of his family, 'became 
fo atrocious,'that a revolution was effected in 
the Hate, and the democratical government 
was eftablifhed. The monarchical govern¬ 
ment exifted under leven princes, who began 
to reign in the following order: Romulus, 
R U. 753; and after one year’s interreg¬ 
num, Numa, 715; Tullus Hoftilius, 672; 
Ancus Marti us, 640: Tarquin Prjfcus, 616, 
Servius Tullius, 57 8 ; and Tarquin the Proud ; 
5341 expelled 25 years after, B. C. 509; and, 
this regal adminiflraiion has been proper¬ 
ly denominated the infancy of the Roman 
empire. After the expullion of the Tarquins 
Jrom the throne, the Romans" became more 
ienfible of their confequence: with their 
liberty they acquired a lpirit of fadtion, and 
they became fo jealous of their independence, 
that the firft of their confi.ls who had been 
the mod zealous and animated in the afler- 
tion of their freedom, was banifheJ from the 
city becaufe he bore the name, and was of 
the family, of the tyrants; and another, to 
Hop their fufpicions, was obliged to pull 
down his houfe, whole Hatelineis and mag¬ 
nificence above ^the red, feemed incompati¬ 
ble with the duties and the rank of a pri¬ 
vate citizen. They knew more effedfually 
their power when they had fought with fuc- 
eefs againft Porfenna, th? king of Etruria, and 
feme of the neighbouring dates, who fup- 
"ported the claim of the tyranr, and attempt¬ 
ed to replace him on his throne by force of 
arms. A government which is entruded in¬ 
to, the hands of two of the mod diftinguifhed 
of its members, for the limited lpace of 
one year, cannot but give rife to great men, 
glorious exploits, and tremendous feditions. 
The general who is placed at the head of 
a/i army during a campaign, mud be a&ive 
and diligent, when he knows that his power 
is. terminated with the year, and if he has a 
beebming^ambition, he will ditiinguilh his con- 
iyjfhip by lome uncommon aft of valor, be¬ 
fore he defeends from the dignity of au ablo- 


lute magiftrxte to the dependence of a fel/ow 
citizen. Yet thefe attempts for'the, attain¬ 
ment of glory, often fail of fuccefs; and 
rhough the Romans could once bo a it that 
every individual in their armies could dit¬ 
ch \rge with fidelity and honor the funeriof 
offices of magiftrate and conful, there are to 
be found in their annals many years .marked 
by overthrows, or difgraced by the ill con- 
du& K the opreffion, a»d the wantonnefs of 
their generals. [Fid. Conful.] To the fame 
which them conqueds and daily fuccelTes had 
gained abroad, the Romans were not a little 
indebted for their gradual rife to fuperio- 
rity; and to this may be added the policy of 
the cenlus', which every fifth year told them 
their a Huai Hrength, and how many citi¬ 
zens were able to bear arms. And indeed it 
was no fmall fatisfadicn to a people who 
were continually making war to fee,'that in 
fpite of all the lolTes which they might fuf- 
tain in the field, the increufe of the inhabi¬ 
tants of the city was prodigious, and almolf 
incredible, and had Romulus lived after the 
battle of Aftium, he would have, been.pev- 
fnadtd with difficulty "that above four mil¬ 
lions of inhabitants Were contained within 
thofe walls, which in the molt floj-iihiug 
period of his feign could fcarce mufter an 
army of 300b infantry, and 300 horf?. Rut 
when Rome had ftorifhed under the" corlfular 
government for about 120 years, and had 
beheld with pleafure the con quells of her 
citizens over the neighbouring Hates and ci¬ 
ties, wh : eh, according to a Roman hiftorian. 
Hie was nlhamed to recoiled in the fium- 
mit of her power, an irruption cC the bar¬ 
barians of Gaul rendered her very exiftence 
precarious, and her name wa$ nearly extin- 
guifhed. Tire valor of an injured individual, 

[ Vtd. Camillus,] faved it frojri deftrudion, yet 
not before its building and temples wefe re¬ 
duced to afhes. This celebrated event, which 
gave the appellation of another founder' of 
Rome to Camillus, has been looked upon as 
a glorious rera to the Romans. The huts 
and cottages which Romulus had ereded, and 
all his fucceflbrs repaired, were totally con- 
fumed, and when , the city arofe again from 
its ruins, the Hreets were enlarged, conveni¬ 
ence as well as order was obferved, tafte and 
regularity were confulted, and the poverty, 
ignorance, and rufticity of the Romans, 
feemed to be extinguifhed with their old ha¬ 
bitations. But no fooner were they freed 
from the fears of their barbarian invaders, 
than they turned their arms againft thofe 
ftates which refufed to acknowlege their 
fuperiority, or yield their independence. 
Their wars with Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, 
difplayed their character in a diffierertt view; 
if they before had fought for freedom and in¬ 
dependence, they now drew their fword for 
glory; and here we may fee them conquered 
in the field, and yet refufing to grant that 
X x peace. 



RO 


RO 


peace, for which their conqueror himfelf had 
fued. The advantages they gained from their 
battles with Pyrrhus, were many. The Ro¬ 
man name became known in Greece, Sicily, 
and Africa, and in lofmg or gaining a vic¬ 
tory, the Romans were enabled to examine 
the manoeuvres, oblerve the difeipline, and 
contemplate the order and the encampments 
of thole foldiers whole friends and an- 
celtors had accompanied Alexander the Great 
in the conqueft of Afia. Italy became lub- 
jeCted to the Romans at the end of the war 
with the Tqrentines, and that period of time 
has been called the fecond age, or the ado- 
lefcence of the Roman empire. After this 
memorable aira they tried their ftrength not 
only with diftant nations, but alfo upon a new 
element; and in the long wars which they 
waged againft Carthage, they acquired terri¬ 
tory, and obtained the fovereignty of the fea, 
and though Annibal for fixteen years kept 
them in continual alarms, hovered round their 
gates, and deftroyed their armies almoft be¬ 
fore their walls, yet they were doomed to 
conquer, \Vid. Punicum helium,] and foon to 
add the kingdom of Macedonia,] Vid. Mace¬ 
donians bellum,] and the provinces of Afia, 
[rid. Mhhridaticum helium,]to their empire. 
But while we confider the Romans as a na¬ 
tion fubduing their neighbours by war, their 
manners, their counfels, and their purluits at 
home are not to be forgotten. To be war¬ 
riors was their profeflion; their affemblies in 
the Campus Martius were a meeting of arm¬ 
ed men, and very properly denominated an 
army'. Yet while their conquefts were fo 
*xtenfive abroad, we find them torn by fac¬ 
tions at home; and fo far was the refent- 
ment of the poorer citizens carried, that we 
fee the enemy at the gates of the city, while 
all are unwilling to take up arms and to unite 
in the defence of their common liberty. The 
fenators and nobles were ambitious of ppwer, 
;»nd endeavoured to retain in their hands that in¬ 
fluence which had been exercifed with fo 
much fuccefs, and fuch cruelty by their 
monarchs. This was the continual occafion 
of tumults and fedition. The people were 
jealous of their liberty. The opprelfion of 
the nobles irritated them, and the ftripes to 
which they were too often expofed without 
mercy^ was often productive of revolutions. 
The plebeians, though originally the pooreft 
and moft contemptible citizens of an indi¬ 
gent nation, whofe food in the firft ages of 
the empire was only bread and fait, and. 
whofe drink was water, foon gained rights 
and privileges by their oppofition. Though 
really Haves they became powerful in the 
itate; one concefiion from the patricians 
produced another, and when their indepen¬ 
dence was boldly aliened by their tribunes, 
they were admitted to lhare in the higheft 
offices of the Hate, and the laws which for¬ 
bad the intermarriage of phbeian and patri¬ 


cian families, were repealed, and the meaneft 
pealant could by valor and fortitude be raifed 
to the dignity of dictator and conful. It was 
not till thefe privileges were obtained by the 
people from the fenate, that Rome began to 
enjoy internal peace and tranquillity, her 
battles were then fought with more vigor, 
her foldiers were more animated, and her 
fovereignty was more univerfally eftablifhed. 
But lupreme power lodged in the hands of a 
faClious and ambitious citizen becomes too 
often dangerous. The greateft opprelfion 
and tyranny took place of fubordination and 
obedience; and from thofe Caufes proceeded 
the unparalleled (laughter and effufion of 
blood under a Sylla or a Marius. It has 
been jultly obferved, that the firft Romans 
conquered their enemies by valor, temperance, 
and fortitude; their moderation alfo and 
their juftice were well known among their 
neighbours, and not only private poflelfions, 
but even mighty kingdoms and empires, were 
left in their power, to be diftributed among 
a family or to be enfured in the hands of 
a fucceflbr. They were alfo chofen umpires, 
to decide quarrels, but in this honorable of¬ 
fice they confulted their own intereft; they 
artfully fupported the weaker fide, that the 
more powerful might be reduced, and gradu¬ 
ally become thei* prey. Under J. Caefar and 
Pompey, the rage of civil war was carried 
to unprecedented excefs; it was not mere¬ 
ly to avenge a private injury, but it was a 
conteft for the fovereignty, and though each 
of the adverfaries wore the malk of pre¬ 
tended fincerity, and profefled himfelf to be 
the fupporter of the republic, not lefs than 
the abolition of freedom and the public liber-, 
tv was the aim. What Julius began, his 
adopted Ion atchieved, the ancient ipirit of 
national independence was extinguished at 
Rome, and after the battle of ACtium, the 
Romans feemed unable to govern themfelves 
without the afiiftance of a chief, who under 
the title of imperator, an appellation given 
to every commander by his army after l'ome 
fignal vi&ory, reigned with as much power 
and as much fovereignty as another Tarquin. 
Under their emperors, the Romans lived a 
luxurious and indolent life, they had long 
forgot to appear in the field, and their wars 
were left to be waged by mercenary troops, 
who fought without Ipirit or animofity, and 
who were ever ready to yield to him who 
bought their allegiance and fidelity with the 
greateft iuras of money. Their leaders them* 
feives were not the moft prudent or the molt 
humane, the power which they had acquired 
by bribery was indeed precarious, and 
among a people, where not only the higheft 
offices of tne ftate, but even the imperial pur¬ 
ple itfelf are expofed to fale, there cannot 
be expeCted much happinels or tranquillity 
in the palace of the emperhr. The reigns of 
the luccefibrs of Auguftus were diftinguilhed 

by 



RO 


RO 


by variety; one was the mod abandoned 
and profligate of men, whom his own vices 
and extravagance hurried out of the world, 
while his fucceflor, perhaps the mod cle¬ 
ment, juft, and popular of princes, was fa- 
crificed in the midit of his guards and at¬ 
tendants by the dagger of fome offended 
favorite or difappointed eunuch. Few in¬ 
deed were the emperors of Rome whofe days 
were not (hortened by poifon, or the fword 
of an aflafim. If one for fome time had the 
imprudence to trull himfelf in the midft of 
a multitude, at laft to perilh by his own cre¬ 
dulity, the other confulted his fafety, but 
with no better fuccefs, in the innumerable 
chambers of his place, and changed every 
day, to elude difcovery, the place of his re¬ 
tirement. After they had been governed by 
a race of princes, remarkable for the variety 
of their characters, the Roman pofleflions 
were divided into two diftinCl empires, by the 
enterprising Conffantine, A. D. 328. Con- 
ftantinople became the feat of the eaftevn 
empire, and Rome remained in the poflef- 
fion of the weftern emperors, and continued 
to be the capital of their dominions. In the 
year 800 of the Chriftian ara, Rome with 
Italy was delivered by Charlemagne, the 
then emperor of the weft, into the hands of 
the Pope, who ftill continues to hold the 
fovereignty, and to maintain his indepen¬ 
dence under the name of the Ecclefiaftiral 
States.—-The original poverty of the Romans 
has often been difguifed by their poets and 
hillorians, who wilhed it to appear that a 
nation who were matters of the world, had 
had better beginning, than to be a race of 
fhepherds and robbers. Yet it was to this 
fimplicity they were indebted for their fuc- 
ceffes. Their houfes were originally defti- 
tute of every ornament, they were made with 
unequal hoards, and covered with mud, and 
thefe lerved them rather as a fhelter agairrft 
the inclemency of the leal'ons than for relaxa¬ 
tion and eafe. Till the age of Pyrrhus, they 
defpifed riches, and many falutary laws were 
ena&ed to reftrain luxury and to punilh indo¬ 
lence. They obferved great temperance in 
their meals: young men were not permitted 
to drink wine till they had attained their 
30th year, and it was totally forbidden to 
women. Their national ipirit was fupported 
by policy; the triumphal proceflion of a con¬ 
queror along the ftreets amidft the applaufe 
of thoufands, was well calculated .to promote 
.emulation, and the number of gladiators 
which were regularly introduced not only in 
public games and fpeClades, but alfo at pri¬ 
vate meetings, ferved to cherilh their fond- 
nefs for war, whilft it Heeled their hearts 
againft the calls of companion, and when 
they could gaze with pleasure upon wretches 
whom they forcibly obliged to murder one 
another, they were not inaClive in the de¬ 
struction of thofe whom they confidered as 


inveterate foes or formidable rivals in the 
field. In their punilhments, civil as well as 
military, the Romans were ftriCl and rigorous; 
a deferter was feverely whipped and fold as 
a (lave, and the degradation from the rank 
of a foldier and dignity of a citizen was the 
mod ignominious lligma which could be af¬ 
fixed upon a leditious mutineer. The trans¬ 
marine victories of the Romans proved at 
laft the ruin of their innocence and bravery. 
They grew fond of the luxury of the Afia* 
tics; and conquered by the vices and indo¬ 
lence of thole nations whom they had fub- 
dued, they became • as effeminate and as 
difTolute as their captives. Marcellus was 
the firft who introduced a tafte for the fine 
arts among his countrymen. The fpoils and 
treafures that were obtained in the plunder 
of Syraeufe and'Corinth, rendered the Ro¬ 
mans partial to elegant refinement and orna¬ 
mental equipage. Though Cato had defpifed 
philolbphy, [Fid. Carneades] and declared 
that war was the only profeflion of his coun¬ 
trymen, the Romans, by their intercourse 
with the Greeks,'foon became fond of litera¬ 
ture; and though they had once banifhed 
the fophifts of Athens from their city, yet 
they beheld with rapture their fettlement 
among them, in the principal towns of Italy, 
after the conqueft of Achaia. They fooa 
after began to imitate their polifhed captives, 
and to cultivate poetry with fuccefs. From 
the valor of their heroes and conquerors, 
indeed, the lublimeft fubjeCls were offered to 
the genius of their poets; but of the. little that 
remains to celebrate the early victories of 
Rome, nothing can be compared to the nobler 
effufions of the Augultan age. Virgil lug 
done fo much for the Latin name that the 
fplendor and the triumphs <lf lus country are 
forgotten for a while, when we are tranf- 
ported in the admiration bf the majefty of 
his numbers, the elegant delicacy of his ex~ 
preflions, and the fire of his mtife; and the 
appiaufes given to the lyric powers of Horace, 
the foftnefs of Tibullus, the vivacity of Ovid, 
and to the fuperior compofitions of other re- 
fpeCtable poets, fhall be unceafing fo long as 
the name of Rome excites our reverence and 
our praffes, and fo long'as genius, virtue, and 
abilities are honored amongft mankind. 
Though they originally rejected with horror 
it law which propofed the building of a pub¬ 
lic theatre, and the exhibition of plays, like 
the Greeks, yet the Romans food proved 
favorable to the compofitions of their coun¬ 
trymen. Livitis was the firft dramatic writer 
of confequence at Rome, whole plays began 
to be exhibited A. U. C. 5*4- After him 
Naevius and Ennius wrote for the ftage; and 
in a more polifhed petted Plautus, Terence, 
Ctecifins, and Afranius, claimed the public 
attention, and gained the moil unbounded ap-^ 
pluife. Satire did hot make its appearance at 
Rome till 100 years after the introduction of 
X x z comedy, 






RO 


RO 


comedy, and fo celebrated was Lucilius in this 
kind of writing, that he was called the inventor 
of it. In hiftorical writing the progrefs of the 
Romans was flow and inconfiderable, and for 
many years they employed the pen of foreign¬ 
ers to compile their annals,till the fuperior abi¬ 
lities of a Livy were made known.—In their 
worth ip and facrifices the Romans were un¬ 
commonly fuperftitiousy the will of the gods 
was confulted on every occafion, and no gene¬ 
ral marched to an expedition without the pre¬ 
vious aflurance from the augurs, that the 
omens were propitious, and his fuccel's almoft 
indubitable. Their fanduaries were numerous, 
they raifed altars not only to the gods, who, as 
they luppofed, prefided over their city, but 
alfo to the deities of conquered nations, as 
well as to the different paffions and virtues. 
There were no lefs than 420 temples at Rome, 
crowded with llatues, the priefts were nume¬ 
rous, and each divinity had a particular college 
of" facerdotal fervants. Their wars were de¬ 
clared in the mod awful and lolemn manner, 
and prayers were always offered in the temples 
for the prolperity of Rome, when a defeat; had 
been fuftained, or a vidory won. The power 
of fathers over their children Was very exttn- 
flve, and indeed unlimited; they could fell 
them or put them to death at pleafure, with¬ 
out the forms ef trials, or the interference of 
the civil magiffrates. Many of their ancient 
families were celebrated for the great men 
which they had produced, but the vigorous apd 
interefted part they took in the government of 
the republic expofed them often to danger, 
and fome have obferved that the Romans lunk 
into indolence and luxury when the Cornelii, 
the Fabii, the -ffimylii, the Marcelli, &c. 
who had fo often 4'upported their fpirit and led 
them to vidory, had been extinguished in the 
bloody wars of Marius and of the two trium¬ 
virates. When Rome was become powerful, 
fhe was diftinguifhed from other cities by the 
flattery of her neighbours and citizens; a form 
uf worlhip was eftablifhed to her as a deity, 
and temples were raifed in her honor, not only 
in the city, but in the provinces. The goddefs 
Roma was reprefented like Minerva, all arm¬ 
ed and fitting on a rock, holding a pike in her 
hand, with her head covered with a hel net, 
and a trophy at her feet. Li<v. 1, &c — Cato 
de R. R .— V'trg. JEn. G. Ilf Eel — Horat, 2 , 
Sat. 6,&c.— Flor. I, c. I, &C. — Patsrc. — Ta~ 
tit. Ann. Ilf Hijl. — Tibull. 4. — Lucan .— Plat, 
m Rom. Pfurn. 8c c.— Cic. de Nat. D. 1, See. 
Plin. 7, &C. — 'Juf.in. 43. —Varro de L. L. 
5.— Val. Max. I, &c.— Martial. 12, ep.'8. 

-A daughter of Evander.-A Trojan 

woman who came to Italy with jEneas.-A 

daughter of Italus and Luceria. It was after 
one of thele females, according \o fome au¬ 
thors, that die capital of Italy was called 
Roma. 

RomAni, the inhabitants of Rome. Hid. 
Roma. 


RomAnus, 'an officer under Theodofius. 

-Another, poifoned by Nerq.-A Ion of 

Conftans, &c. 

Romilius Marcei.lus, a Roman cen¬ 
turion in Galba’s reign, &c. Tacit. 1, 

Hid. 

Romula, a name given to the fig tree un¬ 
der which Pvomulus and Remus were found. 
Ovid. 2, Fuji. v. 4I2. 

Romulea, a town of the Samnites. Liv. 
10. c. 17. 

Romulid®, a patronymic given to the 
Roman people from Romulus their firft king, 
and the founder of their city. Virg. JEn. 8, 
v. 638. 

Romulus, a fon of Mars and Ilia, grand- 
ion of Numitor king of Alba, was born at 
the fame birth with Remus. Thele two chil¬ 
dren were thrown into the Tiber by order of 
Amultus, who ufurped the crown of his bro-' 
tiler Numitor; but they were preferved, and 
according to Floras the river flopped its 
courfe, and a Ihe-vvolf came and fed them 
with, her milk, till they were found by Fauf- 
tulus, one of the king’s fheoherds, who edu- 
ca:ed thejp as his own children. When they 
knew their real origin, the twins, called Ro¬ 
mulus and Remus, put Amulius to death, and 
reftored the crown to their grandfather Nn- 
mitor. They afterwards undertook [to build 
a city, and to determine which of the two 
brothers fhould have the management of it, 
they had recourfe to omens and the flight of 
birds. Remus went to mount Aventine, and 
Romulus to mount Palatine. Remus law firft 
a flight of fix vultures, and loon after, Romu¬ 
lus, twelve; and therefore, as his number 
was greater, he began to lay the foundations 
of the city, hopeful that it would become a 
warlike and powerful nation, as the birds 
from which he had received the omen were 
fond of prey and ilaughter. Romulus mark¬ 
ed with a furrow the place where Ire withed 
to eyed the walls ; but their flenderriel's was 
ridiculed by Remus, who leaped over them 
with the greateft contempt. This irritated 
Romulus, and Remus was immediately put 
to death, either by the hand of his brother or 
one of the workmen. When the walls were 
built, the city was without inhabitants; but 
Romulus, by making an alylum of: a la tired 
grove, foon colleded a number of fugitives, 
foreigners, and criminals, whom he received 
as his lawful lubjeds. Yet however nume¬ 
rous thele might be, they were delpifed by 
the neighbouring inhabitants, and none were * 
willing to form matrimonial connedf ions with t 
them. But Romulus obtained by force what 
was denied to hia petitions. The Romans ce¬ 
lebrated games in honor of the god Conliis, • 
and forcibly carried away all the females who 
had aflembled there to be fpedators of thele 
unufual exhibitions. Thele violent meafures 
offended the neighbouring nations; they made 
war againft the raviflters with various iuccefs. 



RO 


R O 


till at lad they entered Rome, which had 
been betrayed to them by one of the ftolen 
virgins. A violent engagement was begun 
in tne middle of the Roman forum; but the 
Sabines were conquered, or according to 
Oiid, the two enemies laid down their arms 
u.ien the women had rufhed between the two 
a> mits, and by their tears and entreaties 
railed companion in the bofoms of their pa¬ 
tent's and hufbauds. The Sabines left th.eir 
eiiginal pofleffions and came to live in Rome, 
where Tatius, their king, fhared the love- 
reign power with Romulus. The introduc¬ 
tion ot the Sabines into the city of Rome 
was attended with the molt lalutary confe- 
quences, and the Romans, by purluing this 
plan, and admitting the conquered nations 
among their citizens, rendered themlelves 
more powerful and more formidable. Af¬ 
terwards Romulus divided the lands which 
he had obtained by conqueft; one part was 
reierved for religious ufes, to maintain the 
prie(Is, to ereft temples, and to conlecrate 
altars ; the other vv*s appropriated fot the ex¬ 
pellees of the Hate; and the third part was 
equally diftributed among his lubjedts, who 
were divided into three daffies or tribes. The 
malt aged and experienced, to the number of 
100, were alio cholen, whom the monarch 
might comiilt in matters of the higheft im¬ 
portance, and from their age thev were called 
fenatoriy and from their authority {nitres. 
1 lie whole body of the people were alio dif- 
tingmllied by the name of patricians and ple¬ 
beians, patron and client, who by mutual in¬ 
terest were induced to preferve the peace of 
the ftate, and to promote the public good. 
Some time alter Romulus dilappeared as he 
was giving inftructions to the fenators, and the 
eclipfe of the fun, which happened at that 
time, was favorable to the rumor which af- 
ferted that the king had been taken up to hea¬ 
ven, 714 B. C. after a reign of 39 years. 
This was furiher confirmed by J. Proeulus, 
one of the fenators, who folemnly declared, 
that as he returned from Alba, he had ieen 
Romulus in a form above human, and that he 
had directed him to tell the Romans to pay 
him divine honors under the name of Qjuirinus , 
and to allure them that their city was doomed 
one day to become the capital of the world. 
This report was immediately credited, and the 
more fo as the fenatofs dreaded the refent- 
ment of the people, who fufpefted them of 
having offered him violence. A temple was 
railed to him, and a regular prieit, called 
Flumen Qiiirinalis , was appointed to oiler him 
Sacrifices; Romulus was ranked by the Ro¬ 
mans among the 12 great gods, and it is not 
to be wondered that he received fuch dillin- 
guilhed honors, when the Romans confidered 
him as the founder of their city and empire, 
and the ion of the god of war. He is gene¬ 
rally reprefented like his father, fo much that 
it is difficult to difl.inguilh them. The fable 


of the two children of Rhea Sylvia being 
nourished by a the wolf, arofe from Ltipa, 
Favdhilus’s wife, having brought them up 
[Vid. Acca.] Dionyf. Hal. I & 2.— Liv. I, 
c. 4, &c.— JvJiin. 43, c. 1 & 2 — FLor. 1, c. 
l.—Plut. in Romul.-^-Val. Max. 3, c. 2 . 1. 5, 
c - 3 -—PUm 15, c. 18, &c.— Virg. JEn. 2, v. 
342, 605.— Ovid. M-'t. 14, v. 616 & 845. 
Fuji. 4, $cc.—Horat. 3, od. 3.— Juv. 18, v. 
272. 

Ro.mui.us Svtvius or Ali.adius, a king 

of Alba.-Momylltis Auguftulus, the lad 

of the emperors of the weltern empire of 
Rome. His country was conquered A. D. 4 76, 
by the Heruli, under Odoacer, who affumed 
the name of king of Italy. 

Rom us, a fon of ./Eneas, by Lavinia. 
Some luppofe that he was the founder of 

Rome.-A lbn of ./Emathion lent by Dio- 

medes to Italy, and alfo fuppoled by fome to 
he the founder of Rome. 

Roscia Lex de theatris , by L. Rofcius 
Otho the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It required 
that none ihould fit in the firlt 14 feats of the 
theatre, if they were not in poffieflion of 400 
leftertia, which was the fortune required to be 
a Roman knight. 

Roscianum, the port of Thurii, now 
Rojf.ino. 

Q. Roscius, a Roman aftor, born at La- 
nuvium, fo celebrated on the ftage, that every 
comedian of excellence and merit has receiv¬ 
ed his name. His eyes were naturally dist¬ 
orted, and he always appeared on the llage 
with a mafk, but the Romans obliged him to 
aft his charafters without, and they over¬ 
looked the deformities of his face, that they 
might the better hear his elegant pronuncia¬ 
tion, and be delighted with the lweetnefs of 
his voice, fie was accufed on fufpicion of 
dishonorable practices; but Cicero, who had 
been one of his pupils, undertook his defence, 
and cleared him of the malevolent afperfion s 
of his enemies, in -sn elegant oration ltill ex¬ 
tant. Rofcius wrote a rreatile, in which he 
compared with great fuccels and much learn¬ 
ing, the profeffion of the orator with that of 
the comedian. He died about 60 years be¬ 
fore Chirtf. Herat. 2, ep. I.— QitintiL — Cic. 
pro Rof. de cat. 3, de Div. 1, &c. 3, 

&c.— Pint, in Cic -Sextus, a rich citizen 

of Ameria, murdered in the diftatorfiiip of 
Sylla. His fon, of the fame name, was ac¬ 
cufed of the murder, and eloquently defended 
by Cicero, in au oration Hill extant, A. U. C* 

673. Cic. pro S Rofcio. Amer. - Lucius, a 

lieutenant of Caefar’s army in Gaul.-Otho, 

a tribune, who made a law to dilcriminate the 
knights from the common people at public 
fpectacles. 

Rusi'E Campus, or Rosia, a beautiful 
plain in the country of the Sabines, near the 
lake Velinum. Vurro. R. R. I, c. 7.— Virg. 
JEn. 7, v. 712.— Cic. 4, Att. 15. 

Rosiiaanus aoer, a territory in Etruria. 

X x 3 Rosaus, 







RU 


RU 


Rosius, a harbour of Cilicia.-A man 

made couful only for one day under Vitellios, 
Sec. Tacit. 

RojutUM, a town of Etruria, npw Monte 
Rofu 

Rotomagus, a town of Gaul, now Rouen. 

RjsXna, a Perfian woman, taken'prifoner 
by Alexander. Tiie conqueror became ena¬ 
moured of her and married her. Me behaved 
with great cruelty after Alexander’s death, and 
Ihe was at kit put to death by Catfander’s 
Order. She was daughter of Darius, or, ac¬ 
cording to others, of one of his fatraps. Curt. 

8, C. 4. 1. 10, C. 6.— Plut. in Alex. -A 

wife of Mitlyridates the Great, wiio pviloned 
herl'clf. 

Roxol.Ini, a people of European Sarma- 
tia, who proved very adhive and rebellious in 
the reign of the Roman emperors. 

Ruhejf., the no>th cage at the north of 
Scandinavia. 

Rubej.uus Blandcs, a man who mar¬ 
ried Julia, the daughter of Drufits, &c. — • ■■■• 
One of tlie delcendants of Augullus, treacher- 

oufly put to death by Nero, Sec. Tacit. - 

Plautus, an illuftrious Roman, who dilgraeed 
hi mi elf by his arrogance and .ambitious views. 
Juv.- 8 , v. 39, 

Rubi, now Ruvo, a town of Apulia, from 
which the epithet Rubens is derived, ap¬ 
plied to bramble bullies which grew there. 
The inhabitants were called Rubitim. lio- 
rcit. i,. Sat. 5» v. 9-i*— yii'SS* G. I, v. 
266. 

Rubicon, now llugone, a linall river of 
Italy, which it fepafates.from CiCalpine Gaul. 
It riles in the Apennine mountains, and falls 
into the Adriatic lea. By eroding it, and thus 
tr.au(gcsjTmg. the b oundaries of his province, J. 
Cedar declared war again!! the fenate and 
Pompey, and began the civil wars, Lucan. 1, 

V. 185 & 213.— Strab.f. — Suet, ill Caf. 32- 

P/in. 3, c. 15. 

Rubiknus Lappa, a tragic poet in the age 
of Juvenal, confpicuous as much for his great 
• genius as his poverty, juv. 7, v. 72. 

Rubi go, a goddefs, Till. Robigo. 

Rupo, the D'ucir.a , which falls into thp 
JSaltlc at Riga. 

Rubra sax a, a place of Etruria, near 
Vcii, at the diftance of above eight miles 
from Rome. Mart. 4, ep. 64, v. . 5,— Liv. 
3> c - 49- 

Rubria Lex was euadled after the taking 
of Carthage, to make an equal uivifion of the 
lands in Africa. 

Rubiuus, a Roman knight accufed of frea- 

fon under Tiberius, Lc. Ta.it. -A man 

who tiled to Parthia on fufpiuon that the Ro¬ 
man affair; were ruined.-A friend of Vi- 

tedlius.—-—An obfeure Gaul in great favor 
with Domitian. Juv. 4, v. 145.-An offi¬ 

cer in Cafar’s army. 

Rubrum mare (the Rt>J Se*)y i$ fituate 
between Arabia; Egypt, and Ethiopia, and* is 


often called Eiythra-um mare, and confounded 
with the Arahicus finus, and the Indian fea. 
Plin. 6, c. 23 & 24— Liv. 36, c. 17. 1 . 42, c. 
52. 1 . 45, c. 9.— Virg. JEn. 8, V. 686.—-Aw- 
can. 8, v. 853. 

Rudia:, a town of Calabria near Brnndu- 
fium, built by a Greek colony, and famous 
for giving birth to the poet Ennius. Cic. 
pro Arch. 10.— Ital. 12, v. 396.— MAa, 2 , 
c. 4 - 

RuffInus, a general in Gaul in the reign 
of Vitellius, See. Tacit. H. 2, c. 94. 

Ruffus Crisfinus, an officer of the 
pretorian guards under Claudius. He was 
banilhed by Agrippina for his attachment to 
Btitannicus and O&avius, the Ions of. Mei- 
falina, and put himfelf to death. His wife 
Poppien Sabina, by whom he had a foi> 
called RufHnus Crifpinus, afterwards mar¬ 
ried Nero. Tacit. 12. Hifr. C. 42. 1 . 16. 

c. 17.-A foldier presented with a civic 

crown for preferving the life of a citizen, 
&-c. 

Rufiana, a town of Gaul, now Rufajb in 
Alfcee. 

Rufiui.us, a Roman ridiculed by Horace, 
Sat. 2, v. 27, for.his effeminacy. 

Jul. Ruffiniancs, a rhutoriciap, Sec. 

Rufinus, a general of Theodofius,&c. 

Rufra;, a town of Campania, tf which 
the inhabitants were called Rufreni. Cic. 10. 
Fam, 71.— Sil. 8, V. 368.— Virg. JEn. 7,-V. 
739 - 

Rufrium, a town of Samnium, new Ruvo. 
Liv. 8, c. 25. 

Rufus, a Liitin hiftorian. [ Vid. Qnintius.] 

-A friend of Commodus, famous for his 

avarice and ambition,-One of the ances¬ 

tors of Sylla, degraded from the rank of a 
i’enator becaule ten pounds weight of gold were 

found in his houfc.-A governor of Judsea. 

-A man who confpired againft Domitian, 

-—A poet of Ephefu-s in the reign of Tra¬ 
jan. He wrote fix books-on fimples, now loft. 
——A Latin poet.——Sempronius. Vid, 
Praetorius. , 

Rugia, now Rugen y an ifland of the 
Baltic. 

RuGiij a nation of Germany. Tacit, dp 
Germ. 43. 

Rupjljus, an officer furnamed Rex, for his 
authoritative manners. He was proicribed by 
Augullus, and fled to Brutus, Jfqrat. 1. Sat. 

7, v. 1.-A writer whole treaties deJiguris 

fententiarumy Sec. were edited by Runken, 
8vo. L. Bat. 1786. 

Ruscino, 3 jtowo of Gaul at the foot of 

the Pyrenees, Liv. 21, c. 14.-A lea-port 

town of Africa. Jd. 30, c. 10. 

Ruscius, a town of Gaul. 

Rusconia, a town of Mauritania. Liv . 
II, c. 24. 

Rusell/e, an inland town of Etruria de- 
ftroyed bv the Romans. Liv. 28, c. 4c. 

Ru spina, a town of Africa near Adm¬ 
in etiun 









metum. 5 / 7 . It. 3, v. a6o.— Flirt. A/. 
640. 

Rusticus, L. Jut* Arulenus, a man 
put to death by Domitian. • He was the 
friend and preceptor of Pliny the younger, 
who prailes his abilities, and he is likewife 
Commended by Tacitus, 16, H. c. 26. — Plin. 

I, ep. 14. — Suet, in Dom. -A friend of M. 

Aurelius. 

Rusuccurum, a town of Mauritania, be¬ 
lieved modern Algiers, 

Ruteni, a people of Gaul, now Ruvergne y 
in Guienrte, Caf. B. G. 

Rutila, a deformed old woman, who lived 
pear ICO years, &c. Plin . 7, c. 48.— Juv. 
lo, v. 294. 

Rutilus, a rich man reduced to beggary 
by his extravagance. Juv. 11, v. 2. 

P. Rutilius Rufus, a Roman conful in 
the age erf Sylla, celebrated for his virtues 
and writings. He refufed to comply with 
the requefts of his friend's becaufe they were 
unjuft. When oylla had baniftied him from 
Rome he retired to Smyrna, amidft the ac¬ 
clamations and praifes of the people; and I 
when fome of his friends wilhed him to be 
recalled home by means of a civil war, he fe- 
verely reprimanded them, and laid, that he 
wilhed rather to lee his country blufti at his 
exile, than to plunge it into did refs by his 
return. He was the firft who taught the Ro¬ 
man loldiers the principles of fencing, and by 
thus mixing dexterity with valor, rendered 
their attacks more certain, and more irrefifti- 
ble. During his baniftiment he employed his 
time in ftudv, and wrote an hiftory of Rome 
in Greek, and an account of Ins own life in 
Latin, befides many other works. Ovid. Fuji. 


6 , v. 563 -—Seneca de Bencf—Cic. in Brut, 
de Orat. I, c. 53. — Val. Max. 2 , c. 3. 1 . 6, 

C. 4.— r Patcrc. 2, c. 9.-A Roman procon- 

ful, who is fuppofed to have encouraged Mith- 
ridates to murder all the Romans who were'in 

his province.-Lupus, a pretor, who fled 

away with three cohorts from Tarradna.- 

A rhetorician. Quintil. 3, c. 1.-A: man 

who went ngainft Jugurtha.?-A friend of 

Nero.-Claud. Numantianus, a poet of 

Gaul, in the reign of Honorius. According 
to fome, he wrote a poem on mount ^Etna. 
He wrote alfo an itinerary, publirtied by Bur- 
man in the poetae Latini minorer, L. Bat. 410 
I 73 I * 

Rutuba, a river of Liguria, falling from 
the Apennines into the Mediterranean. Lu¬ 
can. 2, v. 422.-Of Latium, falling into the 

Tiber. Lucan. 2, v. 422. 

Ru tubus, a gladiator, &c. Herat, a, Sat. 

7 , v- 96. 

RutOli, a people of Latium, known as 
well as the Latins, by the name of Aborts 
gines. When TEneas came into Italy, Tur- 
nus was their king, and they fupported him 
in the war which he waged againft this foreign 
prince. The capital of their dominions was 
called Ardea. Ovid. Fajl. 4, v. 883. Met. 
14 , V. 455 , &C. — Virg. JEn. 7, &c .—Plin. 3, 
c. 5. 

RutSp.'e, a fea port town on the fouthera 
coafts of Britain, abounding in excellent oyfters, 
whence the epithet of Rutupinus. Some fup- 
pofe that it is the modem town of Dover , but 
others Ricbborougb or Sandwich. Lucan. 6, V. 
67.—Juv. 4, v. 141. 

Ry ph.ei mon i es. Vid. Rhipzi. 


jt. 


SA 

1 ABA, a towir of Arabia, famous for 
) frankincetife, myrrh, and aromatic plants, 
he inhabitants were called Sabai. Strab. 
K—Diod. l.—Virg. G. I, v. 57. JEn. I, v. 
10 . 

Sabachus, or Sabacon, a king of JE- 
iopia, who invaded Egvpt and reigned there, 
t-‘r the expulfion of king Amafis. After a 
ign of 50 years he was terrified by a dream, 
id retired into his own kingdom. Herodot. 2, 

Saba-1, a people of Arabia. Vid. Saba.. 
Sabata, a town of Liguria with a lafe and 
(dutiful harbour, fuppofed to be the modern 

tiorin: Si/: ‘8, v. 461.— Strab. 4. -A 

wn of Aflyria. 

Sabatua, a town of Arabia, now Sa» 
Sabathra. a town of Syria. 5 / 7 . 3, v. 


25 6. 


Sabatini, a people ol Samnium, living on 


SA 

the banks of the Sabatus, a river which falls 
into the Vulturnus. Liv. 26, c. 33. 

Sabazius, a furname of Bacchus, as alfo 
of Jupiter. Cic. de JV. D. 3, c. 23.—yfr- 
nob. 4. 

Sab bas, a king of India. 

Sabella, the nurfe of the poet Horace, 
I. Sat. 9, V. 29. 

Sabp.lli, a people of Italy, defeended 
from the Sabines, or according to fome from 
the Samnites. They inhabited that part of 
the country which lies between the Sabines 
and the Marfi. Hence the epithet of SabeL 

licut. Horat. 3, od. 6- Virg. G. 3, V. 

255. 

Sabf.elus, a Latin poet in the reign of 
Domitian and Nerva. 

Jui.ia Sabina, a Roman matron, who 
married Adrian by means of Plotina the wife 
of Trajan. She is celebrated for her private 
as well as public virtues. Adrian treated her 
l X x 4 with 










with the greated afperity, though he had re¬ 
ceived from her the imperial purple ; and the 
<pmprefs was fo fentible of his unkindnels, that 
fite boaivfcd in his prefence that fhe had dis¬ 
dained to make hirn a father, left his children 
fhould become more odious or more tyrannical 
than he himfelf was. The behaviour of Sa¬ 
bina at Iaft fo exafperated Adrian that he poi- 
foned her, or, according to fome, ohliged her 
to deftroy herfelf, The emperor at that time 
labored under a mortal del'eafe, and therefore 
he was the more encouraged to facrifice Sabina 
to his rcfenMuent, that Ihe might not furvive 
him. D;vine honors were paid to her me¬ 
mory. She died alter fhe had been married 38 
jears to Aarim! A. D. 138 

SacIni, an ancient people of Italy, reck¬ 
oned among the Aborigines, or thofe inhabi¬ 
tants whole origin was not known. Some 
ftippofe, that they were originally a Lacedas- 
tnoniarr co.ony, who fettled In that part of 
the country. The poffeffions of the Sabines 
were fituated in the neighbourhood of Rome, 
between the river Nar and the Anio, and 
hounded on the north by the Apennines and 
Umbria, fouth by Latium, eaft by the JEqui, 
and Etruria on the weft. The greateft part 
of the contiguous nations were descended 
from them, fuch as the Umbiians, the Cam¬ 
panians, the Sabelli, the Olci, Samnites, 
Hernici, iEqui, Marfi, Bruiii, &c. The 
Sabines are celebrated in ancient hiftory as 
being the firtt who took up arms againft the 
Romans, to avenge the rape of their females 
at a fpe&acle where they had been invited. 
After lome engagements, the greateft part of 
the Sabines left their ancient pofleffions, and 
migrated to Rome, where they fettled with 
their new allies. They were at laft totally 
fubdued, about the year of Rome 373, and 
ranked as Roman citizens. Their chief cities 
were Cures, Fidenae, Reate, Cruftumewum, 
Corniculum, Nomentum, Collatia, &c. The 
chara&er of the nation for chaftity, for purity 
of morals, and for the knowledge of herbs 
and incantations was very great. Horat. 17, 
ep. v. 28 .—rCic.Vat x 5—Plin .3, c. 12 .— 
TAv. I, C. 9 & 18.— Dionyf. 2 , C . 51.— 
StraB. 5.— Plor. X, c. I. 1 . 3, c. 18.,— Iial. 
8, v. 424.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 775 & 797. 
Am. I, V. ior, 13, 8, Y. 61 fr -Juv. 10, V. 

* 97 - ’ .r 

SaeiniAvus, a general who revolted in 
Africa, in the reign of Gordian, and was de¬ 
feated foon after, A. D. 240.-A general 

of the eaftern empire, See. 

Sabin-us Aulus, a Latin poet intimate 
with Ovid. He wrote fome epiftles and ele¬ 
gies, in the numher qf which were mention ¬ 
ed, an epiftle from iEneas to Dido, ( from 
HippoWtus to Phaedra., and- from ^afon to 
1-iipfipyle, front Demi j boon to Phvllii*fron\ 
Parish to CEnone, from Ulvffes to Penelope; 
the.three laft of which, thongh laid to be his 
jKjmcofkion, are tpurious- Ovid. Am. z, ej. 


18, v. 27--A man from whom the Sa¬ 

bines received their name. He received di¬ 
vine honors after death, and was one of thole 
deities whom JEneas invoked when he enter¬ 
ed Italy. Pie was fuppofed to be of Lacedae¬ 
monian origin. T'irg. Ain. 7 » v - * 7 1 -' “ 

An officer of Catfai’s army defeated by the 

Gauls.-Julius, an officer, who proclaimed 

himfelf emperor in the beginning of Vefpa- 
fian’s reign. He was foon after defeated in 
a battle; and to efcape from the conqueror 
he hid himlelf in a fubterraneous cave, with 
two faithful domeftics, where he continued un- 
feen for nine fticceffive years. Ilis wife found 
out his retreat, and fpent her time with him, 
till her frequent vifits to the cave difeovered 
the place of his concealment. He was dragged 
before Vefpafian, and by his orders put to 
death, though his friends interefteJ them- 
felves in his enufe, and his wife endeavoured 
to raife the emperor’s pity, by fhownig him 
the twins whom fiie had brought forth in 

their fubterraneous retreat.-Corn, a man 

who ccnfpired agaiiflt Caligula, and after¬ 
wards deftroyed himfelf.-Titius, a Ro¬ 

man fem.tor fhamefully accufed and con¬ 
demned by Sejanus. His body, after execu¬ 
tion, was dragged through' the ftreets of 
Rome, and treated with the greateft indig¬ 
nities. His dog conftantly followed the 
body, and when it was thrown into the Tiber, 
the faithful animal plunged in after it, and 

was drowned. Plin. 8, c. 4c.-Poppa;us, 

a Roman conful, who prelided above 24 
years over Madia, and obtained a triumph 
for his victories over the barbarians. He 
was a great favorite of Auguftus and of Ti¬ 
berius. Tacit . Ann. -Flavius, a brother of 

Vefpafian, killed by the populace. He was 
well known for his fidelity to Vitellius. He 
commanded in the Roman armies 35 vears, 
and was governor of Rome for 12. — — A 
friend of Domitian.-A Roman who at¬ 

tempted to plunder the temple of the Jews. 

■- A friend of the emperor Alexander.- 

A lawyer. 

Sabis, now SamBte, a river of Belgic Gaul, 
falling into the Maele at Namur. Caf. 2, c» 
16& 18. 

Sabota, the fame as Sa!>atha. 

Sabracac, a powerful nation of India. 
Curt. 9, c. 8. 

Sabrata, a maritime town of Africa, near 
the Syrtes. It was a Roman colony, about 
70 miles from the modern Tripoli. Ital. 3, y_ 
2j6.— Plin. 5, c. 4. 

Sabrina, the Severn in England. 

Sabura a general of Juba, king of Nu« 
mtdia, defeated and killed in a battle. Lucan. 
4,v. 722. 

Saburanus, an .officer of the pretoriar* 
guards. When he Mas appointed to this offifie 
by the emperor Trajan, the prince prelented 
him with a fword, faying, Ufa this 1 weapon in 
my fervico as long as my commands are- juft} 

But 







SA 


v SA 

but turn it againp my oivn LreaJI, whenever I 
become cruel or malevolent. 

Sarus, one of trie ancient kings of the Sa¬ 
bines; the lame as Sabinus. Fid. Sabinus. 
-A king of Arabia. 

Sacadas, a mnfician and poet of Argos, 
who obtained three l'everal times the prize 
at the Pythian games. Flut. de muf. — Pauf. 
C, c. *4. 

Sacie, a people of Scythia, who inhabited 
the country that lies at the eaft of Badhiana 
and Sogdiana, and towards the north of mount 
Imaus. The name of Sacie was given in ge¬ 
neral to all the Scythians, by the Perfians. 
They had no towns, according to fome writers, 
but lived in tents. Ptol. 6 , c. 13.— Hcrodot. 
3> c - 93*1- 7’ c - f>3-— Plin. 6, c. 17.—-So//*. 62. 

Sacer mons, a mountain near Rome. 
Fid. Mons facer. 

Sacer lucus, a wood of Campania, on 
the Liris. 

Sacer vortus, or Sacri portus, a 
place ot Italy, near Prrenefte, famous for a 
battle that was fought there between Sylla 
and Marius, in which the former obtained 
the victory. Faterc. 2, c. 26.— Lucan. 2, 
V. 134 

SacrAni, a people of Latium, who a (Tilled 
Turn us again (1 /Eneas. They were deicended 
from t!ie Pelalgians, or from a prieit of Cybele. 
FPg . JEn. 7, V. 796. 

Sacrator, one of the friends of Turnus. 
Vine. JEn. TO, V, 747. 

Sacra via, a celebrated ftreet of Rome, 
where a treaty of peace and alliance was made 
between Romulus and Tatius. It led from 
The amphitheatre to the capitol, by the temple 
of the goddefs of peace, and the temple of 
Caefar. The triumphal proceffion j.afTed 
through it to go to the capitol. Herat. 4, od. 
2. 1 . I, fat. 9.— Liv. 2, C. 13.— (lie. Plane. 7, 
Att 4, 'p- 4 - 

Sacrata lex militarise A. TT. C. 411, 
by the delator Valerius Corvus, as fome 
fuppofe, enabled that the name • of no fol- 
dier which had been entered in the multer 
roil fhould he ftruck out but by his confent, 
and that no perl'on who had been a military 
tribune (hould execute the office of dudlor 
ordinum. % 

M SacratTvir, friend of Caefar, killed 
at Dyrrachium. Caf.bell.G. 

Sacri portus. Fid . Sacer portus. 

Sacrum bkllum, a name given to the 
wars carried on concerning' the temple of 
Delphi. The firft began B. C. 448, and in 
k the Athenians and Lacedxmenians were 
auxiliaries on oppofite (ides. The fe'-ond 
war began 357 B. C. and finilhed 9 years 
after by Philip of Macedonia, who de¬ 
ft royed all the cities of tin# Phocians. [ Fid . 

Phocis.]-Promontorium, a promonto- 

iy of Spain, now Cape St. Fine nt, call¬ 
ed by Straho- the mod welter ly part of the 
earth. 


Sadales, a fon of Cotys, king of Thrace, 
who aftifted Pompey with a body of 500 
horferaen. Cttf.bPL G, 3.— Cic.Fcr. 1. 

S adus, a river of India. 

Sadyates, one of the Mermnada, who 
reigned in Lydia 12 years after his father 
Gyces. He made war, ag-iinlt the Mileiians 
for fix years. Herod >/. 5, c. 16, See. 

Sa:tabis, a town of Spain near the J.ucro, 
on a rifing hill, famous for its fine linen. Si\ 
3 * 373 - 

Sagalassits, a town of Pifidia on the 
borders of Phrygia, now Sadjaklu. Liv. 38, 
c.15. 

Sagan a, a woman acquainted with 
magic and enchantments. Horat. epod. 5 , 
v. 25. 

Sauaris, a river of Ada, rifing from mount 
Dirtdymus in Phrygia, and falling iiito the 
Euxine. [Fid. Sangaris ] 0 j id. ex Font. 4, 

ep. IO, v. 4 7v-One of tile companions of 

/Eneas, killed by Turnus. Firg. JEn. 5, v. 
263.1. 9, v. 575. 

C. Sagitta, an officer who encouraged 
Plfo to rebel againft the emperor Nero, &c. 
Tacit. Htji. 4, C.49. 

Saora, a irnail river of Italy in the 
country of the Brutii, where 130,000 Cro- 
toniatte were routed by 10,000 Locrians 
and Rhegians. Cic. Nat. D. 2, c. 2.— 
Strab. 6. 

Saguntum, or Saguntus, a town of 
Hi pania Tarraconenfis at the weft of the 
Iberus, about one mile from the lea ftiore, 
now called Morvedro. It had been founded 
by a colony of Zacynthians, and by lome of 
the Rutuli of Ardca. Saguntum is celebrated 
for the clay in its neighbourhood; with which 
cups, pocula Sciguntinciy were made, but more 
particularly it is famous as being the caufe of 
the- lecond Punic war, and for the attachment 
of its inhabitants to the intereit of Rome. 
Hannibal took it after a fiege of about eight 
months; and the inhabitants,, not to fall into 
the enemy’s hands, burnt themfelves with 
their houfes, and with all their effects. The 
conqueror afterwards rebuilt it, and placed 
a gnrrifon there, with all the ’ noblemen 
whom he detained as hoftages from the fe~ 
veral neighbouring nations' of Spain. Some 
fuppofe that he called it Spatlagcne. Tier. 2» 
c. 6.— Liv. 21, c. 2, 7, 9.— Sil. 1, v. 271. 
— Lucan. . 3, v. 250.— Strab. 3.— Mela y 2. 
c. 6. 

Sais, now Sa y a town in the Delta of 
Egypt, fituate between the Canopic and Se- 
bennytican mouths of the Nile, and anciently 
the capital of Lower Egypt. There was there 
a celebrated temple dedicated to Minerva, 
with a room cut out of one (tone, which had 
been conveyed by water from Eiaphantis by 
the labors * of 2000 men in three years. 
The It one meafured on the outfide 21 cubits 
long, 14 broad, and 8 nigh. Ofiris was alio 
buried near the town of Sais. The inhabi¬ 
tant* 





tants were called Sait*. One of the mouths ! 
of the Nile, which is adjoining to the town, 
has received the name of Saiticum. Strab. 17, 
—Hero Jot. 2, c. 17, &c. 

Sala, a town,of Thrace, near the mouths 

of the Hebrus.-A town of Mauritania. 

-of Phrygia-A river of Germany fal¬ 
ling into the Elbe, near which are fait pits. 

Tacit, An. 13. c. 57.-Another falling into 

the Rhine, now the JJfel. 

Salacon a poor man who pretended to 
be uncommonly rich, &c. Cic. ad Div. 7, 
c. 24. 

Salami via, a name given to a (hip at 
Athens, which was employed by the re¬ 
public in conveying the officers of Hate to 
their different admiuillrations abroad, Sec. 

-A name given to the ifland of Cyprus, 

on account of Salamis, one of its capital 
cities. 

Salamis, a daughter of th* river Afo- 
'pus, by Methone. Neptune became enamour¬ 
ed of her, and carried her to an ifland of the 
y^Egean, which afterwards bore *Tier name, 
and where (he gave birth to a ion called Cen- 
chreus. Diod. 4. 

Salamis, Salamin.s, or SalamTna, now 
Colauri, an ifland in .the Sr.ronicus Sinus, 
on the tbuthern coaft of Attica, oppoiite Eleu- 
fis, at the-diilance of about a league, with a 
town and harbour of the fame name. It is 
about 50 miles in circumference. It was ori¬ 
ginally peopled by a colony of Ionians, and 
afterwards by ibme of the Greeks from the 
adjacent iflands and countries. It is celebrated 
for a battle which was fought there between 
the fleets of the Greeks and that of the Per- 
lians, when Xerxes invaded Attica. 7 he ene¬ 
my’s ihips, amounted to above 2000, and thole 
of the Peloponnefian, to about 380 fail. In 
this engagement which was fought on the 20th 
of Odlober, B. C. 480, the Greeks loft 40 
Ihips, and the Perfians about 2C0, befides 
an immenfe number which were taken, with 
all the ammunition they contained. The 
ifland of Salamis was anciently called Sciras , 
Cycfyria , or Cenchr'ta, and its bay the gulf 
of Engia. It is laid that Xerxes attempted to 
join it to the continent. Teucer and Ajax, 
who went to the Trojan war, were natives 
of Salamis. St>ab. 2.— Hercdot. 8, c. j6, life. 
— Pint, Ilf C. Hep in Them life — l)ir.d.4 .— 
Val. Max. C. 3.’— Pauf. I,c. 35, life. — Me¬ 
la, 2, C.. 7-— Lucan, 5, v. 109.— Sil. 14, v. 
283., 

Sal.Xmis, or .SalXmJna, a town at the 
eaft of the ifland of t ypvus. It was built by 
Teucer, who gave it the name of the ifland 
Salamis, frpm which he had [been banifhed 
about 127-3 years before the Cnriftian era; 
and from this circumftance the epithets of 
a,ni£igua and of altera were applied to it, as the 
mother country was alfo called wra, for the 
fake of diftinction. His defendants conti¬ 
nued'mafters of the town for gbeve 800 years. 


j It was deftroyed by an earthquake, and re- 
built in the 4th century, and called Conjlantia. 
Strab. 9.— Herodot. 8, c. 94, life .— Horat. I, 
od. 7, v. 21 .—Patcrc. I, c. l.— Lucan. 3, v. 

183. 

Salavia, or Salapi.v., now Salpe, a town 
of Apulia, where A nnibal. retired after the 
battle of Cannae, and where he devoted him- 
felf to licentious pleasure, forgetful of his 
fame -and of the interefts of his country. It 
was taken from the Carthaginian general by 
Marcellus. Some remains of this place may 
be traced near a lake called Salapina Pal us, 
now ufed for making fait, which, from the 
lituation near the fea, is eafily conveyed by 
fmali boats to Ihips of iiiperior burden. I-u- 
can. 5, V. 377.— Val. Max. 3, C. 8.— Plin. 
3 »c.n. 

Salara, a town'of Africa propria, taken 
by Scipio. Liv. 29, c. 34, Sec. 

Salaria, a ftreet and gate at Rome which 
led towards the country of the Sabines. It 
received the name of Salaria , becaule fait, 
(fat), was generally conveyed to Rome that 

way. Mart. 4, ep. 64.- -A bridge called 

Salartus , was built 4 miles from Rome thro* 
the Salarian gate on the river Anio. 

Salassi, a people of OUalpine Gaul who 
were in continual war with the Romans. 
They cut off 10,000 Romans under Appius 
Claudius, A. U. C. 610, and were foon after 
defeated, and at laft totally fubdued and fold 
as flaves by Auguftus. Their country, now 
called Val de Aoufta, after a colony fetled 
there, and called Augufta Pratoria, was fitu- 
ate in a valley between the Alps Graiae and 
Penninse, or Great and Little St. Bernard. 
Liv. 21 , C. 38.— Pint. 3, C. 17.— Strab. 
4 * 

Salkius, a poet of great merit in the 
age of Domitian, yet pinched by poverty, 
though horn of illuthious parents, and dil- 
tinguilhed by purity of manners and inte¬ 
grity of mind. Juv. 7, v. 80.— Quint. 10, 
c. 1. 

Saleni, a people of Spain. Mela , 3, 
c. 1. 

SalentIni, a people of Italy, near Apu¬ 
lia, on the fouthern coaft of Calabria. Their 
chief towns were Brundufium, Tarentum, and 
Hydruntum. Ital. 8, v. 579.— Virg. JEn. 3, 
v. 400.—^ arro de R. R. I, c. 24 .-—Strab. 6, 
— lllela, 2, c. 4. 

Salernom, now Salerno, a town of 
the Picentini, on the (bores of the Tyr¬ 
rhene fea, louth of Campania, and famous 
for a medical fchool in the lower ages. 

Plin. 13, C. 3. — Liv. 34, C. 45- - Lucan. 

2, v. 425- Pat ere. I, c. 15.— Horat. I, 

ep. 15 - - ' c . ' 

Salganeus, or Salganea, a town of 
Bccotia, on the Euripus. Liy. 35, c. 37, 
Sec. 

Salia, a town of Spain, where Prudentius 
was born. Mela. 

SAUCAj 





S A 


Salic a, a town of Spain. 

Salii, a college of priefts at Rome, in- 
flituted in honor of Mars, and appointed by j 
Numa to take care of the' iacred ihields ; 
called Ancylia, B. C. 709. [Vid. Ancyle.] 
They were twelve in number, the three 
elders among them had the luperintendance 
of all the relt; the tirlt was called preeful, 
the lecond yules, and the third tnagijier. 
Their number was afterwards doubled by 
Tullus Hoftilius, after he had obtained a 
victory over the Fidenates, in confequence 
ot a vow which he had made to Mars. 
The Salii were all of patrician families, 
and the office was very honorable. The firft 
of March was the day on which the Salii 
oblerved their feflivals in honor of Mars. 
They were generally dr died in a ffiort fear- 
let tunic, of which only the edges were leen ; 
they wore a large purple colored belt about 
the waift, which was fattened with brats 
buckles. They had on their heads round 
bonnets with .two corners Handing up, and 
they wore in their right hand a frnall rod, 
and in their left a fmnll buckler. In the 
obfervation of their folemnity thev firft offer¬ 
ed lacrifices, and afterwards went through 
the ftreets dancing in meafured motions, 
fometimes all together, or at other times 
feparately, while mufical inftruments were 
playing before them. They placed their 
body in different attitudes, and ltruck with 
their rod» the ihields which they held in 
their hands. They alio lung hymns in ho¬ 
nor of the gods, particularly of Mars, Juno, 
Venus, and Minerva, and they were ac¬ 
companied in the chorus by a certain num¬ 
ber of virgins, habited like themfelves, and 
called Sulia. The Salii inllituted by Numa 
were called Palatini, in contradistinction from 
the others, beenale they lived on mount Pa¬ 
latine, and offered their lacrifices there. '1 hole 
that were added bv Tullus were called Cel¬ 
lini, Agonalcs, or Qairinales, from a moun¬ 
tain of the lame name, where they had 
fixed their refidence. Their name teems to 


hare been derived a falundo, or faltjndo , be¬ 
caule during their feltivals it was parti¬ 
cularly requilite tint they Should leap and 
dance. ’Their fealts and entertainments 
were uncommonly rich and tumptuous, 
whence dupes failures is proverbially applied 
to fucli repalls as are molt fplendid and 
coldly. It was ulual among the Romans 
when they declared war, for the Salii to 
fhake their Ihields with greot violence, as if 
to call upon the god Mars, to come to their 
aSlktance. Liv'. I, C. ’’20.— l r arro de L. L. 
4 , c. 15.— (Paid. Paji. 3> v - 387.— Ditfiyf. 
3.— Flor. 1, c 2. &c<—/T'/jr. JEn. 8, v. 285. 

--—A nation of Germany v. ho invaded Gaul, 

and were conquered by the emperor Julian. 
Afnm. Mar. I 7. 

Sa 1.1 nator, a furrtame common to the 
family of the Liv'd, and others. 


S A 

S a Lius, an Acarnanian at the games 
exhibited by TFneas in Sicily, and killed in 
the wars with Turrius It is faid by lome, 
that lie taught the Latins thole ceremonies, 
accompanied with dancings which after¬ 
ward; bore his name in the appellation of 
the Salii. Vitrg. JEn. 5, v. 298. 1 . io, v. 
753- 

Caisrus' Sallustius, a Latin hiitorian, 
horn at Amitcrnum, in the country of the 
Sabines. He received his education at 
Rome, and made himfelf known as a pub¬ 
lic magistrate in the office of qua: it or and 
conful. His licetitioufneti, and the depra¬ 
vity of his manners, however, did. not ef- 
cape the cenfure of the age, a,nd Salluit was 
degraded from the dignity of a fenator, B. 

C. 50. His amour with Faufta the daugh¬ 
ter of Sylla, was a ilrong proof of his de¬ 
bauchery-; and Milo, the hufband, who dif- 
covered the^adultereY in his houle, reveng¬ 
ed the violence'offered to his bed, by beat¬ 
ing him with itripes, and felling him his li¬ 
berty at a high price. A continuation of ex¬ 
travagance could not long be fupported by 
the income of Snlluft, but he extricated him- 
felf from all difficulties by embracing the 
caufe of Cxfar. He wasrellored to the rank 
of fenator, and made governor of Numidia. 

In the administration of his province, Sal- 
lult behaved with unulual tyranny ; he en¬ 
riched himfelf by plundering the Africans, 
and at his return to Rome he buiit himfelf 
a magnificent houfe, and bought gardens, 
which from their delightful and plealant litu- 
ation, Hill prel'erve the name of the gardens 
of Salluft. He married Terentia, thq di¬ 
vorced wife of C'cero ; and from this cir- 
cumltance, according to lome, arole an im¬ 
mortal hatred between the hiitorian and tiie ' 
orator. Sallult died in the 5tit year of his 
age, 35 years before the Chrillian era. As 
a writer he is peculiarly diitkiguilhcd. He 
had compofed a hiltory of Rome, but no¬ 
thing remains of it except a few fragments, 
and his only competitions extant are his 
hiltory of Catiline’s conlpiracy, and of the 
wars of Jugurtha, king of Numidia. In 
thefe celebrated works the author is great¬ 
ly commended for his elegance, the vigor and 
animation of his fentehcesj lie every where 
diiplavs a wonderful knowledge of the hu¬ 
man heart, and paints with a malterly hand 
the caufes that gave rile to the great events 
which he relates. No one was better ac¬ 
quainted with the vices that prevailed in 
the capital of Italy, and no otic feems to 
have been more fevere againft the follies 
of the age, and the failings of which he hinrw 
fclf was guilty in the eyes of the world. 
His deferiptions are elegantly correct, and 
his harangues’ are ; nervous and animated, 
and well fuiting the character and the dif¬ 
ferent purfuits of the great men in whofe 
mouth they ari placed. The hiitorian, how¬ 
ever, 





ever, is Warned for tedious and infipid exor¬ 
diums, which often dilguft the reader with¬ 
out improving him; his affectation of old 
and obfolete words and phrafes is all'o cen- 
iured, and particularly his unwarrantable par¬ 
tiality in Jbme of his narrations. Though 
faithful in every other refpeft, he lias not 
painted the character of Cicero with all the 
fidelity and accuracy which the reader claims 
from the hiftoiian; and in parting in filence 
over many actions which refleit the greateft 
honor on the firft hufband of Terentia, the 
rival of Cicero has difgrnced himfelf, and 
rendered his compofiticns lets authentic. 
There are two orations or epiflles to Cedar, 
concerning the regulations of the date, attri¬ 
buted to him, as ailb an oration againft 
Cicero, whole authenticity fome of the mo¬ 
derns have difputed. The beft editions of 
Sallult, are thole of tlaverkamp, 2 vols. 4to. 
An ill. 1742; and of Edinburgh, 12mo. 1755. 

. Quintil. 10, c. I.— Suei.de (yam. in Caf .— 

Martial. 14, ep. 191.-A nephew of the 

Riftbiian, by whom he was adopted. He 
imitated the moderation of Maecenas, and 
remained fitisfied with the dignity of a Ro¬ 
man knight, when lie could have made him- 
lhif powerful by the favors of Auguftiis and 
Tiberius, hie was very effeminate and lux¬ 
urious. Horace dedicated 2, od. 2, to him. 

Tacit. Ann. I .—PI hi. 34, c.-Secundus 

Promotus, a native of Caul, very intimate 
with, the emperor Julian. He is remarkable 
for his integrity, and the ibundnefs of his 
counl'els. Julian made him prefect of Gaul. 
T here is alfo another Sallult, called Serundrs, 
v, hem feme have improperly confounded ( 
v<ith Promotus. Secundus was alfo one of j 
Julian’s favorites, nr.d was made by him 
p-efect of the eaft. He conciliated the good 
graces of the Romans by the purity of his 
morals, his fondueis foi difeipline, and his 
rthejous principles. After the death of the 
emperor Jovian, he was univerfaliy named 
by the officers of the Roman empire to luc- 
cecd on the imperial throne ; hut he refufed 
this erreat though dangerous honor, and plead¬ 
ed infirmities of body and cid age. The 
Remans wifhed upon this to inveit his lbn 
with the imperial purple, but Seeundus op¬ 
posed it, and obferved that he was too young 

to fupport the dignity.-A prefedt of Rome 

in the reign of Valcntinian.-An officer in 

Britain. 

Salma cis, a fountain of Caria, near Hn- 
Vicarnaffus, which rendered effeminate all tliofe 
who drank of its waters. It was there that 
Hermaphroditus changed his lex, though he 
ftill retained the charadteriftics of his own. 
(Mid. Met. 4, v. 285 .1 15, v. 319 .—Hygin. 
fab. 271-— Fejlus. de V. J.g. 

Salmantica, a town of Spain, now Sala¬ 
manca. 

Sai.mone, a town of Eb's in Peloponnefus, 
with a fountain, from which the Enipeus 


takes ’its fource, and falls into the Alpheus, 
about 40 lladia from Olympia, which on ac¬ 
count of that is called Salmonis. Ovid. 3 * 

amor. cl. 6, v. 43.-A promontory at the 

eaft of Crete. Dionyf. 5. 

Salmoneus, a king of Elis, fon of iEo- 
lus and Enarette, who married Alcidice, bv 
whom he had Tyro. He wifhed to be called 
a god, and to receive divine honors from his 
iubjedfs; therefore to imitate the thunder, 
he ufed to drive his chariot over a bfazen 
bridge, and darted burning torches on every 
fide, as if to imitate the lightning. 1 his 
impiety provoked Jupiter. Salmoneus was 
ft.ruck with a thunderbolt, and placed in the 
infernal regions near his brother Sifyphus. 
Homer. Od. II, v. 235.— Apr,llod. I, C. 9.— • 
Hxvi'/. fab. 60.— Died. 4.— Virg. JLn. 6, 
v. 585, _ t 

Sat.monjs, a name given to Olympia. 

Vid. Salmone.-The patronymic of I yro, 

daughter cf Salmoneus. Ovid. am. 3, el. 6, 
v- 4 .v ' , 

Salmus, (antis?) a town of Afia near the 
Red Sea, where Alexander law a theatrical 
representation. Mod. 17. 

Sai.mydkssl's. a bay on the Euxine fea. 

Salo, now Xalon, a river in Spain, falling 
into the Iberus. Mart. 10, ep. 20. 

Salo durum, now Sa!eure\ a town of the 
Hclvetii. 

Salome, a queen <*f Jud^a. This name 
was common to fome of the princeffes in the 
family cf Herod, &c. 

Salon, a country of Bithynhi. 

Salona, or Salonje, a town of Dalma- 
t<a, about 10 miles diftant from 'the coaft ot 
i :lie Adriatic, conquered by Poliio, who 011 
that account called his fon Salomons, in ho¬ 
nor of the victory. Tt was the native place of 
the emperor Dipclefian, and he retired there 
to enjoy peace and tranquillity, after he had 
abdicated the imperial purple, and huilt a 
ftately palace, the ruins of which were ftill feen 
in the 16th century. A fmall village cf the 
fame name preferves the traces of its fallen 
grandeur. Near is Spnlatro.Zwr<z«. 4, v. 404. 
Oaf. bell. civ. 9.— Mela , 2, c. 3. 

Salonika, a celebrated matron who 
married the emperor Galliehus, and diftin- 
guithed herfelf by her private as well as pub¬ 
lic virtues. She was a patronefs of all the 
fine arts, and to her clemency, mildnefs, 
and benevolence, Rome was indebted fome 
time for her pence and profnerity. She ac¬ 
companied her hufbnnd in fome of his expe¬ 
ditions, and often called him away from the 
purfuits of pleafure to make war againft the 
enemies of Rome. She was put to death by 
the hands of the conlpirators, who alfo aflaf- 
finated her hufband and family, about the year 
268,0/ the Cluittian era. 

SalonInus, a fon of Afinius Pallio. He 
received his name from the conqueft of Salone 
by his father. Some luppofe that he is the hero 

of 











of Virgil’s fourth eclogue, in which the re¬ 
turn of the golden age is fo warmly and beau¬ 
tifully anticipated.-P.Licinius Cornelius, a 

fon of Gallieous, by Salonina, fent into-Gaul, 
there to be taught the art of war. He remained 
there lbrne time, till the ufurper Pofthuvnius 
arole, and proclaimed himlelf emperor. Sa- 
loniuus was upon this delivered up to his ene¬ 
my, and put to death in the ioth year of 
his age. 

Salonius, a friend of Cato the cenfor. 
The daughter of Cenforius married Salonius 
in his old age. Plat. -A tribune and cen¬ 

turion of the Roman army, hated by the popu¬ 
lace for his Uriel nets. 

Salhs, a colony of Etruria, whofe inhabi¬ 
tants are called Salpinates. Liv. 5, c. 31. 

. Salsum, a river in Spain. Caf. 

Salvjan, one of the fathers of the 5th cen¬ 
tury, of whole works the belt edition is the 
nmo. Paris, 1684.' 

Salvioiknus, an officer of the army of 
Augustus, pie w.u betrayed by Antony, and 
put to death.—r—A Latin writer in the age of 
the emperor Probus. 

Salvius, a F.ute player, fnluted king by 
the rebellious Haves of Sicily in the age of 
Marius. He maintained for 1'ome time war 

againlt the Romans.-A nephew of the 

emperor Otho.-A friend of Pompey.- 

'A man put to death by Domitian.-A 

freed man of Atticus. Cic. ad Div, c. it. 

•-Another of the fons of Hortenfrus. 

Id. 

Sai.us, the geddefs of health at Rome, 
worfhipped by the Greeks under the name of 
Hvgieia. Liu. 9 & IO. 

Salves, a people of Gaul on the Rhone. 
Lh. 5,c. 34 & 35. 1 . 21, c. 26. 

Samara, a river of Gaul, now called//^ 
Somme, which falls into the British channel 
near Abbeville. 

Samaria, a city and country of PaleChne, 
famous in facred hiltory. The inhabitants, 
called Samaritans, were computed of Hea¬ 
thens and rebellious Jews, and on having a 
temple built there alter the form of that ot 
Jerufalem, a lalting enmity arole between 
the people of Judaea and of Samaria, lo 
that no intercourfe took place between the 
two countries, and the name of Samaritan 
became a word of reproach, and as if it were 
a curie. 

Sam arobriva, a town of Gaul, now Amiens , 
in Picardy. 

Sambulos, a mountain near Mefopotamia, 
where Hercules was worll.ipped. 1 acit. A. 


king 


defeated by 
river of In- 


12, c. 13. 

Sambus, an Indian 
Alexander. DiocL 17 *— 
dia. 

Same, or Samos, a faiafl ifl-md iathe Io¬ 
nian tea near Ithaca, called aife Cephallenia. 

Virg. PEti. 3, v. 27X. 


S-amta, a daughter of the' river Ma’amier. 

Paul'. 7 )< c 4 *-A lurname of Juno, becaule 

lhe was wOrHupped at Samps. . 

Samn iT.Hi, or iAmnit/e, a people of 
Gayi. * 

Sa m nit Eg, a people of Italy, who inhabited 
the country lituate between, Picetmm, Cam¬ 
pania, Apulja, and ancient La.tium. They difi. 
tinguilhed themlelvcs by 1 heir implacable hat-red 
againlt the- Romans, in the disfbages of that 
empire, till they were at lad totally extir¬ 
pated, B. C. 272, after a war.of 71- years. 
Their chief town was called Sunnium, cr 
Samnis. Liv. 7, ice. — P/or. 1, c. 1 6* jkc. 

1 . 3,C. 18 .—Straps — jLucan. 2.— P.uirqp. 2. 

Samnium,* town and partef Italy inhabit- 
ed by the Samnites. Vid. Samni.tes. 

Samocuonites, a imall lake of Palef- 

tine. . , ;> 

Samoniun, a promontory of Crete. 

Samos, an illand in the Aegean fea, on 
the co dl of Aha Minor, from which it is 
divided by a narrow ftreight, vyich a capital 
of the lame name, built ij. C. 986. It i.< 
about §7 miles in circumference, and is fa¬ 
mous for the birth of Pythagoras. It has 
been anciently called Parthenia, Antlemufa, 
Stcpbane , MelampbyUws, Anthevms , Cyparijfia y 
and Dryufa. It was fil'd in the rofieliion of 
the Leieges, and afterwards of the Ioni- 
ans. The people of Samos were at firft 
governed by kings, and afterwards the 
form of their government became democra- 
tical and oligarchical. Sa/ios was in its 
mod florilhing firuntion under Po^ycrates, who 
had made himlelf ablolute tlicre. The Sa¬ 
mians aftlited the Greeks againlt the Perfinns 
when Xerxes invaded Europe, and were re¬ 
duced under the power of Athens, after a 
revolt, by Pericles, B. C. 441. They were 
afterwards fubdued by Eumenes, king of Per- 
gamus, and were rellored to their ancient 
liberty by Auguftus. Under Vefpafian, Sa¬ 
mos became a Roman province. Juno was 
held in the greateft veneration the.re; her 
temple was uncommonly magnificent, and it 
was even Paid that the goddefs had be?n 
born there under a willow-tree, on the 
banks of the Irabrnlus. Meta, 2, c. 7,— 
Pauf 7, C. 7 , Sc 4.— Plut. in Per. — Pirn. 5, c, 

31.— Virg. JEn. I, v. 20.— Tisutyd. -The 

iilunds of Samothrace and Cephalleuia were 
alfo known by the name of Samos. 

Sa mo sata, a town of Syria, near the 
Euphrates, below mount Taurus, where Lu¬ 
cian was born. 

Samothrace, or Samotfiracia, an 
iflaud in the 7 £gean fea, oppofite the mouth 
of the Hebrus, on. the coait of Thrace, from 
which it is diftanr about 32 miles. It was 
known by the ancient names of Leucofta , 
Me litis, Eledlria, Leucania , and D ardania. 
It was afterwards callei Samos, and diltin- 
guifhed from the Samos which lies on the 

coalt 

















SA 


SA 


coaft of Ionia by the epithet of Thracian, 
or by the name of Samothrace. It is about 
38 miles in circumference, according to Pli¬ 
ny, or only to according to modern travel¬ 
lers. The origin of the firft inhabitants of 
Samothrace is unknown. Some, however, 
fuppofe that they were Thracians, and that 
the place was afterwards peopled by the co¬ 
lonies of the Pelalgians, Samians, and Phce- 
nicians. Samothrace is famous for a deluge 
which inundated the country, and reached 
the very top'of the higheft mountains. This 
inundation, which happened before the age 
of the Argonauts, was owing to the fudden 
overflow of the waters of the Euxine, which 
the ancients eonfidered merely as a lake. 
The Samothracians were very religious; and 
as all myfteries were iuppol’ed to have taken 
their origin there, the ifland received the 
furname of /acred, and wj^ a fafe and invio¬ 
lable alylum to all fugitives and criminals. 
The ifland was originally governed by kings, 
but afterwards the government became de- 
mocratical. It enjoyed all its rights and 
immunities under the Romans till the reign 
of Vel'palian, who reduced it with the reft 
of the iflands in the ,/Egean into the form 
of a province. Plin. 4, c. ia.— Strab. 10.— 
Hervdot. 7, C. IOB, &c.— T’itg. JEi\ 7, v. 208. 
—Mela , 2, o. 7.— Pan/ 7, c. 4.— Flor. 2, 
C. 12 . 

Samus, a fan of Ancamsand Sarnia, grand- 
fon of Neptune. Pan/.y, c. 4. 

Sana, a town of mount Athos, near which 
Xerxes began to make a channel to convey 
the lea. 

Sanaos, a town of Phrygia. Strab. 

Sanchoniathon, a Phoenician hiftorian, 
born at Berytus, or, according to others, at 
Tyre, He florifhed a few years before the 
Trojan war, and wrote, in the language of 
his ‘ country, an hiftory in nine books, in 
which he amply treated of the theology and 
antiquities of Phoenicia, and the neigh¬ 
bouring places. It was compiled from the 
various records found in cities, and the an¬ 
nals which were ul'ually kept in the temples 
of the gods among the ancients. This hif- 
tpry was tranflated into Greek by Philo, a 
native of Byblus, who lived in the reign 
of the emperor Adrian. Some few frag¬ 
ments of this Greek tranflation are extant. 
Some, however, fuppofe them to be fpurious, 
while others contend that they are true and 
authentic. 

Sancus, Sanctis, or Sanctus, a de¬ 
ity of the Sabines introduced among the gods 
of Rome under the name of Dins Fidius. 
According to fome, Sancus was .father to 
Salnis or Sabinus, the firft king of the Sa¬ 
bines. Ital. 8, v. 421.— Varro tie L. L. 4, 
C. 10.—- Ovid. Fa/. 6, v. 213, 

San dace, a After of Xerxes. 

Sandaliotis, a name given to Sardinia, 
from its rei'emblance to a i'andal. Plin . 3, c. 7. 


| Sand ALtuM, a fmall ifland of the ASge* 

an, near Lelbos.-A port of Pifidia* 

Strab . 

Sandanis, a Lydian who advifed CrcefuS 
not to make war againft the Perfians. 

Sand an es, a river of Thrace near Pal* 
lene. • 

Sandrocottus, an Indian of a mean 
origin. His impertinence to Alexander wa* 
the beginning of his greatnefs; the conquer¬ 
or ordered him to be feized, but Sandrocot¬ 
tus fled a way, and at laft dropped down over¬ 
whelmed with fatigue. As he flept on the 
ground, a lion came to him and gently licked 
the fweat from his face. This uncommon 
tamenefs of the animal appeared fuperna- 
tural to Sandrocottus, and railed his ambition. 
He afpired to the monarchy, and after the 
death of Alexander, he made himl'elf mafter 
of a part of th| country which was in the hands 
of Seleucus. Jv/in. 15, c. 4. 

Sane, a town of Macedonia. 

Sangala a town of India deftroyed by 
Alexander. Arrian. 5. 

Sancaiuus, or Sangaris, a river 
of Phrygia, riling in mount Dindymus, and 
falling into the Euxine. The daughter of 
the Sangarius became pregnant of Altes on¬ 
ly from gathering the boughs of an almond- 
tree on the banks of the river. Hecuba, ac¬ 
cording to lbme, was daughter of this river. 
Some of the poets call it Sagaris. Ovid, ex 
Pont. 4, el. IO. — Cluudiatu in Eutrop. 2.— 
Pau/ 7, c. 17. 

Sanguinius, a man condemned for ill 
language, &c. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 7. 

Sannvhion, a tragic poet of Athens. 
He compofed many draniatical pieces, one 
of which was called lo, and another Danae. 
Athen. 9. 

SantoNF.S, & SANTONE, now Saintenge, 
a people with a town of the fame name in 
Gaul. Lucan. I, v. 422.— Martial. 3, ep. 
96. 

SAON,an hiftorian. Dion. Hal. -A man 

who firft dilcovered the oracle of Trophonius. 
Pau/. 9, c. 40. 

Sapiei, or SapkavI, a people of Thrace, 
called alio Sintii. Ovid. Faj't. 1, v. 389. 

Satirene, an ilia nd of the Arabic gulph. 
Plin. 6, C. 29. 

Sa pis, now Savio , a river of Gaul Cifpa- 
dana, falling into the Adriatic. Lucan. 2, 
v. 406. 

Sapor, a king of Perfia who fucceeded 
his father Artaxerxes ahrut the 238th year 
of the Clniftian era. Naturally fierce atxi 
ambitious. Sapor wilhed to increafe his pa¬ 
ternal dominions by conqueft ; and as the in¬ 
dolence of the emperors of Rome feemed 
favorable to iiis views, he laid wafte the pro¬ 
vinces eff Mefopotamia, Syria, and Cilicia ; 
and he might have become matter of all Alia, 
if Odenatus had not Hopped his progrel's. 
If Gordian attempted to repel him, iiis ef¬ 
fort* 




S A 

forts veere weak, and Philip, who fucceeded 
him on the imperial throne* bought the 
peace of Sapor with money. Valerian, who 
was afterwards inverted with the purple, 
marched againfl the Perfian monarch, but 
he was defeated and taken prifoner. Ode- 
ratus no looner heard that the Roman em¬ 
peror was a captive in the hands of Sapor, 
than he attempted to releafe him by force 
of arms. The forces of Perfia were cut to 
pieces, the wives and the treafures of the 
monarch fell into the hands of the conqueror, 
and Odenatus penetrated, with little oppo- 
fition, into the very heart of the kingdom. 
Sapor, foon after this defeat, was affafiinated 
by his fubjeits, A. D. 273, after a reign of 
32 years. He was lucceeded by his fon called 

Hormil'das. Marcellin. S3V.-The ad. of 

that name fucceeded his father Hormifdas 
on the throne of Perfia. Ha 1 was as great 
as his anceftor of the fame name ; and by 
undertaking a war againft the Romans, he 
attempted to enlarge his dominions, and 
to add the provinces on the weft of the Eu¬ 
phrates to his empire. His vi&cries alarmed 
the Roman emperors, and Julian would 
fiave perhaps feized him in the capital of 
his dominions, if he had not received a 
mortal wound. Jovian, who fucceeded Ju¬ 
lian, made peace with Sapor; but the mo¬ 
narch, always reftlefs and indefatigable, re¬ 
newed hoftilities, invaded Armenia, and de¬ 
feated the emperor Valens. Sapor died A. 
D. 380, after a reign of 70 years, in which 
he had often been the fport of fortune. 
He was fucceeded by Artaxerxes, and Ar- 
taxerxes by Sapor the third, a prince who 
died after a reign of five years, A.D. 389, 
in the age of Theodofius the Great. Mar - 
celling Iffc. 

Sappho, or q apho, celebrated for her 
beauty, her poetical talents, and her amo¬ 
rous dHpofition, was born in the ifland of 
Lefbos, about 600 years before Chrift. 
Her father’s name, according to Herodotus, 
was Scamandronymus, or, according to 
others, Symon, or Semus, or Etarchus, 
and-her mother’s name was Cleis. Her 
tender paflicntf were fo violent, that fome 
have represented her attachments with three 
of her female companions, Telefiphe, At- 
fhis, and Megjjra, as criminal, and, on 
that account, have given her the furname 
of Tribas. She conceived fuch a paftion for 
Phaon, a yonth of Mitylene, that upon his 
refhfal to gratify her defires, fhe threw her- 
felf into the fea from mount Leucas. She 
had compofed nind books in lyric verfes, 
befides epigrams, elegies, &c. Of all theie 
compofitions, nothing now 'remains but two 
fragments, whole uncommon fweetnefs and 
elegance lhow how meritonoufiy the praifes 
of the ancients have been bellowed upon n 
.poetefs, who for the fitbldnity of her genius 
was called the tenth Mule, Her comport- 

/ 


S A 

titans were all extant in the age of FTorace. 
The Lefbians were fo fenfible of the merit 
of Sappho, that after her death they paid 
her divine honors, and railed her temples and 
altars, and ftamped their money with her 
image. The poetefs has been cenfured, for 
writing with that licentitaufiiefs alid freedom 
which fo much dilgraced her chara 61 er as 
a woman. The Sapphic verle has been called 
after her name. Ovid. Heroid. 15. Trijl. 2, 
v. 365.— Horat. 2, Od. 1 3. — Iierodot. 2,C. 13 ;. 
—Slat. 5, Syh. 3, V. I sy—JElian. V. H. 
12, C. 18 & 29.— Flirt. 22, c. 8. 

Saftine, a daughter of Darius, the kill 
king of Perfia, offered in marriage to Alex¬ 
ander. 

Saracene, part of Arabia Petraea, the 
country of the idracens who embraced the 
feligion of Mahomet. 

Saracort, a people who go to war riding 
on afles. JEtian. F. H. 12. 

SarAngje, a people near Caucafus. Plin* 
6, c. 1*6. 

Saranges, a river of India, falling 
into the Hydraotes, and thence into the 
Indus. 

Sarafan'!, a pedple of Colchis. Strab 

Sarapus, a furnamerof Pittacus, one of the 
feven wife men of Greece. 

Saras a, a fortified place of Mfcfopotamia, 
on the Tigris. Strab. 

Sara spades, a fon of Phraates king of 
Parthia, lent as an hoftage to Auguftus, See. 
Strab. 

S ar avos, now the Soar, a rive’r of Belgium, 
falling into the Mofelle. 

Sardanapaeus, the 40th and Lift king 
of Affyria, celebrated for his luxury and 
voluptuoufnefs. 'l'he greateft part of his 
time - was fpent in the company of his 
eunuchs, and the monarch generally appear¬ 
ed in the midft of his concubines difguifed 
in the habit of a female, arid lpinning 
wool for his amuferrient. This effeminacy ir r 
ritated his officers; Belefis and Arfaces con- 
fpired againft him, and collected a nume'rous 
force to dethrone him. Sardanapalus quit¬ 
ted his voluptuoufnefs for a while, and ap¬ 
peared at the head of bis armie?.’ The 
rebels were defeated in three fucceflive battles, 
but at laft Sardanapalus was beaten ancf fee- 
fieged in tbe city of Ninus for two years. 
When he defpnired of fuccefs, he burned 
himlelf in his palace, with his eunuchs, con¬ 
cubines, and all his treafures, and the em¬ 
pire of Aftyria was divided among the con- 
fpirators. This famous event happened B. C. 
820, according to Eufebius; though Jufiin 
and others, with lefs probability, place it 86 
years earlier. Sardanapalus was made a god 
after death. Herodot. 2, c. 150.— Diod. 2.— 
Strab. 14 .— Cic. Tvfc. 5 , 0 . 35 . 

Sardx, the inhabitants of Sardinia. Fid. 
Sardinia. 

Sardes. Fid, Sardis, 

Sardinia, 






Sardinia, the geateft iOand in the Me¬ 
diterranean after Sicily, is lituate between 
Italy and Africa, at the l'outh of Corfica. It 
was originally called Sandaliotis or Xcbnufa , 
from its refembling the human foot, (/;£v<6^) 
and it received the name of Sardinia fiom 
Sardus, a (on of Hercules, who fettled there 
with a colony which he had brought with him 
from Libya, Other colonies, under Ariftaeus, 
Noiax, and Iolas, alfo fettled there. The 
Carthaginians were long mailers of it, and 
were dilpoflefied by the Romans in the Punic 
wars, B. C. 231. Some call it, with Sicily, 
one of the granaries of Rome. The air wa* 
very unwholefome, though the foil was fertile 
in'corn, in wine, and oil. Neither wolves 
nor ferpents are found in Sardinia, nor any 
poiLnous herb, except^one, which when 
eaten, contrails the nerves, and is attended 
with a paroxyfm of lauehter, the forerunner 
of death, hence rifus Sardonicus , or Sardous . 
Cic. Farr.. 7> c. 25.— Servius ad Virg. 7, eel. 
41. — Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 85.-— Mela , 3, c. 7. — 
' Strab. 2 & 5.— Cic. pro Man 'll, ad Q. frat. 2, 
ep. 2 , —PHn. 3 , C. 7 .—Pauf. IO, c. 17 — 
farro. de R. R. — Val. Max. 7, c. 6. 

Sakdica, a town of Thrace, at the north 
of mount Haem us. 

Sardis, or Sardes, now Sart, a town of 
Aha Minor, the capital of the kingdom of 
Lydia, fituate at the foot of mount Tmolus, 
on the banks of the Pailolus. It is celebrated 
for the many lieges it iuftained againft the 
Cimmerians, Perlians, Medes, Macedonians, 
Ionians, and Athenians, and tor the battle in 
which B. C. 262, Anriochus Soter was de¬ 
feated by Eumenes, king of Pergarr.us. It 
was deftroyed by an earthquake in the reign 
of Tiberius, who ordered it to be rebuilt. It 
fell into the hands of Cyrus, B. C. 548, and 
v as burnt by the Athenians, B. C. 504, which 
became the caufe of the mvafion of Attica 
bv Darius. Tint, in Alex. — Ovid. Met. II. 
v. 137. 152. &C.— Strab. 13.— Hcrcdot. I,c. 7, 
&c. 

Sard ones, the people of Rouflilon in 
France, at the foot cf the Pyrenees. Rlin. 3, 
c. 4. . . 

Sardus, a foil Hercules, who led a co¬ 
lony to Sardinia, and gave it his name. 

Sarephta, a town of Phoenicia between 
•Tyre and Sidon, now Sarfand. 

Sariaster, a foil of Tigranes, king of 
‘Armenia, who confpired againft his father, Sec. 
Val. Max. 9, c. II. 

Sariphi, mountains at the eaft of the 
Cafpian. 

‘■SarmXtje, or Sauromatte, the inhabi¬ 
tants of Sarmatia. Via. Sarmatia. 

SaRmatia, an extenfive country at the 
north of Europe and Alia, divided into Euro¬ 
pean and Aliatic. The European was bounded 
by the ocean on the north, Germany and the 
Viftula on the weft, the Jazygte on the fouth, 
and Tauais on the eaft. The Aliatic was 


bounded by Hyrcania, the Tanais, and ths 
Euxitie fea. The former contains the mo¬ 
dern kingdoms of Jluffia, Poland, Lithuania , 
and Little Tartary ; and the latter, Great Tar - 
tary , Circaffia, and the neighbouring coon try. 
The Sarmatians were a favage uncivilized na¬ 
tion, often confounded with the Scythians,, 
naturally warlike, and famous for painting 
their bodies to appear more terrible in the 
field of battle. They were well known for 
their lewdnefs, and they pafTed among the 
Greeks and Latins by the,name of barbarians. 
In the time of the emperors they became 
very powerful, they difturbed the peace of 
Rome by their frequent inturfions; till at laft, 
increaled by the favage hordes of Scythia, 
under the barbarous names of Huns, Vandals, 
Goths. Alans, &c.; they fiiccelsfully invaded 
and ruined the empire in the 3d and 4th cen¬ 
turies of the Chriftian era. They generally 
lived on the mountains without any habitation, 
except their chariots, whence they have been 
called Hamaxobii. They lived upon plunder, 
and fed upon milk mixed with the blood of 
holies. Strab. 7, &c.— Mela , 2, C. 4.-— Diod. 
2 .—Tlor. 4, c. 12.— Lucan. J,&.c. — Juv. 2. 
— Ovid. Trijl. 3. &C. 

Sarmat/cum Marf, a name given to the 
Euxine lea, becaufe on the coaft of Sarmatia. 
Ovid. 4, ex Pont. ep. IO, V. 38. 

Sarmentus, a icurrilous perlon, men¬ 
tioned by Herat. I, S^t. 5, v. 56. 

Sarnius, a river of Alia, near Hyr- 
cania. 

Sarnus, a river of Picenum, dividing it 
from Campania, and falling into the Tufcan 
fea. Stat. I. Sy/v. 2, V. 265.— Virg. JEn. 7, 
V. 738 .—Strab 5. 

Saron, a king of Troezene, urtufually fond 
of hunting. He was drowned in the fea, 
where he had fwum for fome miles in purfuit 
of a ftag. He was made a fea god by Nep¬ 
tune, and divine honors were paid to him by 
the Troezenijms. It was cuftomary for bailors 
to oTer him facrifices before they embarked. 
That part of the fea where he was drowned, 
was called Saronicus Jinus, on the coaft of 
Achaia near the ilthmus of Corinth. Saron 
built a temple to Diana at Trcezene, and in- 
flituted feftivalsto her honor, called lrom hivn- 
felf Saronia. Pauf. 2, C. 30.— Mela, 2, C. 3. 
— Strab. 8. 

Saronicus Sinus, no wthegulph of Eri* 
gia, a bay of the Aegean lea, lying at the louth 
of Attica, and on the north of the Peloporine- 
fus. The entrance into it is between the pro¬ 
montory of Sunium and that of Scyllannn. Some 
fuppofe that this part of the fea received its 
name from Saron, who was drowned there, 
or from a l'mall river which difeharged itfelf on 
the coaft, or from a fmali harbour of the 
fame name. The Saronic bay is about 62 
miles in circumference, 23 miles in its brOadeft, 
and 25 iu its longel^ part, according to modem 
calculation. - v ■ 

SarpEdon, 




Sarpedon, 3 Ton, of Jupker by Europa, 
the daughter of Agenor. He banilhed him- 
■ielf from Crete, after he had in vain attempted 
to make himlelf king in preference to his el¬ 
der brother Minos, and he retired to Caria, 
where he built the town of Miletus. He went 
to the Trojan war to affift Priam againft the 
Greeks, where he was attended by his friend 
and companion Glaucus. He was at laft 
killed by Patroclus, after he had made a 
great (laughter of the enemy, and his body by 
order of Jupiter was conveyed to Lycia by 
Apollo, where his friends awd relations paid 
him funeral honors, and railed a monument 
to perpetuate his valor. According to fome 
mythologies, the brother of king Minos; and 
the prince who aflifted Priam were two dif¬ 
ferent perfons. This laft was king of Lycia, 
and fon of Jupiter-, hy I.aodamia, the daughter 
of Bellerophon, and lived about a hundred 
years after the age of the ion of Europa. 
Apollod. 3, c. i— Herodot. i, c. 17jj.— Strab. 

*2.— Homer II. 16.-A ion of Neptune 

killed by Hercules, for his barbarous treat 

ment of Grangers. . A learned preceptor of 

Cato oi Utica. Plut. in Cat.—— A town of 
Cilicia, famous for a temple lacred to Apollo 

and Diana.--Alio a promontory of the lame 

name in Cilicia, beyond which Antiochus was 
not permitted to fail hy a treaty of peace 
which he had made with the Romans. Liv. 
38, c. 38 —Mela, 1, c. 13. '-A promon¬ 
tory of Thrace.-A Syrian general vyho 

fiorilhed B. C. 143. 

Sarra, a town of Phoenicia, the fame as 
Tyre. It receives this name from a fmall ihell- 
hih of the fame name which was found in 
the neighbourhood, and with whole blood gar¬ 
ments were dyed. Hence came the epithet 
of farranus , fo often applied to Tyrian colors, 
as well as to the inhabitants of the colonies of 
.the T)rians, particularly Carthage. Sil. 6. 
v. 662. 1 . 13, v. 205.— Virg. G. 2, v. J06.— 
Fejlus. de V. / ig . 

Sarrastes, a people of Campania on the 
Sarnus, who affifted Turnus againft JEneas.— 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 738. 

Sarron, a king tf the Celtae, fo famous 
for his learning, that from him philolophers 
were called Sarronide. Diod. 6, c. 9. 

Sars, a town of Spain, near cape Fini- 

ilerre. 

Sarsina, an ancient town of Umbria, 
where the poet Plautus was born. The 
inhabitants are called Sarfuiates. Martial. 
9> e p- 59— Tltn. 3, c. 14. — Ital. 8, v. 462. 

Sarus, a river of Cappadocia. Liv. 33, 
c. 41. 

Sasanda, a town of Caria. Diod. 14. 

Sason, an ifland at the entrance of the 
Adriatic fea, lying between Brundufium and 
Aulon on the coaft of Greece. It is barren 
and inhospitable. Strab. 6.—Lucan. 2, v. 627* 

& 5, v. 650.-— Si/. It. 7, v. 480.--A liver 

falling into the Adriatic. 


Satarch^., a people, near the Palus Ms., 
Otis. Mela , 2, c. 1. — Flacc. 6, v. 144. 

Sataspes, a Perfian hung on a crofs by 
order of Xery.es, for offering violence to the 
daughter of Megabyzus. His father’s name 
was Theafpes. Herodot. 4. 

Satibarzanes, a Perfian made fatrap of 
the Ariar.s by Alexander, from whom he after¬ 
wards revolted. Curt. 6 . & 7. 

SatIcula & Saticulus, a town near 
Capua. Vbg. JEn. 7, v. 729.— Liv. 9, c, 
21. 1. 23, c. 39. 

Satis, a town of Macedonia. 

Satrje, r. people of Thrace. Herodot. 7, 
c. III. 

Sa trapeni, a people of Media, under 
Tigranes. Flat. 

Satricum, a town of Italy, taken by Ca- 
millus. Liv. 6, c. 8. 

Satropaces , an officer in the army of 
Darius, &c. Curt. 4, c. 9. 

Satura, a lake of Latium, forming part 
of the Pontine lakes. Sil. 8, v. 382.— Hirg. 
JEn , 7, v. 801. 

<Satureium, or Satureum, a town of 
Calabria, near Tarentum, with famous pas¬ 
tures, and horfes, whence the epithet of fa- 
tureianus in Horat. I, Sat. 6. 

Satureius, one of Domitian’s mur* 
derers. 

Saturnalia, feftivals in honor of Sa¬ 
turn, celebrated the 16th or the 17th, or ac¬ 
cording to others, the 18th of December. 
They were inftituted long before the founda¬ 
tion of Rome, in commemoration of the free¬ 
dom and equality which prevailed on earth in 
the golden reign of Saturn. Some however 
luppofe, that the Saturnalia were firft oblerved 
at Rome in the reign of Tullus Hoftilius,after 
a victory obtained over the Sabines; while 
others fupport,that Janus fir ft inftituted them 
in gratitude to Saturn, from whom he had 
learnt agriculture. Others fuppofe, that they 
were firft celebrated in the year of Rome 257 
after a victory obtained over the Latins by 
the dilator Pofthumius. The Saturnalia were 
originally celebrated only for one day, but 
afterwards the folemnity continued for 3, 4, 
5, and at laft for 7 days. The celebration 
was remarkable for the liberty which univer- 
ially prevailed. The (laves were permitted to 
ridicule their mafters, and to fpeak with free¬ 
dom upon every fubjebt. It was yfual for 
friends to make preients one to another, all 
animofity ceaied, no criminals were executed, 
fchools were (hut, war was never declared, 
but all was mirth, riot, and debauchery. In 
the facrifices the priefts made their offerings 
•with their heads uncovered, a cuftom which 
was never obferved at other feftivals. Sense, 
ep. 18.— Cato de R. R. 57.— Sutton, in Fefp. 
19.— Cie. ad Attic. 5, ep. 20. 

Saturnia, a name given to Italy, became 
^Saturn had reigned there during the golden 
age. Vitg. (?. 2, vi 173——A name given 
Y y to 




to Juno, as being the daughter of Saturn. 

Virg. G. 2, V. 173, JEn. 3, v. 380.--An 

ancient town of Italy, fuppofed to be built by 
Saturn, on the Tarpeian rock. Virg. JEn. 8, 

v. 35 -A colony of Etruria. Liv. 39 ,t. 

55 - 

SaturnInus, P. Sempronius, a general 
of Valerian, proclaimed emperor in Egypt 
by his troops after he had rendered himlelf 
celebrated by his vidiories over the barba¬ 
rians. His integrity, his complaifance and 
affability, had gained him the affedlion of 
the people, but his fondnefs of ancient difci- 
pline provoked his loldiers, who wantonly 
murdered him in the 43d year of his age, 
A. D. 262.-Sextus Julius, a Gaul, inti¬ 

mate with Aurelian. The emperor efteemed 
him greatly, not only for his private virtues, 
hut for his abilities as a general, and for 
the victories which he had obtained in dif¬ 
ferent parts of the empire. He was faluted 
emperor at Alexandria, and compelled by 
the clamorous army to accept of the purple, 
which he _reje£ted with dildain and horror. 
Probus, who was then emperor, marched 
his forces againft: him, and befieged him in 
Apamea, where he dellroyed himfelf when 
unable to make head againft his powerful 
sdverfary.——Appuleius, a tribune of the 
people, who raifed a fedition at Rome, inti¬ 
midated the fenate, and tyrannized for three 
years. Meeting at laft with oppofition, he 
feized the capitol, but being induced by the 
hopes of a reconciliation to truft himfelf 
amidft the people, he was luddenly torn to 
pieces. His fedition has received the name 
©f Appuleiana in the Roman annals. Flor. 

* -Lucius, a feditious tribune, who fup- 

ported the oppreflion of Marius. He was at 
laft put to death on account of his tumultu¬ 
ous difpofition. Pint, in Mario. — Flor. 3, 

c. 16. - An officer in the court of Theo- 

dofius, murdered for obeying the emperor’s 

orders, &c.-Pompeitis, a writer in the 

reign of Trajan. He was greatly efteemed 
by Pliny, who fpeaks of him with great 
warmth and approbation, as an hiftorian, a 
poet and an orator. Pliny always conlulted 
the opinion of Saturninus before he publifhed 

his compofitions.*-Seutios, a friend of 

Auguftus and Tiberius. He lucceeded 
Agrippa in the government of the provinces 
of Syria and Phoenicia.--Vitellius, an offi¬ 

cer among the friends of the emperor Otho. 

Saturnius, a name given to Jupiter, 
Pluto, and Neptune, as being the fons of 
Saturn. 

Saturnus, a fen of Ccrlus, dr Uranus, 
by Terra, called alfo Titea, Thea, or Tithet 3 \ 
He was naturally artful, and by means of his 

• mother, -he revenged himfelf on h:s father, 
whofe cruelty to h>$ children had provoked 
the anger 1 of Thea, The mother armed her 
Ton with a feythe, which was fabricated with 
♦fce metal? drawn from her bowel#, and a? 


Caelus was going to unite himfelf to Thea, 
Saturn mutilated him, and for ever prevented 
him from encreafing the number of his chil¬ 
dren, whom he treated with unkindnefs and 
confined in the infernal regions. After this 
the fons of Ccelus were reftored to liberty, 
and Saturn -obtained his father’s kingdom by 
the conlent of his brother, provided he did 
not bring up amy male children. Purfuant 
to this agreement, Saturn always devoured 
his fons as loon as born, becaufe, as lbme 
obferve, he dreaded from them a retaliation 
of his unkindnefs to his father, till his wife 
Rhea, unwilling to fee her children perilh, 
concealed from her hulband the birth of Ju¬ 
piter, Neptune and Pluto, and inftead of 
the children lhe gave him large- ftones, 
which he immediately lvvallowed without 
perceiving the deceit. Titan was lbme time ; 
after informed that Saturn had concealed his 
male children, therefore he made war againft 
him, dethroned and imprifoned him with 
Rhea; and Jupiter, who was fecretly edu¬ 
cated in Crete, was no iooner grown up, 
than he flew to deliver his father, and to re¬ 
place him on his throne. Saturn, unmindful 
of his Ion’s kindnefs, conlpired againft him, 
when he heard that he raifed cabals againft 
him, but Jupiter banilhed him from his 
throne, and the father fled for fafety into Italy, 
where the country retained the name of La- 
tium y as being the place of his concealment 
(laico). Janus, who was then king of Italy, 
received Saturn with marks of attention, he 
made him his partner on the throne; and the 
king of heaven employed himfelf in civilizing 
the barbarous manners of the people of Italy, 
and in teaching them agriculture and the 
ufeful and liberal arts. His reign there was 
fo mild and popular, fo beneficent and virtu¬ 
ous, that mankind have called it the golden 
age , to intimate the happinefs and tranquillity 
which the earth then enjoyed. Saturn was 
father of Chiron the centaur by Philyra, 
whom he had changed into a mare, to avoid 
the importunities of Rhea. The worfhip of 
Saturn was not lb folemn or fo univerfal as 
thM of Jupiter. It was uiual to offer human 
victims on his altars, but this barbarous cuf- 
tom was abolilhed by Heicules, who lubfti-. 
tuted lmall images of clay. In the facrifices 
of Saturn, the prieft always performed the 
ceremony with his head uncovered, which was 
unulual at other lblemnities. The god is ge¬ 
nerally reprefented as an old man bent through 
age and infirmity. He holds a feythe in his 
right hand, with a ferpent which bites its 
own tail, which is an emblem of time’ and 
of the revolution of the year. In his left 
hand he holds a child, which he raifed up as 
if inllantly to devour It. 'iTafius, king, of 
the Sabines, firft built a- temple to Saturn 
on the Capitoline hill, a fecond was after-, 
wards added by Tull us Holtilius, and a 
third by the firft confute. On hte fUtoes 




* S A 


were generally hung fetters in commemo¬ 
ration of the chains he had worn when im- 
prifoned by Jupiter. From this circum- 
liance all llaves that obtained their liberty, 
generally dedicated their fetters to him. 
During the celebration of the Saturnalia, the 
chains were taken from the ttatucc to inti¬ 
mate the freedom and the independence 
which mankind enjoyed during the golden 
age. One of his temples at Rome was ap¬ 
propriated for the public treal'ury, and it 
was there alio that the names of foreign 
ambafTadors were enrolled. Hefod. Theog. 
— Apollod. i, c. I.— Virg . JEn. 8, v. 319. 
— Pauf. 8, c. 8.— Til/ull. el. 3, v. 35.— 
Horn. II .— Ovid. Fuji. 4, v. 197. Met. I, 
v. 123. 

Saturltm, a town of Calabria, where ilutFs 
of all kinds were dyed in different colors with 
great fuccels. Virg. G. 2, v. 197. 1 . 4, v. 
335 -^ 

Satvri, demigods of the country, whofe 
origin is unknown. They are represented like 
men, but with the feet and the legs of goats, 
ihort horns on the head, and the whole 
body covered with thick hair. They chiefly 
attended upon Bacchus, and rendered them- 
i'clves known in his orgies by their riot and 
lafcivioulhels. The firlt fruits of every' thing 
were generally offered to them. J he Romans 
promilcuoufly called them Fauni, Panes, and 
Sylvan). It is laid that a Satyr was brought 
to Sy 11 a, as that general returned from Thel- 
i'aly. The monller had been lurprited aileep 
in a cave ; but liis voice was inarticulate when 
brought into the prefence of the Roman ge¬ 
neral, and Sylla was to difguited with it, that 
he ordered it to be inflantly removed. The 
monller anlwered in every degree the de¬ 
scription which the poet< and painters have 
given of the Satyrs.— Pauf. 1, c. 23.— Plut. 
in Syll. — Virg. Eel. J, 13.— Ovid. Her aid. 
4, v. 171. 

Satyrus, a king of Bofphorus, who 
reigned 14 vears, &c. His father’s name was 
Spaitacus. Died. 20.- An Athenian who at¬ 

tempted to ejedf the garrifon of Demetrius 

from the cittadel, See. Poly ten. -A Greek 

aclor who inftrudted Demoilhenes, and taught 
him how to have a good and Itrong delivery. 

-A man who abided in murdering Timo- 

phanes, by order of his brother Timoleon. 

-A Rhodian lent' by his countrymen to 

Rome, when Eumenes had accui'ed forne of 
the allies of intentions to favor the interefl of 
Macedonia againft the republic.— : — A Peri 
patetic philofopher and hiltorian who florilhed 

B. C. 148--A tyrant of Heraclea, 346 B. 

C. -An architect who together with Fetus 

is laid to have planned and built the celebrated 
tomb which Artenailia eredleito the memory 
of Maufolus, and which became one of the 
wonders of the world. The honor of erecting 
jt is aferibed to others. 

S4VK h Aj a village ofLycaonia. 


s c 

Saufeius Troous, one of MefTalina’s fa. 
vorites, punilhed by Claudius, Sec. Tacit. Ann. 

ir > c * 35 *-Appius a Roir-.n, who died on 

bis return from the bath upon taking mead, 
Sec.Plin. 7, c. 53. 

Savo, or Savona, a town with a fmall. 
river of the lame name in Campania. Stat. 4 

Plin. 3, c. 5.-A town of Liguria. 

Sauromatje, a people in the northern 
parts of Europe and Alia. They are called 
Sar matte by the Latins. Vid. Sirmatia. 

Saurus, a famous robber of Elis, killed 

by Hercules. Pauf. 6, c. 21.-A ftatuary* 

Plin. 36, c. 5. 

Savus, a river of Pannonia, riflng in No- 
ricum, at the north of Aquileia, and falling 
into the Danube, after flowing through Pan- 
nonia, in an eiftern direction. Claudius de 

Stil.. 2. --A l'mall river of Numidia, falling 

into the Mediterranean. 

Saxones. a people of Germany, near the 
Cherlonefus Cimbrica. Ptolem. 3, n.— Claud. 
1, Eutr. v. 392 

Sazicues, an ancient legiflator of Egypt, 

Scjea , one of the gates of Troy, where 
rhe tomb of Laomedon was l'een. The name 
is derived by fome from crnoita;, (fmifler) be- 
caule it was through this avenue that the fatal 
horfe was introduced. Homer 'll .— Sil. 1 3, v. 

73 -Cue of the Danai.ies. Her hulb.ind’s 

name was Dayphron. Apollod. 

Sc.tcva, a lbldier in Ctclar’s army, who be¬ 
haved with great courage at Dyrrhachium. 

Lucan. 6, v. 144.-Vemor, a Latin poet in 

the reign of Titus and Domitian.-A man 

who poil’oned his own mother. Herat. 2. Sat. 

i> v - 53 --A friend of Horace, to whom 

the poet addrelfed 1 Ep. 17. He was a Ro¬ 
man knight. 

ScacvolA. Vid Mlltius. 

ScALAins, now St. Irene, a town of ancier.t 
Spain. 

Scaldis, or ScAi.ruuM, a river of Bel¬ 
gium, now called Fhe Scheldt and dividing the 
modern country of the Netherlands from 

Holland. Caf. G. 6, v, 33-Pons,, a 

town on the lame river,' now called Conde. 
Cuf. 

Scamander, or Scamandros, a cele¬ 
brated river of l'roas, riling at the ealt of 
mount Ida, and falling into the tea below 
Sigceum. It receives the Simois in its colirfe, 
and towards its mouth it is very muddy, and 
flows through marfhes This river accord¬ 
ing to Homer, was called Xanthus, by the 
gods, and Scamander by men. The waters 
of the Scamander had the lingular property 
of giving a beautiful color to the hair or the 
wool of fuch animals as bathed in them ; and 
from this circumltance the three goddefies, 
Minerva, Juno, and Venus, bathed there 
before they appeared before Paris, to obtain 
the golden apple. It was ufual among all 
the virgins of Troas to bathe in the Scaman- 
der, when they were arrived to nubile years, 
,Y y 2 and 


/ 














sc 


and to offer to the god their virginity in thefe j 
words, Aa/si fjtov, '^x.oty.a.vb^i, rr,v vrotgS-ivietv. 
The god of the Scamander had a regular 
pfrieft, and facrifices offered to him.* Some 
iuppofe that the river received its name from 
Scamander, the fon of Corybas. JElian- 
Anim. 8 . c. 21 .— Strab. I & 13. —Plin 5, 
c. 30.— Mela, I, c. 18.— Homer. II. 5.— 
Pint. — JEchin. ep. io,~- A fon of Cory¬ 

bas and Demodice, who brought a colony 
from Crete into Phrygia, and fettled at the 
foot of mount Jda, where lie introduced the 
feftivals of Cybele, and the dances of the 
Corybantes. He fome time after loll the ufe 
of his fenfes and threw himfelf into the river 
Xanthus, which ever after bore his name. 
His fon-in-law Teucer fucceeded him in the 
government of the colony. Pie had two 
daughters, Thymo and Callirhoe. Apollod. 3, 
£. 12 , — Bind. 4. 

Scamandria, a town on the Scamander. 
Plin 4. c. 30., „ 

rScA mandrius, one of the generals of 
Priam, foil of Strophius. He was killed by 
Menelaus. Homer. IL 5, v. 49, 

Scandaria, a promontory in the ifland of 
Cos. Strab. 14. 

Scandinavia, a name given by the 
ancients to that tra£l of territory which 
contains the modern kingdoms of Norway, 
Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Finland, &c. 
1 ‘uppofed by them to be an ifland. Plin. 4, 
c. 13. 

Scantia Sylva, a wood of Campania, 
the property of the Roman people. Cic. 

Scan til i.a, the wife of Didius Julianus. 
It was by her advice that her hufband bought 
the empire which was expofed to fale at the 
death of Pertinax. 

Scantinia 1.ex. Vid. Scatinia. 

Scaptesyle, a town of Thrace, near 
Abdera, abounding in filver and gold mines, 
belonging to Thucydides, who is fuppoied' 
there to have written his hiftory of the Pe- 
loponnefian war. Lucret. 6, v. 810.— Plut. in 
Cim. 

Scaptia, a town of Latium. Sil 8, v. 
396.— Plin. 3. c. 5.— Liv. 8, c. 17. 

Scaptius, an intimate friend of Brutus. 
Cic. ep. ad. Attic. 5, &c. His brother was a 
merchant of Cappadocia. 

Scapula, a native of Cprduba, who 
defended that town, againft Caefar, after the 
battle of Munda. When he flaw that all 
his efforts were ufelefs againft the Roman 
general he deftroyed liimfelf. €af. Bell. 

H. 33.-An ufurper. Cic. ad. Att. 12, 

ep' 37 - 

Scan don, a town on the confines of 
Dalmatia, 

Scardii, a ridge of mountains of Mace¬ 
donia, which feparate it from Illyncum. 
Liv. 43, c. 20. 

Scarpiiia, or Scarphe, a town near 
Thermopylae, on the confines of Phthiotis. 
Sente, in Tr. 


s c 

Scatinia lex de pudiciiia , by C. Sep¬ 
timus Aricinus, the tribune, was enadled 
againft thofe who kept catamites, and fucb 
as proftituted themfelves to any vile or un¬ 
natural fervice. The,. penalty was originally 
a fine, but it was afterwards made a capital 
crime under ^.uguftus It is fometimes called 
Scantinia from a certain Scantinius upon 
whom it was firft executed. 

Scauru 3, M. JEmilius,’ a Roman con- 
ful who diftinguifhed himfelf by his eloquence 
at the bar, and by bis luccelfes in Spain, in 
the capacity of commander. He was lent 
againft Jugurtha, and fome' time after accufed 
of iuffering himfelf to be bribed by the Nu- 
midian prince. Scaurus conquered the Li¬ 
gurians, and in his cenforlhip he built the 
Milvian bridge at Rome, and began to pave 
the road, which from him was called the 
iEmylian. He was originally very poor; 
He wrote lome books, and among thefe an 
hiftory of his own life, all now loft. His 
fon of the fame name, made himielf known 
by the large theatre he built during h^s edile-* 
Ibip. This theatre, which could contain 
30,000 fpe&ators, was lupported by 360 
columns of marble, 38 fefet in height, and 
adorned with 3000 brazen ftatues. This 
celebrated edifice, Recording to Pliny, proved 
more fatal to the manners and the fimplicity 
of the Romans, than the prolcriptions and 
wars of Sylla had done to the inhabitants of 
the city. Scaurus married Murcia Cic. in 
Brut. — Va',. Max. 4, c. q.— Plin. 34, c. 7. 
1 . 36, c. 2 .—-—A Roman of conl’ular dig¬ 
nity. When the Cimbri invaded Italy, the 
fon of Scaurus behaved with great cowar¬ 
dice, upon which the father fternly ordered 
him never to appear again in the field of battle. 

1 he feverity of this command rendered 
young Scaurus melancholy, and he plunged 
a fword into his own heart, to free himfelf 

from farther ignominy.--Aurelius, a Ro- v 

man conful taken priloner by the Gauls. He 
was put to a cruel death becaufe he told the 
king of the-enemy not to crofs the Alps to 
invade Italy which was univerfally deemed 

unconquerable.-M. JEmilius, a man in 

the reign of Tiberius acculed of adultery 
with Li via, and put to death. He was an 
eloquent orator, but very lafcivious and de¬ 
bauched in his morals-Mamercus, a man 

put to death by Tiberius-Maximus, a 

man who conlpired againft Nero.-Teren- 

tius, a Latin grammarian. He had been pre¬ 
ceptor to the emperor Adrian. A. Gellius. 
n, c 15. 

Scedasus, a native of Leuftra in Boeotia. 
His two daughters, Meletia and Molpia,whom 
fome called Theano or Hippo, were ravifhed 
by fome Spartans, in the reign of Cleombro- 
tus, and after this they killed themfelves, 
unable to furvive the lofsof their honor. The 
father became fo diiconfolate, that when he 
was unable to obtain relief from his country, 

he 












he killed himfelf on their tomb. Pan/. 9, c. 
13.— Plut. in Arnat. 3. 

Sc e 1,erato9, a plain at Rome near the 
Colline gate, where the veftal Minucia was 
buried alive, when convided of. adultery. 
Liv. 8, c. 15.——One of the gafes of Rome 
was called Scelerata, becaul'e the 300 Fabii, who 
were killed at the river Cremera, had pafled 
through it when they went to attack the ene¬ 
my. It was before named Carmentalis* - 

There was alio a ftreet at Rome formerly 
calleJ Cyprius , which received the name of 
the Sctlcratus vie us, *becaufe there Tullia or¬ 
dered her poftillion to drive her chariot over 
the body of her father, king Servius. Liv. 1, 
c. 48.— Ovid, .ft.365. 

Sc ena, a town on the confines of Babylon. 

Strab. 16.-A river of Ireland, now the 

Shannon. Qrofius I,C. 2 . 

'Scenitje, Arabians who live in tents. P/in. 

5 >c. 11. 

Scepsis, a town of Troas where the works 
of Theophraftus and Arillotle were long con¬ 
cealed under ground, and damaged by the wet, 
&c. Strab. IO. 

Sen edia, a fmall village of Egypt, with a 
dock-yard, between the vveilern mouths of the 
Nile and Alexandria. Strab. 

Sc 11 ed iu s, one of Helen’s luitors. Pan f. 
IO, c. 4,1. 30. 

Sciieria, an ancient name of Corcyra. 
Pauf. 2, c, 5.— Plin. 4, c 12. 

Scikeneus, a Ion of Athamas.-The 

father of Atalanta. 

Schcenus, or Scheno, a port of Pelo- 

ponnelus, < 5 n the Saronicus finus.-A village 

near Thebes, with a river of the lame name. 

-A river of Arcadia. . -Another near 

Athens. 

Sciastes, a furname of Apollo at Lace¬ 
daemon, from the village Scias where he was 
particularly worlhipped. Lycopb. 5 62.— 
Tzctzes loco. 

Sciatuis, a mountain of Arcadia. Pauf. 

2 , c. 14. 

Scj at no s, an illand in the TEgean fea, 
•oppofite mount Pelion, on the coalt of 1 hei- 
faly. Val. Place. 2- 

Scidros, a town of Magna Graecia. 

Scii.los, a town of Peloponnelus, near 
Olympia, where Xenophon wrote his hiftory. 

Scj i.uru s, a king of Scythia, who had 80 
Ions. Vid. Scylurus. 

Scinis, a cruel robber who tied men to 
the boughs of trees, which he had forcibly 
brought together, and which he afterwards 
tinloofed, fo that their limbs were torn in 
an inllant from their body. Ovid. Met. 7. 
v. 440. 

Scinthi, a people of Germany. 

Scion e, a town of Thrace, in the pof- 
feiTion of the Athenians. It revolted and 
parted into the hands of the Lacedaemo¬ 
nians during the Peloponnefian war. It was 
built by a Grecian colony in their return 


from the Trojan war. Tbueytl. 4 .—Mel a, 2, 
c. 2.— Plin. 4, c. 10. 

ScTpiada:, a name applied to the two Sch- 
pios, who obtained the furname of Africanus , 
from the conquetl of Carthage. Vir*. ASrr. 

6, v. 843. 

Scipio, a celebrated family at Rome 
who obtained the greateil honors in the re¬ 
public. The name teems to be derived from 
Scipio, wtych fignifies a flick , becaufe one of 
the family had conduced his blind father, 
and had been to him as a flick. The Sci- 
pios were a branch of the Cornelian family 
The molt illuftrious were—P. Corn, a man 

made mailer of horfe by Catnillus, &c.-- 

* Roman didator.-L. Cornel, a conful 

A. U. C. 456, who defeated the Etrurians 
near Volaterra.——Another tonful A. U. C 

495-Cn. furnamed Afina, was conful 

A. U. C. 494 & 500. He was conquered 
in his firft confulthip in a naval battle, and 
loll 17 fliips. The following year he took 
Aleria, in Corfica, and defeated Hanno,the 
Carthaginian general, in Sardinia. He alfo 
took 200 of the enemy’s fhips, and the city 
ot Panormum, in Sicily. He was father to 
Publius and Cneus Scipio. Publius, in the 
beginning of the fecond Punic war, was fent 
with an army to Spain to oppole Annibal; 
but when he heard that his enemy had palled 
over into Italy, he attempted by hi' quick 
marches and iecret evolutions to Hop his 
progrefs. He was conquered by Annibal 
near the Ticinus, where he nearly loft his 
life, had not his fon, who w.is afterwards 
furnamed Africanus, courageoufly defended 
him. He again patTed into Spain, where 
he obtained l'ome memorable vidlories 
over the Carthaginians, and the inha¬ 
bitants of the country. His brother 
Cneus (hared the fupreme command with 
him, but their great confidence proved their 
ruin. They feparated their armies, and 
loon after Publius were furioufly attacked by 
the two Al'drubals and Mago, who com¬ 
manded the Carthaginian armies. The 
forces of Publius were too few to refill with 
luccefs the three Carthaginian genefals. The 
Romans Were cut to pieces, and their 'com-* 
mander was left on the field of battle. No 
fooner had the enemy obtained this vidory 
than they immediately marched to meet Cneus 
‘-cipio, whom the revolt of 30,000 Celtibe- 
rians had weakened and alarmed. The ge¬ 
neral, who was already apprized of his brother’s 
death, fecured an eminence, where he was 
foon furrounded on all fides. After defperate 
ads qf valor he was left among the llain, or 
according to fome, he fled into a tower where 
he was burnt with fome of his friends by the 
vjdorious enemy. Liv. 21. &c.— Polyb. 4 — 
Pier. 2, c. 6, &c.— Eutrop. 3, c. 8, See. Pub¬ 
lius Cornelius furnamed Africanus, was fon of 
Publius Scipio-, who was killed in Spain. He 
firft diftinguilhed himlelf at the battle of Tici* 
Y y 3 nus, 













sc 


sc 


nu$. where he laved his father’s life by deeds ! 
of unexampled valor and boldnefs. The bat¬ 
tle of Cannae, which proved fo fatal to the Ro¬ 
man arms, inftead of difheartening Scipio,rai¬ 
led his expectations, and he no i'ooner heard, 
that l'ome of his defperate countrymen wifh- 
•ed to abandon Italy, and to fly from the info- 
lence of the conqueror, than with his fvvord in 
his hand, and by his firnmefs and example, he 
obliged them to lVear eternal fidelity to Rome, 
and to put to immediate death the firft man 
who attempted to retire from his country. 
In his 21ft year, Scipio was made an edile, an 
honorable office, which was never given but to 
l'uch as had reached their 27th year. Some 
time after, the Romans were alarmed by the 
intelligence that the commanders of their for¬ 
ces in Spain, Publius and Cneus Scipio, had 
been flaughtered, and immediately young Scipio 
was appointed to avenge the death of his father, 
and of his uncle, *nd to vindicate the military ho¬ 
nor of the republic, ft was loon known how able 
he was to be at the head of an army ; the vari¬ 
ous nations of Spain were conquered, and in 
four years the Carthaginians were banilhed 
from that part of the continent, the whoie 
province became tributary to Rome; new 
Carthage lubmitted in one day, and in a battle, 
54, OCX) of the enemy were left dead on the 
held. After thefe fignal vi&ories, Scipio was 
recalled to Rome, which ftill trembled at the 
continual alarms of Annibal, who was at her 
gates. The conqueror of the Carthaginians 
in Spain was looked upon as a proper general 
to encounter Annibal in Italy; but Scipio op- 
pofed the mealbres which his countrymen 
withed to purfue, and he declared in the l'enate 
that if Annibal was to be conquered he muft be 
conquered in Africa. Thefe bold meal'ures 
were immediately adopted, though oppoi'ed by 
the eloquence, age, and experience of the great 
Fabius, and Scipio was empowered to conduit 
the war on the coafts of Africa. With the 
dignity of conlul he embarked for Carthage. 
Succels attended his arms, his conquefts were 
here as rapid as in Spain ; the Carthaginian ar¬ 
mies were routed, the camp of the crafty Af- 
drubal was fet on fire during the night, and his 
**oops totally defeated in a drawn battle. Thefe 
repeated Ioffes alarmed Carthage; Annibal, 
■who was victorious at the gates of Rome was 
inffantly recalled to defend the walls of his 
country, and the two greeted generals of the 
age met each other in the field. Terms of 
accommodation were propolVd; but in the 
parley which the two commanders had toge¬ 
ther, nothing fatisfaiiory was offered, and 
'while the one enlarged on the viciflitudes of 
human affairs, the other wiihed to diilate like 
a conqueror, and recommended the decifion 
of the controverfy to,t he 1 word. This cele¬ 
brated battle was fought near Zama, and both 
generals difplayed then- military knowledge in 
-drawing up their armies and in chuling their 
.ground. Their courage and intrepidity were 


'|-not Icfs confpicuous in charging the enemy; 
a thoufiand aits of valor were performed on 
both fides, and though the Carthaginians fought 
in their own defence, and the Romans for fame 
and glory* yet'the conqueror of Italy was van- 
quilhed. About 20,000 Carthaginians were 
fiain, and the fame number made prifoners 
of war, B. C. 202. Only 2,000 of the Romans 
were killed. This battle was decifive; the 
Carthaginians fued for peace which Scipio at' 
lalt granted on the mod ievere and humiliating 
terms. The conqueror after this returned to 
Rome, where he was received with the mod 
unbounded applaufe, honored with a triumph, 
and dignified with the appellation of Africanus . 
Here he enjoyed for fome time the tranquillity 
and the honors which his exploits merited, but 
in him alfo, as in ether great men, fortune 
ihewed herfelf inconftant. Scipio offended the 
populace in wilhing to diftinguiih the fenators 
from the reft of the people at the public exhi¬ 
bitions, and when he canvafled for the conful- 
lhip for two of his friends, he had the mortifi¬ 
cation to lee his application flighted, and the 
honors which he claimed, bellowed on a man 
of no charadler, and recommended by neither 
abilities nor meritorious actions. Ho retired 
from Rome no longer to be a lpedlator of the 
ingratitude of his countrymen, and in the.ca¬ 
pacity of lieutenant he accompanied his bro¬ 
ther againlt Antiochus, king of Syria. In this 
expedition his arms were, attended with ufual 
luccels, and the Afiatic monarch lubmitted to 
the conditions which the conquerors didlated. 
At his return to Rome, Africanus found the 
malevolence of his enemies ftill unabated. 'Ca¬ 
to, his inveterate rival, raifed leditions againft 
him, and the Pftilli, two tribunes of the peo¬ 
ple, acculed *the conqueror of Annibal of ex¬ 
tortion in the provinces of Alia, and of living 
in an indolent and luxurious manner. Scipio 
condefcended to anlwer to the acculation of 
his calumniators; the firft day was'lpent in 
hearing the different charges, but when he again 
appeared on the fecond day of his trial, the ac- 
cufed interrupted his judges, and exclaimed. 
Tribunes and fellow citizens, on this day , tbit 
very day , did I conquer Annibal and the Car~ 
thaginianl , come therefore , with me, Romans ; 
let us go to the capital, and there return our 
thanls to the immortal gods for the victories 
which have attended our arms . Thefe words 
had the delired effedf, the ti ibes, and all the 
affembly followed Scipio, the court was de- 
ferted, and the tribunes were left alone in the 
feat of judgment Yet when this memorable 
day was palt and forgotten, Africanus was 
a third time fummoned to appear; but he 
had fled before the impending ftorm, and 
retired to his country houle at Literuum. The 
acculation was therefore Hopped, and the ao- 
cufers lilenced, when one of the tribunes, for¬ 
merly diftinguifhed for his malevolence againft 
Scipio, role to defend him, and declared in the 
affembly, that it reflected the higheft difgraee 

on 





sc 


sc 


on the Roman people, that the conqueror of 
Annibal fhould become the fport of the popu¬ 
lace, and be ex poled to the malice and envy 
of dii'appointed ambition. Some time after 
Scipio died in the place of his retreat, about 
184 years before Chrift, in thd 48th year of 
his age ; and fio great an averlion did he ex- 
prels, as he expired, for the depravity of the 
Romms,and the ingratitude of their t'enators, 
that he ordered his bones not to be conveyed 
to Rome. They were accordingly inhuma- 
ted at L itemum, where his wife iEmilia, the 
daughter of Paulus iEmilius, who fell at the 
battle of Canna:, railed a maufoleum on his 
tomb, and placed upon it his ftatue, with that 
of the poet finqius, who had been the compa¬ 
nion of his peace and of his retirement. If 
Scipio was robbed dining his life-time of the 
honors which belonged to him as the conqueror 
of Africa, he was not forgotten when dead. 
The Romans viewed his chamber with reve¬ 
rence; with raptures they read of his warlike 
anions, and Africanus was regarded in the 
following aces as a pattern of virtue, of inno¬ 
cence, courage, and liberality. As a general, 
the fame and the greatnels of.hisconquefts ex¬ 
plain his character, and indeed we hear that 
Annibal declared himlelf inferior to no gene¬ 
ral that ever lived except Alexander the Great, 
and Pyrrhus king of Epirus; and when Scipio 
afked him what rank he would claim if he had 
conquered him, the Carthaginian general an- 
l'wered, If I had conquered you, Scipio , I would 
call myfelfgreater than the conqueror of Darius 
and the ally of the Tarentines. As an inftaoce 
of Scipio’s continence, ancient authors have 
faithfully recorded that the conqueror of Spain 
refufed to fee a beautiful princefs that had fal¬ 
len into his hands after t^le taking of New 
Carthage, and that he not only reitored her 
inviolate to her parent!, btit alio added im- 
menfe prefents for tlie perfon to whom lhe 
Was betrothed. It vvas to the artful complaifance 
of Africanus that theRomansowed their alliance 
with Mafinilla, king of Numidia, and all'o that 
with king Syphax. The friendship of Scipio 
and Laelius is well known, PJyb. 6.— Pint. 
— Elor. 2, c. 6.— Cic. in Brut. &.C. — Eutrop. 

-Lucius Cornelius, iurnamed Afiaticus , 

accompanied his brother Afiicanus in his 
expeditions in Spain and Africa. He was 
rewarded with the confullhip, A. U. C. 5 ^ 4 > 
for his lervices to the ftate, and he was em¬ 
powered to attack Antiochus king of Syria, 
who had declared war againlt the Romans. 
JLircius was accompanied in this campaign by 
his brother Africanus; and by his own va¬ 
lor, and the advice of the conqueror of Anni¬ 
bal, he foon routed the enemy, and in a 
battle near the city of Sardes he killed 50,000 
foot and 4000 horfe. Peace was foon after 
fettled by the fubmiffion of AntioChus, and 
the conqueror, at his return home, obtained 
a triumph, and the furname of Afiaticus. He 
did not, however,' long enjoy _ his prolperity; 


Cato, after the death of Africanus, turned 
his fury againlt Afiaticus, and the two Pe- 
tilli, his devoted favorites, prefented a petition 
to the people, in which they prayed that an 
enquiry might be made to know what mo¬ 
ney had been received from Antiochus and 
his allies. The petition was inftantly re¬ 
ceived, and Afiaticus, charged to have, fuf- 
fered himlelf to be corrupted by Antiochus, 
was fummoned to appear before the tribunal 
ofTerentius Culeo, who was on this occafion 
created praetor. The judge, who was an in¬ 
veterate enemy to the family of the Scipio’s, 
foon found Afiaticus, with his two lieutenants 
and his quseftor, guilty of having received 
the firft 6,000 pounds weight of gold, and 
480 pounds weight of filver, and the others 
nearly an equal lum, from the monarch 
againlt whom, in the name of the Roman 
people, they were enjoined to make war. 
Immediately they were condemned to pay 
large fines; but whilq the others gave fe«* 
curity, Scipio declared that he !iad accounted 
to the public for all the, money which he had 
brought from Afia, and therefore that he was 
innocent. For this obltinacy Scipio was 
dragged to prifon, but his coufin Nafica pleaded 
his cauie before the people, and the pr^etot 
inftantly ordered the goods of the prilbr.er 
to be feized, and confifcated. The fentence 
was executed, but the effects of Scipio were 
infufficient to pay the fine, and it was the 
greateft juftification of his innocence, that 
whatever was found in his houle, had never 
been in the poffeffion of Antiochus or his fub- 
-•je<fts. This, however, did not totally liber¬ 
ate him; he was reduced to poverty, and re- 
fufed to accept the offer of his friends and 
of his clients. Some time after he was ap¬ 
pointed to fettle the dilptites between Eu- 
menes and Seleucus, and at his return the 
Romans, alhamed of their feverity towards 
him, rewarded his merit with luch uncom¬ 
mon liberality, that Afiaticus was enabled to 
celebrate games in honor of his victory over - 
Antiochus, for ten fucceflive days, at his own 
exjience. Lfa. 38, c. 55, See..-*-Eutrop. 4. 

-Nifica was fon of Cneus Scipio, and 

coufin to Scipio Africanus. He was refufed 
the confullhip, though fupported by the inte- 
reft ar.d the fame of the conqueror of Anni¬ 
bal; but he afterwards obtained it, and L11 that 
honorable office conquered the Boii, and’ 1 " 
gained a triumph. He was alfo fuccefsful in 
an expedition which he undertook in Spain. 
When the ftatue of Cybele was brought to 
Rome from Phrygia, the Roman fenate dele¬ 
gated one of their body, who was the moft 
remarkable for the purity of his manners and 
the innocence of his life, to go and meet the 
goddefs in the harbour of Oftia. Nafica was 
the opjedt of their choice, and as fuch he.was 
enjoined to bring the ftatue of the goddeis to 
Rome with the greateft pomp and ialempity, 
Nafica alfo diftinguilhed himlelf by the aitive 
Y y 4 ^jwrt 




sc 


sc 


£arr,he took in confuting the accufations laid 
againft the two Scipios,Africanus and Aft at ic us. 
There was alfo another of the fame name 
who diftinguifhed himfelf by his enmity againft 
the Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related. 
Paterc . 2 . c. I, &c.— Flor. 2, c. 15.— Liv. 

29, c. 14, &c.--Publ. JEmilianus, Ion of 

Paulus, the conqueror of Perieus, was adopt¬ 
ed by the fon of Scipio Africanus. He re¬ 
ceived the fame fur name as his grandfather, 
and was called Africanus the younger , on ac¬ 
count of his victories over Carthage. JEmi- 
lianus firft appeared in the Roman armies un¬ 
der his father, and afterwards diftinguithed 
himfelf as a legionary tribune in the Spanifh 
provinces, where he killed a Spaniard of 
gigantic ftature, and obtained a mural crown 
at the fiege of Intercatia. He palled into 
Africa to demand a reinforcement from king 
Mafinifla, the ally of Rome, and he was the 
fpe6fator of a long and bloody battle which 
Was fought between that monarch and the 
Carthaginians, and which foon produced the 
third Punic war. Some time after iEmilianus 
was made edile, and next appointed cenful, 
though under the age required for that impor¬ 
tant office. The furname which he had re¬ 
ceived from his grandfather, he was doomed 
lawfully to claim as his own. He was em¬ 
powered to finilh the war with Carthage, and 
as he was permitted by the fenate tochoole his 
colleague, he took with him his friend Laelius, 
whofe father of the fame name had formerly 
enjoyed the confidence and lhared the victo¬ 
ries of the firft Africanus. The liege of Car¬ 
thage was already begun, but the operations of 
the Romans were not contiiftied with vigor. 
Scipio had no fooner appeared before the walls 
of the enemy, than every communication with 
the land was cut off, and that they might not 
have the command of the fea, a ftupendous 
mole was thrown acrofs the harbour with im- 
menle labor and expence. This, which 
might have disheartened the molt adtive ene¬ 
my, rendered the Carthaginians' more eager 
in the caufe of freedom and independence; 
all the inhabitants, without diftindtion of rank, 
age, or fex, employed themfelves without 
reflation to dig another harbour, and to build 
2nd equip another fleet. In a Ihort time, in 
fpite of the vigilance and adlivity of .ffimili- 
anus, the Romans were aftonilhed to fee ano¬ 
ther harbour formed, and 50 gallies fuddenly 
Whing under fail, ready for the engagement. 
This unexpected fleet, by immediately attack¬ 
ing the Roman lhips, might have gained the 
Victory, but the delay of the Carthaginians 
proved fatal to their caufe, and the enemy had 
fufficient time to prepare themfelves. Scipio 
foon got the'pofleffion of a fmall eminence in 
the harbour, and, by the fuccels of his fub- 
fequent operations, he broke open one of the 
gates of the city and entered the ftreets, where 
he made his way by fire and lword. The fur- 
reijder of above 50,000 men was followed by 


the reduction of the citadel, and the total 
fubmiffion of Carthage, B. C. 147. The Capr- 
tive city was let on fire, and though Scipio was 
obliged to demolilh its very walls to obey the 
orders of the Romans, yet he wept bitterly 
over the melancholy and tragical lcene; and 
in bewailing the miferies of Carthage, he ex- 
prefted his fears left Rome, in her turn* in, 
i'ome future age, fhould exhibit fuch a dread¬ 
ful conflagration. The return of ./Emilianus to 
Rome was that of another conqueror of Anni- 
bal, and like him, he was honored with a mag¬ 
nificent triumph, and received the furname of 
Africanus. He was not long left in the en¬ 
joyment of his glory, before h@ was called td* 
obtain freftr honors. He was ehofen conful a 
fecond time, and appointed to finifh the war 
which the Romans had hitherto carried on* 
without fuccel's or vigorous exertions againft 
Numantia. The fall of Numantia was more 
noble than that of the capital of Africa, and 
the conqueror of Carthage obtained the victo¬ 
ry only when the enemies had been confumed 
by famine, or by felf-deftrudtion, B.- C. 133. 
From lvis conquefts in Spain, iEmilianus was 
honored with a fecond triumph, and with the 
furname of Hwnantinus. Yet his popularity 
was Ihort, and, by telling the people that the 
murder of their favorite, his brother-in-law 
Gracchus, was lawful, fince he was turbu¬ 
lent and inimical to the peace of the republic, 
Scipio incurred the difplealure of the tribunes, 
and was received with hiffes: His authority 
for a moment quelled their fedit’on, when he 
reproached them for their cowardice, and ex¬ 
claimed, Factious wretches, do you think that 
your clamors can intimidate me / me whom tfje 
fury of your enemies never daunted ? Is this the 
gratitude that you face to my father Paulus ivho 
conquered Macedonia, and to me ? Without my 
family you were Jlaurfs. Is this the ref felt ycu 
owe to your de iverers ? Is this your affeHion ? 
This firmnefs filenced the murmurs of the 
aifembly, and fome time after Scipio retired 
from the clamors of Rome to Carets, where, 
with his friend Laelius, he patted the reft of his 
time in innocent pleafure and amufement, in 
diverfions which had pleated them when chil¬ 
dren ; and the two greateft men that ruled the 
ftate, were often feen on the fea-lhore picking 
up light pebbles, and throwing them on the 
fmooth furface of the waters. Though fond 
of retirement and literary eafe, yet Scipio 
often interefted himfelf in the affairs of the 
ftate. His enemies accul'ed him of afpiring to 
the diCtatorfhip, and the clamors were moft 
loud againft him, when he had oppofed the 
Sempronian law, and declared himfelf the 
patron of the inhabitants of the provinces of 
Italy. This aCtive part of Scipio was feen with 
pleafure by the friends of the republic, and 
not only the fenate, but alfo the citizens, the 
Latins, and neighbouring ftates, conducted 
their illuftrious friend and patron to his houfe. 

( It feemed alfo the universal wifti that the 

troubles 




sc 


sc 


troubles might be quieted by the elc&ion of 
Scipio to the di&atorlhtp, and many prelumed 
that that honor would be on the morrow con¬ 
ferred upon him. In this, however, the ex¬ 
pectations of Rome, were fruftrated, Scipio 
tvas found dead in his bed to the aftonifliment 
of the world ; and thole who inquired for the 
caules of this fudden death, perceived violent 
marks on his neck, and concluded that he had 
been ltrangle'd, B. C. 128. This attattination, 
as it was then generally believed, was com¬ 
mitted by the triumvirs, Papirius Carbo, C. 
Gracchus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who fupported 
the Senjprocian law, and by his wife Sempro- 
nia, who is charged with having introduced 
the murderers into his room. No inquiries 
were made after the authors of his death ; 
Gracchus was the favorite of the mob, and 
the only atonement which the populace made 
for the death of Scipio was to attend his fune¬ 
ral, and to fhew their concern by their cries 
and loud lamentations. The fecond Africanus 
hes often been compared to the firft of that 1 
name ; they leemed to be equally great and 
equally meritorious, and the Romans were 
unable to diftinguiih which of the two was ' 
entitled to a greater fhare of their regard and 
admiration. Aim than us, like hi 3 grandfather, 
was fond of literature, and he laved from the 
flames of Carthage many valuable compofi- 
tions, written by Phoenician and Punic au¬ 
thors. In the midft of his greatnels he died 
poor, and his nephew, Q. Fabius Maximus, 
who inherited his eftate, fcarce found in his 
houfe thirty-two pounds weight of filver, and 
two and a half of gold. His liberality to his 
brother and to his fillers deferves the greateft 
commendations, and indeed no higher enco¬ 
mium can be patted upon his character, pri¬ 
vate as well as public, than the words of his 
rival Metellus, who told his foils, at the death 
of Scipio, to go and attend the funeral of the 
greatelt man that ever lived or Ihould live in 
Rome. Liv. 44, &c.— Cic. de Sene ft. Or at. 
in Brut . &c. — Polyb. Appian. — Paterc. I, C. 

J2, &c.— P/or. -A ion of the firft Africa 

nus, taken captive by Antiochus king of Sy¬ 
ria, and reftored to his father without a ranlom. 
He adopted as his Ion young Aimilianus, the 
fon of Paulus iEmilius, who was afterwards 
furnamed Africanus. Like his father Scipio, 
he diftinguiihed himfelf by his fondnels for 
literature, and his valor in the Roman armies. 

-Metellus, the father-in-law of Pompey, 

appointed commander in Macedonia. He was 
preient at the battle of Pharfalia, and after¬ 
wards retired to Africa, with Cato. He was 

defeated by Ctefar at Thapfus. Pint. -Sa- 

lutio, a mean perfon in Ckefar’sarmy in Afri¬ 
ca. The general appointed him his chief 
commander, either to ridicule him, or becaufe 
there was an ancient oracle that declared that 
the Scipios would ever be vi&orious in Africa. 

Pint. -L. Cornelius, a conful who oppoled 

Sylia. He was at laft deferred by his army, 


and profcribed.-The commander of a co¬ 

hort In the reign of Vitellius. 

Sc Ira, an annual iolemnlty obferved at 
Athens in honor of Minerva, or, accordin' to 
others, of Ceres and Proferpine. It received 
its name either from Sciras, a fmall town of 
Attica, or from a native of Fleufis, called 
Scirus. 

Sciradium, a promontory of Attica, 011 
the Saronicus finus. 

Sciras, a name of iEgina. Minerva was 
alfo called Sciras. Strab. 9. 

Sciressa, a mountain of Arcadia. P/in . 
4, c. f. 

Sciron, a celebrated thief in Attica, who 
plundered the inhabitants of the country, and 
threw them down from the higheft rocks 
into the lea, after he had obliged them to 
wait upon him and to wafh his feet. Thefeus 
attacked him, and treated him as lie treated 
travellers. According to Ovid, the earth as 
well as the lea, refuted to receive the bones 
of Sciron, which remained for feme time ful- 
pended in the air, till they were changed into 
large rocks called ScireniaSaxa; fituate between 
Megara and Corinth. There was a road near 
them which bore the name of Sciron, naturally 
lmall and narrow, but afterwards enlarged by 
the emperor Adrian. Some fuppole that Ino 
threw herlelf into the fea from one of theft? 
rocks. Sciron had married the daughter of 
Cychreus a king ofSalamis. Hewas brother-in- 
law to Telamon the fon of Aiacus. Ovid. 7, 
Met. v. 444. Heroid. 2, v. 69.— Strab. 9.— 
Mela , 2, C. I^.— Pi in. 2, c. 47.— Diod. 4.— 
Hygin . fab. 38.— Propert. 3, el. 14, V. 12 . 
— Pauf. I, c. 44.— Seneca. N. Q. 5, c. 
17. ■ 1 

Scirus, a vilbge of Arcadia, of which 

the inhabitants are called Scirita. -A plain 

and river of Attica, near Megara. Pauf. r, 
c. 36. 

Scissis, a town of Spain. Liv. 21, c. 60. 

Scodra, a town of Illyricum, where Gen- 
tius refided. Liv. 43, c. 20, 

Scotus,a mountain cf Bceotia. —— A town 
of Macedonia, near Olynthus. Strab. 

Scombrus, a mountain of Thrace rear 
Rhodope. 

Scopas, an architect and fculptor of Ephe- 
fus, for lbme time employed in making the 
maufoleum which Artemifia raifed to her hul- 
band, and which was reckoned one of the 
(even wonders of the world. One of his 
flat ties of Venus was among the antiquities 
with which Rome was adorned. Scopas lived 
abqut 450 years before Chrift. Pauf. i, c- 
43, &C. — Herat. 4, Od. 8.— Vitr. 9, c. 9.—■ 

Plin. 34, c. 8. 1 . 3b, c. 5. -An AStolian 

who raifed fome forces to attift Ptolemy Tipi- 
phanes, king of Egypt, agaiuft his enemies 
Antiochus and his-allies. He afterwards con- 
fpired againft the Egyptian monarch, and was 

put to death, B.C. 196.-An ambaflador 

to the fcourt of the emperor Pom it km. 

Scopium, 






sc 


sc 


Scopium, a town of Theflaly. 

Scordisci and Scordiscje, a people of 
Pannonia and Thrace, well known during the 
reign of the Roman emperors for their bar¬ 
barity and uncivilized manners. They were 
fond of drinking human blood, and they ge¬ 
nerally facrificed their captive enemies to 
their gods. Liv. 41, C. 19 .—Strab . 7.— 
JFlor. 3,c. 4. 

Scoti, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland, 
mentioned as different from the Pi6ts. Clau- 
dian. de Hon. 3, co/tf. V. 54. 

Scotinus, a furname of Heraclitus. 
Strab. 15.- 

^cotussa, a town of Theflaly at the 
north of Lariffa and of the Peneus, deftroyed 
by Alexander of Phera:. Liv. 28, c. 5 & 
7. 1 . 36. c. 14.— Strab. 7 & 9.— Pauf. 6, 

c. 5.-Another in Macedonia. Plin, 4, 

c. 10. 

Scribonia, a daughter of Scribonius, 
who married Auguflus after he had divorced 
Claudia. He had by her a daughter, the 
celebrated Jujia. Scribonia was ibme time 
after repudiated, that Auguflus might marry 
Livia. She had been married twice before 
Ihe became the wife of the emperor. Sue- 

ton. in Aug, 62.-A woman who married 

Crafliis. 

Scribonianus, a man in the age of Nero. 
Some of his friends wilhed him to be compe¬ 
titor for the imperial purple againft Veipafian, 

which he declined. Tacit. H. 4, c. 39.- 

There were alfo two brothers of that name, 
who did nothing without each other’s conlent. 
Id. 4, c. 41. 

Scribonius, a man who made himfelf 

mailer of the kingdom of Bolphorus.-A 

phjfician in the age of Auguflus and Tibe¬ 
rius.- A man who wrote annals, A. D. 22. 

The beft edition of Scribonius is that of Pa- 

tav. 4to. 1655.-A friend of Pompey, 

&c. 

Scultenna, a river of Gaul Cilpadana, 
falling into the Po, tiow called Panaro. Liv. 
4I,c.I2 & 18.— Plin. 3, c. 16. 

Scylackum, a town of the Brutii, built 
by Mneftheus at the head of an Athenian co¬ 
lony. As Virgil has applied the epithet Na¬ 
vi fragum to Scylaceum, l'ome fuppoie that 
either the poet was miftaken in his know¬ 
ledge of the place, becaufe there are no ap¬ 
parent dangers to navigation there, or that he 
confounds this place with a promontory of the 
fijme name on the Tufcan fea. Servius ex¬ 
plains this paflage by luppofing that the houles 
of the place were originally built with the 
(hipwrecked veflels of Ulyfles’ fleet, a molt 
puerile explanation! Virg. JEn. 3, v. 5^3. 
-——Strab. 6. 

Sc Ylax, a geographer and mathematician 
of Caria, in the age of Darius, Ion of Hyf- 
tafpes, about 5^0 years before Chrifl. He 
was commiflioned by Darius to make difcove- 
ries in the eaftj.and after a journey of 30 


months he viflted Egypt. Some fuppofe that 
he was the firft who invented geographical ta¬ 
bles. The latefl edition of the Pcriplus of 
Scylax, is that of Gronovitis, 410. L, Bat. 

1597.— Hciodot. 4, c. 44.— Strab. -A river 

of Cappadocia. 

Scyii.a, a daughter of Nifus, king of 
Megara, who became enamoured of Minos, 
as that monarch befieged her father’s ca¬ 
pital. To make him i'enfible of her paflion, 
fhe informed him that (he would deliver 
Megara into his hands if he promifed to 
marry her. Minos s confented, and as die 
profperity of Megara depended on a golden 
hair, which was on the head of Nifus, 
Scylla cut it off as her father was afleep. 
and from that moment the Tallies of the Me- 
gareans were unluccefsful, and the enemy 
eafily became mafter of the place. Scylla was 
difappointed in her expeditions, and Minos 
treated her with fuch contempt and ridicule, 
that fhe threw herfelf from a tower into the 
fea, or accoording to other accounts, fhe was 
changed into a lark by the gods, and her father 
into a hawk. Ovid. Triji. 2, v. 393.— Pauf 2, 
c. 34.— Propert. 3, el. 19, y., 21.— Hygin. fab. 
198.— Virg. G. 1, v. 405, &c.-A daugh¬ 

ter of Typhon, or, as l'oine fay^ of Phoicys. 
who was greatly loved by Glaucus, one of the 
deities of the fea. Scylla fcorned the ad* 
drefles of Glaucus, and the god, to render her 
more propitious, applied to Circe, whofe 
knowledge of herbs and incantations was 
univerlally admired. Circe no looner law 
him than fhe became enamoured of him, 
and inltead of giving him the required alfill- 
ance, fhe attempted to make him forget 
Scylla, but in vain. To punifh her rival, 
Circe poured the juice of fome poifonous 
herbs into the waters of theTountain w here 
S<^’fla bathed, and no fooner had the nymph 
touched the place than fhe found every part 
of her body below the waift, changed into 
frightful monlters like dogs, which never 
cealed barking. The reft of her body aflumed 
an equally hideous form. She found herfelf 
fupported by twelve feet, and fhe had fix dif¬ 
ferent heads, each with three rows of teetfi. 
This fudden metamorphofis fo terrified her, 
that fhe threw herfelf into that part of the 
fea which feparates the coaft of Italy and Si¬ 
cily, where fhe was changed into rocks, which 
continued to bear her name, and which w'ere 
univerfally deemed by the ancients as very 
dangerous to Tailors, as well as the whirlpool 
of Charybdis on the coaft of Sicily. During 
a temped the waves are deferibed by modern 
navigators as roaring dreadfully when driven 
into the rough and uneven cavities of the. rock. 
Homer. OJ. 12, v. 85.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 
66, &C.— Pauf. 2 , C. 34.— Hygin. fab. 199. 

-Some authors, as Propert. 4, el. 4, v. 39, 

& Virg. Eel. 6, v. 74, with Ovid. Fafi. 4, 
v. 500, have confounded the daughter of Ty¬ 
phon with the daughter of Nifus. " Virg. JEk. 

03 








sc 


SE 


3, v. 424, &c-A {hip in the fleet of 

ASneas, commanded by Cloanthus, &c. Virg. 
ASn.g, v. 122. 

..Scyllieum, a promontory of Pelopon- 
nei'ns on the coaft of Argolis.-A promon¬ 

tory of the Brutii in Italy, fuppofed to be the 
lame as Scylaceum, near which was the fa¬ 
mous whirlpool Scylla, from which the name 
is derived. 

Scylljas, a celebrated fwimmer who en¬ 
riched himlelfby diving after the goods which 
had been lhipwrecked in the Perfian {hips near 
Pelium. It is laid, that he could dive 80 
fladia under the water. Heroaot. 8, c. 8.— 
* JPauf. 10, c. J9. 

Scyllxs and DiPCENO$,ftatuaries of Crete 
before the age of Cyrus king of Eerfia. They 
were (aid to be Ions and pupils of Daedalus, 
and they eftablilhed a lchool at Sicyon, where 
they taught the principles of their profeflion 
Pauf, — Plin. 36, c. 4. 

Scyllus, . ( units ,) a town of Achaia, 
given to Xenophon by the Lacedaemonians. 
Sjrab . 

Scyi.urus, a monarch who left 80 Cons 
He called them to his bed-fide as he expired, 
and by enjoining them to break a bundle of 
flicks tied together, and afterwards fepa- 
rately, he convinced them, that when alto¬ 
gether firmly united, their power would be 
inluperable, but if ever difunited, they would 
fall an eafy prey to their enemies. Plut. 
de garr. 

Scyi'pium, a town in the neighbourhood of 
Colophon. Pauf. 7, c. 3. 

Scvras, a river of I.aconia. Pauf. 3, 
c. 25. 

Scyrias, a name applied to Deidamia as a 
native of Scyros. Ovid. A v. 682. 

Scyros, a rocky and barren ifiand in the 
j*Egean, at the diftance of about 28 miles 
north-eaff from Euboea, fixty miles in cir¬ 
cumference. It was originally in the polfel- 
fion of the Pelafgians and Carians. Achilles 
^retired there not to go the Trojan w'ar, 
and became father of Neoptolemus by Dei¬ 
damia, the daughter of king Lycomedes. 

^ Scyros was conquered by the Athenians un¬ 
der Cimon. Homer . Od. 10, v. 508 .— Ovid. 
Met. 7, V. 464. 1 . 13 , V. 156.— Pauf. I, C. 7. 
r—Strab. 9. 

^CYTiiiE, the inhabitants of Scythia. Vid. 
Scythia. 

Scythes, or Scytha, a fon of Jupiter 
by a daughter ot Tellus. Half his body was 
that of a man, and the reft that of a lerpent. 
He became king of a country which he called 

Scythia. Diod. 2.-A fon of Hercules and 

jEchidna. 

Scythia, a large country iituate on the 
molt northern parts of Europe and Aha, 
from which circumitance it is generally de¬ 
nominated European and Afiatic. The moll 
northern parts of Scythia were uninhabited 
on account of the extreme coldnefs of the 


climate. The more fouthern in Afia that 
were inhabited were diitinguilhed by the 
name of Scythia intra Iff extra Jmaum, See. 
The boundaries of Scythia were.unknown to 
the ancients, as no traveller had penetrated 
beyond the vaft trails of land which lay at 
tire north, eaft, and weft. Scythia compre¬ 
hended the modern kingdoms of Tartarv, 
Rtiflia in Ada, Siberia, Mufcovy, the Cri¬ 
mea, Poland, part of Hungary," Lithuania, 
tlie northern parts of Germany, Sweden, 
Norway, kc. The Scythians were divideu 
into leveral nations or tribes, they had no 
cities, but continually changed their habi¬ 
tations. They inured themlelves to bear la¬ 
bor and fatigue ; they defpiied money, and 
lived upon milk, and covered themlelves 
with the fkins of their cattle. The virtues 
leemed to florilh among them, and that phi- 
lofophy and moderation which other nations 
wifhed to acquire by ltiidy, leemed natural 
to them. Some authors however represent 
them as a fayage and barbarous people, who 
fed upon human flefh, who drank the blood 
of their enemies, and ufed the Ikulls of tra¬ 
vellers as veflels in their facrifices to their 
gods. The Scythians made leveral irrup¬ 
tions upon the more louthem provinces, of 
Alia, efpeciaily B. C. 624^ when they re¬ 
mained in pofleflion of Alia Minor for 28 
years, and we find them at different periods 
extending their conquefts in Europe, and 
penetrating as far as Egypt. Their govern¬ 
ment was monarchical, and the deference 
which they paid to their fovereigns was un¬ 
paralleled. When the king died, his body was 
carried through every province, where it was 
received in foiemn procellion, and afterwards 
buried. In. the firft centuries after Chrift 
they invaded the Roman empire with the Sar- 
matians. Vid. Sarmatia. Herodot. I, c. 4, 
Sec. — Stmb. ~.— Diod 2 .— Val. Max. 5 , C« 

4. —Jt'f-in. 2, c. I, Sec. — Ovid. Met. I, V. 64. 
1. 2, v. 224. 

ScythInus, a Greek poet of Teos in Io¬ 
nia, who wrote iambics. Blog, in Herac. — 
Athen. 11 . 

Scython, a qjan changed into a woman. 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 280. 

Sc ytho 1*01.1:5, a town of Syria, faid to 
have been built by Bacchus. Strab. 16.— 
Plin. 5, c. 18. 

Scythotauri, a people of Cherlonefus 
Taurica. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Sebasta, a town of Judxa.-Another 

in Cilicia.——The name was common to 
feveral cities, as it was in honor of Au- 
guftus. 

SebastIa, a city of Armenia. 

Sebennytcs, "a town of the Delta in 
Egypt. The branch of the Nile which flows 
near it, has been called the Sebennytic. Plin. 

5, c. 10. 

Sebktus, a fmall river of Campania, 
falling into the bay of Naples , whence the 

epithet 





epithet Sebetbiti given to one of the nymphs 
\rho frequented its borders, and became mo¬ 
ther of CEbalus by Telon. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 

734 - , „ 

Sf.busiani, or Segusiani, a people of 

Celtic Gaul. 

Sectanus, an infamous debauchee in the 
age of Horace, i, Sat. 4, v. 112. 

Secundus Julius, a man who pub- 
lifhed fome harangues and orations in the 

age of the emperor Titus.-A favorite 

of Nero.-One of the affociates of Se- 

janus. 

Seditani, or Sedentani, a people of 
Spain. Ital. 3 > v. 37 

Seduni, an ancient nation of Belgic Gaul. 
Clef. bell. G. 3. 

Sedusix, a people of Germany near the 
Suevi. Ccef. 

Segesta, a town of Sicily founded by 
iEneas, or according to fome, by Crinifus. Fid. 
Asgefta. 

Segestes, a German, friendly to the Ro¬ 
man interell in the time of Germanicus. 
I^is daughcer married Arminius. Tacit. A. 


1, c. 55. 

Segetia, a divinity at Rome, invoked 
by the hufbandmen that the harvcft might be 
plentiful. Aug. de Civ. D. 4, C. 8 . — Macrob. 
I, c. 16.— Plin. 18, C. 2. 

Segni, a people with a town of the fame 
name in Belgic Gaul. Caf. B. G. 6. 

Segobrica, a town of Spain near Sagun- 


tum. Plin. 3, c. 3. 

Segonax, a prince in the fouthern parts 
of Britain, who oppofed Caefar by order of 
Caffivelaunus, &c. Caf. Bell. G. 5, c. 
22 . 

Segontia, or Seguntxa, a town of Hif- 
pania TarfoconenGs. Liv. 34, c. 10. 

Segontiaci, a people of Belgic Gaul, who 
fubmitted to J. Cseiar. 

Segovia, a town of Spun, of great 

power in the age of the Caefars.-There 

was alfo another of the fame name in Lu- 
fitania. Both had been founded by the Cel- 
tiberi. 

Seguxtium, a town of Britain, fuppofed 
to be Carnarvon in Wales. Ccef. G. 5, 


c. ai. 

Segusiani, a people of Gaul on the Loire. 
Caf. G. I, c. IO — Plin. 4, c. 18. 

Segusio, a town of Piedmont on the Du- 
ms. Plin. 3,c. 17. 

JElius Sejanus, a native of Vulfi- 
num in Tufcany, who diftinguifned himfelf 
in the court of Tiberius. His father’s name 
was Seius Strabo, a Roman .knight, com¬ 
mander of the prtetorian guards. His mo¬ 
ther was defcended from the Junian family. 
Sejanus firft gained the favors of Caius Cae- 
fhr, the grandfon of Auguftus, but after¬ 
wards he attached himfelf to the intereft 
and the views of Tiberius, who then 
fat ott the imperial throne. The emperor, 


who was naturally of a fufpicious temper, 
was free and open with Sejanus, and while 
he diftrufted others, he communicated his 
greateft fecrets to this fawning favorite. Se¬ 
janus improved this confidence, and when he 
had found that he pofiefled the efteem of 
Tiberius, he next endeavoured to become 
the favorite of the foldiers and tfie darling 
of the fenate. As commander of the prae¬ 
torian guards he was the fecond man in Rome, 
and in that important office he made ufe of 
infinuations and every mean artifice to 
make himfelf beloved and revered. His af¬ 
fability and condefcenfien gained him the 
hearts of the common l'oldier$, and by ap¬ 
pointing his own favorites and adherents to 
places of trull and honor, all the officers 
and centurions of the army became devoted 
to his interell. The views of Sejanus in 
this were well known; yet to advance with 
more fuceeis, he attempted to gain the af- 
fetlion of the lenators. tn this he met with 
no opposition. A man who has the dilpo- 
fal of places of honor and dignity, and who 
has the command of the public money, can¬ 
not but be the favorite of thofe who are in 
need of his affiftance. It is even faid, that 
Sejanus gained to his views all the wives of 
the fenators, by a private and mod fecret 
promife of marriage to each of them, when¬ 
ever he had made himfelf independent and ha¬ 
ve-reign of Roipe. Yet however fuqcefsful 
with the bell and noblcft families in 
the empire, Sejanus had to /rombat num¬ 
bers in the houle of the emperor; but thele 
feeming obftacles were foon removed. AH 
the children and grand children of Tiberius, 
were iacrificed to the ambition of the fa¬ 
vorite under various pretences; and Drufus 
the ion of the emperor, by ftriking Sejanus, 
made his deilrudlion lure and inevitable. 
I.ivia, the wife of Drufus, was gained by 
Sejanus, and though the mother of many 
children, fhe was prevailed upon to aHift her 
adulterer in the murder of her hufband, and 
fhe confented to marry him when Drufus 
was dead. No fooner was Drufus poifoned 
than Sejanus openly declared his w;ifh to 
marry Livia. This was ftrongly oppofed by 
Tiberius; and the emperor, by recommend¬ 
ing Germanicus to the fenators for his fuc- 
cefTor, rendered Sejanus bold and deter¬ 
mined. He was more urgent in his de¬ 
mands ; and when he could not gain the 
content of the emperor, lie perluaded him 
to retire to lolitude from the noife of Rome 
and the troubles of the government. Ti¬ 
berius, naturally fond of eafe and luxury, 
yielded to his reprefentatioim, and retired to 
Campania, leaving Sejanus at the head of 
the empire. This was highly gratifying to 
the favorite, and he was now without a maf- 
ter. Prudence and moderation might have 
made him what he wilhed to be, but Sejanus 
offended the whole empire when he declar¬ 
ed 








SE 


S E 


<d that he was emperor of Rome, and Ti¬ 
berius only the dependant prince of the 
ifland of Capreae, where he had retired. Ti¬ 
berius was upon this fully convinced of the 
defigns of Sejanus, and when he had been 
informed .that his favorite had had the mean- 
nefs and audacity to ridicule him hv intro¬ 
ducing him on the llage, the emperor or¬ 
dered him to be accufed before the lenate. 
Sejanus were deferred by all his pretended 
friends, as foon as by fortune; and the man 
who al'pired to the empire, and who called him- 
U If the favorite of the people, the darling 
of the praetorian guards, and the companion 
of Tiberius, was i'eized without refinance, and 
the fame day firangled in prifon, A. D. 31. 
His remains were expofed to the fury and 
infolence of the populace, and afterwards 
thrown into the Tiber. His children and 
all his relations were involved in his 
iuin, Jand Tiberius facrificed to his refent- 
ment and fufpicions, all thofe who were 
even connefted with Sejanus, or had fhnred 
his favors and enjoyed his confidence. Tacit. 
3, Ann. &c — Dio. 58 —^ Suet. in Tib. 

Cn, Seius, a Roman who had a famous 
horfe of large fize, and uncommon beauty. 
He was put to death by Antony, and it was 
obferved, that whoever obtained potfeffion of 
his horfe, which was fuppoi'ed to he of the 
fame race as the horfes of Diomedes de¬ 
ployed by Hercules, and which was called 
Sejanus equus , became unfortunate, and loft 
ali his property, with every member of his 
family. Hence arol'e the proverb, illc homo 
habet Sty a hum eqi/uin, applied to Inch as were 
oppreiled with misfortunes. An. Gellius , 3, 
c. 9. 

Seius Strabo, the father ol Sejanus, was 
a Roman knight, and commander of the prae¬ 
torian guards.- 

Selasia. Vid. Sellafin. 

Selemnus, a river of Achaia. Pauf. 7, 
c. 23. Vid. Seliirmus. 

Selkxe, the wife of Antiochus, king of 
Syria, put to death by Tigranes, king ot Ar¬ 
menia. She was daughter of Phyfcon, king 
of Egypt, and had firft married her brother 
Lathurus, according to the cuftom of hei 
country, and afterwards by defire of her mother, 
her other brother Gryphus. At the death 
of Gryphus the had married Antiochus, iur- 
named Eufebes, the ion of Antiochus Cy- 
zicenus, by whom the had two ions. Accord¬ 
ing to Appian, the firft married the father, 
and after his death, his foil Euiebes. Ap¬ 
pian Syr. Sec. 

Sileuckna, or Seleucis, a country of 
Syria, in Afia. Vid. Seleucis. 

Seleucia, a town of Syria, on the fea 
fhore, generally called Pieria , to diftinguifh 
it from others of the fame name. There 
were no lets than eight other cities which 
were called Seleucia, and which had all re¬ 
ceived their name from Seleucus Nicator. 


They were all fituate in the kingdom of Sy¬ 
ria, in Cilicia, and near the Euphrates. Pior. 

3, C. II.— Pint, in Dent. — Mela. , I, C. 12.-— 

Strab. 11 & 15.— Pit',. 6, c. 26.-Alio the 

refidence of the Parthian kings. Cic. 8, fe?n. 
14. 

Seleucid.t, a furname given to thofe mo- 
narchs who fat on the throne of Syria, 
which was founded by Seleucus, the foil of 
Antiochus, from whom the word is derived. 
The era of the Seleucidae begins with the 
taking of Babylon by Seleucus, B. C. .312, 
and ends at the conqueft of Syria by Pom- 
pey, B. C. 65. The order in which thele 
monarchs reigned, is fhown in the account of 
Syria. Vid. Syria. 

Seleucis, a dtvifion of Syria, which re¬ 
ceived its name from Seleucus, the foun¬ 
der of the Syrian empire, after the. death 
of Alexander the Great. It was alio called 
Tdrapolis , from the four cities it contained,- 
called alfo filler cities; Seleucia called after 
Seleucus, Antioch called after his father, 
Laodicea alter his mother, and Apamea af¬ 
ter his wife. Strab. 16. 

Seleucus, Tit, one of the captains of 
Alexander the Great, furnamed Nicator , or 
Victorious , was Ion of Antiochus. After the 
king’s death, he received Babylon as his pro¬ 
vince; but his ambitious views, and his at¬ 
tempt to deftroy Eumenes as he patted 
through his territories, rendered him ib un¬ 
popular, that he fled lor (afety to the court 
of his friend Ptolemy, king of Egypt. He 
was loon after enabled to recover Babylon, 
which Antigonus had feized in his ablence, 
and lie encreatVd his dominions by the imme¬ 
diate conquell of Media, and lbme of the 
neighbouring provinces. When he had ftrengrh- 
ened himi’elf in his empire, Seleucus imi¬ 
tated the example of the reft of the ge¬ 
nerals of Alexander, and a (Turned the title of 
independent monarch. He afterwards made 
war agair.ft Antigonus with the united forces 
of Ptolemy, Callander, and Lyfimaclws; 
and alter this monarch had been conquered 
and (lain, his territories were divided among 
bis victorious enemies. When Seleucus 
became mailer of Syria, he built a city there, 
which he called Antioch, in honor of his fa¬ 
ther, and made it the capital of his domini¬ 
ons. He alio made war again!! Demetrius 
and Lyfimachus, though he had originally 
married Stratonice, the daughter of the for¬ 
mer, and had lived in the deleft frienddiip 
with the latter. Seleucus was at laft mur-. 
dered by one of his fervants called Ptolemy 
Ceraunus, a man on whom he bellowed the 
greateft favors, and whom he had diftinguifhed 
by acts of the moll unbounded confidence. 
According to Arrian, Seleucus was the greateft 
and moll powerful of the princes who inhe¬ 
rited the Macedonian empire after the death 
of Alexander. His benevolence has been 

ommended; and it has been oblerved, that 

he 







he conquered not to enflave nations, but to 
make them more happy. Ho founded no 
lei's than 34 cities in different parts of his 
empire, which he peopled with Greek colo¬ 
nies, whofe national induftry, learning, re¬ 
ligion, and fpirit, were communicated to the 
indolent and luxurious inhabitants of Afia. 
Selepcus was a great benefactor to the 
Greeks, he reftored to the Athenians the 
library and Hatties which Xerxes had car¬ 
ried away from their city when he invaded 
Greece, and among them were thofe of 
Harmodius ami Ariftogiton. Seleucus was 
murdered 280 years before the Chriflian 
era, in the 32d year of his reign, and the 
78th, or according to others, the 73d year 
of his age, as he was going to conquer Ma¬ 
cedonia, where he intended to finilb his days in 
peace and tranquillity in that province where 
he was born. He was fucceeded bv Antio- 
chus $oter. jujlin. 13, c. 4.1. 15, c. 4. 1. 

16, c. 3, &c.— Plut. in Dcm. — Phn. 6, c. 17. 

— Pauf. 8, c. 51— Joftpb. Ant. IZ. -The 

ad, i'urnamed Callinicus, fucceeded his father 
Antiochus Theus on the throne of Syria. 
He attempted to make war againll Ptolemy, 
king of Egypt, but his fleet was fhipwrecked 
in a violent tlorm, and his armies foon af¬ 
ter conquered by his enemy. He was at 
laft taken prifoner by Arfaces, an officer who 
made himfelf powerful by the diffenfions which 
reigned in the houfe of the Seleucidae, be¬ 
tween the two brothers, Seleucus and An¬ 
tiochus; and after he had been a prifoner 
for tome time in Parthia, he died of a fall 
from his horle, B. C. 226, after a reign of 
ao years. Seleucus had received the fur- 
name of Pocron, from his long beard, and 
that of Callinicus , ironically to exprel's his 
very unfortunate reign. He had married 
Laodice, the filler of one of his generals, by 
whom he had two ions, Seleucus and Anti¬ 
ochus, and a daughter whom he gave in mar¬ 
riage to Mithridates king of Pontus. Strab. 

l6.— jujlin. 27 -— Appian. de Syr. -The 

3d, fucceeded his father Seleucus 2d, on the 
throne of Syria, and received tlve furname 
of Ccraunus, by antiphrafis, as he was a very 
weak, timid, and irrefolute monarch. He 
was murdered by two of his officers after a 
reign of three years, B. C. 223, and his 
brother Antiochus, though only 15 years old, 
afeended the throne, and rendered himfelf fo 
celebrated that he acquired the name of the 

Great. Appian. -The 4th, fucceeded his 

father Antiochus the Great, on the throne of 
Syria. He was i'urnamed Philopater , or ac¬ 
cording to Jofepluis, Soter . His empire had 
been weakened by the Romans when he be^ 
came monarch, and the yearly tribute of a 
thoufand talents to thefe victorious enemies, 
concurred in leffening his power and con- 
fequence among nations. Seleucus was poi- 
foned after a reign of 12 years, B. C. 175. 
His fon Demetrius had been lent to B.eme, 


there to received his education, and he became 
a piince’ of great abilities'.' Strabb 16.—• 

Jujlin. 32.— Appian. -The jth, fucceeded 

his father Demetrius IN'icator on the throne 
of Syria, in the 20th year of his age. He 
was put to death in the firft year of his reiiitl 
by. Cleopatra IPs mother, who had alfo fa- 
crificed her hufbaaid to her ambition. He 
is not reckoned by many hiftorians in the 

number of the Syrian monarchs.-The 6th, 

one of the Seleucidae, fon of Antiochus Gry- 
phu.s, killed his uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus, 
who wifhed to obtain the crown of Syria. 
He was fome time after banilhed from his 
kingdom by Antiochus Pius, fon of Cyzice¬ 
nus, and fled to Cilicia, where he was burnt 
in a palace by the inhabitants, B. C, 93. 

Appian. — JoJcplt- - A prince of Syria, to 

whom the Egyptians offered the crown of 
which they had robbed Auletes. Seleucus ac¬ 
cepted it, but he loon difgufted his lub- 
jeCts, and received the l'urname of Cy bio- 
fables, or Scullion , for his meannei's and 
avarice. He was at laft murdered by Be¬ 
renice, whom he had married.-A iervant 

of Cleopatra, the laft queen of Egypt, 
who accufed his miftrefs before OAavianus, 
of having fecreted part of her jewels and 

trealures.-A mathematician intimate 

with Vefpafian the Roman emperor.-— 

A part of the Alps.-A Roman con- 

fuL-A celebrated finger. Jub. 10, v. 21 r. 

--A king of the Bolphorus, who died B. 

C. 429. 

Sclge, a town of Pamphylia, made a 
colony by the Cacedaemonians. Liv. 35, c. 
13 — Strabo • 

Se limn us, a fhepherd of Achaia, who 
for l'ome time enjoyed the favors of the 
nymph Argyra, without interruption. Ar- 
gyra was at l.A dil'gufted with her lover, 
and the ihepherd died through melancholy, 
and was changed into a river of the lame 
name. Argyra was alio changed into a 
fountain, and was fond of mingling her wa¬ 
ters with thofe of the Selimnus. Pauf. 7, 
'c. 23. 

SelTnuns, or SelTnus, (untis), a town 
on the fouthern parts of ’Sicily, founded A. 
U. C. 127, by a colony from Megara. It 
received its name from czXivcv, parjley , which 
grew there in abundance. 'Five marks of its 
ancient confequence are vifible in the 'vener¬ 
able ruins now found in its neighbourhood. 

Pi eg. JEn. 3, v. 705.^— Pauf. 6, C. 19.-- 

A river of Elia in Pelpponnefus, which wa¬ 
tered the town of Scillus. Pauf. 5, c. 6. 

--Another in Achaia.-Another in 

Sicily. --A river and town of Cilicia, 

where Trajan died. Lbs. 33, c. 20.— 

St rad. 14.--Two l'mall rivers near Diana’s 

temple at Ephefus. Plin. 5, c. 29.-A 

lake at the entrance of the Cayfter. Strab. 
14 * 

Sellasia, a t®ivn of ^aconi# vAere Cle- 

emene$ 






















SE 


SE 


'omenes was defeated by the Actaeans, B. C. 
512a. Scarce 200 of a body of 5000 Lacede¬ 
monians lurvived the battle. Plut. 

Sellkis, a river of Peloponnefus falling 
into the Ionian lea. Homer. II. 

Sellet*;, a people of Thrace near mount 
Hienius. Liv. 38, c. 40. 

Sei.li, an ancient nation of Epirus near 
Dodona. Lucan . 3, v. 180.— Strai. 7. 

Sklymbria, .1 town ofThrace, on the Pro¬ 
pontis. Liv. 39, c. 39. 

Semele, a daughter of Cadmus by Her- 
mione, the daughter of Mars and Venus. 
She was tenderly beloved by Jupiter; but 
Juno, who was always jealous of her hui- 
band’s amours, and who hated the lioufe of 
Cadmus becjule they were related to the 
goddefs of beauty, determined to punilh this 
fuccefsful rival. She borrowed the girdle of 
Ate, which contained every wickednefs, de¬ 
ceit, and perfidy, and in the form of Beroe, 
Semele’s nurfe, fhe vifited the houfe of Ju¬ 
piter’s miftrefs. Semele liftened with atten¬ 
tion to the artful admonitions of the falfe 
Beroe, and was at lalt perfuaded to entreat 
her lover to come to her arms with the 
lame majefty as he approached Juno. This 
rafh requeft was heard with horror by Jupi¬ 
ter; but as he had fworn by the Styx to 
grant Semele whatever fhe required, he came 
to her bed, attended by the clouds, the light¬ 
ning, and thunderbolts. The mortal nature 
•of Semele could not endure lb much majefty, 
and flie was inftantly conliimed with lire. 
The child, however, of which fhe was 
pregnant, was faved from the flames by 
Mercury, or according to others by Dirce, 
one of the nymphs of the Achelous, and 
Jupiter placed him in his thigh the reft of 
the time which he ought to’ have been in 
his mother’s womb. This child was called 
Bacchus, or Dionyfius. Semele immediately 
after death was honored with immortality 
under the name of Thyone. Some, how¬ 
ever, fuppoie that lhe remained in the in¬ 
fernal regions till Bacchi^ her fon was per¬ 
mitted to bring her back. There were in 
the temple of Diana, at Trcezene, two al¬ 
tars railed to the infernal gods, one of which 
was over an aperture, through which, as 
Paufanias reports, Bacchus returned from bell 
with his mother. Semele was particularly 
worfhipped at Brafiae in I^aConia, where, ac¬ 
cording ta a certain tradition, fhe had been 
driven bv the winds with her l'on, after 
Cadmus had expofed her on the fea, on 
account of her incontinent amour with Jupiter. 
The mother of Bacchus, though fhe receiv¬ 
ed divine honors, had no temples; fhe had 
a ftatue in a temple of Cere*, at Thebes, 
in Bocotia. Pauf. 3, c. 24. 1 . 9, c. 5.— He- 
fiod. Tbeog. — Homer. U. I4,v. 323.— Orpheus. 
Hymn. — Rurip. in Baccb. — Apollod. 3> C. 4* 
Ovid. Met. 3, V. 2^4. Fuji. 3, V. 715.— 

piod. 3 & 4 . 

* n 


SemigermaN. 1, a name given to the 
Helvetii, a people of Germany. Liv. 21, 

c. 38. 

Semiguntus, a general of the Cherufci, 
taken prifoner by Germanicus, &c. Strah. 

7 - 

Semiramis, a celebrated queen of Af- 
fyria, daughter of the goddefs Derceto, by 
a young Aflyrian. She was expoled in a 
delart, but her life was preserved by doves 
for one whole year, till Simmas, one of the 
fhepherds of Ninus,, found her and brought 
her up as his own child. Semiramis, when 
grown up, married Menones, the governor of 
Nineveh, and accompanied him to the liege 
of Baftra, where by her advice and pru¬ 
dent dire&ions, lhe haftened the king’s ope¬ 
rations and took the city. Thefe eminent 
lervices, but chiefly her uncommon beauty, 
endeared her to Ninus. The monarch afk- 
ed her of her hulband, and offered him in- 
ftead, his daughter Sofana; but Menones, 
who tenderly loved Semiramis, refilled, and 
when Ninus had added threats to entrea¬ 
ties he hung himfelf. No fooner. was Me¬ 
nones dead than Semiramis, who was of an 
afpiring foul, married Ninus, by whom fhe 
had a fon called Ninyas. Ninus was lb fond, 
of Semiramis, that at her requeft he re- 
figned the crown to her, and commandecl 
her to be proclaimed queen and foie em- 
prefs of AlTyria. Of this, however, he had 
caufe to repent: Semiramis put him to death, 
the better to eftablifh herlelf on the throne, 
and when fhe had no enemies to fear at home, 
lhe began to repair the capital of her empire, 
and by her means Babylon became the molt 
fuperb and magnificent city in the world. 
She vifited every part of her dominions, 
and left every where immortal monuments 
of her greatnefs and benevolence, To ren¬ 
der the roads palfable and communication eal'y, 
fhe hollowed mountains and filed up vallies, 
and water was conveyed at a great expence 
by large and convenient aquedufts, to bar¬ 
ren del'arts, and unfruitful plains. She was 
not lefs dirtinguilhed as a warrior, many of 
file neighbouring nations were conquered; 
and when Semiramis was once told as lhe was 
dreflitig her hair, that Babylon had revolted, 
lhe left her toilette with precipitation, and 
though only half dreiled, lhe refufed to have 
the reft of her head adorned before the fe- 
dition was quelled and tranquillity re-efta- 
blillied. Semiramis has been accufed of 
licentioufnefs, and fome authors have ob- 
ferved, that lhe regularly called the ftrongeft 
and ftouteft men in her army to her arms, 
and afterwards put them to death that they 
might not be living vvitneffes of her incon¬ 
tinence. Her paflion for her fon was a'fo 
unnatural, and it was this criminal propen- 
fity which induced Ninyas to deftroy Ills 
mothqr with his own hands. Sprue fay that 
Seaiiramvs was changed into a dove after 
% death, 






death, and received immortal honor* in Af- 
tyria. It is fuppofed that file lived about 
1965 years before the Chriftian era, and 
that fhe died in the 6ad year ft her age, 
and the 25th of her reign. Many fabulous 
reports have been propagated about Semira- 
w» and fome have declared that for fome 
time flic difgtsifed herfelf and palled for 
her fun Ninyas. Val. Max. 9, c. 3.— Hero- 
dot. T, e. 184.— Died. 2 .— -Mela , I, c. 3.-*- 
Strati. 5 .—Pat ere. I, c. 6.— Jirfii't. I, c. I, 
&C .—Propert. ,3, el. II, v. 21 . — Pint, de 
Fort. life. 1—OwV. Amor. I, el. 5, v. II. 

4, v. 58 .—-Mar cell . 14, e. 6. 

Semnones, a people of Italy on the bor¬ 
ders of Umbria.-Of Germany on the Elbe 

and Oder. 

SEmoNes, inferior deities of Rome, that 
were not in the number of the 12 great 
gods. Among thele were Faunus, the Sa¬ 
tyrs, Priapus, Vertumnus, Janus, Pan, $i- 
lenus, and all fuch illuftrious heroes as had 
received divine honors after death. The 
word feems to be the fame as femi homines, 
feeeaufe they were inferior to the fupreme 
gods, and fupeiior to men. Ovid. Fajl. 6, 
Vv 21 3 - 

Semosanctus, one of the gods of the Ro¬ 
mans among the Indig'etes, or fuch as were 
born and educated in their country. 

Sempkonia, a Roman matron, mother 
of the two Gracchi, celebrated for her learn¬ 
ing, and her private as well as public vir¬ 
tues.-Alfo a filler of the Gracchi, who 

is accufed of having affifted the triumvirs 
Carbo, Gracchus, and Flaccus, tc murder 
her hulband Scipio Africanus the, younger. 
The name of Semproma was common to 
the female delcendanrs of the family of the 
Semp'ronii, Gracchi, and Scipios. 

Sempkonia lex de magi/lratitius, by C. 
Sempronitis Gracchus, the tribune, A. U. G. 
630, ordained that no peri on who had been 
legally deprived of a magiftracj for rnifde- 
meanors, fhould be capable of bearing an 
office again. This law was afterwards re¬ 
pealed by the author.-Another, de cini- 

tate , by the fame, A. U. C. 630. It or¬ 
dained that no capital judgment (hould be 
paffed over a Roman citizen, without the 
concurrence and authority of the fenate. 
There were alfo fome other regulations in¬ 
cluded in this law.-Another, de comiiiis , 

by the fame, A. U. C. 63^5. It ordained 
that in giving their votes, the centuries 
fhould he chofen by lot, and not give it ac¬ 
cording to the order of their claifes. Ano¬ 
ther, de comitii f, by the fame, the fame year, 
which granted to the Latin allies of Rome, 
the privilege- of giving votes at elections, 
as if they were Roman citizens.-——Another, 
deprovinciis , by the fame, A. U. C. 630. It 
enafted that the fenators Ihould be permitted 
before the affembly of the confular comitia , 
to determine as they pleafed the particular 


f provinces which Ihould be propofed to the 
j confute, to be divided by lot, and that the 
I tribunes Ihould be deprived of the power of 
; interpofing agamft a decree of the fenate. 

-Another, called Agraria prima , by T- 

Sempronius Gracchus the tribune, A. U. C. 
620. It confirmed the lex agraria Licinia, 
and enacted that all fuch as were ir. poffeflion 
of more lands than that law allowed, fhould 
immediately refign them, to be divided 
among the poor citizens. Three commif- 
fioners were appointed to “put this law into 
execution, and its confetjuenccs were fo vio¬ 
lent, as it was diredily made againft the 
nobles and fenators, that it cofl the author 
his life.—.—Another, called Agraria altera , 
by the fame. It required that all the rea- 
dy monev which was found in the treafury 
oi' Attalus, king of Pergamus, who had left 
the Romans his heirs, fhould be divided 
among the poorer citizens of Rome, to lup- 
ply them with all the various ; inftruments 
requite in hufbandry, and that the .lands of 
that monarch Ihould be farmed by the Ro¬ 
man cenlbrs, and the money drawn from 
thence ilo ld be divided among the people. 

--Another, frumentaria, by C. Sempronius 

Gracchus. It required that a certain quan¬ 
tity of corn fhould be diftributed among the 
people fo much to every individual, for 
which it was required that they fhould only 
pay the trifling fum of a feint fits and a triens. 

-Another, de ufvrd , by M. Sempronius, 

the tribune, A. U. C. 560. It ordained that 
in lending money to the Latins and the 
allies of Rome, the Roman laws fhould be 

obierved as well as among the citizens.- 

Another, de judicibus, by the tribune C. 
Sempronius, A. U. C. 630. It required 
that the ri*ht of judging, which had been 
alligned to the Senatorian order by Romu¬ 
lus, fhould be transferred from them to the 

Roman knights.-Another, militarise by 

the fame. A. U. C. 6.30. It enabled that 
the foldiers fhould be cloathed at the public 
| expence, without any diminution of their 
ufual pay. It alfo ordered that no perfon 
fhould be obliged to ferve in the army be¬ 
fore the age of 17. 

Sempronius, A. Atratinus, a fe- 
nator who oppofed the Agrarian law, which 
was propofed by the conful Caffius, foon 

after the ele&ion of the tribunes.-L. 

Atratinus, a conful, A. U. C. 310. He 
was one of the firft cenfors with his col¬ 
league in the conful (hip, Papirius.-Gains, 

a conful, fummoned before an aiTembly of 
the people becaufe he had fought with ill 

fuccefs againft the Volfci.-Blafus, a 

conful, who obtained a triumph for fome 
victories gained in Sicily. ——- Sophus, a 
conful, againft the iEqni. He alfo fought 
againft the Picentes, and during the en¬ 
gagement there was a dreacjful earthquake. 
The foldiers were terrified, but Sophus en¬ 
couraged 















couraged them, and obferved that the earth 
trembled only for fear of changing its old 

nwfters.-A man who propofed a law 

that no perfon fhould dedicate a temple or 
altar, without the previous approbation of 
the magiftrates, A. U. C. 449. He repu¬ 
diated his wife becaufe die had gone to fee 
a fpedlacle without his permifficn or know¬ 
ledge.-Rufus, a l’enator, banilhed from 

the fenate hecaufe'he had killed -a crane to 

i'erve him as food.--Tuditanusj a man 

lent againd Sardinia by the Romans.- 

A legionary tribune, who led away from 
Cannar the remaining part of the ipldiers 
who had not been killed by the Carthagi¬ 
nians. He was afterwards conful, and 
fought in the field againd Annibal with 

great luccefs. He was killed in Spain- 

Tiberius Longus, a Roman conful defeated 
by the Carthaginians in an engagement 
which he had begun againd the approbation 
of his colleague C. Scipio. He afterwards 
obtained victories over Hanno and the G«uls 
—=— Tiberius Gracchus, a conlul who de¬ 
feated the Carthaginians and the Campa¬ 
nians. He was afterwards betrayed hy F.ul- 
vius, a Lucanian, into the hands of the 
Carthaginians, and was killed, after he had 
made a lsng and bloody refiftmee againd 
the enemy. Hannibal lhewed great honor 
to his remains; a funeral pile was railed at 
the head of the camp, and the enemy’s ca 
valry walked round it in folemn proegffion. 

■- Gracchus, a man who had debauched 

Julia. [Fid. Gracchus.]-An eunuch, 

made governor of Rome by Caracalla.- 

p.enlus, a centurion of a pretorian cohort 
who defended the perfon of Galba againd 
phe aflaflins. He was killed in the attempt. 
-r-The father of the Gracchi. [Fid. Grac¬ 
chus.]-A cenfpr, who was all'o lent as 

ambaflador to the court, of Egypt.- 

A tribune of the people, &c. Tacit. — Flor. 
— Liu. — Pint. — Caf. — Appian. -An em¬ 

peror. [ Fid. Saturninus.J 

Semurium, a place near Rome, where 
Applio had a temple. Cic. Phil. 6, 6. 

Sena, or Senogallja, a town of Um¬ 
bria in Italy, on the Adriatic, built by the 
Seuones, after they had made an irruption 
into Italy, A. U. C. 396; and on that ac¬ 
count called Gallica. There was alfo a fmall 
river in the neighbourhood which bore the 
name, of Sena. It was near it that Afdrubal 
was defeated by Cl. Nero. C. Nep. in Ca - 
tone. — Sil. 8, v. 454.— Liu. 2 J, c. 46— Cic 
Brut. 18. 

Senatus, the chief council of the date 
among the Romans. The members of this 
body, called fenatores on account of their 
age, and patres on account of their authority , 
were of the greateft confequence in the re 
public. Tne fenate was fird indituted by 
Romulus, to govern the city, and to prefide 
pver the affairs of the date during his ablence. 


This was continued by his fuccefibrs ; but 
1 arquin the Second diidained to confult 
them, and by having his. own council cho- 
ien from his favorites, and men who were 
totally devoted to.his intered, he diminidied 
the authority and tjie confequence-of, the 
lenators, and flighted the concurrence of, the 
people. The lenators whom Romulus cre¬ 
ated were an hundred, to whom -he after- 
wards added the fame number when the Sa¬ 
bines had migrated to Rome. Tarquin the 
ancient made the fenate confifl of 300, . and 
this number remained fixed for a long time. 
After the expulfion of the lad Tarquin \yholp 
tyranny had thinned the patricians as well 
as the plebeians, 164 new lenators where ch<* 
len to complete the 3004 and as they were 
called conjcripts, the fenate ever afterwards 
confided of members who were denominat¬ 
ed patres , and conferipti. The number con- 

• tinued to fluctuate during the times of th/5 
republic, but gradually encrealcd to 700, and 
afterwards to 900 under Julius Cieiar, tgho 
filled the fenate with. men of every raplp 
and order. Under Augudus the fenatp# 
amounted to 1000, but this, number was rei 
duced to 300, which being tire 0/ 

complaints, induced the emperor to limit th§ 
number to 600. The place of a fenator wa$ 
always bellowed upon merit; the monarchy 
had the privilege of chufing the members, 
and after the expulfion , of the Terquins it 
was one of the rights of the confiflsj till the 
election of the cenfors, who from thqir. office 
teemed mod capable, of making choice of 
men whole character was iri eproacha' la, 
whole moials were . pure, and rel itions. ho¬ 
norable. Sometimes the affeni^lj of ithe 
people elected fenators, but it was only;, up¬ 
on fome extraordinary occalious ; there jyas 
allb a didlatqr chofen to fill up the num¬ 
ber of the fejnate after the battle Can¬ 
nae, Only particular families were admitted 
into the fenate ; and when the plebeians 
were permitted to dhare the honors .of the 
date, it .was then required that-they fhould 
he boyn of free citizens. It-was alfo requir¬ 
ed that the candidates fhould be .jknights be¬ 
fore their admilfion into tire fepate. J hey 
were to be abqve the age of 25, and to have 
previoufly pa did through the inferior offices 
of queeftor, tribune of the people, edile, pre- 
tor and conful. Some, however, fuppofe tint 
the. lenators whom Romulus chofe were all 
old men; yet his fuccefibrs negle&ed this, 
and often men who were below the age of 
25 were admitted . by courtefy into the fe¬ 
ll ate. The dignity of a fenator could not be 
fupportpd without the pofleffion of 80,000 fef- 
terces, or about 7000I. Englifh money, and 
therefore fuch as lquandered away their mo¬ 
ney, and whofe fortune was reduced below 
this fum, were generally druck ouf of the 
lift of fenators. This regulation was not 
made in the firft ages of the republic, when 
7 , z the 









the Romans boafted of their poverty. The- 
fenators were not permitted to be of any 
trade or profeflion. They were diltinguifhed 
from the reft of the people by their drel's; 
they wore the laticlave, half boots of a black 
color, with a crelent or filver buckle in the 
form of C; but this laft honor was con¬ 
fined only to the defendants of thole hun¬ 
dred fenators who had been ele&ed by Ro¬ 
mulus, as the letter C. feems to imply. 
They had the foie right of feafting publicly 
in the capitol in ceremonial habits; they lat 
in curule chairs, and at the representation 
of plays and public fpedfacles, they were ho¬ 
nored with particular feats. Whenever they 
travelled abroad, even on their own bufi- 
nefs, they were maintained at the public 
expence, and always fonnd provisions for 
themfelves and their attendants ready pre¬ 
pared on the road ; a privilege that was ge¬ 
nerally termed free legation. On public fef- 
tivals they wore the preetexta, or long white 
robe with purple borders. The right of 
convocating the fenate belonged only to the 
monarchs; and after the expulfion of the 
Tarquins, to the confuls, the dictator, mafter 
of the horfe, governor of Rome, and tribunes 
of the people ; but no magiftrate could ex- 
ercife this privilege except in the abfence 
of a fuperior officer, the tribunes excepted. 
The time of meeting was generally three 
times a month on the calerids, nones, and 
ides. Under Auguftus they were not af- 
femblted on the nones. It was requifite 
that the place where they affembled ffiould 
have been previoufly conlecrated by the 
augurs. This was generally in the temple 
of Concord, of Jupiter Capitolinus, Apollo, 
Caftor and Pollux, &c. or in the Curiae 
called Hoililia, Julia Pompeia, &c. When 

audience was given to foreign ambafladors, 
the fenators affembled without the walls of 
the city, either in the temples of Bellona 
or of Apollo; and the fame ceremony as 
to their meeting was alfo obferved when 
they tranfadfed bufinefs with their generals, 
as the ambafladors of foreign nations, and 
the commanders of armies, while in com- 
miflion, were not permitted to appear with- ; 
in the walls of the city. To render their 
decrees valid and authentic, a certain num¬ 
ber of members was requifite, and fuch as 
were abfent without fome proper caufe, were 
alway fined. In the reign of Auguftus, 
400 fenators were requifite to make a fe¬ 
nate. Nothing was trail fa died before fun* 
rife, or after fun-fet. In their office the 
fenators were the guardians of religion, they 
difpofed of tl?e provinces as they pleafed, 
they prorogued the aflemblies of the people, 
they appointed thanklgivings, nominated their 
ambafladors, dirftibuted the public money, 
and in ftiort, had the management of every 
political or civil in the republic, ex¬ 
cept the creating of magiftrates, the effac¬ 


ing of laws, and the declarations of war or 
peace, which were confined to the aflemblies 
of the people. Rank was always regarded 
in their meetings; the chief magiftrates of 
the ftatc, fuch as the confuls, the pretors, 
and cenfors fat fiilt, after thefe the inferior 
magiftrates, fuch as the ediles and queftors, 
and laft of all, thole that then exercifed no 
office in the ftate. Their opinions were ori¬ 
ginally colleCed, each according to Ins age; 
but when the office of cenlbr was inlututed, 
the opinion of the princeps fenatus or the 
% perfon whole name ltood tirft on the cenfor s 
lift, was tirft confulted, and afterwards thole 
who were of confular dignity, each in their 
rel'peCive order. In the age of Cicero the 
confuls eleC were firft confulted; and in 
the age of Caefar, he was permitted to 
fpeak tirft till the end of the year, on whom 
the conlul had originally conferred that ho¬ 
nor. Under the emperors the fame rules 
were obferved, but the confuls were gene¬ 
rally confulted before all others When any 
public matter was introduced into the k fenate 
which was always called referre ad /erratum, 
any fenator whofe opinion was afked, was 
permitted to fpeak upon it as long as lie 
pleafed, and on that account it was often 
ufual for the fenators to protrail their lpeeches 
till it was too late to determine. When the 
queftion was put, they palled to the fide of 
that lpeaker, whofe opinion they approved, 
and a majority of votes was eafily collected, 
without the trouble of counting the numbers. 
This mode of proceeding was called pedilus 
in alicujus /enientiarn ire , and therefore on 
that account, the fenators who had not 
the privilege of lpeaking, but only the right 
of giving a filent vote, fuch as bore fome 
curule honois, and on that account werje 
permitted to fit in the fenate, hut not to de¬ 
liberate, were denominated pedarii fenatores. 
After the majority had been known,-* the 
matter was determined, and a fenatus con - 
fultum was immediately written by the clerks 
of the houfe, at the feet of the chief ma- 
gillrates, and it was figned by all the prin¬ 
cipal members of the houfe. When there 
was not a fufficient number of members 
to make a fenate, the decifion was called 
fenatus autoritas , hut it was of no confe- 
quence if it did not afterwards pals into a 
fenatus confultum. The tribunes of the peo¬ 
ples, by the word veto, could ftop the de¬ 
bates, and the decrees of the affembled fe¬ 
nate, as alfo any one who was of equal 
authority with him who had propofed the 
matter. The fenatus confulta were left in 
the cuftody of the confuls, who could fup- 
prefs or prelerve them ; but about the year 
of Rome 304, they were always depofited 
in the temple of Ceres, and afterwards in 
the treafury, by the ediles of the people. 
The degradation of the fenators was mad$ 
by the cenfor, by omitting their names wheij 





he called over the lift of the fenate. This 
was called precterire. A fenator could be 
again introduced into the fenate if he could 
repair his ch a ratter* or fortune, which had 
been the caules why the cenfor had law¬ 
fully called him unqualified, and had chal¬ 
lenged his oppofition. The meeting of the 
fenate was often hidden, except the parti¬ 
cular times already mentioned, upon any 
emergency. After the death of J. Caefar, 
they were not permitted to meet on the 
ides of March, which were called parrtcidi- 
utn. becaule on that day the dittator had been 
aflalHnated. The fons of lenatovs, after they 
had put on the toga <v!rilis t were permitted to 
come into the fenate, but this was after¬ 
wards limited. [ Vid, Papirius.] The rank 
and authority of the lenators, which were 
lo conl'picuous in the tirft ages of the re¬ 
public, mid which cauled the minifter of 
Pyrrhus to declare, that the Roman fenate 
was a venerable aflembly of kings, dwindled 
into nothing under the emperors. Men of 
the lowelt charatter were admitted into 
the fenate; the emperors took plealure in 
robbing this illuftrious body of their privi¬ 
leges and authority, and the fenators them- 
felves, by rheir manners and lervility, con¬ 
tributed as much as the tyranny of the love- 
reign to diminifh their own conlequence ; and 
by applauding the follies of a Nero, and the 
cruejties of a Domitinn, they convinced the 
world that they no longer pofTclTed fufticient 
prudence or authority to be confulted on 
matters of weight and importance. In the 
election of fucceflois to the imperial purple 
after Auguftus, the approbation of the fe¬ 
nate was confulted, but it was only a mat¬ 
ter of courtel’y, and the concurrence of a body 
of men was little regarded who were with¬ 
out power, and under the controul of a mer¬ 
cenary army. The title of Clarijp/nus was 
given to the fenators under the emperors, 
and indeed this was the only difthittion they 
had in compenlation for the lofs of their in¬ 
dependence. The fenate was abolifhed by 
Juftinian, 13 centuries after its firft inllitution 
by Romulus. 

Senkca, M. Annivs, a native of Cop- 
duba m Spain, who married Helvia, a wo¬ 
man of Spain, by whom he had three fons, 
Seneca the philofopher, Annccus Novatus, 
and Annxus Mela, the father of the poet 
J.ucan. Seneca made himfelf known by 
feme declamations of which he made a col¬ 
lection from the moft celebrated orators of 
the age, 3nd from that circumftance, and | 
for diftinttion, he obtained the appellation j 
pf declamator. He left Corduba, and went 
to Rome, where he became a Roman knight. 
HU fon L. Annaeus Seneca, who was born 
about fix yea»s before Chrift, was early dil- | 
tinguilhed by his extraordinary talents. He 
was taught eloquence by his father, and re¬ 
eved lefTons in philosophy from the beft 


and moft celebrated ftoics of the age. 
one of the followers of the Pythagorean doc¬ 
trines, Seneca oblerved the moft referved ab- 
ttiftence, and in his meals never eat the flelh 
of animals; but this he abandoned at the re- 
prefentation of his father, when Tiberius 
threatened to punilh fome Jews and Egyp¬ 
tians, who abilained from certain meats. In 
the chai-aCW of a pleader, Seneca appeared 
with great advantage, but the fear of Cali¬ 
gula, who alpired to the name of an elo¬ 
quent l'peaker, and who conlequently was jea¬ 
lous of his fame, deterred him from purfu- 
ing his favorite ltddy, and he fought a i’afer 
employment in can vailing for the honors and 
office of the ftate. He was made quaeftor, 
but the alperfions which were thrown upon 
him on account of a fiiameful amour with 
Julia Livilla, removed him from Rome, and 
the emperor hanilhed him for fome time into 
Corfica. During his banilhment the philo¬ 
fopher wrote fome fpirited epiftles to his mo¬ 
ther, remarkable for elegance of language 
and lublimity; but he loon l^rgot his phi- 
lofophy, and difgrnced himfelf by his flatteries 
to the emperor, and in wifhing to be recal¬ 
led, even at the expence of his innocence and 
character. The difgrace of Meflalina at 
Rome, and the marriage of Agrippina with 
Claudius, proved favorable to Seneca, and 
after he had remained five years in Corfica, 
he was recalled by the emprels to take care 
of the education of her fon Nero, who was 
deftined to lucceed to the empire. In the 
honorable duty of preceptor, Seneca gained 
applaufe, 'and as long as Nero followed his 
advice, Rome enjoyed tranquillity, and be¬ 
lieved herlelf fafe and happy under the admi- 
niftration of the fon of Agrippina. Some, 
however, are clamorous againft the philofo¬ 
pher, and oblerve that Seneca initiated his 
pupil in thole unnatural vices, and abomina¬ 
ble indulgences, which difgraced him as a 
monarch and as a man. This may be the 
language of malevolence, or the infinuation 
ofjealoufy. In the corrupted age of Nero, 
the preceptor had tb withltaud the clamors 
of many wicked and profligate minifters, 
and if he had been the favorite of the em¬ 
peror, and lhired his pleafures, his debauch¬ 
ery and extravagance, Nero would not per¬ 
haps have been lo anxious of deftroying a 
man whole example, from vicious inclinations, 
he could not follow, and whofe falutarv pre¬ 
cepts his licentious aflociates forbad him to 
obey. Seneca was too well acquainted with 
the natural dilpofition of Nero to think him¬ 
felf iecure; he had been acculed of having 
amafted the moft ample riches, and of hav¬ 
ing built fumptuous houies, and adorned 
beautiful gardens, during the four years in 
which he had attended Nero as a preceptor, 
and therefore he defired his imperial pupil to 
accept of the riches, and the pofleffions which 
ms attendance on his perfon had procured* 

Z i 2, and 






SE 


SE 


and to permit him to retire to folitude and 
fiudy. Nero refufed with artful duplicity, 
a,, d Seneca, to avoid further fufpicions, kept 
himfelf at home for i'ome time as if laboring 
under a dileafe. In the confpiracy of Pilo, 
which happened fome time after, and in 
which fome of the moft noble of the Roman 
fenators were concerned, Seneca’s name was 
mentioned by Natalis, and Nero, who was 
glad of an opportunity of facrificing him to 
his fecret jealoufy, ordered him to deftroy 
himfelf. = Seneca very probably was not ac- 
ceflary to the conlpiracy, and the only thing 
whjch could he produced ,ag<ynft him as a 
crimination, was trivial aqd unfatisfaclory. 
Lift), as Natalis declared, had complained 
that he never favv, Seneca, and the philofopher 
had obferved in anlwer, that it . was not pro¬ 
per or conducive to their common intereft, 
to fee one another often. He further pleaded 
indifpqfition, and faid that his ojwn life de¬ 
pended upon the fafety of Pifo’s perfon. Se¬ 
neca was at table with his wife Paulina and 
two of his friends, wh'en the meflenger from 
Nero arrived; He’ heard the words which 
commanded him to deftroy himfelf, with 
philofophical firmnefs, and even with joy, 
and obferved, that fuch a mandate might have 
long been expected from a man who had 
murdered his ovvn mother, and aflaffinated 
all his friends. He vvifhed to difpofe of his 
pofleflions as he pleafed, hut this was refuted, 
and when he heard, this, he turned to his 
friends who- were, weeping at his melancholy 
fate, and told them, that fince he could not 
leave them what he believed his own, he 
Would leave thepn at leaft his own life for an 
example, an innocent conduct which they 
might imitate, and by which they might 
acquire immortal fame. Againft their tears 
and wailings he exclaimed with firmnefs, 
and alked them whether they had not learnt 
better to withstand the attacks of fortune, and 
]the violence of tyranny ? As for his wife, he 
attempted to cajm her emotions, and when 
fhe feemed refolved to die vy|th him, he faid 
he was glad to find his example followed 
with fq much conftancy. Thejr veins were 
opened at the fame moment, but the life of 
Paulina was preferved, and Nero, who was 
partial to her, ordered the blood to be flopped, 
and from that moment, according to I'ome 
authors, the philofopher’s wife feemed to 
rejoice that fhe could Hill enjoy the comforts 
of life. Seneca’s veins bled but {lowly, and 
it has been obferved, that the fenfible and 
animated converfation of his dying moments 
was colledled by his friends, and that it has 
been preferved among his woijjs. To hafien 
his death he drank a dole of poifon, but it 
had ,n.o effe£l, and therefore he ordered him¬ 
felf to be carried into a hot-bath, to accelerate 
the operation of the draught, and to make 
the blood flow more freelv. This was at¬ 
tended with no better fuccefs, and as the fol* 


diers were clamorbus, he was carripd into a 
Hove, and fufFocated by the fleam, on the 
iath of April,-in the 65th year of the Chris¬ 
tian era, in his 53d year. His botiy was 
burnt without ppmp or funeral ceremony, ac¬ 
cording to his will, which he had made when 
he enjpyed the mofl unbounded favors of 
Nero. The compofitions of ''eneca are nu¬ 
merous, and chipfly on moral lubjedls. H r e 
is fp much admired for his refined fentiments 
and virtuous precepts, for his morality, his 
conftapcy, and his innocence of manners, that 
St. Jerome has not hefitated to rank hint 
among Chriftian writers His flyle is ner¬ 
vous, it abounds with ornament, and feems , 
well fyited to the tafte of the age in which 
he lived. The defire of recommending him¬ 
felf and his writings to the world, obliged 
him too often to depreciate the merit of the 
ancients, and to fink into obicurity. His 
treatifes are de ird, de confolatione, dc Providen- 
tia, de tranquillitate animi, de dementia, de 
fapientis conjlantid , de otio fapientis, de brevi- 
tate vita, de benejiciis, de vita beat a, befides 
his naturales quaf tones, Indus in Clandiurn , 
moral letters , &c. There are alio fome tra¬ 
gedies aferibed to Seneca. Quintilian fup- 
pol'es that the Medea is his compofition, and ac¬ 
cording to others, the Tioas and the Hippoytus, 
were alfo written by him, and the Agamem¬ 
non, Hercules furens, Thycfles \S? Hercules in 
Oetd by his father Seneca the declaimer. The 
beft editions of Seneca are thole of Antwerp, 
fol. 1615, and of Gronovius, 3 vols, Am it: 

3 67a ; and thofe of his tragedies, are that of 
Schroder’s, 4to Pelph. 1728, and the 8vo. 
of Gronovius, L. Bat. 168 2. Tacit. Ann. 12, 
&c.— Dio. — Suetcn. in Her. Isf c. — Quintrl. 

Claudius Senecio, one of Nero’s fa¬ 
vorites, and the afTociatq of his pleaftue and 

debauchery.-Tullius, a man who con- 

fpired againft Nero, and was put to death 
though he turned informer againll the reft of 

the confpirators.--A ma.r put to death by 

Domitian, for writing an account of the life 
of Helvidius, one of the emperor’s enemies. 

-One of Conftautine’s enemies.-A 

man who from a refflels and afpiring difpofi- 
tion acquired the furname of Grandio. Seneca 
fuaf. I. 

Senxa, a town of Liburnia, now Segna. 
Pliti. 3, c. 21. 

Senna, or Sena, a river of Umbria. 
Vid. Sepa. Lucan. 2, v. 407. 

Se nones, an uncivilized nation of Gal¬ 
lia Traqfalpina-, who left their native pof- 
feffions, and under the conduct of Brennus 
invaded Italy, and pillaged Rome. They 
afterwards united with the Umbri, Latins, 
and Etrurians, to make war againft the Ro¬ 
mans, till they were totally deftroyed by 
Dolabella. The chief of their towns in that 
part of Italy where they fettled near Umbria, 
and which from them was caHed Senogallia, 
were Fanum Fortune, Sena, Pifaurum,"and 

Ariminum. 






S E 


SE 


Ariminum. [Fid. Cimbri.] Lucan. i, v. 
254.-5’//. 8, v. 454.— Liv. 5, c. 35, See. 

—r/or -A people of Germany near the 

Suevi, 

StNTlA 1,EX de fenatuy by C; Sentiu's the 
eonful, A. U. C 734, enacted the phufing 
of proper perlons to fill up the number of fe- 
nators. 

Skntjnum, a town of Umbria. Liv. 10 
c. 27 & 30, 

Sentius Cn. a governor of Syria, under 
tire emperors-A governor of Macedo¬ 
nia.-Septimius, one of the fbldiers of 

Pompey, who allilted the Egyptians in mur¬ 
dering him-A Roman emperor. [Fid. 

Sever us.] A writer in the reign of the em¬ 
peror Alexander, of whole life he wrote an 
account in Latin, or, according to others, in 
Greek. 

Seiuas, a cape of Mngnefia in TheiTaly 
it the north of Euboea, now St. George. 

Sepi. asia, a place of Capua, where oint¬ 
ments were fold. Cic. Pi/. ;& 11. 

Septem aquje, a portion of the lake near 
Reate. Cic. 4. Aft. 15.-Fratres, a moun¬ 

tain of Mauritania, now Gcbel-JVT'. aja. Strut). 

I 7--Maria, the entrance of the leven 

mouths of the Po. 

Septempeda, a town of Picenum. 

Septerion, a feiliva! obferved once in 
nine years at Delphi, in honor of Apollo. 
It was a reprefentation of the purluit of Py¬ 
thon by Apollo, and of the victory obtained by 
the god. 

Tit. Septimius, n Roman knight diftin- 
niithed by his poetical compolitions both 
Klie and tragic. He was intimate with Au- 
gurtus as well as Horace, who has addrefTed the 
6 of his 2 Ub. of Odes to him.-A centu¬ 

rion put to death, See. Tacit. A. 1, c. 32. 

--A native of Africa, who diltinguifhed 

bimftlf at Rome as a poet. He wrote among 
other things an hymn in praife of Janus. 
Only 11 of his verfes are preferved. M.Te - 
rent.—Crin it us in vita. 

JL. Se txiMULF.jus, a friend of C. Grac¬ 
chus. Pie l'uffered himfelf to be bribed by 
Opimius, and had the meannefs to carry his 
friend’s head fixed to a pole through tbeftreets 
of Jlome. 

Sepyka, a town of Cilicia, taken by Cicero 
when he prefided over that province. Cic. ad. 
D.iv 15, c. 4. 

Sequana, a river of Gaul, which fepa- 
rates the territories of the Belgai and the Cel¬ 
tic, and is now called la Seine. Strcb. 4 — 
Mela. 3, c. 2.— Lucan. I, v '425. , 

* .Seqoani, a people of Gaul near the ter¬ 
ritories of the ^Edui,»between the S6ane and 
mount Jura, famous for their wars againft 
Rome,&c. [ Fid. ZEdui ] 7 he country which 

tbev inhabited isnow called Frcmcbt Compte. or 
Upper Burgundy. Caf. bell. G. 

, SEQtuNius, a native of ,Alba, who mar¬ 
ried one of his daughters to Curiatius of 


Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen of 
Rome. 7 'he two daughters were brought 
to bed on the fame day, each of three male 
children. 

Serapio, a furname given to one of the 
bcipios, becaufe he relembled a fwine herd of 

that name.-A Greek poet who florifhed 

in the age ol 1 rajan. He was intimate with 

Plutarch-An Egyptian put to death by 

Achillas, when he came at the head of an 
embafly from Ptolemy, who was a priloner 

in the hands of J. Cailar.-A painter. Plin. 

3S > <-'• 10, 

Serapis, one of the Egyptian deities, fup- 
poled to be the fame at Ofiris. He had a 
magnificent temple at Memphis, another very 
rich at Alexandria, and a third at Canopus. 

1 he worfhip of Serapis was introduced at 
Rome, by the emperor Antoninus Pius, A. D. 
146, and the myfteries celebrated on the 6th of 
May, hut with fo much licentioufnefs that the 
fen ate were foon after obliged to abolifh them. 
Herodotus, wholpeaksin a very circumftantial 
manner ot the deities, and of the religion of 
the Egyptians, makes no mention of the god 
Serapis. Apollodorus lays it is the lame as the 
bull Apis. Pan/ 1, c. 18. 1 . 2, c. 34.— Tacit. 
Thjl. 4, c. 83-— S/rab. 17.— Martial. 9, ep. 
3 °- 

Serbonis, a lake between Egypt and Pa- 
lefline. 

Serena, a daughter of 'Pbaodoflus who 
married Stilicho. She was put to death, ic. 
Ctaudio n. 

S£REMANus,a favorite of Gal’us, the bro¬ 
ther of Julian. He was put to death. 

Serenus Sam0n 1 cuS, a phyfician in the 
age of the emperor Stverus and C'aracalla. 

1 here remains a poem of his compofition on 
medicine, the lafl edition of which is that of 

1706, in 8vo. Ami-Vibius, a governor of 

Spain, acculed of cruelty in the government of 
his province, and put to death by order of 
Tiberius. 

Seres, a nation of Afia, according to Pto¬ 
lemy, between the Ganges and the ealtern 
ocean in the modern Thibet. 7 hey were na¬ 
turally of a meek dilpofition. Silk, of which 
the fabrication was unknown to the ancients, 
who imagined that the materials were collected 
from the leaves qf trees, was brought to Rome 
from their country, and on that account it 
received the name of Sericum, and thence a 
garment or drefs of filk is called /erica ve/us. 
Heliogabalus, the Roman emperor, was the 
firft who wore a liik drefs, which at that time 
was fold for its weight in gold. It after¬ 
wards became very cheap, and confequently 
was the common drefs among the Romans; 
Some fuppol'e that the Seres are the fame as 
the Chinefe. Ptoh 6, C. 16— Herat. 1, ©J. 
29, v. 9.— Lucan. 1, v. 19. 1 . ro, v. 142 & 
292.*— Ovid. Am. IJ el- 14? v - 6.— Virgl G. 2, 
v. 127 . 

SeHgEstus, a failor in the fleet of A5* 
Zz3 ne^s 












SE 


SE 


ueas, from whom the family of the Sergii at 
Rome were delcended. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 121. 

Sergia, a Roman matron. She con- 
fpired with others to poifon their hufbands. 
The plot was difcovered,' and Sergia, with 
fome of her accomplices, drank poifon and died. 
Sergius, one of the names of Catilmc. 

- - A military tribune at the liege of Veii. 

The family of the Sergii was patrician, and 
branched out into the ieveral families of the 


Pidenates, Silt , Catilina , Nalta^ Ocella , and 
Planet. 

Sergius and Sergioi.us, a deformed 
youth, greatly admired by the Roman la¬ 
dies in Juvenal’s age. Juv. 6, v. 105 Sc 

f e l- 

Seriphus, an ifland in the iEgean fea, 
about 36 miles in circumference, according 
to Pliny only 12, very barren and unculti¬ 
vated. The Romans generally lent their cri¬ 
minals there in banifhment, and it was there 
that Caffius Severus the orator was exiled, and 
there he died. According to A£lian, the 
frogs of this iiland never croaked, but when 
thev were removed from the iiland to another 
place, they were more noily and cla¬ 
morous than others, hence the proverb of fe- 
fipbia rana, applied to a man who neither fpeaks 
nor lings. This however is found to be a mil- 
take by modern travellers. It was on the-coaft 
of Seriphos that the cheft was difeovered in 
which Acrifius had expoled his daughter Danae, 
and her fon Perfeus. St tab. 10.— JElian. 
Anim. 3, C. 37.— Mela. 2, C. 7.— ApotloJ. 1. 
C. 9.— Tacit. Attn. 4, c. 21.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 
142. 1 . 7, V. 65. 

Sermyla, a town of Macedonia. Hero- 


dot. 7, c. 122. 

Sf.ron, a general of Antiochus Epi- 
phanes. 

Serranus, a furnsftne given to Cincinna- 
fus, becaufe he was found /owing his fields 
when told that he had been eleded dictator. 
Some however fuppoie that Serranus was a 
different perfon from Cincinnatus. Plin. 18, 
C. 3.— Liv. 3, c. 26 .—Virg ; JEn. 6, V. 844. 

-One of the auxiliaries of Turnus, killed 

in the night by Nifus. Virg JEn. 9, v. 335. 
——A poet of fome merit in Domitian’s reign. 
’Juv. 7, v. $0. 

SerrheuM, a fortified place of Thrace. 
Liv. c. 16. 

Quintus SertOrius, a Roman gene¬ 
ral, fon of Quintus and Rhea, born atNurfia. 
His lirft campaign was under the great Ma¬ 
rius, againft: the Teutones and Cimbri. He 
■ vifited the enemy’s camp as a fpy, and had 
* the misfortune to lole one eye in the lirft 
battle he fought. When Marius and Cinna 
entered Rome and flaughtered all their ene¬ 
mies, '“■ertorius accompanied them, but he 
expreffed his forrow and concern at the melan¬ 
choly death of fo many of his countrymen. He 
afterwards fled for fafety into Spain, when 
Sylla had proferibed him, and in this diftant 


province he behaved himfelf vyith fo much 
addrels and valor that he was looked upon 
as the prince of the country. The Lufita- 
nians univerlally fevered and loved him, 
and the Roman general did not Ihow him¬ 
felf lei's attentive to their intereft, by efta- 
blilhing public fchools, and educating the 
children of the country in the polite arts, and 
the literature of Greece and Rome. He had 
eftablilhed a ienate, over which he prefided 
with conlular authority, and the Romans, 
who followed his llandard, paid equal rever¬ 
ence to his perfon. They were experimen¬ 
tally convinced of his valor and magnanimity 
as a general, and the artful manner in which 
he impoled ' upon the credulity of his adhe¬ 
rents in the garb of religion, did not diminifh 
his reputation. He pretended to hold com¬ 
merce with heaven by means of a white 
hind which he had tamed with great fuccels, 
and which followed him every where, even 
in the field of battle. The luccefs of Serto- 
rius in Spain, and his popularity among'the 
natives alarmed the Romans. They lent 
l'ome troops to oppofe him, but with little, 
luccefs. Four armies were found infufficient 
to crulh or even hurt Sertorius; and Pompey 
and Metellus, who never engaged an enemy 
without obtaining the victory, were driven 
with dilbonor From the field. But trhe favorite 
of the Lufitanians was expofed to the dan¬ 
gers which ulually attend greatnefs, Per- 
penna, one of his officers who was jealous 
of his fame and tired of a luperior, con- 
fpired againft him. At a banquet the con- 
fpirators began to open their intentions by 
lpeaking with freedom and licentioufnels in 
tile prefence of Sertorius, whole age and cha- 
radfer had hitherto claimed deference from 
others. Perpenna overturned a glals of wine, 
as a fignal for the reft of the confpirators, and 
immediately Antoniusj one of his officers, 
ftabbed Sertorius, and the example was fol¬ 
lowed hy all the reft, 73 years before Chrift. 
Sertorius has been commended for his love of 
juftice and moderation. The flattering de~ 
feription he heard of the Fortunate Iflands 
when he part into the weft of Africa, al- 
moft tempted him to bid adieu to the world, 
and perhaps he would have retired from the 
tioife of war, and the clamors of envy* to 
end his days in the bofom of a peaceful and 
folitary iiland, had not the ftronger calls of. 
ambition and the love ot fame prevailed over 
the intruding refledions of a moment. It 
has been obierved, that in his latter days 
Sertorius became indolent, and fond of luxury 
and wanton cruelty ; yet we mull confefs, that 
in affability, clemency, (RimplaifancU, genero- 
fity, and military valor, he not only furpafled 
his contemporaries, hut the reft of the Ro¬ 
mans. Plut. in vita.—Pater*. 2, c. 30, X&c. 
—Flor. 3, c. 21 . &c. — Appian. ie Civ. — Val. 
Max. i, c. 2. 1 . 7, c. 3.— Eutrap.—^Aul. GelU 
C. 2 %. ... , - 

*0 Serv-khs, 




SE 


SE 


Sfrv.t.us, a man accufed by Tiberius of I 
being privy to the conlpiracy of Seianus. ! 
Tacit. A, 6,c. 7 . ! 

Servian us, a conl'ul in the reign of A- 
drian. He was a gleat favorite of the empe¬ 
ror Trajan. 

Servilia, a fitter of Cato of Utica, great¬ 
ly enamoured of J. Cad'ar, though her bro¬ 
ther was one of the mod inveterate enemies 
ot her lover. To convince Ctefar of her af- 
leCtiou, lhe tent him a letter tilled with the 
mott tender exprcifions of regard for his per- 
fon. The letter was delivered to Ctefarin the 
fenate houfe, while they were debating about 
puniihing the aflbciates of Catiline’s confpi. 
racy; .md when Caro law it, he exclaimed 
that it was a letter from the conl'pirators, 
arid infified immediately on its being made 
public. Upon this Cal’ar gave it to Cato, 
and tire Item fenatoi* had no fooner read 
its contents, than he threw it back with 
.the words of take it drunkard. From the 
intimacy which exiled between Servilit 
and Cxei'ar, tome have fuppoi'ed that the 
dictator was the father of M. Brutus. 
Plat. in Ceef. — C. Kip. in Attic. -Ano¬ 

ther filler of Cato, who married Silanus. 

Id. -A daughter of Thrafea, put to 

death by order of Nero, with her hither. 
Her crime was the cunl'ulcing of magicians, 
only to know what would happen in her 
family. 

Servilia LEX de pecuniis repetundis by C. 
Servilius the prttior, A. U. C. 653. It pu¬ 
tt ifhed feverely l'uch as were guilty of pecula¬ 
tion and extortion in provinces. Its par¬ 
ti . ulars are not precifely known.-Another 

de judicihus, by Q. Servilius Cxpio, the con- 
ful, A. U. C. 648. It divided the right of 
judging, between the fenators and the equites, 
a privilege, which though originally belonging 
to the fenators, had been taken from them 

and given to the equites.-Another, de ci~ 

vitatey by C. Servilius, ordained that if a 
Latin accufed a Roman fenator, fo that he 
was condemned, the accuier fiiould be honored 
with the name and the privileges of a Roman 
citizen.-Another agrarid, by P. Servi¬ 

lius Rullus, the tribune, A. U. C. 690. It 
required the immediate lale of certain houfes 
and lands which belonged to the people, for 
the purchafe of others in a different part of 
Italy. It required that ten commiflioners 
Ihould be appointed to lee it carried into exe¬ 
cution, but Cicero prevented its palling into 
a law by the three orations which he pro¬ 
nounced ag iinft it. 

ServiliAnus, a Roman conl'ul defeated by 
Viriathus,in Spain,«cc. 

Servilius Ouintus, a Roman who m 
his ditfatorfhip defeated the i£qui.——Pub¬ 
lius, a conl'ul who i'upported the caul'e of the 
people agaiftft the nobles, and obtained a tri¬ 
umph in l'pitB of the oppofition of the lenate, 
after defeating the Veil'd. He afterwards 


changed his opinions, and very violently op- 
poled the people becaul'e they had illiberally 

treated him-A proconlul ‘killed at the 

battle of Canna: by Annibal,-Ahala, a 

mailer of horl'e to the dictator Cincinnatus. 
V hen Mslius reful'ed to appear before the 
dictator, to anl'wer the accufations which 
were brought againlt him on fulpicion of his 
alpiring to tyrrany, Ahala fiew him in the 
midll of the people whofe protection he 
claimed. Ahala was accufed for this murder 
and banilhed, but his l'entence was after¬ 
wards repealed. He was railed to the die— 

tatorftnp.--Marcus, a man who^ pleaded 

in favor of Paulus iEmilius, See. --An au¬ 

gur profecuted by Lucullus for his inattention 
in his office. He was acquitted.-A prae¬ 

tor ordered by the fenate to forbid Sylla to ap¬ 
proach Rome. He was ridiculed and intuited 
by the conqueror’s foldiers.-A man ap¬ 

pointed to guard the l'ea-coft of Pontus, by 

Pompey.-Publius, a proconful of Afia 

during the age of Mithridates. He conquered 
Il'auria, for which i'ervice he was furnamed 

IJduricus, and rewarded with a triumph. - - 

A Roman general who defeated an army of 

Etrurians.-An informer in the court of 

Tiberius.-A favorite of AuguduS.-Ge- 

minus, a Roman conl'ul who oppoled Annibai 

with fuccefs.-Nonianus, a Latin hidorkn 

who wrote an hidory of Rome in the reign of 
Nero. There were more than one writer of 
this name as Pliny fpeaks of a Servilius re¬ 
markable for his eloquence and learning; 
and Quintilian mentions another alfo il- 
ludrious for his genius and literary merit. 

-Cafca, one of Caffar’s murderers.-• 

The family of the Servilii was of patrician 
rank, and came to fettle at Rome after the de- 
ftruCticn of Alba, where they were promoted 
to the highell offices of the date. To the 
feveral branches of this family were attached 
the different lurnamesof Ahala, Axilla,Prip* 
cus, Capio , Strudus, Gemims, Pulcx , Vdtia 
Cafca , Fidenas, hongus, and Tucca.—— —Lacus, ft- 
lake near Rome. Cic. S. Rof.^X. 

Servius Tullius, the fixth king of Rome, 
was Ion of Ocrifia, a Have of Corniculum, 
by Tullius, a man flain in the defence of 
his country againd the Romans. Ocrifia 
was given by Tarquin to Tanaquil his wife, 
and ihe brought up her fon in the king’s fa¬ 
mily, and added the name of Servius to that 
which he had inherited from his father, to 
denote his fa-very. Young Servius was edu¬ 
cated in the palace of the monarch with 
great care, and though originally a Have, he 
raifed himfelf fo much to confcquence, tha* 
Tarquin gave him his daughter in marriage. 
His own private merit and virtues recom¬ 
mended him to notice not lei's than t,he royal 
favors, and Servius become the favorite of 
the people and the darling of the l'oldiers, by 
his liberality and complaii'ance, was eafijy 
raifed to throne on th^ death of his fit* 
Z« 4 they* 












thcr-in-Uw. Rome had no reafon to repent 
of her choice. Servius endeared himfelf ftill 
ittbfe as a warrior and as a legiflator. He de¬ 
feated the Veientes and the Tufdans, and by 
a proper aft of policy he eftablilhed the cen- 
fiis, which' tbld him that Rome contained 
about 84 thoufand inhabitants He jncreal- 
ed the number of the tribes, he beautified 
and adorned the city, and enlarged its boun¬ 
daries by taking within its walls the hills 
Quiriaalis, Viminalis, and Efquilinos. He 
alto divided the Roman people into tribes, 
and that he might not feem to negleft the 
worftup of the gods, he built feveral temples 
to the goddefs of fortune, to whom be 
deemed himfelf particularly indebted for ob¬ 
taining the kingdom. He alio built a temple 
to Diana on mount Aventine, and railed hhn- 
elf a pnllce on the hill Efquilinus. Servius 
married his two daughters to the grandfons of 
his father in-law; the elddr to Tar quin, 
and the younger to Aruns. This union, as 
might be fuppofed, tended to eniure the 
peace of liis family; but if fuch were his 
expeftations, he was unhappily deceived. 
The wife of Aruns, naturally fierce and 
impetuous, murdered her own hufband to 
unite herfelf to Tarquin, who had likewife 
aflafiinated his wife. Thefe bloody meafures 
were no fooner purfued than Servius was 
murdered by his own ion-in-law, and his 
daughter Tuflia (howed herfelf fo inimical to 
filial gratitude and piety, that fhe ordered her 
chariot to be diiven over the mangled body 
of 'her father, B. C. 534. His death was uni- 
verfally lamented, and the flaves annually 
celebrated a fellival in his honor, in the tem¬ 
ple of Diana on mount Aventine, the day 
that he was murdered. Tarquinia his wife 
buHed his remains privately, and died the 
following day. Liv. 1, c. 41.— Dionyf. Ha!. 

4.- - Flor. I, c. 6.— Cie. de Div. I, c. 53.-— 

Hal. Max. 1 , c. 6.— Ovid. Fajl. 6, v. 601. 

--Gallia, a l'editious perfon who wifhed 

•t® refttfe a triumph to Paulus Aimylius after 
vh6 conqueft of Macedonia.——Claudius, a 

grammarian. Suet, de cl. Gr. -A friend of 

Svlla, who applied for the confullhip to no 

purpofe.---Cornelius, a coivful in the fir ft 

ages of the republic, &c.-Sufyitius, an 

orator in the age of Cicero aiid HortenfiuS. 
He was lent as ambaflador to M. Antony, 
and died before his return. Cicero obtained 
A ftatue for him from the fenate and the Ro¬ 
man', people, which was railed in the Campus 
Mattius. Befides orations he wrote verfes, 
which Were highly cenfured for their indeli¬ 
cacy. His works are loft. Cic. in Brut. Phil. 
,&c.—Plim 5, e p. 3.-A delpicable in¬ 

former in the Auguftan age. Horat. 2. Sat,- 
i, v. 47.-*-—Honoratus Maurus.a learned 
grammarian iti the age of young Theodofius. 
He wrote Latin commentaries upon Virgil, 
ftill extant. 

* a, a daughter of Celeus, - king- of 


Eldufis, filler of Triptolemus* Peuf. C* 
3 & 

Seso^tris, a celebrated king of Egypt 
fome ages before the Trojan war. His fa¬ 
ther ordered all the children in his domi¬ 
nions who were born on the fame day with 
him to be publicly educated, and to pals their 
youth in the company of his ion. This luc- 
ceeded in the higheft degree, and Sefoltris 
had the pleafure to find himfelf Unrounded 
by a number of faithful minifters and aftive 
warriors, whole education and intimacy with 
their prince rendered them inseparably devot¬ 
ed to his intereft. When Sefoflris had Suc¬ 
ceeded on his father’s throne, he became 
ambitious of. military fame, and after he 
had divided his kingdom into 36 different 
diftrifts, he marched at the head of a nume¬ 
rous army to make the conqueft of the world. 
Libya, ^Ethiopia, Arabia, with all the iflands 
of the Red Sea, were' conquered, and the 
viftorious monarch marched through Alia, 
and penetrated farther into the ealt than the 
conqueror of Darius. He alfo invaded Eu¬ 
rope, and fubdued th« Thracians; and that 
rhe fame of his conquefts might long furvive 
him, he placed columns in the feveral pro¬ 
vinces he had fubdued ; and many ages after, 
this pompous infcrrption was read in many 
parts of Alia, Sefojlris the king of kings has 
conquered this territory by his arms. At his 
return home the monarch employed his time 
in encouraging the fine arts, and in improv¬ 
ing the revenues of his kingdom. He ereft 
ed ico temples to the gods for the viftories 
lie had obtained, and mounds of earth were 
heaped up in feveral parts of Egypt, where 
cities were built for the reception of the inha¬ 
bitants during the inundations of the Nile. 
Some canals were alfo dug near Memphis 
to facilitate navigation, .and the communp 
cation of one province with another. In 
his old age Sefofkis, grown infirm and 
blind, deftroyed himfelf, after a reign of 44 
years according to fome. His mildnfcls 
towards the conquered has been admired, 
while fome have upbraided him for his cru¬ 
elty and infolence in caufing his chariot t<* 
be drawn by fome of the monarchs whom 
he had conquered. The age of Sefoftrix 
is fo remote from every authentic record, 
that many have iupported that the aftions 
and conquefts afcribed to this monarch are 
uncertain and totally fabulous. Herodot. 2, 
c. 102, &c.— Diod. I.— Hal. Place. 5, v. 419. 
— P/in. 33, c. 3.— Lucan. 10. v. 276.'—* 
Strab. 16. 

Sessites, now Sejfia. a river of Oifal- 
pine Gaul, falling into the Po. Piitr 3, e f 
16. 

Sestias, a name applied to Hero, as born 
at Seftos. Stat. 6, Theb. 547. 

Sestius, a friend of Brutus with 
whom he fought at the battle of Philippi. 
Augultus refigned the coulullhip in his 

favor, 






SE 


S E 


favor, though he ftill continued to reverence 

the memory of Brutus.-A governor of 

Syria. 

Sustos, or Ststus, a town, of Thrace 
©n the inures of the Hcllefpont, exactly op- 
polite Ahydos on the Afiatic i'uie. it is 
celebrated for the bridge which Xerxes built 
there acrofs tire Hellespont, as alfo for being 
the ieat of the amours of Hero and Leander. 
Mela. 2, c. 2 .—S trail. 13.— Mufieut.dr L. idf 
■ — Yirqr. (i. 3 > v. 25b.— Ovid. Htroid. 18, 
V. 2 . 

Sesuvii, a people of Celtic Gaul. Caf. 
b 'll . G. 

Seva ms, a town of Spain between New 
Carthage and Sagimtuni, famous for the ma¬ 
nufacture of linen. ’I here was alfo a lYnall 
river of the fame name in the neighbour¬ 
hood. Sil. 16, v. 474.— Strab. %.— Mela. 2, 
c. 6.— Pi'm. 3, cm 3. 1 . 19, c. I. 

Ss: r hon, a pried of Vulcan who made 
himlelf king of Egypt after the death of 
Anvils. He was attacked by the Affyrjans 
and delivered from this powerful enemy by 
an innncnlh number of ra's, which in one 
night gnawed their bow firings and thongs, 
fo that on the morrow their arms were found 
to be uleleis. From tins wonderful cir- 
cumilatice Sethon had ,1 llatuc which re- 
prefented hm wi'h a rat in his hand, with 
the infeription of, lYbocver fixes bis eyes 
upon me, let him be pious. tierodot. 4, c. 


141 - ' » f/ 

Setia, a town of Latium above the Pon¬ 
tine inarihts, celebrated for its wines, which 
Auguftus is laid to have preferred to all others. 
Pi in. 14, c. 6.— J v. J, v. 34. Hat. IO, V. 27. 
Martial. 13, ep II?,. 

Sever Julia Aquilia, a Roman lady, 
vyhom the emperor Heliogabalus married. 
She was loon after repudiated, though poffeffed 
of -11 tiie charms of th; mind and bo.iv which 
could captivate the molt virtuous.—Valeria, 
the wife of Valentian, and the mother of Gra- 
rian was well known for her avarice and 
ambition. The emperor, iier lmiband, repu¬ 
diated her and afterwards took her again. 
Ker prudent advice at laft enfured her fon 

Gratiau on the imperial throne.-The wife 

of Philip the Roman emperor. 

Severianus , a governor of Macedonia, 

father-in-law to the emperor Philip.-A 

general of the Roman armies in the reign of 

Valentinian, defeated by the Germans,-A 

fienof the emperor Severus. 

Severus, Lucius Septimius, a R.oman 
emperor born at Leptis in Africa, of a noble 
family. He gradually exerciled all the of¬ 
fices of the Hate, and recommended him- 
ielf to die notice of the world by an ambi¬ 
tious mind and a reillels activity, that could, 
for the gratification of avarice, endure the 
mod complicated hardihips. After the mur¬ 
der of Pertiaax, Severus rqfolved to remove 
JDicjius Julianus who had bop.ght th? impe- 




rial purple -when expofed to fale by the 
licentioufnefs of tho preteriuns, and there¬ 
fore he proclaimed himlelf emperor on the 
borders of Tlyricum, where he was ftationed 
againlt the barbarians. To lupport himfelf 
in this bold mealure, he took as his partner 
in the empire Albums, who was at the head 
of the Roman forces in Britain, and immedi¬ 
ately marched towards Rome, to crulh Di- 
dius and all his partisans. Pie was received 
as he advanced through the country with 
univerlal acclamations, and Julianus him¬ 
felf was loon deferted by his favorites, and 
allallinated by his awn lbldiers. The recep¬ 
tion of Severus at Rome was fufficient to 
gratify his pride; the ilreets were lirewed 
with Howers, and the Ilf nifltve fenate were 
ever ready to grant whatever honors or titles 
the conqueror claimed. In profelling that 
he had alfumed the purple only to revenge 
the death of the virtuous Pertiuax, Severus 
gained many adherents, and was enabled not 
only to dil’ann, but to baniih the pretorbns, 
whole infolence and avarice were become 
alarming not only to the citizens, but to the 
emperor. But while he was victorious at 
Rome, Severus did not forget that there wn% 
another competitor for the imperial pur¬ 
ple. Peloennius Niger was in the eaft at the 
head of a powerful army, and with the name 
and enfigns of Auguilus. Many obftiuate 
batdes were fought between the troops and 
officers of the imperial rivals, till 0:1 the 
plains of Ilfius, which had been above five 
centusies before covered with the blood of 
the Perlian lbldiers of Darius, Niger was 
totally ruined by the lofs of 20,000 men. 
The head of Niger was cut off and lent 10 
the conqueror, who puniffied in a mod cruel 
manner all the part dims ot his unfortunate 
lival. Severus afterwards pillaged Byzan¬ 
tium, which had Amt her gates againft him ; 
and after he had conquered ieveral nations in 
the eaft, he returned to Kome, rciblved to 
deftrov Albums, with whom he had hither¬ 
to reluctantly fliared the imperial power. 
He attempted to affallinate him by his emif- 
faries; but when this had failed of fuccefs, 
Severus hud recourle to arms, and the late 
of the empire was again decided on the 
plains of Gaul. Albums was defeated, and 
the conqueror was lo elated with the recol¬ 
lection that he had now 10 longer a compe¬ 
titor for the purple, that he intuited the dead 
body of his rival, and ordered it to be thrown 
into the Rhone, after he had buffered it to 
putrify before the door of his tent, and to lie 
torn to pieces by his dogs. The family and 
the adherents of Albiuus, fliared his fate; 
and the return of Severus to the capital ex¬ 
hibited the bloody triumphs of Marius and 
>ylla. The richeft of the citizens were fa- 
crificed, and their money became the pro¬ 
perty of the emperor. The wicked Commo- 
dns received uiyioe honors, and Jus murder¬ 
ers 













SE 


SE 


ers were punifhed in the mod wanton mm. 
ner. Tired of the inactive life he led in 
Rome, Severus marched into the call, with 
his two fons Caracalla and Geta, and with 
uncommon l'uccels made himfelf mailer of 
Seleucia, Babylon, and Ctefiphon; and ad¬ 
vanced without oppolition far into the Par¬ 
thian territories. From Parthia the emperor 
marched towards the more fouthem provinces 
of Alia; after he had vilited the tomb of 
Pompey the Great, lie entered Alexandria ; 
and after he had granted a l'enatc to that ce¬ 
lebrated city, he viewed with the molt criti- 
cifing and inquilitive curiofity the leveral 
monuments and ruins which that ancient 
kingdom contains. The revolt of Britain 
recalled him from the eall. After he had 
reduced it under his power, he built a wall 
aero Is the northern part of the ifland, to 
defend it againlt the frequent invasions of 
the Caledonians. Hitherto l’uccelsful againlt 
his enemies, Severus now found tiie peace 
of his family dilturbed. Caracalla attempt¬ 
ed to murder his father as he was concluding 
a treaty of peace with the Britons ; and the 
emperor was fo Ihocked at the undutifulnefs 
of his ton, that on his return home lie called 
him into his piel'ence, and alter lie hid up¬ 
braided him for his ingratitude and perfidy, 
he offered him a drawn fword adding, If 
*'9ii are fo ambitious of reigning alone., now 
imbrue your hands in the blood of your father , 
and let not the eves of the wo Id be witneffes 
of your want of f ial tender mfs. It tllefe 

words .checked Caracalla yet he did not 
fhew himfelf concerned, and Severus, worn 
out with infirmities which the gout and the 
xuieafinei's of his mind encrealeri, loon after 
died, exclaiming lie had been every thing 
man could with, but that he was then no¬ 
thing. Some lay that he wilhed to poilbti 
himfelf, but that when this was denied, he 
eat to great excels and foon after expired 
at York on the fourth of February, in the anth 
year of the Chriltian era, in the 66th year 
of his age, after a reign of 17 years 8 months 
and 3 days. Severus has been fo much ad¬ 
mired for his military talents, that Ionic have 
called him the molt warlike of the Roman 
emperors. As a monarch lie was cruel, and 
it has been obferved that he never did an 
ait of humanity, or forgave a fault. In his 
diet he was temperate, and he always lhow- 
ed himfelf an open enemy to pomp and 
fplendor. He loved the appellation of a man 
of letters, and he even compofed an hiltory 
of his own reign, which fome have prail'ed 
for its correitnefs and veracity. However cru¬ 
el Severus may appear in his punilhments 
and in his revenge, many have endeavoured 
to exculpate him, and oblerved that there was 
need of feverity in an empire whole morals 
were fo corrupted, and where no lefs-than 
3Cco perfons were accufed of adultery during 
the fpace of 1 7 years, Of him, as of Au- | 

/ 


gultus, fome were Ifond to fay, that it would 
have been better for the world, if he hid 
never been born, or had never died. Dio, 

— Heredian. —J iclor, \sjc. - Alexander, 

(Marcus Aurelius) a native of Phoenicia, 
adopted by Heliogabalus. His father’s name 
was Genefius Marcianus, and bis mother’s 
Julia Mammtea, and he received the lurname 
of Alexander , becaufe he was horn in a tem¬ 
ple lacred to Alexander the Great. He was 
carefully educated, and his mother, by pay¬ 
ing particular attention to his morals, ami 
the character of his preceptors, preserved him 
from thole infirmities, and that licentioufnel'sy 
wluch old age too often attributes to the de¬ 
pravity of youth. At the death of Helioga- 
balus, who had been jealous of his virtues, 
Alexander, though only in the 14th year of 
his age, was proclaimed emperor, and his 
nomination was approved by the univerlal 
fhouts of the army, and the congratulations 
oftheleuate He had not long been on the 
throne before the peace of the empire was 
dilturbed hy the inenrfions of the Perfians. 
Alexander marched into the ealt without de¬ 
lay, and loon obtained a decilive victory over 
the barbarians. At his return to Rome he 
was honored with a triumph, but the revolt 
of the Germans loon after called him away 
from the indolence of the capital. His expe¬ 
dition in Germany was attended with fome 
l'uccels, but the virtues and the amkihle 
qualities of Alexander were forgotten in the 
Item and fullen Urichiefs of the difeipiina- 
rian. His l'oldiers, fond of repol'e, murmur¬ 
ed againlt his feverity ; their clamors were 
fomented by the artifice of Maximinus, and 
Alexander was murdered in his tent, in the 
midit of his camp, after a reign of 13 years 
and nine days, on the 18th of March, A. D. 
235. His mother Mammiea lhared his fate 
with all his friends; but this was no looner 
known than the l'oldiers punifiied with imme¬ 
diate death all luch as had been concerned 
in the murder, except Maxim inns. Alex¬ 

ander has been admired for his many virtues, 
and every hiltorian, except Herodian, is hold 
to affert, that if he had lived, the Roman 
empire might foon have been freed from thole 
tumults and abules which continually dif- 
turbed her peace, and kept the lives of her 
emperors and lenators in perpetual triarms. 
His feverity in punithing offences was great, 
and luch as had robbed the public, were they 
even the molt intimate friends of the em¬ 
peror, were indilcriminately facrificed to the 
tranquillity of the ftate which they had vio¬ 
lated. The great offices of the Hate, which 
had before his reign been expoled to fale, 
and occupied by favorites, were now bellowed 
upon merit, and Alexander could boall that 
all his officers were men of trull and abi¬ 
lities. He was a patron of literature, and 
he dedicated the hours of relaxation to the 
fludy of ;he belt Greek and .Latin hiltorians, 

prators s 






SE 


SI 


orators, and poets; and in the public fchools 
which his liberality and the dclirc of encou¬ 
raging learning had founded, he often heard 
with pleafure and fatisfadlitxn the eloquent 1 
fpeeches and declamations of his .fubjetts. 
The provinces were well l'upplied with pro- 
viliona, and Rome was embellilhed with 
many ftately buildings and magnificent por- 
ricos. Alex. vitd — Herodian. — Xojitn .— Vic¬ 
tor. --Flavius Valerius, a native of llly- 

ricum. nominated Ctclar by Gnlerius. He 
was put to death by Maximianus, A. 1 ). 

307.^-Julius, a governor of Britain under 

Adrian.-A general of Valens.-l.i- 

bius, a man proclaimed emperor of the well, 
at Ravenna, after the death of Majorianus. 

He was loon after poilbr.ed.-Lucius 

Cornelius, a Latin poet in the age of Au- 
gullus, for l'omo time employed in the judi¬ 
cial proceedings of the forum.-Cailiuc, 

an orator banithed into the ifland of Crete by 
Augullus, for his illiberal language. Fie 

was banithed 17 years, and died in Seriphos. 
He is commended as an able orator, yet de¬ 
claiming with more warmth than prudence. 
His writings were deltroyed by order of the 

lei late. Suet, in Oil. — Quint. -Sulpitius, 

an ecdefiattical hiltorian, vGio died A D. 
420. '1 lie hell of his works is his Hijioria 

Sacra, from the creation of the world to the 
confullhip of Stilicho, of which the ftyle is | 
elegant, and fuperior to that of the age in 
which he lived. The bell edition is in 2 

vols. qto, Fatavii , 1741.-An officer 

under the emperor Julian.-Aquilius, a 

native of Spain, who w rote an account of his 
own life in the reign of the emperor Valens. 

-An officer of Valentinian, &c.-A 

prefect of Rome, &c-A celebrated archi¬ 

tect employed in building Nero’s golden pa¬ 
lace at Rome, after the burning of that city. 

-A mountain of Italy, near the Fabaris. 

Yirg. Jan. 7, v. 713* 

Sevo, a ridge of mountains between Nor¬ 
way and Sweden, now called Ft el l, or Dofre. 
Flirt. 4, c. 15. 

Seuthes, a man who dethroned his mo¬ 
narch, fee.——A friend of Perdiccas, one 

of Alexander’s generals.-A '1 hracian 

king, who encouraged his countrymen tore- 

volt, Sec. This name is common to ievera^ 
of the Thracian princes. 

Sextia, a woman celebrated for her vir¬ 
tue and her conftancy, put to death by Nero. 
Tacit. Ann. 16 , C. IO. 

Sextia Licinja Lex, de A'Ligifratihus , 
by C. Licinius and L. Sextius-the tribunes, 
A. U. C. 386. It ordained that one of the 
confuls fhould be elected from among the 

plebeians-Another, de religione , by the 

lame, A. U. C. 385. It enacted that a de- 
cemvirate fhould be cholen from the patri¬ 
cians and plebeians inftead of the decemviri 
fair is faciundis. 

SexTiit Aau.ij now dixr a place of 


Cilalpine Gaul, where the Cimbri wete 
defeated by Marins. It was built by C. 
Sextius, and is famous for its cold and 
hot fprings. Ti-j. 61.— Veit. Fatac. T, 
c. 15. 

Scxtima, the wife of Vitellius. She 
became mother of two children. Suet, in vit* 

-Another in the fame family. Tacit. H. 

2, c. 64. 

Sextit.ii/s, a governor of Africa, who 
ordered Marius when he landed there to de- 
i part immediately from his province. Marius 
heard this with fome concern, and laid to the 
meiretlgers. Go and tell your mafier that you 
ha ve feen the exiled Alarms fitting on the ruins 

of Carthage. Flat, in Alar. -A Roman 

preceptor, who was leized and carried away 

1 by pirates, fee.-One of the officers of 

Lucullus.-Hiena, a poet; [ Vid. Hcena.] 

-An officer lent to Germany, &c. Tacit. 

| H. 3, c. 7. 

Sextius, a lieutenant of Cielar in Gaul. 

-A feditious tribune in the firlt ages of the 

republic.-Lucius was remarkable for his 

friendlhip with Brutus; he gained the confi¬ 
dence of Augullus, and was conlul. Horace, 
who was in the number of his friends, dedi¬ 
cated 1, od. 4, to him.-The iirft plebeian 

conlul.- A dictator.-One of the tons of 

Tar quin. Vid. Tarquinius. 

Sextus, a praenotnen given to the fixth 

fon of a family.-A Ion of Pompey the 

Great. Vid. Pompeius.-A lloic philolb- 

pher, born at Cheronam in Bocotia. Some 
luppofe that he was Plutarch’s nephew. He 
was preceptor to M. Aurelius, and L. Vei ns. 

-A governor of Syria.-A philolopher 

in the age of Antoninus. He was one of the 
followers of the doctrines of Pyrrho. Some 
of his works are Hill extant. The be t edi¬ 
tion of the treatife of .Sextus Pompeius Fefttis, 
de verborum jrwificatione ,is that of Anijl. 4to« 
1699. 

Sib.t., a people of India. Strahs. 

S 1B a r 1 s. Vid. Sy bari s 

SibTni, a people near the Suevi. 

Siburtius, a fatrap of Arachofia, in the 
age of Alexander, See. 

Sibvi.lte, certain women infpired by hea¬ 
ven, who florilhed in different parts of the 
world. Their number is unknown. Plato 
fpeaks of one, others of two, Pliny of three, 
yElian of four, and Varro of ten, an opinion 
which is univerfally adopted by the learned. 

I 1 hele ten Sibyls generally refided in the fol¬ 
lowing places: Perfia, Libya, Delphi, Cuime 
in Italy, Erythnea, Samos, Cuime in iEolia, 

■ Marpefla on the Hellefpont, Anc.yra in Phvy- 
igia, and Tiburtis. The molt celebrated of 
' the Sibyls is that of Cuma* in Italy, whom- 
fome have called by the different names , of 
Amalthtei, Detnophile, Herophile, Daphne, 
Mairto, Phemonoe, and Deiphobe. It is laid 
that Apollo became enamoured of her, and 
that, to make her lepfible of his palfiotn he 



































SI 


SI 


offered to give her whatever fie fihould <'fk. 
The Sibyl demanded to live as rranv years as 
(lie had grains of land in her hand, but i n- 
fortunately forgot to alk for the enjoyment of 
the health, vigor, and bloom, of which foe 
was then in poUeffion. The god granted her 
her requeft, but (he refufed to gratify the 
pnffion of her lover, though he offered her 
perpetual youth and beauty. Some time niter 
Ihe became old ar.d decrej id, her form decay¬ 
ed, melancholy palenels and haggaid looks 
l'ucceeded to bloom and chearfulnefs. She 
had already lived about 7CO years when 
iEreas came to Italy, and, as feme have ima¬ 
gined, (he had three centuries more to live 
before her \ears were as numerous as the 
grains of land which he had in her hand. 
She gave iEneas inftrublions how to find his 
father in the infernal regions, and even con¬ 
ducted him to the entrance of hell. It was 
tilual for the Sibyl to write her prophecies cn 
leaves which the placed at the entrance of her 
cave, and it required particular core in fuch 
as confulted her to take up thole leaves before 
they were dilperied by the wind, as their 
meaning then became incorriprehenfifcle. Ac¬ 
cording to the molt authentic historians of the 
Roman republic, one of the Sibyls came to 
the palace of Tarquin the Second, with nine 
volumes, which Ihe offered to fell for a very 
high price. The monarch difregarded her, 
and five immediately difappenred, and icon 
after returned, when Ihe had burned three of 
the volumes, fhe afkei the lame price for 
the remaining fi-x books; and when Tarquin 
refilled to buy them, file burned three more, 
and ftill per filled in demanding the lame linn 
of money for the three that were left. This 
extraordinary behaviour aftonifhed Tarquin ; 
he bought the books, and the Sibyl inllantly 
vanifhed, and never after appeared to the 
world. 1 hel'e books were preserved with 
great care by the monarch, and called the 
Sibylline verfes. A college of prieds was ap¬ 
pointed to have the care of them; and fuch 
reverence did the Romans entertain for theie 
prophetic books, that they were confulted 
with the greateft folemnity, and only when 
the Hate feemed to be in danger. When the 
capitol was burnt in the troubles of Sy 11 a, 
the Sibylline verles, which were deposited 
there, perilhed in - the conflagration ; and to 
repair the lot's which the republic l'eemed to 
.have l'uftained, commillioners were immediate¬ 
ly . fetit to dili'erent parts of Greece, to 
collect whatever verles could be found of the 
inlpired writings of the Sibyls, The fate of 
thefe Sibylline verfes, which were colle£ied 
after the conflagration of the capitol, is un¬ 
known. There are now 8 hooks of Sibylline 
verfes extant, but they are univerfally rec¬ 
koned l'purious. They (peek lb plainly of 
bur Saviour, of his fuft'erings, and of hi* 
death, its even to l'urpat's far the ftiblime pre¬ 
diction of Ii'aiah in delcription, and therefore 


from this very circumftance, it is evident that 
they were compoled in the fecond century, 
byTOme of the followers of Chiiliiatiity, who 
wifiied to convince the heathens of their error, 
by a (filling the caule of truth, with the arms 
of pious artifice. The word Sibyl 1'eerns to 
he derived from mau ./Police for Aids .Jovis, and 
fbou\vi innjilium. Pint, in P heed .— Allan. 
I'. H. 12, C. 35.— Pan/. 10, C. 12, &C. — 
Diod. A •— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 109 Sc 140.— 
Pirg. An. 3 , V. 445, 1 . 6, V. 36. — Lucan . 
I, v. 564.— Plin. 13, c. 13.— Flor. 4, C. I. 
— Sallujl. — Cic. Catil. 3-— Pal. Max, I, C- 
I. 1. 8, c. 15, &c. 

Sica, a man who fhewed much attention 
to Cicero in his banilhment. Some luppoie 
that he is the lame as the Vibius Siculus men¬ 
tioned by Plutarch in Cic.— Cic. ad Attic. 8, 
ep. 12, ad div. iq,c. 4, 15. 

Sic am n r 1 or Syoambri, a people of 
Germany, conquered by the Romans. '1 hey 
revoked ngainlt Augultus, who marched againlt 
them, but did not totally reduce them- Dru- 
fus conquered them, and they were carried 
away from their native country to inhabit 
l'onie of the more welTeriy provinces of Gaul. 
Din. 54.— Slrab. 4— Herat. 4’. Od. 2, V. 36* ' 
OJ. 14, v. 51.— Tacit. 2, Art. 26. 

Sicambria, the country of the Sicamhri, 
formed the modern provinces of Goelderland. 
Claud, in Puirop. I, v. 383* 

Sicani, a people of Spain, who left 
their native country and patted into Italy, 
and afterwards into Sicily, which they called 
S/cania. They inhabited the neighbourhood 
of mount /Etna, where they built l'ome cities 
and villages. Some reckoned them the next 
inhabitants of the ifland after the Cyclops, 
d hey w«re afterwards driven from their an¬ 
cient poifelfions by the Siculi, and retired into 
the wellern parts of the ifiand. Dtonyf. Dial. 

I.— Ovid. Met. 5 & 13-— P ,r S’ 

An. 7, V. 795 *— Diod. 5.— Horat. ep. 17, v. 

3 2 * 

Sicania, and SIcania, an ancient name 
of Italy, which it received from the Sicani, 
or from Sicantis, their king, or from Sicanus, 
a l'mall liver in Spain, in the territory where 
they lived, as l'ome fuppole. The name was 
more generally given to Sicily. Hid. Si¬ 
cani. ■ 

Sicca, a town of Numidia at the‘weft of 
Carthage. Sal. in jar. 56. 

Sick lis (Sfc elides, plur.) an epithet 
applied to the inhabitants of Sicily. The 
Mufes are called Sicelidei by Virgil, becaufe 
Theocritus was a native > of Sicily, whom the 
Latin poet, as a writer of Bucolic poetry, pro- 
fefied to imitate. Hirgt Pc. 4. 

SiCHAius, called all'o Sicharbas and 
Aherbas, was a prieft of the temple of Her¬ 
cules in Phoenicia. His father’s "name was 
Pliiihenes. He married liih-a, the daughter 
of lielns, and lifter to king Pygmalion, bet¬ 
ter known by the name of Dido. He was Jb 

extremely 





SI 


SI 


extremely rich, that his brother-in-law mur¬ 
dered him to obtain his poffeffions. This 
murder Pygmalion concealed from his filter 
Dido; and he amjafed her by telling her, that 
her hufband had gone upon an affair of im¬ 
portance, and that he would loon return. 
This would have perhaps fucceeded had not 
the Ihades of Sichseus appeared to Dido, and 
related to her the cruelty of Pygmalion, and 
advd'ed her to Hy from Tyre, after (he had 
prevloully Secured l'ome trealures, which, as 
he mentioned, were coucealed in an obfcure 
and unknown place. According to Jultin, 
A'crbas jvas tire uncle of Dido. Firg, JEn. 

I, v. 347, See .— Paterc. I, c. 6.— Jujiin. 18, 
c. 4. 

bicii.iA, the largelT and molt celebrated 
bland in the Mediterranean i'ea, .at the bot¬ 
tom of Itaiv. It was anciently called Sicania, 
Trinacria, and Triquetra. It is of a trian¬ 
gular form, and has three celebrated promon¬ 
tories, one looking towards Africa, called 
Lilybaeum; Pachynum looking towards 
Greece; and l'elorum towards Italy. Sicily 
is about 600 miles in circumference, cele¬ 
brated for its fertility, fo much that it was 
C tiled one of the granaries of Koine, and Pliny 
lays that jt rewards the hufbandman an hun¬ 
dred fold. Its moll famous cities were Syra- 
eul'e, Meffana, Leontinj, l.ilyhcepm, Agri- 
geutum, Gela, Drepanum, Kryx, Sec, The 
Irigheff and moll famous mountain in the itland 
is /Etna, whole frequent eruptions are dan¬ 
gerous, and often fatal to the country and its 
inhabitants, from which circumilance the an¬ 
cients fuppofed that the forges of Vulcan 
and the Cyclops were placed there. r \ he poets 
feign that the Cyclops w,ere the original inhabit¬ 
ants of this itland, and that after them it came 
into the poffcffion of the Sicanj, a people of 
Spain, and at latt of th.e Siculi, a nation of 
Italy. [Fid. Siculi.] The plains of Enna 
are were known for their excellent honey, 
and, according to Diodorus, the hounds loll 
their Icent in hunting on account of the many j 
odoriferous plants that profufely perfumed 
the air. Ceres and Prolerpine were the 
chief deities of the place, and, it was there, 
according to poetical tradition, that the latter 
was carried away hy Pluto. The Fhceniciar.s 
and Greeks fettled fome colonies there, and 
at laft the Carthaginians became mailers of the 
whole ifland, till they were dilp-offeffed of it 
by the Romans in the Punic wars. Some 
authors fuppole that Sicily was originally 
joined to the continent, aud that it was lepa- 
rated from Italy hy an earthquake, apd th.lt 
the llreights of the Charybdis were formed. 
The inhabitants of Sicily were fo fond of 
..'luxury, that Sicu/a menfa became proverbial. 
The rights of citizens of Rome were ex¬ 
tended to them by M. Antony. Cic. 14. 
Atf. 12. Ferr. 2, c. 13. — Homer. Od. 9, 
&c.— JtiJUn. 4, c. I,&c.— Firg. JEn. 3, v. 
414, Sec. — I/a/. 14, v. IIj &C.— Plin. 3, c. 


Sec. -The ifland of Naxos in the JE* 

gean, was called Titils Sicily on account of 
its fruitfulnefs. 

D. SiCTNios Dentatus, a tribune of 
Rome, celebrated for his valor and the ho¬ 
nors he obtained in the field of battle du¬ 
ring the period ot 40 year*, in which he was 
engaged in the Roman armies. He was pre- 
fent in 121 battles; he obtained 14 civic 
crowns; 3 mural crowns ; 8 'crowns of gold ; 

83 golden collars; 60 bracelets; 18 lances; 

23 horles with all their ornaments, and all as 
the reward of his uncommon fervices. He 
could Ihow the fears of 45 wounds, which he 
had received all in his breaft, particularly in 
oppofing the Sabines when they took the 
capitol. 'I he popularity of Sicinius became 
odious to Appius Claudius, who wifhed to 
make himlelf abfolute at Rome, and there¬ 
fore to remove him from the capital, he fent 
him to the army, by which, loon after his 
arrival, he was attacked and murdered. Of 
too men who were ordered to fall upon him, 
Sicinius killed 15, and wounded 30; and 
according to Dionvfius, the lurviving num¬ 
ber had recourte to artifice to overpower him, 
by killing him with a Ihower of Hones and 
darts thrown at a did a rice, about 405 years 
before the Chriltian era. For this uncommon 
courage Sicinius has been called the Roman 
Achilles. Fal. A Tax. 3, c. 2 — D'onyf. 8 .—— 
Vellutus, one of the firlt tribunes in Rome. 
He railed cabals again!! Coriolenus, and was 

one ot his accufers. Pint, in Cor. -Sobinus, 

a Roman general who defeated the Volfci. 

Sicinvs, a man privately lent by Themif- 
tocles to deceive Xerxes, and to advife him to 
attack the combined forces of the Greeks. He 
had been preceptor to Themillocles. Plut. 
-An ifland, &c. 

Sicorus, now Segre, a river of Hifpania 
Tarraconenfis, riling in the Pyrenean moun¬ 
tains, and falling into the Iherus, a little above 
its mouth. It was near this city tint J. Caefar 
conquered Afranius and Petreius, the partiz-ans 
of Pompey. Lucan. 4, v. 14, 130, Sec. — Plin. 

3> c 3- . -• / 

Sicum, a people of Italy, driven from their 
poffellions by the Opici. 1 hey fled into Si~ 
cania, or Sicily, where they fettled in the 
territories which the Sica.ni inhabited. They 
loon extended their borders, and after they 
had cqtiquered their neighbours, the Sicani, 
they ga/e their name to the ifland. This, 
as lqme fuppole, happened about 300 years 
before Greek colonies fettled in. the itland, 
or about 1059 years before the Chriftian era. 
Died. 5 .—Diotiyf Hal, — Strab. 

Siculum fretdm, the lea whichfeparates 
Sicily from Italy, is 15 miles long, but in 
fome places fo narrow, that the bilking of 
dogs can be heard from fhore to fkore. This 
(freight i? luppofed to have been formed by 
an earthquake, which leparated the ifland 
from the continent. Plin. 3, c. 8, ... 

j Sicvotf 











S I 

Sicyon, now Baftlieo, a town of Pelopo*- 
nefus, the capital of Sicyoiria. It is cele¬ 
brated as being the niolt ancient kingdom 
of Greece, which began B. C. 2089, and end¬ 
ed B. C. 1088, under a fucceilion of mo- 
narchs of whom little is known, except the 
names. Algialeus was the firlt king- Some 
time after, Agamemnon made hirnlelf mat¬ 
ter of the place, and afterwards it fell into 
the hands of the Heraclidic. It became ve¬ 
ry powerful in the time of the Achaean 
league, which it joined B. C. 251, at the 
perfuafion of Aratus. The inhabitants of Si¬ 
cyon are mentioned by fome authors as dif- 
folute and fond of luxury, hence the Sicyo- 
nian Jbocs, which were once very celebrated, 
were deemed marks of effeminacy. Apollod. 
3, c. 5. — Lucret. I, V. II18.— Liv. 32, c. 
16. 1 . 33, C. 15.— Strab. 8.— Mela, 2, c. 3. 
— Pint, in Pent. — Pauf.2. c. I, Sec.— Cic.dc 
Orat. I, C. 54.— Virg. G. 2, v. 519. 

Sicvonia, a province of Feloponnefus, on 
the bay of Corinth, of which Sicyon was the 
capital. It is the moft eminent kingdom of 
Greece, and in its florifhing lituation, not on¬ 
ly its dependent ltates,- but alfo the whole Pe- 
loponnel'us were called Sicvonia. The terri¬ 
tory is laid to abound with corn, wine, and 
olives, and alfo with iron mines. It produced 
many celebrated men, particularly artifts. V'td. 
Sicyon. 

Side, the wife of Orion, thrown into hell 
bv Juno, for bonding herlelf fairer than the 

goddofs. Apollod. 1, c. 4.-A daughter of 

Belus.-A daughter of Danaus.-A 

town of Pamphylia. Liv. 37, c. 23.— Cic. 3, 
fans. 6. 

SjnicRO, the ftepmother of Tyro, killed by 
Pelias. 

SiniclNUM, a town of Campania, called 
alfo Lx a nu tn. [ Lid. l'canum.] Virg. JEn. 7, 
V. 727 ‘ 

Sidon, an ancient city of Phoenicia, the 
capital of the country, with a famous har¬ 
bour, now called Said. It is fituate on the 
fhores of the Mediterranean, at the didance 
of about 50 miles from Damafcus, and 24 from 
Tyre. The people of Sidon are well known 
for their indulliv, their lkill in arithmetic, 
in aftronomy, and commercial affairs, and in 
fea voyages. They however have the cha- 
raSfer of being very dillioneft. Their wo¬ 
men were peculiarly happy in working em¬ 
broidery. The invention of glafs, of linen, 
and of a beautiful purple dye, is attributed to 
them.,The city of Sidon was taken by Ochus, 
king of lerfia, after the inhabitants had burnt 
themfeives and the city, B. C. 351 ; hut it was - 
afterwards rebuilt by its inhabitants. Lucan. 
3, v. 217. 1 . TO, v. 141.— l)iod. 16.— Jvfin. 
ir,C. 10. — Plin. 36, C. 26.-— Horner. Od. 15, 
V. 411.— Mda> I, c. T 2. 

Sidoniorum 1 nsui.je, iflands in the Per- 
fian gulf. St rub. 16. 

Sidonis, is the country cf which Sidon was 


S I 

the capital, fituate at the v.-eft of Syria, on 
the coaft of the Mediterranean. Ovid. Met. 2, 

Fab. 19.-Dido, as a native of tire country, 

is often called Sidonis. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 
80. 

SmoNius Catus Sollius Apolljna- 
ius, a Chridian writer, horn A,D. 430. He 
died in the y2d year of his age. There are 
remaining of his compofitions, fome letters 
and different poems confiding chiefly of pa¬ 
negyrics on the great men of his time, 
written in heroic verfc, and occafionally in 
other metre, of which the bed edition is 
that of Lahbxus, Parrs, 4to. 1632.— ' he epi¬ 
thet of Si don ius is applied not only to the 
natives of Sidon, but it is uled to exprefs the 
excellence of any thing, efpecially embroidery 
or dyed garments. Carthage is called Sidonia 
urbs, becaufe built by Sidonians. Virg. JEn. 
1, v. 682. 

Siena Julia, a town of Etruria. Cic . 

Brut. 18.— Tacit. 4. Hijl. 45 - 

Sida, now Ned-Ronta , a town of Numidia, 
famous as the refidence of Syphax. Plin. 5 
c. 11. 

Mgjeum, or Sickum, now cape Inci- 
hifari , a town of Troas, on a promontory of 
the fame name, where the Scamah'der falls 
into the lea, extending fix miles along the 
fhore. It was near Sigaeum that the great- 
elf part of the battles between the Greeks 
and Trojans were fought, as Homer men¬ 
tions, and there Achilles was buried. Virg. 
JEn. 2, V. 312. 1 . 7, V. 294.— Ovid. Met. 12, 
v. 71 . — Lucan. 9, v. 962. — Mela , I, C. 18 .— 
Strab. 13. — Ditilys Cret. 5, C. 12. 

Signja, an ancient town of Latiurn, 
whole inhabitants were called Signini. The 
wine of Signia was ul'ed by the ancients for 
medicinal purpofes. Martial. 13, ep. 116. 
-A mountain of Phrygia. Plin. 5, e. 

* 9 - . 

Sigovessus, a prince among the Celtic, 
in the reign ofTarquin. Liv. 5, c. 34. 

Sigyni, Sigunje, or Si gynnil, a nation 
of European Scythia, beyond the Danube. 
Herodot. 5,0.9. 

Si la, or Syla, a large wood in the country 
of the Brutii near the Apennines, abounding 
with much pitch. Strab. 6.— Virg. JEn. 12 , 
v. 713. 

Si l An a Julia, a woman at the court of 
Nero, remarkable for her licentioul’nefs and im¬ 
purities. She had married C. Julius, by whom 
fhe was divorced. 

D. Si lanus, a (on of T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus, acculed of extortion in the manage¬ 
ment of the province of Macedonia. The 
father himfelf defired to hear the complaints 
laid againft his fen, and after he had (pent 
two days in examining the charges of the 
Macedonians, he pronounced on the third 
day his fon guilty of extortion, and unworthy 
to be called a citizen of Rome. He alio 
b^nifhed him from his prefence, and fo ftruclc 

was 








SI 


S I 


was the ion at the ieverity of his father, that 
he hanged himfelf on the following night. 
Liv. 54.— Cic. de Finib .— Val. Max. 5, c. 

8 .-C. Junius, a conltil under Tiberius, 

accufed' of extortion, and banifhed to the 
illatid of Cythera. Tacit. -Marcus, a lieu¬ 
tenant of Csefar’s armies in Gaul.-The 

father-in-law of Caligula. Suet. Cal. 22. —— 

A proprietor in Spain, who routed the Car- 
thaginian forces there, while Annibal was | 

in Italy.-T'urpiliua, a lieutenant of Me- ! 

tellus again 11 Jugurtha. He was accufed by 
Marius though totally innocent, and con¬ 
demned by the malice of his judges.- 

Torquatus, a man pot to death by Nero. 

•-Lucius, a man betrothed to Odfavia, 

the daughter of Claudius. Nero took Oc- 
tavia away from him, and on the day of her 
nuptials, Silanus killed himfelf.-An au¬ 

gur in the army of io.oco Greeks, at their 
return from Cunaxa. 

Su.au us, a river of Picenum, riling in the 
Apennirie mountains, and falling into the 
Tyrrhene fea. Its waters, as it is reported, 
petrified all leaves that fell into it. Sitab. 
5.— Mela, 2 , C. 4. — Vtrg. G 3, V. 146.— 
Flin. 2 , C. IO3. — Sri. It. 2 , v. 582. 

Silk ni, a people on the banks of the Indus. 
Flin. 6 . C. 20. 

SilenuS) a demi-god, who became the 
nurfe, the preceptor, and attendant of the 
god Bacchus. He was, as fome fuppofe, 
Ion of Pan, or according to others of Mer¬ 
cury, or of Terra. Malea in Lefbos was the 
place of his birth. After death he received 
divine honors, and had a temple in Elis. 
Silenus is generally rep’refented as a fat and 
jolly old mail, riding on an afs, crowned 
with flowers, and always intoxicated. He 
was once found by fume peafants in Phrygia, 
after he had loft his way, and could not 
follow Bacchus, and he was carried to king 
Midas, who received him with great atten¬ 
tion. He detained him for ten days, and 
afterwards reftored him to Bacchus, for 
which he was rewarded with the power of 
turning into gold whatever he touched. 
Some authors artert, that Silenus was a 
philofopher, who accompanied Bacchus in 
his Indian expedition, and afiilted him by the 
foundnefs of his counfels. From this circum- 
ftance, therefore, he is often introduced 
fpeaking with all the gravity of a philofopher 
concerning the formation of the world, and 
the nature of things. The Fauns in gene¬ 
ral, and the Satyrs are often called Si¬ 
lent. Fauf. 3, c. 25. 1 . 6, c. 24. — Fhilojl. 
23.— Ovid. Met . 4.— Hygin.fal. 191.— Diod. 
3, Si C. — Cic. Tufc. I, C. 48.— Milan. V. H. 
3, c. 18.- Firg. Eel. 6, v. 13.-A Car¬ 

thaginian hiftorian who wrote an account of 
the affairs of his country in tbe Greek lan¬ 
guage.,-An hiftorian who wrote an account 

of Sicily. # * 

Sxlicen SEj a river of Spain. 


Silicis !yiONs,a town near Padua. 

Silis, a river of Veneria in Italy, falling 
into the Adriatic. Flin. 3, c. 18. 

C. Si li us Itaucus, a Latin poet, who 
was originally at the bar, where he for fomc 
time diltinguithed himfelf, till he retired from 
Rome more particularly to conlecrate his time 
to lludy. He was contul the year that Nero 
was murdered. Pliny has oblerved, that 
I when Trajan was inverted with the impe- 
; rial purple, Silius refilled to come to Rome, 
and congratulate him like the relt of his fel¬ 
low citizens, a negle£f which was never re¬ 
lented by the emperor, or infolently men¬ 
tioned by the poet. Silius was in polfeflion 
of a houie where Cicero had lived, and ano¬ 
ther in which was the tomb of Virgil, and it 
has been juftly remarked, that he looked 
upon no temple with grdater reverence than 
upon the iepulchre of the immortal poet, 
whole fteps he followed, but whole fame he 
could not equal. The birth day of Virgil 
was yearly celebrated with unufual pomp 
and lolemnity by Silius; and for his parti¬ 
ality, not only to the memory., but to the 
comjxjfitions of the Mantuan poet, he has 
been called the ape of Virgil. Silius llarved 
himl'elf when laboring under an impoft- 
hurne which his phyficians were unable to 
remove, in the beginning of Trajan’s reign, 
about the 75th year ot his age. There re¬ 
mains a poc-m of Italicus, on the lecond 
Punic war, divided into 17 books, greatly- 
commended by Martial. The moderns have 
not been fo favorable in their opinions con¬ 
cerning its merit. The poetry is weak and 
inelegant, yet the author delerves to be com¬ 
mended for his purity, the authenticity of 
his narrations, and his interefting delcriptions. 
He has every where imitated Virgil, but with 
little fuccels. Silius was a great collector of 
antiquities. His fon was honored with the 
confullhip during his life-time. The belt 
editions of kalicus will be found to be 
Drakenborch’s in 4to. Utr. 1717, and that 
of Cellarius, 8vo, Lipf. 1695.— Mart. 11 
ep. 49, &c.-Caius, a man of conlulav dig¬ 

nity, greatly loved by Meflaftna for his 
comely appearance and elegant addreis. Mef- 
fallna obliged him to divorce his wife that 
(he might enjoy his company without inter— 
million. Silius was forced to comply though 
with reluctance, and he was at laft put to 
death for the adulteries which the em- 
prefs obliged him to commit. Tacit*— 
Suet. — Dio. -A tribune in Casfar’s le¬ 
gions in Gaul.- - A commander in Ger¬ 

many, put to death by Sejanus. Tacit. A. 
3 & 4 - 

Silphtum, a part of Libya. 

Silpia, a town of Spain. JLiv. 28, c. 
12. 

Silvanus, a rural deity, fon of an Ita¬ 
lian Ihepherd by a goat. From this cir- 
cumftance he is generally repreiented ashalf 

a man 









a man and half a goat. According to Vir- 
* 3 . he was fon of Ficus, or, as others 
report of Mars, or according to Plutarch, 
of Valeria Tulculanaria, a young woman, 
who introduced herfelf into her father’s 
hed, and became pregnant by him. The 
worihip of Silvanus was eftablifhed only in 
Italy, where, as fome authors have ima 
gined, he reigned in the age of EVander 
This deity was fometimes reprefented hold¬ 
ing a cyprefs in his hand, hecaufe he became 
enamoured of a beautiful youth called Cy- 
pariflus, who was changed into a tree of the 
fame name. Silvanus prefided over garden 
and limits, and he is often confounded with 
the Fauns, Satyrs, and Silenus. Pint, in 
farall.—Virg Eel . 10. G. I, V. 20. i. 2, 
v. 49 n ) .~ JElian. Anim. 6, c. 42■ — 'Ovid. 

Met. ICX— Horat . op. 2 .— Dionyf. Hal. - 

A man who murdered his wife Apronia, 
by throwing her down from one of the win¬ 
dows of his chambers.-One of thofe 

'tvho confpired againft Nero.-An officer 

of Conftantius, who revolted and made him- 
f .If emperor. He was alfaffinated by his fol- 
diers. 

Silvium, a town of Apulia, now Gor- 

golione. Plin. 3, c. II.-A town of If- 

tria. 

Silures, the people of South Wales in 
Britain. 

Simbrivius, or Simbruvius, a lake of 
Latium, formed by the Anio. Tacit. 14, 
An. 22. 

Simena, a town of Lycia near Chimaera. 
Plin. 5, c. 27. 

Simethus, or Symethus, a town and 
river at the ealt of Sicily, which ferved as a 
boundary between the territories of the people 
of Catana and the Leotini. In its neighbour¬ 
hood the gods Palici were bom. Virg. TEn. 
9 » v * 5 ^ 4 * 

Similar, a grove at Rome where the or¬ 
gies of Bacchus were celebrated. Liv. 39. c. 

12. 

Si Mims, one of the courtiers of Trajan, 
who ratired from Rome into the country to 
enjoy peace and folitary retirement. 

Simmias, a philofopher of Thebes who 

wrote dialogues.-A grammarian of 

Rhodes.-A Macedonian fufpe&ed of 

eonfpiracy againft Alexander, on account 
of his intimacy with Philotas. Curt. 7, 
c. 1. 

Si mo, a comic chara£!er in Terence. 

Simois, ( entis ,) a river of Troas which 
rifes in mount Ida, and falls into the Xan- 
thus. It is celebrated by Homer, and moll 
of the ancient poets, as in its neighbourhood 
were fought many battles during the Trojan 
war. It is found to be but a fmall rivulet by 
modern travellers, and even fome have dif- 
pufed its exigence. Homer. II. — Hirg. JEn. 

1, v. 104. 1 - 3 * v * 3 °*» &c .—Ovid. Met. 13> 

?. 324.—iWtfj I, c. 16. 


SiMosirs. a Trojan prince, £011 of An- 
themion, killed by Ajax. Homer . 11 . 4, v. 
473 * 

Simon, a currier of Athens, whom So- 
crated often vifited on account of his great 
fagac’ty and genius. He collected all the in¬ 
formation he could receive from the conver- 
fation of tbe philofopher, apd afterwards pub- 
liflied it with his own obfervations in 33 
dialogues. He was the firft of the dlfciple* 
of Socrates who attempted to give an account 
of the opinions of his mafter concerning vir¬ 
tue, juftice, poetry,* mufic, honor, &c. 
7 hefe dialogues were extant in the age of 
the:biographer Diogenes, who has preferved 

their title. Diog. 2, c 14.-—Another who 

wrote on rhetoric. Id. -A lculptor. Id -■. 

The name of Simon was common among the 
J ews. 

Simonides, a celebrated poet of Cos, 
who floriflied 538 years B. C. His father’s 
name was Leoprepis, or Theoprepis. He 
wrote elegies, epigrams, and dramatical pie¬ 
ces, elleemed for their elegance and fweet- 
nefs, and compofed all© epic poems, one on 
Cambyfes king of Perfia, Sec. Simonides 
was universally courted by the princes ©f 
Greece and Sicily, and according to one of 
the fables of Phsedrus, he was fuch a favorite 
of the gods, that his life was miraculoufly pre¬ 
ferved in an entertainment when the roof ©f 
the houle fell upon all thofe who were feaft- 
ing. He obtained a poetical prize in the 
80th year of his age, and he lived to his 90th 
year. The people of Syracule, wh,o had hol'- 
pitably honored, him when alive, eredfed a 
magnificent monument to his memory, Si¬ 
monides, according to fome, added the four 
letteis >j, u, jj*, , to the alphabet of the 
Greeks. Some fragments of his poetry are 
extant. According to fome, the grandlon of 
the elegiac poet of Cos was all'o called Simo¬ 
nides. He florifhed a few years before the 
Peloponnefian war, and was the author of 
fome books of inventions, genealogies, kc. 
Quintil. 10 , C. I.— Pha-dr. 4, fab. 21 Sc 24. 

— Horat. 21, Od. I, y. 38.— Herodot. 5, C. 102. 
— Cic. de Orat. &C.— Arid. — Pindar. IJlb. 2 . 
— Catull. I, e'u 39.— Lucian, de Macrob .— 
JEliuti . V . H 8, C. 2 . 

Simplicius, a Greek commentator on 
Ariltotle, whofe works were all edited in the 
16th century, and the latter part of the 2:5th, 
but without a Latin verfion. 

Simulus, an ancient poet who wrote, 
lome verfes on the Tarpeian rock. Pint, in 
Rom. 

Simus, a king of Arcadia after Phialus, 
Pauf. 8,c.5. 

Simyr a, a town of Phoenicia. Mela, i,c. 12. 
Sinje, a people of* Indi3, called by 
Ptolemy the moft eaftern pation of the 
world. 

Sinbje, iflands In the Indian Ocean, flip-* 
pofed to be the Nicabar iflands. 

SlNBI, 












Sindi. a people of European Scythia, on 
the Palus Miotic. Place. 6, v. 86. 

Singjei, a people on the confines ol Ma¬ 
cedonia and Thrace. 

SiNG.-utA, a city at the north of Mefo- 
potaraia, now Sinjqr. 

% Singulis, a river of Spain falling into the 
Guadalquiver. 

S in'gus, a town of Macedonia. 

Si mis, a famous robber. [Fid. Scinis.] 

SiNNAcrs.a Parthian of ail illuttrious fa¬ 
mily, who confpired againft his prince, &c. 
Tacit. 6, Ann. C. 31. 

SjNNACiiA.a town of Mesopotamia,where 
Cralfus was put to death by Surena. 

Si noe, a nymph of Arcadia who brought 
tip Pan. 

Si non, a fon of Sifyphus who accompa¬ 
nied the Greeks to the Trojan war, and there 
diftinguifhed himlelfby his cunning and fraud, 
and his intimacy with .UlyfTes. When the 
Greeks had fabricated the famous wocxlen 
horle, Sinon went to Troy with his hands 
bound behind his back, and by the molt l'o- 
lemn proteftations, adored Priam, that the 
Greeks were gone from Afia, and that they 
had been ordered to lacrifice one of their 
foldiers, to render the wind favorable to their 
return, and that becaufe the lot had fallen 
upon him, at the mitigation of UlyfTes, he 
had fled away from their camp, not to be cru¬ 
elly immolated. THel'e fall'e aflertions were 
immediately credited by the Trojans, and 
Smon adviled Priam to bring into his city 
the wooden horle which the Greeks had left 
behind them, and to confecrate it to Minerva. 
His advice was followed, and Sinon in the 
night to complete his perfidy, opened the 
lide of the horfe, from which iffued a num¬ 
ber of armed Greeks, who lurprized the Tro¬ 
jans, and pillaged their city. Dares Phryg . 
— Homer. Od. 8, v. 4-92. 1. ii, v. 521.— Firg. 
JEn. 2 , V. 79, See — Pauf. IO, C. 27.— Q. 
Smyrn. 12 . &*C. 

Sinope,' a daughter of the Afopus by Me- 
thoue. She was beloved by Apollo, who car¬ 
ried her away to the borders of the Eux- 
ine fea, in Afia Minor, where fhe gave birth 

to a fon called Syrus. Diod. 4.-A fea- 

port town of Afia Minor, in Pontus, now 
Sinah, founded or re-built by a colony of 
Milefians. It was long an independent ftate, 
till Pharnaces, king of Fcfatus, feized it. 
It was the capital of Pontus, under Mithrir 
dates, and was the birth place of Diogenes, 
the cynic philofopher. It received its name 
fr*m Sinope, whom Apollo carried there. 

>id Pont. I, el. 3, v. 67.—* Strab . 2, &C. 12. 

—Diet}. 4. — Mela, I, c. 1 9.- The original 

name of Sinuefla. 

Sinoeux, a governor of^Gaul, &c. Poly 
etn. 8 . 

SiNTiCE,a diftridl of Macedonia. 

Sintii, a nation of Thracians, who inha¬ 


bited I.emnos, when Vulcan fell there from 
heaven. Homtr. II. 1, v. 594. 

Sinuessa, a maritime town of Campa¬ 
nia, originally called Sinope. It was cele¬ 
brated for its hot-baths and mineral waters, 
which cured people of infanity, and rendered 

women prolific. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 715._. 

Mela, 2, c. 4.— Strab. 5.— Liv. 22, c. 13. 
—Mart. 6, ep. 42. 1 . II, ep. Z.—Tacit. An . 
12. 

Sion, one of the hills on which Jerul'alem 
was built. 

Sipunos, now Sifano, one of the Cy¬ 
clades, fituate at the welt of Paros, twenty 
miles in circumference, according to Pliny, 
or, according to modern travellers, 40. Siph- 
nos had many excellent harbours, and pro¬ 
duced great plenty of delicious fruit. The 
inhabitants were fo depraved, that their li- 
centioufnels became proverbial,. They, how¬ 
ever, behaved with fpirit in the Perfian 
wars, and refufed to give earth and water 
to the emilTaries of Xerxes in token of fub- 
’miffion. There were fomegold mines in Siph- 
nos, of which Apollo demanded a tenth 
part. When the inhabitants refufed to con¬ 
tinue to offer part of their gold to the god of 
Delphi, the ifland was inundated, and the 
mines difappeared. The air is fo wholefome 
that many of. the natives live to their 120th 
year. Pauf. IO, c. II. — Herodot. 8, c. 46.—~ 
Mela, I, c. 7.— Strab. IO. 

SiroNTUM, Sipus, or Sepus, a maritime 
town in Apulia in Italy, founded by Dio- 
medes, after his return from the Trojan 
war. Strab. 6.— Lucan. 5, v. 377.— tylda, 
2,c. 4- 

Sipylum and Sipylus, a town of Lydia, 
with a mountain of the fame name near the 
Meander, formerly called Ccraunius. The 
town was deltroyed by an earthquake with. 
12 others in the neighbourhood, in the reign 
of Tiberius. Strab - 1 & 12.— Pauf. 1, c. 20. 
—A polled. 3, c. 5.— Homer. II. 24 ,—Hygin, 

fab. 9.— Tacit. Ann. 2. c. 47.-One of. 

Niobe’s children, killed by Apollo. Ovid, 
Met. 6. fab. 6. 

Sirbo, a lake between Egypt and Palef- 
tine, now Sebaket Bardoil. Piin. 4, c. 13. 

SIrenes, lea nymphs who charmed fa 
much with their,, melodious voice, that all 
forgot their employments to liften with more 
attention, and at laft died for want of food. 
They were daughters of the Achelous, by 
the mufe Calliope, or according to ethers, 
by Melpomene or Terpfichore. They were 
three in number, called Parthenope, Ligeia, 
ana Leucofia, or, according to others. Mceolpe, 
Aglaophonos, and Thelxiope, or Thelxione, 
and they ufually lived in a fmall ifland near 
cape Pelorus in Sicily. Sajne authors fup- 
pofe that they were tronfters, who had the 
form of a woman above the waift, and the 
reft of the body like that cf a bird; 0* 
3 A rathoi 




SI 


S I 


father that the whole body was covered with 
feathers, and had the lhape of a bird, except 
the head, which was that of a beautiful fe¬ 
male. This monftrous form they had re¬ 
ceived from Ceres, who wifhed to punith 
them, becaufe they had not aflifted her 
daughter when carried away by Pluto. But 
according to Ovid, they were fo difconl'olate 
at the rape of Proferpine, that they prayed 
the gods to give them wings that they might 
feek her in the fea as well as by land. The 
Sirens were informed by the oracle, that as 
foon as any perfons palled by them without 
fuffering themfelves to be charmed by their 
•fongs, they fhould perifh ; and their melody 
had prevailed in calling the attention of all 
paflengers, till Ulyfles, informed of the power 
of their voice by Circe, flopped the ears of his 
companions with wax, and ordered himfelf to 
be tied to the mall of his Ihip, and no attention 
to be paid to his commands, Ihoukl he with to 
Hay and lillen to the fong. This was a fa- 
lutary precaution. UlylTes made figns for his 
companions to (lop, but they were dilregarded, 
and the fatal coalt was palTed with fafety. 
Upon this artifice of UlylTes, the Sirens were 
fo difappointed, that they threw themfelves 
into the fea and perifhed. Some authors fay, 
that the Sirens challenged the Mules to a '.rial 
of (kill in finging, and that the latter proved 
victorious, and plucked the feathers from the 
wings of their adverfaries, with which they 
made themfelves crowns. The place where 
the Sirens dellroyed themfelves, was after¬ 
wards called Sirenis , on the coalt of Sicily 
Virgil, however, AEn.$, v. 864, places the 
Sirenum Scopuli On the coalt of Italy, near the 
illand of Caprea. Some iuppofe that the 
Sirens were a number of lafcivious women in 
Sicily, who proftituted themfelves to Itran- 
gers, and made them forget their purfuits 
while drowned in unlawful plealures. The 
Sirens are often reprefented holding, one a 
lyre, a fecond a flute, and the third finging. 
Pauf. IO, c. 6.— Homer. O d. 12, v. 167.— 
Strab. 6-— -Ammian. 29, C. 2.— ffygi/t. fab. 
J41.— Apollcd. 2, c. 4.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 
555, de art. am. 3, V. 3IX.— Ital. I 2 ,V. 33. 

SiRENusiE, three fmall rocky iflands near 
the coalt of Campania, where the Sirens were 
fuppofed to refide. 

Siris, a town of Magna Grsecia, founded 
by a Grecian colony alter the Trojan war, 
at the mouth of a river of the fame name. 
There was a battle fought near it between 
Pyrrhus and the Romans. Dionyf. Perieg. 

v. 221.-The ^Ethiopians gave that name 

to the Nile before its divided ftreams united 

into one current. Pl'tn. 5, c, 9.-A town 

of Psonia in Thrace. 

Sirius, or Canicula, the dog liar, whofe 
appearance, as the ancients luppofed, always 
cauled great heat on the earth. Firg. JEn. 

v. 141. 


Sirmio, now Sermioncy a peninfula in thfc 
lake Benacus, where Catullus had a villa, 
Carm. 29. 

Sirmium, the capital of Pannonia, at the 
confluence of the Savus and Bacuntius, very 
celebrated during the reign of the Roman em¬ 
perors. 

Sisamnes, a judge flead alive for his par¬ 
tiality, by order of Cambyles. His Ikin was 
nailed on the benches of the other judges to 
incite them to att with candor and impartiality, 
Hcrodot. 5, c. 25. 

Sisapho, a Corinthian who had murdered 
his brother becaule he had put his children to 
death. Ovid, in 1 Jj s ^ 

Sisapo, a town of Spain, famous for its 
vermillion mines, whofe fituation is not well 
afcertained. P/in. 33, c. 7.— Cic. Phil. 2, 
c. 19. 

SisciA,a town of Pannonia, now Sijfeg. 

Sisenes, a Perfian deferter, vvho confpired 
againlt Alexander, &c. Cuit. 3, c. 7. 

L. Si senna, an ancient hrltorian among 
the Romans, 91 B. C. He wrote an account , 
of the republic, of which Cicero lpeaks with 
great warmth, and aHb tranllated from the 
Greek, the Milefian fabjes of Ariltides. 
Some fragments of his compofitions are quot¬ 
ed by different ^uthors. Ovid. Triji. 2, v. 

443.- Cic. in Bint. 64 & 67.— Paterc. 2, c. ‘ 

9.-Corn, a Roman, vvho on being repri¬ 

manded in the feriate for the ill conduit and 
depraved maunersi of his wife, accufed pub¬ 
licly Augultus of unlawful commerce with her. ' 

Dio. 54.-The family of the Cornelii and 

Apronii received the lurname of Silemia, 
They are acculed of intemperate loquacity 
in the Augultan age, by Horat. I, Sat. 7, * 
v. 8. 

Sisigambis, or Sisygambis, the mo. 
thei of Darius the lalt king of Perlia. She 
was taken pril'oner by Alexander the Great 
at the battle of Ulus,-with the rett of th® royal ' 
family. The conqueror treated her with 
uncommon ^endernefs and attention; he fa- • 
luted her as his own mother, and what he had 
fternly denied to the petitions of his favor¬ 
ites and minilters, he often granted to the 
intercellion of Sifygambis. The regard of 
the queen for Alexander was uncommon, and, 
indeed, fhe no fooner heard that he was dead, 
than (lie killed herielf, unwilling to lurvive 
the lots of fo generous an enemy; though fhe 
had feen with lefs concern, the fall of her 
Ion’s kingdom, the ruin of his lubjeCts, and 
himfelf murdered by his lervants. She had 
alfo loft in one day, her hulband and 8.0 
of her brothers, whom Ochus had afiallinated 
to make himfelf mafter of the kingdom of 
Perfia. Curt. 4, c. 9, 1 . io, c. 5. 

Sisimith,r;k, a fortified place of Battriana, 

15 ltadiahigh, 80 in circumference, and plant 
at the top. Alexander married Roxana there. 
Sirab. II, 

SlSO* 






SI 


Sisocostos, one of the friends of Alex¬ 
ander, entrufted with the care of the rock 
Aornus. Curt. 8, c. n. 

Sisyphus, a brother of Atljamas and Sal- 
mopeus, Ion of ./Eolus and Enaretta, the mod 
crafty prince of the heroic ages. He mar¬ 
ried Merope the daughter of Atlas, or ac¬ 
cording to others of Pandareus, by whom 
he had feveral children. He built Ephyre, 
called afterwards Corinth, and he debauched 
1 yro the daughter of Salmoneus, becaule he 
had been told by an oracle that his children by 
|iis brother’s daughter would avenge the in¬ 
juries which he had l'utfered frrm the male¬ 
volence of Salmon<jq^*T.£yro, however, as 
Hyginus lays, deftroved the two Ions whom 
fhe had had by her uncle. It is reported 
that silyphus, mi it r lifting Autolycus, who 
ftole the neighbouring flocks, marked his bulls 
under tne feet, and when they had been car¬ 
ried away by the difhonefty of his friend, he 
confounded and altonilhed the thief by feleH- 
ing from his numerous flocks thole bulls, 
which by the mark he knew to be his own. 
The artifice ot Jsifyphus was l'o pleafing to Au¬ 
tolycus, who had now found one more cun¬ 
ning than himfelf, that he permitted him to 
enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, 
whom a few days after he gave in marriage to 
Laertes of Ithaca. After his death, Sifyphus 
was condemned in hell, to roll to the top of a 
hill a large ftone, which had no fooner teached 
the l'ummit than it felt back into the plain 
with impetuofity, aud rend" red his punifhment 
eternal. The caules of this rigorous fentenCe 
are varioully reported. Some attribute it to 
his continual depredations in the neighbouring 
country, and his cruelty in laying heaps of 
(tones on thofe whom he had plundered, and 
fuffering them to expire in the mod agoniz¬ 
ing torments. Others, to the infult offered 
to Pluto, in chaining death in his palace, and 
detaining her till Mars, at the requeft of the 
king of hell, went to deliver her from con¬ 
finement. Others fuppofe that Jupitr in - 
Aided this punifhment becaufe he told Afo- 
pus where his daughter ./Egina had been 
carried away by her ravjlher. The more fol¬ 
lowed opinion however is,, that Sifyphus, on 1 
his death-bed, entreated his wife to leave 
his body unburied, and when he came into 
Pluto’s kingdom, he received the permiflion 
of returning upon earth to punilVt this Ceejn- 
ing negligence of his wife, but, however, on 
prorriile of immediately returning. But he 
was no l'ooner out of tjje inferual regions, than 
he violated his engagements, and when he 
was at lait. brought. back to hell by Mars, 
Pluto, to punilh kis want of fidelity and ho* 
par, condemned him to roll a huge (tone to 
the t'op of a mountain. The -inltitution .of 
the Pythian games is attributed by tbrqe-fco 
$ifyphus. l'o be of the blood of Sifyphus 
was deemed difgraceful among the ancients. 
fJcmer.OJ. II, v. 5.9 a.—6, v. 616. 

fc 


S M 

—Ovid. Met. 4, v. 459. 1 . 13, v.32. Fafi. 
4 * V. 175. in Ibid. 191. — Pauf. 2, &c.— 
Hygin. fab. 60.— Horat. 2, od. 14, v. 20 — 

Apollod. 3, c. 4.-A fon of M. Antony, 

who was born deformed, and received the 
name of Sifyphus, becaule he was endowed 
with genius and an excellent underftanding, 
Horat. I. Sat. 3, v. 47. 

Sitalces, onejof Alexander’s, generals, 
imprifoned for hi, cruelty and avarice in the 
government of his province. Curt. 10, c. I. 
-A king of Thrace, B. C. 436. 

SitunTdes, certain nymphs of a fountain 
in Megara. Pauf. i.c. 40. 

Sithon, a king of Thrace.-An ifland 

in the Aegean. 

Sithonja, a country of Thrace between 
mount Hsemus and the Danube. Sithonia 
is often applied to all Thrace, and thence the 
epithet Sit fronts, l'o often ufed by the poets. 
It received its name from king Sithon. Horat. 
I, od. 18, v. 9.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 588. 
1 . 7. v. 466. 1 . 13, v. 571, — Herodot. 7. c. 
112 . 

Sitius, a Roman who aflifted Cacfar in 
Africa with great fuccefs. He was rewarded 
with a province of Numidia. Sallujl. Jug. 21. 

Sitones, a nation of Germany, or modern 
Norway according to forne. Tacit, de Germ . 
45 . 

Sittace, a town of Aflyria. Plin. 6, c. 
27 • 

Smaragdus, a town of Egypt on the Ara¬ 
bian gulf, where emeralds ( fmaragdi ) were 
dug. Strab . 16. 

Smenus, a river of Laconia riflng in mount 
Taygetus, and falling into the fea near Hyp- 
fcs. Pauf 3, c. 24. 

Smeruis, a fon of Cyrus, put to death by 
order of his brother Cambyfes. As his exe¬ 
cution was not public, and as it was only 
known to one of the officers of the monarch, 
one of the Magi of Perfia, who was himfelf 
called Smerdis, and who greatly refembled 
the decealed prince, declared himfelf king, 
at the death of Cambyfes. This ufurpation 
would not perhaps have been known, bad not 
he taken too many precautions to conceal 
it. After he had reigned for fix months 
with univerfal approbation, feven noblemen 
of I’erfia confpired to dethrone him, and when 
this had been executed with fuccefs, they 
chole one of their number to reign in the 
ulurper’s place, B. C. 521. This was Darius 
the fon of Hyflafpes. Herodot. 3, c. 30.— 
Jufin. I, c. 9. 

Smilax, a beautiful fhepherdefs who be¬ 
came enamoured of Crocus. She was changed 
into a .flower, as alio her lover. -. Ovid. Met. 
4, v. 2 & 3 ‘ 

Smius, a ftafuary of ./Egina in the age of 
Daedalus. Pa f. 7. , 

Smindyrices, a native ofSybaris, famous 
for hi* luxury. JElian. V. H. 9, c. 24 & 12 , 
c. 3 , 4 .. 


3 A % 


SmiN 




so 


s o 


Smintheus, one of the fumames of Apol¬ 
lo in Phrygia, where the inhabitants raifed 
him a temple, becaufe he had deftroyed a 
number of rats that infefted the country. Thefe 
rats were called in the language of 

Phrygia, whence the furname. There is ano¬ 
ther ftoryfimilar to this related by the Greek 
fcholiaft of Homer. II. I, v. 39. — Strab. 1 3.— 
Ovid. Met. 11 , v. 585. 

Smyrna, a celebrated fea-port town of 
Ionia in Afia Minor, built, as fome fuppofe, 
by Tantalus, or, according to others, by the 
jffiolians. It has been fubjecl to many revo¬ 
lutions, and been feverally in the pofTeflion 
of the ASolians, tonkins,' Lydir.ns, and Mace¬ 
donians. Alexander, or according to Strabo, 
JLyfimachus, rebuilt it 400 years after it had 
been deftroyed by the Lydians. It was 
one of the richeft and moft powerful cities of 
Afia, and became one of the twelve cities 
of the Ionian confederacy. The inhabitants 
were given much to luxury and indolence, 
but they were universally efteemcd’ for their 
valor and intrepidity when called to adlion. 
Marcus Aurelius repaired it after it had been 
deftroyed by an earthquake, about the 180th 
year of the Chriftian era. Smyrna dill con¬ 
tinues to be a very commercial town. The 
river Meles flows near its walls. The inha¬ 
bitants of Smyrna believed that Homer was 
born among them, and to confirm this opi¬ 
nion they not only paid him divine honors, 
but Ihowed a place which bore the poet’s 
name, and alfo had a brafs coin in circulation 
which was called Homerium. Some fuppofe 
that it was called Smyrna from an Amazon 
of the fame name who took pofleflion of it. 
Heroiot. I, c. 16, yV.— Strab. Ii Sc 14 — 
Ital. 8, v. 565. —Par/. 5, c. S.—Mcla, I, 

c. 17.-A daughter of Thias, mother of 

Adonis.——An Amazon.-—The name 

of a poem which Cinna, a Latin poet, 
compofed in nine years, and which was 
worthy of admiration, according to Catullus, 
94. 

S.MYRNTFcfil, a Greek poet of the third 
century, called alfo Calaber. [ Vid. Calaber.] 

So an a, a river of Albania. Ptol. 

So and a, a town of Armenia. 

Soanes, a people of Colchis, near C*au- 
cafus, in whofe territories the rivers abound 
with golden f»ds, which the inhabitants ga¬ 
ther in wool fkins, whence, perhaps, arole 
the fable of the golden fleece. Strab. 11.— 
Plin. 33, c.3. 

Socrates, the moft celebrated philofo- 
pher of alhantiquity, was a native of Athens 
His father Sophronifcus was a ftatuary, and 
his mother Phenarete was by profeftion a 
midwife. For fome time he followed the 
occupation 'of his father, and fome have 
mentioned the ftatues of the Graces, admired 
for theirfimplicity and elegance, -as the work 
of his own hands. He was called away from 
this meaner employment, of which, however, 


he never blufhed, by Crito, who admired his 
genius and courted his friendlhip. Philolophy 
foon became the ftudy of Socrates, and under 
Archelaus and Anaxagoras he laid the foun¬ 
dation of that exemplary virtue which fuc-* 
ceeding ages have ever loved and venerated. 
He appeared like the reft of his countrymen 
in the field of battle ; he fought with boldnels 
and intrepidity, and to his courage two of 
his friends and diiciples. Xenophon and Al- 
cibiades, owed the prefervation of their lite. 
But the charadfer of Socrates appears more 
confpicuous as a philofopher and jnoralift 
than as that of a warrior. He was fond of 
labor, he inured <hiusjjfelf to fuffer hardfhips, 
and he acquired that ferenity of mind and 
! firmnefs of countenance which the moft 
I alarming dangers could never deftroy, or the 
•m®ft fudden calamities alter. If he was poor, 
it was from choice, and not the effects of 
vanity, or the wifh of appearing Angular. He 
bore injuries with patience, and the infults 
of malice or refentment, he not only 
treated with contempt, but even received 
with a mind that exprefled fome con¬ 
cern, and felt compalfion for the depravity 
of human nature. So Angular and fo vene¬ 
rable a character was admired by the molt 
enlightened of the Athenians. Socrates was 
attended by a number of illuftrious pupils, 
whnm he inftru&ed by his exemplary life, 
as well as by his doiftvines. He had no 
particular place where to deliver his leisure's, 
but as the g<?od of his countrymen, and 
the reformation cf their corrupted morals K 
and not the aggregation of riches, was the 
objedt of his ftudy, he was prefent every 
where, and drew the attention of his au¬ 
ditors either in" the groves of Academus, 
the Lyceum, or on the banks of the Ilyflus. 
He fpoke with freedom on every fubjedl re¬ 
ligious as well as civil, and h<1d the courage 
to condemn the violence of his countrymen, 
and to withftlnd the torrent of refentment, 
by which the Athenian generals were £api-* 
tally punched for not burying'the dead at 
the battle of Arginufie. This independence 
of fpirit, and that vifible fuperiority of mind 
and genius over the reft of his countrymen, 
created many enemies to Socrates ; but a s 
his character was irreproachable, and his 
dodlrines pure, and void of all oblcurity, the 
voice of malevolence was filent. Yet Arif- 
tophanfes foon undertook, at the inftigation 
of Melitus, in his comedy of the Clouds, 
to ridicule the venerable charafter of So¬ 
crates on the ftage; and when once the way 
was open to calumny and defamation, the 
fickle and licentious populace paid no re¬ 
verence to the philbfopher whom they had 
before regarded as a being of a fuperior order. 
When this had fucceeded, Melitus ftood forth 
to criminate him, together with Anitus and 
Lycon, and the philofopher was fummoned be¬ 
fore the tribunal of the five- hundred. ~ He ws* 

accfifei 





so 


so 


accufed of corrupting the Athenian youth, 
of making innovations in the religion of the 
Greeks, and of ridiculing the many gods 
which the Athenians worfhipped ; yet fa!fa 
as this might appear, the accufers relied for 
the luccefs of their cauie upon the perjury of 
falfe witnefles, and the envy pf the judges 
whole ignorance would readily yield to mif- 
reprefentation, and be influenced and guided 
by eloquence and artifice, in this their ex¬ 
pectations were not fault rated, and while the 
judges expected iubmi.'Tio.i from Socrates, 
and that meannefs of behaviour and tervility 
of defence which dif+inguilhed criminals, the 
philofopher, perhaps, accelerated his own fall 
by the firmuels of his n ind, and his uncom¬ 
plying integrity. Lylias, one of the molt ce¬ 
lebrated orators of the age, compoled an ora¬ 
tion in a labored and pathetic dvle, which he 
offered to his friend to be pronounced as his 
defence in the prefence of his judges. So¬ 
crates read it, but after he had prail'ed the 
eloquence and the animation of the whole, 
he rejected it, as neither manly nor expref- 
iive of fortitude, and, comparing it to Sicy- 
onian ihoes, which though fitting, were 
proofs of effeminacy, he oblerved, that a phi¬ 
lofopher ought to be conlpicuous for magna¬ 
nimity and for firmnels of foul. In his apo¬ 
logy he fpoke with great animation, and con- 
felled that while others boalled that they 
were acquainted with every thing, he him- 
felf kyew nothing. The whole dilcourfe 
was full of fimpiicity and noble grandeur, 
the energetic language of offended innocence. 
He modelUy laid,'that what he poffeffed was 
applied for the iervice of the Athenians : it 
. was his wjfh to make his fellow-citizens 
happy, and it was a duty which he performed 
by the l'pedal command of the gods, ivbofe au¬ 
thority , laid he emphatically, to his judges, 
I regard more than yours. Such language 
from a man who was accufed of a capital 
crime, aftonifhed aud irritated * the judges. 
Socrates was condemned, but only by a ma¬ 
jority of three voices; and when he was de¬ 
manded, according to the fpijrit of the Athe¬ 
nian laws, to pal's fentence on himfelf, and 
to mention the death he preferred, the philo- 
fopher faid, For my attempts to teach the Athe¬ 
nian youth jujiice and moderation , and ren¬ 
der the ref of my countrymen more happy , let 
me be maintained at the public expence the 
remaining years of my life in the Frytaneum , 
an honor , 0 Athenians , ivhich l deferve more 
than the viflors of the Olympic games. They 
make their countrymen more happy in ap- 
pearance , but I have made you fo in reality. 
This exafperated the judges in the highelt de¬ 
gree, and he was condemned to drink hemlock. 
Upon this he addreffed the court, and more 
particularly the judges who had decided in his 
favor in a pathetic fpeech. He told them that 
to die was a pleafure, finqe he was going to 
^ jiold convene wi& the gr?ate(l heroes of an¬ 


tiquity ; he recommended to their paternal' 
care, his defencelefs children, and as he re¬ 
turned to the prifon, he exclaimed: I go to 
die, you to live ; but ivhich is the bef the Di¬ 
vinity alone can know. The felemn celebra¬ 
tion of the Delian fettivals \Vid. Delia] pre¬ 
vented his execution for 30 days, and du¬ 
ring that time he was confined in the pri¬ 
fon and loaded with irons. His friends, and 
particularly his difciples, were his condnnt at¬ 
tendants ; he ditcourled with them upon dif¬ 
ferent fubjeCts with all his ufual cheerfulnefs 
and. iereifity. He reproved them for their 
torrow, and when one of them was uncom* 
monlv grieved becaufe he was to luffer though 
innocent, the philofopher replied, would you 
then have me die guilty F With this compolure 
he lpent his laft days, he continued to be 
a preceptor till the moment of his death, and 
indruCted his pupils on quellions of the great- 
elf importance; he told them his opinions in 
l'upport of the immortality of the foul, and 
reprobated with acrimony the prevalent cuitom 
of fuicide. He disregarded the intercefiion of 
his friends, and when it was in his power 
to make his el'cape but of prifon he refufed 
it, and aficed with his ulual pleafantry, where 
he could efcnpe death ; where , fays he to Cri- 
to, who had bribed the goaler, and made his 
el'cape certain, where Jhall I fly to avoid this 
irrevocable doom pa fed on all mankind ? When 
the hour to drink the poifon was come, the 
executioner prefented him the cup with tears 
in his eyes. Socrates received it with' com- 
pofure, and after he had made a libation to the 
gods,he drank it with an unaltered countenance, 
and a few moments afeer he expired. Such 
was the end of a man whom the uninfluenced 
anfiver of the oracle ofDelphi had pronounced 
the wiled of mankind. Socrates died 400 years 
before Chrift, in the 70th year of his age. 
He was no fooner buried than the Athenians 
repented of their cruelty, his accufers were 
univerfally defpifed and fliunned, one differ¬ 
ed death, fome were banilhed, and others, 
with their own hands, put an end to the 
life, which their leverity to the bed of 
the Athenians had rendered inl'upportable. 
The actions, fayings, and opinions of So¬ 
crates have been faithfully recorded by two 
of the mod celebrated of his pupils, Xeno¬ 
phon and Plato, and every thing which re¬ 
lates to the life and circumdances of this 
great philofopher is now rpirmtely known. 
To his poverty, his innocence, and his exam¬ 
ple, the Greeks were particularly indebted 
for their greatnefs and fplendor; and the 
learning which was univerfally difleminated by 
his pupils, gave the whole nation a confciouf- 
nefs of their fuperiority over the red of the 
world, not only in the polite arts, but in the 
more laborious exercifes, which their writings 
celebrated. The philofophy of Socrates forms 
an intereding epoch in the hidory of the hu¬ 
man mind. The ton of Sophronifeus derid- 
3 A 3 cd 






so 


so 


ed the more abflrufe enquiries and metaphy¬ 
seal researches of his predeceffors, andbyfirll 
introducing moral philofophy, he induced man¬ 
kind to confider themfelves, their paffions, 
tneir opinions, their duties, actions, and fa¬ 
culties. From this it was laid that the foun¬ 
der of the Socratic School drew philofophy 
down from heaven upon the earth. In his 
attendance upon religious worlhip, Socrates 
was himfeif an example, he believed the di¬ 
vine origin of dreams and omens, and pub¬ 
licly declared that he was accompanied by a 
daemon or invifible conductor \Vid. Daemon] 
whofe frequent interpolation flopped him from 
the commiffion of evil, and the guilt of mil- 
condudl. This familiar fpirit, however, accord¬ 
ing to fome, was nothing more than a found 
judgment allifted by prudence and long ex¬ 
perience, which warned him at the approach 
of danger, and from a general fpeculation of 
mankind could forefee what fuccefs would 
attend an enterprise, or what calamities 
would follow an ill managed admintfl-ration. 
As a fupporter of the immortality of the 
foul, he allowed the perfection of a fupreme 
knowledge, from which he deduced the go¬ 
vernment of the univerfe. From the re- 
fources of experience as well as nature and ob- 
fervation, he perceived the indiferiminate dii- 
penfation of good and evil to mankind by 
the hand of heaven, and he was convinced 
that nothing but the mod inconfiderate would 
incur the difplealure of their creator to avoid 
poverty or ficknefs, or gratify a fenfual ap¬ 
petite, which mult at the end harafs their 
foul with remorle and the confcioufnels of 
guilt. From'this natural view of things, he 
perceived the relation of one nation with ano¬ 
ther, and how much the tranquillity of civil 
fociety depended upon the proper difeharge 
of thefe refpeClive duties. The actions of 
men furnilhed materials alfo for his difcourle; 
to inflrubl them was his aim, and to render 
them happy was the ultimate object of his 
daily .leflbns. From principles like thefe, 
which were infofeed by the unparalleled ex¬ 
ample of an affectionate hulband, a tender 
parent, a warlike foldier, and a patriotic ci¬ 
tizen in Socrates, foon after the celebrated 
fe&s of the Platonills, the Peripatetics, the 
Academics, Cyrenaics, Stoics, &c. arole 
Socrates never wrote for the public eye, yet 
many fupport that the tragedies of his pupil 
Euripides were partly compofed by him. 
He was naturally of a licentious dil’pofition, 
3;nd a phyfiognomift oblerved, in looking in 
the face of the philolopher, that his heart was 
the moll depraved, immodefl, and corrupted 
that ever was in the human bread. This 
nearly cod the fetirid his life, but Socrates 
upbraided his difciples, who wilhed to punilh 
the phyfiognomid, and declared that his af- 
fertions were true, but that all his vicious 
propenfities had been duly corrected and 



a poetical verfion of iEfop’s fables, while in 
prilon. Laert. — Xenoph. — Plato.-~-Pauf. I, 
c. 22 .— Plut. de op. Phil. Iffc.—Cic. de orat. 
I, C. 54. Tufc. I, C. 41, life. — Val.Max. 3, 

c. 4.- A leader of the Achteans, at the 

battle of Cunaxa. He was feized and put 
to death by order of Artaxerxes.-A go¬ 

vernor of Cilicia under Alexander the Great. 

-A painter.-A Rhodian in the age of 

Augudus. He^wrote an account of the ci¬ 
vil wars. ——'• A fcholiad born A D. 380, at 
Conflantinople. He wrote an ecclefiaftical 
hiltory from the year 309, where Eufebius - 
ended, down to 450, with great exaClnefs • 
and judgment, of which the bed edition is 

that of Reading, fol. Cantab. 1720.''-An 

ifland on the coall of Arabia. 

bcEMiAs, (Julin) mother of the emperor 
Heliogabalus, was made prelident of a lenate 
of women, which die had eleCled to decide 
the quarrels and the affairs of the Roman 
matrons. She at lad provoked the people 
by her debaucheries, extravagance, and cruel¬ 
ties, and was murdered with her Ion and fa¬ 
mily. She was a native of Apamea; her fa¬ 
ther’s name was Julius Avitus, and her mo¬ 
ther’s Mala. Her filler Julia Mamnnsa mar¬ 
ried the emperor Septimus Severus. 

Sogdiana, a country of Afia, bounded 
on the north by Scythia, e*lt by the Saca?, 
fouth by Badlriana, and well by Margiana, 
and now known by the name of Zagaday , or 
UJbec. The people are called Sogdiam*" The 
capital was called Marcanda. Herodot. 3, c. 
93.— Curt. 7, c. IO. 

Sogdianus, a fon of Artaxerxes Longi- 
manus, who murdered his elder brother, king 
Xerxes, to make himfeif mailer of the Per- 
fian throne. He \was but leven months in pol¬ 
l'd lion of the crown. His brother Ochus, who 
reigned under the mane of Darius Mothus 
conlpired again It him, and fuffocated him in a 
tower lull of warm alhes. 

Sol (the fun) was an objeft of veneration 
among the ancients. It was particularly wor¬ 
shipped by the Perfians, under the name of 
Mithras; and was the Baal or Bel of the 
Chaldeans, the Belphegor of the Moabites, the 
Moloch of the Canaanites, the Ofiris of the 
Egyptians, and the Adonis of the Syrians. 
The Maffageta* lacrificed horfes to the fun on 
account of their Iwiftnefs. -According to lome 
of tiie ancient poets, Sol and Apollo were two 
different perions. Apollo, however, and Phoe¬ 
bus and Sol, are univerlally iuppofed to be the 
fame diety. 

Solicinium, a town of Germany, now 
Sultz, on the Neckar. . 1 w* - 

Solinus, (C. Julius) a grammarian at the 
end of the firlt century, wiio wrote a book 
called Polyhijlor , which is a collection ofhifto- 
rical remarks and geographical annotations on 
the mod celebrated places of every countrv. 
He has been called Pliny’sape, becaule he imi- 
tatedthat well known naturalill. The lafl edi¬ 
tion 








so 


so 


tioti of the Polyhiftor is that of Norimb. ex 
•ditione Salmafii. 1777. 

Solis Fons, a celebrated fountain in Li¬ 
bya. \Vid. Ammon.] 

Soloe or Soli, a town of Cyprus, built 
©n the borders of the Clavius by an Athenian 
colony. It was originally called JEpeia , till 
Solon vifited Cyprus, and adviled Philocy- 
prus, one of the princes of the iiland, to 
change the lituation of his capital. His ad¬ 
vice was followed, a new town was railed in 
a beautiful plain, and called after the name 
of the Athenian philofopher. Strab. 14.— 

Plut. in Sot. -A town of Cilicia on the lea 

coalt, built by the Greeks and Rhodians. It 
was afterwards called Pompeiopolit , from 
Pompey, who fettled a colony of pirates 
there. Plin. 5, c. 2,7.— Dionyf. Some l'up- 
pole that the Greeks, who fettled in either of 
thefe two towns, forgot the purity of their 
native language, and thence arofe the term 
Solecifmus, applied to an inelegant or impro¬ 
per exprellion. 

Solceis or Solofntia, a promontory of 
Libya a t the extremity of mount Arias, now 

cape Cantin. -A town of Sicily, bet>veen 

Panorraus and Himera, now Solanto. Cic. 
Ver. 3, c. 43.— Tbucyd. 6. 

Solon, one ot the feven wife men of 
Greece, was born at Salamis and educated at 
Athens. His fathers name was Euphorion, 
or Execheftides, one of the delcendants of 
Jcing'X’odrus, . and by his mother’s fide he 
reckoned among his relations the celebrated 
Pififtratus. After he had devoted part of his 
time to philofophical and political ltudies, 
Solon travelled over the greateft part of 
Greece , but at his return home he was dif- 
trelTed with the dilFenfions which were kin¬ 
dled among his countrymen. All fixed their 
eyes upon Solon as a deliverer, and he was 
unanimoufly elected archon and foveretgn 
legillator. He might have become abfolute. 
but he refufed the dangerous office of king of 
Athens, and in the capacity of lawgiver he 
began to make a reform in every department. 
The complaints of the poorer citizens found 
redrefs, all debts were remitted and no one 
was permitted to feize the perfon of his debtor 
if unable to make a reftoration of his money. 
After he had made the moll falutary regula¬ 
tions in thw ftate, and bound the Athenians 
by a folemn oath, that they would faith¬ 
fully obferve his laws for the fpace of 10O 
years, Solon refigned the office of legillator 
and removed himlelf from Athens. He 
vifited Egypt, and in the court of Crcefus 
king of Lydia, he convinced the monarch 
of the inltability of fortune, and told him, 
when he wifhed to know whether he was 
not the happielt of mortals, that Tellus, an 
Athenian, who had always feen his country 
jn a florilhing ftate, who had feen his children 
}ead a virtuous life, and who had himfelf 
iklicii in defence of his country, was more 


entitled to h.ippSnefs than the'pofleflor of 
riches, and the matter of empires. After ten 
years’ ablence Solon returned to Athens, but 
he had the mortification to find the greateft 
part of his regulations difregarded by the 
factious ipirit of his countrymen, and the 
usurpation ©f Pififtratus. Not to be Ionget 
a lpeilator of the divifions that reigned in 
his country, he retired to Cyprus, where 
he died at the court of king Philocyprus, 
in the 80th year of his age, 558 years before 
the Clu iftian era. The lalutary confequenceS 
ot the laws of Solon can be difcovered in the 
length of time they were in force in the re-* 
public ot Athens. For above 400 years they 
florifhed in full vigor, and Cicero, who was 
himlelf a witnels of their benign influence, 
paifes the higheft encomiums upon the legis¬ 
lator, whole iuperior wifdom framed fuch a 
code ot regulations. It was the intention of 
Solon to protect the poorer citizens, and by 
dividing the whole body of the Athenians 
into four chiles, three of which were per¬ 
mitted to difeharge the moll important of¬ 
fices and magiftracies of the ftate, and the 
lalt to give their opinion in the afTemblics, 
but not have a (hare in the diftin&ions and 
honors of their luperiors, the legillator gave 
the populace a privilege which, though at 
hr it i’mall and inconfiderable, foon rendered 
them matters of the republic, and of all the 
affairs of government. He made a reforma¬ 
tion in the Areopagus, he encrealed the au¬ 
thority of the members, and permitted them 
yearly to enquire bow every citizen main¬ 
tained himlelf, and to puniffi fuch as lived 
in idlenels, and were not employed in fome 
honorable and lucrative profellion. He alio 
regulated the Prytaneum, and fixed the num¬ 
ber of its judges to 400. The languinary 
laws of Draco were all cancelled, except that 
againft murder, and the pumlhment dencfunced 
againft every offender was proportioned to 
his crime ; but Solon made no law againft 
parricide or facrilege. The former of thefo 
crimes, he laid, was too horrible to human 
nature for a man to be guilty of it, and the 
latter could never be committed, becaule the 
hiltory of Athens had never furnilhed a An¬ 
gle inttance. Such as bad died in the fervice 
of their country, were buried with great 
pomp, and their family was maintained at 
the public expence; but fuch as had fquan- 
dered away their eftates, fuch as refufed to 
bear arms in defence of their country, or 
paid no attention to the infirmities and difi- 
trels of their parents, were branded wilh in¬ 
famy. The laws of marriage were newly 
regulated, it became an union of aflfe&ion 
and tendernefs, and no longer a mercenary 
contrail. To fpeak with ill language againft 
the dead as well as the living, was made a 
crime, and the legillator vvilhed that the cha¬ 
racter of his fellow citizens fhould be freed 
( iA 4 frogq 





from the afperfions of malevolence and envy. 
A perfon that had no children was permitted 
to difpofe of his eftates as he pleafed, and 
the females wer& not allowed to be extrava¬ 
gant in their drefs or expences To he guilty 
of adultery was a capital crime, and the 
friend and afTociate oflewdnefs^md debauch¬ 
ery was never permitted to fpeak in pub¬ 
lic, for, as the philofopher obferved, a man 
who has no lhame, is mot capable of being 
intruded with the people. Thefe celebrated 
laws were engraved on feveral tables, and 
that they might be better known and more 
familiar to the Athenians, they were writ¬ 
ten in verfe. The indignation which Solon 
expreffed on feeing the tragical representa¬ 
tions of Thefpis, is well known, and he llern- 
ly obferved, that if falsehood and fiition were 
tolerated on the ftage, they would foon find 
their way among the common occupations 
of men. According to Plu'arcb, Solon was 
reconciled to Pififtratus, but this feems to be 
falfe, as the legiflator refufed to live in a 
country where the privileges of his fellow ci¬ 
tizens were trampled upon by the ulurpation 
of a tyrant, \Vid. Lycurgus.] Plut. in Sol. — 

Herodot. I. c. 29.- Diog. I.— Pauf. I, C. 40. 

—Cic. 

Solona, a town of Gaul Cifpadana on the 
TJtens. 

Solonium, a town of Latium on the 
borders of, Etruria. Plut. in Mar.—Cic de 
Div. I. 

Solva, a town of Noricum. 

Solus ( untis ) a maritime town of Sicily. 
£ Vid. Sploeis.] Strab. 14. 

Solyma, and Solymaj, a town of I.y- 
cia. The inhabitants, called Solymi , were 
anciently called Milyades , and afterwards 
Tetmili and Lycians . Sarpedon fettled 
among them. Strab: 14.— Homer. II. 6.— 

Plin. 5, c.27 & 29.-An antient name of Je- 

jrufalem. \Vid. Hierofolyma.] Juv. 6, v. 543. 

Somnus, fon of Erebus and Nox, was one 
of the infernal deities, and prettded over deep. 
His palace, according.to fome mythologies, is 
a dark cave, where, the fun never penetrates. 
At the entrance are a number of poppies and 
fomniftrous herbs. The god himlelf is re- 
prefented as afleep on a bed of feathers with 
black curtains. The dreams hand by him, 
and Morpheus as his principal minifter watches 
to prevent thenoife. from awaking him. The 
Tacedgemonians always placed the image of 
Somnus near that of death. H Jiod, Tbcog. — 
Homer, 'll. 14.— Virg. JEn. 6 , v. 893.— Ovid. 
Met.11. 

Sonchis, an Egyptian pried in the age of 
Solon. It was he who told that celebrated 
philofopher a number of traditions, particularly 
about the Atlantic ifles, which he reprefented 
as more extenfive than the continent of Africa 
and Afia united. This ifland difappeared, as 
it is faid, in one day and one night. Plut. in 
J/id. $*c> 


Sontjatss, a people in Gaul. 

So pater, a philofopher of Apamea, In 
the age of the emperor Conftantinfe. He was 
one of the difciplesof Iamblicus, and after his 
death he was at the head of the platonic phi- 
lofophers. 

So phax, a fon,of Hercules and Tinga. the 
widow of Antaeus, who founded the kingdom 
of Tingis, in Mauritania, and from whom 
were defcended Diodorus, and Juba king «f 
Mauritania. Strab. 3. 

Sophkne, a country of Armenia, on the 
borders of Mesopotamia. Lucan.l , v. 593. 

Sophocles, a celebrated tragic poet of 
Athens, educated in the ichool of jEichylus. 
He diftinguifhed himfelf not only as a poet, 
but alto as a ftateiman. He commanded the 
Athenian armies, and in feveral battles he 
fliared the fupreme command with Pericles, 
and e-xerciled the office- op archon with credit 
and honor. The firft appearance of Sopho¬ 
cles as a poet refledte. great honor on his abi¬ 
lities. The Athenians had taken the ifiand 
of Scvros, and to celebrate that memorable 
event, a yearly conteft for tragedy was m- 
ftituted. Sophocles on this occafion obtained 
the prize over, many competitors, in the num¬ 
ber of whom was iElchylus, his friend and 
his mailer. This fuccefs contributed to en¬ 
courage the poet, he wrote for the ftage with 
ayplauie, and obtained the poetical prize 20 
different times. Sophocles-was the rival of 
Euripides for public praile, they divided the 
applaule of .the populace, and while the 
former furpaffed in the fublime and ma- 
jellic, the other was not inferior in the 
tender and pathetic. ’I he Athenians were 
pleafed with their contention, and as the 
theatre w-as at that time an objett cf impor¬ 
tance and magnitude, and deemed an effen- 
tial and mod magnificent part of the religious 
worftiip, each had his admirers and adherents; 
but the two poets, captivated at laft by po¬ 
pular applaufe, gave way to jealoufy and rival- 
fiiip. Of 120 tragedies which Sophocles com¬ 
puted, only feven are extant; Ajax, Eledlra, 
CEdipus the tyrant, Antigone, the Trachiniae, 
Philo&'etes, and CEdipus at Colonos. The 
ingratitude of the children of Sophocles is 
well known. They wifhed to become im¬ 
mediate matters of their father’s poffeffions, 
and therefore tired of his long «‘e, they ac- 
cufed him before the Areopagus of infanity. 
The only defence tty; poet made was to read 
his tragedy of CEdipus at Colonos, which he 
had lately finiftied, and then he afked his 
judges, whether the author of luch a per¬ 
formance could be taxed with infancy ? The 
father upon this was acquitted, and the chil¬ 
dren returned home covered with fhame and 
confufion. Sophocles died in the 91ft year cf 
his age, 406 years before Chr-ift, through 
excels of joy, as fome authors report, of 
having obtained a poetical prize at the Olym¬ 
pic games. Athenaus has accufed Sophocles 



so 


so 


of licentioufnefs and debauchery, particularly 
when he commanded the armies of Athens. 
The beft editions of Sophocles are thole of 
Capperonier, 2vols. 4to. Paris, 1780 j of 
Glafgow, 2 vols. l2mo. 1745; of Geneva, 
4to. 1603 ; and that by Brunck, 4 vols. 8vo., 
1786. Cic. in Cat. de Di n a. I, C. 25. — Plut. in 
Cim. &c.— Quintil. I, c IO. 1 . IO, C. t.— 
Val. c. 7. 1 . 9, c. 12.— P/in. 7, c.33. 

~—Athtfri. IO, Sec. 

Sopuonisba, a daughter of Afdruhal the 
Carthaginian, celebrated for her beauty. She 
married Syphax, a prince of Numidia, and 
when her linlband was conquered by the Ro¬ 
mans and Malmifia, flie fell a captive into 
the hands of the enemy. Mafiniffa became 
enamoured of her, and married her. This 
behaviour dil'pleafed the Romans; and Scipio, 
who at that time had the command ot the 
armies of the republic in Africa, rebuked 
the monarch leverely, and defired him to 
part with Sophonilba. This was an arduous 
talk for Mafiuifla, yet he dreaded the Ro¬ 
mans. He entered Sophonilba’s tent with 
tears in his eyes, and told hei that as he could 
not deliver her from captivity and the jea- 
loufy of the Romans, he recommended her 
as the ftrongell pledge of hts love and affec¬ 
tion for her perfon, to die like the daughter 
of Afdruhal. Sophonilba obeyed, and 
drank with unufual compolure and ferenity, 
the cup of poilon which Malinifla fent 
to her, about 203 years before Chrift. 
Xif. 30. c. 12, &tc.~ Salhtji. d c Jag. — 

*JuJlin. 

Sophron, a comic poet of Syracufe, fon 
of Agathocles and Damalyllis. His compofi- 
tions were lb universally elteemed, that Plato 
ii laid to have read them wjth rapture. Val. 
Max. 8, C. 7-— Quintil. I, c. IO. 

Sophroniscus, the father of Socrates. 

SoI’HRo n 1 a, a Roman lady whom Max- 
entius took by force from her hulband’s 
houfe, and married Sophronia killed her- 
felf when flie faw her affe&icns were abuled 
\Sy the tyrant. 

Sophrosxne, a daughter of Dionyfius by 
Dion’s filter. 

Sopoljs, the father of Hermolaus. Curt. 

8, c. 7.-A painter in Cicero’s age. Cic. 

Jftt. 4, ep. 16. 

Sora, a town of the Votfci, of which the 
inhabitants were Called Sorani. ltal.$, v. 395. 
— Cic. pro PL 

Soractes and Soracte, a mountain 
pf Etruria, near the Tiber, feen from Rome, 
at the diltance of 26 miles. It was facred 
to Apollo, who is from thence furnnmed 
Sorafiis ; and it is faid that the prielts of 
the god could walk over burning coals with¬ 
out hurting themfelves. There was, as 
fome report, a fountain on mount Sora6le, 
whofe waters boiled at fun-rile, and irfllantly 
killed all fuch birds as drank of them. 
Shrab, 5. ■— Plin. 2 , C. 93. I 7 i c - 


rat. I. Od. 9. — Virg. JEn. II, V. 785. —• 
Ital. 5. 

Soranus, a man put to death by Nero. 

\Vid. Valerius.]-The father of Atilta, the 

firft wife of Cato. 

Sorex, a favorite of Sylla, and the com¬ 
panion of his debaucheries. Plut. 

SdRfiE, a,daughter of CEneus king of Ca- 
lydon, by JElhea, daughter of Theltius. She 
married Andremon, and was mother of Ox. 
ilus. Apollod. 1 & 2. 

Soritia, a town of Spain. 

Sosia Gall a, a woman at the court of 
Tibeiius, banillied, &c. Tacit-. Ann. 4, c. 

19- 

Sosibius, a grammarian of Laconia, 
B. C. 2 55. He was a great favorite of Pto¬ 
lemy P'nilopator, and advifed him to mur¬ 
der his brother, and the queen his wife, 
called Arfinoe. He lived to a great age, 
and was on that account called Polycbronos. 
He was afterwards permitted to retire from 
the court, and fpend the relt of his days in 
peace and tranquillity, after he had dil- 
graced the name of minifter by the moll 
abominable crimes, and the murder of many 
of the royal family. His fon of the 
lame name, was preceptor to king Ptolemy 

Epiphanes.-The preceptor of Britanui- 

cus, the fon of Claudius. Tacit. A. 11, 
c. 1. 

SosTcle r , a Greek,who behaved with great 
valor when Xerxes invaded Greece. 

Sosicrater, a noble fenator among Ac 
Achseans, put to death becaufe he wilhed 
his countrymen to make peace with the Ro¬ 
mans. 

Sosigenes an Egyptian mathematician, 
who affilted J. Caefar in regulating the Ro¬ 
man calendar. Suet. — Died. — Plin. 18, c. 25. 

-A commander of the fleet of Eunaene*. 

Polyeen. 4.-A friend of Demetrius PolU 

orcetes. 

Sosii, celebrated bookfellers at Rome, ia 
the age of Horace, I, ep. 20, v. %. 

Sosilus, a Lacedemonian in the age of 
Annibal. He lived in great intimacy with 
the Carthaginian, taught him Greek, and 
wrote the hiltory of his life. C. Nep. in 
Annib. 

Sosipater, a grammarian in the reign e£ 
Honorius. He publiihed five books of «b- 

lervations on grammar.-A Syracufan wu- 

giftrate.-A general of Philip king. of Ma¬ 

cedonia. 

Sosis, a fedidous Syracufan, who raifed 
tumults againlt Dion. When accufed before 
the people, he faved himfelf by flight, and thus 
eicaped a capital punilhment. 

Sosistratus, a tyrant of Syracufe,in the 
age of Agathocles. He invited Pyrrhus into 
Sicily, and afterwards revolted from him. He 
was at laft removed by Hermocrates. Polyeen. 
x.— —Another tyrant. Id. 

Sosius, a conful who followed the intereft 

of 







so 


of Mark Antony.-A governor of Syria. 

■--A Roman of confular dignity, to whom 

Plutarch dedicated his lives. 

Sos vita , a furname of Juno in Latium. 
Her mod famous temple was at JLanuvium. 
She had alfo two at Rome, and her datue was 
covered with a goat lkin, with a buckle, Sc c. 
JLiv. 3» 6, 8, Sec.—Fejlus de T.J/g. 

Sosthenes, a general of Macedonia, 
who florilhed ,B. C. 281. He defeated the 
Gauls under Brennus, and was killed in the 

battle. 'JuJlin. 24, c. 5.-A native of 

Cnidos, who wrote an hidory of Iberia. 
Flat. 

50 stratus, a friend of Hermolaus, put 
to death for confpiring again(l Alexander. 

Curt. 1, c. 6.-A grammarian in th? age 

of Auguftus. He was Strabo’s preceptor. 

Strab . 14.-A fhtuary.-An architect 

of Cnidos, B. C. 284, who built the white 
tower of Pharos, in the bay of Alexan¬ 
dria. He inferibed his name upon it. 

Pharos.] Strab. 17.— P/in. 30, C. 12. 

.-A prieli of Venus at Paphos, among 

the favorites of Vefpalian. Tacit. Fliji. 2, c. 

■7.-A favorite of Hercules.-A Greek 

hidorian, who wrote an account of Etruria. 
-A poet, who wrote a poem on the ex¬ 
pedition of Xerxes into Greece. Juv. 10, v. 
178. 

Sotades, an athlete.-A Greek poet 

of Thrace. Ho wrote verfes againd Phila- 
delphus Ptolemy, for which he was thrown 
into the fea in a cage of lead. He was called 
Ghuedus , not only becaufe he was addicted 
to the abominable crime which the furname 
indicates, but becaule he wrote a poem in 
commendation of it. Some fuppofe, that 
iaidead of the word Socraticos in the 2d i’.ityr, 
verfe the 10th, of Juvenal, the word Sotadicos 
fhould be infer ted, as the poet Sotades, and 
not the philofopher Socrates, deferved the 
appellation of Cimedus. Oblcene verfes 
were generally called Sotadea tormina from 
him. They could be turned and read different 
ways without lofing their meafure or lie life, 
fuch as the following, which can be read back¬ 
wards : 

Foma tibi fubito motibus ibit amor. 

51 bene te tun laus taxat y fua laute tenebis. 

SJe tnedere pede, ede, perede melos. 

Quint’ll . I, C. 8 . 1. 9, C. 4. — Plin. 5. ep. 3. — 
Aiifan. ep 17 , V. 29. 

Sotkr, a furname of the fird Ptole¬ 
my.--It was alfo common to other mo¬ 

narch s. 

Soteria, days appointed for thaakfgivings 
and the offerings of iacrifices for deliverance 
from danger. One*ofthefe was obferyed at 
Sicyon, to commemorate the deliverance of 
that city from the hands of the Macedonians, 
by Aratus. 

Sotericus, a poet and hidorian in the 
zge of Dioelefian. He wrote a panegyric 


S P 

on that emperor, as alfo a life of Apollo-t 
nius Thyanasus. His works, greatly el- 
teemed, are now lod, except fome few 
fragments preferved by the lcholiad of I-.y- 
cophron. 

Sothis, an Egyptian name of the conftel-* 
lation called Sirius, which received divine ho¬ 
nors in that country. 

Son ate s, a people of Gaul, conquered by 
Caffar. Caf.bcll. G . 3, c. 20 & 21. 

Sotion, a grammarian and philofopher of 
Alexandria, preceptor to Seneca. Senec. ep. 
49 & 58. 

So nus, a philofopher in the reign of Ti¬ 
berius. 

Sous, a king of Sparta, who made himfelf 
known by his valor, &c. 

Sozomen, ?n ecclefiaflica! hidorian who 
died 450 A. D. Plis hidorv extends from 
the year 324 to 419, and is dedicated to 
Theodofius the younger, being written in a 
dyle of inelegance and mediocrity. The 
bed edition is that of Reading, fol. Cantab. 
1720. 

Spaco, the nurfe of Cyrus, fufl’m. 1, c. 

4.— Herodot. 

Sparta, a celebrated city of Peloponnefus, 
the capital of Laconia, fituate on the Eurotas, 
at the didance of about 30 miles from its 
mouth. It received its name from Sparta, the 
daughter of Eurotas, who married l.acedte- 
mon. It was alfo called Lacedaemon, 
Lacedaemon.] 

SpartXcus, a king of Pontus. - A- 

nother, king of Bofphorus, who died B. C. 
433. His fon and fuccelfor of the fame 

name died B. C. 407.-Another, who 

died 284 B. C.-A Thracian lhepherd, 

celebrated for his abilities and the vitfories 
which he obtained over the Romans. Being 
one of the gladiators who were kept at Capua 
in the houfe of Lentulus, he efcaped from the 
place of his Confinement with 30 of his com¬ 
panions, and took up arms againd the Ro¬ 
mans. He loon found himfelf with 10,000 
nun equally refolute with himfelf, and though 
at fird obliged to hide himfelf in the woods 
and folitary retreats of Campania, he loon 
laid wade the country: and when his fol¬ 
lowers were encreafed by additional num¬ 
bers, and better difc'plined, and mors com¬ 
pletely armed; he attacked the Roman gene¬ 
rals in the field of battle. Two conluls and 
other officers were defeated with much lofis ; 
and Spartacus, fuperior in counfel and abi¬ 
lities, appeared more terrible, though often 
delerted by his fickle attendants. CrafJus 
was fent againd him, but this celebrated 
general at fird defpa : rcd of fuccefs. A bloody 
battle was fought, in which, at lad, the 
gladiators were defeated. Spartacus be¬ 
haved with great valor; when wounded iti 
the leg, ha fought on his knees, covering 
himfelf with his buckler in one hand, and 
ufmg his fvvord with the other; and when 
1 v ' at 















SP 


SP 


at Iaft he fell, he fell upon a heap of Romans, 
whom he had facrificed to his fury, B. C. 
71. In this battle no less than 40,000 
of the rebels were (lain, and the war totally 
finilhed. Flor. 3, c. 20 —Liv. f)$.—Eutrop. 
6 , c. 2— Pint, in CrajJ. — Paiere. 2 , C. 30.— 
Appian. 

bPART2E, or Sparti, a name given to 
thole men who fprang from the dragon's 
teeth which Cadmus lowed. They all de- 
ltroyed one another, except five, who lur- 
vived and afiuted Cadmus in building 
Thebes. 

SpartXni, or Spartiat’e, the in¬ 
habitants of Sparta. \Vid. Sparta, Lacedae¬ 
mon.] 

SpartiXnus ^Elius, a Latin hifto- 
rian, who wrote the lives of all the Roman 
emperors, from J.Cteiarto Diodefian. He 
dedicated them to Dioclefian, to whom, ac¬ 
cording to fome, he was related. Of thefe 
compoiitions only the life of Adrian, Ve- 
rus, Didius Julianus, Septimus Severus, 
Caracalla, and Geta, are extant, publifhed 
among the Scriptores Hiftoria: Auguiice. 
Spartianus is not efteemed as an hiftorian or 
biographer* 

Spkchia, an ancient name of the ifland of 
Cyprus. 

SPKNnius.a Campanian deferter, who re¬ 
belled againltthe Romans, and railed tumults, 
and made war againft Amilcar, the Carthagi 
nian general. 

Spf.ndon, a poet of Lacedaemon. 

Sperchia, a town of Thelfaly, on the 
banks of the Sperchius. Ptol. 

Sperchihs, a river of Theflaly, rifing 
on mount (Eta, and falling into the lea in 
the bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name 
is fuppofed to be derived from its rapidity 
(crarso^e/v, feflinare). Feleus vowed, to the 
god of this river, the hair of his Ion Achilles, 
if ever he returned lafe from the Trojan war. 
Ilerodct. 7, C. 198.— Strab. 9,— Homer. II. 
^3, v. 144.— Apollod. 3, c. 13.— Mcla> 2, c. 
3.— Ovid. Met. I, V. 557. 1 . 2, v. 250. 1 . 7, 
v. 230. 

Spermatophagi, a people who lived in 
the extremelt parts of Egypt. They fed upon 
the fruits that fell from the trees. 

Speusippus, an Athenian philofopher, 
nephew, as all'o fucceflor, of Plato. His fa¬ 
ther’s name was Eurymedon, and his mo 
ther’s Potone. He prefided in Plato's fchool 
for eight years, and dilgraced himfelf by his 
extravagance and debauchery. Plato at¬ 
tempted to check him, but to .no purpofe. 
He died of the loufy ficknefs, or killed him¬ 
felf according to l'ome accounts, B. C. 339. 
Plat, in Lyf. — Diog. 4.— Val. Max. 4, 
c. 1 . 

Sphacterije, tlree fnall iflands oppofite 
Pvlos, on the coalt of Melfenia. They are 
alfo called Spbagia. 

Spherus, an arm b«arer of Pslops, fon 


of Tantalus. He was buried in a ftnaU 
ifland near the jfthmus of Corinth, which, 
from him, was called Spberia. Pauf. 5, c. 

10.-A Greek philofopher, difciple to 

Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B. C. He came to 
Sparta in the age of Agis and Cleomenes, 
and opened a l'chool there. Plut. in Ap .— 
Diod. 

Sphinx, a monfler which had the head 
and brealts of a woman, the bodv of a dog, 
the tail of a ferpent, the wings of a bird, 
the paws of a lion, and an human voice. It 
lprang from the union of Orthos with the 
Chimrera, or of Typhon with Echidna. 
The Sphinx had been lent into the neigh¬ 
bourhood of Thebes by Juno, \vho wilhed 
to punifh the family of Cadmus, which lhe, 
perl’ecuted with immortal hatred, and it laid 
this part of Boeo ia'under continual alarms 
by propofing enigmas, and devouring the 
inhabitants if unable to explain them. In 
the midfl of their confternation the Thebans 
were told by the oracle, that the Sphinx 
would deilroy herfelf as loon as one of the 
enigmas Ihe proposed was explained. In this 
enigma lhe wilhed to know what animal 
walked on four legs in the morning, two at 
noon, and three in the evening. Upon this, 
Creon king of Thebes promiled his crown 
and his filter Jocafta in marriage to him who 
could deliver his country from the monfter 
by a fuccefsful explanation of the enigma. 
It was at lad happily explained by CEdipus, 
who oblerved that man walked on his hands 
and feet when young or in the morning of 
life, at the noon of life he walked ere£t, and 
in the evening of his days he lupported his 
infirmities upon a flick. \Vid. CEdipus.] 
The Sphinx no fooiier heard this explanation 
than lhe dalhed her head againlt a rock, and 
immediately expired. Some mythologifts 
with to unriddle the fabulous traditions 
about the Sphinx, by the fuppofition that 
one of the daughters of Cadmus, or Laius, 
infefted the country of Thebes by her con¬ 
tinual depredations, becaufe lhe had been re¬ 
futed a part of her father’s pofleflions. The 
lion’s paw exprefled, as they obferve, her 
cruehy, the body of the dog her lafcivi- 
oufnefs, her enigmas the lnares lhe laid for 
ltrangers and travellers, and her wings the 
dilpatch lhe ufed in her expeditions. Plut. 
— Heftod. Tbeog. V. 326.— Hygin. fob. 68. 
— Apollod. 3, c. 5.— Diod. 4. — Ovid, itt 
lb. 378. — Strab. g.Sophocl. in CEdip. 
tyr. 

Spiiodrtas, a Spartan, who, at the miti¬ 
gation of Cleombrotus, attempted to feize the 
Piraeus. Diod. 15. 

Sphragidium, a retired cave on mount 
Cithaeron in Bceotia. The nymphs of the 
place, called Spbragitides, were yearly honored 
with a facrilice by the Athenians, by or¬ 
der of the oracle of Delphi, becaufe they 
had loit few men at the battle of Plataea, 

Plift, 





ST 


S T 

Plin. 3S» C- 6 .—Pauf 9, C. 3.—JV«*. in 
Arif. 

Spicillus, a favorite of Nero. He re- 
fufed to affiiffinate Ins mailer, for which he 
was put to death in a cruel manner. 

Spina, now Primaro. a town on the 
moft ibuth'ern mouth of the Po. • PJiu. 3, c. 

Spintiiarus, a Corinthian architect, who 
built Apollo’s temple at Delphi. Pauf. IO, 

c. 5.-A freedman of Cicero. Ad Ait. ^3, 

ep. 25. 

Spjnther, a Roman conful. He was 
one of Pompey’s friends, and accompanied 
him at the battle of Phaifalia, where he be¬ 
trayed his .meannefs by being too confident 
of victory, and ddntending for the poxffeffion 
of Cacfar’s offices and gardens heicre the ac¬ 
tion. Plut. 

Spio, one of the Nereides. Virg. Mn. 5* 

v. 826. 

Spitamenes, one of the officers of king 
Darius, who confpired againft the murderer 
Beffus, and delivered him to Alexander. Curt. 

7 > c - S- 

Spitijouates, a latrap of Ionia, fon-in- 
law of Darius. He was killed at the battle of 
the Granicus. Died. ly. 

SriTHRiDATES, a Perfian killed by Cli- 
tus as he was going to ftrike Alexander 
dead.-A Perfian latrap in the age of Dy¬ 

lan der. 

Spet.ETiuM, now Spoleta, a town of Um¬ 
bria, which bravely withltood Annibal while 
he was in Italy. The people were called 
Spoletani. Water is conveyed to the town 
.from a neighbouring fountain by an aque¬ 
duct of fuch a great height, that in one place 
the top is railed above the foundation 230 
yards. An inicription over the gates Hill 
commemorates the defeat of Annibal. Mari. 
'33, ep. >20, 

Sporades, a number of iflands in the 
iEgean fea. They received their name a 
eirtioM, fpargo, becaufe they, are fcattered 
in the fea, at fome diftance from Delos, and 
in the neighbourhood of Crete. Thofe iflands 
that ere contiguous to Delos, and that encir¬ 
cle it, are called Cyclades. Mela, 2, c. 7.— 
Strab. 2. 

SpurIna, a mathcm.itlcian and aftrologer, 
.who told J. Cadar to beware of the ides of 
March. As he went to the lenate-houte on 
the morning of the ides, Caefar laid to Snu- 
xina, the ides arc at lajl come. Tes, replied 
Spurlna, but not yt paf. Caffar was mur¬ 
dered a few moments after. Suet, in Caf. 81. 
—Ful. Max. I & 8. 

Spurius, a prsenomen common to many of 

the Romans.--Due of Caefar’s murderers. 

~-Lartius,a Roman who defended the bridge 

over the Tih#r againft Porienna’s army.--A 

friend of Otho, &c. 

L. Staberius, a friend of Pompey fet 
,cv«* Apolionia, which he was obliged to yield 


to Casfar, becaufe the inhabitants favored his 

caufe. Ceefar. B. G. - An, avaricious 

fellow who wiffied it to be known that he 
was uncommonly rich. Herat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 

89. 

St a bias, a maritime town of Cam par.) a 
on the bay of Puteoli, deftroyed by Sylla, 
and converted in{o a villa, whither; Pliny en¬ 
deavoured to efcape from the eiiiption of Ve- 
fuvius, in which he.perilhed. Plin. 3, c. 5. 
ep. 6, c. 16. 

Stabueum, a place in the Pyrenees, where 
a communication was cperij from Gaul into 
Spain, • .. 

StagIra, a town on the border - 'of Mace¬ 
donia, near the bay into which the Strynron 
ailenarges itfielf, at v the ibuth of Amphipolis; 
founded 665 years before Chrift. Anltotle 
was born there, from which circumfiance 
he is called Stagirites. Tbucyd. 4. — Pauf. 

6, C. 4.— Laert. in Sol .'— fElian. V. H. 3, c. 

461 , 

Status, an unprincipled wretch in Noroh 

age, who murdered all his relations. Perf. 2, 
v. 19. 

Stalknus, a fenator who fat as judge 
in the trial of Cluentius, &c. Cu,. pro. 
Cluent. 

Staphylus, one of the Argonauts, fon of 
Theleus, or according to others, of Bacchui 
and Ariadne. Apoliod. 1, c. 9. 

Stasander, an officer of Alexander, who 
had Aria at "the general divifion of the pro¬ 
vinces. Curt. 8, c. 3. 

Staseas, a peripatetic philofopher, engaged 
to inftrutt young M. Pifo in pliilofophy. Cio. 
in Or at. I, c. 22. 

Stasicrates, a ftatuary and architeCl in 
the wars of Alexander, who offered to make 
a ftatue of mount Ath’os, which was rejected 
by the conqueror, &c. 

Stasileus, an Athenian killed at the 
battle of Marathon. He was one of the ip 
preetors. 

Statilli, a people of Liguria, between 
the Tasnarus and the Apennines. Liv. 42, c. 

7. — Cic. II. fain. II. 

Statilia, a woman who lived to a great 
age, as mentioned by Seneca, ep. 77.-Ano¬ 

ther. [Fid. Meffalina.] 

Statilius, a young Roman celebrated 
for his courage and conltancy. He was an 
inveterate enemy to Caffar, and when Cato 
murdered himiVlf, he attempted to follow 
his example, but was prevented by his 
friends. The confer a tors againft Caefar 
wiffied him to be in their number, but tbp, 
anfwer which he gave difpleafcd Brutus. 
He was at laft killed by the army of the 

triumvirs. Plut. -Lucius* one of the 

friends of Catiline. He joinc-d in his cou- 
Ipiracy, and was put to death. Cic, Cat. 2. 

•-A young general in the war which the 

Latins undertook againft the Romans. He 

was killed, with 25,000 of his troops-• 

A ge« 







ST 


ST 


A general*who fought ngainft Antony.- 

Taurus, a pro-coui'ul of Africa. He was 
accufed of confulting magicians, upon which 
lie put himfelf to death. Tacit. A . ia, c. 
59 * 

S tatJn.t, ’(lands on the coafl of Campania, 
rahed from the fea by atj earthquake. PI in. 
a,c 88. 

StatTra, a daughter of Darius, who 
married Alexander. The conqueror had for¬ 
merly refule-d her, but when (he had fallen 
into his- hands at I(Tus, the nuptials were ce¬ 
lebrated with uncommon fplendor. No lefs 
than 9000 perfons attended, to each of tv horn 
Alexander gave a golden cup, to be offered 
to the gods Statira had no children by 
Alexander. She -was-crtteWy—put“to death 
by Roxana, after the conqueror’s death. Jif 

tm. ia, c. 12 -A (liter of Darius, the 

(aft king of Perfia. She alio became his 
wife, according to the manners of the Per¬ 
sians. She died after an abortion, in Alex¬ 
ander’s camp, where (lie was detained as a 
prifoner. She was buried with great pomp 

by the conqueror. Pint, in Alex. -A 

wile of Artaxerxes Memnon, poifoned by her 
mother-in-law, queen Paryfatis. Plut. in 

< 4 rt. -A filter of Mithridaies the Great. 

Plut. 

Statius, (Cacilius,) a comic poet in 
the age of Ennius. He was a native of Gaul, 
and originally a (lave. H is latinity was bad, 
yet he acquired great reputation by his come¬ 
dies. Pie died a little after Ennius. Cic. de 

fen. -Annaeus, a phyfician, the friend of 

the philofopher Seneca. Tacit. A. 15, c. 64. 
——P. Papinius, a poet born at Naples, in 
the reign of the emperor Domitian. Ilis fa¬ 
ther’s name was Statius of Epirus, and his. 
mother’s Agelina. Statius has made himfelf 
known by two epic poems, the Thchais in 12 
books, and the A<bi leis in two books, vVhich 
remained unfmifhed on account of his pre¬ 
mature death. There are befides other pieces 
compoled on fevetal fubjedis, which are ex¬ 
tant, and well known under the name "of 
Syfaa, divided into four books. The two 
epic poems of Statius are dedicated to Domir 
tian, whom the poet ranks among the gods. 
They were univerfally admired in his age at 
Rome, but the tafte of the times was cor¬ 
rupted, though fome of the moderns have 
called them inferior to no Latin compofitions 
except Virgil’s. The ltyle of Statius is bom 
baftic and affected, and he often forgers the poet 
to become the declaimer and the hiftorian. 
In his Sylvee, which were written generally 
extempore, are many beautiful exprelfions 
and ftrokes of genius Statius, as fome fup- 
pofe, was poor, and he was obliged to main¬ 
tain himfelf by writing for the (lage. None 
of hjs dramatic pieces are extant. Martial 
has fatirized him, and wbat Juvenal has 
written in his praife, fome have interpreted 
as an illiberal reflection upon him. Statius 
< ntbc - ' * IQ 


I died about the 100th year of the Chriftiah 
era. The belt editions of. his works are 
that of Barthius, 2 vols. 4to. Cyp. 1664, and 
that of the Variorum, 8vo. L. Bat. 1671; 
and of the Thebais, ieparate, that of War¬ 
rington, 2 vols. I2nit>. 1778.-Domi- 

tius, a tribune in the age of Nero, deprived 
of his office when pi 1'o’s confpiracy wax 

difeovered. Tacit. Ann. 15,-0. 17.-A 

general of the Samnites.-An officer of 

the pretorian guards, who confpired againlt 
Nero. 

Stator, a furname of Jupiter, given him 
by Romulus, becaule he flopped (Jh) the flight 
j of the Romans in a battle againlt the Sabines. 

The conqueror eredted him a temple under 
! that name. Liv. i,c. 12. 

Stellatjs, a field remarkable for its 
fertility, in Campania. Cic. A*- 1, c. 70.-— 
Suet. Caf. 20. 

Stellxo, a youth turned into an elf by 
Ceres, becaule he derided the goddefs, who 
drank with avidity when tfred and afflicted in 
her v.iin purfuit of her daughter Froferpine. 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 445 

Stena, a narrow paffnge on the moun¬ 
tains near Antigonia, in Chaonia. Liv. 32, 
c. 5 - 

Stenobcea. Fid. Sthenoboea. 

Stknockates, an' Athenian, who con¬ 
fpired to murder the commander of the gam- 
ton which Demetrius had placed in the citadel, 
&C. Polyeen. 5. 

Stentor, one of the Greeks who went to 
the Trojan war. His voice alone was louder 
than that of 50 men together. H07ner.Il. 5, 
v. 784.— Jitv. 13, v. 112. 

Strntoris lacus, a lake near Enos in 
Thrace. Herodot. 7, c. 58. 

Stephanos, a mufician of Media, upon 
whofe body Alexander made an experiment 
in burning a certain fort of bitumen called 
j napththe. ’"Strut/. 16.— Plut. in Alex.- ■ — ■ 
A Gteek writer of Byzantium, known for 
his dictionary giving an account of the towns 
and places of the ancient world, of which the 
belt edition is that of Gronovius, a vols. fol. 
L. Bat. 1694. 

Steroi’E, one of the Pleiades, daughters 
of Atlas. She married CEnomaus, king of 
piiae, by whom fhe had Hippodamia, &c. 

-A daughter of Parthaon, fuppoled by 

fome to be the mother of the Sirens.- 

A daughter of Cepheus.-A daughter of 

Pleuron,-of Acafius,-of Dana us,- 

of Cebrion. 

Steropes, one of the Cyclops. Firg.JEn . 
8 , v. 4*5- 

Stersichorus, a lyric Greek poet of 
Himera, in Sicily He was originally called 
TFias , and obtained the name of Sterficho- 
rus, from the alterations he made in mufic 
and dancing. His compofitions were writ¬ 
ten in the Doric.dialed-, and comprifed in 
26 books, all nW lqit except a few frag¬ 
ments 










merits. Some fay he loft his eye-fight for 
writing invedlives againft Helen, and that 
he received it only upon making a recanta¬ 
tion of what he had laid. He was the firft 
inventor of that fable of the horfe and the 
flag, which Horace and fome other poets 
have imitated, and this he wrote to prevent 
his countrymen from making an alliance 
with Phalaris. According to fome, he was 
the fiift who wrote an epithalamium. He 
fioriflied 356 B. C. and died at Catana, in 
the 85th year of his age. Ifocrat. in Hcl. 
— Arijlot. rbet.—St ab. 3.— Lucian, in Macr. 
— Cic. in Verr. 2, c. 35.— Flat, de Muf. — 
Quintil. 10, C. I. — Pauf. 3, c. 19. 1 . IO, 
c. 26. 

Stertinmjs, a ftoic philofopher, ridi¬ 
culed by Horace, 2 Sat. 3. He wrote in 
Latin verfe 220 books on the philofophy of 
the ftoics. 

Stesag?)Ras, a brother of Miltiades. 
Vid. Miltiades. 

Stesilea, a beautiful woman of Athens 
& c. 

Stest leus, a beautiful youth of Cos, 
loved by Themiftodes and ,Ariftides, and 
the caufe of jealoufy and diftenfion between 
thefe celebrated men. Plut. in Cim. 

Stesimbrotus, an hiftorion very in- 
confiftent in his narrations. He wrote an 
account of Cimon’s exploits. Pint, in Cim. 
——A fon of Epamiuondas put to death by 
his father, becaufe he had fought the enemy 

without his orders, &c. Pint. -A mufician 

of 'I halos. 

Sthenele, a daughter of Acaftus, wife 

of Menoctius. Apollod. 3, c. 13.-A 

daughter of Danaus, by Memphis. Id. 2, 

c. 1. 

Sthenelus, a king of Mycenae, fon of 
Perleus and Andromeda. He married Ni- 
cippe the daughter of Pelop, by whom he 
had two daughters, and a Ion c-lled Euryf- 
theus, who was born, by Juno’s influence, 
two months before the natural time, that 
he might obtain a fuperiority over Hercules, 
as being older. Sthenelus made war againft 
Amphitryon, who had killed Elebtryon and 
feized his kingdom. He fought with luc- 
cefs, and took his enemy prifcner, whom 
he tranfmitted to Euryftheus. Homer. II. 

19, v. 91— Apoll d. 2, c. 4.-One of 

the fons of iEgyytus by Tyria.-A fon 

of Capaneus. He was one of the Epigoni, 
and of the fuitors of Helen. He went to 
the Trojan war, and was one of thofe who 
were Ihut up in the wooden horfe, accord¬ 
ing to Virgil. Pauf. 2, c. 18.— Virg. JEn. 

2 & 19.-A fon of Androgeus the fon of 

Minos. Hercules made him king of Thrace. 

Apollod. 2, c, 5.-A king of Argos, who 

fucceeded his father Crotopus. Pauf. 2, c. 

16.- -A fon of Abtor, who accompanied 

Hercules in his expedition againft the Aina- 
2011s. He was lulled by one of thefe fe- 


malos.^—-A fon of Melas, killed by Ty- 
deus. Apollod. i,c. 8. 

Sthenis, a ftatuary of Olynthus.——An 
orator of Himera, in Sicily, during the civil 
wars of Pompey. Plut. in Pomp. 

St he no, one of the three Gorgons. 

Sthenobcea, a daughter of Jobates king 
of Lycia, who married Preetus, king of Ar¬ 
gos. She became enamoured of Bellerophon, 
who had taken refuge at her hufband’s court, 
after the murder of his brother, and when lie 
refufed to gratify her criminal paflion, li e 
accufed him before Preetus of attempts upon 
her virtue. According to fome Ihe killed 
herfelf after his departure. Homer. II. 6. v. 

162.— Hygin. fab. 57.-Many mythologifts 

call her Antsea. 

Stilbe or Stjlbia, a daughter of Pe- 
neus by Creufa,' who became mother of 
Centaurus and Lapithus, by Apollo* 
Died. 4 . 

Stilbo, a name given to the planet Mer¬ 
cury by the ancients, from its fhinin^ appear¬ 
ance. Cic. de N. D. 2, c. 20. 

Stilicho, a general of the emperor 
Theodofius the Great. He behaved with 
much courage, but under the* emperor Ho- 
norius he fhowed himl'elf turbulent and dif- 
afTebbed. As being of barbarian extradtion, 
he willied to lee the Roman provinc.es laid 
del'olate by his Countrymen, but in this he 
was difappointed. Honorius difeovered his 
intrigues, and ordered him to he beheaded, 
about the year of thrift 408. His family 
were involved in his ruin. Claudian has 
been loud in his praifes, and Zofimus, HJl. 
5, denies the truth of the charges laid againft 
him. 

Stilpo, a celebrated philofopher of Me. 
gara, who florithed 336 years before Chrift, 
and was greatly efteemed by Ptolemy Soter. 
He was naturally addidled to riot and de¬ 
bauchery, but he reformed his manners 
when lie opened a fchool at Megara. hje 
was univerlally refpedhed, his fchool was 
frequented, and Demetrius, when he plun¬ 
dered Megara, ordered the houfe of the 
philofopher to be left fafe and unmolefted- 
It is laid that he intoxicated himfelf when 
ready to die, to alleviate the terrors of 
death. He was one of the chiefs of the 
Stoics. Plut. in Dem.—Diog. 1.—Seneca 
de Conjl. 

Stimicon, a fhepherd’s name in Virgil’s 
5th eclogue. 

Stiphilus, one of the Lapithae, killed in 
the houfe of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12. 

Stoba.us, a Greek writer who florifhed 
A. D. 405. His work is valuable for the pre¬ 
cious relics of ancient literature which he has 
preferved. The beft edition is that of Aurei. 
Allob.fol. 1609. 

Stobi, a town of Pceonia in Macedonia. 
Liv. 33, c. 19. 1. 40, c. 21. 

Stceciiades, five fmajl iflands in the Me- 
7 ‘ ditefraueari, 



diterranean, on the coafl of Gaul, now the 
Mercs, near Marseilles. They were called 
Liguftides by Some, but Pliny l'peaks of them 
as only three in number. Stepb. Byzant .— 
Lucan. 3, V. ^l^.—Strab. 4. 

Stceni, a people living among the Alps. 
Liv. ep. 62. 

Stoici, a celebrated fe£\ of philofophers 
founded by Zeno of Citium. They received 
the name from the portico, sox, where the 
philolbpher delivered his lectures. They 
preferred virtue to every thing elfe, and 
whatever was oppofite to it, they looked 
upon as the greateft of evils. They required, 
as well as the difciples of Epicurus, an 
abSolute conj.ma<Sd* over the paflions, and 
they Supported, that man alone, in the pre¬ 
sent ftate of his exiftence, could attain per¬ 
fection and felicity. Tney encouraged Sui¬ 
cide, and believed that the doctrine of future 
punifhments and rewards was unneceflary to 
excite or intimidate their followers. Vid. 
Zeno. 

Strabo, a name among the Romans, given 
to thofe whoSe eyes were naturally deformed 
or dillorted. Pompey’s father was dillin- 

guifhed by that m -oe.-A native of Amafia, 

on the borders of Cappadocia, who florilhed 
in the age of Augutlus and Tiberius. He 
firft ftudied under Xenarchus. the peripa¬ 
tetic, and afterwards warmly embraced the 
tenets of the Stoics. Of all his compositions 
nothing remains but his geography, divided 
into 17 book, a work juftly celebrated for 
its elegance, its purity, the erudition and uni¬ 
versal "knowledge of the author. It con¬ 
tains an account, in Greek, of the moil ce 
lebrated places of the world, the origin, the 
manners, religion, prejudices, and govern¬ 
ment of nations ; the foundation of cities, and 
the accurate hiitory of each Separate province. 

. Strabo travelled over great part of the world 
in queit of information, and to examine with 
the moil critical enquiry, not only the fitu- 
ation of the places, but alfo the manners of 
the inhabi'ants, whofe hiilory he meant to 
write. In the two firlt books the author 
. wifhes to Ihow the neceihty of geography; 
in the 3d he gives a description of Spain; 
in the fourth of Gaul and the Britifh iiles. 
The 5th and 6th contain an account of Italy 
and the neighbouring illands; the 7th, which 
is mutilated at the end, gives a full deicrip- 
tion of Germany, and the country of the 
Gets, lllvricum, Taurica Cherfonefus, and 
Epirus. The affairs of Greece and the ad¬ 
jacent illands are Separately treated in the 
8th, 9th, and ioth; and in the. four next, 
Alia within mount Taurus.; and in the 15th 
and i6th f . Alia without Taurus, India, Peril,i, 
Syria, and Arabia; the Lit book gives an 
account of Egypt, ./Ethiopia, Carthage, and 
other places of Africa. Among the books 
of Mrabo which ha ye been loll, were hitto- 
rical commentaries. 1 his celebrated geo¬ 


grapher, died A. D. 25. The bell editions 
of his geography are thofe of Cafaubon, fol. 
Paris, 1620; and of Amlt. 2 vols. fol. 1707. 

-A Sicilian, fo clear-lighted that he 

could diftinguilh objects at the diltance of 
130 miles, with the lame eafe as if they had 
been near. 

Stratarchas, the grandfather of the 
geographer Strabo. His father’s .namfe was 
Dorylaus. St?ab. IO. 

Strato, or Straton, & king of the 
ifland Aradus, received into alliance by 

Alexander. Curt. 4, c. 1. - A king of 

Sidon, dependent, upon Darius. Alexander 
depofed him, becaule he refufed to furreil- 

der. Curt. ib. -A philolbpher of Lampla- 

cus, dilciple and fuccelfor in the fchool of 
Theophraftus, about 289 years before the 
Chriftian era. He applied himfelf with 
uncommon induftry to the ftudy of nature, 
and was l'urnamed Pbyficus, and after the moll 
mature inveftigations, he fupported that na¬ 
ture was inanimate, and that there was no 
god but nature. He was appointed precep- 
tor to Ptolemy Philadelphus, who not only 
revered his abilities and learning, but alfo re¬ 
warded his labors with unbounded liberality. 
He wrote different treatifes, all now loft. 
Diog. 5.— Cic. Acad. 1, c. 9. 1 . 4, c. 38, , 
&c.-A phyfician.-A peripatetic phi¬ 
lolbpher.-A native of Epirus, very inti¬ 

mate with Brutus, the murderer of Casfar. 

He killed his friend at his own requeft. - 

A rich Orchomenian who deliroyed himfelf 
becaufe he could not obtain in marriage a 

young woman of Haliartus. Plut. -A 

Greek hiilorian who wrote the life of fome 

of the Macedonian kings.-An athlete of 

Achaij, twice crowned at the Olympic games. 
Pauf. 7, c. 23. , 

Stratoci.es, an Athenian general at the 

battle of Cheronsea, Sec. Polypi. -A 

ftage player in Domitian’s reign. Juv. 3, 
v. 99. 

Straton. Vid. Strato. 

Stratonice, a daughter of Thefpius. 

Apollod. -a daughter of Pleuron. Id. 

-A daughter of Ariarathes, king of 

Cappadocia, who married Eumenes king of 
Petg.unus, and became mother of Attains. 

Strab. 13.-A daughter of Demetrius Po- 

liorcetes, who married Seleucus, king of 
Syria. Antiochus, her hufband’s Ion by a 
former wife, became enamoured of her, and 
married her with his father’s confent, when the 
phyficians had told him that if he did not 
comply, his ion’s health would be impaired* 
P;ut. in Dem.—Vul. Max. .5, C. 7,-——A 
concubine of Mithridates, king of Ponttis. 

Plat, in Pomp. -The wife of AnrigonUs, 

mother Of Demetrius Podorcetes.— : —A town 
ofCaria, made a Macedonian colony. Strab.- 
14.— Li v . 33, c. 18 & 33.—— Another* in 
Mefopotamia,-And a- third near mount- 

Taurus, . - *. - • 

STRATONlCtfj, 















ST 


ST 


StratoniTctts, an opulent perfon in the 
reign of Philip, and of hi* Ion Alexander, 

whofe riches became proverbial. Flat. -A 

mufician of Athens in the age of Demofthenes. 
Atben. 6, c. 6. 1 . 8, c. 12. 

Stratonls turris, a city of Judasa, af¬ 
terwards called Cadarea by Herod in honor of 
Auguftus. 

Stratos, a city of iEolia. Liv. 36, c. 
II. 1 . 38, c. 4.-Of Acarnania. 

Strenua, a goddeft at Rome \tfho gave 
vigor and energy ta the weak and indolent. 
Aug- de Civ. D. 4. c. II & 16. 

Strongvle, now Strotnbolo , one of the 
idands called iEolides in the Tyrrhene lea, 
near the coaft of Sicily. It has a volcano, 
10 miles in circumference, which throws up 
flames continually, and of which the crater 
is on the fide of the mountain. Mela , 2, c. 

7. — Strab. 6.— Fauf. 10, c. II. 

Stropuades, two iflands in the Ionian 
fea, on the weftern coafts of the Pelopon- 
nefus. They were anciently called Plata, 
and received the name of Strophades from 
verto, becaufe Zethes and Calais 
the Ions of Boreas, returned from thence by 
order of Jupiter, after they had driven the 
Harpyies there from the tables of Phineus. 
The fleet of iEneas flopped near the Stro¬ 
phades. The larged of thefe two iflands is 
not above five miles in circumference. Tdy- 
gin. fab. 19— Mela, 2, C. 7.— Ovid. Met. 
I 3 > V. 7 ° 9 -— V tr g' 3 > v * 2I °-— Strab. 

8 . 

Strophius, a fon of Crifus, king of 
Phocis. He .married a fifler of Agamem¬ 
non, called Anaxibia, or Adyochia, or, ac¬ 
cording to others, Cyndragora, by whom 
he had Py lades, celebrated for his friend (hip 
with' Oredes. After the murder of Aga¬ 
memnon by Clytemnedra and ZEgydhus, the 
king of Phocis, educated at his own houfe 
•with the greated care, his nephew whom Ele&ra 
had fecretly removed from the dagger of his 
mother, and her adulterer. Oredes was ena¬ 
bled by means of Strophius, to revenge the 
death of his father. Fauf. 2, c. 29.— Hygin. 
fab. I, 17.——A fon of Py lades by Eledfra 
the fider of Oredes. 

Struthophagi, a people of ./Ethi¬ 
opia, who feed on lparrows, as their name 
fignifies. 

SfRUTHUS, a general of Artaxerxes againd 
the Lacedemonians, B. C. 393. 

Stryma, a town of Thrace, founded by a 
Thafian colony. Herodot. 7, c. 109. 

Strvmno, a daughter of the $caman- 
der, who married Laomedon. Apollod. 3, 
c/xa. 

Str ymon, a riyer which feparates Thrace 
from Macedonia, and falls into a part of 
the iEgean fe3, which has been called Stry- 
monieuf fmus.. A number of cranes, as the 
poets fay, retorted on its banks in the fummer 
time. Its eels were excellent. Mda % a, c 


2 .— Apollod. 2, C. 5. — Virg. G. I, v. 120. . 
4, V. 508. ALn. 10 , V. 265.— Ovid. Met. 2 % 
V. 251. 

Stubera, a town of Macedonia, be¬ 
tween the Axius and Erigon. Liv. 31, 
c - 39 - 

Stura, a river of Cifalpine Gaul, falling 
into the Po. 

Sturni, a town of Calabria. 

Stympu alia, or StymphAlis, a part of 

Macedonia. Liv. 45, c. 30.-A furname 

of Diana. 

Stymphalus, a king of Arcadia, fon 
of Hiatus and Laodice. He made war a- 
gaind Pelops, and was killed in a truce. Apol¬ 
lod. 3, c. 9.— Fauf. 8, c. 4.-A town, river, 

lake, and fountain of Arcadia, which receives , 
its name from king Stymphalus. The neigh¬ 
bourhood of the lake Stymphalus was in- 
feded with a number of voracious birds, like 
cranes or dorks, which fed upon human 
ftefh, and which were called Stymphalides. 
They were at lad dedroyed by Hercules, 
with the adidance of Minerva. Some have 
confounded them with the Harpyies, while 
others pretend that they never exided but in 
the .imagination of the poets. PaafimiaS, 
however, fupports, that there were carnivo¬ 
rous birds like the Stymphalides, in Arabia. 

Fauf. 8, C. 4.— Slat. Theb. 4, v. 298. - — 

A lofty mountain of Peloponnefus in Ar¬ 
cadia. 

Stygne, a daughter of Danaus. Stat. 
Syl. 4, t.—Apollod. 

Styra, a town of Eubcea. 

Styr us, a king of Albania, to whom 
iEetes promifed his daughter Medea in 
marriage, to obtain his adidance againd -, 
the Argonauts. Flacc . 3, v. 497. 1 . 8, v. 

358 . 

. Styx, a daughter of Oceanus and Te- 
thys. She married Pallas, by whom Ihe had 
three daughters, Victory, Strength, and Va* 
lor. Heftod. Theog. 363 & 384.— Apollod. 

1, c. 2.-A celebrated river of hell, round 

which it flows nine times. According to fome 
writers, the Styx was a fmall river of Non- 
acris in Arcadia, whofe waters were Co 
cold and venomous, that they proved fatal 
to fuch as taded them. Among others, 
Alexander the Great is mentiosed as a vic¬ 
tim to their fatal poifon, in conlequenee of' 
drinking them. They even confumed iron, 
and broke all velfels. The wonderful pro¬ 
perties of this water fuggeded the idea, that 
it was a river of hell, efpecially when it 
difappeared in the earth a little below its foun¬ 
tain head. The gods held the waters of the 
Styx in fuch veneration, that they always , 
lwore by them ; an oath which was inviolable. 

If any of the gods had perjured themfelves, 
Jupiter obliged them to drink the waters 
of the Styx, which lulled them for one whole 
year into a fenfelefs dupidity ; for the nine 
following years they were deprived of the 

ambrefi*, 








su 


su 


ambrofia, and the ne&ar of the gods, and after 
the expiration of the years of their punifh- 
menty they were rellored to the aflembly of 
the deities, and to all their original privi¬ 
leges. It is fa id that this veneration was 
(town to the Styx, becaufe it received its 
name from the nvroph Styx, who with her 
three daughters afhited Jupiter in his war 
again It the Titans. Hefiod . Theog. v. 384, 
'y 75.— Homer. Od. IO, V. 513.— Herodot. 
6,c. 74 —Virg. JEn. 6, v. 323, 439 > &c -~ 
Apullod I, c. 3— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 29, &c.— 
Lucan. 6, v. 378, Scc.—Pauf. 8, C. ‘I ] & 1 8.— 
Curt. IO. c. IO. 

Su a da, the goddtfs of perfuafion, called 
Pitho by the Greeks. She had a form of 
worfhip eltablifhed to her honor fir!t by The- 
i'eus. v he had a ftatue in the temple of Ve¬ 
nus Praxis at Megara. Cic. ds cl. orat. 15.— 
Bauf. i,c. 22 Sc 43 1 . 9,c. 35. 

Juana, a town of Etruria. 

Suardones, a people of Germany. 7a- 

f it. G. 40 . 

Suasa, a town-wf Umbria. 

Subatrii, a people of Germany, over whom 
Drufus triumphed. Strab.J. 

Suni,a fmall river of Catalonia. 

Subi.icius, the firT bridge erected at Rome 
ever the Tiber. Fid. Pons. 

Submuntorium, a town of Vindelicia, now 
Aug/burg. 

Subota, fmall iflands at the eaft of Athos. 

Liv. 44> c * 28/ 

Subur, a river of Mauritania.-A town 

of Spain. 

Su burra, a ftreet in Rome vAere all the 
licentious, difTolute., and lafciviou^Romatis and 
courtezans reforted. It was fituate between 
mount Viminalis and Quirinalis, and was re¬ 
markable as having been the refidence of the 
©bfeurer years of J. Csefar. Suet, in Caf — 
Varro. de L. L. 4 , c. 8 .— Martial. 6, ep. 66 . 

—Juv.3, v.5* 

i'UCRO, now Xucar , a river of Hi'p ania 
Tarraconenfis, celebrated for a battle fought 
therebetween Sertorius and Pompey, in which 

the former obtained the vi&ory. Pint. - 

A Rutulian killed by iEneas. Fi-g. JEn. 12 , 
v -505. 

Sudrrtvm, a town of Etruria. Liv. 26, 


Soessa, a town of Campania, Called alfo 
Auruvca, to diftinguilh it from SuefTa Po- 
metia, the capital of the Volfci. Strab. 5. — 
Plin 3, C. 5. — Dionyf. Hal. 4.— Liv. I & 2. 
—Firg. An. 6, V. 775— Cic. Phil. 3, C. 4. 
1 . 4, C. 2 . 

• k uessitani, a people of Spain. Liv. 25, 


Suessones. a powerful ration of Belgic 
Gaul, reduced by J. Csefar. Ceef. Bell. G. 


Suessula, a town of Campania. 
C.37.I. 23, c. 14. L 

Suetokibs, C. Paulinus, the hrft 


Liv. 7, 
Ro¬ 


man general who crofted mount Atlas with 
an army, of which expedition he wrote an 
account. He prefided over Britain a* gover¬ 
nor for about 20 years, and was afterwards 
made cortful. He forfook the intereft of 
Otho, and attached'himlelf to Vitellius.——— 
C. Tranquillus, a Latin hiftorian, Ion of a 
Roman knight of the fame name. He was 
favored by Adrian, and became his fecre- 
tary, but he was afterwards baniftied from 
the court for want of attention and refpe£t 
to the emprefs Sabina. In his retirement 
Suetonius enjjoyed the friendlhip and cor- 
refpondence of Pliny the younger, and de¬ 
dicated his time to ttudy. He wrote an 
htflory of the Roman kings, divided into 
three books; a catalogue of all the illuftrious 
men of Pome, a book on the games and 
fpedtacles of the Greeks, &c. which are all 
now loll. The only one of his compefitions 
extant, is the lives of the tw elve firft Carfare, 
and fome fragments of his citalogue of ce- 
lebrated grammarians. Suetonius, in his lives, 
is pruii'ed for his impartiality and corre&nefs. 
Hi expreftions, however, are often too indeli¬ 
cate, and it has been juftly obferved, that while 
he expofed the deformities of the Caefars, 
he wrote with all the licentioufnefs and ex¬ 
travagance with which they lived. The belt 
editions of Suetonius are that of Pitifcus, 4to. 
2 vols. Leovard. 1714 ; that of Oudendorp, 2 
vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 1751; and that of Ernefti, 
8vo. Lipf. 1/75- Plin. I, ep. II. 1 . S,ep. 
11, &c. 

Suetri, a people of Gaul near the Alps* 

Suevi, a people i,f Germany, between the 
Elbe and the Vidula, who made frequent in- 
curfiotis upon the territories of Rome under 
the emperors. Lucan 2, v. 51. 

Suevius, a Latin poet in the age of En¬ 
nius. 

Suffetala, an inland town of Maurita- 
nia. ’ 

Suffenus, a Latin poet in .the age of 
Catullus. He was but of moderate abilities, 
but puffed up with a high idea of his own 
excellence, and therefore defervedly expofed 
to the ridicule of his contemporaries. Ca- 


full. 22. 

Suffetius, or Sufetius. Fid. Me- 
tius. 

Sdidas, a Greek writer who florilhed A. 
D. 1 ico. The beft edition of his excellent 
Lexicon, is that of Kufter, 3 vols. fol. Can - 


»*' 1705 - 

Pub. Suilius, an informer m the court 
f Claudius, banilhed under Nero,-'by* means 
f Seneca, and fent to the Baleares. 7 a-. 

it. A. 14, c. 42, &c.--Cjetnnhus, a 

uilty favorite of Melfalina. Id. lb. II, 

Suiones, a nation of Germany, fup- 
ofed the modern Swedes. Tacit, de Germ . 

. 44 - . ; 

Sujlcbi, a town at the fouth of Sardmig* 

a B M*&i 










su 


su 


j\lcla , 4 , C. 7 * — Claudian. d: Gild. 5 * 8 .— 
Strab. 5. 

Sulcius, an informer whom Horace de- 
fcribes as hcarfe with the number of defa¬ 
mations he daily gave. Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 65. 

Sulga, now Sorgtte, a fmall river of Gaul, 
falling into the Rhone. St tab. 4. 

Sulla. Vi d. Sylla. 

Sulmo now Sulmona , an ancient town 
of the Peligni, at the ditlance of about 90 
miles from Rome, founded by Solymus. one 
of the followers of iEneas. Ovid was born 
there. Ovid pajfitn. — Iial. 8 , v. 511.— Strab. 
•k.—A Latin chief, killed in the night by 
Niius, as he was going witli his companions to 
deftroy Euryalus. Virg. JE.n. 9, v. 412. 

Sulpitia, a daughter of Paterculus, who 
married Fulvius Flaccus. She was fo famous 
for her chaftity, that Hie coni’ecrated a temple 
•to Venus Verticoidia, a goddefs who was im¬ 
plored to turn the hearts of the Roman wo¬ 
men to virtue. Piin. 7, c. 35.-A poe- 

tefs in the age of Domirian, againft: whom 
fhe wrote a poem, becaufe he had banilhed 
•the philofophers from Rome. This compofi- 
tion is ftill extant. She had alfo written a 
poem on conjugal affettion, commended by 

Martial, ep. 35, now loft.-A daughter of 

Serv. Sulpitius, mentioned in the 4th book 
of elegies, falfely attributed to Tibullus. 

Sulpitia Lex, militarise by C. Sulpi- 
cius the tribune, A. U. C. 665, invefted 
Marius with the full power of the war 
againft Mithridates, of which Sylla was to 

be deprived.-Another, de fenatu , by Ser- 

vius Sulpicius the tribune, A. U. C. 665. 
It required that no fenator ftiould owe more 

than 2000 drachma.-Another, de civ it ate, 

by P. Sulpicius the tribune, A U. C. 665. 
It ordered that the new citizens who compof- 
ed the eight tribes lately created, fltould be 
divided among the 35 old tribes, as a great¬ 
er honor.-Another, called alfo Sempronia 

de religione , by P. Sulpicius Saverrio and P. 
Sempronius Sophus, confuls, A. U. C. 449. 
It forbad any perlon to confecrate a temple 
or altar without the permiflion of the i'enate 
and the majority of the tribunes.-Ano¬ 

ther to empower the Romans to make war 
againft Philip of Macedonia. 

Sulpitius, or Sulpicius, an' illuftrious 
family at .Rome, of whom the molt cele¬ 
brated are-Peticus, a man chofen dic¬ 

tator againft the Gauls. His troops muti¬ 
nied when he firft took the field, but fpon 
after he engaged the enemy and totally, de¬ 
feated them. Liv. 7. -Severrio, a ,, con¬ 

ful who gaiued a victory over the ,/Equi. 

Id. 9, c. 45.-C. Paterculus, a conful 

fent againft the Carthaginians. He conquer¬ 
ed Sardinia and Corfica, and obtained a 
complete victory over the enemy’s fleet. 
He was honored with a triumph at his re¬ 
turn to Rome. Id. 17.-Spurius, one of 

the three commiflioners whom the Romans 


fent to collet the belt laws which could be 
found in the different cities and republics of 

Greece. Id. 3, c. 10.-One of the firft 

conluls who received intelligence that a con- 
fpiracy was formed in Rome to reftore the* 

Tartjuins to power, &c.-A prieft who 

died of the plague in the firft ages of the re¬ 
public at Rome-P. Galba, a Roman con¬ 

ful who fignalized himfelf greatly during the 
war which his countrymen waged againft 
the Achceans and the Macedonians.—Se- 
verus, a writer. Vid. Severus.— : —Publius, 
one of the aflbeiates of Marius, well known 
for his intrigues and cruelty. He made lome 
laws in favor of the allies of Rome, and he 
kept about 3000 young men in continual 
pay, whom he called his anti-fenatorial band, 
and with thele he had often the impertinence 
to attack the conful in the popular affem- 
biies. He became at laft fo feditious, that he 
was proferibed by Sylla’s adherents, and im¬ 
mediately murdered. His head was fixed 
on a pole in the roftrum, where he had of¬ 
ten made many feditious fpeeches in the 
capacity of tribune. Liv. 77.-A Ro¬ 

man conful who fought againft Pyrrhus and 

defeated him.-C. Longus, a Roman 

conful, who defeated the Samnites and killed 
30,000 of their men. He obtained a tri¬ 
umph for this celebrated vittory. He was 
afterwards made dittator to condutt a war 
againft the Etrurians.-Rufus, a lieute¬ 
nant of Caefar in Gaul.-One of Meffa- 

lina’s favorites, put to death by Claudius. 

-P. Quirinus, a conful in the age of A11- 

guftus.-Camerinus, a prO-conful of Afri¬ 

ca, under Nero, accufed of cruelty, &e. Ta¬ 
cit. 13, An. 52.-Gallus, a celebrated af- 

trologer in the age of Paulus. He accom¬ 
panied^ the conful in his expedition againft 
Perleus, and told the Roman army that the 
night before the day on which they were to 
give the enemy battle, there would be an 
eclipfe of the moon. This explanation en¬ 
couraged the loldiers, which on the contrary 
would have intimidated them, if not pre- 
vioufly acquainted < with the caufes of it. 
Sulpitius was univerfally refpetted, and he 
was honored a few years after with the 
confulftiip. Liv. 44, c. 37.— Plin. 2, c. 12. 

-Apollinaris, a grammarian in the age of 

the emperor M. Aurelius. He left fome let¬ 
ters and a few grammatical obfervations now 
loft. Cic. — Liv. — Plut.—Polyb.—Plor.— 
Eutrop. 

Sommanus, a furname of Pluto, as prince 
of the dead, fummus manium. He had a tem¬ 
ple at Rome, eretted duiing the wars with 
Pyrrhus,and theRomans believed that the thun¬ 
derbolts of Jupiter were in his power during 
the night. Cic. de div.~Ovid.FaJl. 6, V. 73 1. 

Sunici, a people of Germany on the fhores 
of the Rhine. Tacit. H. 4, c. 66. 

Sunides, a foothfayer in the army of Eu- 
meues, Pe/yan, 4, 


Suni. 















SimttTM, a promontory of Attica, about 
45 miles diftant from the Pineus. There 
was there a fmall harbour, as alfo a town. 
Minerva had there a beautiful temple, whence 
lhe was called Sunias. There are (till ex¬ 
tant fome ruins of this temple. Plin. 4,0 7. 
— Slrab. 9.— Pauf. I, c. l.-~-Cic. ad Attic. 7, 
e P' 3- 1* 1IO. 

Suove tauriua, a facrifice among the Ro¬ 
mans, which cor.lifted of the immolation of a 
low (Jus), a fheep (ovis), and a bull (taurus), 
whence the name. It was generally oblerved 
every fifth year. 

Suverum MARE, a name of the Adriatic 
fea, becaufe it was lituate above Italy. The 
name of Mart Inferum was applied for the 
oppofite reafons to the fea below Italy. Cic. 
fro Cluent. &c. 

Sura, jEmylius, a Latin writer, &c. 

V. Pat. i, c. 6.-L. Licinius, a favorite 

of Trajan, honored with the coniulfhip.- 

A writer in the age of the emperor Gallienus. 
He wrote an hiltory of the reign of the em¬ 
peror.-A city on the Euphrates.-Ano¬ 
ther in Iberia.-A river of Germany, 

whofc waters fall into the Mofelle. Auf. in 

Mf. 

Surkna, a powerful officer in the armies 
of Orodes king of Parthia. His family had 
the privilege of crowning the kings of Par¬ 
thia. He was appointed to condudl the war 
againft the Romans, and to protect the king¬ 
dom of Parthia againft CralTus, who wiflied 
to conquer it. He defeated the Roman tri¬ 
umvir, and after he had drawn him perfidi- 
oufly t© a conference, he ordered his head to 
he cut offi He afterwards returned to Par¬ 
thia, mimicking the triumphs of the Romans. 
Orodes ordered him to be put to death, B. C. 
52. Surena has been admired for his valor, 
his fagacity as a general, and his prudence 
and firmnefs in the execution of his plans; 
but his perfidy, his effeminate manners, and 
his lalcivioufnefs have been defervedly cen- 
fured. Poly an. 7.— Pint, in CraJJ. 

Surjum, a town at the lbuth of Col-, 
chis. 

Surrentum, a town of Campania, on 
the bay of Naples, famous for the wine 
which was made in the neighbourhood. 
Mela, 2, c. 4.— Strab. $. — Horat. I, ep. 17, 
v. 52.— Ovid. Met. 15, V. 710.— Mart. 13, 
ep. IIO. 

Su n us, one of the .ffidui, who made war 
againft Ctcfar. CaJ. G. 8, c. 45. 

Susa (orum) , now Sujler, a celebrated ci¬ 
ty of Afia, the chief town of Sufiana, and 
the capiial of the Perfian empire, built by 
Tithonus the father of Memnon. Cyrus 
took it. The walls of Sufa were above 120 
lladia in"circumference\ The treafures of the 
kings of Perfia were generally kept there, 
and the royal palace was built with white 
marble, and its pillars were covered with 
gold and precious flenes. It was ulual with 


.the kings of Perfia to fpend the fummer at 
Ecbatana, and the winter at i-ula, becaufe 
the climate was more warm there than at 
any other royal relidence. It has been called 
Memnonia, or the pab.ee of Memnon, becaufe 
that prince reigned there. Plin. 6, c. 26, 
&C*— Lucan . 2 , V. 49. — Strab. 15.— Xenopb. 
Cyr — Propert. 2, el. 13.— Clau'dian. 

Susana, a town of Hilpania Tarraconenfis. 
SH- 3 > v * 3 ^ 4 * 

Susa r ion, a Greek poet of Megara, who 
is iuppofec^ with Dolon to be the inventor pf 
comedy, and to have ijrft introduced it at 
Athens on a moveable ftage, B. C. 562. 

Susi ana, or usis, a country of Afia, of 
which the capital was called Sufa, fituate at 
the eaft of Aftyria. Lilies grow in'great 
abundance in Sufiana, and it is from that plant 
that the province received its name, accord¬ 
ing to fome, as Sufan is the name of a lily 
in Hebrew. 

SusiDiE PYL2E, narrow paftes over moun¬ 
tains, from Sufiana into Perfia. Curt. 5, 
c - 3 - 

Suthul, a town of Numidia, where 
the king’s treafures were kept. Sail. Jug. 
37 - 

Sutrium, a town of Etruria, about 24 
miles north-well of Rome. Some fuppofe 
that the phrafe Ire Sutrium , toadt with dif- 
patcli, a riles from the celerity with which 
Camiilus recovered the place, but Feftus ex¬ 
plains it differently. Pltut. CaJ.^, 1,v. 10, 
— Liv. 26, C. 34. — Paterc. I, c. 1 4. — Liv. 

9 > c - 3 2 * 

Syagrus, an ancient poet, the firft who 
wrote on the Trojan war. He is called 
Sagaris , by Diogenes Laertius, who adds, 
that he lived in Homer’s age, of whom he 
was the rival. JElian. V. H. I4,c. 21. 

Sybaris, a river of Lucania in Italy, 
vvhofe waters were laid to render men more 
ftrong and robuft.— Strab. 6. — Plin. 3,c. 11. 

1 . 31, c. 2. -There was a town of the 

fame name on its banks on the bay of Ta- 
rentum, which had been founded by a colo¬ 
ny of Achaeans. Sybaris became very pow¬ 
erful, and in its moll floriihing fituation it 
had the command of 4 neighbouring nations, 
of 25 towns, and could fend an army of 
three hundred thoufand men into the field. 
The walls of the city were Paid to extend 
6 miles and a half in circumference, and the 
l'uburbs covered the banks of the Crathis 
for the fpace of 7 miles. It made a long and 
vigorous refiftance agajnft the neighbouring 
town of Crotona, till it was at lall totally re¬ 
duced by the dilciples of Pythagoras, B. C. 
508. Sybaris was deltroyed no lefs than five 
times, and always repaired. In a more recent 
age the inhabitants became fo effeminate, that 
the word Sybarite became proverbial to inti¬ 
mate a man devoted to^leafure. Thera was a 
fmall town built in the neighbourhood about 
444 years before the Chriftian era, and called 
3 B a Thurium, 







Thurium, from a fulfill fountain called Thu- 
ria, whefe it was built. Diod. 12.-— Strab. 6. 
—JElian. V. H 9, C. 24.— Martial. 12 , 
ef>. 96.— Plut. in Pelop. fcc.—~Pl/n. 3, c. IO, 

-A friend of tineas, killed by Tur- 

lius.— Virg. JEn. 12, v. 363.-A youth 

enamoured of Lydia, &c. Aihen. I, od I, 
v. 2. 

SybarTta, an inhabitant of Sybaris. [Fid. 
Sybaris.] 

, Syb-ota, a harbour of Epirus. Cie. 5, Att. 
9.— Strab. 7. 

Sybo tas, a king of the Meftenians in the 
age of Lycurgus, the Spartan legiflator. Pauf 
4, c. 4. 

Sycinnus, a fl'ave of Themiftocles, fent 
by his mafter to engage Xerxes to fight againit 
the fleet of the Peloponnefianb. 

Sycurium, a town of ThefTaly at the foot 
ofOfia. Li-j. 42, c. 54. 

Syedra, a town of Cilicia. 

Syene, now AJf icn. a town of Thebai^, 
on the extremities of Egypt. Juvenal the 
poet was banished there on pretence of com¬ 
manding a-praetorian cohort Rationed in the 
neighbourhood. It was famous for its quarries 
of marble. Stiab. 1 & 2 — Mela, 1. c. 9. — 
Plin. 36, c. 8.— Ovid, ex Port. I, cl. J,v. 79. 
Met. S, v. 74,— Lucan. 2, v. 587. 1 . 8,v. 851. 
1:10, v. 234 

Syenesius, a Cilician who, with I.abinetus 
iif Babvlon, concluded a peace between Aly- 
attes, king of Lydia, and Cyaxares, king of 
Media, while both armies were terrified by a 
fudden eclipfe of the iun, B. C. 385. Herodot. 
1,0.74. 

Syennests, a fa trap of (ilicia, when Cy¬ 
rus made war againft his brother Artaxerxes. 
He wifhed to favor both the brothers by fend¬ 
ing one of his fans in the army of Cyrus, 
.and another to Artaxerxes. 

Sylea, a daughter of Corimhus. 

Syleum, a town of Pamphvlia, 

Syleus, a king of Aulis. 

Sylla, (L. Cornelius) ^'celebrated Ro¬ 
man of a nfcble family. The poverty of h:s 
early years was relieved by the liberality of 
the courtezan Nicopolis, who left him heir 
to a large fortune; and with the addition of 
the immenfe wealth of his mother-in-law, 
he foon appeared one of the mod opulent 
©f the Romans. He firft entered the army 
under the great Marius, whom he accom¬ 
panied in Numidia in the capacity of queftor. 
He rendered him fie If confpicuous in military 
affairs; and Bocchus, one of the princes of 
Numidia, delivered Jugurtha into his hands 
'for the Roman conful. The rifing fame of 
Sylla gave umbrage to Marias, who was al¬ 
ways jealous of an equal, as well as of a fu- 
ppriof ; but the ill language which he might 
ufe r rather inflamed than extinguifhed the 
ambition of Sylh. Pie left the conqueror of 
Jugurtha, and carried arms under Catullus. 
Sometime after he obtained the prstorlhip, 


ancf was appointed by 'the Roman fensfc ter 
place Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappa¬ 
docia, againft the views and intereft of Mi- 
thridates, king of Pontus. This he eafily ef- 
fetfed, one battle left him victorious; and 
before he quitted the plains of Alia, the Ro¬ 
man prastor had .the- l'atisfadtion to receive 
in his camp the arnbaffadors of the king of 
Parthia, who wifhed to make a treaty of 
alliance with the Romans. -ylla received 
them with haughtinefs, and behaved with fuch 
arrogance, that one of them exclaimed, Surely 
this man is majler of the vuorld, or doomed 
to be fuch ! At his return to Rome, he was 
commiftioned to tinifh the war with the Mar- 
fi, and when this ,was luccefsfully ended, he 
was rewarded with the .conluUhip, in the 
1 30th year of his age. In this capacity ho 
wifhed to have the adminiliration of the Mi- 
thridatic war ; but he found an obltinate ad- 
verfary in Marius, and he attained the fum- 
mit of his wifhes only when he had entered 
Rome fvvord in hand After he had flaugh- 
tered all his enemies, fet a price upon the 
head of Marius, and put to death the tribune 
Sulpitius, who had continually oppofed his 
views, he marched towards Afia, and dif- 
regarded the flames of difcord which he left 
behind him unextinguifhed. Mithridate-s was 
already mafter of the greateft part of Greece 4 
and : ylla. when he reached the coaft of Pe- 
loponnefus, was delayed by the fifege of 
Athens, and of the Piraeus. His operations 
were carried on with vigor, and when lie 
fouttd his money fail, he made no lcruple 
to take the riches of the temples of the 
gods, to bribe his foidiers and render them 
devoted to his ferviee- His boldnefs fuc- 
ceeded, the Piraeus furrendered; and the 
conqueror, as if ftruck with reverence at the 
beautiful porticoes where the philofoplyc fol¬ 
lowers of Socrates and Plato had often dis¬ 
puted, (pared the city of Athens, which he 
had devoted to defiru&ion, and forgave the 
living for the fake of the dead. Two cele¬ 
brated battles at Cheronaea and Orchomenos, 
rendered him mafter of Greece. He crofted 
the Hellespont, and attacked Mithridates in 
the very heart of his kingdom. The artful 
monarch, who well knew the valor and per- 
1‘everance of his adversary, made propolals of 
peace; and Sylla, whole intereft at home 
was then decreafing, did not hefitate to put 
an end to a- war which had rendered him 
mafter of fo much territory, and which ena¬ 
bled him to return to Roane like a conqueror, 
and to dilpute with- his rival the fovereigmy 
of the republic with a viftorieus army> Mu- 
ra?na was left at the head of the Roman for¬ 
ces in Afia, and Sylla haltened to Italy, In 
the plains of Campania, he was met by a few 
of his adherents, whom the fuccefs of his 
rivals had banifhed from the capital, and ha 
was foon informed, -that if he wifhed to con¬ 
tend with Marius, he mult encounter fifteen 
8 « general* 






generals, followed by 25 well difciplirled le¬ 
gions. In thei'e critical circumftances he 
had recQurle to artifice, and while he propofed 
terms of accommodation to his adverlaries, 
he iecretly llrengthened himfelf, and law, 
with pleaiure, his armies d ily encreaie by 
the revolt of foldiers whom his bribes or pro- 
miles had corrupted. Pompey, who after¬ 
wards merited the furname of Great, em¬ 
braced his caufe, and marched to his camp 
wjth three legions. Soon alter he appeared 
in the field with advantage; the confidence of 
Marius decayed with his power, and Sylla 
entered Rome like a tyrant and a conqueior. 
The (treets were daily filled with dead bo 
dies, and 7000 citizens, to whom the con¬ 
queror had promiled pardon, were fuddenly 
maffacred in the circus. The fenate, at that 
time idlembled in the temple of Bellona, 
beard the Ihrieks of their dying countrymen ; 
and when they enquired into the caute of i:, 
Sylla coolly replied, They are only a few re¬ 
bels whom I have ordered to he chajlifed. If 
this had been the lad and mod dilinal lcene, 
Rome might have been called happy ; but it 
was only the beginning of her misfortunes, 
each lucceeding djy exhibited a greater num¬ 
ber of flaughtered bodies, and when one of 
thb lenators had the boldneis to allc the ty¬ 
rant when he meant to dop his cruelties, 
Sylla with an air of unconcern, anfwered, 
that he had not yet determined, but that he 
would take it into his confideration. The 
flaughter was continued, a lid ot luch as were 
preferibed was daily duck in the public 
ftreets, and the (lave was rewarded to bring 
his mader’s head, and the fon was not 
afharru d to imbrue his hands in the blood of 
his father for money. No lei's than 4700 ot 
the mod powerful and opulent were flain, 
and Sylla wiilied the Romans to forget his 
cruelties in afpiring to the title ot perpetual 
dictator. In this capacity he made new laws, 
abrogated fuch as were inimical to Ins 
views, and changed every regulation where 
his ambition was obdrudted. Alter he had 
fie idled whatever the med abfolute fovereign 
may do from his own will and authority, 
Sylla abdicated the dictatorial power, and 
Tetired to a folitary retreat at Putcoli, where 
he fpent the red of his days, if not in litera¬ 
ry eafe and tranquillity, yet far from the 
r*oife of arms, in the midlt of riot and de¬ 
bauchery. The companions of his retire¬ 
ment were the mod bafe and licentious of the 
populace, and Sylla took pleaiure Hih to 
wallow in voluptuoufneis, though on the 
verge of life, and covered with infirmities. 
His intemperance hadened his end, his blood 
was corrupted, and an impodhume was bred 
in nls bowels. He at lad died in the grated 
torments of the louly difeaie, about 7 & 
before Chrid, in the 60th year of his age; 
and it has been oblerved, that, like Marius, 
©n death bed, he wilhed to diown the 


dings of confcience and reraorle by continual 
intoxication. His funeral was very noagnifi- ■ 
cent; his body was attended by the fenate 
and the vedal virgins, and hvmns Were lung 
to celebrate his exploits and to honor Iris rne- 
mory. A monument was erected in the 
field of Mars, on which appeared an inlcrip- 
tipn written by himfelf, in which he aid, the 
good fervices he had received from his friends, 
and the injuries of hfs enemies had been re¬ 
turned with unexampled ufurY. The cna- 
rabler of Sylla is that of an ambitious, riif- 
fimulating, credulous, tyrannical, debauched, 
and refolme commander. He was revenge¬ 
ful in the highed degree, and the lurname of 
Felix, or th fortunate , which lie alfumed, 
‘.hewed that he was more indebted to for¬ 
tune than to valor for the great fame he had. 
acquired. But in the midlt of all this, who can¬ 
not admire the moderation and philofophy of 
a man, who when abfolute mader of a re¬ 
public, which he had procured by his cruelty 
and avarice, filently abdicates the fovereign 
power, challenges a critical examination of 
his adminiltration, and retires to live lecurely 
in the roidd of tboufancis whom he has in¬ 
jured and offended ? The Romans were 
pleafed and affonilhei at his abdicat 01 ; and 
when the inlolence of a young man had been 
vented againd the didt;.!tor, he calmly an¬ 
fwered, This ufage tray perhaps deter another 
to rejtgn his pouter to fallow my example, if 
ever he becomes abfolute. Sylla has been com¬ 
mended for the patronage lie gave to the 
arts and fciences. He brought from Afi.i 
the extenfive library of Apeliicon, the Peri¬ 
patetic phiiofopher, in which were the works 
of Aridotle and Theophradus, and he him- 
felf compoled 22 books of memoirs concern¬ 
ing himfelf. Cie. in Verr. \cf c. — -C. Nep. :n 
Attic. — Paterc. 2, c. 17, &C. — Liv. 75, &C. 
—Paitf I,C. 20 .—Flcr. 3, c 5,&c. 1. 4. c. 
2, &c— Pal. Max. 12, Sec. — Po-'yh. 5.— 
Juflin. 37 Sc 38.— Eutr.p. 5, c. 2.— Pius, in 

v ,iu. -A nephew of the dictator, who 

confpired againd his country becaufe he had 
been deprived of his confullhip for bribery. 

-Another relation who alio joined in the 

fame cowfpiracy.-A nun put to death by 

Nero at Marfeilles, where lie had been ba- 
nilhed.——A friend of Caro, defeated and 

killed by one of Caefar’s lieutenants.-A 

fenator hanilhed from the fenate for his pro¬ 
digality by Tiberius. 

tj y 1,1,1 S, a nymph, mother of Zeuxippus 
by Apollo. Pauf. 2, c. 6 . _ 

’ Sy lces, a promontory of Africa. 

SylosoN, a man who gave a fplendid 
garment to Darius, Ion of Hydafpes when a 
private man. Darius, when railed to the 
throne of Perfia, remembered the gift of Sy- 
lofon with gratitude. Strait. I.*, 

SylvAnus, a god ot i.he woods.’ \Vil. 
Silvamis.] 

Sylvia, or Ilia the mother of Rorculu# 
3 » 3 \}' r * 







\Vi&. Rhea.]-A daughter of Tyrrhenus, I 

vvhofe favorite ftag was wounded by Afcanius. 
V’rg- 7, v.503. 

Sylvius, a ion of iEneas by Lavinia, 
from whom afterwards all the kings of 
Alba were called Sylvii. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 

763- s 

Svma, or Syme, a town of Alia.-A 

nymph, mother of Chthonius by 'Neptune. 
Diod.y. 

Symbolum, a place of Macedonia, near 
Philippi on the confines of Thrace. 

Symmaciius, an officer in the army of 

Agefilaus.-A celebrated orator in the age 

of Theoriofius the Great. His father was 
prefeft of Rome. He wrote againfl the 
Chriftians, and ten books of his letters are 
extant, which have been refuted by Ambrol'e 
and Prudentius. The belt editions of Sym- 
machus are that of Genev. 8vo. 1598, and 

that of Paris, 4to. 1604.-A writer in 

the iecond century. He tfanflated the bi- 
blelnto Greek, of which few fragments re¬ 
main. 

Symplegades, or Cyanje, two' iflands 
or rocks at the entrance of the Euxine fea. 
\Vid. Cyaneie.] 

Svmus, a mountain of Armenia,from which 
th e Araxes flows. 

Syncellu.s, one of the Byzantine hifto- 
rians, whofe works were edited in fol. Paris, 
1652. 

Synesius, a bifhop of Cyrene in the age 
of Theodofius the younger, as conipicuous 
for his learning as his piety. He wrote 155 
epiftles befides other treatiles in Greek in a 
ftyle pure and elegant, and bordering much 
upon the poetic. The laft edition is in 8vo. 
Paris, 1605; inferior, however, to the editio 
princeps by Petavius fol. Paris, 1613. The 
belt edition of Synefius de febribus is that of 
Bernard, Amft. 1749 

SVNNALAXrs, a nymph of Ionia, who 
had a temple at Heraclea, in Elis. Pan/. 6. 

c. 22. 

Synnas, (adis)y or Synnada, (pint.) 
a town of Phrygia, famous for its marble 
quarries. Sirab. J 2 . — Claudian. in Fuir. 2 . 
—Martial. 9, ep. 77— S tat. I, Sylv. 5, V. 41. 

Synnis, a famous rofiber of Attica. \Vid. 
Scinis. 

Syn 5 pe, a town on the borders of the Eux¬ 
ine. \Vid. Sinope.] 

SYPHiEUM, a town of the Brutii in Italy. 
Jdiv- c. 19. 

Syphax, a king of the Mafatfyllii in Li¬ 
bya, who married Sophomfba, the daughter 
of Aldrubal, and forfook the alliance of the 
Romans to join himfelf to the intereft of his 
father-in-law, and of Carthage. He was 
conquered in a battle by MaflnifTa, the ally 
of Rome, and given to Scipio the Roman 
general. The conqueror carried him to Rome, 
where he adorned his triumph. Syphax died 
ill prifon 201 years before Chrift, and his 


poffeffions were given to Mafiniffa. Accord¬ 
ing to fome, the defendants of Syphax reign¬ 
ed for lome time over a part of Numidia, 
and continued to make oppofition to the Ro¬ 
mans. Liv. 24, Sc C.— Pint, in Scip .— Flor. 2, 
e. 6.— Polyb.—ItaL 16, v. 171 Sc 188.— Ovid. 
Faji. 6, v. 769. 

Syraces, one of the Sacae, who muti* 
lated himfelf, and by pietending to be a 
delerter brought Darius, who made war 
againtf his country, into many difficulties. 

Polyeen. 7. 

Syracosia, feftivals at Syracufe celebrat¬ 
ed during ten days, in which women were 
bufily employed in offering fa orifices.—^-—Ano¬ 
ther yearly obferved near the lake of Syra- 
cufe, where, as they fuppofed,Pluto had dif- 
appeared with Prol'erpine. 

Syracds?e, a celebrated city of Sicily 
founded about 732 years before the Chrift- 
ian era,/by Archias, a Corinthian, and one 
of the Heraclidae. In its florifhing ftate it 
extended 22^ Englifli miles in circumference, 
and was divided into 4 diftri&s, Ortygia, 
Acradina, Tycha, and Neapolis, to which 
fome add a fifth divificn Ejsipols, a diftri<!i 
little inhabited. Thefe were of themfelves 
feparate cities, and were fortified with three 
citadels, and three-folded walls. Syracule had 
two capacious harbours feparated from one 
another by the ifland of Ortygiar The great- 
eft harbour was about 5000 paces in circum¬ 
ference, and its entrance 500 paces wide. 
The people of Syracufe were very opulent 
and powerful, and .though lubje& to tyrants, 
they were mafters of vaft poifeffions and de¬ 
pendent ftates. The city of Syracufe was well 
built, its houfes were ftately and magnificent; 
and it has been laid, that it produced the heft 
and mod excellent of men when they were 
virtuous, but the moft wicked and depraved 
when addiiled to vicious purfuits. The wo¬ 
men of Syracufe were not permitted to adorn 
themfelves with gold, or wear coftly gar¬ 
ments, except fuch as proftittited themfelves. 
Syracufe gave birth to Theocritus and Archi¬ 
medes. It was under different governments ; 
and after being freed from the tyranny of 
Thraiybulus, B. C. 446, it enjoyed feeurity 
for 61 years, till the ufurpation of the Dio- 
nyfii, who were expelled by Timoleon, B. C. 
343. In the age of the elder Dionyfius, an 
army of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horfe, and 
400 (hips, were kept in conftant pay. It 
fell kith the hands of the Romans, under the 
conful Marcellus, after a fiege of 3 years, B 
C. 212. Civ. in Verr, 4, C. 52 & 53.— Strab.. 
I & 8.— C. Nep. — Mela , 2. c. 7.— Liv. 23., 
See. — Pint, in Marcell. &o— Flor . 2, c. 6.—« 
Ital. 14, v. 278. 

Syria, a large country of Alia, whofe 
boundaries are not accurately afeertained by 
the ancients. Syria, generally fpeaking, was 
bounded on the eaft by the Euphrates, north 
by mount Taurus, weft by the Mediterra¬ 
nean 









nean, and fouth by Arabia. It was divided 
into feveral diftritls and provinces, among 
which were Phoenicia, Seleucis, Judaea or Pa- 
leftine, Mel'opotamia, Babylon, and AlTyria. 
If. was alto called AJfyria ; and the words 
Syria and Aflyria, though diftinguilhed and 
defined by fome authors, were often uied 
indifferently. Syria was fubje&ed to the 
monarchs of Perfia; but after the death of 
Alexander the Great, Seleucus, l'urnamed 
Nicator who had received this province as 
his lot in the divifion of the Macedonian 
dominions, raifed it into an empire, known 
yin hiftory by the name T>f the kingdom of 
Syria or Babylon, B. C. 31a. Seleucus died 
after a reign of 32 years, and his fucceflors, 
lurnamed the Seleucid<e, attended the throne 
in the following order: Antiochus, furnam- 
ed Soter, 280 B. C.; Antiochus Theos, 261 ; 
Seleucus Callinicus, 246 ; Seleucus Ceraunus, 
226; Antiochus the Great, 223; Seleucus 
Philopator, 187 ; Antiochus Epiphanes, 175; 
Antiochus Eupator, 164; Demetrius Soter, 
162; Alex. Balas, 150; Demetrius Nicator, 
146; Antiochus the Sixth, 144; Diodotus 
Tryphon, 147; Antiochus Sidetes, 139; De¬ 
metrius Nicator reftcred, 130; Alexander Ze- 
bina, 127, who was dethroned by Antiochus 
Grypus, 123; Antiochus Cyzicenus 112, who 
takes part of Syria, which he calls Coelefyria ; 
Philip and Demetrius Eucerus, 93, and in 
Coelefyria, Antiochus Pius; Aretas was king 
of Coelefyria, 85 ; Tigranes, king of Arme¬ 
nia, 83 ; and Antiochus Afiaticus, 69, who 
was dethroned by Pompey, B. C. 65 ; in con- 
lequence of which Syria became a Roman 
province. Herodot. 2, 3, & 7.— Apollod. 1, 
Arg. — Strab. 12 & 16.— C. Ncp. in Dat.— 
Alda. I, c. 2.— Ptol. 5, C. 6.— Curt. 6.— Dio- 
nyf. Perieg . 

Syriacum mare, that part of the Me¬ 
diterranean fea which is on the coalt of Phoeni¬ 
cia and Syria. 

Syrinx, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter 
of the river Ladon. Pan became enamoured 
of her, and attempted to offer her violence; 


but Syrinx efcaped, and at her own requeft 
was changed by the gods into a reed called 
Syrinx by the Greeks. The gpd made him- 
felf a pipe with the reeds, into which his fa¬ 
vorite nymph had been, changed. Ovid. Met. 

1, V. 691 — Marti*l. 9, ep. 63. 

Syropuoenix, the name of an inhabitant 

of the maritime coaft of Syria. Juv. 8 . ^ 

Syro; , one of the Cyclades in the Aege¬ 
an fea, at the eaft of Delos, about 20 miles 
in circumference, very fruitful in vvine and 
corn of all forts. The inhabitant', lived to a 
great old age, becanfe the air was whole- 
lome. Homer . Od, 15, v. 504.— Strab. 10.— 
Mela. 2, c. 7.—A town of v aria. Pauf.y c 26. 

Syrtes, two large fand banks in the Me¬ 
diterranean on the coaft of Africa, one of 
which was near Leptis, and the other near 
Carthage. As they often changed places, 
and were fometimes very high or very low 
under the water, they were d::*med moll 
dangerous in navigation, and proved fatal 
to whatever fhips touched upon them, From 
this circumftance, therefore, the word has 
been uied to denote any part of the fea of 
which the navigation was attended with dan¬ 
ger either from whirlpools or hidden rocks. 
Alcla , I, c. 7, 1 . 2, C. 7.— ^irg, JEn. 4,v. 41. 
Lucan. 9, 303.— Sallujl. in J. 

S yru s, an illand. [ Hid. Syros.]-A fon 

of Apollo, by Sinope, the daughter of the 
Afopus, who gave his name to Syria. Plut. 
in Luc. -A writer. [ Hid. Publius.] 

Sysigambis, the mother of Darius. [ Hid. 
Sifygambis.] 

Sysimethres, a Perfian fatrap, who had 
two children by his mother, an inceftuous 
commerce tolerated by the laws of Perfia. 
He oppoled Alexander with 2000 men, but 
loon furrendered. He was greatly honored 
by the conqueror. Curt. 8, c. 4. 

Sysinas, the elder fon of Datames, who 
revolted from his father to Artaxerxes. 

Sythas, a river of Peloponnel'us, flowing, 
through Sicyonia into the bay of Corinth. Pauf. 

2, c. 7. 


T A 

T AAUTES, a Phoenician deity, the fame 
as the Saturn of the Latins, and pro¬ 
bably the Thoth orThaut, the Mercury of 
the Egyptians. Cic. de N. D. 3, c. 22.— 
Harro. 

Tabje, a town of Pifidia. Liv. 38, c. 13. 
Tabellarije leges, laws made by fuf- 
frages delivered upon tables ( taheUx) and-not 
•viva, voce . There were four of thefe laws, 

the Gabinia lex A. U. C. 614, by Gabinius ; 
the Cajfta, by Caflius A. U. C. 61^*; the Pa- 
piria } by Carbo, A. U. C. 622, and the Ww, 


T A ' 

by Cslius, A. U. C. 646. Cic. de Leg. 3, c. 
16. 

Taberna; novte, a ftreet in Rome where 

(hops were built. Liv. 3, c. 48.-Rhe- 

nanae, a town of Germany on the confluence 
of the Felbach and the Rhine, now Rbin-Za- 

bern -Rig use now Bern-Caftd , on the Mo* 

felle.-Triboccormn, a town of Alface in 

France, now Saverne. 

Tabor, a mountain of Paleftine. 
Tabraca, a maritime town of Africa, 
near Hippo, made a Roman colony. The 
3B4 neigh- 









TA 


T A 


neighbouring for efts abounded with monkeys. 
Juv. io v. 194 1 —P'iin. 5; c. 3,— Mela. 1, c. 

7.— Ital. 3, v. 256. 

Tabuda, a river of Germany, now the 
Scheldt■ P:ol . 

Taburnus, a mountain of Campania, which 
abounded with olives. Virg. G. 2, v. 38. JEn. 
32 , v. 715. 

Tacape, a town of Africa. 

Tacatua, a maritime town of Numi- 
dia. 

TacfarTkas, a Numidian who com¬ 
manded an army againft the Romans in the 
reign of Tiberius. He had formerly ferved 
in the Roman legions, but in the character 
of an enemy, he difp'ayed the raoft invete¬ 
rate hatred agrinlt his benefa&pr. After he 
had feverally defeated the officers of Tiberius, 
he was at lift routed and killed in the field of 
battle, fighting with uncommon fury, by Do- 
^abella. Tacit. Ann. 2, &c. 

T^ciiampso, an ifland jn the Nile, .near 
Thebais. The Egyptians held one half of this 
ifland, and the reft was in the hands of the 
jEthiopians. Hcrcdol. 2. 

Taciios or Tachus, a king of Egypt, 
in the reign of Artafferxes Ochus, again!! 
whom he fwftained a long war. He was 
aflifted by the Greeks, but his confidence in 
.Agefilaus king of Lacedaemon, proved fatal 
to him. Chabrlas, the Athenian, had heen 
enttufted with the fleet of the Egyptian mo¬ 
narch, and Agefilaus was left with the com- j 
mand of the mercenary army. The Lace¬ 
daemonian disregarded his engagements, and*! 
by joining with Ne&anebus, \\ ho had re- I 
volted from 'I'achus, he ruined the affairs of 
the monarch, and obliged him to fave his 
life by flight. Some obferve that Agefilaus 
a£f;cd wfth that duplicity to avenge himfelf 
upon Tachus who had infolently ridiculed 
his fliort and deformed flature. The expec¬ 
tations of Tachus had been raifed by the 
fame of Agefilaus; but when he faw the 
lame monarch, he repeated on the occafion 
the fable of the mountain which brought 
forth a moufe, upon which Agefilaus repiied 
with afperitjy, though he called him a moufe, 
yet he foon fhould find him to be a lion. 
C. Nep. in Agtf. ' 

Tacina, a river of the Brutii. 

Tacit a, a goddefs who prefided over fi- 
lence. Numa, as fhme lay, paid particular 
veneration to this divinity. 

Tacitus, (C. < Cornelius) a celebrated 
Latin hiftorian born in the reign of Nero. 
His father was a Roman knight, who had 
been appointed governor of Belgic Gaul. 
The native genius, and the rifing talents of 
Tacitus, were beheld with rapture by the 
emperor Velpafian, and as he wiflied to pro¬ 
tect and patronize merit, he. raifed the young 
hiftorian to places of trull and honor. The 
fucceeding emperors were not lefs partial to 
Tacitus, and Domitian ieemed to forget bis 


! cruelties, when virtue and innocence claimed 
■ his patronage. Tacitus was honored with 
j the conluHhip, and he gave proofs of his 
; eloquence at the bar, by lupporting the caufe 
of the injured Africans againft the proconfu! 
j Marius Prileus, and in cauiing him to be 
1 condemned for his avarice and extortion. 
The friendly intercourse of Pliny and Tacitus 
has often heen admired, and many have ob- 
ferved, that the familiarity of thefe two great 
men, arofe from fimilar principles, and a per- 
fedb conformity of manners and opinions 
Yet Tacitus was as much the friend of x 
republican government, as Pliny was an admi- 
rer of the imperial power, and of the fnort 
lived virtues of his patron Trajan. Pliny 
gained the heart of his adherents by affabilL 
ty, and all the elegant graces which became 
the courtier and the favorite, while Tacitus 
conciliated the efteem of fthe world by his 
virtuous conduft, which prudence and love 
of honor ever guided. The friendlhip of 
Tacitus and of Pliny almoft became prover¬ 
bial, and one was fcarce mentioned without 
the other, as the following inftance may in¬ 
dicate. At the exhibition of the lpedtacles 
in the circus, Tacitus held a long converfa- 
tion on different fubje&s with a Romnu 
knight, with whom he was unacquainted ; 
and when the knight alked him whether he 
was a native of Italy, the hiftorian told him 
that he was net unknown to him, and that 
for their did ant acquaintance, he was indebt¬ 
ed to literature. 1 Thtn you are, replied the 
knight, either Tacitus or Pliny. The time of 
Tacitus was not employed in trivial purfitits, 
the orator might have been now forgotten if 
the hiftorian had not florilhed. Tacitus wrote 
a treatil'e on the manners of the Germans, a 
compofition admired for the fidelity and ex- 
aftnefs with which it is executed, though 
fome have declared that the hiftorian de¬ 
lineated manners and cufloms with which he 
was not acquainted, and which never exifted* 
His life of Cn. Julius Agricola, whofe daugh¬ 
ter he had married, is celebrated for its pu¬ 
rity, elegance, and the many excellent in- 
ftruftions and important truths which it re¬ 
lates. His hiftory of the Roman emperors 
is imnerfetl; of the 1 28 years' of which it 
treated, that is from the 69th to the 96th 
year of the Chriftian era, nothing remains 
but die year 69 and part of the 70th. His 
annals were the molt extenfive and complete 
of his works. The hiftory of the reign of 
Tiberius, Caius, Claudius, and Nero was 
treated with accuracy and attention, yet we 
are to lament thd lofs of the hiftory of the 
reign of Caius and the beginning of that of 
Claudius, Tacitus had rel'erved for lus old 
age, the hiftory of tfie reign of Nerva and 
Trajan, and he alio propofed to give to the 
world an account of tire interefting admirtif- 
tration of- Auguftus; but thelfe important 
fubje&s- never, .employed the pen of the hif- 

torian. 







torian, and as-fome of the ancients obferve,.; 
the only compofitions of Tacitus were con¬ 
tained in 30 books, of which we have now 
left only 16 of his anu ,1s, and five of his 
hiftory. The ftyle of Tacitus has alway? 
been admired for peculiar beauties; the 
thoughts are great, there is a fublimity, foice, 
weight and energy, every thing is treated 
with precifion and dignity, yet marfy have 
called him obicure, becaule he was fond of 
exprefling his ideas in few words. This was 
the fruit of experience and judgment, the 
hiftory appears copious and diffufe, while the 
annals, which were written in his old age, 
are lefs flowing, as to ityle*, more concife, 
and more heavily labored. His Latin is re¬ 
markable for being pure and claifical ; and 
though a writer in the decline of the Ronun 
empire, he has not tiled oblolete words, an¬ 
tiquated phrafes,’ or barbarous expiettions, 
but with him every thing is fanCfioned by the 
authority of the writers of the Auguftan 
age. In his biographical (ketches he dilplays 
an uncommon knowledge of human nature, 
Ire paints every feene with a mafterly hand, 
and gives each objecb its proper fize and be-' 
coming colors. Affairs of importance are 
treated with dignity, the l'ecret cauies of 
events and revolutions are inveftigated from 
their primeval fource, and the hiltorian every 
where fhows his reader that he was a friend 
of public liberty and national independence, 
a lover of truth, and of the general good and 
welfare of mankind, and an inveterate enemy 
to opprellion, and to a tyrannical government. 
The hiftory of the reign of i’iberius is his 
marter-piecv, the deep policy’, the diflimu- 
lation and various intrigues of this celebrated 
prince, are painted with all the fidelity of the 
hjttori.in, and Tacitus boafted in faying, that 
he neither would flatter the follies, or ma- 
licioufly or partially represent the extrava¬ 
gance of the 1‘cveral characters he delineated. 
Candor and impartiality were his ftandard, 
and his claim to thete elfential qualifications 
of an hiftorian have never been dilputed. It 
it faid that the emperor Tacitus, who boafted 
in. being one of the defeendants of the hilto¬ 
rian, ordered the works of his anceftor to be 
placed in all public libraries, and diredted that 
ten copies well aficertained for accuracy and 
exadtnds, fliould be yearly written, that fo 
great and lb valuable a work might not be 
loft. Some eeclefiaftical writers have ex¬ 
claimed againft Tacitus for the partial man¬ 
ner in which he fpeaks of the Jews and 
Chriftians; but it fhould be remembered, 
that he fpoke the language of the Romans, 
and that the peculiarities of the Chtjttians 
could not but draw upon them the odium 
and the ridicule of the Fagans, and the im¬ 
putation of fuperftition. Among the many j 
excellent editions of Tacitus, thel'e may pnls 
for the beft; that^of Rome, fol. 1515 ; that | 
$n gvo. 3 vols. L. Bat. 3673; that in uibm 


Delphini 4 vo!s. 4to. Paris. 1683; that of 
Lipf. 1 vols. 8vo. 1714; of Gronovius, 3 
vols. 4 to. 1721 ; that of Erotier, 7 vols* ' 
ismo. Paris, 1776 ; that of Ernefti, 2 vols, 
8vo. Lipf. 1777; auid Barbou’s, 3 vols. 

tamo.Paris. 1760. - M.Claudius,a Roman, 

cholen emperor by the fenate, after the death 
of Aurelian. He would have refufed thi* 
important and dangerous office, but the pref- 
fing folicitations of the leuate prevailed, and 
in the 70th year of his age, he complied, 
with the wilhes of his countrymen, and ac¬ 
cepted the purple. The time of his admi- 
nillration was very popular, the good of the 
people was his care, and as a pattern of mo¬ 
deration, economy, temperance, regularity, 
and impartiality, Tacitus found no equal. 
He aboliihod the feveral brothels which an, 
dcr the preceding reigns had filled Rom* 
with licentioulnels and obicenity ; and by- 
ordering all the public baths to be Ihut at 
fun-let, he prevented the commiflion of 
many irregularities, which the darknefs of 
the night had hitherto fan&ioned. The fe- 
nators under Tacitus feemed to have reco¬ 
vered their ancient dignity, and long loft 
privileges. They were not only the coun- 
iellors of the emperor, but they even Team¬ 
ed to be his matters ; and when Florianus, 
the brother-in-law of Tacitus, was refufed 
the confulfliip,' the emperor faid, that the: 
fenate, no doubt, could fix upon a more 
deferving obje&. As a warrior, Tacitus is 
inferior to few of the Romans, aud during a 
fliort reign of about fix months, he not only 
repelled the barbarians who had invaded the 
territories of Rome in Afin, but he prepared 
to al ike war againft the Perfians and Scy¬ 
thians. He died in Cilicia as he was on his 
expedition, of a violent diftemper, or, accord¬ 
ing to fome, he was deftroyed by the fecret 
dagger of an aftattin, on the 13th of April, 
in the 376th year of the Chrifti.in era. Ta¬ 
citus has been commended for his love of 
learning, and it has been oblerved, that he 
never patted a day without confecrating ibme 
part of his time to reading or writing. He 
has been accufed of fuperftition, and authors 
have recorded, that he never ftudied on the 
fecond day of each month, a day which he 
deemed ijiaufpicious and unlucky. . Tacit, vita. 

— Zozitn. 

Taber, a river of Spain, near New 
Carthage. 

T;edia, a proftitute at Rome, Zee. Juv. 

2, v. 49- 

TiENARUS, now Mat apart, a promontory 
of Laconia, the molt fouthern point of Eu¬ 
rope, where Neptune had a temple. There 
was there a large and deep cavern, whence 
ifliied a black and unwholefome vapor, from 
, which circumltance the poets have imagined 
I that it was one of the entrances of hell* 

| through which Hercules dragged Cerherus 
| front the infernal regions. This fabulous 

tradition 




tradition arifes, according to Paufanias, 
from the continual “retort of a large,, ierpent 
near the cavern of-Ttenarus, whofe bite was 
mortal. This Ierpent, as the geographer ob- 
ferves, was at laft killed by Hercules, and 
carried to Euryftheus. The town of Taena- 
rus was at the diftance of about 40 ftadia 
from the promontory, arid was famous for 
marble of a beautiful green color. The town, 
as well as the promontory, received its name 
from Taenarus^a ion of Neptune. There 
were fome feiiivals celebrated there, called 
Tcenaria, in honor, of Neptune, furnamed 
Tanarius. Homer. Hymn. in Apoll. 413. — 
Pauf. 3, C. 14. — Lucan. 6 , V. 648. — Ovid. 
Met. 2, V. 247. 1 . IO, v. 13 Si 83. — Pauf. 3, 
c. 25.— Apollod. 2 , c.y. — Mela, 2, C. 3.— 
Strab 8 

Tjenias, a part of the lake Mceotis. 
Strab. 

Tacaste, a town of Numidia. Plin. 5, 

c. 4- 

'Pages, a Ion of Genius, grandfon of Ju 
jjiter, was the firft vvho taught the 12 nations 
of the Etrurians the fcience of augury and 
divination. It is faid that he was found by a 
Tufcan ploughman in the form of a clod, and 
that he aflumed an human fhape to inftrutt 
this nation, which became fo celebrated for 
their knowledge of omens and incantations. 
Cie. de Div. 2, c. 23.— Ovid. Met . 15, v. 558. 
— Lucan. I, v. 673. 

Tagonius, a river of Hifpania Tarraco- 
nenfis. 

'Tagus, a river of Spain, which falls into 
the Atlantic after it has crofted Lufitania or 
Portugal, and now bears the name of Tajo. 
The fands of the Tagus, according to the 
poets, were covered with gold. Mela, 3, c. 
3. — Ovid. Met. 2 , v. 2?I.— 5 . 7 . 4, V. 234. — 
Lucan. 7, v. 755.— Martial. 4, ep. 55, &C. 

--- A Latin chief, killed by Nifus. Firg. 

JEn. 9, v. 418.-'— A Trojan killed byTur- 
ims. Id. 12, v.513. . 

Talasius. [Fid. Thalafius.] 

Talaus, afon of Bias and Pero, father of 
Adraftus by Lyfimache. Pie was one of the 
Argonauts. Apullod. 1, c 9, 1 . 3, c. 6. 

Talayra, the lifter of Phoebe. She is 
alfo called Hilaira. [Fid. Phoebe.] 

Taletum, a temple lacred to the fun 
on mount Taygetus in Laconia. Herfes 
were generally offered there for facrifice. 
Pauf. 

Talthybius, a herald in the Grecian camp 
during the Trojan war, the particular minifter 
and friend of Agamemnon. He brought away 
Brifeis from the tent of Achilles by order of 
his mafter. Talthybius died at TEgium in 
Achaia. Homer. II. I, v. 320, &c.— Pauf. 7, 
c. 23. 

Talus, a youth, fon of the lifter of Dae¬ 
dalus, vvho invented the faw, compafies, and 
other mechanical inftruments. His uncle be¬ 
came jealous of his growing fame, and raur- 1 


dered him privately; or, according to others, 
he threw him -down from the citadel of Athens. 
Talus was changed into a partridge by the 
gods. He is alfo called Calus , Acaltts , P.rdix, 
and Talirisi Apollod. 3 > c. 1.— Pauf.l , c. 

21.;— Ovid. Met. 8.-A fon of (Lnooion. 

Pauf. 7, c. 4.-Afon of Cres, the founder 

of the Cretan nation. Pauf. 8, c. 53.-—A 

friend of TL’neus killed by Turnus. Fitg. 
JEn . Y2, v. 513. 

Tam a jus, a river of Spain. 

Tamarus, a mountain of Epirus, called 
alfo Tmarus and Tomarus. Strab. 

Tamasea, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, 
facrfed to the goddefs of beauty. It was in this 
place that Venus gathered the golden apples 
with which Hippomanes was enabled to over¬ 
take Atalunta. Ovid. Met. IO, v. 644.— Plin. 
5.— Strab. 14. 

Tam's sis, a fiver of Britain, now th# 
Thames: Caf. G. 5, c. 11. 

Tamos, a native of Memphis, made go¬ 
vernor of Ionia, by young Cyrus. After the 
death of Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, where 
he was murdered on account of his immenle 

trealures. Hod. 14.-A promontory of 

India in the Ganges. 

Tampius, a Roman hiftorian. 

Tamyras, a river of Phoenicia, between 
Tyre and Sidon. 

Tamyris, a queen. [F/^.Thomyris.] 

Tanagua, a town of Bceotia, near the 
Euripus, between the Afopus and Thermodon, 
famous for fighting cocks. It was founded by 
Poemandros, a fon of Cha;refilaus, the fon of 
Jafius, who married Tanagra, the daughter of 
/Eolus; or, according to fome, of the Afopus. 
Corinna was a native of Tanagra. Strab. 9. 
— Pauf. 9, C .20 & 23 .— JElian . F. H. 13, V. 
* 5 ‘ 

Tanagrus, or TANXGER,now Negro, a 
river of Lucania in Italy, remarkable for its 
calcades, and the beautiful meanders of its 
ftreams, through a fine piblurelque country. 
Firg. G. 3, v. 151. 

Tanais, an eunuch, freedtnan to Mae¬ 
cenas. Horat. I, Sat.l, v. 105.--A river 

of Scythia, now the Don , which divides Eu¬ 
rope from Afia, and falls into the Palus Mae- 
otis after a rapid courfe, and after it has re¬ 
ceived the additional ftreams of many fmall 
rivulets. A town at its mouth bore the fame 
name. Mela, 1. c. 19.— Strab. 11 & 16.— 

Curt. 6, c. 2 .—Luean. 3, 8, &c.-A deity 

among the Perfians and Armenians, who pa¬ 
tronized flaves; fuppofed to be the fame as 
Venus. The daughters of the nobleft of the 
Perfians and Armenians proftituted themfelves 
in honor of this deity, and were received with 
greater regard and affe&ion by their fuitors. 
Artaxerxcs, the fon of Darius, was the ’firft 
who railed ftatues to Tanais in the different 
provinces of his empire, and taught his fub- 
jefts to pay her divine honors. Curt, j, c. 1.— 
Strab, II* . 


Tana^uil, 






* Tanaquil, called alfo Caia Cacilia , was 
fhe wife of Tarquin the 5th king of Rome. 
She was a native of Tarquinia, where (lie 
married Lucumon, better known by the name 
of Tarquin, which he alfumed after he had 
come to Rome at the reprelentation of his 
wife, whofe knowledge of augury promifed 
him fomething uncommon. Her expecta¬ 
tions were not frudrated; her hutband was 
railed to the throne, and (he (hared with him 
the honors of royalty. After the murder of 
Tarquin, Tanaquil railed her fon-in-law Ser- 
vius Tullius to the throne, and endued him 
the fuccellion. She didinguilhed herfelf by 
her liberality ; and the Romans in fucceeding 
ages had fuch a veneration for her character, 
that the embroidery (he had made, her girdle, 
as alfo the robe of her fon-in-law, which (he 
had worked with her own hands, were pre- 
ferved with the greatell fanCtity. J uvenal 

bellows the appellation of Tanaquil on all fuch 
women as were imperious, and had the com¬ 
mand of their hufbands. Liv. 1, c. 34, &c. 
—Dionyf. Hal. 3, c. 59.— Plor. I, c. 5 & 8. — 
ltdi. 13, v. 818. 

Tanas, a river‘of Numidia. Sallufl. J. 90. 
Tanf.tum, a town of Italy, now Tonedo, 
in the duchy of Modena. 

Tanfanje iucus, a facred grove in 
Germany, in the country of the Marli, be¬ 
tween the Ems and I.ippe. Tacit. A. 1, c. 
51 - 

Tanis, a city of Egypt, on one of the 
eadern mouths of the Nile. 

Tantaudes, a patronymic applied to 
the defendants of Tantalus, fuch as Niobe, 

Hermione, &c.-Agamemnon and Me- 

nelaus, as grandfons of Tantalus, are called 
Tantalidee fratres . Ovid. Her aid. 8, v. 45 & 
122 . 

Tantalus, a king of Lydia, fon of Ju¬ 
piter, by a nymph called Pluto. He was 
father of Niobe, Pelops, &c. by Diene, one 
of the Atlantides, called by 1'ome Euryanafla. 
Tantalus is reprefented by the poets as pu- 
nilhed in hell, with an infatiable third, and 
placed up to the chin in the midd of a pool 
of water, which, however, flows away as 
foon as he attempts to tade it. There hangs 
alfo above his head, a bough, richly loaded 
with delicious fruit; which, as foon as he at¬ 
tempts to leize, is carried away from his reach 
by a fudden blad of wind. According to 
fome mythologids, his punilhment is to fit 
under a huge done hung at fome dillance over 
his head, and as it feems every moment ready 
to fall, he is kept under continual alarms and 
never ceafing fears. The caufes of this 
eternal punilhment are varioufly explained. 
Some declare that it was inflicted upon him 
becaufe he dole a favorite dog, which Jupiter 
had entruded to his care to keep his temple 
in Crete. Others fay, that he dole away the 
neCtar and ambrofia from the tables of the 
gods, when he was admitted Ihto the aflemblies 


of heaven, and that he gave it to mortals on 
earth. Others iupport, that this proceeds 
from his cruelty and impiety ip killing his 
fon Pelops, and in ferving his limbs as food 
befofe the gods, whofe divinity and power 
he wifhed to try, when they had dopped 
at his houl'e as they palled over Phrygia. 
There were alfo others who impute it to his 
lafeivioufnefs in carrying away Ganymedes 
. to gratify the mod unnatural of pafiions. 
Pindar. Olytnp, I. — Homer. Od. II, v. 581. 

— Cic. Tiifc. I, C 5. 1 . 4, C. 16. — Eurip. in 
lpbig. — Propcrt. 2, el. I, v. 66.— Horat. 1, 

Sat. i, v. 68.-A fon of Thyedes, the 

firft hu(band of Clytemneftra. Pauf. 2-. 

One of Niobe’s children. Qvid. Met. 6, 
fab. 6. 

Tanusius Germinus, a Latin hidorian 
intimate with Cicero. Seneca. 93. — Suet. 
Cdf.Q. 

Tapiuje, iflands in the Ionian fea, between 
Achaia and Leucadin. They were alfo called 
Teleboides. They received thefe names from 
Taphius and Telebous, the ions of Neptune 
who reigned there. The Taphians made war 
againd EleClryon king of Mycena, and killed 
all his fons; upon which the monarch pro- 
miled his kingdom and his daughter in mar¬ 
riage to whoever could avenge the death 
of his children upon the Taphians. Am¬ 
phitryon did it with fuccefs, and obtained the 
promifed reward. The Taphians were ex¬ 
pert tailors, but too fond of plunder and 
piratical excurfions. Homer. Od. 1, v. 181 & 
419. 1 . 15, v. 426. — Apollod. 2, c. 4. — P/in. 
4, c. 12. 

Taphius, a fon of Neptune by Hippothoe 
the daughter of Nedor. He was king of the 
Taphiae, to which he gave his name. Strab. 

16.— Apollod. 2, c. 4. 

Taphius, or Taphiassus, a mountain of 
Locris on the confines of iEtolia. 

Tapiiiusa, a place near Leucas, where 
a done is found called Taphinfuts. Plin. 36, 
c. 21. 

Taphrje, a town on the iilhmus of the 
Taurica Cherfonefus, now Precop. Mela % 2, 
c. I.— Plin. 4, c.-12. 

Taphros, the (bait between Corfica and 
Sardinia, now Bonifacio. 

TapkobXne, an ifland in the Indian ocean, 
now called Ceylon. Its inhabitants were very 
rich and lived to a great age. Their coun¬ 
try was vifited by two fummers and two 
winters. Hercules was their chi^f deity, and 
as the fovereignty was eleClive, apd only 
from among unmarried men, the monarch 
was immediately depofed if he became a fa¬ 
ther. Ptol. 6.— Strab. 2.— Ovid, ex Pont. 8. 
el. 5, v. 80. 

Tapsus, a maritime town of Africa. Sil. 

ft, 3.-A fmall and lowly fituated peninfula 

on the eallern coad of Sicily. Firg. JEn. 3, 
v. 619.-A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pol¬ 

lux. V. Place. 2, v. 191. 

Tap*rI| 






TA 


TA 


TapyrIj a people near Hvrcafua. Bio. 
Ptrieg. 

TaraNIS,^ name of Jupiter among the 
Gauls, to whom human facrifices were offered. 
Lucan. i. v. 446. 

Taras, a Ion of Neptune, who built Ta¬ 
rentum as fome fuppofe. 

'J’arasco, 2 town of Gaul, now Tarafcon 
ju Pi •ovence. 

Taraxippus, a deity worffipped at Elis. 
His flatue was placed near the race ground, 
and his protection was implored, that no 
barm might happen to the horfes during ihe 
games. Pauf 6, c. 20, &e.— Ditnyf. Hal. 2. 

Tarbellj, a people of Gaul, at the 
foot of the Pyrenees, which from thence 
are fometimes called Tarbellj. Tibull. 1, 
cl. 7, v. 13.— Lucan. 4, v. 121. — Cafi G. 3, 
'c. 27 - 

Tarchetlus, an impious king of Alba. 
jplut. in Rom. 

Tarchon, an Etrurian chief, who affixed 
JEneas againit the Rutuli. Some fuppofe 
that he founded Mantua. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 

693.-A prince of Cilicia. Lucan. 9, v. 

2 * 9 * 

Tarchondiivotus, a prince of Cilicia. 
Lucan. II, v. 219. 

Tarentum, Tarentus, or Taras, a 
town of Calabria, fituate on a bay of the fame 
name, near the mouth of the river Galefus. 
It was founded, or rather repaired, by a La¬ 
cedemonian colony, about 707 years before 
Cbriti, under the conduit of Pnalanthus. 
Long independent, it maintained its fuperi- 
crity over 13 tributary cities; and could 
once arm 100,000 Lot, and 3,000 horle. 
The people of Tarentum were very indolent, 
and as they were eafily (upptied with all ne- 
celfaries as well as luxuries from Greece, 
they gave themfelves up to voluptuoufnefs, 
fo that the delights of "Tarentum became pro¬ 
verbial. The war which they fupporred 
agninft the Romans, with the affiftance of 
Pyrrhus king of Epirus, and which has been 
called the Tarentinc •war, is greatly celebrated 
in biftory. This war, which had been under¬ 
taken B. C. 281, by the Romans to avenge 
the intuits the Tarentines had offered to their 
foips when near their harbours, was termi¬ 
nated after ten years ; 30,000 prilbners were 
taken, and Tarentum became fubjeCt to 
fiome. The government ot Tarentum was 
democratical; -there were, however, fome 
•snonarchs who reigned there. It was for 
fome time the refidence of Pythagoras, who 
infpired the citizens v/ith the love of virtue, 
and rendered them fuperior to their neigh¬ 
bours m the cabinet as well as in the held 
cf battle. The large, beautiful, and capa¬ 
cious haVbotir of Tarentum is greatly com¬ 
mended by anfient hiftorians. Tarentum, 
wow called TartnUs is inhabited by about 
j8',ooo fouls, who Hill maintain the cha¬ 
racter of the.r forefathers in idleness and effe¬ 


minacy, and live chiefly by fifhing. FI or. j; 

' c. 1 K*~-Val. Max. 2, c. 2. — Pint, in Pyr .—. 
Piin. 8, c. 6, 1. 15, c. 10. 1 . 34 , c. 7.— Liv { 

12, C. 13, iefc. — 'Mela, 2 , C. 4.— Strab. 6.—-r 
Herat. X, ep. 7, v. 45.— JEU an. V. H. 5, 
C. 20 . 

TaR 1 c hsum, a fortified town of Judaea. 

Cic.ad Oiv. 12, c. 11. - 'Several towns on 

the coaftof Egypt bore this name from their 
pickling foil. Hcrodot. 2, C. 15, &c. 

Tarnj’e, a town mentioned by Homer. 

II. 5.-A fountain of Lydia, near Tmoles* 

Strab. -A river of Aquitania. 

Tar pa, (Spurius Mtetius,) a critic at 
Rome in the age of Auguftus. He was ap¬ 
pointed' with four others in the temple of 
Apollo, to examine the merit of every poeti¬ 
cal competition, which was to be depofiled 
in the temple of the Mules. In this office 
he afied with great impartiality, though 
many taxed him with want of candor. 
All the pieces that were reprefented on 
the Roman flage fold previoufly receiv¬ 
ed his approbation. Horat. I, Sat. 10, v. 
38.. - 

Tarpeia, the daughter of Tarpeius, the 
governor of the citadel of Rome, proinifed 
to open the.gates of the city to tile Sabines, 
provided they gave her their gold biacelets, 
or, as fhe expreffed it, what they carried or* 
their left hands. Tatius, the king of the 
Sabines, confented, and as he entered the 
gates, to punifh her perfidy, he threw not 
only his bracelet but his fhield upon Tarpeia. 
His followers imitated his example, and Tar¬ 
peia was enjfiled under the weight of the 
bracelets and fhields of the Sqbine armv. 
She was buried in the cnpitol, which from her 
has been called the Tarpeian rock, and there 
afterwards many of the Roman malefadtors 
were thrown down a deep precipice. Pint, in 
Rom. — Ovid. Fof. I, v. 261. Amor. I, el. 
IO, V. 50.— Liv. I, f. II.— Pr&pett. 4, el. 4, 

-A vellal virgin in the reign of Numa.. 

-One of the warlike female attendants of 

Camilla in the Rutuhan war. Virg. JEn. 11, 
v. 665. 

Tarpeia lex, was enabled A. U. C. 269, 
by Sp. Tarpeius, to empower all the magis¬ 
trates of the republic to lay fines on offend¬ 
ers. This power belonged before only to the 
confuls. This fine was not to exceed two (beep 
and thirty oxen. 

Sp. Tarpeius, the governor of the citadel 
of Rome, under Romulus. His delcendanfs 
were called Montani and Capiiolini. 

Tarpeius moms, a hill at Rome about 
80 feet in perpendicular height, from whence 
the Romans threw down their condemned 
criminals. It received its name from Tar - 
peia 3 who was buried there, and is the fame 
as the Capiloline hill. Liv. 6 , c. 20. — Lu¬ 
can. 7, V. 758. — Virg. JEn. S s V. 347 & 
6j2. 

Tarquinii, now Tursbir.a ,. a town of, 

1 E-truua, 









Etruria, feuih by Tarchon, who affifted iEneas 
againft Turnus. Tarquinius Prif'cus was born 
or educated there, and he made it a Roman 
colony when he attended the throne. 6 drab. 

5.— Plin. 2 k c. 95.— Liv. I. c. 34. 1 . 27, 

c. 4. ' I 

TarquinMa, a daughter of Tarquinius | 
Prifcus, who married Servius 1 ullius When 
her hufhand was murdered by i arcjuinius 
Superbus, fhe privately conveyed away his 
body by night, and buried it. This preyed 
«pon her mind, ar.d the night following ihe 
died. Some have attributed . her death to 
excefs of grief, or fuicide, while others, per¬ 
haps more jultly, have fufpe6fed 1 ullia, the 
wife of young Taiquin, with the murder. 

__a veftaf virgin, who, as fonre fuppoie, 

gave the Roman pieople a large piece ot land, 
which was afterwards called the Campus 
Mai tins. 

Tarquinius Priscus, the 5th king of 
Rome was Ion of Demaratus, a native ot 
Greece. His firft. name was Lucatnor, but 
this he changed when by the advice ot his 
wife Tanaquil he had come to Rome. Ii- 
f tiled himtclf IJucvus, and afTumed the fur- 
mme of Tarquinius, becaufe born in the 
town of Tarquinii in Etruria. At Rome he 
dlltinguifhed himfelf lb much by his libe¬ 
rality and engaging manners, that Ancus Mar¬ 
tins,' the reigning monarch, nominated him 
at his death, the guardian of his children. 
This was infuffident to gratify the ambition 
of Tinquin; the princes were young, and 
an artful oration delivered to the people mi 
mediately transferred the crown of the de- 
ceafed monarch on the head ot Lucwnon. 
The neople had every reafon to be fatisfied 
with‘their choice. 'Tarquin reigned with 
moderation and popularity. He increaled 
the number of the fenate, and made himielt 
friends by electing 100 new fenators from 
The plebeians,-wlu-m he diltmgutlhed by the 
appellation of Patres mhiwum gentium, trom 
. thole of the patrician body, who were cabed 
Patres mJiorum gentium. The glory of tne 
Roman arms, which was fupported with io 
much dignitv by the former monarch* was 
not- negfeited in this reign, and i arqum 
fhowed that he poflefled vigor and military 
prudence In tfie victories which he obtained 
Tver the united forces of the Latins and Sa¬ 
bines, and in the conqueft ot the i* nations 
of Etruria. He repaired, m the time of 
peace, the walls cf the capital, the public 
p'aces were adorned with elegant buildings 
and ufeful ornaments, and many centuries 
after, luch as were fpedators of the (lately 
manfons and golden palaces ot Nero, view¬ 
ed with more admiration and greater picture 
the more Ample, though not lefs magnificent, 
edifices of Tarquin. He laid the foundation, 
cf the capitol, and to the mdultry and 
the public fpirit of this monarch, the-R o¬ 
mm were indebted for their aqueduft. 


and Subterraneous fewer* which fupplit-l 
the city with freth and wholefome water, 
and removed all the filth and ordure, which 
in a great capital too often breed pdtrler.es 
and dileafes. Tarquin was the firlt who 
introduced among the Romans the cuftcm 
to canvafs for offices cf trull and honor; 
he ditlinguilhed the monarch, the fenators, and 
other inferior magiftrates with particular 
robes and ornaments, with ivory chairs at 
lpe£tactes, and the hatchets carried before- 
the public magiftrates, were by his order 
furtpunded with bundles of Hicks, to (trike 
more terror, and to be viewed with greater 
reverence. Tarquin was affaffinated by the 
two for.s of his predcceftor, in the 8oih year 
! of his age, 38 of .which he bad fat on the 
throne, 578 years before Chrift. Dionyji 
Hal. 3, c. 59. — Val. Max. 1. c. 4.I. 3, c. 2, 
— Flor. I, c. 5, Scc<— Liv. 1, c. 31 .—Virg. 
lEu. 6, v. 81 >-The fecond Tarquin, 


lurnamed Superbus , from his pride and info- 
lence, was grandfon of Tarquinius Prileus. 
He attended the throne of Rome after hk 
father-in lav/ Servius Tullius, and was the 
feventh and laft king of Rome. He married 
Tullia, the daughter of Tullius, and it wrs 
at her mitigation that he murdered his father- 
in law, and ieized the kingdom. 1 ha crown 
which he had obtained with violence, he en¬ 
deavoured to keep by a continuation of ty¬ 
ranny. Unlike his royal predecefTors, he 
paid no regard to the decilions of the fenate., 
or the approbation ot the public affemhlies, 
and by wilhing to dilregnrd. both, he incurred 
the jealoutv ot the one and the odium of the 
other. The public treafury was loon e*-- 
haufted by the continual extravagance cf 
Tarquin, and to Jilcnce the murmurs d. 
his fubjetls, he refolved to call their atten¬ 
tion to war. If e was iucCefsful in his mili¬ 
tary operations, the neighbouring cities fut»- 
mitted; but while the fiege ot Ardea was 
continued, the vvantomiels of the ton of Tar- 
quin at Rome, for ever Hopped the progress 
of his arms; and the Romans, whom a feries 
of barbarity and oppreffion had hitherto pro-, 
voked, no fooner faw the virtuous l.ucretra 
ftab herfelf, not to iarvive the lofs of her ho¬ 
nor, [Hid. Lucretia] tlwu the whole-city 
and camp a role with indignation again ft the mo¬ 
narch. The gates of Rome were Unit againft 
him, and Parquin was tor ever banilhed from 
his throne, in the year of Rome 244- H'jS* 
able to find fupport from even one of his lub- 
jeils, Tarquin retired among the Etrurians, 
who attempted in vain to replace him ct? 
his throne. The republican government was 
eltablifhed at Rome, and all Italy-refute* 
any longer to fupport the caufe of an exiled 
monarch againlt a nation, who heard the 
name of Tarquin, of king, and tyrant, men¬ 
tioned with equal horror and indignation, 
Tarquin died in the 90th year of his ag«, 
about 14 years after his expulfion from Ronje. 











He had reined about 25 years. Though 
Tarquin appeared fo odious among the Ro¬ 
mans, his reign was not without its fliare of 
glory. His conquefts were numerous; to 
beautify the buildings and porticos at Rome 
was his wifh, and with great magnificence 
and care he finifhed the capitol, which his 
predecefior of the fame name had begun. 
He alfo bought the Sibylline books which 
the Romans confuited with fuch religious 
folemnity. [Vid. Sibylke.] Cic. pro Rub. 
i?’ Tuf. 3, c. 27.— Liv. I, c. 46. life. — 
Dionyf. Hal. 3, C.48, life. — Flor. I, c. 7 & 
8 .—PI in. 8, c. 41.— Pint .— Val. Max. 9, c. 
II.— Ovid. Fajl. 2, v. 687 . — Virg. JEn. 6, 

v. 817. — Eutrop. -(Collatmusj one of 

the relations of Tarquin the proud, who mar¬ 
ried Ixicretia. [Vid. Collatinus.]-Sextius, 

the eldeft of the Ions of Tarquin Che Proud, 
rendered himl'elf known by a variety of ad¬ 
ventures. When his father befieged Gabii, 
young Tarquin publicly declared that he was 
at Variance with the monarch, and the report 
was the more eafily believed when he 
came before Gabii with his body all mangled 
and bloody with firipes. This was an agree¬ 
ment between the father and the fon, and 
Tarquin had no fooner declared that this 
proceeded from the tyranny and opprefiion 
of his father, than the people of Gabii en- 
truded him with the command of their ar¬ 
mies, fully convinced that P^orne could never 
have a mare inveterate enemy. When he 
had thus lucceeded, he dil'patched a private 
meflenger to his father, but the monarch 
gave no anfvver to be returned to his fon. 
Sextius enquired more particularly about 
,his father, and when he heard from the mef- 
fenger that when the meflage was delivered, 
Tarquin cut off with a flick the tailed pop¬ 
pies in his garden, the foil followed the ex¬ 
ample by putting to death the mod noble and 
powerful citizens of Gabii. The town foon 
fell into the hands of the Romans. The 
violence which lbme time after Tarquinius 
offered to Lucretia, was the caufe of his 
father’s exile, and the total expulfion of his 
family from Rome. [Vid. Lucretia.] Sex¬ 
tius was at lad killed, bravely fighting in a 
battle during the war which the Latins luftain- 
^ ed againd Rome in the attempt of re-eftab- 
lilhing the Tarquins on their throne. Ovid. 

Fajl. — Liv. -A Roman fenator who was 

.accefiary to Catiline’s conl'piracy. 

Tarquitius Crescens, a centurion un¬ 
der Cadennius Pa:tus. Tacit. A. 15, c. 11. 
-- Prilcus, an officer in Africa, who ac¬ 
cused the proconful, &c. Id. 12, c. 59. 1 . 
I 4 » c. 46. 

Tarquitus, a fon of Faunus and Dry- 
ope, who affilled Turnus againd ./Eneas. 
He was killed by ./Eneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 

550 . 

TarracTna, a town of the Volfci in 
Latium, between Rome and Neapolis, It 


was alfo called Anxur, becaufe the infant 
Jupiter was worfhipped there under that 
name, which fignifies beardlefs. Liv. 4, c. 
29 .—Strab. 5.— Mela, 2 , c. 4 -—Fejlus. de V . 

fig- Jj 

Tarraco, now Tarragona , a city of 
Spain, lituate on the Ihores of the Mediter¬ 
ranean, founded by the two Scipios, who 
planted a Roman colony there. The pro¬ 
vince of which it was the capital was called 
Tarraconenfis, and was famous for its 
wines. HiipanU Tarraconenfis , which was 
alfo called by the Romans Hifpania Citerior, 
was bounded on the ead by the Mediterra¬ 
nean, the ocean on the wed, the Pyrenean ^ 
mountains, and the fea of the Cantabri on 
the north, and Lufitania and Bietica on the 
fouth. Martial. 10, ep. 104. 1 . I 3 » € P' 

118.— Mela,. 2, c. 6.— Sil . 3, v. 369. 1 .1 5 * 
v. 177. . * 

Tarrutius. Vid. Acca Laurencin. 

Tarsa, a Thracian, who rebelled under 
Tiberius, &c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. JO. 

Tarsius, a river of Troas. Strab. 

Tarsus, now Tarajfo , a town of Cilicia,, 
on the Cydnus, founded 4 y Triptolemi^s and 
a colony of Argives, or, as others fay, by 
Sardanapalus, or by Perfeus. Tarfus was 
celebrated for the great men it produced. It 
was once the rival of Alexandria and Athens 
in literature and the dudy of the polite arts. 
The people of Tarfus vviflied to ingratiate 
themlelves into the favor of J. Caefar by 
giving the name of Juliopolis to their city, but 
it was loon lod. Lucan. 3, v. 22J.— Mela , 
I, c. l^.'—Strab. 14. 

Tartarus, (pi. a, orum,) one of the 
regions of hell, where, according to the an¬ 
cients, the mod impious and guilty among 
mankind were punilhed. It was furrounded 
with a brazen wall, and its entrance was con¬ 
tinually hidden from the fight by a cloud 
of darknels, which is reprelented three times 
more gloomy than the obfeured night. Ac¬ 
cording to Heliod it was a feparate prifon, 
at a greater didance from the earth than the 
earth is from the heavens. Virgil lays, that' 
it was furrounded by three impenetrable 
walls, and by the impetuous and burning 
llreams of the river Phlegethon. The entrance 
is by a large and lofty tower, whole gates 
are fupported by columns of adamant, which 
neither gods nor men can open. In Tarta¬ 
rus, according to Virgil, were punilhed fuch 
as had been difohedient to their parents, 
traitors, adulterers, faithlels miniders, and 
fuch as had undertaken unjud and cruel 
wars, or had betrayed their friends for the 
fake of money. It was alfo the place where 
Ixion, Tityus, the Danaides, Tantalus, Si- 
fyphus, &c. were punilhed, according to 
Ovid. Heftod. Theog. v. 720. — Sil. 13, v. 
J91. — Virg. JEn. 6 . — Homer. Od. II.—* 

Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13.-A imall river of 

Italy,near Verona. Tacit . H. 3. : c. 9. 

Turiessus 





T A 

Tartf.ssus, a town in Spain near the 
columns of Hercules, on the Mediterranean. 
Some l'uppofe that it was afterwards called 
Carteia , and it was better known by the 
name ot Gades, when Hercules had let up 
his columns on the extremity of Spain and 
Africa. There is alfo a town called Tartef- 
lus, in a ftnall ifland formed by the river of the 
lame name, near Gades in Iberia. Tartefius 
has been called the moft diftant town in the 
extremities of Spain, by the Romans, as alio 
the palace where the poets imagined the fun 
unharnefied his tired buries. Sil. 3, v. 399 
& 411. 1 . 10, v. 538.— Mela, 2, c. 6 — 
Pauf. 6, c. 19.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 416. 
-±—Styaf). 3. 

• d aruana, a town of Gaul, now Ter- 
rotren in Artois. 

• D. Taruntius Spurin-a, a mathema¬ 
tician who florillred 61 years 15 . C. Cic. ttd. 
Div. 2,c. 47. 

Tarus, a river of Gaul, falling into the Po. 

• Tarusates, a people of Gaul, now Tar- 
fan. Caf. G. 3, c. 23 Sc 27. 

~ Taroscpm, a town of Gaul. 

Tarvisium, a town of Italy, now Tre- 
rifo, in the Venetian Hates. 

• Tasgetjus Cornotus, a prince of Gaul, 
aifafiinated in the age of Cad'ar. Caf. B. G. 
5 > c - 

Tati an, one of the Greek fathers, A. D. 
T72. The belt edition of his works is that of 
Worth, 8vo. Oxon. 1700. > 

• Tatm?nst.s, a name given to one of the 
tribes ot the Roman people by Romulus, in 
honor of Tatars, king of the Sabines. The 
Tatienfes, who were partly the ancient fub- 
jeCts of the king of the Sabines, lived on 
mounts Capitolinus and Quirinalis. 

• Tatius, (Titus) king of Cures among 
the Sabines, made war againlt the Romans 
‘after the rape of the Sabines. The gates of 
the city were betrayed into his hands by Tar- 
"peia, and the army of the Sabines advanced as 
fat as the Roman forum, where a bloody 
battle was fought. The cries of the Sabine 
virgins at lad flopped the fury of the com¬ 
batants, and an agreement was made between 
'the two nations. Tatius confented to leave 
•his ancient poffediens, and with ins fybjeCls 
of Cures, to come and live in Rome, which, 
as ftipulated, was permitted Hill to bear the 
name of its founder, whilft the inhabitants 

‘ adopted the name of Quirites in compliment 
to the new citizens. After he had for fix 
years (hared the royal authority with Romu¬ 
lus, in the greateft union, lie was murdered 
at Lanuvium, B. C. 742, for an ail of cruelty 
to the ambafladors of the Laurentes. This 
was done by order of his royal colleague, ac¬ 
cording to fome authors. Liv. i,c. 10, l&c. 
—-Plut. in Rom .— Cic. fro. Bali .— Ovid. Met. 
14, V. 804.— Flor. I, c. I. 

Tatta, a large lake of Phrygia, on the 
confines of Pifidia. 


T 

T A 

Tavola, a river of Corfica. 

Taua, a town of the Delta in Egypt. 

1 AULANT11, a people of lllyrkum on' 
the Adriatic. Liv. 45, c. 26.— Lucan. 6, 
v. 16. 

Taunus, a mountain in Germany, noSV 
Heyrici or TIocbe, oppolite Mentz. Tacit. I. 
Arm. c.56. 

I aurania, a town of Italy in the country 
of the Brutii. 

I aurantes, a people of Armenia, be¬ 
tween Artaxata and Tigranocerta. Tacit. 
Atm. 14, c. 24. 

Tauri, a people of European Sarmatia, 
who inhabited 1 ’aurica Cherfone'us, and 
facrificed all Grangers to Diana. The ftatue 
ot this goddels, which they believed to have 
fallen down from heaven, was carried away to 
Sparta by Iph'genia and Oreites. Sirab. 12.— 
Hcrodot. 4,c. 99, isfe .— Mela, 2 , c. I.— Pauf. 
3, c. 16. — Eterif. If big. — Ovid, ex Pont. I, 
el. 2, v. 80.— Sil. 14, v. 260.— Juv. 15, 
v. 116. 

Taorica Chersonesus, a large penan- 
fula of Europe at the fouth-weft of the Pa¬ 
ins Micotis, now called the Crimea. It is 
joined by an ilthmus to Scythia, and is 
bounded by the Cimmerian Bofphorus, the 
Euxine lea, and the Palus Mteotis. The in— 
habitants, called Tauri, were a lavage and 
uncivilized nation. Strab. 4. — Plin. 4,0.12. 

[ Fid. Tauri.] 

Taurica, a furname of Diana, becaufs 
lhe was vvorfhipped by the inhabitants of 
Tauiica Cheifonefus. 

Taurini, the inhabitants of Taurinum, 
a town of Cifalpine Gaul, now called Turing 
in Piedmont. Sil. 3, v. 646.— Flirt. 3, c. 
* 7 - 

Taurisci, a people cf Myfia. Sirab. 

y.- -Of Noricum, among the Alps. II. 

4 - 

Tauriscu 3, a fculptor. [Fid. Apollo¬ 
nius.] 

Taurium, a town of the Peloponnefm. 

Polyb. 

Tauromintum, a town of Sicily, between 
Medina and Catana, built by the Zancleans, 
Sicilians, and Hvbleans, in the age of 
Dionyfius the tyrant of Syracufe. The hills 
in the neighborhood were famous for the 
fine grapes which they produced, and they 
lurpaffed almoll the whole world for the ex¬ 
tent and beauty of their profpeits. There 
is a fmall river near it called Taurominim. 
Diod. 16. „ 

Taurus, the larged mountain- of Ada, 
as to extent. One of its extremities is iu 
Caria, and it extends not only as far as the 
mod eadern extremities of Afia, but it alfo 
branches in leveral parts, and runs far into 
the north. Mount Taurus was known by 
feveral names, particularly in different: Coun¬ 
tries. In Cilicia, where it reaches as far as 
the Euphrates, it was called Taurus. It was 
6 known 







fen own fey the names of Amanvs from the 
bay of Iffus as far as the Euphrates; of An- 
Ttitaurui from the weftern boundaries of Cili 
era up to Armenia ; of Montes Matieni in 
the country of the Leucofyrians; of Mens 
M'Jchicits at the fouth of the river 1 hafis; 
of Amaranta at the north of the . hafis; 
of Caucafus between the Hyrcanian and Eux- 
ine feas; of Hyrcanii Monies near Hyrcania 
of Itnaus in the more eafiern parts of Afia 
The word Taurus was more properly con- 
flned to the mountains which feparate Phrygia 
and Pamphyliafrom Cilicia. The feVeral pafles 
which were opened in the mountains were 
walled Pylac, and hence frequent mention is 
made in ancient authors of the Armenian 
Pyltc, Cilician Pylae,.&c. Mela y 1, c. 15. 1 . 

c. 7 & 8.— Plin. 5, c. 27.——A moun¬ 
tain in Germany. Tacit. Ann. 6, e. 41. 

, — ... Of Sicily.-Titus Statilius, a conful 

diilinguifhed by his intimacy with Auguftus. 
as well as. by a theatre which he built, and 
the triumph he obtained after a nrofperous 
campaign in Africa. He was made preJfedl of 

Italy by his imperial friend.-A pro- 

conful of Africa, accpfed by Agrippina, who 
wilhed him to be condemned, that fhe might 
become mifirefs of his gardens. Tacit. Ann. 

I2 r c. 59.-A11 officer of Minos, king of 

Crete. He had an amour with Pafiphae, 
whence arofe the fable of the Minotaur, from 
the fon, who was born forne time after. 1 Vid. 
Minotaurus .1 Taurus was vanquished by- 
Theteus, in the games which Minos exhibited 
in Crete. Pint, in Thef. 

Taxil^, ( plur .) a large country in India, 
between the Indus and the Hydafpes. Strab. 
* 5 - ’ ' 

Taxiius, or Taxiles, a king of Taxila, 
in* the age of Alexander, called alfo Omphis. 
He fubmitted to the conqueror, who re¬ 
warded him with great liberality. Diod. 17. 
—Pint, in Alex.- — JElian. — V. H. 5, c. 6. 

—-Curt. 8, c. 14.-A general of Mith- 

ridates, who affiited Archelaus againft the 
Ramans in Greece. He was afterwards 
conquered by Muraena, the lieutenant of Sylla. 

.TAXiMAyuiLUs, a king in the fouthern 
parts of Biitaiti when Cart'ar invaded it. Caf. 
5, C. c. 12. 

Taygkte, or Taygeta, a daughter of 
Atlas and Pleione, mother of Lacedaemon by 
Jupiter. She became one of the Pleiades, 
after death. Hygin.fab. 155 & 192. — Pauf. 
in Cic. I & 18. 

Taygktus, or Taygeta, (crurn) a 
mountain of Laconia, in Peloponnefus, at the 
well of the river Eurotas. It hung over the 
city of Lacedaemon, and it is faid that once a 
part of it fell down by an earthquake, and de- 
ftrovedthe fuburbs. It was on this mountain 
that the Lacedemonian women celebrated the 
orgies of Bacchus. Mela, a, c. 5.— Pauf. 3, 
c. I.— Strab. 8 .—Lucan, $ t V. $2. — Virg. G. 
«,V. 488, 


TeJnum a town of Camnanfa, on the 
Appian road, at the ealt of the Liris, calTecf 
alfo Sddicinum. to be diilinguifhed from 
another town of the fame name at tne we:l 
of Apulia, at a fmall difiance from the coafi: 
of the Adriatic. The rights of citizenlhip were 
extended to it under Augullus. Cic. Cluent. 
9& 69. Phil 12, c. 11.— l-or at. I, ep«r.— 
Plin. 3I,c. 2. — Liv. 21, c. 2 7. 

TeaRU s, a river of Thrace, riling in the 
fame rock from 38 different fourties, fome of 
which are hot, and others cold Darius railed, 
a column there when he marched aga’mll the 
cyrhians, as if to denote the tweet net's and 
falubrity of the waters of that river. Heiodet * 
4, 5. 90, &c.— Plin. 4, c. 11. 

Tkatea, Teatr, or Tegeate, a town 
of Latium. Sil. It. 8, v. 522. 1 . 17. v. 
457 > 

Teches, a mountain of Pontus, from 
which the 10,000 Greeks had firft a view of 
the Tea. Xenoph. Anab. 4. 

1 echmsssa the daughter of a Phrygian 
prince called by fome Teuthras, and by others 
Teleutas. When her father was killed in 
war by Ajax, fon of Telamon, the young 
princefs became the propertyof the conqueror, 
and by him fhe had a Ion called Eurylaces. 
Sophocles, in one of his tragedies, repre- 
tents i echmeffa as moving her hutband to 
pity by her tears and entreaties, when 
he wilhed to ftab himl’elf. Horat . 2. 
Op. I, v. 6 .—JDidtys Cret-— Sophoci. in 
Ajac. 

Tecmon, a town of Epirus. liv. 4§ t 
c 26. 

Tecnatis, a king of Egypt. 

TectXmus, fon of Dorns, grandfon of 
Hellen, the fon of Deucalion, went to Crete 
with the JEtolians and Pelafeians, and reigned 
there- e had a fon called Afterius, by the 
daughter of Cretheus. 

TectosXges, or TecTosXge, a people 
of Gallia Narbonenfis, whofe capital was the 
modern ouloule. They received themme 
of Teilolagae quodfagis tegsrentur. Some of 
them paffed into Germany, where they fettled 
near the Hercynian foreft, and another 
colony paffed into Afia, where they conquered 
Phrygia, Paphlagonia, and Cappadocia. The 
Te&ofagae were among thefe Gauls who 
pillaged Rome under Brennus, and who 
attempted fome time afte* to plunder the 
temple of Apollo at Delphi. At their re¬ 
turn home from Greece they were vifited by 
a pefiilence, and ordered, to llop it, to throw 
into the river all the riches and plunder they 
had obtained in their diftant excurfions. 
Caf. Pell. G. 6, C. 23.— Strab. 4 .—Cic. de 

Nat. D. 3- Liv. 38, C. 16.— Flor. 2 , C. II. 

—Jufin.2,2. 

Tecum, a river of Gaul falling from the 
Pyrenees into the Mediterranean. 

Tkdanius, a riverjjf Liburnia. PUn.^t 

c. ax. 

T2g5*» 








TE 


TE 


TegIa, or TEgiEA, now Moilat , a town 
of Arcadia in the Peloponnel'us, founded by 
Tegeates, a l'on of Lycaou, er, according 
to others, by Aleus. The gigantic bones of 
Orelles were found buried there and removed 
to Sparta. Apollo and Pan were worlhipped 
there, and there alio Ceres, Proferpine, and 
Venus, had each a temple. The inhabitants 
were called Tegeates ; and the epithet Tegeea 
is given to Atlanta, as a native of the place. 
Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 7. Fuji. 6, v. {31.— Virg. 
JEn. 5, v. 293.— Strab. 8 — Pauf. 8, c. 45, 
&c. 

Tegula, P. Licin. a comic poet whoflo- 
rilhed B. C. 198. 

Tegyra, a town of Eceotia where Apollo 
Tegy rates was worlhipped. There vvas a battle 
fought there between the Thebans and the Pe- 
loponnefians. 

Teios. Vid. Teos. 

Tejum, a town of Paphlagonia on the Eux- 
ine lea. 

Tela, a town of Spain. 

TelAmon, a king of the illand of Salamis, 
fon of aEacus and Endeis. He vvas brother 
to Peleus, and father to Teucer and to Ajax, 
who on that account is often called Telamo- 
nius beros. He fled from Megara, his native 
country, after he had accidentally murdered 
his brother Phocus in playing with the quoit, 
and he failed to the ifland of Salamis, where 
■he foon after married Glauce, the daughter 
of Cychreus, the king of the place. At the 
death of his father in-law, who had no male 
iffye, Telamon became king of Salamis. He 
accompanied Jafon in his expedition to Col¬ 
chis, and was arm-bearer to Hercules, when 
that hero took JLaomedon prifoner, and de- 
llroyed Troy. Telamon was rewarded by 
•Hercules for his lervices with the hand of 
Heiione, whom the conqueror had obtained 
nmong the fpoils of Troy, and with her 
be returned to Greece. He alfo married 
Peribcea, whom fome call Eribcea. Ovid. 
Met. 1.3, v. 151 — Sopbocl. in Aj .— Pindar. 
Ijihm. 6 —St at. Tbeb. 6 — Apo/lod. I, 2, 
kCj—Pavf. in Cor .— Hygiu. fab. 97, See. 
► - A fe3 port town of Etruria. Mela, 2, 

c. 4. 

Telamoniades, a patronymic given to 
the del'cendants of Telamon. 

• Tei.chTnls, a people of Rhodes, Paid to 
have been originally from Crete. They were 
the inventors of many uletul arts, and ac¬ 
cording to Diodorus, paired lor the Tons of 
the tea. They were the full who raifed fta- 
tues ro the gods. They had the power of 
changing thenifelves into whatever fhape 
they pleafed, and according to Ovid they 
could poifon and fafeinate all objedts with 
their eyes, and caufe rain and hail to fall at 
pleafure. The Telchinians infulted Venus, 
for which the goddels infpired them with a 
fud^k-n fury, to that they committed the 
&rolfeft crimes, and offered violence even to 


their own mothers. Jupiter deftroyed'them 
all by a deluge. Diod.—QviJ. Met. 7, v. 
365, &c. _ 

TELcnlNiA, a furname of Minerva at 
Teumefla in Bcrotia, where fhe had a temple. 

Pat(f. 9, c. 19.-Alfo a furname of Juno 

in Rhodes, where Ihe had a ftatue at Ialy- 
lus raifed by the Telchinians, who fettled 

there.-Alfo an ancient name of Crete, as 

the place from whence the Telchines of 
Rhodes were defeended. Stat. 6 . Syfa. 6 
v. 47. _ ‘ * 

TelchInius, a furname of Apollo among 
the Rhodians. Diod. 5. 

Telchis, a l'on of Europs, the fon of 
JEgialeus. He vvas on<j of the firft lungs of 
the Peloponnel'us. 

Telf.a, a l'urname of Juno in Borotia. 

Teleboas, a fon of Ixion and the cloud. 

Ovid. Met. 11.-A fon of Lycaon. A- 

psllod. 

Telebo.je, or Teleboes, a people of 
iEtolia, called alfo Tapbians; fome of whom 
left their native country, and fettled in that 
ifland of Caprete. Tirg. ASn. 7, v. 71c. 
\Vid. Taphiie,] 

Teleboides, iflands oppofite Leucadia. 

Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Teeecles, or Teleclus, a Lacede¬ 
monian king, of the family of the Agida:, 
who reigned 40 years, B. C. 813. Hercdot. 
7, c. 205.— Pauf. 3, c. 2.-A philoso¬ 
pher, dil'ciple of Lacidas, B. C. 214_A 

Milefian. 

TeleclIdes, an Athenian comic poet lit 
the age of Pericles, one of whole plays called 
the Amphidlyons, is mentioned by ancient 
authors. Plut./in Nicid .— Atben. 

TElEgOnus, a fon of Ulyfles and Circe, 
born in the illand of JEx a, where he was edu¬ 
cated. When arrived to the years 'of man¬ 
hood, he went to Ithaca to make himfelf 
known to his father, but he was fhipwrecked 
on the coalt, and being, dellitute of pfovifions 
he plundered lome of the inhabitants of the 
ifland. Ulyfles and Telemachus came to de¬ 
fend the property of their fubjedls againlb 
this unknown invader; a quarrel aroi'e, and 
Telegonus killed his father without knowing 
who he was. He afterwards returned ro his 
native country, and according to Kyginus he 
carried thither his father’s body, where it was 
buried. Telemachus and Penelope alfo ac¬ 
companied him in his return, and foon after 
the nuptials of Telegonus and Penelope were 
celebrated by order of Minerva. Penelope 
had by Telegonus a fon called Italus, who 
gave his name to Italy. Telegonus founded 
Tufculum and Tibur or Prsenefte, in Italy, 
and according to fome he left one daughter 
called Mamilra, from whom the patrician fa * 
mily of the MarriH at Rome were defeended. 
Horat. 3, od. . 9, v. 8.— Ovid. Fa/}. 3 & 4, 
Tr^. I, el. I.— Flat, in Par.^-Hygin. fab. 
127,— Disd. 7.——A fon of Proteus killed by 
• 3 C Hercules, 




TE 


TE 


H<*#nle sw A polled. -A king of Egypt who 

married Io after flie had been refiored to her 
original form by Jupiter. Id. 

Telemachus, a ion of Ulyfles and Pe¬ 
nelope. He was ftill in the cradle when his 
father went with the reft of the Greeks to the 
Trojan war. At the end of this celebrated 
war, Telemachus, anxious to fee his father, 
went to feek him, and as the place of his re- 
fidence, and the cauie of his long abl'ence 
were then unknown, he vifited the court of 
Menelaus and Neftor to obtain information. 
He afterwards returned to Ithaca, where the 
fuitors of his mother Penelope had confpired 
to murder him, but he avoided their fnares, 
and by means of Minerva, he difeovered his 
father, who had arrived in the ifland two 
days before him, and was then in the houfe 
of Eumaeus. With this faithful fervant and 
Ulyfles, Telemachus concerted how to deli¬ 
ver his mother from the importunities of her 
fuitors, and it was effected with fucceis. Af¬ 
ter the death of his father, Telemachus went 
to the ifland of iEaea, where he married 
Circe, or according to others Cafliphone, the 
daughter of Cifce, by whom he had a fon 
called Latinus. He fome time after had the 
misfortune to kill his mother-in-law Circe, 
and fled to Italy, where he founded Clufium. 
Telemachus was accompanied in his vifit to 
Neftor and Menelaus, by the goddefs of wif- 
dom, under the form of Mentor. Jt is Paid, ; 
that when a child, Telemachus fell into the 
fea, and that a dolphin brought him fafe to 
Ihore, after he had remained fome time un¬ 
der water. From this circumftance Ulyffes 
had the figure of a dolphin engraved on the 
leal which he wore on his ring. Hygin. fab. 
95 & 125.— Ovid. Heroid. I, v. 98— Horat. I 
I, ep. 7, v. 41.— Homer. OJ. 2, &C.-— Ly- j 
copbr. it? Cajf. 

Telemcs, a Cyclops who was acquainted 
with futurity. He foretold to Polyphemus 
all the evils which he fome time after iuffered 
from Ulyfles. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 7 71. 

Telephassa, the mother of Cadmus, 
Phcenix, and Cilix, by Agenor. She died in 
Thrace, as the was feeking her daughter 
Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away. 
Apcllod. 3, c. I & 4. 

Telephus-, a king of Mylia, fon of Her¬ 
cules and Auge, the daughter of Aleus. He 
was expofed as loon as born on mount Par- 
ihenius, but his life was preferved by a goat, 
and by fome fhepherds. According to Apol- 
Jodorus, he was expofed, not on a mountain, 
but in the temple of Minerva, at Tegea, or ac¬ 
cording to a tradition mentioned by Pauia- 
nias, he was left to the mercy of the waves 
with his mother, by the cruelty of Aleus, and 
carried by the winds to the mouth of the 
Caycus, where he was found by Teuthras, 
king of the country, who married, or rather 
adopted as his daughter, Auge, and educated 
feer ion. Some, however, fuppofe that Auge 


fled to Teuthras to avoid the anger of her fa¬ 
ther, on account of her amour with Hercules. 
Yet others declare that Aleus gave her to 
Nauplius to be feverely punilhed for her in¬ 
continence, and that NaUplius, unwilling to 
injure her, fent her to Teuthras, king of Bi- 
thynia, by whom lhe was adopted, Telephus, 
according to the more received opinions, was 
ignorant of his origin, and He was ordered 
I by the oracle, if he wifhed to know his pa^-. 
rents, to go to Myfia. Obedient to this in¬ 
junction, he came to Myfia, where-Teuthras 
offered him his crown, and his adopted daugh¬ 
ter Auge in marriage, if he would deliver 
his country from the hoftilities of Idas, the 
fon of Aphareus. Telephus readily complied, 
and at the head of the Myfians he loon routed 
the enemy and received the promil'ed re¬ 
ward. As he was going to unite himfelf 
to Auge, the fudden appearance of an enor¬ 
mous ferpent, feparated the two lovers m y 
Auge implored the afliftance of Hercules, and 
was loon informed by the god that Telephus 
was her own fon. When this was known,, 
the nuptials were not celebrated, and Tele¬ 
phus l'ome time after married one of the 
daughters of king Priam. As one of the 
foils of the Trojan monarch, Telephus pre¬ 
pared to alfift Priam againlt the Greeks, and 
with heroic valor he attacked them when 
they had landed on his coaft. The carnage 
was great, and Telephus w r as victorious, had 
not Bacchus, who protected the Greeks, fud-. 
denly railed a vine from the earth, which 
entangled the feet of the monarch, and laid 
him flat on the ground. Achilles immedi¬ 
ately ruflied 'upon him, and wounded him lb 
feverely, that he was carried away from the 
battle. The wound was' mortal, and Tele¬ 
phus was informed by the oracle, that he 
alone who had inflicted it, could totally cure 
it. Upon this, applications were made to 
Achilles, but in vain; the hero oblerved that 
he was no phyfician, till Ulyfles, who knew 
that Troy could not be taken without the af- 
fiftance of one of the ions of Hercules, and 
who vvilhed to make Telephus the friend of 
the Greeks, periuaded Achilles to obey tha 
directions of the oracle. Achilles contented 5 , 
and as the weapon which had given the wound 
could alone cure it, the hero feraped the ruft 
from the point of his fpear, and, by ap¬ 
plying it to the fore, gave it immediate re¬ 
lief. It is faki that Telephus Ihovved him- 
felf fo grateful to the Greeks, that he ac¬ 
companied them to the Trojan war, and fought 
with them againlt his father-in-law. Hygin. 
fab. IQI —~‘Pavf 8, c. 48.— Apollod. 2, c. 7, 
tStf.'— JElian . V. II. 12, c. 42— Died. 4.— 
Ovid. Fajl. 1, el. I, tzfc .— Philojlr. her. — 

Plin. -A friend-of Horace, remarkable for 

his beauty and the elegance of his perfon. 
He was the favorite of L) dia, the miftrels 
of Horace, &c. Horat. I, od. 12. 1 .4, od. 11. 
v, 21.——A. Have who confpired againft Au- 

£uftus» 








gv.llus. Sueton. in Aug. - L. VeruS wrote a 

hook on the rhetoric of Homer, as all'o a 
companion of that poet with Plato, and other 
tfeatifes, fill loft. 

Tele si A, a town of Campania, taken by 
Annibal. Liv. 2r, c. 13.1.24, c 20. 

TelesYcles, a Parian, father to the poet 
Archilochus, by a flaile called Enippo. JElidn. 
V. H. % 10, c. 13. 

Tf.lesillX, a lyric poetefs of Argos, who 
bravely defended her country ngainft the La¬ 
cedemonians, and oblitred them to raife the 
fiege. A'ftatue was raifed to her honor in the 
temple of Venus! Pa<f 2, c. 20. 

TelLsinicvs, a Corinthian auxiliary at 
Syracufe, fee. Polyan. 5. 

Tele si nos; a general of the Samnites, 
who joined the intelell of Marius, and fought 
againft the generals of Sylla. He marched 
towards Rome and defeated Sylla with great 
lofs. He was afterwards routed in a bloody bat¬ 
tle, and left in the number of the (lain after 
he had given repeated proofs of valor and cou¬ 
rage. Pint, in Mar. &c.-A poet of confi- 

derahle merit in Domitian’s reign. Ju-v. 7, 


TELESiPPt ; 3, a poor man ofPher®, father 
to the tyrant Dinias. Polycen. 2. 

Telestacoras, a man of Naxos, whofe 
daughters were ravifhed by fome of the no¬ 
bles of the ifland, in confequence of which 
they were expelled by the direction of Lyg- 
damis,&c. Athcn. 8. 

Telestas, a foil of Priam. Apollod. 3, 

c. 12.-Ail athlete of MefTenia. Pauf 6 , 

c I4 ._-a king of Corinth, who died 779 

B C. 

Telestes, adithyrambiepoet, whoflorilh- 
ed B. C. 402. 

TelesTo, ohe of the Oceanit'es. JirJ. 


Theo. 

Telethus, a mountain in Euboea. 

Telethusa, the wife of Lygdus or Lye- 
tus, a native of Crete. She became mothei 
of a daughter, who was afterwards changed into 
a boy. \vi d. I phis.] Ovid. Met. 9, v. 681. 

TelevrtAs, a prince of Macedonia, &c. 
Xenophon. 

Teleutias, the brother of Agefilaus who 
was killed by the Olyrithiaus, &c. 

Teleutf., aWurname of Venus among the 
Egyptians. Plut.de If ^ Of. 

Tellena', a town ofLatiura* now deftroy- 


. L'vo. r, c. 33. 

Teei.es, a king of Achaia, fon of Tifame- 
s. Pauf. 7, c. 6. . 

Tellias, a famous foothfayer, of Eus, in 
; age of Xerxes. He was greatly honored 
Phocis, where he had fettled, and the mha- 
ants raifed him a ftatue in the temple of 
polio, at Delphi. Pauf. 10, v. 1.—He¬ 
lot. 8, c. 27. , , , , 

Teli is, a Greek lyric poet, the father ot 

■altd as.' 

Tel tv s, a divinity, the fame as the earth, 


th6 moft ancient of all the gods-after Chaos. 
She was mother by Coslus of Oceanus, Hy¬ 
perion, Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Themis, Sa¬ 
turn, Phoebe, '! ethys, &c. Tellus is . the 
fame as the divinity, who is honored under 
the ieveral names ef Cybele, Rhea, Vella, 
Ceres, i ithea, Bom Dea, Pvoferpine, &c. 
She was generally reprefented in the charac¬ 
ter of Tellus, as a woman with many bi'ealls, 
diftended with milk, to exprefs the fecundi¬ 
ty of the earth. She alio appeared crowned 
with turrets, holding a iceptra in one hand, 
and a key in the other; while at her feet 
was lying a tame lion without chains, as if to 
intimate that every part of the earth can be 
made fruitful by me iris of cultivation. Heftod. 
Theog. v. 130. —> Virg. JEn. 7, V. 1^7.— 
Ap Mod. i, c. 1.-A poor man, whom So¬ 

lon called happier than Croefus the rich and 
ambitious king of Lydia. Tellus had the hap- 
pinefs to lee a ftrong and healthy family of 
children, and at laft to fall in the defence of 
his country. Herodot. I, c. 30.-An Ita¬ 

lian who is faid to have had commerce with 
his mares, and to have had a daughter 
called Hippone, who became the goddels of 
horfes. 

TELWEssus,or Telmissus, a town of Ca- 
ria, whofe inhabitants were fkilled in augury 
and the interpretation of dreams. Cic. de 
div. I.— Strab. 14.— Liv. 37, o. 16.-Ano¬ 
ther in Lycia.-A third in Pifidia. 

Tei.o Martius, a town at thefouthof 
Gaul, now Toulon. 

Telon, a fkilful pilot of Maflilia, killed 
during the liege of that city by Caefar. Lucan . 

3, 'v. 592.-A king of the Teleboa?, who 

married Sebethis, by whom he had CEbalus. 
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 734. 

Telos, a fmall ifiand near Rhodes. 

Teephusa, a nymph of Arcadia, daugh¬ 
ter of the Ladon, who gave her name tp a 
town and fountain of that place. The wa¬ 
ters of the fountain Telphufa were fo cold, 
that Tirefias died by drinking them. Z)iod. 

4. — Strab. 9.— Lycophron. 1040. ( 

Telxiope, one.of the mules according t« 

Cic. de N. D. 3, c. 21 . 

Telys, a tyrant of Sybaris. 

Temathea, a mountain of Meflenja. 
Pauf. 4, c. 34. 

TemEnium, a place in MefTene, where 
Temenus was buried. 

TemEnItes, a furname of Apollo, which 
he received at Temenos, a final 1 place near 
Syracufe, where he was worlhipped. Cic. in 
Verr. 

Tem£nos, a place of Syracufe, where 
Apollo, called Temenites, bad a ftatue. Cic. 
in Verr. 4, c. 53.— Suet. Tib. 74. 

Temenus, the fon of Arittomachus, was 
the firft of the Heraclid® who returned to 
Feloponnefus with his brother Ctefiphontes 
in the. reign of Tifamenes, king of Argos* 
Temenus made himfelf mailer of the throne 

3 C a of 





TE 


f E 

of A go?, from which he expelled the reign¬ 
ing Sovereign. After death he was fucceeded 
by his Con-in-law Deiphon, who had married 
his daughter Hyrnetho, and this lucceffion 
was in preference to his own fon. Apollod , 2, 

c. ? —Pauf. 2, c. 18 & 19.-A fon of Pe- 

lafgus, who was entrufted vvith the care of 
Juno’s infancy: Pauf. 8, c. 22. 

Temerinda, the name of the Palus Mae- 
otis among the natives. 

Teme'sa, a town of Cyprus.-Another 

in Calabria in Italy, famous for its mines of 
copper, which were exhaufted in the age of 
Strabo. Cic. Verr. 5, c. 15.— Liv. 34, c. 
35— Homer. Od. I, v. 184.— Ovid. F Jl. c, 
v. 441. Met. 7, v. 207. — Mela , 2, C. 4.— 
Strab. 6. 

Temnes, a king of Sidon. 

Temnos, a town of Aiolia, at the mouth 
of the Hermus* Herodot. 1, c. 49. — Cic . 
place. 18. 

Tf.mpe, (plur.) a valley in Theflaly, be¬ 
tween mount Olympus at the north, and Of- 
'fa'at the fouth, through which the river Pe- 
neus flows into the Aigean. T he poets have 
delcribed it as the molt delightful fpot on the 
earth, with continually 'cool fhades, and ver¬ 
dant walks, which the warbling of birds ren¬ 
dered more pleafant and romantic, and which 
the G jds often honored with their prefence. 
Tempe extended about five miles in length, 
but varied in the dimenfions of its breadth fo 
as-to he in fome places fcarce one acre and a 
half wide. All vallies that are pleafant, ei¬ 
ther for their fituation 01 the mildnefs of their 
climate, are called Tempe by the poets. Strab. 
r}.-r-*Mela, 2. C. 3.— Died. 4. — Dionyf. Per leg. 
219— Milan. V. H. 3, c. X.H-Plut. de 
Maf. — Virg. G. 2, v. 469— Ovid. Met. I, 
V. 569. 

- Tknchtheri, a nation of Germany, who 
frequently changed the place of their habi¬ 
tation. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 56. H. 4, 

G. 21. 

Tendeba, a town of Caria. L'tv. 33. 
0.18. 

• Te.nea, a part of Corinth. Mela , 2, 

c. 3. 

^-'efctoiA secoris. Fid. Tenes. 
TE.Nt.noff, a fmall and fertile ifland of the 
Aegean fea, oppofite Troy, at the diftance of 
aimut 12* milts from Sigaium, and 56 miles 
nmh from Lefoos. It was anciently called 
JLeueopbrys , till Tenes, the fon of Cycnus. fet¬ 
tled there and built .1 town, which he called 
Tenddos, from which the whole ifland re¬ 
ceived its name. It became famous during 
the Trojan war, as it was there that the 
Greekb concealed themfelves the more effec¬ 
tually to make the Trojans believe that thev 
were returned home, without finifhing the 
fiege. Homer. Od. 3, v. 39.— Hied. C. — 
Strab. 13.— Firg. Mn. 2,-V. 21.— Ovid. 
MA. i, v. 540. I. v; jio 2. 
e, 7. . 


Tenerus, fon of Apollo and Mvlia, re¬ 
ceived from his father the knowledge of fu¬ 
turity. Pauf. 9, c. 10. 

Tenes, a fon of Cycnus and Proclea. Ha 
was expoled on the fea on the coaft of Troas, 
by his father, who creduloufly believed his 
wife Philonome, who had fallen in love with* 
Cycnus, and accufed him of attempts upon 
her virtue, when he refufed to gratify her pai- 
fion. Tenes arrived fafe in Leucophrys, which 
he called Tenedos, and ©f which he becama 
the fovereign., Some time after, Cycnus dil- 
covered the guilt of his wife Philonome, and- 
as he wilhed to be reconciled to his fon whom 
he had fo grofsly injured, he went to Tenedos. 
But when he had tied his fhip to the fhore, 
Tenes cut off the cable with a hatchet, and 
j fuffered his father’s fhip to be toffed about 
in the fea. From this eircumftance the hatchet ’ 
of Tenes is become proverbial to intimate a re- 
lentment that cannot be pacified. Some, 
however, lbppofe that the proverb arofe from 
the feverity of a law made by a king of T&-, 
nedos againft adultery, by which the guilty 
were both put to death with a hatchet. The 
hatchet of Tenes was carefully preferved as 
Tenedos, and afterwards depofited by Peri- 
clytus fon of Lutymachus, in the temple of 
Delphi, where it was fiill feen in the age of 
Paufanias. Tenes, as fome fuppofe, was kil¬ 
led by Achilles, as he defended his country 
againft the Greeks, and he received divine 
honors after death. His ftatue at Tenedos 
was carried away by Verres. Strab. 13.—* 
Pauf. 10, c 14.-A general of 3000 mer¬ 

cenary Greeks lent by the Egyptians to afiift 
the Phoenicians. Diod. 16. 

1 Enesis, a part of ^Ethiopia. Strab. 

Temnes, a king of Sidon, who when his 
country was befieged by the Perfians, burnt 
himfelfand the city together, B.C. 351. 

Tennvm, a town of Aiolia. 

T enos, a fmall ifland in the Avgean, near 
Andros, call-d Ophivjfa , and alfo Hydrujfa , 
irom the number of its-fountains. It was very 
mountainous, but it produced excellent wines, 
univerfidly efteemed by the ancients. Tenos 
was about 15 miles in extent. The capital 
was alfo called Tenost Strab. 10.— Mela , 2, 
c. 7.■— Ovid. Met. 7, v, 469. 

Tentyra, (plur.) and Tentyris, a fnffiall 
town of Egypt, on the Nile, whofe inhabitants 
were at enmity with the crocodiles, and m»d« N 
war againft thole who paid them adoration. 
Seneca. N. Q. 4, c. 2.— Strab. 17.— Juv. IC. 
— Plin. 2 5, c. 8. 

Tentyra, (melius Tempyra), a place of 
Thrace, oppofite Samothrace. Ovid. Trifi.\ t 
el. 9, v. 21 

T eos, or Teios, now Sigagii, a maritime 
town on the coaft of Ionia in Alia Minor, 
oppofite £>amos. It was one of the 12 cities 
ol the Ionian confederacy, and gave birth to 
Anacreon and Hecatocus, who is by l'ome 
deemed a native oi Miletus; According to 

FWi 







T E 


T E 


Pliny, Teos was an ifland. Augufltis rt- 
Jraired Teos, whence he is often called the 
(bunder of it on ancient medals. Strab. 14. 
— Mela. I, c. 17.— Pauf. 7, c. 3.— JElian. V. 
i/. 8, C. 5.— Horat. I, Oil. 17, V. 18.— PI in. 
5 V C - 3i* 

Terkdon, a town on the Arabian gulf. 
Dio. Per. 982. 

Tkrentia, the wife of Cicero. She be¬ 
came mother of M. Cicero, and of a daughter 
ealled TnUiola. Cicero repudiated her be- 
caui'e fhe had been faithlels to his bed, when 
he was baniihed in Afia. Terentia married 
JSallult, Cicero’s enemy, and afterwards Mef- 
4 ala Corvinus. She lived to her 103d, or ac¬ 
cording to Pliny to her 117th year. Pint, in 
Cic. — Vul. Max. 8, c. 13.— Cic. ad Attic. Ji. 

fp. 16, &c.-The wife of Scipio Afri- 

canus.-The wife of Mecamas, with whom 

it was laid that Auguftus carried on an in¬ 
trigue. 

Terentia lex, called alfo Caflla, fru - 
mentaria , by M. Tereutius Varro Lucullus, 
and C. Calfius, A. U. C. 680. It ordered 
that the fame price Ihould he given for all 
corn bought in the provinces, to hinder the 

exablions of the quseftors.-Another by 

Terentius the tribqne, A. U. C. 291, to elett 
five perfons to define the power of the con¬ 
suls, ielt they fhould abule the public confi¬ 
dence by violence or rapine. 

Terentianus, a Roman to whom Lon¬ 
ginus dedicated his treatile on the fublime. 
———MauruS, a writer who florifhed A. D. 
240. 'Fhe lait edition of his treatife de liter it, 
Jyllabis 15 * metris Horatii , is by Mycillus, 
Francof. 8vo. 1584. Martial. I, ep. 70. 

Terentius Publius, a native of Car¬ 
thage in Africa, celebrated for the comedies 
which he wrote. He was fold as a Have to Teren¬ 
tius Lucanus, a Roman lenator, who educated 
Lim with great care, and manumitted him for 
the brilliancy of his genius. He bore the 
name of his mailer and benefa&or, and was 
called Ter.cntius, He applied himfelf to the 
ftudv of Greek comedy with uncommon af- 
fidufty, and merited the friendihip and pa¬ 
tronage of the learned and powerful. Scipio, 
the elder Africanus, and his friend Laelius, 
have been lulpetted on account cf their inti¬ 
macy, of affiliing the poet in the compofition 
of his comedies; and the fine language, the 
pure exprellions, and delicate fentiments with 
which the plays of Terence abound, feem per¬ 
haps to favor the fuppofition. Terence was in 
the 2Jth year of his age, when his firft play- 
appeared on the Roman llage. AH his cpm- 
pofitions were received with great applavile, 
but when the words 

Homofum , bumani nil a we alienum puts, 

were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated, 
and the audience, though compofed of fo¬ 
reigners, conquered nations, allies, and citi¬ 
zen of Rome, were unanimous ip applauding 


the poet, who fpoke with fuch elegance an4 
firaplicity, the language of nature, and flip- 
ported the native independence of man. The 
talents of Terence were employed rather in 
tranllation than in the efFufions of originality. 

It is laid that he tranllated 108 of the come¬ 
dies of the poet Menander, fix of which 
only are extant, his Andria, Eunuch, Heau- 
tontirflorumenos, Adelphi, PhQimio, and He- 
cyra. Terence is admired for the purity of his 
language, and the artMs elegance and fimpli- 
city ot his ditlion, and for a continual deli¬ 
cacy of fentiment. There is more originality 
in Plautus, more vivacity in the intrigues, and 
more lurprize in the cataftrophes of his plays; 
but Terence will ever be admired for his talle, 
his exprellions, and his faithful pidiures of 
nature and manners, and the becoming dig¬ 
nity of his feveral characters. Quintilian, 
vho candidly acknowledges the deficiencies 
of the Roman comedy, declares that Terence 
was the moll elegant and refined of all the 
comedians whofe writings appeared on the 
llage. The time and the manner of his death 
are unknown. He left Rome in the 35th year 
of his age, and never after appeared there. 
Some fuppole that he was drowned iu a itorm 
as lie returned from Greece, about 159 years 
before Chrilt, though others imagine he died 
in Arcadia or Leucadia, and that his death 
was accelerated by the lofs of his property, 
and particularly of his plays which perifhed 
in a ihipwretk. The bed editions of Terence 
are thole of Weftcrhovius, 2 vols. 4 to A mil. 
1726; of Edind. 12010.1758 ; of Cambridge, 
4to. 1723; Hawkey’s, i2mo. Dublin, 1745; 
and that of Zeunius, 8vo. Lipf. 1774, Cic. ad 
Attic. 7, ep. 3.— Patera. I, c. 17.— Quint'll. 

IO, c. I.— Ilorat. 2,ep. i, v. 59.-Culeo, a 

Roman lenator, taken by the Carthaginians, 
and redeemed by Africanus. When Africa¬ 
nus triumphed, Culep followed his chariot 
with a pilcus on his head. He was fome time 
after appointed judge between his deliverer, 
and the people of Afia, and had the meatmefs 
to condemn him and his brother Afiaticus, 

though both innocent. Liv. 30 c. 45.-- 

A tribune who wilhed the number of the ci¬ 
tizens of Rome to be increafed.--Evocatus, 

a man who, as it was iuppofed, murdered 
Galba.— Tacit, Hijl. I, c. 41.—Lentinus, a 

Romin kuight condemned for perjury.- 

Varro, a writer, \yid. Varro ]-A conlnl 

with iEn.ilius Pa ulus at the battle of Carina?, 
He was the ion of a butcher and had followed 
for fome time the profelfion of his father. He 
placed himfelf totally in the power of Hanni¬ 
bal, by making an improper difpofition* of 
his army. After he had been defeated, and 
his colleague (lain, he retired to Canufium, 
with the remains of his fiaughtered country¬ 
men, and fent word to the Roman lgivite of 
his defeat. He received the thanks of this 
venerable body, becaufa he had engrg-.d the 
enemy, howevet improperly, and not dcfr.fiicd 







©f the affairs of the republic. He was offered 
the diflatorfhip, which he declined. Plut. 

— Liv. 22, Sec. - r An ambaffador fent to 

Philip king of Macedonia.-MafTaliora, an 

edile of the people. &c-Marcus, a friend 

of Sejanus, accpiea before the fen.ite for his 
intimacy with that difearded favorite. He 
made a noble defence, and was acquitted. 
Tacit. Ann. 6 . 

Terentus, a place in the Campus Mar- 
tius near the capitol where the infernal deities 
had an altar. Ovid. Pajl. I, v. 504. 

Tereus, a king of Thrace, fen of Mars 
and Biftonis. He married Progne, the daugh¬ 
ter of Pandion king of Athens, whom he had 
affifted in a war againft Megara. He offered 
violence to his filter-in-law Philomela, whom 
he conducted to Thrace by defire of Progne. 

[ Vid. Philomela & Progne]-A friend of 

JEneas, killed by Camilla. Virg. JEn. 11, 
v. 675. 

TergesTe & Tergestum, now Triefle, 
a town of Italy on the Adriatic fen, made a 
Roman colony. Mela, 2, e. 3, &c— Dio- 
nyf Peri eg. v. 380.— Patcrc. 2, c. 110.— 
Plin. 3, c. 1J8. 

Terias, a river of Sicily near Catana. 

Teribazus, a nobleman of Perlia, fent 
with a fleet againft Evagoras, king of Cyprus. 
He was accufed of treafon, and removed from 
office, Sec. Poly sen. 7. 

Teridaf., a concubine of Menehus. 

Teridates, a favorite eunuch at the 
court of Artaxerxes. At his death the mo¬ 
narch was in tears for three days, and was 
conloled at laft ; only by the arts and the per- 
luafion of Afpafia one of his favorites. JEhan. 
V.H. 12, c. 1. 

Terigum, a town of Macedonia. 

Terina, a town of the Brutii. 

Terioli, now Tirol , a fortified town at 
the north of Italy, in the country of the 
Grifons. 

Termentia, or Termes, atowriofHif- 
pania Tarraconenfis. 

Termera, atovvn of Caria. 

Termerus, a robber of Peloponnefus, who 
killed people by cruihing their head againft his 
own. He was flain by Hercules in the fame 
manner. Pint, in Thrjf. 

Term^sus, a river of Arcadia. 

Termilje, a name given to the Lycians. 

Terminalia, annual feftivals ac Rome, 
obferved in honor of the god Terminus, in 
the month of February. It was then ufual 
for peafants to affemble near the principal 
land marks which feparated their fields, and 
after they had crowned them with garlands 
and flowers, to make libations of milk and 
wine, and to l'acrifice a lamb or a young pig. 
They were originally eftablilhed by Numa, 
and. though at ftrft it was forbidden to lhed 
the blood of victims, yet in proeefs of time 
land-marks were plentifully fprinkled with 
h. C bidi Fajl. 2, v. 641.-— Cic, Phil . 12, c. ia 


Termin^US, a fyrname of Jupiter, he- 
caufe he prefided over the boundaries and 
lands of individuals, before the worlhip ot 
the god Terminus was introduced. Dionyf. 
Hal. 2 . 

Terminus, a divinity at Rome who was 
luppofed to prefide over bounds and limits, 
and to punifh all unlawful ufurpation of land. 
His worlhip was fitft introduced at Rome by 
Numa, who perl'uaded his fubje&s that the 
limits of their lands and effates were under 
the immediate infpetfion of heaven Hi$ 
temple was on the Tarpeian rock, and he 
was reprefented with an human head with¬ 
out feet or arms, to intimate that he neve? 
moved, wherever he was placed. The peo¬ 
ple of the country aftembled once a year with 
their families, and crowned with, garlands 
and flowers the ftones which feparated their 
different pofiefiions, and offered victims to the 
god who prefided over their boundaries. It 
is Paid that when Tarquin the proxid wiffied 
to build a temple on the Tarpeian rock tp 
Jupiter, the god Terminus rtfufed to give 
way, though the other gods refigned their 
feats with • chearfulnefs-} whence Ovid ha^ 
laid, 

P.ejliiit , isf inagno cum Jove templa tenet. . 

Pionyf. Hal. 2.- Qvid.pajl. 2,V 641.— Plut . 

in Hum — Liv. 5.— Virg. JEn. 9. ’ 

Termissus or Termessus, a town of 
Pifidla, 

TerpandeR, a lyric poet and mufician 
of Lelbcs, 675 B. C. It is faid that he 
appealed a tumuty at Sparta by the. melody 
and iweetneis of his notes. He added three 
firings to the lyre, which before his time had . 
only four, JElian. V. H. 12, c. KC . — Plut. Je 
Muf. 

'I eri'sichore, one of the mules, daugh¬ 
ter of Jupiter and Mnemolyne. She pre¬ 
fided over dancing, of which lhe was reck¬ 
oned tile inventrels, as her name intimates, 
and with which lhe delighted her filters,' 
She is reprefented like a young virgin 
crowned with laurel, and holding in her hand 
a mufical inftrtiment. Juv. 7, v. 35.— Apol¬ 
lo J. I.— Eujlai % in 11. 10. 

Terpsicrate, a daughter of Thefpius, 
Apollod. 2, c. 7. 

Terra, one of the mod ancient deities 
in mythology, wife of Uranus, and mpther 
of Oceanus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, 
Thea, Rhea, 'fhemis, Phccbe, Thetys, and 
Mnemolyne. By the Air lhe had Griet^ 
Mourning, Oblivion, Vengeance, Sec. Ac¬ 
cording to Hyginus, fhe is the fame as Tel- 
lus. [Vid. Tellus.] 

Terracina. Vid. Tarricina. 
Tf.rrasidius, a Roman knight in Cse- 
far’s army in Gaul. Caf. £. G. 3, c. 7 Sc 
8 . 

Terror, an emotion of the mind which 
the ancients have made a deity, and one of 

the 













T E 


T E 


the attendants of the god Mars, and of Bel- 
Iona. 

Tertia, a lifter of Clodius the tribune, 

Sec. -A daughter of Paulus, the con 

queror of Perfeus. Cic. ad Div. i, c. 46. 

•-A daughter of Ifidorus. Cic. in Vet r. 

3, c. 34.-A lifter of Brutus who married 

Caflius. She was alio called Tertulla and 
'Junta. Tacit. A. 3, C. 76.— Suet. Ca"f. 50. 

Cie. ad B. 5 Sc 6, ad Att. 15, ep. II, 1 . 16, 
ep. 20. 

Tertius Juliancs, a lieutenant in Cae- 
far’s legions. 

Tertullianus, (J. Septimius Florens) 
a celebrated Chriftian writer of Carthage, 
who florilhed A. D. 196. He was originally 
a Pagan, but afterwards embraced Chriftianity, 
of which he became an able advocate by his 
writings, which (hewed that he was poffefled 
of a lively imagination, impetuous eloquence, 
elevated ftyle, and ftrength of realbning. 
The mod famous and e.leemed of his 
numerous works, are his Apology for the 
Cbrijlians , and his Prefcriptions. The beft 
edition of Tertullian is that of Semlerus, 
4 vols. 8vo. Hal. 1770; and of his Apo¬ 
logy, that of Havercamp, 8vo. L. Bat. 
1718. 

Tethys, the greateft of the fea deities, 
was wife of Oceanus, and daughter of Ura¬ 
nus and Terra. She was mother of the 
chiefeft rivers of the univerfe, fuch as the 
Nile, the Alpheus, the Mseander, Simois, 
Peneus, Evenus, Scamander, &c. and about 
3000 daughters called Oceanides. Tethys 
is confounded by fome mythologifts with her 
grand-daughter Thetis, the wife of Peleus, 
and the mother of Achilles. The word Te- ! 
thys is poetically ufed to exprefs the lea. 
Apollod. 1, c. 1, &c.— Virg. G. 1, v. 31.— 
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 509. 1 . 9, v. 498. Fajl. 2, 
v. 191.— Hefiod. Tbeogn. v. Homer. II. 

14, v. 302. 

Tetis, a river of Gaul flowing from the 
Pyrenees. Mela . 2 , c. 5. 

Tetrapolis, a name given to the city of 
Antioch, the capital of Syria, becaufe it was 
divided into four feparate diftrkls, each of 
which relembled a city. Some apply the 
word to Seleucis, which contained the four large 
cities of Antioch near Daphne, Laodicea, 
Apamea, and Seleucia in Pieria.—The 
name of four towns at the north of Attica. 

Strab. 8. . 

Tetrica, a mountain of the Sabines neai 

the river Fabaris. It was very rugged and 
difficult of accefs, whence the epithet Tctri- 
cus was applied to perfons of a rnorofe and me- 
bncholy difpofition. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 713. 

Tetricus, a Roman fenator, ialuted 
emperor in the reign of Aurelian. He was 
Jed in triumph by his fuccefsful adverlary, 
who afterwards heaped the molt unbounded 
honors upon him and bis Ton of the fame 
pame. 


Teucer, a king of Phrygia, fon of the 
Scamander by Ida. According to fome 
authors he was the firft 1 who introduced 
among his fubjefts the worlhip of Cybele, 1 
and the dances of the Corybantes. The 
country where he reigned was from him 
called Teucria , and his lubjefts Teucri. His 
daughter Batea married Dardanus, a Samo- 
thracian prince, who fucceeded him in the 
government of Teucria. Apollod. 3, c. 12. 
— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 108.-A Ion of Tela¬ 

mon, king of Salamis, by Helione the daugh¬ 
ter of Laomedon. He was one of Helen’s 
fuitors, and accordingly accompanied the 
Greeks to the Trojan war, where he (ignalized 
himfelf by his valor and intrepidity. It is 
faid that his father refufed to receive him into 
his kingdom, beCaule he had left the death of 
his brother Ajax unrevenged. This feverity 
of the father did not dilhearten the fon; 
he left Salamis, and retired to Cyprus, vvherei 
with the afliftanteof Belus king of Sidon, he 
built a town, which' he called Salamis, after 
his native country. He attempted to no 
purpofe to recover the illand of Salamis, after 
his father’s death. He built a temple to 
Jupiter in Cyprus, on which a man was 
annually facrificed till the reign of the An- 
tonines. Some fuppole that Teucer did not 
return to Cyprus, but that, according to a 
lei’s received opinion, he went to fettle in 
Spain, where new Carthage was afterwards 
built and thence into Galathi. Homer. II. 
I, v. 281.— Virg. JEn. I, v. 623.— Apollod. 
3, c. 12.— Pauf. 2, c. 29.— Jufin. 44 > c. 3. 

— Paterc. I, c. I.-One of the fervants of 

Phalaris of Agrigentum. 

Teucri, a? name given to the Trojans, 
from Teucer their king. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 42 
and 239. 

Teucria, a name given to Troy, from 
Teucer one of its kings. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 


26. 

Tructeri, a people of Germany, at the 
eaft of the Rhine. Tacit, de Germ. c. 22. 

Teumkssus, a mountain of Bceotia with a 
village of the fame name, where Hercules, 
when young, killed an enormous lion. St at. 


Theb. 1. v 331. 

Teuta, a queen of Illyricura, 13 . C. 231, 
,vbo ordered fome Roman ambafladors to be 
mt to death. This unprecedented murder 
vns the caufe of a war, which ended in her 
lilgrace.— F/or. 2, c. 5 -— ’PH*. 34 > 9 - 

Teutamias or Teutamis, a king’of 
Larifla. He inftituted games in honor of his 
: ather, where Perfeus killed his grandfather 
^crifius with a quoit. . 

Teutamus, a king of Affyrn, the 
ame as Tithonue, the father of Memnon. 
Diod. 5. 

Teutas, orTEUTATE s,a name of Mercury 
imong the Gauls. The people offered hu- 
nan vidfims to this deity. X«ra«.l,v.445.—- 
Icefar. Bell. G. 

3 C 4 Teuturani4 





T H 


TH 


Tetjthrania, a part of Myfia where the 
Cay cos rifes. 

Teothras, a king of Myfia on the 
borders of the Caycus. He adopted as his 
daughter, or according to others, married 
J\uge the daughter of Aleus, when ihe fled 
away into Alia, from her father, who willed 
to punifli her for her amours with Hercules. 
Some time after his kingdom was invaded 
by Idas the fon of Aphareus, and to remove 
this enemy, he promifed Auge and his crown 
to any one who could reftore tranquillity to 
his fbbjc&s. This was executed by Telephus, 
who afterwards proved to be the fon of 
Auge, who was promifed in marriage to him 
by right of his fuccefsful expedition. The 
5° daughters of Teuthras, who became mo¬ 
thers by Hercules, are called Teuthranlia tur- 
ha. Apollod. 2. c. 7, &c.— Pauf. 3, c. 25.— 
Ovid. Trijl. 2, v. 19. Heroid. 9. v. 51.— 

Jtygin.fab. ico. -A river’s name.—One 

of the companions of JEneas in Italy. Pirg . 
JEn. 10, v. 402. 

Teutoburgie^sis Saltus, a foreft of 
Germany, between the Ems, and Lippa, 
where Varus and his legions were cut to 
pieces. Tacit. An. 1, c. 60. 

Teutomatus, a prince of Gaul, among 
the allies of Rome. 

Teutoni, and Teutones, a 'peopl* of 
Germany, who with the Cimbri made incur¬ 
sion 3 upon Gaul, and cut to pieces two 
Roman armies. They were at laft defeated 
by the eoulul Marius, and an infinite num¬ 
ber made prifoners. [Fid. Cimbri.] Cic. pro 
Manil. — Flor. 3, c. 3.— Pint, in Mar. — 
Martial. 14, ep. 26.— PI in. 4, c. 14. 

Tiiabenna, an inland town of Africa. 
Hirt.Afric. 77. 

# Thabusipm, a fortified place of Phry¬ 
gia. Liv. 38, c. 14. 

Thais, a famous courtezan of Athens, 
who accompanied Alexander in his Afiatic 
conquefts, and gained luch an afcendant over 
him, that fhe made him burn the royal palace 
of Perfepolis. After Alexander’s death, fhe 
carried Ptolemy king ‘of Egypt. Menander 
celebrated her charms both mental and per- 
lonal, which were of a fuperior nature, an^ 
on this account fhe is called Menandrea , by 
Propert. 2, el. 6. — Ovid, de art. am. 3, v. 604. 
derem. am. v. 384 .—Plat, in Alex. — Juv. 
3 > v - ijS'—Athen. 13, c. 13. 

ThalAj a town of Africa. Tacit. Ann. 

3> c. 21. ^ 

Thalame, a town of MefTenia famous 
fop a temple and oracle of Pafiphae. Plut. in 

Agtd. 

Ihalassius, a beautiful young Roman 
in the reign of Rpinulu$. At the rape of the 
cabines, one of thelb virgins appeared re¬ 
markable for beauty and elegance, and her 
ravifher, afraid of many competitors, exclaimed 
*s;he carried her away, that it was for Tha- 
laiiius. The name of ThaLilius was no fooaer 


mentioned, than all were eager to preferv*. 
fo beautiful a prize for him. Their union was 
attended with fo much happinefs, that it was 
ever after ufual at Rome to make ufe of the 
word Thalajpus at nuptials, and to vvifh thofo 
that were married the felicity of Thalallius. 
He is fuppofed by fome to be the fame as 
Hymen, as he was made a deity. Plut. in 
Pom. — Martial. 3, ep.<)2.—^Liv. I,r. 9. 

Thales, one of the l'even wife men of 
Greece, born at Miletus in Ionia. He was 
defcended from Cadmus: his father’s name 
was Examius, and his mother’s Cleobula. 
Like the reft of the ancients, he travelled in 
queft of knowledge, and for fome time re- 
fided in Crete, Phoenicia, and Egypt. Under 
the priefts of Memphis he was taught geo¬ 
metry, aftronomy, and philol'ophy, and en¬ 
abled to mealure with exadlnefs the vaft 
height and extent of a pyramid merely by 
its lhadow. His difcoveries in aftronomy 
were great and ingenious; he was the firft 
who calculated with accuracy a folar eclipfe. 
He dilcovered the folftices and equinoxes, he 
divided the heavens into five zones, and re¬ 
commended the divifion of the year into 365 
days, which was univerlally adopted by tha 
Egyptian philofophy. Like Homer, he looked 
upon water as the principle of every thing. 
He was the founder of the Ionic fe6t* which 
diftinguifhed itifelf for its deep and abftrufe 
fpeculations under the fucceffors and pupils of 
the Milefian philofopher, Anaximander, atjaxi- 
menes, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus the mak 
ter of Socrates. Thales was never marrrc#; 
and when his mother prefled him to chufe 4 
wife, he faid he was too young.. The lame 
exhortations were afterwards repeated, but 
the philofopher eluded them by obferving t 
that he was then, too old to enter the matri¬ 
monial ftate. He died in the 96th year of 
his age, about 348 years before the Cnriftian 
era. His compefitions on philofophical fub- 
jedfs are loft. Heroaot. 1, c. 7.— Plato .—- 
Diog. I. — Cic. de Nat. D. &c.—-a lyric 
poet of Crete, intimate with Lycurgus. He 
prepared by his rhapfodies the minds of the 
Spartans t© receive the rigorous inftitutions 
of his friend, and inculcated a reverence for 
the peace of civil ibciety. ^ 

Th ale stria, or Tkalestris, a queen 
of the Amazons, who accompanied by 300 
women, came 35 days’journey to meet Alex¬ 
ander in his Afiatic conquefts, to raile chil¬ 
dren by a man whole fame was lb great, aird 
courage lb uncommon. Curt. 6, c. 5.— StmL, 
11 — Jiifiin. 2 , C. 4. 

Thai ETES,a Greek poet of Crete,9oo B.C. 

Thalia, one or the Mutes, who presided 
over feihvals, and over paitoral and comic 
poetry. She is reprefentpd leaning on a co¬ 
lumn, holding a malk in her right hand, by. 
which fhe is diftinguifned from her lifters, as 
alfo by a IhepheriTs crook. Her drefs ap¬ 
pears fnoxter, and not fo ornamented as that 
• ' u£ 



T H 


TH 


of the other Mtifes. Horat. 4, Od. 6, v. 25. 
f—Mart. 9, ep. J$.—Plut. in. Symp.kc.— 

Virg. Ec. 6, v. 2. -One of the Nereides. 

tleftod. Tbeog — Virg. JEn. 5, v. 826. - 

An ifland in the Tyrrhene lea. 

Thallo, one of the Hora? or Seniors who 
prelided over the (pring. Pauf. 9, c. 35. 

Thalpius, a fon of Eurytus, one of He¬ 
len’s fuitors. ApolloJ. 3,c. 10. 

Thalyssia, Greek feftivals celebrated by 
the people of the country in honor of Ceres, 
to whom the firft fruits were regularly offered. 
Schol. Theocr. 3. 

Th amir as, a Cilician who firft introduced 
the art of augury in Cyprus, where, it was re- 
ligioufiy preferved in his family for many 
years. Tacit. 2, Hijl. c. 3. 

THAMUDA,a part af Arabia Felix. 
Thamyras, or Thamyrjs, a celebrated 
mufician of Thrace. His father’s name was 
Philammon, and his mother’s Argiope He 
became enamoured of the Mules, and chal¬ 
lenged them to a tfiul of (kill. His challenge 
was accepted, and it was mutually agreed, 
that the conqueror fhould be totally at the 
difpoial of his victorious adverfary. He was 4 
conquered, and the Mules deprived him of his 
eye-fight and his melodious voice, and broke 
his lyre. His poetical compofitions are loft. 
Some accufed him of having firft intro¬ 
duced into the world the unnatural vice of 
which Sotades is accufed. Homer. II 2, v. 
594. I. 5, V. 599.— Apollod. I, C. 3— Ovid. 
Amer. 3, el. 7, v. 62. Art. Am. 3, V. 399. — 
Pauf. 4, C. 33. 

Thamyris, one of the petty princes of 

the Dacas, in the age of Darius, &c.-A 

queen of the Maffagetae. [Vid. Thomyris']- 

A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 
12, v. 341. 

ThapSacus, a city on the Euphrates. 

Thapsus, a town of Africa Propria, 
where Scipio and Juba were defeated by 

C^far. Sil. 3, v. 261.- Liv. 29> c. 30. 

1 . 33, c. 48 -A town at the north of Sy- 

xacufe in Sicily. 

Thargelia, feftivals in Greece, in ho¬ 
nor of Apollo and Diana. They lafted two 
days, and’the youngeft of both fexes carried 
olive-branches, on which were lufpended cakes 
and fruits- Athen. 12. 

Thariades, one of the generals of An- 
tiochus, &c. 

Tharops, the father of CEager, to whom 
Bacchus gave the kingdom of Thrace, after 
the death of Lycurgus. Diod. 4. 

Thasius, or Thrasius, a famous footh- 
fayer of Cyprus, who told Bufiris, king of 
Egypt, that to ftap a dreadful plague which 
afflicted his country, he muft offer a foreigner 
to Jupiter. Upon this the tyrant ordered him 
to be Xeized and facrificed to the god, as he 
>vas not a native of Egypt. Ovid de art. am. 

y, v. 549.-A furname of Hercules who 

was worlhipped at ThaioS. 


Thasos, or Thasus, a fmall ifland inihp 
Aigean, on the coaft of Thrace, oppofite 
the mouth of the Neftus, anciently known by 
the name of ASria, Odoms , JEthria , Afte A 
Ogygii, Cl>ryfc,and Cerefn. It received that 
of Thafos from Thafus the fon of Agenor, 
who fettled there when he deipaired of finding 
his fitter Europa. It was about 40 miles in 
circumference, and fo uncommonly fruitful, 
that the fertility of Thafos became proverbial. 
Its wine was univerlally cfteemcd, and its 
marble quarries were alio in great repute, as 
well as its mines of gold and filver. The capi¬ 
tal of the ifland was allb called Thafos. Liv. 
33, c. 30 & 55.— Herodot. Z, c. 44.— Mela , 
2, C. 7. — Pauf. 5, C. 25. — JElian. V. H. 4, 
&C.— Virg. G. 2 , v. 91-— C» Hep. Cim. 2. 

Thasus, a fon of Neptune, who went with 
Cadmus to leek Europa. He built the town 
of Thafus in Thrace. Some make him brother 
of Cadmus. Apollod. 3, c. 1. 

Tiiaumaci, a town of Theffaly on the 
Mnliac gulf. Liv. 32,0.4. 

ThaumanTias, and Thaumantis, a 
name given to Iris, the meffenger of Juno, 

' becaufe (lie was the daughter of Thaumas, the 
fon of Oeeanus and Terra, by one of the 
Oceanides. Hefod. Tbco ».— Virg. JEn. 9, v. 
5.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 479. 1 . 14, v. 845. 

Thaumas, 3 fon of Neptune and Terra,, 
who married Eledlra, one of the Oceanides, 
bv whom he had Iris and the Harpyies, ice. 
Apollod. I, c. 2. 

Thaumasius, a mountain of Arcadia, on 
vvhofe top, according to lbme accounts, Jupi- 
ter was born. 

The a, a daughter of Uranus and Terra. 
She married her brother Hyperion, by whom 
(he had the lun, the moon, Aurora, &c. She 
is alfo called Thia, Titaea, Rhea, Tethys, 
Sec. -Cue of the bporades. 

Theagenes, a man who made himfelf 

matter of Megara,&c.-An athlete of Than 

los, famous for his llrength. His father’s name 
was Timofthenes, a friend of Hercules. He 
was crowned-above a thoufand times at the 
public chines of the Greeks, and became a 
cod after death. Pauf 6 ,c. 6 & 11 .—Plut. 

j. _A I heban officer, who diftinguithed hini- 

felf at the battle of Cheronia. Plut. -A 

wriler who publjlhed commentaries on Homer’s 
works? 

Theages, a Greek phiiofopher, difgple 
of Socrates. Plato.—JElian V. II. 4, &c. 

TH&4NGEi.A,a town of Caria. 

TheSno, the wife of Metapontus fon of 
Sifyphus, prefented fome twins- to her hut- 
band, when he withed to repudiate her for 
her barrennefs. The children were educat¬ 
ed with the greateft care, and fome time After¬ 
wards, Theano herlelf became mother of 
twins. When they were grown up, the en¬ 
couraged them to murder the lyppofituiou* 
children who were to fucceed to their far 
ther’s throne, preference to diem. They, 
a were 






TH 


TH 


were both killed in the attempt, and the fa¬ 
ther, difplealed with the co«du& of Theano, 
repudiated her to marry the mother of the. 
children whom'he had long confidered as his 

<nvn. Hyg'tn. fab. 186.-A daughter of 

Cifleus, filter to Hecuba, who married An- 
tenor, and was fuppofed to have betrayed the 
Palladium to the Greeks, as fhe was prieftefs 
of Minerva. Homer. II. 6, v. 398.— Pauf 

10, c. 27.— Diflys Cret. J, C. 8.-One of the 

Danaides. Her hulband’s name was Phan- 

tes. Apollod. 2, c. 1.-The wife of the 

philol'opher Pythagoras, daughter of Pytha- 
nax of Crete, or according to others, of Bron- 

tinus of Crotona. lliog. 8, c. 42.-Tile 

daughter^ of Pythagoras.-A poetefs of 

Locris.-A prieftefs of Athens, daughter 

of Menon, who refufed to pronounce a curie 
upon Alcibiades, when he was accufed of 
having mutilated all the ftatues of Mercury. 

Pint. -The 'mother of Paufanias. She 

was the firft, as it is reported, who brought a 
done to the entrance of Minerva’s temple, 
to fhut up her fon when Ihe heard of 
his crimes and perfidy to |tis country. Poly - 

an. 8.--A daughter of Scedafus, to whom 

fome of the Lacedaemonians offered violence 
at Leu£lra.-A Trojan matron, who be¬ 

came mother of Mimas by Amyous, the 
fame night that Paris was bcrn. Virg. JEn. 
10, v. 703. 

Theanom, a town of Italy. [ViJ. Tea- 
num.] 

TheaRidas, a brother of Dionyfius the 
cider. He was made admiral of his fleet. 
jDiod. 14. 

Thearius, a furname of Apollo at Tree- 
zene. Pan/. 2,051. 

Theatetes, a Greek epigrammatift. 

Theba or Thebe, a town of Cilicia. [Vid. 
Thebae.] 

Thebje, {arum), a celebrated city, the 
capital of Bceotia, fitunte on the banks of the 
river Ifmenus. The manner of its founda¬ 
tion is not precifely known. Cadmus is fup- 
pofed to have firft begun to found it by build¬ 
ing the citadel Cadmea. It was afterwards 
finilhed by Amphion and Zethus, but accord¬ 
ing to Varro, it owed its origin to Ogyges. 
The government of Thebes was monarchical, 
and many of the fovereigns are celebrated for 
their misfortunes, fuch as Laius, (Edipus, 
Polynices, Eteocles, See. The war which 
Thebes fupported againft the Argives, is fa¬ 
mous as well as that of the Epigoni. 1 he 
Thebans were looked upon as an indolent 
and lluggilh nation, and the words of Theban 
pig, became proverbial to exprefs a man 
remarkable for ftupidity end inattention. 
This, however, was not literally true; under 
Epaminondas, the Thebans, though before de¬ 
pendent, became matters of Greece, and 
every thing was done according to their will 
and pleafure. When Alexander invaded 
Greece, he ordered Thebes to be totally de¬ 


molished, bccaufe it had revolted againft him, 
except the houle where the poet Pindar 
had been born and educated. In this dreadful 
period 6oco of its inhabitants were flain, and 
30,000 fold for (laves. T hebes was after¬ 
wards repaired by Caffander, the fon of Antt- 
pater, but it never role to its original ccn? 
lequence, and Strabo, in his age, mentions it 
merely as an inconfiderable village. T h,e mo¬ 
narchical government was abolifhed there at 
the death of Xanthus, about 1190 years be¬ 
fore Chrift, and 1 hebes became a republic. 
It received its name from Thebe the daugh¬ 
ter of Afopus, to whom the founder Am¬ 
phion was nearly related. Apollod. 2, c. 4, 
&C.— Mela , 2, c. 3 — Pauf. 2,jc. 6. 1 - 9 » c *5 — 7 
Hi rob: 9.— Plut. in Pel. Flam.Sc Alex.—rC. Nep, 
in Pel. Epam. Sec. — llorat. ait. Poet. 394 -—» 

Ovid. Met. -A town at the fouth of Troas, 

built by Hercules, and alfo called Placia and 
Hypoplacia. It fell into the hands of the 
Cilicians, who occupied it during the Trojan 
war. Curt. 3, c. 4. — Liv. 37, c. 19.— Strap, 

11.-An ancient celebrated city of The- 

bais in Egypt, called alfo Ilecatompylos , on 
account of its hundred gatep, and Diofpolis, 
as being lacred to Jupiter. In the time of its 
fplendor, it extended above 23 miles, and 
upon any emergency could fend into the field 
by each of its hundred gates, 20,000 fighting 
men, and 200 chariots. I hebes was ruined 
by Cambyfes king of Perfia, and few traces 
of it were feen hi the age of Juvenal, Plin. 
5, c. 9. — Juv. 15, v.,l6.— Tacit. Ann. 2.— 
Herodot. 2 & 3. — Iliad. 'I —Homer. II. <).V. 

381 .—Strab. 17. — Mela, I, c. 9. - A town 

of Africa, built by Bacchus.-Another in 

Theflaly. Liv. 28, c. 7.-Another in 

Phthiotis. 

Thfbais, a country in the fouthern part? 
of Egypt, of which Thebes was the capital. 

There have been fome pbems which 
have borne the name of 1 hebais, but of thele 
the only one extant is the Thebais of Statius. 

It gives an account of the war of the The¬ 
bans againft the Argives, in confequence of the 
diffenfion of Eteocles with his brother Polynices. 
The poet was twelve years in composing it, 

-A river of Lydia.-A name given to 

a native of Thebes. 

Thebe, a daughter of the Afopus, who 

married Zethus. Apollod. 3, c. 5.- Pauf 

2, c. 5.-The wife of Alexander, tyrant of 

Phera;. She was perluaded by Pelopidas to 
murder her hufband. 

Tiieia, a goddefs. [ Vid. Thea.] 

Theias, a fon of Belus, who had an in- 
ceftuous intercourfe with his daughter Smyrna. 

Tiiei.ephassa, the fecond wife of Agenor, 
called alio Telapbaffa. 

Tuelpusa, a nymph of Arcadia. [Vid. 
Telpufa.], 

Thelxion, a fon of Apis, who confpired 
againft his father who was king of Pelopon- 
nelus. Pauf. 2, c. 5.—Apollod. 2, cf, 1. 

5 Th£lx- 










TH 


. TH 


Tiielxiope, one of the mufes, according 
tome writers. Cic. de Jin. 

Themenus, a foil of Ariflomachus, bet¬ 
ter known by the name of Temenus. 

Themeswn, a tyrant of Eretria. Diod. 
-J 5 - 

Themillas, a Trojan,&c. Virg. J&n. 9, 

y* 376- 

Themis, a daughter of Ccelus and^erra who 
Ijiatried Jupiter *guinft her own inclination. 
She became mother of Dice, Irene, Euno- 
mia, the Pares: and Hone; and was the firft 
to whom the inhabitants of the earth railed 
temples. Her oracle was famous in Attica 
in the age of Deucalion, who coni’ulted it with 
great lolenunity, and vvas inftruCt^d how to 
Repair the lot's of mankind. She was gene¬ 
rally attended by the feafons. Among the mo¬ 
derns Ihe is represented as holding a l'word in 
one hand, and a pair of feales in the other. 

QviMet. I, v. 321.-A daughter of llus 

who married Capys, and became mother of 
Anchifes. Apdludl 3, c. 12. 

Tuemiscvk 4, a town of Cappadocia, at the 
jnouth of the I hermodon, belonging to the 
Amazons. The territories round it bore the ■ 
fame narrte. 

TuemIson, a famous phyfician of Lao- 
dicea, dif ipl^ tc Alclepiades. He vvas foun¬ 
der of a 1'eCt called methodifts, becaul'e he 
wifhed to introduce irrethods to facilitate 
the learning and the practice of phyfic. He 
{loriflied in the Auguflan age. Plin. 29, 

C. I.— Juv. 10.-One of the generals and 

rainifters of Antiochus the Great. He was 
borli at Cyprus. JElian. V. H. 2, c. 41. 

T hemista, or Themistis, a goddefs, the 
fame as Themis. 

Themistios, a celebrated philofcpher of 
Paphlagonia in the age of Conftantius, greatly 
efteemed by the Roman emperors, and called 
Euphrades, the fine lpeaker, from his elo¬ 
quent and commanding delivery. He -was 
,pnade a Roman lenator, and always diflin- 
guilhed for his liberality and munificence. 
Hisichool was greatly frequented. He wrote 
when young, l'ome commentaries on Arifto- 
tie, fragments of which ape ftill extant, and 
33 of his orations. He profefled himlelf to 
he an enemy to flattery, and though he often 
deviates from this general rule in his addrelfcs 
to the emperors, yet he ftrongly recommends 
humanity, wii'dom, and clemency. The beft 
edition of Themiftjus, is that of Harduin, fcl. 
Paris, 1684. 

Themis ro, a daughter of Hypfeus, was the 
third wife of Athamas, king of Thebes, by 
whom Hie had four fons, called Pious, Leu- 
con, Schoeneus, and Erythroes. She endea¬ 
voured to kill the children of Ino, her huf- 
band’s iecond wife, but (he killed her own 
by means of Ino, who ljved in her houfe in 
the dilguife of a l'ervant maid, and to whom 
fhe entrufted her bloody intentions, upon which 
^he deftroyed herfelf. P*uf. 9 , c. 23—Apol- 


tod. I, C. 9.-A woman mentioned by Po- 

lytenus.——I he mother of the poet Homer, 
according to a tradition mentioned by Paufanias 
10, c. 24. 

Themistocles, a celebrated general bora 
at Athens. His father’s name vvas Neocles, 
and his mother s Euterpe, or Abrotonum, a 
native of HalicaniafTus, or of f brace, or Acar- 
nania. The beginning of his youth was 
marked by vices lb flagrant, and an incli¬ 
nation l'o incorrigible, that his father difin- 
herited him. This, which might have dif, 
heartened others, routed the ambition pf The- 
miflocles, and the protection which he was 
denied at home* he lbught in courting the fa¬ 
vors of the populace, and in fharing the ad- 
miniftration of public affairs. When Xerxes 
invaded Greece, Themittpcles was at the head 
of t!ip Athenian republic, and in this -ca¬ 
pacity the fleet was entrufted to his care. 
While the Lacedemonians under Leonidas 
were oppofing the Perfians at Theimopyla?, 
the naval operations of Themiftocles, and the 
combined fleet of the Peloponnefians were di¬ 
rected to deftroy the armament of Xerxes, 
and to ruin his maritime power. The ob- 
llinate with of the generals to command the 
Grecian fleet, might have proved fatal to 
the iutereft of the allies, had not Themifto- 
clts freely relinquithed his pretenfions, and 
by nominating his rival Eurybiades matter 
of the expedition, fhown the world that his 
ambition could ltoop when his coui;try de¬ 
manded his afiiftance. 7 he Perfian fleet 
vvas diftrefled at Artemifium by a violent 
ftorm, and the feeble attack of the Greeks; 
but a decifive battle had never been fought, 
if Themiftocles had not ufed threats and 
entreaties, and even . called religion to his 
aid, and the favorable anlwers of the ora¬ 
cle to Iecond his meafures. The Greeks 
actuated by different views, were unwilling 
to make head by lea againft an enemy whom 
they faw victorious by land, plundering their 
cities and deftroying all by fire and fvvord ; 
but before they were dil'perfed, Themiftocles 
Tent intelligence of their intentions to the 
Perfian monarch. Xerxes, by immediately 
blocking them with his fleet, in the bay of 
Salau.is, prevented their efcape, and while 
he vviilied -to crufii them all at one blow, he 
obliged them to fight for their fafety, as well as 
for the honor of their country. This battle which 
vva a fought near the ifland of Salamis, B. C. 
480, vvas decifive, the Greeks obtained the 
vi&ory, and Themiflocles the honor of hav¬ 
ing deftroyed the formidable navy of Xerxes. 
Further to enfure the peace of his country, 
Themiflocles informed the Afiatic monarch, 
that the Greeks had confpired to cut the 
bridge which he had built acrols the Hellef- 
pont, and to prevent his retreat into Afia. 
This met with equal fuccefs, Xerxes haftea- 
ed away from Greece, and while he believ¬ 
ed on the words of Themiftocles, that his 

return 






TH 


T H 


return would be difputed, he left his forces 
without a general, and his fleets an eafy 
conqueft to the vi&orious Greeks. Thefe 
fignal lervices to his country, endeared The- 
miftocles to the Athenians, and he was uni- 
verfally called the moft warlike and mod 
courageous of all the Greeks who fought 
againft the Perfians. He was received with 
the moft diftinguiftied honors, and by his 
prudent adminiftration, Athens was fcon 
fortified with ftrong walls, her Pireus was 
rebuilt, and her harbours were filled with 
a numerous and powerful navy, which ren¬ 
dered her the miftrefs of Greece. Yet in 
the midft of that glory, the conqueror of 
Xerxes incurred the dilpleafure of his coun¬ 
trymen, which had proved I'o fatal to many 
xi( his illuftrious predecefTors. He was ba- 
nilhed from the city, and after he had fought 
in vain a fafe retreat among the republics of 
Greece, and the barbarians of Thrace* he 
threw himfelf into the arms of a monarch, 
whotie fleets he had defeated, and whole 
father he had ruined. Artaxerxes, the fuc- 
ceflfor of Xerxes, received the illuftrious Athe¬ 
nian with kindnefs; and though he had for¬ 
merly fet a price upon his head, yet he 
made him one of his greateft favorites, and 
bellowed three rich cities upon him, to pro¬ 
vide him with bread, wine, and meat. Such 
kindnefies from a monarch, from whom he, 
perhaps, expelled the moft hoftile treatment, 
did not alter the l'entiments of Themiftocles. 
He ftill remembered that Athens gave him 
birth, and according to fome writers, the 
wilh of not injuring his country, and there¬ 
fore his inability of carrying on war againft 
Greece, at the requeft of Artaxerxes, oblig¬ 
ed him to deftroy himfelf by drinking hull’s 
blood. The manner of his death, however, 

uncertain, and while fome affirm that he 
poifsned himfelf, others declare that he fell a 
prey to a violent diftemper in the city of 
Magnefia, where he had fixed his refidence, 
while in the dominions of the Perfian mo¬ 
narch. His bones were conveyed to Attica 
and honored with a magnificent tomb by the 
Athenians, who began to repent too late of 
their cruelty to the laviour of his country. 
Themiftocles died in the 65th year of his 
age, about 449 years-before the Ciiriftian era. 
He has been admired as a man naturally 
courageous, of a difpofition fond of adlivity, 
ambitious of glory and enterprize. Hefted 
vvitlj a provident and difeerning mind, he 
feemed to rife fuperior to misfortunes, and in 
£he midft of adverfity, pofiefted of refources 
which could enable him to regain Ins fplendor, 
and even tq command fortune. Pint. Iff C. 
PJep. in Vita.-—Pavf. I, C. 1 ? 8,0.52.— JR li¬ 
nn. V. H. 2,, c. xz. 1. 9, c. 18. 1. 14, c. 40. 
- - — A writer, fome of whole letteis are ex¬ 
tant. 

Themistogenes, an hiftorian of Syra¬ 
cuse, in tiie age of Artaxerxes Me muon. 

v . - 


He wrote on the wars of Cyrus the younger, 
a fubjedl ably treated afterwards by Xeno¬ 
phon . 

Theocles, an opulent citizen of Corinth, 
who liberally divided his riches among the 
poor. Thral'onides, a man equally rich with 
himfelf, followed the example. JElian. 

V. H. 14, c. z 4.-A Greek ftatuary. Pauf; ' 

6,c. 19. 

Theoclus, a Meftenian poet and footh- 
fayer, who died B. C. 671*,, 4> c * * 5 V 

Sec. 

Theoclymenus, a foothfayer of Argo- 
lis, defcended from Melampus. His father’s 
name was Theftor. He foretold the fpeedy 
return of Ulyftes to Penelope and Telema- 
chus.- Homer. OJ. 15, v. 225, Sec.—Hygitu 
fab. 128. 

Theocritus, a Greek poet who florilhed 
at Syracufe in Sicily, 282 B. C. His father’s 
name was Praxagoras or Simichus, and his 
mother’s Philina. He lived in the age of 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, whole praifes he fung, 
and whofe favors he enjoyed. Theocritus 
diftinguilhed himfelf by his poetical compo- 
fitions, of which 30 idyllia .and fome epi¬ 
grams are extant, written in the Doric dia¬ 
led!, and admired for their beauty, elegance, 
and fimplicity. Virgil, in his eclogues, has 
imitated and often copied him. 1 heocritus 
has been blamed for the many indelicate and 
obfeene expreftions which he ufes: and while 
he introduces lhepherdc and peafants with 
all the rultidty and ignorance cf nature, he 
often difguiles their charadler by making 
them fpeak on high and exalted fubjfcdts. It 
is faid he wrote fome invedtives againft 
Hiero king of Syracufe, who ordered him to 
be ftrangied. He alfo wrote a ludicrous 
poem called Syrinx, and placed his verfes in 
iuch order that they reprelented the pipe of 
the god Pan. The heft editions of Theocrn 
tus, are Warton’s, 2 vols 4to. Oxon, 1770; 
that cf Heinfius, 8vo. Oxon, 1699; that of 
Valkenaer, 8vo. L. Bat. 178f ; and that 
of Reilke, 2 vols. 4to Lipf. 1760. Qjuintil. 

10, c. i.— Lacrt. 5.-A Greek hiftorian of 

Chios, who wrote an account of Libya, Plut. 

Tiieodamas, or Thiodamas, a king of 
Myfia, in Alia Minor. He was killed l>y 
Hercules, becaufe he refufed to treat him 
and his fon Hyllus with hofpitality. Ovid , 
in lb. v. 438.— Apollud. 2, c. 7.— Hygin. fab. 
271. 

Theodeqtes, a Greek orator and poetof 
Phafelis in Pamphylia, fon of Ariftander, 
and dilciple of liberates. He wrote 50 tra¬ 
gedies befides other works now loft. Pie had 
luch a happy memory that lie could repeat 
with e.rfe whatever verfes were fpoken in his 
prelbnce. When Alexander pafled through 
Phafislib, he crowned with garlands the lla- 
tue which had been eredted to the memory 
of the decealed poet. Cic „ Tufc. 1, c. 24. 
in Oral, $ I, &.C/*— Ptut.'*~~Q ( uii>tiI. 






T H 


TH 


Theodonis, a town of Germany, now, 
T’jionville, on the Mofelle. 

Theodora, a daughter-in-law of the em¬ 
peror Maximian, who married Conftantius. 

- A daughter of Conftantine.-A woman 

who from being a proftitute became emprefs 
to Juftinian, and diltinguiftied' herfelf by her 

intrigues and enterpnles.-The name of 

Theodora is common to the emprefies of the 
eaft in a inter period. 

Theodoretus, one of the Greek fathers 
who florithed A. D. 425, whole works have 
been edited, 5 vols. fol. Paris 1641, and 5 
vols. Hake, 176910 1774. 

Tueodoritus, a Greek ecclefiaftical hif- 
torian, whole works have been belt edited 
by Reading,fol. ‘Cantab. 1720. 

Theodorus, a Syraculan of great autho¬ 
rity among his countrymen, who ieverely in¬ 
veighed againft the tyranny of Dionyfius. 

- A philofopher,* diiciple to Ariftippus. 
He denied the exigence of a god. He was 
ljanilhed from Gyrene, and fled to Athens, 
where the friendship of Demetrius Phnlereus 
faved him from the accufations which were 
carried to the Areopagus against him. Some 
fuppofe that he was at laft condemned to death 
for his impiety, a'nd that he drank poilbn. 

--A preceptor to one of the Cons of An¬ 
tony, whom lie betrayed to Auguftus.--- 

A conful in the reign of Honorius. Clau 
dian wrote a poem upon him, in which he 

praifes him with great liberality.-A fe- 

cretary of Valens. He cenlpired againft the 
emperor, and was beheaded.- - *—A man who 
compiled an hiitory of Rome. Of this no¬ 
thing but his hiftory of the reigns of Con- 
ttantine and Conftantius is extant.-A co¬ 
mic a£tor. -A pla.yer on the flute in the 

Age of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who contempru- 
cufly rejected the favors of Lamia the 

miftrefsof the monarch.-A Greek poet of 

Colophon, whole comnofiticns are loft.— A 
fophift of Bvzaytlum called Lagodaidalos by 
Plato.-A Greek poet in-the age of Cleo¬ 

patra. * He wrote a book of metamorphofis, 
which Ovid imitated, as fome fuppofe. An 
artift of Samos about 700 years B. C. He 
was the full who found out the art of 
melting iron, with which he made ftatues. 

- — A prieft, father of liberates.-A Greek 

writer, called alfo Prodromus. The time in 
which he lived is unknown. There is n ro¬ 
mance of his compofition extant, called the 
amours of Rhodanthe and Dofides. The 
only edition of which was by Gaulminus, 8vo. 
Paris, 1625. 

Theodosia, now Cajfa, a town in the 
(Cimmerian Bofphorus. Mela, 2, c. 1. 

Theodosiopolis, a town of Armenia, 
built by Theodofius,&c. 

Tiieodo3ius Flavius, a Roman empe¬ 
ror fur named Magnus , from the greatnels of 
bis. exploits. He was invefted with the im¬ 
perial purple by Grattan, a#d appointed over 


Thrace and the eaftern provinces, which had 
been in the pofleflion of Valentinian. T he 
firft years of his reign were mark&d by d if- 
ferent conquefts over the barbarians. T he 
Goths were defeated in Thrace, and 4000 of 
their chariots, with an immenfe number of 
pril'oners of bath fexes were the reward of 
the vidtory. This glorious campaign intimi¬ 
dated the inveterate enemies of Rome ; they 
fued for peace, and treaties of alliance were 
made with diilant nations, who wifhed to gain 
the favors and the friendlhip of a prince 
whole military virtues were lo confpicuous. 
Some confpiracies were formed againft the 
emperor, but Theodofius totally dilregarded 
them ; and while he pitniihfcd his competi¬ 
tors for the imperial purple, he thought him- 
felt fufficiently fecure in the love and the 
affedtion of his fubje&s. His reception at 
Rome was that of a conqueror; triumphed 
over the barbarians,and reftored peace in every 
part of the empire. Fie died, of a dropfy at 
Milan, in the 60th year of his age, after a 
reign of 16 years, the 17th of January, A.D. 
395. His body was conveyed to Conftan- 
tinople, and buried by his ion Arcadius, in the 
tomb of Conftantine. Theodofius w is the lull 
of the emperors who was the foie mafter of 
the whole Roman empire. He left three chil¬ 
dren, Arcadius and Honorius who lucceeded 
him, and Pulcheria. Theodofius has bean 
commended by ancient writers as a prince 
blelled with every virtue, and debafed by 
no vicious propenfity. Though mafter of 
the world he was a ftranger to that pride 
and arrogance which too often difgrace the 
monarch: he was affable in his behaviour, 
benevolent and compatfiouate, and it was 
his wifh to treat his fubjedts as himfelf was 
treated when a private man, qnd a dependant. 
Men of merit were promQted to places of 
truft and honor, and the empeiox was fond of 
patronizing the caufe of virtue and learning. 
His zeal as a follower of Chriftianify has been 
applauded by all the ecclefiaftical writers, and 
it was the wifh of Theodofius to. fupport 
the revealed religion, as much by his ex¬ 
ample, meeknefs, and Chriftian charity, as 
by his edidts > and ecclefiaftical inftitutions. 
His want of clemency, however, in one 
inftance, was too openly betrayed, and when 
the people of Theflalonica had unmean¬ 
ingly, perhaps, killed one of his officers, 
the emperor ordered his foidiers to put 
all the inhabitants to the Iwcfrd, and no 
lefi> than 6000 perfons, without diftindlion 
of rank, age, or lex, were cruelly butchered 
in that town in the fpace of three hours. 
This violence irritated the ecclefiaftics» 
and Theodofius was compelled by St. Am- 
brofe to do open penance in the church, 
and - publicly to make atonement for an 
aft of barbarity which had excluded him 
from the bofom of the church, and the 
communion of the faithful. Ia Jus private 

.character 












, VH 


thara&ev Theodofius was an example of fo- 
bernefs and temperance, his palace dilplayed 
becoming grandeur, but dill with moderation. 
He never indulged luxury or countenanced 
fuperfluities. He was fond of bodily exercife, 
and never gave himfelf up to pleafure and 
enervating enjoyments. The laws and 
regulations which he introduced in the ko- 
man empire, were of the mod falutary ha 
ture. Socrat. 5 i &c.—ZoJim. 4, — 

Antbrof. — Augujlin.— Claudian. tlf c. -The 

ad, fucceeded his father Arcadius as etri- 
peror of the weftern Roman empire, though 
only in the eighth year of his age. He was 
governed by his filler Pulcheria, and by 
his minifters and eunuchs, in whofe hands 
was the difpofal of the offices of Hate, and 
all places of truft and honor. He married 
Eudoxia,the daughter of a philofopher called 
Eeontius, a woman remarkable for her 
virtues ahd piety. The territories of Theo- 
dolius were invaded by the Perfians, . but 
the-emperor foon appeared at the head of 
a numerous force, and the two hoftile armies 
met on the frontiers of the empire. The 
conlternation was Univerfal on both fides; 
without even a battle, the Perfians fled, 
and no lefs than loo,cod were loll in the 
waters of the Euphrates. Theodofius raifed 
the fiege of Nifibis, where his operations 
failed bf fuccefs, and he averted the fury 
of the Huns and Vandals by bribes and 
promifes. He died on the 29th of July, in 
the 49th year of his age, A. D. 450, leav¬ 
ing only one daughter, Licinia Eudoxia, 
whom he mairied to the emperor Valen- 
tinian 3d. The carelelTnefs and inattention of 
Theodofius to public affairs are well known. 
He figned all the papers that were brough'f 
to him without even opening them or read¬ 
ing them, till his filler apprized him of his 
negligence, and rendered him -more care¬ 
ful and diligent, by making hin\ fign a 
pap.er, in which he delivered into her hands 
Eudoxia his wife as a Have and menial fer- 
vant. The laws and regulations which were 
promulgated under hino, and fele&ed from 
the molt ufeful and falutary inllitutions 
of his imperial predeceflors, have been called 
the Tbeodoftan code. Theodofius was a warm 
advocate for the -Chrillian religion, but he 
has been blamed for his partial attachment 
to thofe who oppofed the orthodox faith. 
Sozom.'■*—Socrates, iffc. ——A lover of An¬ 
tonina the wife of Bellifarius.-A mathe¬ 

matician of Tripoli, who florilhed 75 B. C. 
His treatife called Sphaerica, is bed edited 
by Hunt, 8vo. Oxon. 1707.—A Roman 
general, father of Theodofius the great; he 
died A. D. 376. 

Theodota, a beautiful courtezan of Elis, 
whofe company was frequented by Socrates. 
Xenopb, de Socr. — AElian. V. H, 13, c. 32. 
——A Roman emprefs, &c. 


Theodottan, zfh Interpreter,.in thereigrt 
of Commcdus 

Theodotus, an admiral of the Rhodians, 
•ferit by his countrymen to make a treaty with" 
the Romans.—A native of Chios, who as 
preceptor aud counfellor of Ptolemy adviferf 
the feeble monarch to murder Pompev. He 
carried the hbad of the unfortunate Roman 
to Caefar, but the rCfentment of the con¬ 
queror was luch that the mean affaffin fled,’ 
and after a wandering and miferable life in 
the cities of Alia, he was at lad put to death 

by Brutus. Pint, in firui. tff Pomp. -•' 

A Syracufan, accufed of a confpiraey againft 

Hieronymus the tyrant of Syrncitfe.---A 

governor of Bdblriana in the age of Anti- 
ochus, who revolted and made Himfelf king,' 
B.C. 250.-A friend ot the emperor Ju¬ 
lian;-A Phoenician hiftorian.—Qne of the 

generals of Alexander. 

Theognetes, a Gi'eelc tragic poet. 
Atben. 

TkeogniS, a Greek poet of Megara# 
who florilhed about 549 years before Chrid. 
He wrote feveral poems, of which only few 
fentences are now extant), quoted by Plato, 
arid other Greek hi dor i an S ail’d philoiophers, 
and intended as precepts for the ccndubt of 
human life. The morals of the poet have' 
been cenfured as neither decorous nor chalte. 
The bed edition of Theognis, is that of 

Blackwall, 121110., London 1706.-There 

was, alio a tragi! poet of the fame name, 
whole compofitions were foiifelefs and inani- 
mated, that they procured him the name of 
Chion or Jhow. 

Theomnestus, a rival of Nicias in the 
adminiflration of public affairs at Athens; 

Strab. 14.--A datuary of Sardinia. Pauf ,; 

6, c. 15.-An Athenian philofopher, a- 

mong the followers of Plato’s dodrines. He 
had Brutus, Csefar’s murderer, among his 
pupils-A painter. P Jin. 35 . 

Thfon, a philofopher, who ufed fre¬ 
quently to walk in his deep. Diog. -Art 

adronomer of Smyrna, in the reign of Ad¬ 
rian-A painter of Samos. JElian. V. 

H. 3, c. 44.-Another philofopher. Diog. 

-An infamous reviler. Horat. 1, ep. 

19. 

Tiieonoe, a daughter cf Thedor, fidef 
to Calchas. She was carried away by fea 
pirates, and fold to Icarus, king of Caria, 

&c. Hyg'tn. fab. 190.-A daughter of 

Prpteus and a Nereid who became enamoured 
of Canobus, the pilot of a Trojan veffel, 
&c. 

Theope, one of the daughters 1 of Leos. 

Theophane , a daughter of Bifaltus,whont 
Neptune changed into a Iheep, to remove her 
from her numerous fuitors, and conveyed to 
the ifland CrumilTa. The god afterwards af- 
fumed the lhape of a ram, and under this 
transformation he had by the nymph a ram 

* with 







with a golden fleece, which carried Phryxus 
to Colchis. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 177.— Hyvin. 
fah. 188. 

Theophanes, a Greek hiftorian, born at 
Mitylene. He was very intimate with Pom- 
pey, and from his friendihip with the Roman 
general, his countrymen derived many advan¬ 
tages. After the battle of Pharfalia, he ad- 
viled Pompey to retire to the court of Egypt. 
Cic. pro Arch. &c.— Pat’rc .— Plut. in Cic. & 

Pomp. -His fon M. Pompeius Theophanes 

was made governor of . fia, and enjoyed the 

intimacy of Tiberius.-The only edition of 

Theophanes, the Byzantine hiftorian, is at 
Paris, fol. 1649. 

Theophanja, feflivals celebrated at Del¬ 
phi in honor of Apollo. 

Theophilus, a comic poet of Athens. 
—A governor of Syria in the age of Julian. 

-A friend of Pilot— T —A phyfician, whofe 

treatil'e Je Urinis is belt edited bv Guidotius, 
Xj. Bat. 1728, and another by Morell,,8vo. 

Paris, 1556.-One of the Greek fathers, 

whofe work ad Autolycum is belt edited in 

lamp, by Wolf, Hamb. 1724-The name 

of Theophilus is common among the primitive 
Chri Ilians. 

Theophrastus, a native of Erefus in 
Lefbos, fon of a fuller. He fludied under 
Plato, and afterwards under Ariitotle, whole 
friendfhip he gained, an# whofe vvarmelt 
commendations he defervea. His original 
name was Tyrtamus , but this\he philolbpher 
made him exchange for thar of Et/phrafus , 
to intimate his excellence in lpeaking, and 
afterwards for that of Theopbrajlus y which he 
deemed Hill more expreflive of his eloquence, 
the brilliancy of his genius, and the elegance 
©f his language. After the death of Socrates, 
when the malevolence of the Athenians drove 
all the philofopher’s friends from the city, 
Theophraftus fucceeded Ariftotle in the JLy¬ 
ceum, and rendered hhnfelf fo confpicuous, 
that in a (hort time the number of his 
auditors was increafed to two thoufand. Not 
only his countrymen courted his applaule, 
but kings and princes were delirous of his 
friendfhip: and CafTander and Ptolemy, two 
of the molt powerful of the fucceffors of 
Alexander, regarded him with more than 
ufual partiality. Theophraftus compoled 
many books, and Diogenes has enumerated 
the titles of above 200 treatifes, which he 
wrote with great elegance and copioulnefs. 
About 20 of thefe are extant, among which 
are his hiltory of ft ones, his tveatife on 
plants, on the winds, on the figns of fair 
weather, &c. and his Characters, an excel¬ 
lent moral treatil'e, which was begun in the 
99th year of his age. He died loaded with 
years and infirmities in the 107th year of 
his age, B C. 288, lamenting the Ihortnefs 
of life, and complaining of the partiality of 
nature in granting longevity to the crow 


and to die flag, but not t® man. T<? hi* 
care we are indebted for the works of Ari¬ 
ftotle, which the dying philofopher entrufted 
to him. The belt edition of Theophraftus, 
is that of Heinfius, fob L. Bat. 1613; and 
of his Characters, that of Needham, 8vo. 
Cantab. 1712, and that of Fifcher, 8vo. 
Coburg. 1763. Cic. Twfc. 3, c. 28. iri 
Brut. c. 31. in Orat. 19, &c.— Strab. 13.— 
Diog. in vita. — JEtian. V. H. 2, c. 8. 1 . 34, 
C. 20. 1. 8, c. 12. — Quintil. XO, C. I.— Plut. 

adv. colot. - An officer entrufted with the 

care of the citadel of Corinth by Antigonus. 
Poly an. 

Theopolkmu 9, a man who, with his bro¬ 
ther' Hiero, plundered Apollo’s temple at Del¬ 
phi, and fled away for fear of being pimifhed. 
Cic. in Verr, 5. 

T.hf.opSlxs, a name given to Antioch,’be- 
caul'e the Chriftians firft received their name 
there. 

Theopompus, a king of Sparta, of the 
family of the Proclidze, who fucceeded his 
father Nicander, and diftinguiftied himfelf 
by the many new regulations he introduced, 
j He created the Ephori, and died after a long 
land peaceful reign, B. C. 723. While he 
fat on the throne, the Spartans made war 
( againft Meflenia. Plut. in Lyc. — Pan/ 3, c. 

j 7.--A famous Greek hiftorian of Chios, 

j difciple of liberates, who florilhed B. C. 
j 354. All his compofitions are loft, except 
I a few fragments quoted by ancient writers. 

| He is compared to Thucydides and Herodo¬ 
tus, as an hiftorian, yet he is feverely cen- 
lured for his fatirical remarks and illiberal 
reflections. He obtained a prize in which 
his mailer was a competitor, and he was 
liberally rewarded for compollng the belt 
funeral oration in honor, of Maufolus. His 
father’s name was Damafiftratus. Dionyf. 
Hal. I.— Plut. in L\f .— C. Nep. 7-— Pouf. 
6, c. 18.— Quintil. 10, c. I.-An Athe¬ 

nian, who attempted to deliver his country¬ 
men from the tyranny of Demetrius. Po- 

lyan. 5.--A comic poet in the age of 

Menander. He wrote 24 plays, all loft. 


-A fen of Demaratus, who obtained fe- 

veral crowns at the Olympic games. Pauf. 

6, c. 10.-An orator and hiftorian of 

Cnidus, very intimate with J. Caefar. Strab. 

14. -A Spartan general, killed at the 

battle of Tegyra.-A philofopher of 

Cheronaea, in the reign of the emperor 
Philip. 

Tueopiiylactus Simocatta, a By¬ 
zantine hiftorian, whofe works were edited 
fol. Paris, 1647.-One of the Greek fa¬ 

thers who florilhed A. D. 1070. His 
works were edited at Venice, 4 vols. 1754 to 

I7 6 3- 

Tiieorius, a furname of Apollo at Troe- 
zene, where he had a very ancient temple • It 
fignifies clear-lighted. 

TheotImus, 














TH 


TH 


TheotTmus, a wreftler of Elis, in the age 

pf Alexander. Pauf. 6 , c. 17.-A Greek 

who wrote an hiftory of Italy. 

THE0XENA,a noble lady of Theflaly who 
threw herfelf into the lea, when unable to 
efcape from the foldiers of king Philip, who 
purftied her. Liv. 40,c. 4. 

Theoxenia, a feftival celebrated in ho¬ 
nor of all the gods in every city of Greece, 
but efpecially at Athens. Games were then 
obferved, and the conqueror who obtained 
the prize, received a large fum of meney, 
Or according to others, a veil beautifully or¬ 
namented. The Diolcuri eftahJifhed a fef- 
tival of the fame name, in honor of the gods 
who had vifited them at one of their entertain¬ 
ments. 

Theoxenius, a furname of Apollo, 

Tiif.ra, a daughter of Amphion and Ni- 
Ohe. Hygitt. fab. 69.——One of the Spo- 
rades in the Aigean lea, anciently called Cal- 
fifia, now Santorin. It was firlt inhabited by 
the Phci'tiicians, who were left there under 
MemMiares by Cadmus, when he went in 
quell of bis filter Europa. It was called Thera 
by Theras, the fon of Autefion, who fettled 
there with a colony from Lacedaemon. Pauf 

3, c. I.- ilerodot. 4.— Stral. 8.-—-—A town 

of Caria. 

Therambus, n town near Pallene. He - 
rodot. 7, 0.123. 

Theramknes, an Athenian philofopher 
and general in the age of Alcibiades. His 
father’s name was Agnon. He was one of 
the 30 tyrants of Athens, but he had no 
fhare in the cruelties and opprelfion which 
dilgraced their adminiftration. He was ac- 
culed by Critias, one of his colleagues, be- 
caufe he oppofed their views, and he was 
condemned to drink hemlock, though de¬ 
fended by his own innocence, and the friendly 
interceffion of the philofopher Socrates- 
He drank the pdifon with great comppfure, 
and poured fome of it on the ground, with 
the farcaftical exclamation of, This is to the 
health of Critias. This happened about 404 
years before the Chriftian era. Theramenes, 
on account of the ficklenefs of his dilpofi 
tion, has been called Cothurnus , a part of the 
dreis uled both by men and women. Cic. 
de Orat. 3, c. 16.— Pint, in Alcib. &£.— C. 
Nep. 

Therapne, orTERAPNE, a town of La¬ 
conia, at the weft of the Eurotas, where 
Apollo had a temple called Phcebeum. Tt 
was of a very Ihort diftance from Lacedse- 
mon, and indeed fome authors have con¬ 
founded it with the capital of Laconia. It 
received its name from Therapne, a daugh¬ 
ter of Lelex. Caftor and Pollux were born 
there, and on that account they are fome- 
times called Therapnai fratres. Pauf. 3, c. 
I4 .-— Ovid. Faf. J» v. 223 .- 5 / 7 . 6, V. 303. 

1 . 8, v. 414. 1. 13, V. 4 y—Li<v. 2 , c. 1 6.— 
Dionyf. Hal. 2, c. 49.— 5 /a/. 7, Thtb. v. 793. 


Theras, a fon of Autefion of Lacedse- 
mon, who condu&ed a colony to Callilta, 
to which he gave the name of Theras He re¬ 
ceived divine honors after death. Pauf. 3, c. 
1 & 15. 

The rim ac hits, a fon of Hercules by Me¬ 
ga ra. Apollod. 2, c. 4 & 7. 

Therippidas, a Lacedemonian, See. 
Died. 15. 

T’heritas, a furname of Mars in Laco¬ 
nia. 

Therm a, a town of Africa: Strabo. - 

A town of Macedonia, afterwards called 
Theffalonica, in honor of the wife of Callan¬ 
der, and now Salonichi. The bay in the 
neighbourhood of Therma is called T her- 
mavs, or ThermaTus ftnus, and advances fax 
into the country, lb much, that Pliny his 
named it Macedonicus ftnus., by way of emi¬ 
nence, to intimate its extent. Strab .— Tacit. 
Ann. y, c. IO.— Herodot. 

Therma;, [baths), a town of Sicily, 
where were the baths of Selinus, now Sci- 

acca. -Another near Panornius, now > 

Thcrmttn. Sil. 14, v. 23.— Cic. Her. 2, C. 35. 

Thfrmodon, now Tcrmcb , a famous 
river of Cappadocia, in the ancient country 
of the Amazons, falling into the Euxine 
fea near Themifcyrn. There was alio a 
l'mall river of the lame name in Eceotia, 
near Tanagra, which was afterwards called 
Hamon. Strab . IX -e-Herodot. 9, c. 2.7.—-\ 
Mela, I. c. 19.— Pauf. I, c. I. 1 . 9, c. 19. 
— Plut. in Dcm . — Tirg. TEn. 11 , v. 659. — 
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 249, Sec. 

Thermopylae, a fmall pafs leading from 
Thelfaly into Locris ahd Phocis. It has a 
large ridge of mountains on the weft, and the 
fea on the eaft, with deep and dangerous 
marfties, being in the narrowed part only 25 
feet in breadth. Thermopylae receives its 
name from the hot baths which are in the 
neighbourhood. It is celebrated for a battle 
which was fought there B. C. 480, on the 
7th of Augu ff, between Xerxes and the 
Greeks, in which 300 Spartans refilled for 
three l'ucceflive days repeatedly the attacks 
of the molt brave and courageous of the 
Perfian, army, which according to fome hif- 
torians amounted to five millions. There 
was alfo another battle fought theie between 
the Romans and Antiothus* king of Syria. 
Herodot. 7, c. 176,60c.— Strab. 9.— Lint. 36, 

C. TJ.— Mela, 2, c. 3.— Plut. in Cat. &c.— 
Paufy,c.xs. 

Thermum, a town of TEtolia on the E- 
venus. Poiyb. 5, 

Thermus, a man accufed in the reign of 
Tiberius, See. --A man put to death by Ne¬ 
ro.-A town of ^tolia, the capital of the 

country. 

Therodamas, a king of Scythia, who, 
as fome report, ted lion? with human blood, 
$hat they might be more cruel. Ovid. lb. 

383. 

The&oh, 








TH 


TH 


Thf.ron, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who 
&ed 47a B. C. He was a native of Bocotia, 
and fon of iEnefidamus, and he married De- 
marete the daughter of Gelon of Sicily. He- 

todot. 7.— Pink. Olymp. 2. -One of Ac 

toon’s dogs. Ovid——A Rutulian who at¬ 
tempted to kill ./Eneas, He periihed in the 

attempt. Hirg. JEn . io, v. 312.-A prieft 

in the temple of Herni.es *at Sagvintum, Sec. 

Sil. 2, v. 149.-A Theban del'cended from 

the Sparttc. Stat. Theb. 2, v. 572.-A 

daughter of Phylas beloved by Apollo. Puuf. 
9, c. 40. 

Therpandkr, a celebrated poet and mufi- 
cian ot Lelbos. [Hid. Terpander.J 

Thersander, a fon of Pclynrces and 
Argia. He accompanied the Dreeks to the 
Trojan war, but he was killed in Myfia by 
Telephus, before the confederate army 
reached the enemy’s country. Hirg. JEn. 

2, v. 261.— A polled. 3, c. 7.-A fon of 

Sifyphus, king of Corinth.--A mufician of 

Ionia. 

TiiERsIr.ocHUS, a leader of the Paeonians 
in the Trojan war, killed by Achilles, Hirg. 

JEn. 6, v. 483.-A friend of ./Eneas killed 

by Turnus. Id. 12, v. 363.-An athlete 

at Corcyra, crowned at the Olympic games. 
Pauf. 6 , c. 13. 

1 hersippus, a fon of Agrius, who drove 

CEneus from the throne of Calydon.-A 

man who carried a letter from Alexander to 
Darius. Curt. ■■—•An Athenian author who 
died 954 Pi C. 

TuersItes, an officer, the mod deformed 
and illiberal of the Greeks during the frojan 
war. He was fond of ridiculing his fellow- 
foldiers, particularly Agamemnon, Achilles, 
and Ulyffes. Achilles killed him with one 
blow of his fift, becaufe he laughed at his 
mourning the death of Penthefilea. Ovid, ex 
Pont. 4 , el 17, v. 15.— Apollod. I, C. 8 . Ho¬ 
mer. II. 2 , V. 2X2,&C. 

Theseidje, a patronymic given to the 
Athenians from Thefeus, one of their kings. 
Virg* G. 2, V 383. 

Theseis, a poem written by Codrus, con¬ 
taining an account of the life and actions of 
Thefeus, and now loll. Jw. 1, v. 2. 

Tueseus, a king of Athens, and fon of 
iEgeus, by iEthra the daughter of Pittheus, 
was one of the molt celebrated of the heroes 
of antiquity. He was educated at Trcezene 
in the houfe of Pittheus, and as he was not 
publicly acknowledged to be the fon of the 
king of Athens, he pafled for the fon of 
Neptune. When he came to years of 
maturity, he was fent by his mother to his 
father, and a fword was given him, by which 
he might make himfelf known to Aegeus 
in a private manner. [Hid. Aegeus.] His 
journey to Athens was not acrofs the fea, as 
it was ufual with travellers, but Thefeus 
determined to fignalize himfelf in going by 
land* and Encountering difficulties. The 


road tyfiich led from Trcezene to Athens, 
was infeltcd with robbers and wild beads, 
and rendered impaflable; but thele obftacles 
were eafily removed by the courageous fon 
ot /Egeus. He deftroyed Corynetes, Synnis, 
Sciron, Cercyon, Procures, and the cele¬ 
brated Phrea. At Athens, however, his re¬ 
ception was not cordial, Medea lived there 
with -/Egeus, and as (lie knew that her in¬ 
fluence would fall to the ground if Thefeus 
was received in his father’s houfe, the at¬ 
tempted to deftroy him before his arrival 
was made public. -/Egeus was himfelf to 
give the cup of poifon* to this unknown 
ftranger at a lead, but the fight of his fword 
on the fide of Thefeus reminded him of his 
amours with iEthra. He knew him to be 
his fon, and the people of Athens were glad 
to find that this illuftrious Itranger, who had 
cleared Attica from robbers and pirates, was 
the fon of their monarch. The Pallantides, 
who expelled to fucceed their uncle ./Egeus 
on the throne, as he apparently had no chil¬ 
dren, attempted to aflafiinate ■ hefeus, but 
they fell a prey to their own barbarity, and ' 
were all put to death by the young prince. 
The bull of Marathon next engaged the at¬ 
tention of Thefeus. The labor feemed ar¬ 
duous, but he caught the animal alive, and 
after lie had led it through the itreets of A- 
thens, he facrificed it to Minerva, or the god 
of Delphi. After this Thefeus went to Crete 
among the feven chofen youths whom the 
Athenians yearly fent to be devoured by the 
Minotaur. The wilh to deliver his country 
from fo dreadful a tribute, engaged him to 
undertake this expedition. He was fuccefs- 
ful by means of Ariadne, the daughter of 
Minos, who was enamoured of him, and after 
he had efcaped from the labyrinth with a clue of 
thread, and killed the Minotaur, [Hid. Mino- 
taurus.] he failed from Crete with the fix boys 
and feven maidens, whom his vidtory had 
equally redeemed from death. In the ifland 
of Naxos, where he was driven by the winds, 
he had the meannefs to abandon Ariadne, to 
whom he was indebted for his lafety. The 
rejoicings which his return might have occa- 
fioned at Athens, were interrupted by the 
death of ./Egeus, who threw himfelf into the 
fea when he faw his fon’s (hip return with 
black fails, which was the fignal of ill fuccefs. 
[Hid. /Egeus. j His afeenfion on his father’s 
throne was univerfally applauded, B. C. 1235* 
The Athenians were governed with mildnefs, 
and Thefeus made nevvregulations,and enadfed 
new laws. The number of the inhabitants of 
Athens was increafed by the liberality of the 
monarch, religious worfhip was attended with 
more than ufual folemnity, a court was infli* 
tuted which had the care of all civil affairs, 
and Thefeus made the government democra- 
tical, while he referved for himfelf only the 
command of the armies. The fame which he 
had gained by his vidtories and policy, made 
3 D his 







TH 


TH 


his alliance courted; but Pirithous, king of the 
Lapithte, alone wilhed to gain his friendship, 
by meeting him in the field of battle. He 
invaded the territories of Attica, and when 
Thefeus had marched out to meet him, the 
two enemies, {truck at the fight of each other, 
nifhed between their two armies, to embrace 
one another in the moft cordial and aflfe£Hcnnte 
manner, and from that time began the moft 
fincere and admired friendlhip, which has be¬ 
come proverbial. Thefeus was prefent at the 
nuptials of his friend, and was the moft eager 
and courageous of the Lapitha;, in the defence 
of Hippodamia and her female attendants, 
againft the.bnjjal attempts of the Centaurs. 
When Piruhous had loft Hippodamia, he 
agreed with Thefeus, whole wife Phsedra was 
alio dead, to carry away fome of the daughters 
ef the gods. Their firft attempt was upon 
Helen, the daughter of Leda, and after they 
had obtained this beautiful prize, they call lots, 
and fhe became the property of Thefeus. The 
Athenian monarch entrufted her to the care 
of his mother ALthra, at Aphidnte, till file 
was of nubile years, but the refentment of 
Caftor a.'d Pollux foon obliged him to reftore 
her fiafe into their hands. Helen-, before fhe 
leached Sparta,became mother of a daughter by 
Thefeus, but this tradition, confirmed by lome 
ancient mythologifts, is confuted by others, who 
affirm, that fhe tvas bub nine years old when 
carried away by the two royal friends, and 
Ovid introduces her in one of his epiftles; fay¬ 
ing, Excepto redli fajfa timore nihil. Some 
time after Thefeus aififted his friend in pro¬ 
curing a wife, and they both defeended into 
the infernal regions to carry away Proferpine. 
Plutb, apprized of their intentions, Hopped 
them. Pirithous was placed on his father’s 
wheel, and Thefeus was tied to a huge ftone, 
on which he had lat to reft himfelf. Virgil 
reprefents him in this eternal ftate of punifh- 
wmt repeating to the fhades in Tartarus the 
words of Difcite juditiam moniti , 55 * non temnere 
divos. Apollodorus, however, and others de¬ 
clare, that he was not long detained in hell; 
when Hercules came to ftealthe dog Cerberus, 
he tore him away from the ftone, but with 
iuch violence, that his flein was left behind. 
The fame aftiftance was given to Pirithous, 
and the two friends returned upon the earth 
by the favor of Hercules, and the confent of 
the infernal deities, not, however, without 
fuftering the moft excruciating torments. Dur* 
ing the captivity of Thefeus in the kingdom of 
Pluto, Mneftheus, one of the defendants of 
Prechtheus, ingratiated himfelf into the favor 
of fhe people of Athens, and obtained the 
crown in preference to the children of the j 
abient monarch. At his return Thefeus at¬ 
tempted to ejedt the ufurper, but to no pur- 
pofe. The Athenians had forgotten his many 
ferviecs, and he retired with great mortification 
to the court of Lvcomedes, kiftg of the iftand’ 
#f b’eyros. After paying him much attention, 


Lycovnedes, either jealous of his fame, of bribed 
by the prefents of Mneftheus, carried him to a 
high rock,on pretence of lhev/ing him the extent 
of his dominions, and threw him down a deep 
precipice. Some fuppofe 1 that Thefeus inad- 
vertentfr- fell down this precipice, and that he 
was crufiied to death without receiving any 
violence from Lycomedes. The children of 
Thefeus, after the death of Mneftheus, reco¬ 
vered the Athenian throne, and that the me¬ 
mory of their father might not be without the 
honors due to a hero, they brought his remains 
from Scyros, and gave them a magnificent 
burial. They alfo railed him ftatues and a 
temple, and fellivals and games were publicly 
inftituted to commemorate the adiions of a 
hero, who had rendered fuch fervices to the 
people of Athens. Thefe feftivals were ftilt 
celebrated with original folemnity in the age 
of Paufanias and Plutarch, about t2CO years 
after the death of Thefeus. The hiftorians 
dilagreefrom the poets in their accounts about 
this hero, and they all fuppofe. thatiiiftead of 
attempting to carry away the wife of Pluto, 
the two friends vvilhed to feduce a daughter of 
Aidoneus, king of the Moloffr, This daughter, 
as they fay, bore the name of Proferpine, and 
the dog which kept the gates of the palace, was 
called Cerberus, and hence perhaps ariles the 
fidlion of ihe poets, Pirithous was torn to 
pieces by the dog, but Thefeus was confined 
in prifon, from whence he made his efcape 
fome time after, by the aftiftance of Hercules. 
Some authors place Thefeus and his friend ill 
the number of the Argonauts, but they were 
both detained, either in the infernal regions, or 
in the country of the Molofti, in the time of 
Jafon’s expedition to Co’chis. Pint, in vita. — 
Apollod. 3.— JJygin. fab. 14 & 79.— Panf. 1, 
c. 2,81c. — Ovid.Met. 7, v. 433. lb. 412. Fajl. 3, 
v. 473 & 491. Heroid. — Died. I & 4.— Lucan . 
2, v. 6l2.— Homer. Od. 21, v. 293.— Hefiod . 
hi Scut. Here. — JElian. V. H. 4, c. T.— Staf. 
Theb. 5, v. 432.— Propert. 3.— Ladlant. ad 
Theb. Stat. — Pbilo/l. Icon. l.-r-Flacc. 2 .-— 
Apollon. I.— Hirg. JEn. 6, V. 617.— Seneca, 
in Hippol .— Stat. Achill. I. 

ThesYd2e, a name given to the people 
of Athens, becaufe they were governed by 
Thefeus. 

ThesTdes, a patronymic applied to the 
children of Thefeus, especially Hippolytus. 
Ovid Her. 4, v 65. 

Thesmophora, a furname of Ceres, as 
law-giver, in whofe honor feftivals were in¬ 
ftituted called Tbefmopboria. The Thefmo- 
phoria were inftituted by Triptolemus, or ac¬ 
cording to fome by Orpheus, or the daughters 
of Danaus. The greateft part of the Grecian 
cities, efpecrally Athens,,obferved them with 
great lolemnity. The worftuppers were free¬ 
born women, whofe hufbands were obliged to 
defray ; he expences of the feftival. They were 
.afiifted by a prieft called ftfave (po^os, becaule 
be carried a crown on his head. There were 

aU* 






TH 


TH 


alfo certain virgins who officiated, and were 
maintained at the public expence. The free¬ 
born women were dreffed in white robes to 
intimate their fpotlefs innocence; they were 
charged to obierve the ftri&eft chaftity during 
three or five days before the celebration, and 
during the four days of the folemnity, and on 
that account it was ufual for them to ftrew 
their bed with agnus callus , fleabanc, and all 
fuch herbs as were fupnofed to have the power 
of expelling all venereal propenfities. They 
were nllb charged not to eat pomegranates, or 
to wear garlands on their heads, as the whole 
was to be obierved with the greateft figns of 
ferioufnefs and gravity, without any difplay of 
wantonnefs or levity. It was however ulual 
to jeft at one another, as the goddefs Ceres had 
been made to fmile by a merry expreifion 
when fhe was fad and melancholy for the recent 
Jofs of her daughter Proferpine. Three days 
were required for the preparation, and upon 
the nth of the month called Pyanepfion, the 
women went to Eletifis, carrying books on their 
heads, in which the laws which the goddefs had 
invented were contained. On the 14th of the 
fame month the feftival began, on the 16th 
day a faft was obferved, and, the women fat on 
the ground in token of humiliation. It was 
ufual during the feftival to offer prayers to 
Ceres, Proferpine, Pluto, and Calligenia, whom 
fome fuppofe to be the nurle or favorite maid 
of the goddefs of corn, or perhaps one of her 
furnames. There were fome facrifices of a 
myfterious nature, and all perfons whofe offence 
was fmall were relealed from confinement. 
Such as were initiated at the feftivals of Ekufis 
aflifted at the Thefmophoria. The place of 
high prieft was hereditary in the family of 
Eumolpui. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 431. Fajl. 4, 
v. 619.— Apoliod. 1, c. 4.— Virg. JE». 4,v. 58. 
— Sophocl . in (Edip. Col. — Clem. Alex. 

Tuesmothetje, a name given to the laft 
fix Archons among the Athenians, becaufe 
they took particular care to enforce the laws, 
and to fee juftice impartially adminiftered. 
They were at that time nine in number. 

Thespia, now Neocorto, a town of Bcrotia, 
at the foot of mount Helicon, which received 
its name from Thefpia, the daughter of Afo- 
pus, or from Thefpius. Plin. 4 , c. 7. — Pauf. 
9, c. 26 .—Strab. 9. 

Thespiadje, the fons of the Thefpiades. 
[ Hid. Thefpius.] 

Thespiades, a name given to the 50 
daughters ofThefpius. [^V.Thefpius.]— Diod. 

•—Seneca, in Here. CEt. 369.'--Alio a lur- 

name of the nine mufes, becaufe they were 
held in great veneration in Thefpia. Place. 2, 
v. 368.— Ovid. Met . 5, v. 310. 

Thespis, a Greek poet of Attica, fuppofed 
by fome to be the inventor of tragedy, 336 
years before Chrift. His reprefentations were 
very ruftic and imperfect. He went from 
town to town upon a cart, on which was erect¬ 
ed a temporary ftage, where two aiders, whofe 


faces were daubed with the lees of wine, enter¬ 
tained the audience with choral fongs, &c. 
Solon was a great enemy to his dramatic 
repiefentations. Horat. Art. P. 276. — Diog. 

Thespius, a king of Thefpia, in Bceotia, 
fon of Erechtheus, according to fome authors. 
He was defirous that his fifty daughters flrould 
have children by Hercules, and therefore when 
that hero was at his court he permitted him to 
enjoy their company. This, which, according - 
to fome, was effedled in one night, paftes for 
the 13th and moft arduous of the labors of 
Hercules, as the two following lines from the 
arcana arcanijjima indicate : 

Tertius bine decimus labor ejl dutijftmus, una 
Quinquaginta JimulJlupravit nodie puellas. 

All the daughters of Thefpius brought male 
children into the world, and fome of them 
twins, particularly Procris the eldeft, and the 
youngeft. Some fuppofe that one of the 
Thefpiades refuted to admit Hercules to her 
arms, for which the hero condemned her to 
pafs all her life in continual celibacy, and to 
become the prieftefs of a temple he had at 
Thefpia. the children of the Thefpiades, 
called Thefptadx, went to Sardinia, where they 
made a lettlement with Iolaus, the friend of 
their father. Thefpius is often confounded by 
ancient authors with Theftius, though the latter 
lived in a different place, and, as king of 
Pleuron, lent his ions to the hunting of the 
Calydonian boar. Apoliod. a, c. 4. — Pauf. 9, 
C. 26 & 27.— Plut. 

ThesprOtia, a country of Epirus, at the 
weft of Ambracia, bounded on the fouth by 
the lea. It is watered by the rivers Acheron 
and Cocytus, which the poets, after Homer, 
have called the ftreams of hell. The oracle 
of Dodona was in Thefprotia. Homer. Od. 14, 
v. 315.— Strab. 7, Sec. — Pauf. X, c. 17.— 
Lucan. 3, v. 179 * 

Thesprotus, a fon of Lycaon, king of 
Arcadia. Apoilod. 3, c. 8. 

Tiiessalia, a country of Greece, whofe 
boundaries have been different at different 
periods. Properly fpeaking, Theffaly was 
bounded on the fouth by the fouthern parts 
of Greece, or Grsecia propria ; eaft, by the 
iEgean; north, by Macedonia and Mygdo- 
nia ; and weft, by Illyricum and Epirus. It 
was generally divided into four feparate pro¬ 
vinces, Thelfaliotis, Pelafgiotis, Iliia-otis, and 
Phthiotis, to which fome add Magnefia. It 
has been feverally called JEmonia, Pelafgicum, 
Argos, Hellas, Arge\i, Dryopis, Pe/afgh, 
Pyrrho-. ;, JBmathia , &c. The name of Thef* 
falia is derived from "I heflalus, one of its 
monarchs. Theffaly is famous for a deluge 
which happened there in the age of Deucalion. 
Its mountains and cities are a|fo celebrated, 
luch as Olyrppus, Pelion, Offa, Larifla, &c. 
The Argonauts were partly natives of Thel- 
faly. The inhabitants of the country palfed 
for a treacherous nation, fo that talfe money 
was called Theflalian coin, and a perfidious 
jD i a&ion. 




TH 


TH 


a<flion, Thefialian deceit. Theflaly was go¬ 
verned by kings, till it became fubje£l to the 
Macedonian monarchs. The cavalry was 
univerially efteemed, and the people were 
fuperftitious, and addi&ed to the ftudy of magic 
and incantations. Theflaly is now called 
Ja/tmz. Lucaju 6, v. 438, &C.— Dlonyf. 210. 
—Ci'rt. 3, c. 2.— JRlian. V. H. 3, c. 1 — 
Pauf. 4, c. 36. 1 . IO, c. I.— Mela, 2, c. 3.— 
JuJiin. 7, c. 6.— Diod. 4. 

Thessaeion, a fervant of Mentor, of 
Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes Ochus, &c. 
Diod. 16. 

Thessaliotis, a part of Theflaly at the 
fouth of the river Peneus. 

Thcssalonxca, art ancient town of Ma¬ 
cedonia, tirft called Therma , and Theflalonica 
after Theflalonica, the wife of Caflander. Ac¬ 
cording to ancient writers it was once very 
powerful, and it ftill coiftinues to be a place 
of note. Strab. J.—Dioinf — Cic. in Pif. C. 17. 
— Liv. 29, c. 17.I. 40,0/4.1. 44, c. 10 & 45.— 

Mela, 2. c. 3.-A daughter of Philip, king 

of Macedonia, After to Alexander the Great. 
She married Caflander, by. whom ftie had a 
fon called Antipater, who put her to death. 
Pauf. 8, c. 7. 

Thessalus, a fon of Aimon.-A fon of 

Hercules and Calliope, daughter of.Euryphilus. 
Theflaly received its name from one of thel'e. 

Apollod. 2.— Difiys Cret. 2.-A phyfician 

who invited Alexander to a feaft at Babylon to 

give him poifon.-A phyfician of Lydia in 

the age of Nero. He gained the favors of the 
great and opulent at Rome, by the meannei's 
and lervility of his behaviour. He treated all 
phyficians with contempt, and thought himfelf 
fuperior fo all his predecefibrs.——A fon of 
Cimon, who accufed Alcihindes becaufe he 

imitated the myfteries of f ercs.-A fon of 

Piflftratus.-A player in rhe age of Alex¬ 

ander. 

Thestalus, a fon of Hercules and Epi- 
cafte. Apollod. 2, c. 7. 

Theste, a After of Dionyflus the elder, 
tyrant of Syracule. She married Philoxenus, 
and was greatly efteemed by the Sicilians. 

Tiiestia, a town of JEtolia, between the 
Evenus and Achelous. Polyb. 5. 

ThesTiada: & Thestiades. Vid. 
Thefpiadse & Th.efpihdes. 

ThestIame, the Ions of Theftius, Tox- 
fius and Plexippus. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 286. 

Thestias, a patronymic of Althcea, 
daughter of Theflius. • Ovid. Met. 8. 

* Thespis, a fountain in th£ country of 
Cyrene. 

Thestius, king of Pleuron, and fon of 
Parthaon, was father to Toxeus, Plexippus, and 

Althaea.-A king of 1 helpia. [ Vid. 

’Th^fpius.]-The fons of The'ftius, called 

Tbeftiada, were killed by Meleager at thechace 
of t he Calvdonian boar. Apollod. 1, c. 7. 

T iiestor, a Ion of Idmon and l.aothoe, 
fail.or to Calchas. From him Calchas is often 
■13 


called Thejlorides. Ovid. Met. 12 , V. I 9 , ““~ 
•S tat. I, Ach. v. 497.— Apollon. I, v. 239 *”" 
Homer. II. I, V. 6 ). 

Thestvlis, a country woman mentioned 
in Theocritus and Virgil. 

Thetis, one of the lea deities, daughter of 
Nereus and Doiis, often confounded with 
Tethys, her grandmother. She was courted 
by Neptune and Jupiter; but when the gods 
were informed that the fon fhe Ihould bring 
lorth mull become greater than his father, 
their addrefles were flopped, and Peleus, the 
fon of AEacus, was permitted to folicit her hand. 
Thetis refufed him, but the lover had the 
artifice to catch her when aAeep,and by bind¬ 
ing her ftrongly, he prevented her from efcap- 
ing from his grafp, in affirming different forms. 
When Thetis found that {he could not elude 
the vigilance of her lover, ftie confented to 
mairyhim,thopgh much againft her inclination. 
Their nuptials were celebrated on mount Pe- 
lion, with great pomp; all the deities attended 
except the goddefs of difeord, who punifhed the 
negligence of Peleus, by throwing into the 
midft of the afiembly a golden apple, to be 
given to the faireft of all the goddefles. [ Vid. 
Difcordia.] Thetis became mother of feveral 
children by Peleus, but all thefe fhe deflroyed 
by fire in attempting to fee whether they were 
immortal. Achilles muft have {hared the fame 
fate, if Peleus had not fnatched him from her 
hand as fhe was going to repeat the cruel opera¬ 
tion. She afterwards rendered him invulnerable 
by plunging him in the waters of the Styx, ex¬ 
cept that part of the heel by which fhe held him. 
As Thetis well knew’ the fate of her fon, fhe 
attempted to remove him from the Trojan war 
by concealing him in the court of Lycomedes. 

J his was ulelefs, he went with the reft of the 
Greeks. The mother, ftill anxious for his pre- 
iervation, prevailed upon Vulcan to make him 
a fuit of armour; but when it was done, {he 
refufed the ged the favors which flie had pro- 
miled him. When Achilles was killed by Paris, 
Thetis iflued out of the lea with the Nereides 
to mourn his death, and after Ihe had col levied 
his aflies in a golden urn, {he railed a monu¬ 
ment to his memory, and inftituted feftivals in 
his honor. Hefod. Theog. v. 244, &c.— Apollod. 
I, c. 2 Sc 9. 1. 3, c. 13. — Hygin. fab. 54. — 
Homer. II. I, &c. Od. 24, v. 55.— Pauf. 5, 
c. 18, Slc —Ovid. Met. II, fab. 7, 1 . 12 , 
fab. 1 , &c. 

Thi utis, or Teuthis, aprinceof a towi* 
of the lame name in Arcadia, who went to the 
Trojan war. He quarrelled with Agamemnon 
at Aulis, and when Minerva, under the form 
of Melas fon of Ops, attempted to pacify him, 
he ltrufk the goddefs and returned home. 
Some fay that the goddefs afterwards appeared 
to him and Ihewed him the wound which he 
had given her in the thigh, and that he died 
loon after. Pauf. 8, c. 28. 

Tiua, the mother of the fun, moon, and 
Aurora, by Hyperion. [Vid. Thea.] Hcfod. 

Theog-, 






TH 


TH 


** If A M* of Affj ria, feW of 


role out of the fen in the age of Pliny. PI in. 
27, C.I 2 . 

Till AS, a king of Aflyria. 

Thimbron, a Lacedemonian chofen ge¬ 
neral to conduct a war againft Perfia. 


Adonis and Myrrha, according to Apollod. 3, 
c. 14.-A man who made himlelf matter of 


Miletus.-An officer of TEtolia, who ftrong- 

lv oppoted the views of the Romans, arid 

„ . , - He was favored the interett of Antiochus, EC. 193. 

recalled, and afterwards re-appointcd. He I 


39 1 * Diod.iy. -A liiend of 


[ Fid. 


•One of the friends of iEneas in Italy, 
killed by Halefus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 415. 

1 hoe, one of the Nereides. Hefmd. Th. 

24 S- -One of the horfes of Admetus. ^ 

■-’-One of the Amazons, &c. Val. FI. 6, 

v. 376. 

Tiioi.us, a town of Africa. 

Tiiomyris, called alfo Tamyris, Tameris, 
Thamyris and Tomeris, was queen of the 
. - , „ , MalTagetae. After her hulband’s death live 

I hisias, a Sicilian writer. | marched againft Cyrus, who wilhed to invade 

1 in so a, one ot the three nvmphs who j her territories, cut his army to pieces, and 

fed Jupiter in Arcadia. She built a town j killed him on the lpot. The barbarous queen 

w nch bore her name in Arcadia. Panf. 8, ordered the head of the fallen monarch to be 

c “ 3, - . cut off and thrown into a veflel full of human 

1 111 si ie, a town of Bccotia. Plin. 4, blood, >vith the infulting words of fatia ie 
C * 7* j fanguine quern fitijii. Her fon had been con- 

Tiioantium, a place on the fea coaft at j quered by Cyrus before Ihe marched herfelf 
Rhodes. I or riia r, a -,a Herodot. I, c. 205. 


died B. C. 

Harpalus. 

Tiuodamas, the father of Hylas. 
Theodamas.J 

Thirmida, a town of Numidia, where 
Hiempfal was flain. Sal. Jug. 2. 

I hisbe, a beautiful woman of Babylon. 
[FiJ. Pyramus ]-A town of Bccotia, be¬ 

tween two mountains. Pauf. 9, c. 32. 


Thoas, a king of Taurica Cherfonefus, 
in the age of Oreftes and Pylades. He 

would have immolated thele two celebrated 
itrangers on Diana’s altars, according to the 
barbarous cuftoms of the country, had they 
not been delivered by Ipliigenia. [Vi:. | 
Ipbigenia.] According to fome, Troas was j 
the fon of Boryfthenes. Ovid. Pont. 3, el. 2. j 
——A king of Lemnos, fon of Bacchus and 1 
Ariadne the daughter of Minos, and hufband | 
to Myrine. Pie had been mcde king of Lem¬ 
nos by Rhadamanthus. He was Hill alive 
when the Lemnian women confpired to kill 
all the males in the iiland, but his life was 
fpared by his only daughter Hipfipyle, in vvhofe 
favour he had refigned the crown. Hipfipyle 
obliged her father to depart lecretly from 
Lemnos, to efcape from the fury of the wo¬ 
men, and he arrived fafe in a neighbouring 
iiland, which fome call Chios, though many 
fuppofe that Thoas was aflaftinated by the 
enraged females before he had left Lemnos. 
Some rnythologifts confound the king of Lem¬ 
nos with that of Cherfonefus, and fuppofe that 
they were one and the fame man. According 
to their opinion, Thoas was very young when 
he retired from Lemnos, and after that he 
went to Taurica Cherfonefus, where he fettled. 
place. 8, V. 208.— Hygin. fab. 74, 120.— Ovid, 
in lb. 384. Heroid. 6, v. II4.— Stat. Tbeb. J, 
V. 262 & 486.— Apollon. Rbod. I, v. 209 & 615. 
— Apollod. I, c. 9. I.3, c. 6 .-—Eurip. in Ipbig. 

--A fon of Andremon and Gorge, the 

daughter of CEneus. He went to the Trojan 
war on 15 or rather 40 lhips. Homer. II- 2, 

&C.— Ditty s Cret. I.— Hygin. fab. 97. - 

A famous huntfman. Diod. 4.-A fon of 

Icarius. Apollod. 3, c. 10.-A fon of Jafon 

and Hipfipyle queen of Lemnos. Stat. Tbeb. 
6, v. 342.——A fon of Ornytion, grandlon 


at the head of her armies. 

— Jupn. I, c. 8. — Tibull. 4, el. I, v. 143. 

I kon, an Egyptian phyfician, &c. 

Thonis, a courtezan of Egypt. 

Thoon, a Trojan chief killed by Ulyfles. 

Ovid. Met. 13, 259.-One of the giants 

who made war againft Jupiter. Apollod. 1, 
c. 6. 

I no os a, a fea nymph, daughter of Plior- 
evs, and mother of Polyphemus, by Neptune. 
Hefted. Tbeog. v. 236.— Homer. Od. I, V. Jl t 

J'hootes, one of the Grecian heralds. 

Thoranius, a general of Metellus, kil¬ 
led by Sertorius. Pint. 

Thorax, a mountain near Magnefia in 
Ionia, where the grammarian Daphitas was 
fulpended on a crols for his abufive language 
againft kings and abfolute princes, whence 
the proverb cave a Thor ace. Strab. 14. 

A Lacedaemonian officer who ferved under 
Lylander, and was put to death by the 

F.phori. Pint, in Lyf. -A man of Larifla, 

who paid much attention to the dead body of 
Antigonus, &C. Pint, in Lyf. ISfc. 

Thoria LEX, agraria y by Sp. Thorius, 
the tribune. It ordained that no perfon 
ttiould pay any rent for the land which he 
poflefted. It alio made fome regulations 
about grazing and paftures. Cic. in Brut. 

Thornax, a mountain of Argolis. It re¬ 
ceived its name from Thornax, a nymph who 
became mother of Buphagus, by Japetus. 
The mountain wjs afterwards called Coccygia. 
becaufe Jupiter changed himfelf there into a 
cuckoo. Pauf. 8, c. 27. 

Thorsus, a river of Sardinia. Pauf ia, 
c. 17. ^ 

Thoth, an Egyptian deity, the lame as 
Mercury. 

Thous, a Trojan chief, &c.——One of 
Aftxon’s dogs. 

3 D 3 Thrace, 













TH 


TH 


Thrace, a daughter of Titan.-A 

name of Thrace. [Fid. Thracia.] 

Thraces, the inhabitants of Thrace. [Fid. 
Thracia.] 

Thracia, a large country of Europe, at 
the foutn of Scythia, bounded by mount Ha> 
'mus. It had the iEgean fea on the fouth, on 
the welt Macedonia and the river Strymon, 
and on the eaft the Euxine fea, the Propontis, 
and the Hellelpont. Its northern boundaries 
extended as lar as the liter, according to Pliny 
and others. 1 he Thracians were looked upon 
as a cruel and barbarous nation, they were 
naturally brave and warlike, addicted to drink¬ 
ing and venereal pleafyres, and they facrificed 
without the fmnllelt humanity their enemies 
on the altars of their gods. Their government 
was originally monarchical, and divided among 
a number of independent princes. Thrace is 
barren as to its foil. It received its name from 
Thrax, the Ion of Mars, the chief deity of the 
country. The firft inhabitants lived upon 
plunder and on the milk and flefh oflheep. 
It forms now the province of Romania. Hero- 
dot. 4, c. 99. 1 . 5, c. 3.— Strab . I, &c.— Firg. 
JEn. 3, See. —-Mela , 2, C. 2, &c. — Pauf. 9, c. 
29, See.—Ovid. Met. II, v. 92. 1 . 13, v. 565, 
&C.— C. Nep. in Ale. II. 

Thracid.t., an illuftrious family at Del, hi, 
deftroyedby Philomelus, becauiethey oppofed 
Tiis views. Diod. 16. 1 

Thracis, a town of Pliocis. Pauf. 10, 


power in the JE gean, and on the coaft of Alia. 
After he had gained many advantages, this 
great man was killed in his camp by the inha¬ 
bitants of Alpendus, whom his foldiers had 
plundered without his knowledge, B. C. 391. 
Diod. 14.— C. Nep. in vita. — Civ. Phil .— Val. 

Max. 4, c. i.-A tyrant of Miletus, B'.C. 

634.-A foothfayer defeended from Apollo. 

Pauf. 6, c. 2. - A fon of Gelon, hanilhed 

from Syracufe, of which he was the tyrant, B. 

C. 466.-An Athenian in the army of the 

Perlians, who lupported the fiege of Halicar-' 
n alius. 

Thrasyd;eus, a king of ThelTaly, Sec. 

Thrasyllus, a man of Attica, fo difor- 
dered in his mind that he believed all the lhips 
which entered the Piraeus to be his own. He 
was cured by means of his brother, whom he 
liberally reproached for depriving him of that 
happy illufion of mind. JElian. V. H. 4, 

c. 25. - A general of the Athenians in the 

age of Alcibiades, with whom he obtained a 

vidfory over the Perlians. Thucyd. 8 --A 

Greek Pvthagoreart philofopher and mathe¬ 
matician, who enjoyed the favors and the fiiend- 
Ihip of Auguitus and Tiberius. Suet, in Tib. 

Thrasymachus, a native of Carthage 
who became the pupd of Ifoci ates and of Plato. 
Though he was a public teacher at Athens, 
he ftarved for want of bread, and atlall hanged 

himfelf. fuv. 7, v. 204-A man who' 

abolifned democracy at Cumae. Arif. Pol. 


c 3 - 

Thrasea's, or Thrafius, a foothfayer. 

[ Fid. Thrafius.]-Pa;tus, a lloic philofopher 

of Patavium, in the age of Nero, famous for 
his independence and generous fentiments;. 
he died A. D. 66.— Juv. 5, v. 36.— Mart. 1, 
ep. 19.— Tacit. A. 15, c. 16. 

Thrasideus fucceeded his father Theron 
as tyrant of Agrigentum. He was conquered 
by Hiero, and loon after put to death. Diod. 
11. 

. Thrasimenus. Fid. Thrasymenus. 

Thrasius, a general of a mercenary band 
in Sicily, who railed a fedition againft Timo- 
,!eon. Diod. 16.—A fpendthrift at Rome, See. 
llorat. 2, Sat. 2, v. 99. 

Thraso, a painter. Strab. 14. -A fa¬ 

vorite of Hieronymus, who efpoufed the 
intereft of the Romans. He was put to death 

by the tyrant.-The character of a captain 

in Terence. 

Tiirasy bolus, a famous general of Athens, 
who began the expulfion of the 30 tyrants of 
bis country though he was only afiifted by 30 
of his friends. His efforts were attended with 
fuccefs, B. C. 401, and the only reward he 
received for (his patriotic a£!ion was a crown 
made with two twigs of an olive branch; a 
proof of his own difintereftednefs and of the 
virtues of his countrymen. The Athenians 
employed a man whole abilities and humanity 
were fo conlpicuous, and Thrafybulus was fent 
vyith a powerful fleet to recover their loft 


5 * c. 5. 


Thrasymedes, a fon of Neftor, king of 
Pylos, by Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias. 
He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the 
Trojan war. Hygin. fob. 27.— Pauf. 2, C. 26. 

-A fon of Philomelus, who carried away 

a daughter of Pififtratus, whom he married, • 
Poly an. J. 

Thrasymenus, a lake of Italy near Peru- 
fium, celebrated for a battle fought there 
between Annibal and the Romans, under 
Flaminius, B. C. 217. No lefs than 15,000 
Romans were left dead on the field of battle, 
and 10,000 taken prifoners, or according to 
Livy 6,000, or Polybius 15,000. The lofsof 
Annibal was about 1,50c men. About io,cpo 
Romans made their efcape all covered with 
wound?. This lake is now called the lake of 
Perugia. Strab. 5.— Ovid. Faf . 6, v. 765.— 
Pint. 

Threicius, of Thrace. Orpheus is called 
by way of eminence Threicius Sacerdos. Firg. 
JEn. 6, v. 645. 

Threissa, an epithet applied to Harpa-: 
lyce, a native of Thrace. Firg. JEn. i,v. 320, 

Tiirepsippas, a fon of Hercules and Pa- 
nope. Apollod. 

Thriambus, one of the furnames of Bac¬ 
chus. ' 


Thronium, a town of Phocis, where the 
Boagrius falls into the fea, in the finus Mali- 
acus. Liv. 36, c. 20.— Strpb. 9 .—.Plin, 4, 
p. 7.-Another of Thelprotia. 

T**RTO!f t 









TH 


TH 


Thryon, a town of MeTTenia, near the 
Alphevs. Strab. 8.— Homer. II. 2 . 

Thryus, a town of Peloponnefus, near 
Elis. 

Thucydides, a celebrated Greek hifto- 
rinn, born at Athens. His father's name was 
Olorus, and among his anceftors he reckoned 
the great Miltiades. His youth was diftin- 
guifhed by an eager defire to excel iii the 
vigorous exerufes and gymnaftic amufements, 
whichcalled the attention of his contemporaries, 
and when he had reached the years of man¬ 
hood, he appeared in the Athenian armies. 
During the Peloponnefian war he was com- 
mifiioned by his countrymen to relieve Am- 
phii>olis; but the quick march of I’ralidas, 
the I.acedtemonian general, defeated his ope¬ 
rations, and Thucydides, unfuccefsful in his 
expedition, was banifhed from Athens. This 
happened in the eighth year of this celebrated 
war, and in the place of his banifhment the 
general began to write an impartial hiftory of 
the important events which had happened dur¬ 
ing hisadminiftration, and which ftill continued 
to agitate the feveral ftates of Greece. 1 his 
famous hiftory is continued only to the 2 ill 
year of the war, and the remaining part of the 
time,till the demolition of the walls of Athens, 
was deferibed by the ptAi ot Theopompus and 
Xenophon. Thucydides wrote in the Attic 
dialed as poflefTed of more vigor, purity, 
elegance, and energy. He fpared neither 
time nor money to procure authentic mate¬ 
rials; and the Athenians, as well as their 
enemies, furnilhed him with many valuable 
communications, which contributed to throw 
great light on the different tranfaftions of the 
war. His hiftory has been divided into eight 
books, thelaft of which is imperfeft, and lup- 
pofed to have been written by his daughter. 
The chara&er of this interefting hiftory is 
well known, and the noble emulation of the 
writer will ever be admired, who fired tears 
when he heard Herodotus repeat his hiftory 
of the Ferfian wars at the public feftivals ot 
Greece. The hiftorian of Halicarnaflus, has 
been compared with the fon of Olorus, but 
each has his peculiar excellence. Sweetnefs 
of ftyle, grace, and elegance of exprcfiion, 
may be called the charatf eriftics of the former, 
while Thucydides hands unequalled for the 
fire of his defections, the conciienefs, and 
at the fame time, the ftrong and energetic 
matter of his narratives. His relations are 
authentic, as he himfelfwas interefted m the 
events he mentions; his impartiality is indubi¬ 
table, as he no where betrays the leaft reient- 
ment againft his countrymen, and the factious 
partifans of Cleon v who had banifhed him 
from Athens. Many have blamed the hitto- 
rian for the injudicious diftribution of his 
fubiea, and while, for the fake of accuracy, 
the whole is divided hitofumtryrs and winters, 
the thread of the hiftory is interrupted, the 
fceue continually Cufted j and the reader, 


unable to purfue events to the end, is trans¬ 
ported from Perfia to Peloponnefus, or from 
the walls of Syracufe to thfe coaft of Corcyra. 
The animated harangues of 1 lnicydides have 
been univerl'ally admired; he found a model 
in Herodotus, but he greatly furpafled the 
original, and lucceeding hiftorians have adopted, 
with fpccefs, a peculiar mode of writing which 
introduces a general addrelfing himfelf to the 
paftions and feelings of his armies. The 
hiftory of Thucydides was fo admired, that 
Demofthenes, to perfedl himfelf as an orator, 
trnnfcribed it eight different times, and read it 
with fuch attention, that he could almoft repeat 
it by heart. Thucydides died at Athens, 
where ha had been recalled from his exile, in 
his 8oth year, 391 years before Chrift. The 
heft editions of Thucydides are thole of Duker, 
fol. Amft. 1731; of Glafgow, i2mo. 8 vols. 

1759; of Hudfon, fol. Oxon. 1796, and the 
8vo. of Bipont. 1788. Cic. de Or at. &c—-. 
DioJ. 12.— Dionyf. Hal. de Thuc. — JEll.m. V. 

II. 12, c. 50. —Quint id. -rA fon of Milefiar, 

in the age of Pericles. He was banifhed for 
his oppofition to the meafures of Pericles, 
See. 

Tiiuisto, one of the deities of the Ger¬ 
mans. Tacit . 

Thule, an ifland in themoft northern parts 
of the German ocean, to which, on account 
of its great dirtance from the continent, the 
ancients gave the epithet of ultima. Its fitua- 
tion vvas never accurately aftertained, hence 
its prefent name is unknown by modern hifto- 
rians. Some fuppofe that it is the ifland now 
called Iceland or part of Greenland, vvhilft 
others imagine it to be the Shetland ifies. 

Stat. 3, Syl. 5, v. 20. - Strab. I.— Mela, 3, 

c. 6.—Tacit. Agric. 10. —PI in. 2, c. 75. 1 . 4, 
c. t 6 .—Virg. G. I, V. 30.— Juv. 15, v. 112. 

Thuri.e,— 11, or ium, a town of Lucania 
in Italy, built by a colony of Athenians, near 
the ruins of Sybaris, B. C. 444. In the num¬ 
ber of this Athenian colopy were Lyfias 
and Herodotus. St> ab. 6,—Plin. 12, c. 4.— 

MJa, 2, c. 4.->A town of Meflenia. 

Pan/. 4, c. 31.— Strab. 8. 

ThurTnus, a name given to Auguftus when 
he was young, either becaufe fome of his pro¬ 
genitors were natives of Thurium, or becaufe 
they had diftinguifhed themfelves there. Sue - 
ton. Aug. 7 - 

Thuscia, a country of Italy, the fame as 
Etruria. [Vid. Etruria.] 

Thya, a daughter of the Cephifus.- 

A place near Delphi. 

Thyadks, (Jing. Thyas) a name of the 
Bacchanals. Titty received it from Thyas, 
daughter of Cajlalius, and mother of Delphus 
by Apollo. She was the firfjt woman who 
vvas prieftels of the god Bacchus. Virg. JEn. 
4, v. 302.— Pauf. 10, c. 4- 

TjiyXmis, a river of Epirus falling into 
the Ionian lea. Pavf. i, c. 11. Cic. 7, 
Air. 2. 

3 D 4 1 lltfANA, 








T H 


Tu^ANA, a town of Cappadocia. Strab. 

Thyatjra, a town of Lydia, now Akfar. 
tiv. 2,1 i c 8 & 44* 

Thybarni, a people near Sardes. JDiod. 
! 7 * 

Thyesta, a filter of Dionyfi us, the tyrant 
of Syracufe. 

Thyestes, a fon of Pelops and Hippq- 
davnia, and grandl'on of Tantalus, debauched 
.TEiope, the wife of his brother Atreus, 
becaufe he ’refufed to take him as his colleague 
on the throne of Argos. This was no looner 
known, than Atreus divorced JErone, and 
banifhed Thyeftes from his kingdom; but 
foon after the more effectually to punilh his 
infidelity, he exprelfed a wilh to be reconciled 
to him, and recalled him to Argos. Thyeftes 
was received by his brother at an elegant 
entertainment, but he was foon informed that 
he had been feeding upon the flefh of one of 
his own children. . his Atreus took care to 
communicate to him by (hewing him the 
remains of his fon’s body. This aCtion ap¬ 
peared fo barbarous, that, according to the 
ancient mvthologifts, the fun changed hisufual 
courfe. not to be a fpeCtator of lb bloody a 
fcene. Thyeftes efcaped fiom his brother, 
and fled to Epirus. Some time after he met 
his daughter Pelopeia in a grove facred to 
Minerva, and he offered her violence, without 
knowing who (he was. This inceft, however, 
according to feme, was intentionally committed 
by the fathfer, as he had been told by an 
oracle, that the injuries he had received from 
Atreus would be avenged by a fon born from 
himfelf and Pelopeia. The daughter, pregnant 
by her father, was feen by her uncle Atreus 
and married, and fome time after ihe brought 
into the world a fon, whom (he expofed in the 
woods. The life of the child was preferved 
by goats; he was called-CEgyfthus, and pre- 
fented to his mother, and educated in the 
family of Atreus. When grown to years of 
maturity, the mother gave her fon JEgyfthus 
a ivvord, which lhe had taken from her un¬ 
known ravilher in the grove of Minerva, with 
hopes of difeovering who he was. Meantime 
Atreus, intent to punilh his brother, fent 
Agamemnon and Menelaus to purlue him, 
and when at laft they found him, he was 
dragged to Argos, and thrown, into a dole 
•priion. iEgyfthus was fent to murder Thyeftes, 
but the father recollected the lword, which 
was railed to ftab him, and a few queftions 
convinced him that his affaftin was his own 
fon. Pelopeia was prefent at this difeovery, 
and when (lie found that (he had committed 
inceft with her father, fne afked iEgyfthus to 
examine the fvvord, and immediately plunged 
it into her own bread. iEgyfthus ruthed 
froita the priion to Atreus, with the bloody 
weapon, and murdered him near an altar, as 
he u ifhed to offer thanks to the gods on the 
fuppofed death of Thyeftes. At the death of 
Atreus, Thyeftes was placed on his brother’s 


TH 

throne by J£gy fthus, from which he was foon 
after driven by Agamemnon and Menelaus. , 
He retired from Argos, and was banilhed intq 
the iflatid of Cythera by Agamemqon, where,, 
he died. Apoilod. 2, c. 4 -— Sophocl. in Ape. 

—Hygin. fab. 86, Scc.^Ovid. in lb■ 359 ” 
Lufan. i, v. 544. 1 . 7. v. 451.— Senec. in 
Thyefl. ' ; 

'1 hymrra, a fmall town of Lydia, neap . 
Sardes, celebrated for a battle which was fought 
there between Cyrus and Crccfus, in which 
the hitter was defeated. The troops of Cyrus 
amounted to 196,000 men, befides chariots, 
and thole of Crcc’us were twice as numerous. 

-A plain in Tvoas, through which a lmall 

river, called r I hymbrius, falls in its courfe to the 
Scamander. Apollo had there a temple, and 
from thence he is called Tbymhraui.^Ja^ hilles 
was killed there by Paris, according to fome. 
Strab. 13.— Stat. 4. Syl. 7, v. 22 . — Diclyt 
Cret. 2 , c. 52. 1 . 2 t C. I. 

fHYMBRiEUS, a furname of Apollo. 
Firg G. 4, v. 323. JEn. 3, v. 85. [Fid. 
Thymbra. | 

'Ihymbris, a concubine of Jupiter, faid 
to be mother of Pan. Apoilod. -A foun¬ 

tain and river of Sicily. The c. j, v. JQO. 

Thymbron. Vid. Thimbron. 

Tiiymele, a celebrated female dancer, 
favored by Domitian. Juv. i, v. 36. Sat. 6, 
v. 36. 

Thymiathis, a river of Epirus. , Strab. 7. 

Thymochares, an Athenian defeated in 
a battle by the Lacedemonians. 

Thymoetes, a king of Athens, fon of 
Oxinthas, the laft of the descendants of 
Thefeus, who reigned at Athens. He was 
depofed becaufe he r fuled to accept a chal¬ 
lenge lent by Xanthusking of Bccotia,a:id was 
lucceeded by a Meflenian B. C. 1128, who 
repaired the honor of Athens by fighting the 

Boeotian king. Pauf. 2, c. i 3 .-A Trojan 

prince, whofe wife and fon were put to death 
by order of Priam. It was to revenge the 
king’s cruelty that he perluaded his country¬ 
men to bring the wooden horle within their 
city. He was ion of Laomedon, according to 
fome. Firg. JEn. 2, v. 33.— Didlys Cret. 4, 

c. 4.-A fon of Hicetaon,who accompanied 

•.TEneas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. 
Firg. JEn. IO, v. 123. 1 . 12, V 364. 

Thyni, or Bithyni, a people of Bithynia, 
hence the word Thyna merx applied to their 
commodities. Horat. 3, od. 7, v. 3 — Piin..\ y 
c. II. 

Thyodamas. Fid. Th eodamas. 

Thy one, a name given to Sernele after 
ftte had been preiented with immortality by 
her fon Bacchus. Apoilod. 3, c. 5. 

Thyoneus, a furname of Bacchus from 
his mother Semele, who was called Thyonc. 

Apoilod. 3, c. 5.— Horat. I, Od. lj y v. 23- 

Ovid 4, Met. V. 13. 

Thyotes, a prieft c-f the Cabiri, in Sa- 
mothrace. FI ace. 2, v. 438. 

Thyre, 








T I 


T I 


Thyre, a town of the Meflenians, famous 
for a battle fought there between the Argives 
and the Lacedaemonians. Hcrodut. 1 , c. 82. 
Tbeb. 4, v. 48. 

'T my Rea, an ifland on the coaft of Pe- 
3*ponneit)S, near Hermione. Herodot. 6, 
c. 76. 

Thyrrum, a town of Acarnania, whofe 
inhabitants are called Tbyrienfes. Liv. 36, 

c. II. 1. 38, c. 9. 

Thyreus, a fon of Lycaon. king of Arca¬ 
dia Pwf- 8, c. 3.-A fon of CEneuSjking 

of Calydon. Apollod. 1, c. 8. 

Th y rides, three fnull iflands at the point 
of Tajnarus. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Thyrsaget.r, a people of Sarmatia, who 
live upon hunting. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Thyrsus, a river of Sardinia, now Orif- 

tagni. 

Thyssos, a town near mount Athos. 

Thy us, a fat-Mp of Paphlagonia, who re¬ 
volted f^om Artaxerxes and was feized by 
patames. C. Nep. in Dat. 

Tiasa, a daughter of the Eurotas, who 
gave her name to a river in Laconia. Pauf. 

3, c. 18. _ 

Tibareni, a people of Cappadocia, on 

the borders of the Thermodon.--A people 

of Pontus. Alda, 2, c. 20. 

Tiberias, a town of Galilee, built by 
Herod, near a lake of the fame name, and 
called after Tiberius. Plin.$ , c. 16.— ‘jj'tpb. 
A. 18, c. 3. 

TjberInus, fon of Capetus, and king of 
Alba, was drowned in the river Albula, 
which on that account affumed the name of 
Tiberis , of which he became the protecting 
god. Liv. I, C. 3. — Cic. de Nat. D. 2, C. 20. 

— Varro. de L. L. 4, C. 5, &c.— Ovid. Fajl . 2, 
v. 389. 1. 4, v. 47. 

Tiberis, Tyberis, Tiber, or Tibris, a 
river of Italy, on whofe banks the city of 
Rome was built. It was originally called 
Albula , from the whitenefs of its waters, 
and afterwards Tiberis, when Tiberinus, 
king of Alba, had been drowned there. It 
was alfo named Tyrrbenus, becaufe it wa¬ 
tered Etruria, and Lydias, becaufe the in¬ 
habitants of the neighbourhood were fup- 
pofed to be of Lydian origin. The Tiber 
rifes in the Appennines, and falls into the 
Tyrrhene fea, 16 miles below Rome, after 
dividing Latium from Etruria. Ovid. Fajl. 

4, v 47, 329, &c. 1. 5, v. 641. in lb. 514.— 

— Lucan. I, v. 381, &C. — Varro. de L. L. 
4, c. 5.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 30.— Horat. I, 
Od. 2, v. 13.— Mela, 2, C. 4.— Liv. I, 
c. 3. 

Tiberius, (Claudius Drufus Nero) a 
Roman emperor after the death of* Auguftus, 
defcended from the family of the Claudii. 
In his early years he commanded popularity 
by entertaining the popu'ace with magnifi¬ 
cent (hows and fights of gladiators, and he 
gained fome applaule in the funeral oration 


which he pronounced over his father 
though only nine years old. His firft ap! 
pearance in the Roman armies was under 
Auguftus, in the war.againft the Cantahri, 
and afterwards in the capacity of general’ 
he obtained viftories in different parts of 
the empire, and was rewarded with a tri¬ 
umph. Yet, in the midft of his dory, 
Tiberius fell under the difpleafure of" Au- 
gultus, and retired to Rhodes, where he con¬ 
tinued for feven years as an exile, till 
by the influence of his mother Livia with 
the emperor, he was recalled. His return to 
Rome was the more glorious; he had 
the command of the Roman armies in Illy- 
rlcum, Pannonia, and Dalmatia, and feemed 
to divide the fovereign power with Auguftus. 
At the death of this celebrated emperor, Ti¬ 
berius, who had been adopted, affumed the 
reins of government; and while with diflimu- 
lation and affedted modefty he wifhed to de¬ 
cline the dangerous office, he found time 
to try the fidelity of his friends, and to make 
the greateft part of the Romans believe that 
he was inverted with the purpie, not from his 
own choice, but by the recommendation 
of Auguftus, and the urgent entreaties of the 
Roman fenate. The beginning of his reign 
ieemed to promife tranquillity to the world; 
Tiberius was a watchful guardian of the pub¬ 
lic peace, he was the friend of juftice, and 
never affumed the founding titles which 
mult difgult a free nation, but he was fatisfied 
to fay of himlelf that he was the mafter 
of his flaves, the general of his foldiers, and 
the father of the citizens of Rome. That 
feemlng moderation, however, which was 
hut the fruit of the deepeft policy, foon 
difappeared, and Tiberius was viewed in his 
real character. His ingratitude to his mother 
Livia, to whofe intrigues he was indebted 
for the purple, his cruelty to his wife Ju¬ 
lia, and his tyrannical oppreffion and mur¬ 
der of many noble fenators, rendered him 
odious to the people, and fufpedded even 
by his mod: intimate favorites. The ar¬ 
mies mutinied in Pannonia and Germany, 
but the tumults were filenced by the pru¬ 
dence of the generals and the fidelity of 
the officers, and the fadliotis demagogues were 
abandoned to their condign puniftiment. This 
adted as a check upon Tiberius in Rome; 
he knew from thence, as his fucceffors 
experienced, that his power was precarious, 
and his very exiftence in perpetual. dan¬ 
ger. He continued as he had begun, to pay 
the greateft deference to the fenate; all 
libels againft him he difregarded, and ob- 
ferved, that, in a free city, the thoughts 
and the tongue of every man fhould bq free. 
The taxes were gradually leffened, and luxury 
reftrained by the falutary regulations, as 
well as by the prevailing example and fruga¬ 
lity of the emperor. While Rome exhibited 
a feene of peace and public tranquillity, the 

barbarians 





T I 


T I 


barbarians were feverally ’ defeated on the 
borders of the empire, and Tiberius gained 
new honors, by the activity and valor of 
Germanicus and his other faithful lieute¬ 
nants. Yet the triumphs of Germanicus 
were beheld with jealoufy. Tiberius dread¬ 
ed his power, he was envious of his popu¬ 
larity, and the death of that celebrated ge¬ 
neral in Antioch was, as tome fuppofe, ac¬ 
celerated by poiton, and the feciet refent- 
naent of the emperor. Not only his relations 
and friends, but the great and opulent 
were facrificed to his ambition, cruelty, and 
avarice; and there was lcarce in Rome one 
fingle family that did not reproach Tiberius 
for the lols of a brother, a father, or a huf- 
Iband. He at lait retired to the ifland of 
Caprese, on the coaft of Campania, where 
he buried himfelf in unlawful plealures. The 
cave of the empire was entrulied to favorites, 
among whom Sejanus for a while (hone with 
uncommon fplembr. In his folitary retreat 
the-''emperor propofed rewards to luch as in¬ 
vented new pleasures, or could produce frefii 
luxuries. He forgot his age as well as his 
dignity, .and diigraced himfelf by the mod 
unnatural vices and enormous indulgences 
"which can draw a blirth, even upon the coun¬ 
tenance of the moll debauched and abandon¬ 
ed. While the emperor was loft to himfelf 
stud the world, the provinces were harafled 
on every fide by the barbarians, and Tiberius 
found himfelf iniulted by thofe enemies 
whom hitherto he had feen fall proftrate at 
his feet with every maik of iubmiffive adu¬ 
lation. At lalt grown weak and helplels 
through infirmities, he thought of his ap¬ 
proaching dilfolution; and as he well knew 
that Rome could ifot exill without a head, 
he nominated as his fucceffbr, Caius Cali¬ 
gula. Many might enquire, why a youth 
naturally fo vicious and abandoned as Caius 
was chofen to be the mailer of an extenlive 
empire; but Tiberius vvilhed his own cruel¬ 
ties to be forgotten in the barbarities which 
/ might be displayed in the reign of his fuc- 
celfor, whole natural propenfities he had 
well defined, in faying of Caligula that he 
bred a lerpent for the Roman people, and 
a Phaeton for the reft of the empire. Ti¬ 
berius died at Mifenum the 16th of March, 
A.D. 37, in the 7,8th year of his agfe, af¬ 
ter a reign of 2 Z years, lb months, and 
days. Caligula was accuied of having 
hailened his end by fuffocating him. The 
joy was, univerlal when his death was 
known; and the people of Rome, in the 
midft of forrow, had a moment to rejoice, 
heedlefs of the calamities which awaited 
them in the fucceeding reigns. The body 
of Tiberius was conveyed to Rome, and 
burnt with great folemnity. A funeral ora- 1 
tion was pronounced by Caligula, who feem- 1 
cd to forget his benefactor while he ex- f 
plated the francs of Auguflus, Ger- ’ 


manici^, and bis own. The character of 
Tiberius has been examinejd with particular 
attention by hiftorians, and his reign is the 
lubjeCl of the moll perfedl and elegant of all 
the compofitions of Tacitus. When a pri¬ 
vate man, Tiberius was univerfally elleem- 
ed ; when he had no fuperior, he was proud, 
arrogant, jealous and revengeful. If he 
found his military operations conduced by 
a warlike general, he affeCted moderation 
and virtue; but when he got rid of the 
powerful influence of a favorite, he was tyran¬ 
nical and dilfolute. If, as lome oblerve, 
he had lived in the times of the Roman re¬ 
public, he might have been as confpicuous 
as his great ancellors; but the fovereign 
power lodged in his hands, rendered him 
vicious and opprelfive. Yet, though he en¬ 
couraged informers and favored flattery, he 
blullied at the mean fervifities of the lenate, 
and derided the adulation of his com tier*, 
who approached Him, he laid, as if they ap¬ 
proached a favage elephant. He was a pa¬ 
tron of learning, he was an eloquent and 
ready lpcaker, and dedicated lome part of his 
time to lludy. He wrote a lyric poem, 
entitled, A complaint on the death of .Lu¬ 
cius Crefar, as allb fome Greek pieces in 
imitation of fome of his favorite authors. 
He avoided all improper expreliions, and all 
foreign words he totally vvilhed to banilh from 
the Latin tongue. As inftances of his huma¬ 
nity, it has been recorded that he was 
uncommonly liberal to the people of Alia 
Minor, whofe habitations had been deltroyed 
by a violent earthquake, A- D. 17. One 
of his officers vvilhed him to encreafe the 
taxes, Mo, laid Tiberius, a good Jhephcrd 
mujl Jheer , not flay his Jbcep. I he fenators 
vvilhed to call the month of November, in 
which he was born, by his name, in imita¬ 
tion of J. Caeiar and Auguftus, in the months 
of July and Augull; but this he refuled, 
hying, What 'will you do , confcript fathers , 
if you have thirteen Cafars ? Like the Tell 
of the emperors, he received divine honors 
after death, and even during his life. It has 
been wittily oblerved by Seneca, that he never 
was intoxicated but once all his life, for he 
continued in a perpetual Hate of intoxication 
from the time he gave himfelf to drinking 
till the lall moment of Ids life. Sucton. m 
vita, life. — Tacit. Ann. 6 , ttfe. — Dion . Caff: 
-A friend of Julius Cffilar, whom he ac¬ 
companied in the war of Alexandria. Ti¬ 
berius forgot the favors he had received from 
his friend; and wheu he was aflaflinated, he 
vvilhed all his murderers to be publicly re¬ 
warded.-One of the Gracchi. [ Vid. 

Gracchus.]-S.empronius, a ion of Drulus 

and Ljvia, the filler of Germanicus, put to 

death by Caligula. - -A ton of Brutus, put 

to death by his father, becaufe he had con- 
fpired with other young noblemen to reftore 
jarquin to his throne,— —A Thracian made 

emperor 








emperor of Rome in the latter ages of the 
empire. 

Tibksis, a river of Scythia flowing from 
mount Hafmus into the Ifter. Herodut. 4, 

c * 49 - 

Tibiscus, now Teijfe, a river of Dacia, 
with a town of the lame name, now Temef- 
voar. It falls into the Danube. 

Tibris. \Vid. Tiheris.] 

Tibujla, a town of Sardinia, notv I.ango 
Sardo. 

Tibullus (Aulus Albius), a Roman 
knight celebrated for his poetical compofi- 
tions. He followed Meflala Corvinus into 
the ifland of Corcyra. but he was loon difl'a- 
tisfied with the toils of war, and retired to 
Rome, where he gave himfelt up to literary 
cafe, and to all the effeminate indolence of 
an Italian climate. His firft compofition was 
to celebrate the virtues of his friend Me Tala, 
but his more favorite liudy was writing love 
veries, in praife of his miftreffes Delia and 
Plautia, of Nemefis and Neasra, and in thele 
elegant effufions he fhowed himfelf the molt 
correct of the Roman poets. As he had el- 
pouled the cauie of Brutus, he lolt la is 
poflellions when the loldiers of the triumvi¬ 
rate were rewarded with lands ; but he 
might have recovered them if he had con¬ 
descended, like Virgil, to make his court to 
Auguftus. Four books of elegies are the 
only remaining pieces of his compofition. 
They are uncommonly elegant and beauti¬ 
ful, and poffelfed with fo much grace and 
purity of lentiment, that the writer is de- 
iervedly ranked as the prince of elegiac 
poets. Tibullus was intimate with the lite¬ 
rary men of his age, and tor tome time he had 
a poetical contett with Horace, in gaining 
the favors of an admired courtezan. Ovid 
has written a beautiful elegy on the death 
of his friend- The poems of 1 ibullus are 
generally publifhed with thofe of Rropertius 
and Catullus, of which the beft editions 
are that of Vulpius, Patavii, 1737, 1749 ’ 
1755; that of Barium, i2mo. Paris, 
'I754* and that by Heyne, 8vo. Lipf. 1 77 <^- 
Ovid. am. el. 9 , Trift. 2 , v. 487 .—He¬ 
rat. I, \p. 4 1 X, od. 33» v - I -—Quin til. 10, 

Tiber, an ancient town of the Sabines, 
aV-ut 20 miles north of Rome, bu lt as lome 
fay by 1 ibur the ton of Amphiaraus. It was 
watered' by the Anio, and Hercules was the 
chief deity of the place, from which circum- 
fiance it has been called Herculei muri. In 
the neighbourhood, the Romans, on account 
of the Talubrity of the air, had their ieveral 
villas where they retired; and there alio Ho¬ 
race had his favorite country feat, tho iome 
place it nine miles higher. Strab. S-ff IC ‘ 
2, Orat. 65. — Suet. Cal . 2\.— Virg. 7, 

v. 630.— Herat. 3, od. 4, &C.— 0 W. 
y. 61 , &c. 


L.TiBURTTUs.nccnturion in Caefar’s army, 
wounded by Pompey’s foldiers. 

Tirurtus, the founder of Tibur, often 
called Tilntrtia mania. He was one of 
the foils of Amphiaraus. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 
670. 

Tichis, now Techy a river of Spain, fall¬ 
ing into the Mediterranean. 

Tichius, a name given to the top of mount 
CEta. Liv. 36,0. 16. 

TiciDA,a Roman poet n few years before 
the age of Cicero, who wrote epigrams, and 
praifed his miftrefs Metella under the ficti¬ 
tious name of Petilla. Ovid. Trijl. 2, v. 


433 - . , 

Ticinus, now TefinOy a river near 77 a- 

num, a lmail town of Italy, where the Ro¬ 
mans were defeated by Annibal. The town 
of Ticinum was alio called Pavia. 1 he Ti- 
cinus falls into the Po. Strab. 5.— dial. 4, 
v. 81. 

Tidius, a man who joined Rompcy, 


Sec. 


Tiessa, a river of Laconia, falling into the 
Eurotas. Patf. 3, c. j8. 

1 f at a, a mountain cf Campania, near 
Capua. Stat. Sylv. 4. 

Tifernum, a name common to three 
towns of Italy. One of tnem for diltinc- 
tion’s fake, is called Metaurenfe , near the 
Metraurus in Umbria; the other, Tiberi - 
man, on the i iber; and the thud, Sanini— 
ticum, in the country of the Sabines. Liv. 
IO, c. 14.— Flirt. 3, c. 14.— Plin. fee. 4, 


r i * L * 

Titernus, a mountain and liver in the 
country of the Sammtes. Plin 3 > C* IL 
Liv. IO. c. 30. — Mqla, 3, C. 4. 

Tigasis, a fon of Hercules. 

Tigei.lin us, a Roman celebrated for his 
intrigues ond perfidy in the court of Neio. 
He was appointed judge at the trial of the 
con 1 pirators who h.id leagued againit . Neio, 
for which he was liberally rewarded with tri¬ 
umphal honors. He afterwards betrayed the 
emperor, and vvas ordered to deflroy tiimfelf, 
68 A. D. Tacit. Hft. 1, c. 72 .—Phil.— 

Juv. i. # 

Tioelltus, a native of Sardinia, who 
became the favorite of J. Caelar, of Cleo¬ 
patra and Auguftus, by his mimicry and 
facetiouiiiefs. He was celebrated for the me¬ 
lody of his voice, yet he was of a mean and 
ungenerous dilpofition, and of impleading man¬ 
ners, as Horace, I Sat. 2, v. 3, and feq. infir 

nuates. . , 

Tigranbs, a king of Armenia, who 
made himlelf matter of Attyria and Cappa¬ 
docia. He married Cleopatra, the daughter 
of Mithridates, and by the advice of his la, 
ther-in-law, he declared war againft the Ro¬ 
mans He defpifed thele dittant enemies, 
and even ordered the head of the meflenger 
‘to be cut oft' who firft told him that the Ro, 

man 





TI 


min general was boldly advancing towards 

is capital. His pride, however, was loon 
boated, and though he ordered the Roman 
c ont’ul Lucullus to be brought alive into his 
prefence, he fled with precipitation from his 
capital, and was foon after defeated near 
mount Taurus. 'I’llis totally disheartened him, 
he refufed to receive Mithridates into his pa¬ 
lace, and even fet a price upon his bead. 
Has mean fubmifiion to Pompey, the luccef- 
for of Lucullus in Alia, and a bribe of 
6o,ooq talents, infured him on his throne, 
and he received a garrifon in his capital, and 
Continued at peace with the Romans. His 
fecond foil of the fame name revolted againft 
him>, and attempted to dethrone him with 
the affiftance of the king of Parthia, whofe 
daughter he had married. This did not 
fucceed, and the fon had recourfe to the Ro¬ 
man's, by whom he was put in poffefiion of 
Sophene, while the father remained quiet on 
the throne of Armenia. Thee fon was 
afterwards fent in chains to Rome for his 
mfolence to Pompey. Cic. pro Man .— Val. 
Max. 5, C. I.— Paters. 2, c. 33 & 37. — 
JuJlin. 40. c. I & 2.— Flat, in Luc. Pomp. 

&e.-A king of Afmenia in the reign of 

Tiberius. He was put to death. Tacit. 6, 

Ann. c. 40.-One of the royal family of 

the Cappadocians, chofen by Tiberius to af- 
cend the throne of Armenia-A gene¬ 
ral of the Medes.-A man appointed king 

®f Armenia by Nero. Tacit. A. T4, c. 26. 

•-A prince of Armenia in the age of The- 

©doGus. 

Tigranocerta, now Sered, the capital 
©f Armenia, built by Tigranes,' during the 
Mithridatic war, on a hill between the 
fprings of the Tigris and mount Taurus. 
Lucullus, during the Mithridatic war, took 
it with difficulty, and found in it immenfe 
riches, and no lefs than 8000 talents in 
ready money. Tacit. Ann. 15, c.4.— Plin. 6, 
e.9. 

Tic r es, a river of Peloponnefus, called 
alfo Harpys , from a perfon of the fame name 
drowned in it. Apollod, t, c. 9. 

Tigris, now Baftlcnfa, a river of Ada, 
rifingon mount Niphate in Armenia, and fall¬ 
ing into the Perfian gulf. It is the eaftern 
boundary of Mefopotamia. The Tigris now 
falls into the Euphrates, though in the age of 
Pliny the two leparate channels of thefe rivers 
could be eafily traced. Plin. 6, c. 27. — JuJlin. 
42, c. 3. — Lucan. 3, v. 256. 

TigurIni, a warlike people among the 
Helvetii, now forming the modern cantons of 
Sruiiz, Zurich , Schaffbaufen , and St. Gall. 
Their capital was Tigurum. Caf. Bell. G. 

Tii.atjei, a people of Thrace. Thucyd. 2. 

Tii avemptus, a river of Italy falling into 
the Adriatic, at the weft of Aquileia. 

TiLFOssms, a mountain of Bocotia.-. 

Alfo a fountain at the tomb of Tirefias. 
Pauf. Besot. 33. 


TI 

Tiuuml, a town of Sardinia, now Ar¬ 
gent era. 

Tillius Cimber. [Fid. Tullius.] 

Tilox, a north-weft cape of Corfica. 

Ti LPHussus, a mountain ofBceotia. 

TiMACUS,a river of Moefia falling into the 
Danube. The neighbouring people were called 
Timachi. Plin. 3,c. 26. 

TiMj'EAjthe wife of Agis, king of Sparta, 
was debauched by Alcibiades, by whom the 
had a fon. This child was rejected in the 
fucceftion to the throne, though Agis, on 
his death-bed, declared him to be legitimate. 
Plat in Ag. 

Timteus, a friend of Alexander, who came 
to his abidance when he was alone furrbunded 
by the Oxydracae. He was killed in the en¬ 
counter. Curt. 9, c. 5.-An hiftorian of 

Sicily, whoftorifhed about 262 B. C. anddied 
in the 96th year of his age. His father’s 
name was Andromachus, He was banilhed 
from Sicily by Agathocles. His general his¬ 
tory of Sicily, and that of the wars of Pyr¬ 
rhus, were in general efteem, and his autho¬ 
rity was great, except when he created of 
Agathocles. All his compofitions are loft. 
Pint, in Nic — Cic. de -Oiat .— Diod. 5.— C. 
Nsp. -A writer who publilhed fome trea¬ 

ties concerning ancient philofophers. Diog. in 

Emp. - A Pythagorean philolopher, born at 

Locris. He followed the doctrines of the 
founder of the meteuapfyehofis, but in fome 
parts of his fyftem of the world he differed 
from him. He wrote a treadle on the na¬ 
ture and the foul of the world, in the Doric 
dialect, ft ill extant. Plato, in Tim. — Plut. 

-An Athenian in the age of Alcibiades. 

Plut. -A lbphift, who wrote a book called 

Lexicon vocum Platomcarum. 

Timagenes, a Greek hiftorian of Alex¬ 
andria, 54 B. C. brought to Rome by Gabi- 
nius, and fold as a Have to the ion of Sylla. 
His great abilities procured him his liberty, 
and gained the favors of the great, and of Au- 
guftus. The emperor dilcarded him for his 
impertinence; and Timagenes, to revenge 
himfell on his patron, burnt the interefting hil- 
tory which he had compofed of his reign. 

Plut. — Horat. I,ep. 19, v. 15.— Quintil. - 

An hiftorian and rhetorician of Miletus.- 

A man who wrote an account of the life of 

Alexander. Curt. 9, c. j.-A general, 

killed at Cheronaea. 

Timagoras, an Athenian, capitally punifh- 
ed for paying homage to Darius, according to 
the Periian manner of kneeling on the ground, 
when he was lent to Perfia as ambafiador. 

Val. Max. 6, c. 3.— Suidas. -Another. 

[Fid. Meles] 

Timandra, a daughter of Leda, lifter 
to Helen. She married Echemus of Arca¬ 
dia. Pauf. 8, c. 5.-A miftrels of Alci¬ 

biades. 

Timandrides, a Spartan, celebrated for 
his virtues. JElian. V. H. 14, c. 32. 

Timanthes, 









T I 


TI 


Timanthfts, a paiitter of Sicyon, in the 
reign of Philip, the father of Alexander the 
Great. In his celebrated painting of Iphige- 
riia going to be immolated, he represented all 
the attendants overwhelmed with grief; but 
his Superior genius, by covering the face of 
Agamemnon, left to the conception of the 
imagination the deep Sorrows of the father. 
He obtained a prize, for which the celebrated 
Parrhafius was a competitor. This was in 
painting an Ajax with all the fury which his 
disappointments could occafion, when deprived 
of the arms of Achilles Cic. de Or at. — Val. 

Max. 8 , C. II.— JElian, V. H. 9, C. II.- 

An athlete of Cleone, who burnt himfelf 
when he perceived that his strength began to 
foil. /'a*/6, c. 8. 

Timarchu3, a philofopher of Alexandria, 
intimate with Lamprocles, the difciple of So¬ 
crates. T)iog. -A rhetorician, who hung 

himfelf when accuied of licentioul'nefs by 

jT.fchines.-A Cretan, accuied before Nero 

of oppreflion. Tacit. A. 15. c. 20. - An 

officer in JEtolia, who burnt his fhips to pre¬ 
vent the flight of his companions, and to en- 

fure himfelf the victory. Polycen. 5. - A 

Icing of Salamis.-A tyrant of Miletus, in 

the nge of Antiochus, &c. 

Tim a ret a, a prieftefs of the orade of 
Dodona. Hrrodot. 2, c. 94. 

Tim astov, one of the leaders of the 
10,000 Greeks, &c. 

Timasithfus, a prince of Li para, who 
obliged a number of pirate* to Spare fome 
Romans who were going to make an offer¬ 
ing of the Spoils of Veii to the god of Delphi. 
The Roman Senate rewarded him very libe¬ 
rally, and 137 years after, when the Cartha¬ 
ginians were difpoffefTed of Lipara, the fame 
generofity was nobly extended to his descend¬ 
ants in the ifland. — Diod. 14. — Flat, in 
Cam. 

Timavus, a broad river of Italy, rifing 
from a mountain, and after running a fliort 
fpace, falling by Seven mouths, or according 
to fome by one, into the Adriatic fea. There 
are at the mouth of the Timavus, Small iflands 
with hot Springs of water. Mela, 2, c. 4. 
—Virg. Eel. 8, v. 6, JEn. I, v. 44 & 248.— 
Strah.y. — FI in. 2 ,C. 103. 

Timesius, a native of Clazomenaf, vvh® 
began to build Abdera. He was prevented 
by the Thracians, but honored as a hero at 
Abdera. Hrrodot. I, c. 168. 

Tim pc haris, an aftronomer of Alexan¬ 
dria, 294 B. C. [Fid. Ariflillus.] 

Timoclea, a Theban lady, filler to The- 
ogenes, who was killed at Cherona:a. One 
of Alexander’s Soldiers offered her violence, 
after which fhe led her ravifher to a well, and 
while he believed that immenle treafures were 
concealed there, Timoclea threw him into it. 
Alexander commended her virtue, and forbad 
his Soldiers to hurt the Theban females. Flat, 
in Alex, 


Timocles, two Greek poets of Athens), 
who wrote fome theatrical pieces, the one 6 , 
and the other 11, Some verl'es of which are 

extant. Alhen. 6.-A flatuary of Athens. 

Pauf. io, c. 34. 

Timocrates, a Greek philofopher of un¬ 
common aufterity.-A Syracufan who mar¬ 

ried Arete when Dion lud been banifhed into 
Greece by Dionyfius. He commanded the 
forces of the tyrant. 

Timocreon , a comic poet of Rhodes, who 
obtained poetical, as well as gymnaftic prizes 
at Olympia. He lived about 476 years before 
Chrill, diftinguifhed for his voracity, and 
relentment againfl Simonides and Tliemiilo- 
cles. The following epitaph was written an 
his grave: 

Malta bibens, 15 * multa varans, mala denique 
dicens 

Multis, hie jacee Timocreon Rhodium 

Timodemus, the father of Timoleon. 

Ti moi.au s, a Spartan, intimate with Phi- 

Iopcemen,&c.-A fon of the celebrated Ze- 

nobia.-A general of Alexander, put t» 

death by the Thebans. 

Timolfon, a celebrated Corinthian, fon 
of Timodemrus and Demarifte. He was 
tuch an enemy to tyranny, that he did not 
hefitate to murder his own brother Timo- 
phanes, when he attempted, againfl his repre¬ 
sentations, to make himfelf abfolute m Co¬ 
rinth. This was viewed with pleafure by 
the friends of liberty; but the mother of Ti¬ 
moleon conceived the mod inveterate averfion 
for her ion, and for ever banifhed him from 
her fight. This proved painful to Timoleon ; 
a fettled melancholy dwelt upon his mind, 
and he refufed to accept of any offices in the 
Hate. When the Syracufans, opprefTed with 
the tyranny of Dionyfius the younger, and of 
the Carthaginians, had Solicited the affiftance 
of the Corinthians, all looked upon Timoleon 
aa a proper deliverer, but all applications 
would have been disregarded, if one of the 
madftrates had not awakened in him the 
fenfe of natural liberty. Timoleon, fays he, 
if you accept of the command of this expedition , 
ive mill believe that you have killed a tyrant; 
but if not, me cannot but call you your brother s 
murderer. This had due effeCt, and Timo¬ 
leon failed for Syracufe in ten (hips, accom¬ 
panied by about 1000 men. The Carthagi¬ 
nians attempted to oppofe him, but Timoleon 
eluded their vigilance. Icetas, who had the 
poffefiion of the city, was defeated, and Dio¬ 
nyfius, who defpaired of fuccefs, gave himfelf 
up into the hands of the Corinthian gene¬ 
ral. This fuccefs gained Timoleon adherents 
in Sicily, many cities which hitherto had 
looked upon him as an impofior, claimed 
his protection, and when he was at laft maf- 
ter of Syracufe by the total overthrow of Ice¬ 
tas, and of the Carthaginians, he razed the 
citadel which had been the feat of tyranny. 





TI 


TI 


and «re£led on the fpot a common hall. Sy- 
racufe was almoll deftitute of inhabitants, and 
at the iolicitation of Timoleon, a Corinthian 
colony was lent to Sicily ; the lands were 
equally divided among the citizens, and the 
houfes were fold for a thouland talents, which 
were appropriated to the ufe of the Hate, and 
depofited in the trealury. When £yracufe 
was thus delivered from tyranny, the con¬ 
queror extended his benevolence to the other 
liates of Sicily, and all the petty tyrants were 
.reduced and banifhed from the ifiand. A code 
of falutary laws was framed for the Syracu- 
f'ans ; and the armies of Carthage, which had 
attempted again to raife commotions in Sicily, 
were defeated, and peace was at lafb re-efta- 
blilhed. The gratitude of the Sicilians was 
fhewn every where to their deliverer. Ti- 
moleon was received with repeated applaufe in 
the public aflemblies, and though a private 
man, unconnected with the government, he 
continued to enjoy his former influence at Sy- 
racufe; his advice was conlulted on matters 
of importance, and his authority refpeCted. 
He ridiculed the accufations of malevolence, 
and when fome informers h id charged him 
with oppreffion, he rebuked the Syracufans 
who were going to put the accufers to im¬ 
mediate death. A remarkable inftance of 
his providential efcape from the dagger of an 
aflallin, has been recorded by one of his bio¬ 
graphers. As he was going to offer a lacri- 
lice to the gods after a victory, two alfaflins, 
fent by the enemies, approached his perfon in 
difguile. The arm of one of the affafiins was 
already lifted when he was fuddenly (lab 
hed by an unknown perlon, who made his 
efcape from the ,camp. The other afiaflin, 
llruck at the fall of hi' companion, fell lie- 
fore Timoleon, and confefted in the prefence 
of the army, the tonfpiracy that had been 
formed a gain ft his life. The unknown affaf- 
fin was mean time purfued, and when he was 
found, he declared, that he had committed no 
crime in avenging the death of a beloved fa¬ 
ther, whom the man he had ftabbed had mur¬ 
dered in the town of Leontini. Enquiries 
were made, and his confeftions were found 
to be true. Timoleon died at Syracule 
about 337 years before the Chriftinn era. 
His body received an honorable burial, in a 
public place called from him Timoleonleum ; 
hut the tears of a grateful nation were more 
convincing proofs of the public regret, than 
the inftitution of feflivals, and games yearly 
to be cblerved on the day of his death. C. 
j\ r tp. Iff Plut. in vita. — Polyart. 5, c. 3.— 
2): (id. l6. 

Timolus. [^Vd.Tmolu?.] 

Timomaciius, a painter of Byzantium, 
in the age of Sylla and Marius. His paint¬ 
ing of Medea tpurdering her children, and 
his Ajax, were pyirchaled for 80 talents by J. 
Cadar, and depofited' in the temple of Venus 
at Rome. PJin. 35, c. 11. -A general 


of Athens, fent to afiift the Thebans- Jfr- 

noph. 

Timon, a pative of Athens, called Mifan - 
thrope x for his unconquerable averfion to man¬ 
kind and all focietjr. He was fond of Apeman- 
tus another Athenian, whofe char adder ivas 
fimilar to his own, and lie faid that he had 
fome partiality for Alcibiades, becaule he was 
• one day to be his country’s ruin. Once he 
went into the public afiembly, and told his 
countrymen that he had a fig-tree on which 
many had ended their life with a halter, and 
that as he was going to cut it down to raife a 
building on the fpot; he advifed all i'uch as were 
'inclined to deftroy themielves,to haften and go 
and hang tbemlelves in his garden. Plut. in 

Ale. Sic. — Lucian. inTitn. — Pauf. 6, c. 12.- 

A Greek poet, fon of Timarchus, in the age of 
Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote feveral 
dramatic pieces, all now loft, and died in the 
90th year of his age. Diog. — Athen. 6 Sc 13. 
-An athlete of Elis. Pauf: 6 , c. 12. 

Timophanes, a Corinthian, brother to 
. Timoleon. He attempted to make himfelf 
tyrant of his country, by means of the mei> 
cenary foldiers with whom he had fought 
againlt the Argives and Cleomenes. Timo- 
leon wifhed to convince him of the impro¬ 
priety of his mealures, and when he found 
him unmoved, he caufed him to be aflaflinated. 
Plut. Iff C. Nep. in Tim. - — —A man of 
Mitvlene, celebrated for his riches, &c. 

Timotheus, a poet and mufician of Mile¬ 
tus, Ion of Therlander or Phiiopolis. He was 
received with hides the firft time he exhibited 
as mufician in the afiembly of the people, 
and further applications would have totally 
been abandoned, had not Euripides difeovered 
•his abilities, and encouraged him to follow a 
profeilion in which he afterwards gained fo 
much applaufe. He received the immenle 
lum of iooo- pieces of gold from the Ephc r 
fians, hecaufe he had composed a poem in 
honor of Diana. He died about the 90th 
year of his age, two years before the birth of 
Alexander the Great. There was alfo ano¬ 
ther mufician of Bceotia in the age of Alex¬ 
ander, often confounded with the mufician 
of Miletus. He was a great favorite of the 
conqueror of Darius. Cic.dc Leg. 2, c. 15.— 
Pauf. 3, c. 12.— Plut. de mvftc.de fort. Sec. 

-An Athenian general, ion of Conon. 

He fignalized himleif by his valor and mag¬ 
nanimity, and (hewed that he was not inferior 
to his great father in military prudence. He 
feized Corcvra, and obtained feveral victories 
over the Thebans, but his ill fuccefs in one of 
his expeditions difeufted the Athenians, and 
Timotheus, like the reft of his noble pre- 
decellbrs, was fined a large fum of money. 
He retired to Chalcis, where he died. He 
was fo difiuterefted, that he never appropiiated 
any of the plunder to his own ufe, but after 
one of his expeditions, he filled the treafury 
of Athens with 1200 talents. Some of the 

ancients. 



ancients, to imitate his continual fuccefles, 
have reprefented him deeping by the fide of 
Fortune, while the goddels drove cities into 
his net. He was intimate with Plato, at 
whofe table he learned temperance and mode¬ 
ration. Athen. 10, c. 3.— Pauf. I,c. 29.— 
Plut. in Syll. Sec .— JElian. V. H. 2, c. 10 & 

l 8 . 1 . 3,c. 16.— C. Nep .-A Greek ftatuarv. 

Pauf. i, c. 32.-A tyrant of Heraclea, who 

murdered his father. Diod. 16.-A king of 

the Sapaei. 

Timoxenus, a governor of Sicyon, who 

betrayed his truft, &c. Polyan. -A general 

of the Achteans. 

Tin cis, now Tangier, a maritime town 
of Africa in Mauritania, built by the giant 
Anta?us. Sertorius took it, and as the tomb 
of the founder was near the place, he cauled 
it to be opened, and found in it a (keleton 
fix cubits long. This increafed the venera¬ 
tion of the people for their founder. Plut. in 
Serf .— Mela , I, c. 5.— Plin. 5, c. 1.— Sil. 3, 
V. 258. 

Tinia, a river of Umbria, now Tnpino, 
falling into the Clitumnus. Strab. 5.— Sil. 8, 
v. 454 - 

Tipha, a town of Bocotia, where Hercules 
had a temple. Ovid ep. 6, v. 48.— Pauf. 9, c. 

32. 

Tipiiys, the pilot of the (hip oflhe Argo¬ 
nauts, was fon of,Hagnius, or, according to 
fome, of Phorbas. He died before the Argo¬ 
nauts reached Colchis, at the court of Lycus 
in the Propontis, and Erginus was chofen in 
his place. 0 >ph. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Apollon. 
—Hal. Place.—-Pauf 9, c. 32.— Hygitt. fab. 
14 k 18. 

Tiphysa, a daughter ofTheftius. Apol¬ 
lod 2, c. 7. 

TTrIsiap, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, 
fon of Everus and Chariclo. He lived to a 
great age, which fome authors have called as 
long as feven generations of men, others fix, 
and others nine, during the time that Foly- 
dorus, Labdacus, Tains, CEdipus, and his 
Tons, fat on the throne of Thebes. It is faid 
that in his youth he found two ferpents in 
the aft of copulation on mount CyHene, and 
that when he had (truck them with a (lick 
to feparate them, he found himfelf fudden- 
ly changed into a girl. Seven years after 
he found again fome ferpents together in 
the fame manner, and he recovered his ori¬ 
ginal fex, by (hiking them a fecond time 
with his wand. When he was a woman, Ti- 
refinshad married, and it was from thofe reafons, 
according to fome cf the ancients, that Ju¬ 
piter and Juno referred to his decifion, a 
difpute in which the deities wifhed to know, 
which of the fexes received greater pleafure 
from the connubial date. Tirefias, who could 
fpealc from aftual experience, decided in fa¬ 
vor of Jupiter, and declared, that the pleafure 
which the female received was ten times 
greater than that of the male. Juno, who 


fupported a different opinion, and gave the 
fuperiority to the male (ex, puniflied Tira- 
fias by depriving him of his eye-fight. But 
this dreadful lots was in fome meaiuve re¬ 
paired by the humanity of Jupiter, who be¬ 
llowed upon him the gift of prophecy, and 
permitted him to five feven times more than 
the reft of men. Thefe cauies of the blind- 
nefs of Tirefias, which are fupported by the 
authority of Ovid, Hvginqs, and others, are 
contradicted by A pollodoi us, Callimachus,Pro¬ 
pertius, &c. who declare that this was inflift- 
ed upon him as a punilhment, becaul'e he had 
feen Minerva bathing in the fountain Hip- 
pocrene, on mount Helicon. Chariclo, 
who accompanied Minerva, complained of the 
feverity with which her fon was treated ; but 
the goddels, who well knew that this was 
the irrevocable puniftiment inflifted by Saturn 
on fuch mortals as fix their eyes upon a god- 
drefs without tier confent, alleviated the mis¬ 
fortunes of Tirefias, by making him acquaint¬ 
ed with futurity, and giving him a ftaff which 
could conduft his (leys with as much fafety 
as if he had the ufe of his eye-fight. Dur¬ 
ing his life-time, Tirefias was an infallible 
oracle to all Greece. The generals, dur¬ 
ing the Theban war, confulted him, and 
found his predictions verified. He drew his 
prophecies fometimes from the flight or 
the language of birds, in which he was 
aflifted by his daughter Manto, and fome¬ 
times he drew the manes from the infernal 
regions to know futurity, with myftical ce¬ 
remonies. He at lait died, after drinking 
the waters of a cold fountain, which froze 
his blood. He was buried with great 
pomp by the Thebans cn mount 1 ilphufllis, 
and honored as. a god. His oracle at Orchome- 
110s vvas in-univerfal efteem. Homer repre- 
fents Ulyfles as going to the infernal regions 
to confult Tirefias concerning his return to 

Ithaca. Apollod. 3, c. 6. - Thoocrt Id. 24, 

V. 70. — St at. Thcb. 2, v. 96. — Hy in. fab. 75. 
— JEfchyl.fep. ant: Theb.—Sophocl. in CEdip* 
tyr .— Pindar. Nem. 1.— Diod. 4. — Homer. 
OJ. II.;— Plut. in Symfi/j. &c.— Pauf 9, c. 33. 

Tirieases, an officer of Artaxerxes kil¬ 
led by the guards for confpiring againft the 
king’s life, B. C. 394. Pint, in Art. 

Tirida, a town of Thrace where Dio- 
medes lived. Plin. 4, c. 11. 

Tiridates, a king of PaVthia, after the 
expulfion of Phraates by his fuhjefts. He 
was foon after depofed and fltd to Auguftus 

in Spain. Herat. I, Od. 26. -A man 

made king of Parthia by Tiberius, after the 
death of Phraates, in oppofition to Artubauus. 
Tacit. Ann. 6, &c.-A keeper of the roy¬ 

al treafures at Perfepolis, who offered to fur- 
render to Alexander the Great, jCurt. 5, c. 

& c .——A king of Armenia, in the reign 
of Nero.-A fon of Phraates, Sec. 

Tiris, a general of the Thracians, who op- 
pofed Antiodius. Polyxn.4. 

Tiro, 








T I 


T iro, TulliUs, a frecdman of Cicero, great- 
ly fefteemed by his matter for his learning 
and good qualities. It is faid that he invent¬ 
ed ihort-hand writing among the Romans. 
He wrote the life of Cicero, and Other tfea- 
tii'es now loft. Cit. ad Att. Sc c'. 

TirynthI'a, a name given to Alcmena, 
becaufe ihe lived at Tirynthus. Ovid. Met. 
6 . 

Tirynthus, a town of Argolis in tlie Pe- 
lopbnnei’us, fouiided by Tirynx, Ion Of Argus. 
Hercules generally refided there, whence he 
is called Tir* nthius her os. Pavf 2 , c. 16, 
15 & 49. — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 662.-— 5 / 7 . 8 , V. 
317 - 

Tisjeum, a mountain of Theflaly. Pol\b. 

Tjsaooras, a brother of Miltiades, call¬ 
ed alio Stelagoras. C. Nc.p. in Milt. 

Tisamenes, or Tisamenus, a fon of 
Qreftes and Herurrione, the daughter pf Me- 
nelaus, who fucceedechon the throne of Ar¬ 
gos and Lacedaemon. The Heraclida 1 enter¬ 
ed his kingdom in the third year of his 
reign, and was Obliged to retire with his fa¬ 
mily into Achaia. he was Ibme time after 
killed in a battle againft the Ionians, near 
Helice. Apollcd. 2, c. 7.— Paif. 1, c. 1. 1. 

7, c. 1.-A king of Thebes, Ion ofTher- 

fander, and grandl’on of Polynices. The fu¬ 
ries who continually perfecutc-d the houfe of 
CEdipus, permitted him to five in tranquillity, 
but they tormented his fon and luccefibr 
Autefion, and obliged him to retire to Doris. 
Pauf. 3 , c. 5* h 9, c. 6.—— A native of 
Elis, crowned twice at tire Olympic games. 
Pavf. 3, c. 11. 

f i is Andrus, one of the Greeks concealed 
with Ulyfles in the wooden horfe. Some lup- 
pofe him to be the fame as Therlander, the 
Ion of Polynices. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 261. 

Tisarchus, a friend of Agathocles, by 
whom he was murdered, See. Po/yan. 
5 - 

Tjsdra, a town of Africa. Caf Afr. 76. 

Tisiarus, a town of - frica. 

Ti sias, an ancient philoibpher of Sicily, 
confidered by fome as the inventor of rhe¬ 
toric, &c. Cic. de inv. 2, C. 2 . C/at. I, 
c. 18. 

TisiFhone, one of 'he Furies, daughter 
of Nox and Acheron, who was the rniuifter 
of divine vengeance upon mankind, uho vi- 
fited them with plagues and dileafes, and 
punifhed the wicked in Tartarus. She was 
represented with a whip in her hand, ferpents 
hung from her head, and were wreathed 
round her arms inftead of bracelets. By 
Juno’s direction lhe attempted to prevent 
the landing of Io in Egypt, but the god of 
the Nile repelled her, and obliged her to 
retire to hell. Stat.Tbeb. T, v. 59.— Virg. 
Tt. 3 v v. 533. JEn. 6, v. 555.— Hoat. I. Sat 

8, v 34.-A daughter of Alcmteon and 

Manto. 

'll siphon us, a man who confpired againft ! 


Tt 

Alexander, tyrant of Pherae, and feized thd 
lovereign power, &c. Diod. 16. 

Tissa, now Randaizzoy a town of Sicily. 
5 / 7 . 14, v. 268 .—Cic. Verr. 3, c. 38. 

TissamenUs. [Vid. Tifamenus/J 

Tissaphernes, an officer of Darius • 
A fatraj) of Perfia, commander of the iorces 
of Artaxerxes, at the battle of Cunaxaj 
againft Cyrus. It was by his valor and in¬ 
trepidity that the king’s forces gained the 
vi&ory, and for this lie obtained the daugh¬ 
ter of Artaxerxes in marriage, and all the 
provinces of which Cyrus was governor. His 
popularity did not long continue, arid the king 
ordered him to be put to death when he 
had been conquered by Agefil'aus, 395 B. C. 

C. Np. -A‘11 officer in the army of Cyrus, 

killed by Artaxerxes at the battle of Cunaxa. 
Plat. 

Titjea, the mother of the Titans. She 
is fuppofed to be the fame as Thea Rhea, 

Terra, See. 

Titan, or TitAnus, a fon of Ccelus and 
Terra, brother to Saturn and Hyperion. He 
was the eldeft of the children of Coelus; but 
he gave his brother Saturn the kingdom of 
the world, provided he raUed no male children; 
When the birth of Jupiter was concealed, 
Titan made war againft Saturn, and wbh the 
affiftance of his brothers, the Titans, he im- 
priforied him till he was replaced on the throne 
by his fon Jupiter. This tradition is record¬ 
ed by La&antius, a C'hriftian writer, who took 
it from the dramatic compofitions of Ennius* 
now loft. None of the ancient mythologifts, 
Inch as Apollodorus, Hefiod, Hyginus, &c. 
have made mention of Titan. Titan is a 
name applied to Saturn by Orpheus and Lu¬ 
cian ; to the fun by Virgil and Ovid ; and 
to Prometheus by Juvenal. Ovid. Met. I, 
V. IO. — Juv. 14, v. 35.— Diod. 5.— Pan/. 2^ 
C. II.— Orpheus Hymn. 13.— Virg- JEn. 4, V. 

“ 9 - 

Titan a, a town of Sicyonia in Pelopon- 
nefus. Titanus reigned there.- — A man foil¬ 
ed in aftronomy. Pauf. 2, c, 11. 

Thanes, a name given to the Tons of 
Ccelus and Terra., They were 45 in number, 
according to the Egyptians. Apollodorus 
mentions 13, Hyginus 6, and Hefiod 20, 
among whom are the Titanides. The moft 
known of the Titans are Saturn, Hyperion, 
Oceanus, Japetus, Cottus, and Briareus, to 
whom Horace adds, Typhoeus, Mimas, Por- 
phyrion, Rhcctus, and Enceladus, who are 
by other mythologifts reckoned among the 
giants. They were all of a gigantic llature 
and with proportionable ftrength. They 
were treated with great cruelty by Ccelus, 
and confined in the bowels of the earth, till 
their mother pitied their misfortunes, and 
armed them againft their father. Saturn, 
with a feythe cut off the genitals of his father, 
as he was going to unite himfelf to Terra, 
and threw them into the fea, and from the 

froth 





T I 


T I 


froth fprang a new deity, called Vetuls; as 
alfo Ale£to, Tifiphoue, and Megara, accord¬ 
ing to Apollodorus. When Saturn fucceed- 
ed his father, he married Rhea; but he de¬ 
voured all his male children, as he had been 
informed by an oracle, that he fliould be 
dethroned by them as a punifhrrent for his 
cruelty to his father. The wars of the Ti¬ 
tans againft the gods are very celebrated in 
mythology. They are ®ften confounded with 
that of the giants ; but it is to be obferved, that 
the war of the Titans was againft Saturn, 
and that of the giants againtt Jupiter. Hejiod. 
Tbeog. 135, &c.— Apollod. I, c. I — JEfcbyl. in 
Prom. — Callim. in Del. 17.— Diod. I.— llygin. 
pref. fab. 

Titania, a patronymic applied to Pyr- 
rha, as grand-daughter of Titan, and like- 
wife to Diana. Ovid. Met. I, v. 395. 1 . 2, &c. 

Titanides, the daughters of Coelus and 
Terra : reduced in number to fix according 
to Orpheus. The moll celebrated were Te- 
thys, Themis, Dione, Thea, Mnemolyne, 
Ops, Cybele, Vella, Phoebe, and Rhea. He- 
Jiod. Tbeog. 135, &c.— Apollod. I, C. I. 

Titan us, a river in Peloponnefus, with 
a town and mountain of the fame name. 

Titakesus, a river of ThelTaly, called al¬ 
fo Eifrotas, flowing into the Peneus, but with¬ 
out mingling its thick and turbid waters with 
the tranfparent llream. From the unwhole- 
fomenels of its water, it was confidered as 
deriving its l'ource from the Styx. Lucan. 
6, V. 376.— Homer ; II. 2, en. 258— Sirab. 
8.— Pauf. 8, c. 18. 

Titenus, a river of Colchis, falling into 
the Euxine lea. Apollon. 4. 

Tithenidia, a feftival of Sparta, in which 
nurfes, nS-vivai, conveyed male infants en- 
trulled to their charge, to the temple of Di¬ 
ana, where they facrificed young pigs. Dur¬ 
ing the time of the folemnity, they generally 
danced and expofed themfelves iu ridiculous 
failures; there were alfo forne entertainments 
given near the temple, where tents were 
efedled. Each had a feparate portion allotted 
him, together with a fmall loaf, a piece of 
new cheefe, part of the entrails of the vic¬ 
tims, aud figs, beans, and green vetches, in- 
Head of lweet meats. 

Tithonus, a fon of Laomedon, king of 
Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Sea¬ 
ms nder. He was fo beautiful that Aurora 
became enamoured of him, and carried him 
away. He had by her Memnon and iF.ma- 
thion. He begged of Aurora to be immor¬ 
tal, and the goddefs granted it; but as he 
had forgotten to aik the vigor, youth, and 
beauty, which he then enjoyed, he foon grew 
old, infirm, and deerepid ; and as life be¬ 
came-ini upporrable to him, he prayed Aurora 
to remove him from tire world. As he could 
not die, the goddels changed him into a cica¬ 
da, or grafshopper. Apollod . 3, c. 5.— Virg. 
€. J, v. 4 47. Mn. 4, v. 585. i, 8, v. 384*— 


HcfoJ. Tbeog. 984 . — Diod. l.—Ovid. Pa 

1 , v. 461* 1 . 9, V. 40 y — Horat. 1, Od. 28, l 

2 , Od. i6» 

IiThorea, one of the tops of Parnaflus# 
Htrodot. 8, c. 32. 

Tithraustes, a Perfian fatrap, B. C. 
39 S> ordered to murder Tilfaphernes by Ar- 
taxerxes. He fucceeded to the offices which 
the flaughtered favorite enjoyed. He vva$ 
defeated by the Athenians under Cimon.—— 
An officer in the Perfian court, &c. The 
name was common to lome of the luperior 
officers of Hate in the court of Artaxerxes. 
Plut. — G. Nep. in Dat. W Cotton. 

Titia, a deity among the' Milefians. 

Titia lex de magijlratibus , by P. Titius, 
the tribune, A. U.C 710. It ordained that • 
a triumvirate of magistrates fhould be in¬ 
verted with confular power to prefide over 
the republic for five years. The perfons cho- 
fen were O&avius, Antony, and Depidus. 

-Another, de provinciis , which required 

that the provincial queftors, like the confuls 
and prastors, fliould receive their provinces 
by lot. . 

Titian a Flavia, the wife of the em¬ 
peror Pertinax, difgraced herfelf by her de¬ 
baucheries and incontinence. After the mur¬ 
der of her hulband Ihe was reduced to po¬ 
verty, and Ipent the reft of her life in an 
obfeure retreat. 

Titianus, Attil. a noble Roman, put to 
death A. D.156, by the fenatefor afpiring to 
the purple. He was the only one prolcribed 

during the reign of Antoninus Pius.--A 

brother of Otho. 

Titii, priefts of Apollo at Rome, who 
obferved the flight of doves and drew omens 
from it. Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 15.— Lucan. 
I, v. 602. 

Titinius, a tribune of the people in the 

firft ages of the republic.-A friend of Caf- 

fius, who killed himfelf.-One of the Haves 

who revolted at Capua. He betrayed his 
trull to the Roman generals. 

Titius Proculus, a Roman knight, ap¬ 
pointed to watch Melfalina. Tacit. 11 , Ann. c. 

35.--A tribune of the people who enacted 

toe Titian law.-An orator of-a very dilfo- 

lute character.-One of Pompey’s mur¬ 
derers. -One of Antony’s officers.-- 

A man who foretold a vidlory to Sylla.-- 

Septiminus, a poet in the Auguftan age, 
who dillinguilhed himl'elf by his lyric and tra¬ 
gic compofitions, now loft. Horat. I, ep. 3, 
v. 9. 

TiTORMus,a Ihephcrd of/Etolia called ano¬ 
ther Hercules, on account of his prodigious 
ftrength. He was ftronger than his con¬ 
temporary, Milo of Crotona, as he could lift 
‘on his (houlders a Hone which the Crotonian 
moved with difficulty. JElian. V. H. 12 , 
C. 22.~Herodot. 6 , c. 127 

.TIturius, a friend of Julia Silana, who 
informed againft Agrippina, &c, Tacit. Ann. 

3E 13.— 





IJ.-A lieutenant of Casfar in Gaul, kil¬ 

led by Ambiorix. Caf. bell. G. 5, c. 29, 
See. 

Titus Vespasianus, fon of Vefpafian 
and Flavia 'Domitilla, became known by his 
valor in the Roman armies, particularly at 
the liege of Jeruialem. In the 79th year 
of the Chriftian era, he was invefted with the 
imperial purple, and the Roman people had 
every reafon to expert in him the barbari¬ 
ties of a Tiberius, and the debaucheries of 
a Nero. While in the houfe of Vefpafian, 
Titus had been diftinguifbed for his extrava¬ 
gance and incontinence, his attendants were 
the moil abandoned and diffolute, and it 
Teemed that he wHired to be fuperior to the 
reft of the world in the gratification- of every 
impure defire, and in every unnatural Vice. 
From fuch a pnyate chara&er which Hill 
might be curbed by the authority and ex¬ 
ample of a father, what could be expected 
but tyranny and oppreflion ? Vet Titus be¬ 
came a model of virtue, and in an age and 
office in which others wilh to gratify all their 
appetites, the emperor abandoned his^ ufual 
profligacy, he forgot his debaucheries, and 
Berenice, whom he had loved with uncommon 
ardor, even to render himlelf defpil'ed by the 
Roman people, was difmiffed from his prefence. 
When railed to the throne, he thought him- 
felf bound to be the father of his people, 
the guardian of virtue, and the patron of 
liberty; and Titus is, perhaps, the only mo¬ 
narch who, when invefted with uncontrol- 
able power, bade adieu to thofe vices, thofe 
luxuries and indulgencies, which as a private 
man he never cealed to gratify. He was 
moderate in his entertainments, and though 
he often refuted the donations which were 
due to fovereignty, no emperor was ever 
mote generous and magnificent than Titus. 
All informers were banilhed from his prefence, 
and even feverely puniflied. A reform was 
made in the judicial proceedings, and trials 
were no longer permitted to be postponed 
for years. The public edifices were repaired, 
and baths were ereCted for the convenience of 
the people. SpeClacles were exhibited, and the 
Roman populace were gratified with the fight 
of a naval combat in the ancient naumachia, and 
the fudden appearance of jooo wild beads 
brought into the circus for their amufement. 
To do good to his fubjeCts was the ambition 
of Titus, and it was at the recolleCfion that 
he had done no fervice, or granted no favor 
one day, that he exclaimed in the memorable 
Words of My friends , 1 have laji a day / A 
continual vvilh to be benevolent, and kind, 
made him popular ; and it will not be won¬ 
dered, that he who could fay that he had ra¬ 
ther die himfelf, than be the caufe of the def- 
tru&ion of one of his fubjeCts, was called the 
love and delight of mankind. Two of the 
fenators confpired againft his life, but the 
•mperor difregarded their attempts, he made 


them his friends by kindnefs, and like ano¬ 
ther Nerva, prefenced them with a fword to 
deftroy him. During his reign, Rome was' 
three days on fire, the towns of Campania 
were deltroyed by an eruption of Vefuvius, 
and the empire was vifited by a peftilence 
which carried away an infinite number of in¬ 
habitants. In this time of public calamity, 
the emperor’s benevolence and philanthropy 
were confpicuous. Titus comforted the af¬ 
flicted as a father, he alleviated their diltref- 
les by Iris liberal bounties, and as if they 
were but one family, he exerted himlelf for 
the good and preservation of the whole. The 
Romans, however, had not long to enjoy the 
favors of a magnificent prince, Titus was 
taken ill, and as he retired into the country 
of the Sabines to his father’s houle, his in- 
difpefition was increafed by a burning fever. 
He lifted his eyes to heaven, and with modeft 
fubmiliion complained of the leverity of fate 
which removed him from the world when 
young, where he had been employed in mak¬ 
ing a grateful people happy. He died the 13th 
of September, A. D. 81, in the 41ft year of 
his age, after a reign of two years, two 
months, and 20 days. The news of his death 
was received wich lamentations; Rbme was 
filled with tears, and all looked upon them- 
lelves as deprived of the moft benevolent of fa¬ 
thers. After him Domitian afeended the throne 
nor without incurring the fufpicion of having 
haftened his brother’s end, by ordering him 
to be placed, during, his agony, in a.tub full 
of inovv, where he expired. Domitian has 
alio been accufed of railing commotions, and 
of making attempts to dethrone his brother; . 
but Titus diliegarded them, and forgave the 
offender. Some authors have reflected with 
leverity upon the cruelties which Titus exer- 
cil'ed againft the Jews, but thopgh certain¬ 
ly a dilgrace to the benevolent features of 
his character, we muft confider him as an in- 
ftrument in the hands of Providence, exerted 
for the punilhment of a wicked and infatu¬ 
ated people. Jofeph. B. J. 7, c. 16, &c.— 
Suetonius.—Dio Sec. 

Titus 'l atius, a king of the Sabines. 
[Fid. Tatius] — Livflus, a celebrated hiT- 

torian. [Fid. Uvius.]-A fon of Junius 

Brutus, put to death by order of his father, 

for confpiring to reftore the Tarquins. - 

A friend of Coriolanus.-A native of Cro- 

tona, engaged in Catiline’s conipiracy. * 

TItyrus, a Ihepherd introduced in Vir¬ 
gil’s eclogues, &c. .-A large mountain of 

Crete. 

Titvus, a celebrated giant, fon of Terra; 
or, according to others, of J upiter, by Ei-ara, 
the daughter of Orchomenos. He was of fuch 
a prodigious fize, that his mother died in tra¬ 
vail after Jupiter had drawn her from the 
bowels of the earth, where Ihe had been con¬ 
cealed during her pregnancy to avoid the 
anger of Juno, Tityus attempted to offer 

violine* 




TO 


violence to Latona, but the gocldefs delivered 
herfelf from his importunities, by calling to 
her affiftance her children, who killed the 
giant with their arrows. He was placed in 
hell, where a ferpent continually devoured 
his liver ; or, according to others, where vul¬ 
tures perpetually fed upon his entrails, which 
grew again as foon as devoured. It is laid 
that Tityus covered nine acres when ftretched 
on the ground. He had a fmall chapel with 
an altar in the ifland of Euboea. Apollod. i, 
C. 4 ■ — Ptnd. Pytb. 4.— Homer. Od. 7, V. 325. 
h lr > v. 575.— Apollon. Rh. I, v. 182, &C. 
Virg. JEn. 6, v. 52.5.—Herat. 3, Od. 4, 
v * 77 -— Hytrin, fab. 55.— Ovid. Met . 4, v. 
457 -— Tibull. I, el. 3, V. 75. 

Tium, or Tion, a maritime town of Pa- 
phlagonia, built by the Milefians. Mela, 1, 
c - 9- _ v 

'J’lepolemus, a fon of Hercules and Af- 
tyochia, born at Argos. He left his native 
country after the accidental murder of JLi- 
cymnius, and retired to Rhodes, by order 
of the pracle, where he was chofen king 
as being one of the fons of Hercules. He 
went to the Trojan war with nine Ihips, and 
was killed by Sarpedon. There were fome 
feltivals eftablifhed at Rhodes in his honor, 
called Tlepolemia , in which men and boys con¬ 
tended. The vigors were rewarded with 
poplar crowns. Homer. II .— Apollod. 2, C. 7. 
— Died. 5.'— Hygin.fab. 97.-One of Alex¬ 

ander's generals, who obtained Carmania at 
the general divifion of the Macedonian em¬ 
pire. Diod. 18.-An Egyptian general, 

who florilhed B. C. 207. 

T.MARUs,a Rutulian in the wars of ./Eneas. 

Firg. JEn. 9, v. 685.-A mountain of 

Thefprotia, called Tomarus by Pliny. 

Tmolus, a king of Lydia, who married 
Omphale, and was Ion ©f Sipylus and Chtho- 
nia. He offered violence to a young nymph 
called Arriphe, at the foot of Diana’s altar, 
for which impiety he was afterwards killed 
by a bull. The mountain on which he was 
burred bore his name. Apollod. 2, c. 6.— 

Ovid. Met. II, fab. 4.- Hygin. fab. 191. 

—-A town of Afia Minor, destroyed by an 

earthquake.-A mountain of'Lydia, n'ow 

Bouzdag, on which the river Padtolus riles. 
The air was fo wholefome near Tmolus, 
that the inhabitants generally lived to their 
150th year. The neighbouring country was 
very fertile, and produced many vines, faf- 
fron, and odoriferous flowers. Strab. 13, Sec. 
— Herodot. I, c. 84, &C.— Ovid. Met. 2, &C. 
— Sil. 7, V. 210.— Firg'. G. I, V. 56. 1 . 2, V. 
98. 

Togata, an epithet applied to a certain 
part of Gaul where the inhabitants are dif- 
tinguiihed by the peculiarity of their drefs. 
[Fid. Gallia.] 

Togonius Gallus, a fenator of ignoble 
birth, devoted to the intereft of Tiberius, 
whom he flattered, &<?, Tacit. Ann . 6, c. %. 


TO 

TotniAcUM, a town of Gallia Belelca. 
fomhof Juliers. 6 * 

Tolenus, a river of Latium, now Saltoy 
falling into the Velinus. Ovid. Pali. 6, v. 
561. 

1 oletum, now Toledo, a town of Spain 011 
the Tagus. 

Tolistoboii, a people of Galatia in Afia, 
defeended from the Boil of Gaul. Pli„. 5, c. 
32.— Liv. 38, c. 15 & 16. 

Tollentinum, a town of Picenum. Plin, 
3. c. 13.^ 

Tolmides, an Athenian officer, defeated 
and killed in a battle in Boeotia, 477 B. C. 
Poly an. 7. 

Tolosa, now Touloufe,the capital of Lan- 
guedoc, a town of Gallia Narbonenfis, which 
became a Roman colony under Auguftus, 
and was afterwards celebrated for the cul¬ 
tivation of the fciences. Minerva had there 
a rich temple, which Caspio the conful plun¬ 
dered, and as he was never after fortunate, 
the words aurum Tolofanum became proverbial. 
Caf.Bell. G. — Mela, 2, C. 5.— Cic. de Nat. D» 
3> c. 20. 

Tolumnus, an augur in the army of Tur- 
rtus againft ./Eneas. FirJEn. 11, v. 429. 

-A king of Veii, killed by Cor. CofTus 

after he had ordered the ambaffadors of Rome 
to be aflTaffinated. Liv. 4, c. 19. 

Tolus, a man whofe head was found in 
digging for the foundation of the capitol, in 
the reign of Tarquin, whence the Romans con¬ 
cluded that their city 'fhould become the head 
or miftrels of the world. 

Tom2eum, a mountain of Pelopounefus. 
Tbucyd. 

Tomarus. [Fid. Tmarus.] 

Tomisa, a country between Cappadocia 
and Taurus. Strabo. 

Tomos, or Tomis, a town fituate on the 
weftern fhores of the Euxine fea, about 36 
miles from the mouth of the Danube. The 
word is derived from ny-vu, fecoy becaufe 
Medea, as it is faid, cut to pieces the body o£ 
her brother Abfyrtus there. It is celebrated 
as being the place where Ovid was baniftied 
by Auguftus. Tomos was the capital of 
lower Media, founded by a Milefian colony, 
B. C. 633.— Strab. 7.— Apollod. I, c. 9.— 
Melay 2, c. 2.— Ovid, ex Pont. 4 , el. 14, V. 
59. Trifl. 3, el. 9, v. 33, Sec. 

Tomvris. [Fid. Thomyris.] 

Tonea, a folemnity oblerved at Samos. 
It was ufual to carry J uno’s ftatue to the fea 
Ihore, and to offer cakes before it, and after¬ 
wards to replace it again in the temple. This 
was in commemoration of the theft of the 
Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry away the 
ftatue of the goddefs, but were detained in the 
harbour by an invifible force. 

Ton oil Liu 5, an avaricious lawyer, &C. 
Juv. 7, v. 130. y 

TorAzos, an ifland in the Arabian gulf 
anciently called Opbiodes from the quantity 
$ £ 2 ef 







TK 


TR 


©f fcrpents that were there. The valuable 
ft one called Topaze is found there. Plin. 6, c. 
3 . 0 . 

Topiris, orToi’Rus, a town of Thrace. 

Torini, a people ofScythia. Valer. 6. 

To rone, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, 
c. 4 5 - -Of Epirus. 

TorquAta, one of the veftal virgins, 
daughter of C. Sibnus. She was a veftal for 
64 years. Tacit. 3, art . c. 69. 

Torquatus, a furname of Titus Manlius. 

[ Vid . Manlius.]——Silanus, an officer put to- 

death by Nero.-A governor of Oricum, 

in the intereft of Pompey. He furrendered 
to J. Caclar, and was killed hi Africa. Hirt. 

Afric. 96.-An officer in Sylla’s army. 

— — A Roman lent ambaffiador to the court 
of Ptolemy Philometor of Egypt. 

Tortor, a furname of Apollo. He had 
a ftatue at Rome under that name. 

Torus, a mountain of Sicily, near Agri- 
gentum. 

Toryne, afmall town near A'ftium. The 
word in the language of the country fignifies 
a ladle , which gave Cleopatra occafion to 
make a pun when it fell into the hands of 
Auguftus. Pint, in Ant. 

Toxandri, a people of Gallia Belgica. 
Plin. 4, c. 7. 

Toxarjdja, a feftival at Athens, in ho¬ 
nor of Toxaris, a Scythian hero who died 

there. 

Toxeus, a fon of CEneus, killed by his fa¬ 
ther. Apollod. 1, c. 8. 

Toxicrate, a daughter ofThefpius. 

Q. Trabea, a comic poet at Rome, in 
the age of Regulus. Some fragments of his 
poetry remain. Gic. inTufe. 4, c. 31. Pin 
2, c. 4. 

Trachalus, M. Ga-lerius, a confulhr the 
reign of Nero, celebrated for his eloquence 
as an orator, and for a majeftic and command- I 

ing afpedl. Quintil. — Tacit. -One of the 

friends and minifters of Othe. 

Trachas, a town of Latium. Ovid. Met. 
15. v. 717. 

TrachInta, a fmall country of Phthio- 
ti?, on the bay of Malea, near mount CEta. 
The capital was called Trachis, or Trachina, 
where Hercules went after he had killed Eu- 
nomus. Strab. 9.— Apollod. 2 , c. 7.— Ovid. 
Met. 11, v. 269. 

Trachonitis, a part of Judtea, on the 
other fide of the Jordan. Plin. 5, c. 14. 

Tragurium, a town of Dalmatia on the 
fea. 

Tragus, a river of Arcadia, falling into 
the Alpheus. Panf. 8, c. 33. 

Trajanopolis, .1 town of Thrace. - 

A name given to Selinus of Cilicia, where 
Trajan died. 

Tra janus, (M. Ulpiiis Crlnitus) a Ro¬ 
man emperor, born at Italica in Spain. His 
great virtues, and his private as well as pub¬ 
lic chara&er, and his fervices to the empire 


both as an officer, a governor, and a confu? 
recommended him to the notice of NerVa, 
who folemnly adopted him as his fon ; in- 
• veiled him during his life time with the im¬ 
perial purple, and gave him the name of Cas- 
far and of Germanicus. A little time after 
Nerva died, and the ele6tion of Trajan to 
the vacant throne was confirmed by the un¬ 
animous rejoicings of the people, and the 
flee concurrence of the armies on the con¬ 
fines' of Germany, and the banks of the Da¬ 
nube. The noble and independent beha¬ 
viour of Trajan evinced the propriety ancf 
goodnefs of Nerva’s choice, and the attach¬ 
ment of the legions; and the new emperor 
teemed calculated to enfure peace and do-' 
meftic tranquillity to the extenfive empire of 
Rome. All the a£tions of Trajan Ihewed a 
good and benevolent prince, whofe virtues 
truly merited the encomiums which the pen 
of an elegant and courteous panegyrift has 
paid. The barbarians continued quiet, and 
the hoftilities which they generally difplayed 
at the election of a new emperor whofe 
military abilities they diftrufted, were now 
few. Trajan, however, could not behold with 
fatrsfa&ion and unconcern, the infolence of 
the Dacians, who claimed from the Roman 
people a tribute which the cowardice of Do- 
rnitian had offered. The fudden appearance 
of the emperor on the frontiers, awed the 
barbarians to peace; but Decebalus, their 
warlike monarch, foon began hoftilities by vi¬ 
olating the treaty. The emperor entered the 
enemy’s country, by throwing a bridge acrots 
the rapid ftreams of the Danube, and a bat¬ 
tle was fought in which the {laughter was fo 
great, that in the Roman camp linen was 
wanted to dreis the wounds of the foldiers. 
Trajan obtained the vi£fory, and Decebalus 
defpairing of fuccefs dettroyed himfelf, and 
j Dacia became a province of Rome. That 
the ardor of the Roman foldiers in defeat¬ 
ing their enemies might not cool, an expedi¬ 
tion was undertaken into the eaft, and Parthia 
threatened with immediate war. Trajan paff- 
ed through the lubmiffive kingdom of Ar¬ 
menia, and by his well-direbled operations, 
made himfelf mafter of the provinces of At- 
fyria and Mefopotamia. He extended his con- 
quefts in the eaft, he obtained victories over 
unknown nations, and when bn the extre¬ 
mities of India, he lamented that he pofieffed 
not the vigor and youth of an Alexan¬ 
der, that he might add unexplored provinces 
and kingdoms to the Roman empire. Tnefe 
fuccefles in different parts of the world, gain¬ 
ed applauie, and the fenators were profufe 
in the honors they decreed to the conqueror. 
This, however, was but the blaze of tran- 
{lent glory. Trajan had no fooner fignified 
his intentions of returning to Italy, than the 
conquered barbarians appeared again in arms, 
and the Roman empire did not acquire one 
Angle 'acre of territory from the conquefts 

#£ 








#f her fovereign in the end. The return of 
the emperor towards Rome was haitened by 
indifpofition, he flopped in Cilicia, and in 
the'town of Selinus, which afterwards was 
I calledjTrajanopolis, lie was feized with a flux, 
and a few days after expired, in the begin¬ 
ning of Auguit, A. D. 117, after a reign of 
J9 years, fix months, and 15 days, in the 
64th year of his age. He was fuceeeded on 
the throne by Adrian, whom the emprefs IMo- 
tina introduced to the Roman armies, as the 
adopted fon of her hulband. The afties ol 
Trajan were carried to Rome, and depofited 
under the ftatelv column which he had erect¬ 
ed a tew years before. Under this emperor 
{he Romans enjoyed tranquillity, and for a 
moment fuppofed that their profp&rity was 
complete under a good and virtuous fovereign. 
Trajan was fond of popularity, and he merited 
it. The founding ;irles of Optimus, and the 
father of his country, were not unworthily 
beftowed upon a prince who was equal to the 
greateft generals of antiquity, and who, to 
indicate his affability, and his with to liften 
to the jutt complaints of his fubje&s, ditlin- 
guilhed his pialjce by the infeription of the 
public palace. like other emperors he did 
not receive with an air of unconcern the 
homage of his friends, but rofe from his feat 
and went cordially to falute them. He re¬ 
futed the fla'.ues which the flattery of fa¬ 
vorites vvithed to ereCi to him, and he ri¬ 
diculed the follies of an enlightened nation, 
that could p.ay adorarjon to cold inanimate 
pieces of marble. His public entry into Rome 
gained hnyi the hearts of the people, he ap¬ 
peared on foot, and fliewed himfelf an ene¬ 
my to parade and an oftentations equipage. 
When m his camp, he expoie.d himfelf to 
fhe fatigues of war, like the meanefl foldier, 
and crofted the moil barren defarts and ex- 
tenfive plains on foot, and in his dreS and 
food difplayed a]l the fimplicity which once 
gained the approbation of the Romans in 
their countryman Fabjicius. AH the oldeft 
foldiers he knew by their own name, he con¬ 
vened with them with great familiarity, and 
never retired to his tent beflore he had yi- 
fited the camp, and by a perlbnal attendance 
convinced himfelf of the vigilance and the 
fecurity of his army. As a friend he was 
not lefs d}ftinguiflie,d than as a general. He 
had a feleCt number of intimates, whom he 
yifited with freedom and opennefs, and at 
.whole tables he parcopk many a moderate 
repafl without form or ceremony. His con¬ 
fidence, however, in the good intentions of 
\ pthers, was, perham, carried to excefs. His 
favorite Sura had once been accufed of at¬ 
tempts upon his life, but Trajan difiregarded 
the informer, and as he was that fame day 
invited to the houfe of the fuppoled confpi- 
pator, he went thither early. To try farther 
the fincerity of Sura, he ordered himfelf to 
Ih^ved by his barber, to have a medici¬ 


nal application made to his eyes by the hand 
of his furgeon, and to bathe together with 
him. The public works of Trajan are alf© 
celebrated, he opened free and eafy com¬ 
munications between the cities of his pro¬ 
vinces, he planted many colonies, and fur- 
ni fried Rome with all the corn and provifions 
which could prevent a famine in the time 
of calamity. It was by his directions, that 
the architect; Apollodorus built that celebrat¬ 
ed column which is ftill to be feen at Rome, 
under the name of Trajan’s column. The 
area on which it ftands was made by the 
labors of men, and the height of the pillar 
proves that a large hill 144 feet high was 
removed at a great expence, AID. 1x4, to 
commemorate the victories of the reigning 
prince. His perfections of the Chriftians 
were flopped by the interference of the hu¬ 
mane IMiny, but he was unufually fe- 
vere upon the Jews, who had harbaroufly 
murdered 200,000 of his fubjeCts, and even 
fed upon the fiefh of the dead. His vices 
have been oblisurely feen through a reign 
of continued fplendor and popularity, yet 
he is accufed of incontinence and many 
unnatural indulgences. He was top much 
addicted to di inking, and his wi(h to be 
(tyled lord has been eenfured by thofe who 
admired the diffimulated moderation, and the 
mndeft claims of an Auguftus. Plin. paneg. 
&C.— Dio. Caff —. Eutrop — Ammian. — Spar - 
tmn.—Jrftph. bell. J.—Viflor. -The fa¬ 

ther of the emperor, who likevvife bore the 
name of Trajan, was honored with the con- 
I'ulfhip and a triumph, and the rank of a 

patrician by the emperor Vefpafian.-- 

A general of the emperor Valeris.-A fon 

of the emperor Deems. 

Trajectus Rheni, now Utrecht, the car 
pital of one of the provinces of Holland. 

Trat.lfs, a town of Lydia, now Sultan - 

hi far. Juv. 3, v. 70^-Liv. $7,f. 45.-* 

A people oflllyricum. 

Trastibejuna, a part of the city of 
Rome, one fide of the 1 iher. Mount Vati¬ 
can was in that part ©f the city. Mart. I, 
ep. 109. _ 

Trapezus, a city of Pontus, built by the 
people of Sinope, now called Tebizoud. It 
had a celebrated harbour on the Euxirie fea and 
became famous under the emperors of the eafl- 
ern empire, of which it was for fome time the 
magnificent capital. Tacit. H. 3, c. 47.— 

Plin. 6, c. 4.--A town of Arcadia near the 

Alpheus. It received its name from a fon of 
Lycaon. Apallod. 3, c. 8. 

Trasimenus- [WThrafymenus,] 

Trasullus, a man who taught Tiberius 
aflrology at Rhodes, &c. 

Traulus Montanus, a Roman knight, 
one of Meflalina’s favorites, put to death by 
Claudius. Tacit. A. II, C. 36. 

Treba, a town of the Aiqui.' Plin. 3, c. 


C. TREe 









TR 


TR 


C. Trebatius Testas, a man bamfned 
hj Julius Cre far for following the intereft of 
Pompey, and recalled by the eloquence of 
Cicero* He was afterwards reconciled to 
Casl'ar. Trebatius was not lefs diftinguilhed 
for his learning than for his integrity, his mi¬ 
litary experience, and knowledge of law. He 
wrote nine books on religious ceremonies, and 
treatifes on civil law ; and the verles that he 
cfompofed proved him a poet of no inferior con- 
fequence. Horat. 2 , Sat. i, v. 4. 

TrebelliAnus, (C. Annius,) a pirate who 
proclaimed himfelf emperor of Rome, A. D. 
5164. He was defeated and flain in Ifauria, by 
tile lieutenants of Gallienus. 

Trebellienus Rufus, a prretor appoint¬ 
ed governor of the children of king Cotys, 
by Tiberius. —- -A tribune who oppoled the 

Gabinian law.-A Roman who numbered 

the inhabitants of Gaul. He was made go¬ 
vernor of Britain, Tacit. A. 6, c. 39. 

Trebellius Pollio, a Latin hiftorian, 
who wrote an account of the live? of the em¬ 
perors. The beginning of this hiftory is loll; 
part of the reign of Valerian, and the life of 
the two Gallieni, with the 30 tyrants, are the 
only fragments remaining. He florilhed A. D. 
3 ° 5 * v 

• Trebia, a river of Cifalpine Gaul, rifing 
in the Appenines, and falling into the Po, at 
the weft of Placentia. It is celebrated for the 
victory which Annibal obtained there over 
the forces of L. Sempronius, the Roman con- 
ful. Si/. 4, v. 486.— Lucan, 2, v. 46.— Lin. 

Si, c. 54 & 56.--A town of Latium. Liv. 

S, c. 39.—of Campania. Id. 33, c. 14.—of 
Umbria. P/in. 3, c. 14. 

1 Trebius, an officer in Caefar’s army in 

Gaul.-A parafite in Domitian’s reign, 

Juv. 4. 

Trebonia lex, deprovinces , by L. Tre- 
fconius the tribune, A. U. C..698. It gave 
Csefar the chief command in Gaul for five 
years longer than was ena&ed by the Vati¬ 
can law, and in this manner prevented the 
ienators from recalling or fuperleding him. 
•-——Another by the fame on the fame year, 
conferred the command of the provinces of 
Syria and Spain on Caffius and Pompey, for 

5 years.— Dio. Cajf. 39.-Another by L. 

Trebonius, the tribune, A. U. C. 305, which 
confirmed the ele&ion of the tribunes in the 
hands of the Roman people. Liv. 3 & 5. 

Trebonius, a foldier remarkable for his 

continence, &c.-Caius, one of Ctefar’s 

friends, made through his intereft praetor and 
Conful. He was afterwards one of his bene- 
fa&or’s murderers. He was killed by Do- 
labella at Smyrna. Caf. bell. 5, c. 17.— 
Cic.in Phil. II, c. 2.— Paterc. 56 & 69. — 
Liv. 119.— Dio. 47.— Horat. I, Sat. 4, v. 

,14.'-Garucianus, a governor of Africa,, 

who put to death the proconful Clodius Ma- 
eer, by Galba’s orders. Tacit. H. 1, c. 7. 
—A tribune who propofed a law at Rome, 


antj lmprifoned Cato, becaufe he oppofed it? 

-One of the adherents of Marius.’-A 

man caught in adultery, and feverely punilhed 
in the age of Horace. 

Trebula, a town of the Sabines, cele¬ 
brated for cheefe. The inhabitants were 
called Trebulani. Cic. in Agr. 2, c. 25.— 
Liv. 23.— P/in. 3, c. 5 & 12.— Martial. 5, 

ep. 72.-Another in Campania. Liv. 23; 

c. 39. ' 

Trerus, a river of Latium, falling into thd 
Liris. 

Tres Tabernie, a place on the Appian 
road, where travellers took refreshment. Cic, 
A. I, ep. 13. 1 . 2, ep. 10 & II. 

Treveri, a town and people of Belgium^ 
now called Triers. Mela t 3, c. 2. 

Triaria, a woman well known for her 
cruelty. She was the wife of L. Vitellius. 
Tacit. H. 1 & 3. 

C. Triarius, an orator commended by- 

Cicero.-A friend of Pompey. He had 

for fome time the care of the war in Alia 
againlt Mithridates, whom he defeated, and 
by whom he was afterwards beaten. He 
was killed in the civil wars pf Pompey and 
Cpefar. Ccef. Bell. Civ . 3, c. 5 - 

Triballi, a people of Thrace j or, ac¬ 
cording to fome, of Lower Moefia. They 
were conquered by Philip, the father of Alex¬ 
ander ; and fome ages after, they maintained 
a long war againft the Roman emperors; 
Plin. : • 

Triboci, a people of Alface in Gaul. Ta* 
cit. in Germ. 28. - ' ' J 

Tribuliujw, a town of Dalmatia. 

Trijbuni Plebjs, magiftrates at Rome 9 
created in the year U. C. 261, when th& 
people after a quarrel with the fenators had 
retired to Mons Sacer. The two firft were 
C. Licinius, and L. Aibinus, but their num¬ 
ber was loon after raifed to five, and 37 years 
after to 10, which remained fixed. Their 
office was annual, and as the firft had been 
created on the 4th of the ides of December, 
that day was ever after chofen for the elec¬ 
tion. Their power, though at firft fma. 11 , and 
granted by the patricians to appeafe the mo¬ 
mentary leditions of the populace, loon be¬ 
came formidable, and the fenators repented 
too late of having confented to ele£l magif¬ 
trates, who not only preferved the rights of 
the people, but could fummon affemblies, pro¬ 
pole laws, ftop the conlultaticns of the fe* 
nate, and even abolifh their decrees by the 
word Veto. Their approbation was alfo ne- 
celfary to confirm the fenatus confulta , and 
this'was done by affixing the letter T. under 
it. If any irregularity happened in the ftate, 
their power was almoft abl'olute; they criti¬ 
cized the conduct of all the public magiftrates, 
and even dragged a conful to prifon, if the 
mealures he purfued were hoftile to the peace 
of Rome. The dictator alone was their fu- 
perior, but when that magiftrate was elected. 




TR 


the office of tribune was not, like that of all I 
other inferior magiftrates, abolilhed while he 
continued at the head of the ftate. The 
people paid them fo much deference, that 
their perfon was held facred, and thence they 
were always called Sacrofanfii. To ftrike 
them was a capital crime, and to interrupt them 
while they fpoke in the aflemblies, called for 
the immediate interference of power. The 
marks by which they were diftinguilhed from 
bther magiftrates were not very confpicuous. 
They wore no particular drels, < nl/ a beadle 
called viator marched before them. 1 hey 
never fat in the fetiate, though i'ome time after, 
their office entitled them to the rank of fe,- 
nators. Yet great as their power might ap¬ 
pear, they received a heavy wound from their 
number, and as their conlultations and refo- 
lutions were of no effed il they were not all 
unanimous, the fenate often took advantage 
of their avarice, and by gaining one of them 
by bribes, they, as it were, l'ufpended the 
authority of the reft. The office of tribune 
of the people, though at firft: deemed mean 
and fervile, was afterwards one. of the firft 
fteps that led to more honorable employ¬ 
ments, and as no patrician was permitted to 
canvafs for the tribunefhip, we find many 
that defcended among the plebeians to ex- 
ercife that important office. From the power 
with which they were at laft invefted by the 
activity, the intrigues, and continual applica¬ 
tions of thofe who were in office, they be¬ 
came almoft alfolute in die ftate, and it has 
been properly ohferved, that they caui' d far 
greater troubles than thofe which they were 
at firft created to filence. Sylln, when raifed 
to the dittatorlhip, gave a fatal blow to the 
authority of the tribunes, and by one of his 
decrees, they were no longer permitted to ha¬ 
rangue and inflame the people; they could 
make no laws; no appeal lay to their tribunal 
and fuch as had been tribunes, were not per¬ 
mit ed to folicit for the other offices of the Rate. 
This difgrace, however, was but momentary, 
at the death of the tyrant the tribunes reco¬ 
vered their privileges by means of Cotta and 
Pompey the Great. The office of tribune 
remained in full force till the age of Au- 
guftus, who, to make himlelf more abfclute, 
and his perfon facred, conferred the power 
and office upon himfelf, whench he wr called 
tribunitia potejlate donatus. His fucceflors oil 
the throne imitated his example, and as the 
emperor was the real and official tribune, 
fuch as were appointed to the office were 
merely nominal without power or privilege. 
.Under Conftantine the tribunefhip was to¬ 
tally abolilhed. The tribunes were never 
permitted to deep out of the city, except at 
the Feria Latina;, when they went with 
other magiftrates to offer facrifices upon a 
mountain near Alba. Their houfes were 
always open, and they received every com- 
plaint, and were ever ready to redrefs the 


*r r 

wrongs of their conftituents. Their autho¬ 
rity was not extended heyond the walls of the 

city.-There were alfo other officers who 

bore the name of tribunes, fuch as the tribuni 
militum or militaret , who commanded a divi- 
fion of the legions. 1 hey were empowered 
to decide all quarrels that might arife in 
the army, they rook care of the camp, and 
gave the watch word. There were only three 
at firft cholcn' by Romulus, but the number 
was at laft increafed to fix in every legion. 
After the e^pulfion of the Tarquins, they 
were chofen by the confuls, but afterwards 
the right of ele&ing them was divided between 
the people and the conlul. They were ge¬ 
nerally of fenatorian and equeftrian families, 
and the former were called latidavii , and the 
latter angujticlavii from their peculiar drefs. 
Thole that were chofen by the confuls were 
called Rutuli, becaufe the right of the confuls 
to ele£t them was confirmed by Rutulus, and 
thofe elected by the people were called Comi- 
tiati , becaufe chofen in the Comitia. 1 hey 
wore a golden ring, and were in office no 
longer than fix months. When the confuls 
were eledfed, it wasvufual to chufe 14 t: Tunes 
from the knights, who hadferved five years in 
the army, and who were called junicres, and 
ten from the people who had been in ten 

campaigns, who were called Jlniorrs. -There 

were alfo fome officers called t> ibutti militum 
confulari polcjlati , eiedled inftead of confuls, 
A. U. C. 310. They were only three ori¬ 
ginally, but the number was afterwards eb- 
creafed to fix, or more, according to the will 
and pleafure of the people and the emergencies 
of the ftate. Part of them were plebeians, 
and the reft of patrician families. When 
they had fubfiaed for about 70 years, not 
without fome interruption, the. office was 
totally abolilhed, as the plebeians were ad¬ 
mitted tofhare the confullhip, and the confuls 
continued at the head of the ftate till the end 

of the commonwealth.-The tribuni cobor - 

tium p r atari a 11 u rum , were entrulled with the 
perfon of the emperor, which they guarded 

and prctedled --The tribuni ararii , Were 

officers chofen from among the people, who 
kept the money which was to be applied to 
defray the expencesof the army. The richefl 
perfons were always chofen, as much money 
was requifite for the pay of the foldiers. Tfr<;y 
were greatly diftipguilhed in the ftate, and 
they lhared with the fenators and Raman 
knights the privileges of judging. They were 
abolilhed by Julius Caefar, but Auguftus re- 
eltablilhed them, and created 200 more, to 

decide caules of fmaller importance.-The 

tribuni celerum had the command of the 
guard which Romulus chofe for the fafety of 
his perfon. They were 100 in number, 
diftinguilhed for their probity, their opulence, 

and their nobihty.-The tribuni voluptatum 

were commiffioned to take Care of the amufe- 
mehts which were prepared for the people. 

3 li 4 and 







TR 


TR 


and that nothing might he wanting in the 
exhibitions. This office was alfo honorable. 

Tricala, a fortified pl.’ce at the fouth of 
Sicily,between Selinusand Agrigentum. Sil. 
14 , v. 271. 

Tric asses, a people of Champagne in Gaul. 

Tricastxni, a people of Gallia Narbo- 
sends. Sil. 3, v.466,— Liv. 21. c. 31. 

Triccje, a town of Theffaly, where iEf- 
culapius had a temple. The inhabitants went 
to the Trojan war. Liv. 32, c. 13.— Homer. 
Jl.—Plin. 4, C. 8. 

Trichonium, a town of ./Etolia. 

Tricipitinus, Via. Lucretius. 

Tric lari a, a yerrly feftival celebrated by 
the inhabitants of ifcree cities in Ionia, to 
appeafe the anger of Diana Triclaria , whole 
temple hnd been defiled by tr,e adulterous 
commerce of MjHi&lippus and Cometho. It 
was ufual to facrifice a boy and a girl, but 
this barbarous cuftom was abolifhed by Eu- 
rypilus. The three cities were Aroe, Mef- 
fatis, and Anthea whole united labors had 
erected the temple of the goddefs. Pauf. 7, 19. 

Triccrii, a people of Gaul, now Dau¬ 
phin c. Liv. 21. c. 31. 

Tricorythus, a town of Attica. 

T RicRENA, a place of Arcadia,whereaccord- 
. ing to fome Mercury was born. Pauf. 8, c. 16. 

Tridentum, a town of Cilalpine Gaul, 
now called Trent , and famous in hiftory for 
• the ecclefialjical council which fat there 18 
years to regulate the affairs of the church 
A. D. 1545.^ _ . _ 

Trieterica, feftivals in honor of Bacchus 
celebrated every three years. Virg. JEn. 4, 
v. 302. 

Trifanum, a place of Latium near Si- 
nueffa. Liv. 8, c. ij. 

TrifqlYnus, a mountain of Campania fa¬ 
mous for wine. Mart . 13, ep. 104— Plin. 14,0.7. 

.Trigemina, one of the Roman gates, 
fo called becaufe’the three Horatii went throtigh 
it againftthe Curiatii. Liv. 4. q. j6. 1 . 35, c. 41. 
1. 40, c. 51. 

Trinacria, or TrinXcris, one of the 
ancient names of Sicily from its triangular 
form. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 384, See. 

Triniom, a river of Italy falling into the 
Adriatic. 

Trinobantes, a people of Britain in 
modern Effex and Middlefex. Tacit, anti. 
14, c. 31 —Ccsf G. 5, c. 20. 

Triocala, or Triocla, a town in the 
fouthern parts of Sicily. Sil. 14, v. 271. 

Triopas, or Triops, a fon of Neptune 
by Canace, the daughter of JEolas. He was 
father of Iphirpedia and of Erifichthon, who is 
called on that account Tr'wpeius and his 
daughter Triopeis, Ovid. Met. 8, V. 754.-— 

Apollod, 1. c. 7.-A fon of Phorbas, father 

to Agenor, Jafus and Meffene. Homer. 
Hy.n. in Ap. 2ii»‘ -A fon of Piranthus. 

Trifhylia, one of the ancient names of 
Elis. Liv. 28, c. 8.— »—A mountain where 


Jupiter had a temple in the ifland Panchaia, 
whence he is called Triphylius. 

'I riopium, a town of Caria. 

Tripolis, an ancient town of Phoenicia, 
built by the liberal contribution of Tyre, Si- 

don, and Aradus, whence the name.-A 

town of Pontus.-A diftridb of Arcadia, 

—of Laconia. Liv. 35. c. 27.—of Theffaly, 

ib. 42. c. 53.-A town of Lydia or Caria. 

———A difiridt of Africa between the Syrtes. 

TrIptolemus, a fon of Oceanus and 
Terra, or according to fome, of Trochilus, 
a prieft of Argos. According to the more 
received opiiffon he was fon of Celeus, king 
of Attica, by Neraea, whom fome have called 
Metanha, Corhonea, Hyona, Melania, or 
Polymnia. Pie was born at Eleufis in Atti¬ 
ca, and was cured in his youth of a levere 
illnefs by the care of Ceres, who had been 
invited into the houfe of Celeus by the mo¬ 
narch’s children, as {he travelled over the 
country in queft of her daughter. To repay 
the kindneis of Celeus, the goddefs took 
particular notice of his foil. She fed him 
with her own milk, and placed him on burning 
coals during the night, to deftroy whatever 
particles of mortality he had, receivedfrom h<s 
parents. The mother was aftoniffsed at the 
uncommon growth of her fon, and {he had 
the curiofitv to watch Ceres. She difturbed 
the goddefs by a fudden cry, when Triptolemus 
was laid on the burning allies, and as Ceres 
was therefore unable to make him immortal, 
the taught him agriculture, and rendered him 
ferviceable to mankind, by inftrudting him 
how to fow corn, and make bread. She alfo 
gave him her chariot, which was drawn by two 
dragons, and in this celeftial vehicle he tra¬ 
velled all over the earth, and diftributed 
corn to all the inhabitants of the world. In 
Scythia the favorite ^of Ceres nearly loft his 
life; but Lyncus the king of the country, who 
had confpired to murder him, was changed 
into a lynx. At his return to Eleufis, Trip¬ 
tolemus feftored Ceres her chariot, and efta- 
blilhed the Eleufinian feftivals and mvfteries 
in honor of the deity. He reigned for fome 
time, and after death received divine honors. 
Some luppofe that he accompanied Bacchus 
in his Indian expedition. Died. — Hygin. fab , 
147.— Pauf 2, c. 14. 1 . 8, c. 4 .—Ju/lin. 2. 
c. 6.— Apollod. I, C. 5.— Callim. in Cer. 22 . —■ ' 
Ovid. Met. 5 , V. O46. pajl. 4, v.JOI. Trift, 
3, el, 8, v.i. 

Triouetra, a name given to Sicily by the 
Latins, for its triangular form. Lucret. 1, v. 78. 

Trismegistus, a famous Egyptian. [Vid, 
Mercurius.] 

Tritia, a daughter of the river Triton, 

mother of Menalippus, by Mars.-A town 

in Achaia, built by her fon, bore her name. 
Pauf 7,c. 22. 

r J ritogenia, a furname of Pallas. He* 
fod.—Fejius de V.ftg. 

Triton, a fea deity* fon of Neptune, by 

Amphitrite'| 





TR 


TR 


Amphitrite ; or, according to (bine,by Celeno, i 
or Salacia. He was very powerful among the j 
fea deities, and could calm the ocean and abate 
itorm* at pleafure. He is generally rei refent- 
ed as blowing a ffiell, his body above the waift | 
is like that of a man, and below a dolphin. 1 
Some repretent him with the fore feet of a 
horfe. Many of the lea deities are called 
Tritons, but the name is generally applied to 
thofe only who are half men and half tithes. 
Apollod. I, C. 4 .— He find. Tbeo% V. 93O. — 
Ovid. Met 1, v. 333.— Cic. dc Nat. D. I, 

C. 23 .— Virg. JEn. I, v. 148. 1 . 6, v. 173 — 

Pauf. 9, c. 20.-A. river of Africa falling 

into the lake '1 ritonis.-One of the names 

of the Nile.-A lhvall river of Boeotia, 

or Theflaly. 

Tritonis, a lake and river of Africa, 
near which Minerva had a temple, whence 
fhe is furnamed Tritonis , or Trkonia. Hero- 
dot. 4, C. 178.— Pauf. 9, C. 33— Virg. JEn. 
2, v. 171.— Mela , I, c. 7. Athens is alfo 
called Tritonis, becaule dedicated to Minerva. 
Qvid. Met . 5. 

Tritonon, a town of Doris. Liv. 28,0. 7. 

TRivENTUM, a town of the Samnites. 

Trivia, a furname given to Diana, becaufe 
fhe prended over all places where three roads 
met. At the new moon the Athenians offered 
her lacrifices, and a fumptuous entertainment, 
which was generally dittrihuted among the 
poor. Virg. JEn. 6,v. 13, 1 . 7, v. 774.— Ovid. 
Met. 2,v 416. Fuji. i,v. 389. 

T rivije antrum, a place in the valley 
of Aricia, where the nymph Egeria relided. 
Mart. 6, ep. 47. 

Trivia, lucus, a place of Campania, in 
the bay of Cum*. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 13 

1 rivicum, a town in the country of the 
Xiirpini in Italy. Horat. I, Sat. 5, v. 79. 

Triumviri reipublica conjlituenda, were 
three magiftrates appointed equally to go¬ 
vern the Roman ftate with abfolute power. 
Thefe officers gave a fatal blow to the ex¬ 
piring independence of the Roman people, 
and became celebrated for their different 
purfuits, their ambition, and their various 
fortunes. The firft triumvirate, B. C. 60, 
was in the hands of J. Ciefar, Pompey, 
and Craffius, who at the expiration of their 
office, kindled a civil war. The fecor.d and 
lad triumvirate, B. C. 43, was under Au- 
guftus, M. Antony, and Lepidus, and 
through them the P,.omans totally loft their 
liberty. Auguftus disagreed with Iris col¬ 
leagues, and after he had defeated them, 
he made himfelf abfolute in Rome. The tri¬ 
umvirate was in full force at Rome for 
the fpace of about 12 years.—There were 
alfo officers who were called triumviri ca¬ 
pitals, created A. U. C. 464* They took j 
cognizance of murders and robberies, and . 
every tiling in which Haves were con- 1 
cerned. Criminals under lentence of death j 
Vvere entrulled fo their care, snd they had ^ 


them executed according to the commands 

of the praetors.-The triumviri nodi unit 

watched over the lafety of Rome in the 
night time, and in cafe of fire were ever 
ready 10 give orders, and to take the moil 

effectual meafures to extinguifh it-The 

triumviri agrarii had the care of colonies 
that were lent to fettle in different parts cf 
the empire. They made a fair divifion of 
the lands among the citizens, and exerciied 
over the new colony all the power which 
was placed in the hands of the confuls at 

Rome.-The triumviri minetales were 

matters of the mint, and had the care of 
the coin, hence their office was generally 
intimated by the following letters, often 
feen on ancient coins and medals; II 1 V 1 R. 
A. A. A. F. F. i. e. Triumviri auro, ar- 
gerto , trre phi tide, feriendt. Some fuppofe 
that they were created only in the age of 
t icero, as thofe who were employed before 
them, were called Denariorum jlandorum cu¬ 
rat ores. -i he triumviri valetudinis were 

chofen when Rome was vifited by a plague 
or fome peftiferous dittemper, and they took 
particular care of the temples of health and 

virtue. -The triumviri fenatus legendi , 

were appointed to name thofe that were mod 
worthy to be made lenators from among the 
plebeians. They vvere firft chofen in the age 
of Auguftas, as before, this privilege be¬ 
longed to the kings, and afterwards devolved 
upon the confuls, and the cenfors, A. U. C. 

31c.-The triumviri menfarii were chofen 

in the feconu Punic war, to take care of the 
coin and prices of exchange. 

Trjumvirorum insula, a place on the 
Rhine which falls into the Po, where the 
triumvirs Antony, Lepidus, and Auguftus, 
met to divide the Pvoman empire after die 
battle of Mutina. Dio. 46, c. 55.— Appian 
Cic. 4. « 

Troades, the inhabitants of Troas. 

Troas, a country of Phrygia in Alia 
Minor, of which Troy was the capital. When 
Troas is taken for the whole kingdom of 
Priam, it may be laid to contain Myfia and 
Phrygia Minor; but if only applied to that 
part of the country where Troy was fituate, 
its extent is confined within very narrow 
limits. Troas was anciently called Dardania. 
£ Vid. Troja.] 

Trochois, a lake in the ifland of Delos, 
near which Apoilo and Diana were born. 

TRoCMi,a people of Galatia. Liv.T,S, c. 16. 

Trcszkne, a town of Ar^olis, in Pelo- 
ponnefus, near the Saronicus Sinus, which 
received its name from Trcezen, the fon of 
Pelops, who reigned there for fome time. 
It is often called Tbefeis, becaufe Thefeus 
was born there; and Pefdonia, becaufe Nep¬ 
tune was worlhipped there. Stat. Thcb. 4, 
V. 8 l.— Pauf. 2, c. 50*— Plut. in Thef .—• 
Ovid. Met. 8, v. 566. 1 . 15. v. 296.— An¬ 
other town at the fouth of the Peloponnefus. 

TrogiliX) 










T R 


T R 


Trogilije, three fmall ialands near S a- 
tnos. 

Trogiltum, a part of mount Mytale, 
projecting into the tea. Strab. 14. 

Trogilus, a harbour of bicily. Sil. J4, 
v. 2, 59. 

Troglodyte, a people of ./Ethiopia, who 
dwelt in caves (rowykti fpecus, 1 v[ju fubeo). 
They were all ftiepbcrds, and hnd their wives 
in common. Strab . I.— M-eta , I, c. 4 k 8.— 

Plin. I,C. 8. !. 37, C. 10 . 

Trogus Pompeius, a Latin hiftorian, 
B. C. 41, born in Gaul. His father was 
one of the friends and adherents of J. Cad'Sfr, 
and his anceftors had obtained privileges 
and honors from the moil iliuftrious of the 
Romans. Trogus wrote an univerfat hiftory 
of all the moil important events that had 
happened from the beginning of the world 
to the age of Auguftus, divided into 44 
hooks. This hiftory, which was greatly ad¬ 
mired for its purity and elegance, was epi¬ 
tomized by Juitin, and is ftill extant. Some 
fuppol'e that the epitome is the caule that the 
original of Trogus is loft. Jujlin. 47 > c * 5 *— 
Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 6. 

Troja, a city, the capital of Troas, or, 
according to others, a country of which 
Ilium was the capital. It was built on a 
fmall eminence near mount Ida, and the pro¬ 
montory of Sigaeum, at the diftance of about 
f.ur miles from the lea lhore. Dardanus 
the firft king of the country built it, and 
tailed if Dardahia , and from i'ros one of his 
fuccelTors it was called Ttoja, and from Hus 
I lien. Neptune is alio faid to have built, or 
more properly repaired, its walls, in the age 
of king Laomedon. This city has been cele¬ 
brated by the poems of Plomer and Virgil, 
and of all the wars which have been uariied 
on among the ancients-, that of Troy is the 
molt famous. The Trojan war was under¬ 
taken by the Greeks, to recover Helen, 
whom Paris the foil of Priam king of Troy 
had carried away from the houle ©f Mene- 
laus. All Greece united to avenge the 
caufe of Menelaus, and every prince furniflied 
a certain number of (hips and foldiers Ac¬ 
cording to Euripides, Virgil, and- Lyco- 
phron, the armament of the Greeks amounted 
to icoo (hips. Homer mentions them as 
being 1186, and Thucydides fuppofes that 
they were 1200 in number- The number of 
men which thel'e fhips carried is unknown ; 
yet as the largeft contained about 120 men 
each, and the i'malleft 50, it may be fup- 
poled that no lei's than 100,000 men were 
engaged in this celebrated expedition. Aga¬ 
memnon was chofen general of all thel'e 
forces; but the princes and kings of Greece 
were admitted among his counfellors, and 
by them all the operations of the war were 
dhebled, The moft celebrated of the Gre¬ 
cian princes'that diftinguifhed themfelves in- 
this war, were Achilles, Ajax, Mer.elaus, 


UlyiTes, Diomedes, Protefilaus, Patroclus, 
Agamemnon, Neftor, Neoptolemus, &c. 
The Grecian army was oppofed by a more 
numerous force. The king of Troy re¬ 
ceived affiftance from the neighbouring prin¬ 
ces in Alia Minor, and 'reckoned among his 
moft a&ive generals, Rhefus king of Thrace, 
and Memnon, who entered the field with 
20,000 Affyrians and ^Ethiopians. Many 
of the adjacent cities were reduced and plun¬ 
dered before the Greeks approached the 
walls; but when the liege was begun, the 
enemies on both fides gave proofs of valor 
and intrepidity. T he army of the Greek?, 

! however, was vifited by a plague, and the 
operations were not lei's retarded by. the 
j quarrel of Agamemnon and Achilles. The 
! lofs was great on both fides; the,moft valiant 
of the Trojans, and particularly of the 
fons of Priam, were (lain in the field; and 
indeed, lb great was the (laughter, that the 
rivers of the country are reprelented as filled 
with dead bodies and l'uits of armour. After 
the liege had been carried on for ten years, 
fome. of the Trojans, among whom were 
iEneas and An tenor, betrayed the city into 
the hands of the enemy, and Troy was re¬ 
duced to allies. The poets, however, fup- 
port, that the Greeks made themfelves 
mailers of the place by aitifice. They fe- 
cretly filled a large wooden hori'e with 
armed men, and led away their army from the 
plains, as if to return home. The Tro¬ 
jans brought the wooden horfe into their 
city, and in the night the Greeks that were 
confined within the fides of the animal, 
rulhed out and opened the gates to their 
companions, who had returned from the 
place of their concealment. The greateft 
part of the inhabitants were put to the l'word, 
and the ethers carried away by the con¬ 
querors. This happened according to the 
Arundelian marbles, about 1184 years before 
the Chriftian era, in the 3530th year of 
the Julian period, on the night between the 
nth and 12th of June, 408 years before the 
firft olympiad. Some time after, a new city 
was railed, about 30 lladia from the ruins 
of the old Troy: but though it bore the 
ancient name, and received ample donations 
from Alexander the Great, when he vifited 
it in his Afiatic expedition, yet it continued 
to be fmall, and in the age of Strabo if 
was nearly in ruins. It is faid that J. Caefar, 
who vviflied to pals for one of the dei'cend- 
ants of ./Eneas, and coniequently to be 
related to the Trojans, intended to make it 
the capital of the Roman empire, aud to 
tranfport there the f'enate and the Roman 
people. T he lame apprehenfions were" en¬ 
tertained in the reign of Auguftfis, and ac¬ 
cording to fome, an ode of Horace, 'Ji/Jhim 
hf tenacem propojiti virum was written pur- 
pofely to difiuade the emperor from putting 
into execution fo wild'a projett, \Vid. Paris, 
"* ./Eneas. 





TR 


TU 


^?neas, Antenor, Agamemnon, Ilium, La- 
omedon, Menelaus, &c.] Virg% JEn. — Ho- 
tnet.—O'vid. — Diod. itfc. 

Trojani and TrojogEnje, the inha¬ 
bitants of Troy. 

Trojani i.udi, games inftituted by 
./Eneas, or his ion Aicanius, to commemo¬ 
rate the death of Anchiies, and celebrated 
in the circus ht Rome. Boys of the bell 
families, drefted in a neht manner, and ac¬ 
coutred with fuitable arms and weapons, 
were permitted to enter the lift. Sylla ex¬ 
hibited them in his di£btorfhip, and under 
Auguftus they were obferved with unufual 
pomp and i'olemnity. A mock fight on 
horteback, or fometimes on foot, was ex^ 
hibited. The leader of the party was called 
princess juveniutis , and was generally the 
fou of a fenator, or the heir apparent to the 
empire. Virg. JEn. v. 602.—Sueton. in 
Caf Iff in Aug. — Plut. in Syll. 

TroIlus, a ion of Priam and Hecuba, 
killed by Achilles during the Trojan war. 
Apollod. 3, c. I a— Horat. 2, Od. 9, V. 16.— 
P'irg. JEn. I, V. 474 - 

TromfntIna, one of the Roman tribes. 
Liv. 6, c. 5. 

Trop_i:a, a town of the Brutii.-A 

ftone monument on the Pyrenees, erected by 

Pompey.-Drufi, a town of Germany 

where Drufus died, and Tiberius was fa- 
Juted emperor by the army. 

Trophonius, a celebrated architect, fon 
of Erginus, king of Orchomenos, in Boeotia. 
He built Apollo’s temple at Delphi, with the 
aliillance of his brother Agamedes, and when 
he demanded of the god a reward for his trouble, 
he was told by the prieftels to wait eight days, 
Snd to live during that time with all cheerful- 
nefs and pleafure. When the days were pafled, 
Trophonius and his brother were found dead 
in their bed. According to Paufanias, how¬ 
ever, he was fvvallowed up alive in the earth : 
and when afterwards the country was vifited 
by a great drought, the Boeotians were di- 
redled to apply to Trophonius for relief, and 
to'leek him at Lebadea, where he gave ora¬ 
cles in a cave. They dilcovered this cave 
by means of a fwarm of bees, and Tropho¬ 
nius told them how to eafe their misfortunes. 
From that time Trophonius was honored as a 
god, he palled for the fon of Apollo, a chapel 
and a ftatue were eredled to him, and facri- 
fices were offered to his divinity when con- 
fulted to give oracles. The cave of Tropho¬ 
nius became one of the moft celebrated ora¬ 
cles of Greece. Many ceremonies were re¬ 
quired, and the fuppliant was obliged to make 
particular lacrifices, to anoint his body with 
pil, and to bathe in the waters of certain ri¬ 
vers. He was to be cloathed in a linen robe, 
and with a cake of honey in his hand, he was 
diredled to defeend into the cave by a nar¬ 
row entrance, from whence he returned back¬ 
wards, after he had received an anfwer. He 


was always pale and deje&ed at his return, 
and thence it became proverbial to lay of a 
melancholy man, that he had confulted the 
oracle of Trophonius. There were annually 
exhibited games in honor of Trophonius at 
Lebadea. Pauf. 9, c. 37, fee.— Cic.Tufc. 1, 
c 47 .—Plut.—Plin. 34, c. 7.— JElian. V. H. 
3 » c 45 - 

Tros, a fon of Eriflhonius, king of Troy, 
who married Callirhoe, the daughter of the 
Scarmnder, by whom he had Ulus, Affaracus, 
and Ganymedes. He made war againft Tan¬ 
talus, king of Phrygia, whom he accufed of 
hiving ftolen away the ymingeft of his Ions. 
The capital of Phrygia was called Troja from 
him, and the country itfelf Troas. Virg. 3, 
G. v. 36.— Homer. II. 20, v. 219 .—Apollod . 
3, C.I2. 

Trossulum, a town of Etruria, which gave 
the name of Trojfuli to the Roman knights 
who had taken it without the afti(lance of foot 
lbldiers. Plin. 32, c. 2 . — Settee, ep. 86 & 87. 
—Per/. I, v. 82. 

Trotilum, a town of Sicily. Thu * 

cyd. 6. 

Truentum, or Truentinum, a river 
of Picenunr, falling into the Adriatic. There 
is all'o a town of the fame name in the neigh¬ 
bourhood. Sil. 8, v. 434.— Mela, %■—Plin. 
3 > c * J 3 - 

Trypherus, a celebrated cook, &c. 
Juv. II. 

Tryphiodorvs, a Greek poet and gram¬ 
marian of Egypt in the 6th century, who 
wrote a poem in 24 books on the deftrudllon 
of Troy, from which he excluded the a. in the 
firft book, the /3 in the lecond,and the y in the 
third, &c. 

Tryphon, a tyrant of Apamea in Syria, 
put to death *by Antiochus. JitJlin. 36, c. 1. 

--A furname of one of the Ptolemies. 

JElian. V. H. 14, v. 31——A grammarian of 
Alexander in the age of Auguftus. 

Tubantes} a people of Germany. Tacit. 

i,c. Ji. 

Tubero (Q. .ffilius), a Roman conful, 
ion-in law of Pa ulus the conqueror of Per- 
l'eus. He is celebrated for his poverty, in 
which he feemed to glory as well as the reft 
of his family. Sixteen of the Tuberos, with 
their wives and children, lived in a fmall 
houfe, and maintained themlelves with the 
produce of a little field, which they cultivated 
with their own hands. The firft piece of 
filver plate that entered the houfe of Tubero, 
was a fmall cup which his father-in-law pre- 
fented to him, after he had conquered the 

king of Macedonia.-A learned man.- 

A governor of Africa.-A Roman general 

who marched againft the Germans under the 
emperors. He was accufed of treafon, and 
acquitted. 

Tuburbo, two towns of Africa, called 
Major and Minor. 

Tucca, Flautius, a friend of Horace and 

Virgil. 









TU 


TU 


Virgil. He was with Varus and Plotius, or¬ 
dered by Augultus, as fome report,to revile the 
iEneid of Virgil, which remained uncorredted 
on account of the premature death of the poet. 

Jiorat. I, Sat. 5, v. 40. Sat. IO, v. 84.-A 

town of Mauritania. 

Tuccia, an immodeft woman in Juvenal’s 
age. Juv. 6, v. 64. 

Tucia, a river near Rome. Sil. 13, 
v * 5 * 

Tuder, or Tudertia, an ancient town 
of Umbria. The inhabitants were called 
Tudertes. Sil. 4, v. 222. 

Tudri, a people of Germany. Tacit, de 
Germ. 42. 

Tugia, now Toia, a town of Spain. 
PI in- 3 > c. 1. v 

Tugini, or Tugeni, a people of Ger¬ 
many. 

TugurInus, Jul. a Roman knight who 
oonipired againft Nero, &c. Tacit. H. 15, 
c. 70. 

Tuisto, a deity of the Germans, fon of 
Terra, and the founder of the nation. Tacit, 
tie Germ. 2. 

Tulcijs, a river of Spain, falling into the 
Mediterranean, now Francoli. 

Tulingi, a people of Germany between 
the Rhine and the Danube. Gaf. 1, c. 5. 
J 3 . G. 

Tulla, one of Camilla’s attendants 
in the Rutulian war'. Firg. TEn. 11, 
v. 656. 

Tuj.lia, a daughter of Servius Tullius, 
king of Rome. 6he married Tarquin the 
proud, after lire had murdered her firft huf- 
bann Arunx, and contented to fee Tullius af- 
faflinated, that Tarquin might be raifed to the 
throne. It is faid that fhe ordered her cha¬ 
riot to be driven over the body of her aged 
father, which had been thrown all mangled 
and bloody in one of the flreets of Rome. 
She was afterwards banilhed from Romq 

with her hufband. Ovid, in lb. 363.-- 

Another daughter of Servius Tullius, who 
married Tarquin thp proud. Site was mur¬ 
dered by her own hufband, that he might 
marry her ambitious filter of the fame name. 

•-A daughter of Cicero. [Fid. Tulliola.] 

--A debauched woman. Juv. 6, v. 306. 

Tullia lex, de fenatu, by M. Tullius 
Cicero, A. U. C. 689, enacted that thole 
who had a libera legatio granted them by the 
Senate, fhould hold it no more than one year. 
Such ienators as' had a libera legatio , travelled 
through the provinces of the empire without 
any expence, as if they were employed in 

the affairs of the ftate.-Another de am- 

6 it a, by the fame, the fame year. It forbad 
any perfon, two years before he canvaffed for 
an office, to exhibit a fhow of gladiators, unlefs 
that cafe had devolved upon him by will. 
Senators guilty of the crime of ambitus , were 
punifhed with the aqua eff ignis in terdidlio for 
ten years, and the penalty inflicted on the 


commons was more fevere than that of tlif 
Calpurnian law. 

Tullianum, a fubterraneous prifon in 
Rome, built by Servius Tullius, and added to 
the other called Robiir , where criminals were 
confined. Sallujl. in B. Calil. 

Tulliola, or Tullia, a daughter of 
Cicero by Terentia. She married Caius Pi- 
l'o, and afterwards Furius Crallipe^ and laftly 
P. Corn. Dolabella. With this lalt hufband 
(he had every reafon to be diffatisfied. Dola¬ 
bella was turbulent, and confequently the 
caufe of much grief to Tullia and her father. 
Tullia died in child bed, about 44 years be¬ 
fore Chi ill. Cicero was fo inconfolable on 
this occafion, that fome have accufed him of 
an unnatural partiality for Ins daughter. Ac*, 
cording to a ridiculous ftory which fome of 
the moderns report, in the age of pope Paul 
3d. a monument was difeovered on the Ap- 
pian road with the fuperfeription of Tulliola 
jUia mea. The body of a woman was found 
in it, which was reduced to alhes a? ibon as 
touched; there was alfo a lamp burning, 
which was extinguished, as loon as the air 
gained admillion there, and which was.fup- 
pofed to have been lighted above 1500 years. 
Cic —Plut. in Cic. 

Tullius Cimber, the fon of a freed man, 
role to great honors, and followed the ihtereit 
of Pompey. He was reconciled to J. Cxl'ar, 

whom he murdered with Brutus. Plut. -? 

Cicero, a celebrated orator. [Ft.d. Cicero.] 

-The Ion of the orator Cicero. [Fid. 

Cicero.]-Servius, a king of Rome. [Fid. 

Servius.]-Senecio, a man accufed of con- 

fpiracy againft Nero with Pifo.-A friend 

of Otho.-One of the kings of Rome, 

[ Fid. Servius.] 

Tullus Hostilius, the 3d king of 
Rome after the death of Numa. He was 
of a warlike and active dilpofition, and fig- 
nalized himfelf by his expedition againft the 
people of Alba, whom he conquered, and 
vvhofe city he deftroyed, after the famous 
battle of the Iioratii and Curiatii. He after*, 
wards carried his arms againft the Latins and 
the neighbouring ftates with fuccefs, and en¬ 
forced reverence for majefty among his fub- 
jecls. He died with all his family, about 640 
years before the Chriftian era, after a reign of 
32 years. The manner of his death is not 
precifely known. Some fuppofe that he was 
killed by lightning, while he was performing 
l'ome magical ceremonies in his own houle; 
or according to the more probable accounts 
of others, he was murdered by Ancus Mar- 
tius, who fet fire to the palace, to make it 
believed that the hnpiety of Tullus had been 
punifhed by heaven. Flor. 1, c. $.~Dion\f. 
Hal. 3, c. I.— Firg. JEn. 6, v. 814.— Liv. 1, 

c. 22 .—Pauf. -A conlul, A. U. C. 686. 

Horat. 3, od. 8, V. J2. 

Tuneta, or Tunis, a town of Africa, 

. near 









near which Regulus was defeated and tal^en by 
Xanthippws. Liv. 30, c. 9. 

Tungri, a name given to fome of the 
Germans, fuppofed to live on the banks of the 
Maefe, whofe chief city, called Atuatuca, is 

now Tonge<xn. -The river of the country is 

now the Spaiu. Tacit. de Germ. 2. 

C. Turanhjs, a. Latin tragic poet in the I 
age of Auguftus. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 16, 
v. 29. 

Turba, a town of Gaul. 

Turbo,, a gladiator, mentioned Horat. 2. 
Sat. 3, v. 310. He was of a lmall ftature, 

but uncommonly courageous. - A governor 

of Pannonia, under the emperors. 

TurdetXni, or Turduti, a people of 
Spain, inhabiting both tides of the Bcctis. Liv. 
ai, c. 6.1.28, c. 39.I. 34, c. 17. 

Turksis, a Thracian, who revolted frcm 
Tiberius. 

Turias, a river of Spain falling into the 
Mediterranean, now Guadalaviar. 

Turicum, a town of Gaul, now Zurich , in 
Switzerland. 

Turiosa, a town of Spain. 

Turius, a corrupt judge in the Auguftan 
age. Horst. 2, Sat 1, v. 49. 

Tjurnus, a king of the Rutuli, foil of 
Daunus and Venilia. He made war agninft 
./Eneas, and attempted to drive him away 
from Jtalv, that he might not marry the 
daughter of Latinus, who had been previoufly 
engaged to him. His efforts were attended 
with no fuccefs, though fupported vgitli great 
courage and a numerous army. He was con¬ 
quered and at laft killed in a fingle combat 
by /Eneas. He is reprefented as a man of 
uncommon ftrength. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 56, See. 
— Tibull. 2, el. 5, v. 49.— Ovid.FaJl. 4, v. 879. 
Met■ 14, v. 451. 

Turones, a people of Gaul, whofe capital, 
Caeiarodunum, is the modern Tours. 

Turpio. Vid. Amhivius. 

Turrus, a river of Italy falling into the 
Adriatic. 

Turullius, one of Caefar’s murderers. 

Turuktus, a river of Sarmatia, fuppofed 
to be the Dvvina, or Dun a. 

Tuscania andTusciA, a large country at 
the weft of Rome, the fame as Etruria. [Vid. 
F.truria.] 

Tusci, the inhabitants of Etruria.-The 

villa of Pliny the younger near the l'ources of 
the Tiber. PI in. ep. 5. & 6. 

Tusculanum, a country houfe of Cice¬ 
ro, near Tufculum, where among other books 
the orator compofed his quaeftiones concern¬ 
ing the contempt of death, &c. in five books. 
Cic. Tufc. I, c. 4. Att. 15, ep. 2. jDiv. 2, 

C. I. 

Tusculum, a town of Latiura on the de¬ 
clivity of a hill, about 12 miles from Rome, 
founded by Telegonus the fon of Ulyfles and 
Crrce. It is now called Frefcati , end is fa- ] 
mous for the magnificent villas in its neighbour- i 


hood. Cic. ad Att’c, — Sirc:6, 5.— Horat. 3. 
Od. 23, v. 8, &c. 

Tuscus, belonging to Etruria. The Tiber 
is called Tufc us Amnisfrom its lituation. Virg. 
JEn. 10, v. 199. 

Tuscus vicus, a fmall village near Rome. 
It received this name from the Etri^nrians of 
Porfenna’s army that fettled there. Liv. 2 , 
c. 14 

Tuscum mare, a part of the Mediter¬ 
ranean on the coaft-of Etruria. [Fid. Tyr- 
rhenum.] 

Tuta, a queen of Illyricutn, &c. [ Vid. 
Tenth.] 

Tutia, a veftal virgin accufed of inconti¬ 
nence. She' proved herlelf to he innocent 
by carrying water from the Tiber to the tem¬ 
ple of Vella in a fieve, after a folemn invoca* 

tion to the goddefs. Liv. 20-A lmall 

river fix miles from Rome, where Annibel 
pitched his camp, when he retreated from the 
city. Liv. 26, c. ir. 

Tuticum, a town of the Hirpini. 

Tyana, a town at the foot of mount Tau¬ 
rus in Cappadocia, where Apollonius was born, 
whence he is called Tyaneus. Ovid. Met. 8, 
V. 719.— Strab. 12. 

T yanTtis, a province of Afia Minor, near 
Cappadocia. 

T ybris. [Vid. Tiberis.]-A Trojan who 

fought in Italy with /Eneas againft Turnus. 
Virg. JEn. IO, v. 124. 

Tybur, a town of Latium ©n the Anio. 
[Vid. Tibur.] 

Tyche, one of the Oceanides. Hcfiod. 

Theog. v. 360.-A part of the town of ay- 

racufe. Cie. in Verr. 4, c. 53. 

Ty emus, a celebrated artift of Hyle in 
Bceotin, who made He&or’s Ihield, which 
was covered with the hides of leven oxen. 
Ovid. Fajl. 3, v. 823. — Strab. 9. — Homer. H. 
7, v. 220. 

Tyde, a town of Hifpania Tarraconenfis. 
Ital. 3, v. 367. 

Tydeus, a fon of CEneus, king 'of Caly* 
don and Peribcca. He fled from his country 
after the accidental murder of one of his 
friends, and found a lafe afylum in the court 
of Adraftus, king of Argos, whofe daughter 
Deiphyle he married. When Adraftus withed 
to replace his fon-in-law Polynices on the 
throne of Thebes, Tydeus undertook to go 
and declare war againft Eteocles, who ufurped 
the crown. The reception he met provoked 
his refentment; he challenged Eteocles and 
his officers to fingle combat, and defeated 
them. On his return to Argos he flew 50 of 
the Thebans who had confpired againft his 
life, and laid in an ambufti to furprize him ; 
and only one of the number was permitted 
to return to Thebes, to bear the tidings cf the 
fate of his companions. He was one of the 
feven chiefs of the army of Adraftus, and 
during tha 'J hehan war he behaved with 
great courage. Many of the enemies expiied 

under 












TY 


TY 


Under his blows, till he was at lift wounded 
by Melanippus. Though lhe blow was fa¬ 
tal, Tydeus had the ftrength to dart at his 
enemy, and to bring him to the ground, be¬ 
fore he was carried away from the fight by 
his companions. At his own requeft, the 
dead body of Menalippus was brought to 
him, and after he had ordered the head to 
be cut off, he began to tear out the brains 
with his teeth. lie lavage barbarity of Ty¬ 
deus difpleafed Minerva, who w«s coming to 
bring him relief, and to make him immortal, 
and the goddefs left him to his fate, and fuf 
fered him to jdie. He was buried at Argos, 
where his monument was Hill to be feen in 
the age of Paufanias. He was father to Dio- 
medes. Some fuppofe that the caufe of his 
flight to Argos, was the murder of the fon of 
Melus, or, according to others, of Alcathous 
his .father’s brother, or perhaps his own bro¬ 
ther Olenius. Homer . II. 4, v. 365, 387. — 
Apollod . I, C. 8. 1 . 3, C. 6.— JEfchyl. Sept, 
ante Theb. — Pauf. 9,0. 18. — Diod. 2. — Eurip. 
in Sup .— Virg. JEn. 6, V. 479 -— Ovid, in lb. 

35 °> 

TydIdes, a patronymic of Diomedes, as 
fon of Tydeus. Virg. JEn. I,v. IOI.— He¬ 
rat. 1, Od. 15, v, a 8. 

Tylos, a town of Peloponnefus near Tte- 
narus, now Bahrain , 

Tymber, a fon of Daunus, who afiifted 
Turnus. His head was cut off in an en¬ 
gagement by Pallas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 391,&c. 

Tymolus, a mountain. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 
15. [ Fid. Tmolus.] 

Tymbania, an inland town of Elis. 

Tymphjei, a people between Epirus and 
ThefTaly. 

Tyndarib^, a patronymic of the chil¬ 
dren of Tyndarus, as Caller, Pollux, and 

Helen, &c. Ovid. Met. 8.-A people of 

Colchis. 

Tyndaris, a patronymic of Helen, 
daughter of Tyndarus. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 569. 

-A town ot Sicily near Pelorus founded 

by a Meffenian colony. Strab. 6. — Plin. 2, 

c. 91.— Sil. 14, v. 209.-Horace gave this 

name to one of his miftrefles, as belt expref- 
five of all female accomplilhments. 1, Od. 17, 

v. 10.-A name given to Caflandra. Ovid. 

A. A. 2, v. 408.-A town of Colchis on 

the Phafis. Plin. 

Tyndarus, fon of (Ebalus and Gorgo- 
phone, or, according to fome, of Perieres. 
He was king of Lacedtemon, and married the 
celebrated Leda, who bore him Timandra, Phi- 
lonoe, &c. and alfo became mother of Pollux 
and Helen by Jupiter. [Fid. Leda, Caftor, 
Pollux, Clytemneftra, &c.] 

TynnIchus, a general of Heraclea. Po¬ 
ly an. 

Typhgeus, or Typhon, a famous giant, 
fon of Tartarus and Terra, who had a hun¬ 
dred heads like thofe of a ferpent or a dra¬ 
gon. Flames of devouring fire were darted 

a 


from his mouth and from, his eyes, and he ut* 
tered horrid yells, like the diffonant fhrieks 
of different animals. He was no foorter born, 
than, to avenge the death of his brothers the 
giants, he made war againft heaven, and lb 
frightened the gods that they fled away and 
a Ahmed different fhapes. Jupiter became a 
ram, Mercury an .ibis, Apollo a crow, Juno 
a cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana a cat, Venus a 
fifh, &c. '1 he father of the gods at lafl re¬ 

lumed courage, and put Typhceus to flight 
with his thunderbolts, and crulhed him un¬ 
der mount ./Etna, in the ifland of Sicily, or 
according to fome, under the ifland Inarime; 
Typhceus became father of Geryon, Cerbe¬ 
rus, and Orthos, by his union- with Echidna. 
Hygin.fab. 152 & 196.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 
325.— JEfchyl.fept. ante Theb. — fbeftod. Theog. 
823 .— Homer. Hym .— Herodot. 2, C. 156.— 
Virg. JEn. 9, V. 716. 

Typhon, a giant whom Juno produced by 
ftriking the earth. Some of the poets make 
him the fame as the famous Typhceus. [Fid. 
Typhceus.]-A brother of Ofiris, who mar¬ 

ried Nepthys. He laid fnares for his brother 
during his expedition, and murdered him at 
his return. The death of Oftris was avenged 
by his fon Orus, and Typhon was put to 
death. [Fid. Ofiris'.] He was reckoned 
among the Egyptians to be the caufe of every 
evil, and on that account generally repreleitted 
as a wolf and a crocodile. Pint in If. b’ Of. 
— Diod . 1. 

Tyrannion, a grammarian of Pontus, 
intimate with Cicero. His original name 
was Theophraflus, and he received that of 
Tyrannion, from his aullerityto his pupils. 
He was taken by Lucullus, and reftored to 
his liberty by Mursena. He opened a fchool 
in the houie of his friend Cicero, and enjoyed 
his friendfhip. He was extremely fond of 
books, and collected a library of about 
30,000 volumes. To his care and induftry 
the world is indebted for the prefervation of 

Ariftotle’s works.- 1 here was alfo one of 

his difeiples called Diodes, who bore his name. 
He was a native of Phoenicia, -and -was made 
prifoner in the war of Auguflus and Antony. 
He was beught by Dymes, one of the em¬ 
peror’s favorites, and afterwards by Terentia* 
who gave him his liberty. He wrote 68 dif¬ 
ferent volumes, in one of which he proved 
that the Latin tongue was derived from the 
Greek ; and another in which Homer’s poems 
were corre&ed, &c. 

Tyrannus, a fon of Pterelaus. 

TYRAS,or Tyra, a river of European Sar- 
matia, falling into the Euxine fea, between the 
Danube and the Boryfthenes, now called the 
Niejler. Ovid. Pont. 4, el. iO, v. 50. 

Tyres, one of the companions of /Eneas 
in his wars againft Turnus. He was brother 
to Teuthras. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 403. 

lvRiDATEs,a rich man in the age of Alex¬ 
ander, Sec, Curt, 

Ttru, 








Tyrii, or Tyrus, a town of Magna ! 
Gracia. 

Tyriotes, an ennuch of Darius, who 
fled from Alexander’s camp, to inform 
his mailer of the queen’s death. Curt. 4, 

c. 10. 

J yro, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Sal- 
moneus, king of Elis and Alcidice. She vvas 
treated with great feverity by her mother-in- 
law Sidero, and at laft removed from her fa¬ 
ther’s houfe by her uncle Cretheus. She.be 
came enamoured of the Enipeus; and as lhe 
often walked on the banks of the river, Nep 
tune affirmed the (hape of her favorite lover, 
and gained her affections. She had two Tons, 
Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune, whom lhe 
expofed, to conceal her incontinence from the 
world. The children were prelerved by Ihep- 
* herds, and when they had arrived to years of 
maturity, they avenged their mother’s inju¬ 
ries by aiTaflinating the cruel Sidero. Some 
time after her amour with Neptune, Tyro 
married her uncle Cretheus, by whom fhe 
had Amythaon, Pheres, and jElon. Tyro 
is often called Salmods from her father. 
Homer. Od. II, v. 234— Pyttdcir. Pytb. 4,— 
Apollod. i,c. 9. — Diti. 4.— Propert. I, el. 13, 
V. 20. 1. 2. el. 30, v. 51. 1. 3, el. 19, v. 13. 
— Ovid. am. 3, el. 6[ v. 43.— JElian. V. il. 
12, C. 42. 

Tyros, an ifland of Arabia.-A city of 

Phoenicia. [Fid. Tyrus.] 

Tyrrheidje, a patronymic given to the 
fons of Tyrrheus, who kept the flocks of La¬ 
tin us. Virg. JEn. 7,v. 484. 

TyrrhIni, the inhabitants of Etruria. 
[Fid. Etruria.] 

Tyrrhenum mare, that part of the Me¬ 
diterranean which lies on the coafl of Etruria. 
It is alio called Inferum , as being at the bot¬ 
tom or fouth of Italy. 

Tyrrhenus, a Ion of Atys king of Ly¬ 
dia, who came to Italy, where part of the 
country was called after him. Strab. 5.— 

Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 55.— Paterc. I. c. I.- 

A friend of iEneas. Firg. JEn. ir, v. 
612. 

Tyrrheus, a (hepherd of king Latinus, 
whofe flag being killed by the companions 
of Afcanius, was the firft caufe of war be¬ 
tween Asneas and the inhabitants of La- 
tium. Hence the word Tyrrbeides. Firg. 
JEn. 7, v. 485.-An Egyptian general, 13. 

C. 91* 

Tyrsts, a place in the Baleaiides, fuppoled 
to be the palace of Saturn. 

Tyrt-eus, a Greek elegiac poet, born in 


Attica, fon of Archimhrotus. In the fecond 
Mell’enian war, the Lacedaemoifians were di¬ 
rected by the oracle to apply to the Athenians 
for a general, if they willed to finilh their 
expedition with fuccef., and they were con- 
temptuoufly prefented with Tjrraus. The 
poet, though ridicu’.ed for his many deformities, 
and his ignorance of military affairs, animated 
the l acedaemonians with martial fongs, juft 
as they wilhed to raife the fiege of Ithome, 
and inlpired them with fo much courage,that 
they defeated the Meffenians. For his fer- 
vices, he vvas made a citizen of Lacedie- 
mon, and treated with great attention Of 
the compofitions of Tyrraus, nothing is ex¬ 
tant but the fragments of four or five elegies. 
He florilhed about 684 B. C. JuJlin. 2, c. 5. 
— Strab. 8.— Arijlol. Polit. 5, c. 7. —I lor at. d: 
Art.p. 402.— JElian. V. ti. 12, C* 50.— Pauf. 
4, C.6, &C. 

Tvrus, or Tyros, a very ancient city of 
Phoenicia, built by the Sidonians, on a final! 
ifland at the fouth of Sidon, about 200 ftadia 
from the lhore, and now called Sur. There 
vvere, properly fpeaking, two places of that 
name, the old Tyros, called Pa la tyros, on the 
fea-fhore, and the other in the ifland. It wa's 
about 19 miles in circumference, including 
Palaetvros, byt without it about four miles. 
Tyre vvas dettroyed by the princes of Aflyiia, 
and afterwards rebuilt. It maintained its in¬ 
dependence till the age of Alexander, who 
took it with much difficulty, and only after he 
had joiued the ifland to the continent by a 
mole, after a fiege of fev'en months, on the 
20th of Augufl, B. C. 332. The Tyrians 
vvere naturally induftrious; their city vvas the 
emporium of commerce, and they were 
deemed the inventors of fcarlet and purple 
colors. They founded many cities in different 
parts of the world, fuch as Carthage, Gades, 
Leptis, Utica, kc. which on that account are 
often diftinguiihed by the epithet Tyria. The 
buildings of Tyre were very lplendid and 
magnificent; the walls vvere 150 feet high, 
with a proportionable breadth. Hercules was 
the chief deity of the place. It had two large 
and capacious harbours, and a powerful fleet; 
and was built, according to fiome writers, about 
2760 rears before the Chriftian era. Strab. 
16.— Herodot. 2, C. 44 . — Mela. I, c. 12.— 
Curt. 4 , C 4 . — Virg. JEn. I, V. 6, 339, &C. 

( — Ovid. Fajl. I,&c. Met. 5 & 10.— Lucan. 
3, See. -A nymph, mother of Venus, ac¬ 

cording to feme. 

Tvs ias, a matt celebrated by Cicero. [Fid. 
Tifias.] 


VACATIONS 







VA 


VA 


>! 


V ACATIONE (lex Je) was enabled con¬ 
cerning the exemption from military 
fervice, and contained this very remarkable 
claufe, ntji bellum Gallicun? exoriatur, in 
which cafe the priefts themfelves were not 
exempted from fervice. This can intimate 
how apprehenfive the Romans were of the 
Gauls, by whom their city had once been 
taken. 

Vacca, a town of Numidia. Sallujl. Jug. 
- ■ ■■ A river of Spain. 

Vacc^i, a people at the north of Spain. 
tiv. 21, c. 5.1. 35, c. 7 1. 46, c. 47- 

Vaccus, a general, &c. Liv. 8 , c. 

* 9 - 

Vacuna, a goddefs 2t Rome, who prefided 
over repofe and leilure, as the word indicates 
(vacare). Her feftivals were ohferved in the 
month of December. Ovid. Fajl. 6, v. 307. 
Harat. I, rp. IO, V. 49. 

Vadimonis Lacus, now Bajdno, a 
lake of Etruria, whofe waters were fulphu- 
reous. The Etrurians were defeated there 
by the Romans ; and the Gauls by Dola- 
bella. Liv. 9, c. 39.— Flor. I, c. 13 — Plin. 
8 , ep. 20. 

Vaga, a town of Africa. Sil. 3, v. 
A 50 - 

Vagedrusa, a river of Sicily between 
the towns of Canaarina and Gela. Sil. 14, v. 
229. 

Vagellius, an obfeene lawyer of Mutina. 
Juv. 16, v. 23. 

Vageni, or Vagienni, a people of 
Liguria, at the fources of the Po, whofe 
capital was called AuguRa Vagiennorum. Sil. 
8, v. 606. 

Vahaias, a river of modern Holland, now 
called the Waal. Tacit. Ann. 2, C. 6. 

Vala, (C. Numonius,) a friend of Horace, 
to whom the poet addrefied i ep. 15. 

Valens (Flavius), a fon of Gratian born 
in Pannoma. His brother Valentinian took 
him as his colleague on the throne, and ap¬ 
pointed him over the eaftern parts of the 
Roman empire. The bold meafures and the 
threats of the rebel Procopius, frightened the 
new emperor ; and if his friends had not 
intervened, he would have willingly refigned 
all his preten^ns to the empire, which his 
brother had eanrufted to his care. By per- 
feverance, however, Valens was enabled to 
deftroy his rival, and to diftinguilh himfelf 
in his wars againft the northern barbarians. 
But his lenity to thefe favage intruders 
proved fatal to the Roman power; and 
by permitting fome of the Goths to fettle in 
the provinces of Thrace, and to have free 
accels to every part of the country, Valens 
encouraged them to make depredations on 


his fubjeclSj and to difturb their tranquillity. 
His eyes were opened too late ; he attempted 
to.repel them, but he failed in the attempt. 
A bloody battle was fought, in which the 
barbarians obtained fome advantage, and 
Valens was hurried away by the obfcuri'ty 
of the night, and the affe&ion of the fol- 
diers for his perfon, into a lonely houfe, 
which the Goths fet on fire. Valens, un¬ 
able to make his efcape, was burnt alive in ■ 
the 50th year of his age, after a reign of 15 
years, A. D. 378. He has been blamed Fur 
his fuperftitron and cruelty, in putting to 
death all fuch of his fubje£ls whofe name 
began by Theod , becaufe he had been in¬ 
formed by his favorite aftrologers, that his 
crown would devolve upon the head of ail 
officer whofe name began with thefe letters. 
Valens did not poflefs any of the great 
qualities which diftinguilh a great and pow¬ 
erful monarch. He wa i illiterate, and of a 
drfpofition naturally indolent and inndtive. 
Yet though timorous in the higheft degree, 
he was warlike; and though fond of eafe, 
he was acquainted with the charadter of his 
officers, and preferred none but fuch as 
pofiefled merit. He was a great friend of 
difcipline, a pattern of chaftitv and temper 
ranee, and he lhewed, himfelf always ready 
to liften to the juft complaints of his fub- 
jedls, though he gave an attentive ear to 
flattery and malevolent informations. Am - 

mian,8cc. -Valerius, a proconlul of Achaia, 

who proclaimed himfelf emperor of Rom e, 
when Mercian, who had been inverted with 
the purple in the eaft, attempted to afiaf- 
finate him. He reigned only fix months, 
and was murdered by his ibldiers, A. D. 261. 

-Fabius, a friend of Vitellius, whom he 

laluted emperor, in oppofition to Otho. 
He was greatly honored by Vitellius, &c. 

-A general of the emperor Honorius. 

-The name of the fecond Mercury 

mentioned by Ctc. de Nat. D. 3, c. 22, but 
confidered as more properly belonging to Ju¬ 
piter. 

Valentia, one of the ancient names of 
Rome.——A town of Spain, a little below 
Saguntum, founded by J. Brutus, ana for 
fome time known by the name of Julia Co- 

Ionia.-A town of Italy.-Another in 

Sardinia. 

Valentinianus ift, a fon cf Gratian, 
raifed to the imperial throne by his merit 
and valor. He kept the weftern part of the 
empire for himfelf, and appointed over the 
eaft his brother Valens. He gave the moft 
convincing proof of his military valor in 
the victories which he obtained ever the 
barbarians in the provinces of Gaul, the 

defarcr 









VA 


dcfai-ts of Africa, or on the banks of the 
Rhine and the Danube. The infolence of 
the Quadi he punifhed with great feverity ; 
and when thefe defperate and indigent bar¬ 
barians had deprecated the conqueror’s 
mercy, Valentinian treated them with con¬ 
tempt, and upbraided them with every mark 
of refentment. While he fpoke with fuch 
.warmth, he broke a blood vefTel, and fell 
lifelefs on the ground. He was conveyed 
into his palace by his attendants, and loon 
after died, after fuffering the greateft ago¬ 
nies, violent fits, and contorfions, of his 
limbs, on the 17th of November, A. D. 375. 
He was then in the 55th year of his age, 
and had reigned 12 years. He has been 
reprefented by fome, as cruel and covetous 
in the higheft degree. He was naturally of 
an irafcible diipofition, and he gratified his 
pride in expreffing a contempt for thole who 
were his equals in military abilities, or who 
fhone for gracefulnefs or elegance of addrefs. 

Ammian. -About fix days after the death 

of Valentinian, his lecond Ion, Valentinian 
the fecond was -proclaimed emperor, tho’ 
only five years old. He fucceeded his bro¬ 
ther, Gratian, A. D. 383, but his youth 
feemed to favor diflention, and the attempts 
and the ufurpations of rebels. He was 
robbed of his throne by Maximus, four 
years after the death of Gratian; and in 
this helplefs fituation he had recourle to 
Theodolius, who was then emperor of the 
eaft. He was iuccefsful in his applications; 
Maximus was conquered by Theodolius, 
and Valentinian entered Rome in triumph, 
accompanied by his benefaftor. He was fome 
time after ftrangled by one of his officers, 
a native of Gaul, called Arbogaftes, in 
whom he had placed too much confidence, 
and from whom he expefted more deference 
than the ambition of a barbarian could pay. 
Valentinian reigned nine years. This hap¬ 
pened the 15th of May, A. D. 392, at 
Vienne, one of the modern towns of France. 
He has been commended for his many vir¬ 
tues, and the applaufe which the populace 
bellowed upon him, was bellowed upon 
real merit. He abolilhed the greateft part 
of the taxes; and becaufe his fubjefts 
complained that he was too fond of the 
amufements of the circus, he ordered all 
fnch fellivals to be abolilhed, and all the 
wild beafts that were, kept for the enter¬ 
tainment of the people to be flain. He was 
remarkable for his benevolence and clemency, 
not only to his friends, but even to fuch as had 
confpired againft his life; and he ufed to fay, 
that tyrants alone are lufpicious. He was 
•fond of imitating the virtues and exemplary 
life of his friend and patron Theodolius, and 
if he had lived longer, the Romans might 

liave enjoyed peace and fecurity.-Valen- 

tinian the third, was fon of Conftantius and 
Placidia, the daughter of Theodolius the 


VA 

Great, and therefore, as related to tht im¬ 
perial family, he was faluted emperor in ilis 
youth, and publicly acknowledged as fuch at 
Rome, the 3d of Oftober, A. D. 423, about 
the 6th year of his age. He was at firft go¬ 
verned by his mother, and the intrigues of 
his generals and courtiers; and when he 
came to years of diferetion, he dilgraced him- 
felf by violence, oppreffion, and incontinence. 
He was murdered in the midft of Rome, A. 
D. 454, in the 36th year of his age, and 31ft; 
of his reign, by Petronius Maximus, towhofe 
wife he had ottered violence. The vices of 
Valentinian the third were confpicuous; 
every paffion he wiflied to gratify at the 
expence of his honor, his health,' and charac¬ 
ter; and as he' lived without one luigle aft 
of benevolence or kindnels, he died lament¬ 
ed by none, though pitied for his impru¬ 
dence and vicious propenfities. He was 

the lad of the family of Theodolius.-A 

fon of the emperor Gratian, who died when 
very young. 

Valeria, a fitter of Publicola, who ad- 
vifed the Roman matrons to go and depre¬ 
cate the refentment of Coriolanus. Plut. in 

Cor -A daughter of Publicola, given as 

an hoftage to Porfennn, by the Romans. 
She fled from the enemy’s country with 
Cloelia, and fvvam acrofs the Tiber. Plut* 

de Vht. Mul. -A daughter of Meffitla, 

lifter to Hortenfius, who married Sylla. ———- 

The wife of the emperor Valentinian.- 

The wife of the emperor Galerius, &c. <-- 

A road in Sicily, which led from MelTana to 
Lilybjeum.-4 town of Spain. Plin. 3. c. 3. 

Valeria lex, de provocation, by P. 
Valerius Poplicola, the foie confift, A. U. C. 
245. It permitted the appeal from a magt- 
ftrate to the people, and forbad the magi- 
ftrate to punifh a citizen for making the ap¬ 
peal. It further made it a capital crime for 
a citizen to afpire to the fovereignty of 
Rome, or to exercife any office without the 
choice and approbation of the people. Vah 
Max. 4, C. I.— Liv. 2, c. 8.— Dion. Mai. 4* 

-Another, de debitor ibus, by Valerius 

Flaccus. It required that all creditors Ihould 
di (charge their debtors, on receiving a fourth 

part of the whole fum.-Another by M. 

Valerius Corvinsis, A. U. C. 453, which 
confirmed the firlt Valerian law, enafted 
by Poplicola. —— Another, called alfo Hf 
ratia , by L. Valerius and M. Horatius the 
conluls, A. U. C. 305. It revived the firft 
Valerian law, which under the triumvirate had 

loft its force.-Another, de magiji rati bus, by 

P. Valerius Poplicola, foie conful, A. U. C. 
245. It created two quceftors to take care of 
the public treafure, which was for the future 
to be kept in the temple of Saturn. Plut. in 
Pop. — Liv. 2. 

Valerianus, (Publius Licinius,) a Ro¬ 
man, proclaimed emperor by the armies in 
Rlmi*: A. D. 254* The virtues which 
3 F ffioue 









ftione inliim when a private man, were loft 
when he afcended the throne. Formerly 
diftinguifbed for his temperance, moderation, 
and many virtues, which fixed the uninfluenced 
choice of all Rome upon him, Valerian.in¬ 
verted with the, purple dil'played inability 
arid meannefs. He was cowardly in his ope¬ 
rations, and though acquainted with war, and 
the patron of fcience, lie feldom a died with 
prudfeuce, or favored men of true genius and 
merit. He took his ion Gallienus, as his 
colleague in the empire, and (howed the male¬ 
volence of his heart by perfecuting the 
Chriftians whom he had for a while tolerated. 
He alto made war againft the Goths and Scy¬ 
thians ; but in an expedition which he under¬ 
took againft Sapor, king of Perfia, his arms 
were attended with ill fuccefs. He was con¬ 
quered in Mesopotamia, and when he wiftied 
to have a private conference with Sapor, the 
conqueror feized his perfon, and carried him 
in triumph to his capital, where he expofed 
him, and in all the cities of his empire, to the 
ridicule and infolence of his fubjedts. When 
the perfian monarch mounted on horleback, 
Valerian ferved as a ,footftool, and the many 
other infults which fie fuffered, excited in¬ 
dignation even among the courtiers of Sapor. 
The monarch at laft ordered him to be flayed 
alive, and fait to be thrown over his man¬ 
gled body, fo that he died in the greateft tor¬ 
ments, His fkin was tanned, and painted in 
red; and that the ignominy of the Roman 
empire might be lafting, it was nailed in one 
of the temples of Perfia. Valerian died in 
the 71ft year of h;s age, A. D. 260, after a 
reign of ieven years.-A grandfon of Va¬ 

lerian the emperor. He was put to death 
when his father, the emperor Gallienus, was 

killed.-One of the generals of the ufurper 

Niger.-A worthy fenator, put to death 

by Heliogabalus. 

Valerius Publius, a celebrated Roman, 
furnamed Poplicola , for his popularity. He 
was-very adlive in affifting Brutus to expel 
the Tarquins, and he was the firft that took 
an oath to fupport the liberty and indepen¬ 
dence of his country. Though he had been 
refufed the coniulfhip, and had retired'with 
great difiatisfadlion from the diredlion of af¬ 
fairs, ye^ he regarded the public opinion, 
and when the jealoufy of the Romans in¬ 
veighed againft the towering appearance of 
his houfe, he acknowledged the reproof and 
in making it lower, he fhowed his wilh to be 
on a level with his fellow-citizens, and not 
to eredl what might be ccnfidered as a cita¬ 
del for the opprefiion of his country. He 
was afterwards honored with the coniulfhip, 
on the expulfion of Collatinus, and he tri¬ 
umphed over the Etrurians, after he had gain¬ 
ed the vidlory in the battle in which Broths 
and the fons or Tarquin had fallen. Valerius 
died after he had been four times confuL- and 
enjoyed the popularity, and received the 


thanks and' the gratitude, which people re- * 
deemed from flavery and opprefiion ufually 
pay to their patrons and deliverers. He was 
lb poor, that his body was buried at the pub¬ 
lic.expence. The Roman matrons mourned 
his death a whole year. Plut. in vita.-r- 
L lor. I, c. 9. — Liv. 3, c. 8 , &C. —— Cor- 
vinus, a tribune of the foldiers under Ca- 
millus. When the Roman army were chal¬ 
lenged by one of the Senones, remarkable for 
his Itrength and ftature, Valerius undertook . 
to engage him, and obtained an eafy vidlory, 
by means of a crow that afiifted hin, and at¬ 
tacked the face of the Gaul, whence his fur- 
name of Corvinns. Valerius triumphed over 
the Etrurians, and the neighbouring flares, 
that made war againft Rome, and wa^ fix 
times honored with the confullhip. He died 
in the 1 ooth year of his age, admired and 
regretted for many public and private virtues. 
Pal. Max. 8, c. 13. — Liv. 7, c. 27. &c. — 

Pint, in Mar. — Cic.in Cat. -Antias, an 

excellent Roman hiftorian often quoted, and 

particularly by Livy.-Flbccus, a con- 

ful with Cato, whofe friendihip be ho¬ 
norably ihared. He made war againft the 
Infubres and Boii, and killed 10000 of tha 
enemy.—Marcus Corvinus' Mefiala, a Ro¬ 
man, made conful with Auguftus. He dlf- 
tinguiihed himfelf by his learning as well as 
military virtues. He loft his memory about 
two years before his death, and, according to 
fome, he was even ignorant of his own name. 

Sucton-. in Aug .— Cic. in Prut. - Soranus, 

a Latin poet in the age of Julius Caefar, put 
to death for betraying a fecret. He ac¬ 
knowledged no god, but the foul of the uni- 
verfe. — Maximus, a brother of Poplicola. 
-A Latin hiftorian who carried arms un¬ 
der the fons of Pompey. He dedicated his 
time to ftudy, and wrote an account of all 
the moil celebrated fayings and actions of the 
Romans, and other illuftrious perfons, which 
is ftill extant, and divided into nine books, 
ft is dedicated to Tiberius. Some have fup- 
pofed that he lived after the age of Tiberius, 
from the want of purity and elegance, which 
fo confpicuoufly appear in his writings, un¬ 
worthy of the corredlnefs of the golden age 
of the Roman literature. The bell editions 
of Valerius are thofe of Torrenius, 4to.L. 
Bat. 1726, and of Vorftius, 8vo. Berolin. 
1672. — Marcus, a brother of PoplicdUa, 
who defeated the army of the Sabines in two 
battles. He was honored with a triumph, 
and the Romans, to (hew the fisnfe’of his 
great merit, built him a houfe on mount 

l alatine, at the public expence.-Potitus, 

a general who ftirred up the people and ar¬ 
my againft the decemvirs, and-Appius Clau¬ 
dius in particular. He was chofen* conful, 

and conquered the Volfci and iEqui.- 

Flaccus, a Roman, intimate with Cato" the 
cenfor. He was conful with him, and cut 
off an ainiy of l'0,0Q0 Gauls in one battle. 

He 









VA 


VA 


He was alfo chofen cenfor, and prince of the 

fenate, &c.-A Latin poet who florifhed 

under Veipafian. He wrote a poem in eight 
books on the Argonautic expedition, but it re¬ 
mained unfinifhed on account of his premature 
death. The Argonauts were thete left on the 
fea in their return home. Some critics have been 
lavifh in their praifes upon Flaccus, and have 
called him the fecond poet of Rome, after 
Virgil. His poetry, however, is deemed by 
fome frigid and languilhing, and his ftyle un¬ 
couth and inelegant. The belt editions of 
Flaccus are thofe of Burman, L. Bat. 1724, 
and i2mo. Utr. J702.-Afiaticus, a cele¬ 

brated Roman, accufed of having murdered 
one of the relations of the emperor Claudius. 
He was condemned by the intrigues of Mef- 
falina, though innocent, and he opened his 

veins and bled to death. Tacit. Ann. - 

A friend of Vitellius.—Fabianus, a youth 
condemned under Nero, for counterfeiting 
the will of one of his friends, &c. Tacit. 

Ann. 14, c. 42.-Laevinus, a conful who 

fought againft Pyrrhus during the Tarentine 
war. Vid. Lxvinys.-Prreconinus, a lieu¬ 

tenant of L'aefar’s army in Gaul, (lain in a 

Utirmilh-Paulinus, a friend of Veipafian, 

Sec. 

Vaierus, a friend of Turnus againlt 
.ffineas. Vi>g. JEn. 10, v. 752. 

Valgius Rufus, a Roman poet in the 
Auguftan age, celebrated for his writings. He 
was very intimate with Horace. Tibull. 3, 
1 . r, v. 180.— Horat. I, Sat. 10, V. 82. 

Vandalii, a people of Germany. Ta¬ 
cit. de Germ. c. 3. 

Vangiones,. a people of Germany. 
Their capital, Borbetomagus, is now called 
Worms. Lucan. I, V. 431.— Caf. G. I, €. 
51. 

Vannia, a town of Italy, north of the 
Po, now called Givita. 

Vaknius, a king of the Suevi, banilhed 
under Claudius, &c. Tacit. An. 12, c. 29. 

Vafineum, a town of Gaul. 

Varanes, a name common to fome of 
the Perfian monarchs, in the age of the Ro¬ 
man emperors. 

Vardaei, a people of Dalmatia. Cic. 
Fam. 5» cp. 9. 

Varia, a town of Latium. 

^Varia LEX, de majejiate, by the tribune 
L. Varius, A. U. C. 602. It ordained that 
all fuch as had aflifted the confederates in 
their war againft Rome, Ihould be publicly 

tried.-Another de civitate, by Q. Varius 

Hybrids. It punithed all fuch as were luf- 
pebted of having affifted or lupported the 
people of Italy in their petition to become 
free citizens of Rome. Cic. fra. Mil. 36. in 
Brut. 56, 88, See. 

Varini, a people of Germany. Tacit, de 
Ger. 40. 

Varistj, a people of Germany. 

Lucius Varius, or Varus, a tragic poet 


intimate with Horace and Virgil. He was 
one of thofe whom Auguftus appointed to 
revife Virgil’s iEneid. Some fragments of 
his poetry are ftill extant. Befides trage¬ 
dies, he wrote a panegyric on the emperor. 
Quintilian fays, l. 10. that his Thyeftes was 
equal to any compofition of the Greek poets. .. 
Horat. >1, Sat. 5, v. 40.—-A man who raid¬ 
ed his reputation by the power of his oratory* 

Cic. de Orat. I, c. 25.-One of the friends 

of Antony, furnamed Cotylon. -A man in 

the reign of Otho, punilhed for his adulte* 
ries, &c. 

Varro, M. Terentius, a Roman conful 
defeated at Cannae, by Annibal. \Vid. Te¬ 
rentius.]-A Latin writer, celebrated for 

his great learning. He wrote no lefs than 
500 different volumes which are all now loft, 
except a treadle de Re Ruficd, and another 
de Lingua Latina , in five books, written in 
his 80th year, and dedicated to the orator 
Cicero. He was Pompey’s lieutenant in his 
piratical wars, and obtained a naval crown. 
In the civil wars he was taken by Caefar, and 
prolcribed, but he eicaped. He has been 
greatly commended by Cicero for his erudi¬ 
tion, and St, Auguftin fays that it cannot 
but be wondered how Varro, who read lucli 
a number of books, could find time to com- 
pofe fo many volumes; and how he who 
compofed fo many volumes, could be at lei— 
lure to perufe fuch a variety of books, and 
gain fo much literary information. He died 
B. C. 28, in the 88th year of his age. The 
, beft edition of Varro is that of Dordrac, 8vo. 

1619. Cic. in Acad. See. — Quintil. -Ata- 

cinns, a native of Gaul, in the age of J. 
Caefar. He tranflated into Latin verfe the 
Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius, with 
great corre&nefs and elegance. He alfo 
wrote a poem intitled de Bello S yuanico, be¬ 
fides epigrams and elegies. Some fragments 
of his poetry are ftill extant. He failed in 
his attempt to write fatire. Horat. 1, Sat , 
IO, V. 46.— Ovid. Am. I, v. 15.— Q,uint. IO, 
c. 1. 

Varronis villa, now Vicovaroy was fitu- 
ate on the Anio, in the country of the Sabines* 
Cic. Phil. 2 , ep 41. 

VaruSj (Quintilius) a Roman procon- 
ful, defeended from an illultrious family. 
He was appointed governor of Syria and 
afterwards made commander of the armies in 
Germany. He was furpriled by the enemy, 
under Arminius, a crafty and diftmulating 
chief, and his army was cut to pieces. Vv hed 
he faw that every thing was loft, he killed 
himfelf, A. D. 10, and his example was fol¬ 
lowed by fome of his officers. His head was 
afterwards fent to Auguftps, at Rome, by 
one of the barbarian chiefs, as alfo his 
body; and lb great was the influence of 
this defeat upon the emperor, that he con¬ 
tinued for whole months to Ihow all the 
marks of dejection and of deep lorrow, often 
3 F % exgWraing 









VA 

Exclaiming , et 0 Varus , reft ore me my legions!'" 
The bodies of the (lain were left in the field 
of battle, whe/e they were found fix years 
after by Germanicus, and buried with great 
pomp. Varus has been taxed with indolence 
and cowardice, and fome have intimated, 
that if he had not trufted too much to the 
jnfinuations of the barbarian chiefs, he might 
have' not only efcaped ruin, but awed the 
Germans to their duty. His avarice was al- 
fo confpicuous, he went poor to Syria, whence 
he returned loaded with riches. Horat. i, 
Od. 24.— Paterc. 2, c. II7.— Flor. 4, c. 12. 

— Virg . Eel. 6.-A foil of Varus, who 

married a daughter of Germanicus. Tacit. 

An. 4, c. 6.-The father and grandfather 

of Varus, who Was killed in Germany, llew 
themfelves with their own fwords, the one 
after the battle of Philippi, and the other 

m the plains of Pbarfalia.-Quintilios, a 

friend of Horace, and other great men in the 
Auguftan age. He was a good judge of poe¬ 
try, and a great critic, as Horace, Art. P. 
438, leems to infinuate. The poet has ad- 
drelTed the 18th ode of his firfl book to him, 
and in the 24th he mourns pathetically his 
death, fome liippofe this Varus to be the 
perfon killed in Germany, while others be¬ 
lieve him to be a man who devoted his time 
more to the mufes than to war. [ Vid. Va- 

rius.]-Lucius, an epicurean philofopher, 

intimate with J. Csfar. Some fuppole that 
it was to hrm that Virgil inferihed his fixth 
eclogue. He is commended by Quintil. 

6, c. 3, 78.-Alfrenus, a Roman, who 

though originally a Ihoe-maker, became con- 
ful, and diftinguffhed himfelf by his abilities 
ds an orator He was buried at the public 
expence, an honor granted to few, and only 

ro perfons of merit. Horat. 1, Sat. 3.- 

Accius, one of the friends of Cato in Africa, 
&c.-A river which falls into the Medi¬ 

terranean, to the weft of Nice, after leparat- 
ing ligurja from Gallia Narbonenfis. Lucan 
l,v. 404. 

VasatfT, a people of Gaul. 

Vascones, a people of Spain, on the Py¬ 
renees. They were lo reduced by a famine 
by Metellus, that they fed on human flefh. 
Flirt. 3, c — Aujon. 2, viToo.—I5,v. 
93 - 

Vasio, a town of Gaul in modern Pro¬ 
vence. Cic. Fam. IO, ep. 34. 

Vaticanws, a hill at Rome, near the 
Tiber and the Janiculum, which produced 
wine of no great efteem. It was diftegard- 
ed by the Romans on acceunt of the un- 
wholefomenefs of the aif, and the continual 
flench of the filth that was there, and of 
ftagnated waters Heliogabalus was the firft 
who cleared it of all difagreeakle nuifances. 
It is now admired for ancient monuments 
and pillars, for a celebrated public library, 
and for the palace of the pope. Horat, i, 
od, 20. 


VK 

Vatiknus, now Salerno, a rive* rifingi* 
the Alps and falling into the Po. Martial, 
3 > e P- 67.— Plin. 3, c. 16. 

VaTinia lex, de provinr'ns by the tri¬ 
bune P. Vatinius, A. U. C. 694. It ap¬ 
pointed Ca?far governor of Gallia Cifalpina 
and’ IHyricum, for five years, without a de¬ 
cree olVthe fenate, or the ufual cuftom of 
calling lots. Some perfons were alfo ap¬ 
pointed to attend him as lieutenants with¬ 
out the interference of the fenate. His ar¬ 
my was to be paid out of the public trealury, 
and he was impovvered to plant a Roman 
colony in the town of Novocomum in Gaul. 

-Another by P. Vatinius the tribune, A. 

U. C. 694, de rep’etundis , for the better ma¬ 
nagement of the trial of thole who were ac- 
cufed of extortion. 

Vatinius, an intimate friend of Cicero, 
once diftinguifhed for his enmity to the ora¬ 
tor. He hated the people of Rome for their 
great vices and corruption, whence exceffive 
hatred' became proverbial in the words Vati - 
nianum odium. Cat nil. 14, v. 3.—i—A Ihoe- 
maker, ridiculed for his deformities, and the 
oddity of his chara£ler. He was one of 
Nero’s favorites, and he furpafled the reft - 
of the courtiers in flattery, and in the com- i 
million of every impious deed. Large cups, 
of no value, are called Vat'miana from him, 
becaufe he ufed one which was both ill- 
fliaped and uncouth. Tacit. Ann. 13, €, 34. 
— Juv. — Mart. 14, ep. 96. 

Uim, a people of Germany near the Rhine, 
tranlported acrofs the river by Agripna, 
who gave them the name ol Agrippinenfes, 
from his daughter Agrippina, who had been 
bora in the country. Their chief town, 
Ubiorum oppidum, is now Cologne. Tacit. 
G. 28. An. 12, C. 27.— Plin. 4, C. I?.— 
Caf. 4, c. 30. 

Ucai.fgon, a Trojan chief, remarkable, 
for his great age and praiied for the Ibundnefc 
of his counfels and his good intentions, though 
accufed by fome of betraying his country to 
the enemy. His houle was firft let on fire 
by the Greeks. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 312.— Ho¬ 
mer. II. 3,v. 148. 

Ucetia, a town of Gaul. 

Ucubis, now Lucuii, a town of Spain Hir* 
tius. 

Udina, or Vedinum, now Uditto, a tow* 
of Italy. 

Vectis, the We of Wight, fouth of Bri¬ 
tain. Suet. Cl. 5. 

Vectius, a rhetorician, &c. yuv. 7, v. 150. 

Vectones. [Liv. Vettones.j 

Vedius Pottio, a friend of Auguftus, 
very cruel to his l'ervams,&c. [ Vid. Pollio.] 

-Aquila, an officer at the battle of Bebria- 

cum, &c. Tacit. H. 2, c. 44. 

Vegetius, a Latin writer, who florilhed B. 

C. 386. The bell edition of his treat'd t eft 
Pe Militari , together with Modeftus, is that of 
Pans, ,;t©. 1607. 

% Vegia, 












VE 


VE 


Vegja, an ifland on the coaft of Dalma- 


tia. 

Veia, a forcerefs, in the age of Horace, 
5> v. 29. 

Veianus, a gladiator, in the age of Ho¬ 
race. 1, ep. i,v. 4. 

Vetentes, .the inhabitants of Veii. They 
were carried to Rome, where the tribe they 
compofed was called Feientina. [Fid. Veii.j 
Veienjo, Fahr. a Roman, as arrogant as 
he was fatirjcal. Nero banifhed him for his 
Fibellous writings. Juv. 3, v. 185. 

Veii, a powerful city of Etruria, at the 
diftance of about 12 miles from Rome. It 
fuftained many long wars againft the Ro¬ 
mans, and was at Lift taken and deftroyed 
by Catnillu.% after a fiege of ten years. At 
.the time of its deftruttion, Veii was larger 
and far more magnificent than the city of 
Rome. Its fituation was fo eligible, .that the 
Romans, after ^he burning of the city by the 
Gauls, were long inclined to migrate there, 
and totally abandon their native home, and 
this would have been carried into execution 
if not oppoled by the authority and eloquence 
.pf Camillus. Ovid. 2, Faft. v. K)$.-T-Cic. <h 
JDiv. 1, c. 44.— Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 143.— 
JLiv. 5, c. 21, See. 

Vejovjs, or VejuHter, a deity of ill 
omen at Rome. He had a temple on the 
.Capitoline hill built by Romulus. Some 
fuppofe that he was the fame as Jupiter lb: 
infant , or in the cradle , becaufe he was re- 
prefented without thunder, or a iceptre, 
and had only by his fide the goat Amaltluea, 
and the Cretan nymph who fed him when 
young. Ovid.FaJl. 3, v. 430. 

Velabrum, a marlliy piece of ground 
on the fide of the Tiber, between the 
Aventine, Palatine, and Capitoline hills, 
which Auguftus drained, and where he built 
houl'es. The place was frequented as a 
market, where oil, cheefe, and other com¬ 
modities were expofed to fale. Horat. 2, 
Sat. 3, V. 229.— Ovid. Faft. 6, v. 401.— 
Tibull. 2, el. 5, v. 33.— Piaut. 3, cap. l,v. 
29. / 

Velanius, one of Caelar’s officers in 
Gaul, &c. 

Velauni, a people of Gaul. 

Velia, a maritime town of I.ucania, • 
founded by a colony of Phoceans, about 6co 
years after the coming of JEneas into Italy. 
The port in its neighbourhood was called 
Felipus portus. Strail. 6 .— Meh, 2, C. 4 .— 
fiic. Phil. ID, C. 4.— Firg. JEn. 6, v. 366. 

-An eminence near the Roman forum, 

where Poplicola built himfelf a houl'e. Liv. 

2, c. 6.— Cic. 7, Att. 15. 

Velica, or Vellica, a town of the Can- 
tabri. 

VelTna, a part of the city of Rome, ad¬ 
joining mount Palatine. It was alfo one of the 
Roman tribes. Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. $2* — Cic. 

4, ad Attic, ep. 15. 


VelTnus, alake in the country of the Sa¬ 
bines, formed by the ftagnant waters of the 
Velinus, between fome hills near Reate. The 
river Velinus rifes in the Appennines, and 
after it has formed the lake, it falls into the 
Nar, near Spoletium. Ftrg. JEn. 7, v. ^17. 
— Cic. Div. 1, c. 36. 

Veliocassi, a people of Gaul. 
Vehterna, or Velitrxe, an ancient 
town of Latium on the Appian road, 20 
miles at the eaft of Rome. The inhabi¬ 
tants were called Velitsmi. It became a Ro¬ 
man colony. Liv. 8, c. 12 , See. — Sue ton. in 
Aug.—Ital. 8, v. 378, Sec. 

Vellarj, a people of Gaul. 
Vellaunodunum, a town of the Senones, 
now Beaune. Cecf. 7,c. II. 

Velleda, a woman famous among the 
Germans, in the age of Vefpafiati, and wor¬ 
thipped as a deity. Tacit, de Germ . §. 

Velleius Paterculus, a Roman hiftc- 
rian, defeended from an equeftrian family 
of Campania. He was at firft a military 
tribune in the Roman armies, and for nine 
years ferved under Tiberius in the various 
expeditions which he undertook in Gaul 
and Germany. Velleius wrote an epitome 
of the hiltory of Greece, and of Rome, 
and of other nations of the moll remote an¬ 
tiquity, but of this authentic compofition 
there remain only fragments of the hiftory 
of Greece ami Rome from the conqueft of 
Perleus, by Paulus, to the 17th year of the 
reign of Tiberius, in two books. It is a 
judicious account of celebrated men, and 
illuftrious cities, the hillorian is happy in 
his descriptions, and accurate in his dates, 
his pictures are true, and his narrations 
lively and interefting. The whole Is candid 
and impartial, but only till the reign of 
the Cacl'ars, when the writer began to be in¬ 
fluenced by rhe prefence of the emperor, or 
the power of his favorites. Paterculus is de- 
fervedly cenfured for his inve&ives againft 
Cicero and Pompey, and his encomiums 
on the cruel Tiberius, and the unfortunate 
>ejanus. Some fuppofe that he was involved 
in the ruin of this dilappointed courtier, whom 
he had extolled as a pattern of virtue and 
morality. The belt editions of Paterculus 
are thole of Ruhnkenius, 8vo. 2 vols. I.. Bat. 
1779;. of Barbou, Paris, i2mo. 1777, and of 
Burman, 8vo. L. Bat. 1719.—-Caius, the 
I grandfather of the hiftorian of that name, 
j was one of the friends of Livia. He killed 
himlelf when old and unable to accompany 
Livia in her flight. 

Velocasses, the people of Fexin> in Nor¬ 
mandy. Ceef. G. 2, c. 4. 

Venafrum, a town of Campania near 
Arpinum, abounding in olive trees. It be¬ 
came a Roman colony. It had been found¬ 
ed by Diomedes. Horat. 2, Od. 6, v. 16. 
Martial. * 3 , ep . 98.— ~Jav. 5, V. 86.— 
S.—Plin. 3, c. 3. 

3 F 3 Vjenedi* 


■3 ^ 3 








VE 


VE 


Venedi, a people of Germany, near the 
mouth of the Viftula, or gulf of Dantzic. 
’J'dcit. de Germ. 46.—Plitt . 4 , c. 13* 

Veneli, a people of Gallia Celtica. 

Veneti, a people of Italy in Cifalpine 
Gaul, near the mouths ot the Po. They 
were descended from a nation of Paphlagonia, 
who fettled there under Antenor fome timq 
Rafter the Trojan war. The Venetians, who 
have been long a powerful and commercial 
nation, were originally very poor, whence 
a writer in the age of the Roman empe¬ 
rors faid, that they had no other fence againft 
the waves of the fea hut hui'dles, no food 
but filh, no wealth befides their fifhing-boats, 
and no merchandize, but fait. Strab. 4, &c. 
— Liv. I, c. I, — Mela, I, c. 2 . 1 . 2 , C. 4. — 
Ccef. Belt. G. 3, c. 8 .—Lucan. 4, v. 134.— 

Ital. 8, v. 605. - A nation of Gaul, at the 

fouth of Armorica, on the weftern coaft, 
powerful by fea. Their chief city is now call¬ 
ed Vannes. C<rf. 3, G. 8. 

Veneti a, a part of Gaul, on the mouths 
of the Po. \Vid. Veneti.] 

Venetus Paulus, a centurion who con- 
fpired againft Nero with Pifo, &c. Tacit. 15, 

Ann. c. 50.-A lake through which the 

Rhine paffes, now Bodenfee, or Conjlance. M j - 
i&y 3, c. 2. 

VenTlia, a nymph, lifter to Amata, and 
mother of Turnus, by Daunus. Amphitrite 
the fea goddefs is alfo called Venilia. Tirg. 
JEn. IO, v. 76. — Ovid. Met. 14, v. 334 -— 
Varro de L. L. 4, c. io. 

Vennones, a people of the Rhaetian 
Alps. 

Venonius, an hiftorian mentioned by Cic. 
ad Attic. 1 2,ep. 3 ,&c. 

Venta Belga-rom, a town of Britain, 
now Witicheflcr. -Silurum, a town of Bri¬ 
tain, now Caerzvent, in Monmouthlhire.- 

Icenorum, now Norivkk. 

Venti. 1 he ancients, and efpecially the 
Athenians, paid particular attention to the 
winds, and offered them facrifices as to dei¬ 
ties, intent upon the deftru£lion of mankind, 
by continually caufing ftorms, tempefts, and 
earthquakes. The winds were reprefented 
in different attitudes and forms. The four 
principal winds were Eurus , the fouth eaft; 
who is reprefented as a young man flying 
with great impetuofity, and often appearing 
in a playfome and wanton humor. Aujlcr , 
the fouth wind, appeared generally as an old 
man with grey hair, a gloomy countenance, 
a head covered with clouds, a fable vefture, 
and dulky wings. He is the difpenler of 
Tain, and of all heavy lhowers. Zephyrus is 
reprefented as the mildeft of all the winds. 
He is young and gentle, and his lap is 
filled with vernal flowers. He married Flo- 
fra the goddefs. with whom he enjoyed the 
mod perfe£l felicity. Boreas , or the norih 
wind, appears always rough and (hivering. 
He is the father of rain, fnow, hail, and tem¬ 


pefts, and is always reprefented as furround- 
ed with impenetrable clouds. Thofe of in¬ 
ferior note were, Solanus, whofe name is fel- 
dom mentioned. He appeared as a young 
man holding fruit in his lap, iuch as peaches, 
oranges, &c. Africus , or fouth-weft, repre¬ 
fented with black wings, and a melancholy 
countenance. Coras, or north-weft, drives clouds 
of fnow before him, and Aquilo , the noith- 
eaft is equally dreadful in appearance. f he 
winds, according to fome mythologies, were 
confined in a large cave, of which iEolus had 
the management ; and without this necefLry 
precaution, they would have overturned the 
earti), and reduced every thing to its original 
chaos. T'irg. JEn. I,v. 57* &c. 

Ventidius bassus, a native of Pice- 
num, born of an obfcure family. When 
Afculum was taken, he was carried before 
the triumphant chariot of Pompeius Strabo, 
hanging on his mother’s breaft. A bold, af- 
piring foul, aided by the patronage of the fa¬ 
mily of Caefar, railed him from the mean 
occupation of a chairman and muleteer to dig¬ 
nity in the ftate. He dilplayed valor ih the 
Roman armies, and gradually arole to the 
offices of tribune, praetor, 'high pried, and 
conful. He made war againft the Parthians, 
and conquered them in three great battles, 
B. C/39. He was the firft Roman ever ho¬ 
nored with a triumph over Parthia. He 
died greatly lamented by all the Roman people, 
and was buried at thfe public expence. Piut. 

in Anton. — Jnv. 7, v. 199.-Cumanus, a 

governor of Paleftine, Sec. Tacit. A . 13, c. 

54.-Two brothers in the age of l om- 

pey who favored Carbo’s intereft,&c. Plut. 

Venuleius, a writer in the age of the 

emperor Alexander.-A friend of Verres. 

Cic. in Vcrr. 3,0.4a. 

Venulus, one of the Latin elders lent 
into Magna Graecia, to demand the aftiftance 
of Diomedes, &c. Tirg JEn. 8,v. 9. 

Venus, one of the molt celebrated deities 
of the ancients. She was the goddefs ot beau¬ 
ty, the mother of love, the queen of laughter, 
the miftrefs of the graces and of pleafures, 
and the patronefs of courtezans. Some my- 
thologifts lpeak of more than one Venus. 
Plato mentions two, Venus Urania, the daugh¬ 
ter of Uranus, and Venus Popularia, the 
daughter of J upiter and Dione. Cicero fpeaks 
of four, a daughter of Caftus and Light, 
one fprung. from the froth of the fea, a 
third, daughter of Jupiter and the Nereid 
Dione, and a fourth born at Tyre, and the 
fame as the Aftarte of the Syrians. Of 
thefe, however, the Venus fprung from the 
froth of the fea, after the mutilated part of 
the body of Uranus had been thrown there 
by Saturn, is the moll known, and of her 
in particular, ancient mythologifts as well as 
painters, make mention. She arofe from the 
■ fea near the illand of Cyprus, or according 
to Hefiocf, of Cythera, tvhither Ihe was 

wafted 










VE 


VE 


wafted by the zephyrs, and received on the 
fea-fiiore by the i'eafons, daughters of Jupiter 
and Themis. She was foon after carried to 
heaven, where all the gods admired her beau¬ 
ty, and all the goddeffes became jealous of 
her perfonal charms. Jupiter attempted to 
gain her affections and even wifiied to of¬ 
fer her violence, but Venus refilled, and 
the god, to punifir her obftinacy, gave her 
in marriage to his ugly and deformed Ion 
Vulcan. This marriage did not prevent the 
goddels of Love from gratifying her favorite 
pillions, and (he defiled her hulband’s bed 
by her amours with the gods. Her in¬ 
trigue with Mars is the ir.oft celebrated. She 
was caught in her lover’s arms, and expoled 
to the ridicule and laughter of all the gods 
\Vid. Alebtryun.] Venus became mother of 
Hermione, Cupid, and Anteros, by Mars ; 
by Mercury Ihe had (iermaphroditus; 
by Bacchus, Priapus ; and by Neptune, 
Eryx. Her great partiality for Adonis made 
her abandon the feats of Olympus, \Vid. 
Adonis] and her regard lor Anchifes, obliged 
her often to vilit the woods and folitarv re- 
'tre?ts of mount Ida. \Vid. Anch f«?s, JEne- 
as.] the power ef Venus over the lie rt, 
was fupported and aflilted by a celebrated 
girdle, called zone by the Greeks, and ceflus 
by the Latins. This myfterious girdle ga\e 
beauty, grace, and elegance, when worn even 
by the mod de?ormed; it excited love and 
rekindled extinguifhed flames. Juno herfell 
was indebted to this powerful ornament, to 
gam the favor* • f Jupiter, and Venus, though 
herfelf poffeffed of every charm, no (ooner 
put on her ceftus, than Vulcan, unable to 
refill the influence of love, forgot all the 
intrigues and infidelities of his wife, and fa¬ 
bricated arms even for her illegitimate child¬ 
ren. T he contelt of Venus for the golden 
apple of Difcord is well known She gained 
the prize over Pallas and Juno. \Vid . I’aris, 
x Difcordia.] and rewarded her impartial judge 
with the hand of the faireft woman in the 
world. The worlbip of Venus was univer- 
fally eftablifiied; flatues and temples were 
eredted to her in every kingdom, and the an¬ 
cients were fond of paying homage to a di¬ 
vinity who prefided over generation, and by 
whofe influence alone mankind exift- d. In 
her facrifices and in the feftivals celebrated 
in her honor, too much licentiouinefs prevailed, 
and public proftitution was often part of 
the ceremony. Victims were feldom of¬ 
fered to her, or her altars ftained with 
blood, though we find Alpafia making re¬ 
peated facrifices. No pigs, however, or 
male animals were deemed acceptable. The 
rofe, the myrtle, and the apple, were ftcred 
to Venus, and among birds, the dove, the 
fwan and the fparrovv were her favorites; 
and aoiong fifhes, thoQp called the aphya 
and the lycoltcmus. The goddefs of beauty 
was treprei'ented among the ancients in dif¬ 


ferent forms. At Elis fhe appeared feated 
on a goat, with one foot retting on a tortoife. 
At Sparta and Cythera, the was reprefented 
armed like Minerva, and fometimes wearing 
chains on her feet. In the temple of Jupiter 
Olympius, the was represented by Phidias, 
as riting from the fea, received by love, and 
crowned by the goddefs of perluafion. At Cni¬ 
dus her ftatue made by Praxiteles, reprefented 
her naked, with one hand hiding what mo. 
detty keeps concealed. Her ftatue at Ele- 
phantis was the fame, with only a naked 
Cupid by her fide. In Sicyon the hetd a 
poppy in one hand, and in the other an apple, 
while on her head the had a Crown, which 
terminated in a point, to intimate the poje. 
She is generally reprefented with her fan 
Cupid, on a chariot drawn by doves, or at 
other times by fwans and fparrows. The fur- 
names of the goddefs are numerous, and on¬ 
ly ferve to (hew lioiv well eftablifiied her wor- 
fhip was all over the earth. She was called 
Cypria, becaufe particularly worfiiipped in 
the ifland of Cyprus, and in that character 
(he was often reprefented with a beard, and 
the male parts of generation, with a- feeptre 
in her hand, and the body and drefs of a fe¬ 
male, whence (he is called duplex Amathufia 
by Catullus. She received the name of Pa - 
phia, becaufe worfiiipped at Paphos, where 
(he had a temple with an altar, on which 
rain never fell, though expoled in the open 
air. Some of the ancients called her Apojlro- 
pb'a or Ep (lrophia, t as alfo Venus Urania, 
and Venus Pandemos. The firft of thefe (lie 
received as prefiding over wantonnels and in- 
ceftuous enjoyments; the fecond bepaule llie 
patronized pure love, and chalte and moderate 
gratifications; and the third becaufe (he fa¬ 
vored the propenfities of the vulgar, and was 
fond of fenfual pleafures. The Cnidiaus 
raifed her temples under the name of Venus 
Acraa , of Doris, and of Euploen. In her 
temple under the name of Euploea, at Cnidos, 
was the moft celebrated of her ftatues, being 
the moft perfect piece of Praxiteles. It was 
made with white marble, and appeared To 
engaging, and fo much like life, that accord¬ 
ing to fome hiftorians, a youth of the place 
introduced himfelf in the night into her tem¬ 
ple, and attempted to gratify his paflioiis on 
the lifelefs image. Venus was alfo fur named 
Cythera a, becaufe fhe was the chief deity -of 
Cythera; Exopolis , becaufe her ftatue was 
without the city of Athens; Philomeda, from 
her affebtion for the phallus; Philommeis, 
becaufe the queen of laughter; Telejfigama, 
becaufe (lie prefided over marriage; Coliada, 
Coloiis , or Collar, becaule \Vorftiipped on a 
promontory of the fame name in Attica; 
Area, became armed liked Mars ; Verticordia , 
becaufe (he could turn the hearts of women 
to cultivate chaftity ; Apaturia , bedaufe fhe 
deceived ; Caha, becaule fhe was reprefented 
bald; Ericyna, becaule worfiiipped at Eryi ; 

3 F 4 Etaira t 




VE 


JEtairi ?, becaufe the patronefs of courtez/ans; 
Acidalia , becaufe of a fountain of Orcho- 
menos; Baft'.ea , becaufe the queen of love ; 
Myriea, becaufe the myrtle was facred to 
her; Libertina, from her inclinations to gratify 
luft; Mechanitis, in allufion to the many 
artifices pra&ifed in love, &c. &c. As god- 
defs of the fea, becaufe, born in the bofom 
of the Waters, Venus was called Pontia , 
j Marina, Linmcfia, Epipontia , Pelagia., Sali- 
genia, Pontogenia , Aligena, Thalajfiafkc. and 
as riling from the fea, the name of Anady- 
cmene is applied to her, and rendered immor¬ 
tal by the celebrated painting of Apelles, 
which reprefented her as ifluing from the 
bofom of the waves, and wringing her trefi'es 
on her lhoulder. Vid. Anadyomene. Cic. 
ae Nat. D. 2, c. 27. 1 . 3, c. 23. — Orpheus 
Hymn.g 4 .—HeJiod.Thevg. — Sappho.—Homer. 
Hymn, in Ven. &c.— Virg. JEn. 5, v. 800, 
&c.— Ovid. Heroid. 15, 16, 19, &c. Met. 4, 
fab. 5, &c. — Died. 1 , & 5.— Hygin.fab. 94, 
* 71 .—Pauf 2, c. i. 1. 4, c. 30. 1. 5, C. 18.— 
APartial. 6, ep. l^.—Eurip. in Hel. in Ip big. 
in Troad.—Pht. in Erotic.—JElian. V. H. 
J2, c. 1. — Athen, 12, &C. — Catullus .— Lac- 
iant. de falfa re.—Calaber. 11.— Eucian. dial. 

— Strab. 14.— Tacit. Ann. 3, &c.— Val. 
Max. 8, c. II.t -Plin. 36. — Horat. 3, Od. 26, 

% 4 > Od. 11, &c.-A planet called by the 

Greeks Pholphorus, and by the Latins Luci¬ 
fer, when it rifes before the fun, but when it 
follows it, Helper us or Vefper. Cic. de Nat. 

2, c. 20, in fomn. Scip, 

Venus Pyrenjea, a town of Spain near 
the borders of Gaul. 

Venusia, or Venusium, a town of 
Apulia, where Horace was born. Part. of 
the Roman army fled thither after the defeat 
at Cannae. The town, though in ruins, con¬ 
tains (bill many pieces of antiquity, efpecially 
a mapble bull preferved in the great i'quare, 
and faid falfely to be an original reprefentation 
of Horace. Venulia was on the confines 
of Lucania, whence tbe poet faid Lucanus an 
Apulus an ceps, and it was founded by Dio- 
tnedes who called it Venufia or Aphrodifia, 
after Venus whole divinity he wifhed to ap~ 
peale. Strap. 5'and 6.— Horat. 2, Sat. 1, v. 
35 -— -Liv. 22,0.54.— Plin. 3, c. 11. 

Veragri, a people between the Alps and 
the Allobroges. Liv. 21, c. 3S.— Ccfar. G. 

3, c.i. 

Verania, the wife of Pifo Licinianus, 
whom Galba adopted. 

Veranius, a governor of Britain under 
Hero, pie fucceeded Didius Gallus. Tacit. 
14. Ann. 

Verb anus Lacus, now Major a, a lake 
of Italy, from which the Ticinus flows. It 
is in the modern duchy of Milan, and. ex¬ 
tends 50 miles in length from fouth to north, 
and 5 or 6 in breadth. Sirt}b. 4. 

Verbigenus* a village in the country of 
the Celts;. 


VE 

1. V erbinu w, a town in the »orth of Gauh 
j Vercellje, a town on the borders of 
• Infubria, where Marius defeated the Cim- 
: bri. Plin. 3, c. 17.— Cic. Pam. II, ep. 19. 
— 5 / 7 . 8, v. 598. 

Vercingetqrt*, a chief of the Gauls, 
in the time of Cadar. He was conquered 
and led in triumph, 5 c c, Cafar . Bell. G. 7,p. 
4.— Flor. 3, c. 10. 

Veresis, a l'mall river of Latium falling 
into the Anio. 

Vergasillaunus, one of the gene-j 
rals.and friends of Vercingetorix. Cafar. 

Beil. G. 

Verg.e, a town oi the Brutii. Liv. 

c. 19. 

Vekgeli.us, a ftnall river near Cannae, 
falling into the Aufidus, over which Anni- 
bal made a bridge with the flaughtered bo-j 
dies of the Romans. Flor. 2, c. 6.— Val. 
Max. 9, C. II. 

Vergieia, the wife of Coriolanus, &c. 

Vergilia, a town of Spain fuppoied to be 
Murcia. 

Vergiljte, feven liars called alfo Pleia¬ 
des. When they fet the ancients began to 
low their corn. They received their name 
from the fpring quia vert' oriantur. Pro- 
pert. I, el. 8, V. lo.— Cic, de Nat . L>. 2 , 

c- 44 - 

Verging, Qne pf the officers of the 
Roman troop? in Germany, who refufed 
the abfolute power which his foldiers of¬ 
fered to him- Tacit. 1, Hi ft. c. 8.-A 

rhetorician in the age of Nero, banifhed 
on account of his great fame. Id. An. 15, 
c. 71. 

Vergutm, a town of Spain. 

Vergobretus, one of the chiefs of the 
TEdui, in the age of Caefar, &c. Cafa k. 
G. i,c. 16. 

Veritas, (truth,) was not only perfo- 
nified by the ancients, but alfo made' 4 
deity, and called the daughter pf Saturn and 
the mother of Virtue. She was reprefented 
like a young virgin, drelfed in white apparpl, 
with all the marks of youthful diffidence 
and modefty. Democritus' uled to fay, that 
Ihe hid herfe}f at the bottom of a well, to 
intimate the difficulty with which fhe is 
found. ■ 

Verqdoctius, one of the fielvetii. Caf. 
G. i, c. 7. 

Veromandui, a people of Gaul, the mo* 
dern Vermandois. The capital is now St, 
Quintin. Caf. G. B. 2. 

Verona, a town of Venetia, on the 
Athefis, in Italy, founded as fome fuppofe, 
by fBrennus, the leader of the Gauls. C. 
Nepos, Catullus, and Pliny the elder, were 
born there. It was adorned with a circus 
and an amphitheatre by the Roman epi- 
perors, which Hill exift, and it Hill preferves its 
ancient name. Plin.' 9, c. 22.— Strab. 5. 
—Ovid. 4 m. si. 15, v. 7. 


V ERONJEJ^ 




VE 


VE 


Verones, a people of Hiipania Tarraeo- | 
nenfis. 5 / 7 . 3, v. 578. 

VerregInum, a town in the country 
of the Volfci. Liv. 4, c. r, &c.— Vat. 
Max. 6, c. 5. 

C. Verreg, a Roman who governed the 
province of Sicily as praetor. The oppreflion 
and rapine of which he was guilty while in 
pffice fq offended the Sicilians, that they 
brought an accufation againft him before the 
Roman fenate. Cicero undertook the caut'e 
of the Sicilians, and pronounced thofe cele¬ 
brated orations which are (till extant. Verres 
was defended by Hortenfius, but as he 
defpaired of the luccefs of his defence, he 
left Rome without waiting for his lentence, 
and lived in great affluence in one of the 
provinces. He was at laft killed by the 
ioldiers of Antony the triuinvir, about 26 
years after his voluntary exile frpm the capital. 
Cic. in Fer.—Pliq. 34, f. 2 .- —La A ant. 
2, c. 4. 

Ve r ritu s, a general of the Frifii in the 
age of Nero, See. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 54. 

Verrjus, Feaccus, a freedman and 
grammarian famous for his powers in }n- 
ftrudling. He was appointed over the 
.grand-children of Auguilus, and a!fo dif- 
tingUifhed himfelf by hi$ writings. Cell. 4, 
C. 5.— Suet. \le Grqm. —A Latin critic, B. C, 
4, whole works have been edited with 
Dacier’s and Clerk’s notes, 4to. Amft. 
1699. 

Verrugo, a town in the country of the 
Volfci. Liv. 4, c. r. 

Vertico, pne of the Nervii who de¬ 
ferred to Ctei’ar’s army, kc. Qa-J'ar. B. Q. J, 
C. 45 - 

Verticord.ia, one of the fiirnaiees of 
Venus, the fame as the ApoJlropLia of the 
Greeks, becaufe her abidance was implored 
to turn the hearts of the Romqn matrons, 
and teach them to follow virtue and mo- 
deity. Val. Max. 8. 

Vertiscus, one of the Rhemi, who com¬ 
manded a troop of horle in Casfar’s army. 
faf B. G. 8, c. 12. 

Verjumnus, a deity among the Ro¬ 
mans who prefided over the fpring and 
over orchards. He endeavoured to gain the 
affections of the goddels Pomona; and to 
effeCt this, he affumed the lhape and drefs 
*>f a filherman, of a foldier, a peafant, a 
reaper, fcc. but all to no purpofe, till under 
the form of an old woman, he prevailed 
Upon, his miftrefs and married her. He is ge¬ 
nerally reprel'ented as a young man crowned 
with flowers, covered up to the wailt, and 
holding in his right hand fruit, and a crown 
of plenty in his left. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 642, 
&C. — Propert. 4, el. 2 , v. 2 . — Herat. 2 , Sat. 
7, v.l 4 - 

Veruljb* a town of the Harnici. Liv. 
c. 43 * 


VerueAn’us, a lieutenant under Corbulo, 
who drove away Tiridates from Media, &c, 
Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 26. 

Verus [LOcius ' Ceionius Commodus,] 
a Roman emperpr, foil of TEuus and Doipiua 
Lucilla. He was adopted in the 7th year of 
his age bv M. Aurelius, at the requeft of 
Adrian, and he married Lucilia the daughter 
of his adopted father, who alfo took him as his 
colleague on the throne. He was lent by 
M. Aurelius to oppofe the barbarians in the 
eaft. His arms were attended with luccels, 
and he obtained a victory over the Pavthians. 
He was honored with a triumph at his re¬ 
turn home, and foon after he marched with 
his imperial colleague againlt the Marcomanni 
in Germany. He died in this expedition of 
an apoplexy, in the 39th year of his age, after 
a reign of eight years and i'ome months. 
His body was brought back to Rome, and 
buried by M. Aurelius with great pomp 
and iblemnity. Verus has been greatly cen- 
fured for bis debaucheries, which appeared 
more enormous and dilgufling, when compared 
to the temperance, meekels, and popularity 
of Aurelius. 1 he example of Jiis father did 
not influence him, and he often retired from 
the frugal and moderate repaft of Aurelius, 
to the profufe banquets of his own palace* 
where the night was lpent in riot and de¬ 
bauchery, with the meaneft of the popu¬ 
lace, with ftage-dancers, buffoons, and lalci- 
vious courtezans. At one entertainment 
alone, where there were no more .than 12 
guetts, the emperor fpent no lei's than fix 
millions of federces or about £32,200 flier- 
ling. But it is to be obferved, that what¬ 
ever was mod fcarce and coltly was there; 
the guefts never drank twice out of the 
fame cup ; and whatever veffels they had 
touched, they received as a prefent from the 
emperor when they left the palace. In his 
Parthian expedition, Verus did not check his 
vicious pvupenfities; lor four yeafs he left 
the care of the war to his officers, while he 
retired to the voluptuous retreats of Daphne, 
and the luxurious banquets of Antioch. His 
fondnds for a horfe has been faithfully re¬ 
corded. The animal had a datue ol' gold, 
he was fed with almonds and raiffns by the 
hand of the emperor, he was clad in purple, 
and kept in the mod fplendid of the halls of 
the palace, and when dead, the emperor, to 
exprefs his l'orrow, raifed him a magnificent 
monument on mount Vatican. Some have 
fufpe&ed M. Aurelius of difpatching Verus 
to rid the world of his debaucheries, and guilty 
actions, but this feems to be the report of 

malevolence.-L. Annaeus, a fon of the 

emperor Aurelius who died in Paleftine. 

-The father of the emperor Verus. He 

was adopted by the emperor Adrian, but like 
his fon he dii'graced himfelf by his debauch- 
eries^and extravagance. He died bofore Adrian. 

Vesbjds, 




VE 


VE 


Vesbius, or Vesubius. Vid. Vefuvius. 

Vescia, a town of Campania. Liv. 8, 
c. II. 

Vescianum, a country houfe of Cicero 
in Campania, between Capua and Nola. 
Cic. 1 5, ad Attic. 2. 

Fl. Vescularius, a Roman knight in¬ 
timate with Tiberius,, &c. Tacit. Ann. 

Vesentio, a tovvn of Gaul, now Befan- 
lon. Caf G. 38. 

VESENTiUM,a town of Tufcany. 
Veseris, a place or river nearmount Ve¬ 
fuvius. Liv. 8, c. 8.— Cic. Off. 3, c. 31. 

Vesevius & Vesevus. Vid. Veluvius. 

• Vesidia, a town of Tufcany. 

Vesonna, a town of Gaul, now Peri- 
gueux. 

Vespacije, a fmall vill ge of Umbria, 
near Nurfia. Suet. Vefp. 1. 

Vespasianus, Titus Flavius, a Roman 
emperor, defcended from an obfcure family 
at Reate. He was honored with the conl'ul- 
Thip, not fo much by the influence of the 
imperial courtiers, as by his own private 
merit, and his public Cervices. He accom¬ 
panied Nero into Greece, but he offended 
the prince by falling afleep while he repeated 
one of his poetical compofitions. This mo- 
•mentary refentment of the emperor did not 
prevent Vefpafian from being fent to carry on 
a war againft the Jews. His operations were 
crowned with fuccefs; many of the cities of 
Paleftine furrendered, and Vefpafian began 
the fiege of Jeruialem. This was, however, 
atchieved by the hands of Fission Tittis, and 
the death of ViteiiTus and the affeClion of his 
foldiers, haftened his rife, and he was pro¬ 
claimed emperor at Alexandria. The choice 
of the army was approved by every province 
of the empire; but Vefpafian did not betray 
any figns of pride at fo fudden and fo unex¬ 
pected an exaltation, and though once em¬ 
ployed in the|.mean office of a horfe do&or, 
he behaved, when invefted with the imperial 
purple, with all the dignity and greatnefs 
■ which became a fuccefior of Auguflus. In 
the beginning of his reign Vefpafian attempted 
to reform the manners of the Romans, and 
he took away an appointment which he had 
a few days before granted to a young noble¬ 
man who approached him to return him 
thanks, all Fmelling of perfumes and covered 
with ointment, adding, I bad rather you bad 
fmelt of gar lick. He repaired the public: 
buildings, embellifhed the city, and made 
the great roads more fpacious and convenient. 
After he had reigned with great popularity 
for 10 years, Vefpafian died with a pain in 
his bowel , A. D. 79, in the 70th year of 
his age. He was the firft Roman emperor 
that died a natural death, and he was alfo the 
firft who was fucceeded by his own fon on 
the throne. Vefpafian has been admired 
for his great virtues. He Was clement, he 
g<tve no ear to flattery, and for a long time 


refufed the title of father of his country, 
which was often bellowed . upon the moft 
wortblefs and tyrannical of the emperors. 
He defpifed informers, and rather than punifh 
conlpirators, he rewarded them with great 
liberality. When the king of Parthia ad- 
drefied him with the fuperfeription of Arfaces 
king of kings to Flavius Vtfpafianus , the 
emperor was no way diffatisfied with the 
pride and infolence of the monarch, and 
anfwered him again in his own words; 
Flavius Vefpafianus to Arfaces king of kings. 
To men of learning and merit, Vefpafian 
was very liberal: one hundred thoufand 
fefterces were annually paid from the public 
treafury to the different profeffors that were 
appointed to encourage and promote the arts 
and fciences. Yet in fpite of this apparent 
generoficy, fome authors have taxed Vefpafian 
with avarice. According to their accounts, 
•he loaded the provinces with new taxes, he 
bought commodities, that he might fell them 
to a greater advantage, and even laid an 
impoft upon urine, which gave occafion to 
Titus to ridicule the meannefs of his father. 
Vefpafian, regardlels of his fon’s obfervation, 
was fatisfied to fhevv him the money that was 
railed from fo productive a tax, afkmg him 
at the fame time whether it fmelt offenfive ? 
His minifters were the moft avaricious -of his, 
lubjeCls, and the emperor uled very properly 
to remark that he treated them as fponges, 
by wetting them when dry, and fqueezing 
them when they were wet. He has been 
aceufed of felling criminals their liv'es, and 
of condemning the moft opulent to make 
himfelf matter of their pofieflions. If, 
however, he was guilty of thefe meaner 
practices, they were all under the name 
of one of his concubines, who wifhed to 
enrich herfelf by the avarice and credulity 
of the emperor. Sueton. in vita. — Tacit. 
Hiff 4. 


Vesper, or Vesperus, a name applied 
to the planet Venus when it was the evening 
liar. Virg. 

Vessa, a tovvn of Sicily. 

Vesta, a goddefs, daughter of Rhea and 
Saturn, fitter to Ceres and Juno. She is 
often confounded by the mythologifts with 
Rhea, Ceres, Cybele, Proferpine, Hecate, 
and Tellus. When confidered as the mother 
of the gods, fire is the mother of Rhea and 
Saturn ; and when confidered as the patro- 
nels of the veftal virgins and the goddefs of 
fire, fhe is called the daughter of Saturn and 
Rhea. Under this lafl name fhe was wor- 
fhipped by the Romans. ^Eneas was the 
firft who introduced her myfteries into Italy, 
and Numa built her a temple where no males 
were permitted to go. The Palladium of 
1 Toy was iuppofed to be preferved within 
her fanCluarv, and a fire was continually 
kept lighted by a certain number of. virgins, 
who had dedicated themfelves to the fervice 
3 oi 






VE 


VE 


cf the goddefs. [Fid. Veftales.] If the fire 
of Vefta was ever extingukhed, it was fup- 
poled to threaten the republic with fome 
fudden calamity. The virgin by whole 
negligence it had been extinguifhed was 
feverely puniihed, and it was kindled again 
by the rays of the fun. The temple of Vella 
was of a round form, and the goddefs was 
represented in a long flowing robe, with a 
veil on her head, holding in one hand a lamp, 
or a two-eared veflel, and in the other a jave¬ 
lin, or lbmetimes a Palladium. On l'ome 
medal*' 'he appears holding a drum in one 
hand, and a lmall figure of victory in the 
Oth- . Heftod. Thcog. v. 454.— Cic. de Leg. 
5 , c. 12.— Apollod. 1, c. 1.— Virg. JEtv. 2, 
V. 2yo— Diod. 5. — Ovid. Fuji. 6, Trijl. 3.— 
Vdl. Mux. I, c. I.— Pint, in Mum. — Pauf. 

5 > c - M- 

Ves tales, priefteffe, among the Romans, 
conlecrated to the fervtce of Vella, as their 
name indicates. This office was very ancient, 
as the mother of Romulus was one of the 
vellals. ./Eneas is fuppofed to have firft 
cholen the vellals. Numa firft appointed four, 
to which number Tarquin added two. They 
were always cholen by the monarchs, but 
after the expulfion of the Tarquins, the high 
prietl was entrufted with the care of them. 
As they were to be virgins, they were cholen 
young, from the age of fix to ten; and if 
there was not a fufficient number that prelent 
ed themtelves as candidates for the office, 
twenty virgins were Selected, and they upon 
whom the lot fell were obliged to become 
ptieftefles. Plebeians as well as patricians 
were permitted to propofe tfiemfelves, but 
it was required that they fhould be born of a 
good family, and be without blemilh or 
deformity, in every part of their body. For 
thirty year- they were to remain in the greateft 
continence ; the ten firft years were fpent in 
learning the duties of the order; tne ten fol¬ 
lowing were employed in discharging them 
with fidelity and fandlity, and the ten laft in 
inftrutting fuch as had entered the noviciate. 
When the thirty years were eiapfed, they 
were permitted to marry, or if they Hill pre¬ 
ferred celibacy, they waited upon the reft of 
the veftals. As foon as a veltal was initiated, 
her bead was lhaved, to intimate the liberty 
ofherperfon, as Ihe was then free from the 
(hackles of parental authority, and (he was 
permitted to difpofe of her poffeffions as (he 
pleafed. The employment of the veftals was 
to take care that the facred fire of Vella was 
not extinguifhed, for if it ever happened, it 
was deemed the prognoftic of great calamities 
to the Hate; the offender was puniihed for 
her negligence, and feverely Scourged by the 
high pried. In luch a cale all was conifer- 
nation at Rome, and the fire was again kindled 
by glaffes with the rays of the fun. An- 
' other equally particular charge of the veftals 
was to keep a facred pledge, on which de¬ 


pended the very exiftence of Rome, which 
according to fome, was the palladium of 
Troy, or fome of the myfteries of the gods 
of Samothrace. The privileges of the veftals 
were great, they had the moft honorable 
feats at public games and feftivals, a li&or 
with the fafces always preceded them when 
they walked in public, they were carried 
in chariots when they pleafed, and they had 
the power of pardoning criminals when led to 
execution, if they declared that their meeting 
was accidental. Their declarations in trials 
were received without the formality of an 
oath, they were cholen as arbiters in canfes 
of moment, and in the execution of wills, 
and fo great was the deference paid them by 
the magillrates, as well as by the people, that 
the confuls themfelves made way fdr them, 
and bowed their fafces when they palled 
before them. To infult them was a capital 
crime, and whoever attempted to violate 
their chaftity, was beaten to death with 
fcourges. If any of them died while in office, 
their body was buried within the walls of the 
city, an honor granted to few. Such of the 
veftals as proved incontinent were puniihed 
in the moft rigorous manner. Nunw ordered 
them to be Honed, but Tarquin the elder 
dug-a large hole under the earth, where a bed 
was placed with a little bread, wine, water, 
and oil, and a lighted lamp, and the guilty 
veltal was ftripped of the habit of her order, 
and compelled to defcend into the fubterra- 
neous cavity, which was immediately (hut, 
and fhe was left to die through hunger. Few 
of the veftals were guilty of incontinence, 
and for the fpace of one thoufand years, 
during which the order continued eftablilhed 
from the reign of Numa, only 18 were pu- 
niftied for tbe violation of their vow. 1 he 
veftals were abolifhed by Theodofius the 
Great, and the fire of Vefta extinguiflied. 
The drefs of the veftals was peculiar; they 
wore a white veil with purple borders, a 
white linen Surplice called linteum fupcrnum y 
above which was a great purple mantle which 
flowed to the ground, and which was tucked 
up when they offered facrifices. They had 
a clofe covering on their head, called infula y 
from which hung ribbonds, or •vitta. Their 
manner of living was fumptuous, as they 
were maintained at the public expence, and 
though originally Satisfied with the Ample 
diet of the Romans, their tables foon after 
displayed the luxuries and the fuperftuities of 
the great and opulent. Li<v. 2, &c.— Pint, in 
Num • &c.— Val. Max. I, c. I. — Cic. de 
Nat. D. 3, C. 30.— Plot. I.— Prcpert. 4, el. 
II.— Tacit. 4, C. IO. 

VestAlia, feftivals in honor of Vefta, 
obferved at Rome on the 9th of June. 
Banquets were then prepared before the 
houles, and meat was fent to the veftals 
to be offered to the gods, millftones were 
decked with garlands, and the affes that 

turned 



(turned them were led round the city co¬ 
vered with garlands. The ladies walked in 
the proceflion bare-footed to the temple 
of the goddefs, and an altar was erected to 
Jupiter furnamed Piftor. Ovid. Faf. 6, v. 
3 °S' 

Vestalium Mater, a title given by 
the fenate to Livia the mother of Tiberius, 
with the permiffion to fit among the veftal vir¬ 
gins at plays. Tacit. 4, An. c, 16. 

„ Vestia Opeia, a common proftitute of 
Capua, 

Vesticius Spurina, an officer fent 
by Otho to the borders of the Po, See . 
Tacit. 

Vestiljus Sextus, a pretorian diferaced 
by Tiberius, becaufe he was efteemed by 
Drufus. He killed himfelf. Tacit. An. 4-, 

c. 16. 

Vestilla, a matron of a patrician fa¬ 
mily, who declared publicly before the ma- 
giftrates that {he was a common proftitute. 
She was banifhed to tire ifland of Seriphos fol¬ 
der immodefty. 

Vestjn^, a people of Italy near the Sa¬ 
bines, famous for the making of cheefe. FI in. 
3, c. S -— Martial. 13, ep. 31.— StraL 5. 

L. Vestinus, a Roman knight appointed 
by Vefpafian to repair the capitol, &c. Ta¬ 
cit. H. 4, c. 53 — Lev. 8, c. 29.-A coni'ul 

put to death by Nero in the time of Pilb’s 
confpiracy. 

Vesvxus. \Vid. Vefuvius.] 

Ve.sulus, now Vifo, a large mountain of 
Liguria, near the Alps, where the Po takes 
its rife. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 708-— Plin. 3, c. 

* 9 - 

Vesuvius, a mountain of Campania, 
about fix miles at the call of Naples, celebrated 
for its volcano, and now called Mount Soma. 
The ancients, particularly the writers of 
the Atiguftan age, fpoke of Vefuvius as a 
place covered yvith orchards and vineyards, 
of which the middle was dry and barren. The 
firft eruption of this volcano wns in the 79th 
year of the Chriitian era under Titus. 
It was accompanied bv an earthquake, which 
overturned feveral cities of Campania, par¬ 
ticularly Pompeii and Herculaneum, and 
the burning allies which it threw up, 
were carried not only over the neighbour¬ 
ing country, but as far as the fhores «sf 
Egypt, Libya, and Syria. This eruption 
proved fatal to Pliny the naturalifl. From 
that time the eruptions have been frequent, 
and there now exifts an account of twenvy- 
nine of thefe, Vefuvius continually throws 
up a fmoke, and foraetimes aihes and flames. 
The perpendicular height of this mountain is 
37So feet. Dio. Cajf. 46.— Varro.dc R. I, 
c. (o.—Liv. 23, c. 39. — Strab. 5— Tacit. 
Hijl. I, C. 2— Mela, 2, C 4. — Plin. 6, ep. 16. 
—llal. 12. V. I 52 , &C— Virg. G. 2 , V. 224 . 
—Mart. 4, ep. 43 & 44. 

Vetera castra, a Reman encampment 


in Germany, which became a town, now San- 
ten , near Cleves. Tacit. H. 4, c. x 8 . An. 
I, c. 45. 

Vettius Sp. a Roman fenator who was 
made interrex at the death of Romulus, till 
the election of another king. He nominated 
Numa and refigned his office. Flat, in Num. 

-A man who accufed Czefar of being 

concerned in Catiline’s confpiracy.-Catp, 

one of the officers of the allies in the Marfian' 
war. He defeated the Romans, and was at 

laft betrayed and murdered.'-A Roman 

knight who became enamoured of a young 
female at Capua, and railed a tunpult a- 
mongft the flayes who proclaimed him 
king. He was betrayed by one of his adhe¬ 
rents, upon which he laid violent hands upon 
himfelf. 

Vet ton a, a town of Umbria. Plin.] 3, 
c. 14. 

Vettones, Vetones, or Vedioncs, an 
ancient nation of Spain. Sil. 3, v. 378.-— 
Plin, 2 S, c. 8. 

VetulqniA> one of the chief cities of 
Etruria, whole hot waters were famous. 
The Romans were laid to derive the badges 
of their magilterial offices from thence. 
Plin. 2, c. 103. 1 . 3, c. 3.— Ital. 8, v. 
484. 

Vetu^ja, one of the Roman tribes, di¬ 
vided into the two branches of the Junii 
and Senii. It received its name from tire 
Veturian family, which was originally called 

Vetnftan. Liv. 36.-’I'he mother of Co- 

riolanus. She was 1'olicited by all the Roman 
matrons to go to her l'on with her daughter- 
in-law, and entreat him not to make war 
againlt his country. She went and prevailed 
over Coriolanus, and for her fervices to the 
date, the Roman fenate offered to reward her 
as lhe pleated. She only afked to raile a 
temple to the goddeli of female fortune, which 
was done on the very fpot where fhe had 
pacified her fpn. Liv. 2, c. 40.— DionyJ. 
Hal. 7, &e. 

Veturius, a Roman artift, who .made 

(fields for Numa. \Vid. MatpuriusJ-r- 

Cains, a Roman conlul, acculed before the 
people, and fined becaufe he had ailed with 

I imprudence while in office.-A Roman who 

conlpired againlt Galba. Tacit. Hijl. I, 
c. 25.-A conful appointed one of the de¬ 

cemvirs.——Another conful defeated by the 
Samnites, and obliged to pals under the yoke 

with great ignominy.-A tribune of the 

people, &c. 

L. Vet us, a Roman who propofed to 
open a communication between the Medi¬ 
terranean and the Geiman ocean, by means 
of a canal. He was put to death by order 

of Nero-A man accufed of adultery, 

&c, 

Upen 3, a river of Italy near Tarracina. 

Virg. JEn. 7, v. 892.-Another river of 

Picenum. Liv. 5, c. 35.-A prince who 

•flitted 
















V! 


VI 


•{filled Turnus againft iEneas. The Trojan 
monarch made a vow to l'acrifice his four Ions 
to appeafe the manes of his friend Pallas, in 
the fame manner as Achilles is reprefented 
killing fome Trojan youths on the tomb of 
Patroclus. Vtrg. Mn. 7, v. 745. 1 . 10, v. 
518. He was afterwards killed by Gyas. Id. 

12, v. 460. 

UfentIna, a Roman tribe firft created 
A. U. C. 435, with the tribe Palerina, in con- 
fcquence of the great increale of population at 
Rome. Liv. 9, c. 20.— Fcjlus. 

Via iEmylia, a celebrated road, made by 
the conful M. JEmylius Lepidus, A. U. C. 
567. It led with the Flaminian road to Aqui- 
leca. There was all'o another of tile fame 
name in Etruria, which led from Pilae to Der- 

tona.-Appia, was made by the cenfor Ap- 

pius, and led from Rome to Capua, and from 
Capua to Brundufium, at the diftance of 350 
miles, which the Romans call a live days’ 
journey. It pafied fucceffively through the 
towns and ftages of Aricia, Forum Appii, 
Tarracina, Fundi, Minturnse, SinuelFa, Capua, 
Caudium, Beneventum, Equotuticum, Her- 
donia, Canulium, Barium, Egnatia, to Brun¬ 
dufium. It was called by way of eminence 
regina v'tarum , made lo ftrong, and the Hones 
fo well cemented together, that it remained 
entire for many hundred years. Some parts 
of it are Hill to be feen in the neighbourhood 
of Naples. Appius carried it only 130 miles 
as far as Capua, A. U.C. 44a, and it was 
finifhed as far as Brundufium by Auguftus, 

■ - There was alio another road called Mi- 

nucia or Numicia, which led to Brundufium, 

but by what places is now uncertain.- 

Flaminia was made by the cenfor Flaininius, 
A. G. C. 533. It led from the Campus 
Martius to the modern town of Rimini, on 
the Adriatic, through the country of the Oici 
and Etrurians, at the diftance of about 360 

miles.-Lata, one of the ancient ftreets of 

Rome.-Valeria led from Rome to the 

country of the Marfi, through the territories ; 
of the Sabines. There were befides many 
ftreets and roads of inferior note, fuch as the 
Aurelia, Caffia, Campania, Ardetina, Labi- 
cana, Domitiana, Oftienfis, Fraeneftina, &c. 
•11 of which were made and conftantly kept 
in repair at the public expence. 

Viadros, the claflical name of the Oder, 
which rifes in Moravia, and falls by three 
mouths into the Baltic. Ptol. 

Vibidia, one of the veftal virgins in the 
favor of Melfalina, &c. Tacit: Ann. xi, 
e. 32. 

ViBiDitrs, a friend of Maecenas. Horat. 2, 
Sat. 8, V. 22 . 

Vibios, a Roman who refnfed to pay 
any attention to Cicero when banilhed, 
though he had received from him the moft 

unbounded favors.-Siculus. \Vid. Sift.] 

~ ■ A proconful of Spain, banilhed for ill 

ctodu&i——A Roxqan knight accufed of ex¬ 


tortion in Africa, and banilhed.—-—A man 

who poifoned himfelf at Capua.-Sequelter, 

a Latin writer, whole treadle de Fluminibus , 
&c. is bell edited by Oberlin. 8vo. Ardent. 

1778. 

Vino, a town of Lucania, anciently called 
Hippotiium and Hippo. Cic. ad Att. 3, c. 3. 

— Plin. 3, i . 5.-A town of Spain-of 

the Brutii. 

Vibulenus Agrippa, a Roman knight 
accul'ed of treafon. He attempted to poiton 
himfelf, and was ftrangled in prifon, though 

almoft dead. Tacit. 6, Ann. c. 40.-A 

mutinous foldier in the army of Germanicus, 

& c. 

Vibullius Rufus, a friend of Pompey, 
taken by Ca?far, See. Plul. — Cic. in ep .—— 
A pretor in Nero’s reign. 

Vic a Pot a, a goddefs at Rome, who 
prefided over vi&ory (a vincere and petiri). 
Liv. 2, c. 7. 

Vicellius, a friend of Galba, who 
brought him news of Nero’s death. 

Vioentia, or Vicetia, a town of Cifal- 
pine Gaul, at the north-weft of the Adriatic. 
Tacit. FUJI. 3. 

Victor Sext. Aurelius, a writer in 
the age of Conftantius. He gave the world 
a concife hiftory of the Roman emperors, 
from the age of Auguftus to his own time, 
or A. D. 360. He alfo wrote an abridg¬ 
ment of the Roman hiftory, before the age 
of Julius Cadar, which is now extant, and 
alcribed by different authors to C. Nepos, 
to Tacitus, Suetonius, Pliny, Stc. Viblor 
was greatly efteemed by the emperors, and 
honored with the confullhip. The heft edi¬ 
tions of Vidor are that of Pitifcus, 8v@. Utr„ 
1696; and that of Artnzenius, 4to. Amft. 
1733- 

Victoria, one of the deities of the Ro¬ 
mans, called by the Greeks Nice, fuppofed 
to be the daughter of the giant Pallas, or of 
Titan and Styx. The goddefs of vi&ory 
was filler to Strength and Valor, and was on© 
of the attendants of J upiter. She was greatly 
honored by the Greeks, particularly at 
Athens. Sylla ratted her a temple at Rome", 
and inftituted-feftivals in her honor. She was 
reprefented with wings, crowned with laurel, 
and holding the branch of a palm-tree in 
her hind. A golden ftatue of this goddefs, 
weighing 320 pounds, was prelented to th* 
Romans by Hiero king of Syracufe, and 
! depofired in the temple of Jupiter, on the 
Capitoline hill. Liv. 22.— Varro dc L. 
—Hejioi. Tbeog. — Hygin. pr^f fab. — Suct. 

Victoria moks, a place of Spain at the 
mouth of the Iberus. Liv. 24, c. 41. 

Victorius, a man of Aquitain, who, 
A. D. 463, invented the pafchal cycle of 532 
years. 

VictorIna, a celebrated matron wh# 
placed herfelf at the head of the Roman 
armies, and made war againft the emperor 

Gailiecus. 








VI 


VI 


Gallienus. Her fon Victorious, and her 
grandfon of the fame name, were declared 
emperors, but when they were affaffinated, 
ViCtorina invefted with the imperial purjle 
one of her favorites called Tetricus. She 
was fome time after poifoned, A. D. 269, 
and according to fome by Tetricus him- 
felf. 

VictorInus, a Chriftian writer, who 
compoled a worthlefs epic poem on the death 
of the feven children mentioned in the Mac¬ 
cabees, and diltinguifhed himlelf more by the 
active part he took in his writings againft the 
Arians. 

Victumvije, a fmall town of Infubria 
near Placentia. Liv. 21, c. 45. 

Vicus Longus, a ftreet at Rome, where an 
altar was railed to the goddefs Pudicitia, or the 

modelty of the plebeians, Liv. 10, c. 23.- 

Cyprius, a place on the Efquiline hill, where 
the Sabines dwelt. 

Viducasses, a people of Normandy. 
Flirt. 4, c. 18. 

Vienna, a town of Gallia Narbonenfis on 
the Rhone, below Lyons. Strait. 1.— Caf. 
£dl. G. 7, c. 9. 

Villia Lex, annalis or annaria , by L. 
Villius, the tribune, A. U. C. 574, defined the 
proper age required for exerciling the office of 
a magiftrate, 25 years for the quaeltorfbip, 27 
or. 28 for the edilelhip or tribuneffiip, for the' 
office of pretor 30, and for that of conful 43. 
Liv. 11, c. 44. 

Villius, a tribune of the people, author 
of the Villian law, and thence called Annalis , 
a furname borne by his family. Liv. II, c. 

44.-Publius, a Roman ambaffador fent to 

Antiochus. He held a conference with Anni*- 

bal, who was at the monarch’s court.-A 

man who difgraced himlelf by his criminal 
amours with the daughter of Sylla. Horat. 1, 
Sat. 2, v. 64. 

Vi minalis, one of the feven hills on which 
Rome was built, fo called from the number 
of oziers ( vimines ) which grew there. Serv'ms 
Tullius firft made it part of the city. Jupiter 
had a temple there, whence he was called 
Viminalis. Liv. I, c. 44.— Varro L. L. 4, 
«. 8 . 

ViNALiA, feftivals at Rome in honor of 
Jupiter of Venus. 

ViNCENTius,,one of the Chriftian fathers, 
A. D. 434, whofe works are bell edited by 
Baluzius, Paris 1669. 

Vincius, a Roman knight, condemned 

under Nero. Taut. An. 14, c. 40.-An 

officer in Germany. 

V indalius, a writer in the reign of 
Conftantius, who wrote ten books on agricul¬ 
ture. 

Vindelici, an ancient people of Ger¬ 
many. between the heads of the Rhine and 
the Danube. Their country, which was called 
Vindelida , forms now pait of Swabia and 
Bavaria, .and their chief town Augujla Vin- 


dellconmty is now Aufburg. Horat. 4, Od. 4, 
v 18. 

Vindemiator, a conftellation that rofe 
about the nones of March. Ovid. Fajl. 3, 
v. 407.— Plin. 18, c. 13. 

V index Julius, a governor of Gaul, who 
revolted againft Nero, and determined to de¬ 
liver the Roman empire from his tyranny. 
He was followed by a numerous army, but 
at laft defeated by one of the emperor’s ge¬ 
nerals. When he perceived that all was loll, 
he laid violent hands upon himfelf, 68 A. D. 
Sueton. in Galb.—~Tacit. Hijl. I, C. JI.— Plin. 

9 > e P- x 9 * - 

Vindicius, a flave who difcovered the con¬ 
spiracy which fome of the moft noble of the 
Roman citizens had formed to reftore Tar- 
quin to his throne. He was amply rewarded, 
and made a citizen of Rome. Liv. 2, c. 5.—■ 
Flat, in Fopl. 

V1 ndili, a nation of Germany. Plin. 4, 
c. 14. 

Vindonissa, now Wendijb , a town of the 
Helvetii on the Aar, in the territory of Berne. 
Tacit. 4, Hijl. 61 & 70. 

Vinicius, a Roman conful poifoned by 

Meflalina,&c.-A man who confpired againft 

Nero, &c. 

V inidius, a mifer mentioned by Horace* 

1 Sat. i, v. 95. Some manufcripts read Nu- 
rnidius and Umidius. 

T. Vinius, a commander in the pretb- 
rian guards, intimate with Galba, of whom 
he became the firft minilter. He was honor¬ 
ed with the confulfhip, and fome time after 
murdered. Tacit. H. 1, c. XI, 42 & 

48.— Flat. -A man who revolted from 

' Nero. 

ViNNius, Afella, a fervant of Horace, to 
whom cp. 13, is addrelfed as injunctions how 
to deliver to Auguftus fome poems from his 
m after. 

Vipsania, a daughter of M. Agrippa, 
mother of Drufus. She was the only one 
of Agrippa’s daughters who died a natural death. 
She was married to Tiberius when a private ' 
man, and when fhe had been repudiated, Ihe 
married Afinius Gallus. Tacit. A. 1, c. xz. L 
3, c. 19. 

Virbius, (qui inter viros bis fuit) a 
name given to Hippolytus, after he had 
been brought back to life by iEfculapius, at 
the inftance of Diana, who pitied his unfor¬ 
tunate end. Virgil makes him fon of Hip¬ 
polytus. JEn. 7,v. 762.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 
J"44.— Hygin.fab. 25X* 

Publ. Virgilius Maro, called the 
prince of the Latin poets , was born at Andes, 
a village near Mantua, about 70 years before 
Chrift,- on the 15th of October. His firft 
years were fpent at Cremona, where his 
tafte was formed, and his rifing talents firft 
exereifed. The distribution of the lands of 
Cremona to the foldiers of Auguftus, aftelr 
the battle of Philippi, nearly proved fatal to 








%he poet, and when he attempted to dilpute I 
the pouemon of his fields with a foldier, Vir- j 
gil was obliged to fave his life from the re- 
feqtment of the lawlefs veteran, by fwim- | 
ming acrofs a river. This was the beginnipg j 
of his gr earn els, he with his father repaired | 
to Rome, where he foon formed an acquaint¬ 
ance with Mecaenas, and recommended him- 
felf to the favors of Auguftus. The empe¬ 
ror reftored his lands to the poet, whole 
modeft mule knew fo well how to pav 
the tribute of gratitude, and his firlt bucolic 
was written to thank the patron, as well as 
to tell the world that his favors were not un¬ 
worthily bellowed. The ten bucolics were I 
written in about three years. The poet (hew¬ 
ed his country men that he could write with 
graceful fimplicity, with elegance, delicacy of 
fentiments, and with purity oi language. Some 
time after, Virgil undertook the Georgies, a 
poem the mod perfect and finilhed of all 
l.atin compofitions. The JEneid was begun, 
as fome fuppofe, at the particular requelt of 
Auguftus, and the poet, while he attempted 
to prove that the Julian family was lineally 
defeended from the founder of Lavinium, 
vifibly deferibed in the pious and benevolent 
character of his hero, the amiable qualities 
of his imperial patron. The great merit of 
this poem is well known, and it will ever re¬ 
main undecided, which of the two poets, either 
Homer or Virgil, is more entitled to our 
praife, our applaufe, and our admiration. 
The writer of the Iliad ftood as a pattern to 
the favorite of Auguftus. The voyage of 
./Eneas is copied from the Odyfley,. and for 
his battles, Virgil found a model in the wars 
of Troy, and the animated delcriptions of 
the Iliad. The poet died before he had re- 
vifed this immortal work, which had already en¬ 
gaged his time for eleven fucceffive years. He 
had attempted to attend his patron in the eaft, 
but he was detained at Naples on account of 
his ill health. He, however, went to Athens, 
where he met Auguftus in his return, hut 
he loon after fell fick at Megara, and though 
indifpofed, he ordered himfelf to be removed 
to Italy. He landed at Brundulium, where 
a few days after he expired, the 22d of Sep¬ 
tember, on the 51ft year of his age, B. C. 19. 
He left the greateft part of his immenle pof- 
fefiions to his friends, particularly to Mecaenas, 
Tucca, and Auguftus, and he ordered, as his 
laft will, his unfiniftied poem to be burnt. 
Thefe laft injun&ions were difobeyed; and 
according to the words of an ancient poet, 
Auguftus faved his favorite Troy from a fe- 
cond and more difmal conflagration. The 
poem was delivered by the emperor to three 
of his literary friends. They were ordered 
to revife and to expunge whatever they deemed 
improper; but they were ftri&Iy enjoined not 
to make any additions, and hence, as lpme 
fuppofe, the caufes that fo many lines of the 
iEncid are unfiniftied, particularly in the laft 


hooks. The body of the poet, according 'to* 
his own directions, was conveyed to Naples, 
and interred with much folemnity in a monu¬ 
ment, ereCted on the road that leads from Na¬ 
ples to Puteoli. The following modeft dif- 
tich was engraved on the tomb, written by 
the poet fome few moments before he ex¬ 
pired : . . 

Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; tenet 
nunc 

Parthenope: cecini pafcua, rura , duces . 

The Romans were not infenfible of the 
merit of their poet. Virgil received much 
applaufe in the capital, and when he entered 
the theatre, he was aftonilhed and delighted 
to fee the crow dechaudience rife up to him as 
an emperor, and welcome his approach by re¬ 
iterated plaudits. He was naturally modeft, 
and of a timorous difpofition. When people* 
crowded to gaze upon him, or pointed at him 
with the finger with raptures, the poet blulh- 
ed, and ftole away from them, and often hid 
himfelf in (hops to be removed from the cu- 
riofity and the admiration of the public. The 
moft liberal and gratifying marks of appro-’ 
bation he received were from the emperor and 
from O tt a via. He attempted in his JEneid 
to paint the virtues, and to lament the pre¬ 
mature death of the fon of OCfavia, and he 
was defiled by the emperor to repeat the lines 
in the prefence of the afflicted mother. He 
had no fooner begun 0 nate , &c. than OClavia 
burft into tears; he-continued, but he had 
artfully fupprefted the name of her fon, and 
when he repeated in the 16th line the well 
known words, Tu Marcellas eris, the princels 
l'vvooned away, and the poet withdrew, but 
not without being liberally rewarded. OCta- 
via prefented him ten fefterces for every one 
of his verles in praife of her fon, the who'e 
of vvl)ich was equivalent to 2000I. Englilh mo¬ 
ney. As an inftance of his medeftv, the fol¬ 
lowing civcumftance has been recorded. Vir¬ 
gil wrote this diftich, in which he compared 
his patron to Jupiter, 

Nolle pluit totd , redeurit fpeel acuta mane , 
Divifum imperiitm cum fove Ceefar balet, 

and placed it in the night on the gates of the 
palace of Auguftus. Inquiries were made for 
the author by order of Auguftus, and when 
Virgil had the diffidence not to declare himfelf, 
Bathyllus, a contemptible poet of the age, 
claimed the verl es as his own, and was liberally 
rewarded. This diipleafed Virgil; he again 
wrote the verfes near the palace, and under 
them .. , t 

Hos ego vcrficulos feci , tulil alter honerres ; 
with the beginning of another line in thef^ 
words. 

Sic vos non vobif , 

four times repeated. Auguftus wilhed the 
lines to be finilhed,- Bathyllus feemed unable, 

and 






and Virgil, at laft, by completing the ftanza m 
the following order— 

Sic vos non vobis nidijlcatis aves ; 

Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis eves ; 

Sic vos non vobis mcllifcatis apes ; 

Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves ; 

proved himfelf to be the author' of the dif- 
tich, and the poetical ufurper became the 
fport and ridicule of Rome. In the works of 
Virgil we can find a more perfect and fatis- 
fa&ory account of the religious ceremo¬ 
nies and cuftoms of the Romans, than in 
all the other Latin poets, Ovid excepted. 
Every thing he mentions is founded upon his¬ 
torical truth, and though he borrowed much 
from his predecelTors, and even whole lines 
from Ennius, yet he has had the happineCs to 
make it all his own. He was uncommonly 
fevere in reviling his own poetry, and lie ufed 
often to compare himlelf to a bear that licks 
her cubs into lhape. In his connedlions, 
Virgil was remarkable, his friends enjoyed 
his unbounded confidence, and his library 
and pofieflions feemed to be the property of 
the public. Like other great men he was not 
without his enemies and detraitors in his life¬ 
time, but from their afpei lions he received ad¬ 
ditional lultre. Among the very numerous 
and excellent editions of Virgil, thefe few 
may be collected as the belt; that of Maf- 
vicius, 2 vols. 4to. Leovardiaz, 1717 ; of 
Balkerv-ille, 4to. Birmingham, 1757; of the 
Variorum, in 8vo. L. Bat. 1661 ; of Heyne, 
4 vols. 8vo* Lipf. 1767; of Edinburgh, 2 
vols. tamo. 1755; and of Glafgow, 121110. 
1758. Pat ere. 2, C. 36— Horat. I. Sat. 5, 
V. 40.— Prefer (■ 2 - el. 34, v. 61. — Ovid. Trifi. 
4, el. IO, v. 51. — Mart. 8, ef. 56. — Juv. 
II. v. 178.— Quintil. IO, C. I.— Plin. 3, ep. 

21.-Cains, a pretor of Sicily, who, when 

Cicero was banilhed, refuted to receive ihe / 
exiled orator, though his friend, for fear 
of the refentment of Clodius. Cic. ad Q. 
Fratr. 

Virginia, a daughter of the centurion 
L. Virginius. Appius Claudius the decem¬ 
vir became enamoured of her, and attempted 
to remove her from the place where flie re- 
lided. She was claimed by one of his fa¬ 
vorites as the daughter of a (lave, and Ap¬ 
pius, in the capacity and with the authority of 
judge, had pronounced the fentence, and 
delivered her into the hands of his friend, 
when Virgipitis, informed of his violent pro¬ 
ceedings, arrived from the camp. The father 
demanded to fee his daughter, and when this 
requeft was granted, he l'natched a knife and 
plunged it into Virginia’s breall, exclaiming, 
T bis is all , my dcaref. daughter , I can give thee , 
to preftrve thy ibajlity from the lujl and 
violence of a tyrant. No fooner was the blow 
given, than Virginius ran to the camp with the 
bloody knife in his hand. The foldiers were 
aftonilhed and inseufed, not agaiuft_ the mur¬ 


derer, but the tyrant that was the caufe^ 
Virginia’s death, and they immediately marched 
to Rome. Appius was feized, but he de- 
ftroyed himfelf in prifon, and prevented the 
execution of the law. Spurius Oppius, another 
of the decemvirs who had not oppofed the 
tyrant’s views, killed himfelf alfo, and MarcuJ 
Claudius, the favorite of Appius, was put to 
death, and the decemviral power abolilhed, 
about 449 years before Chrift. Liv. 3, c. 44, 
&c.— juv. 10, v. 294. 

Virginius, the father of Virginia, made 

tribune of the people. [ Vid. Virginia.]-A 

tribune of the people who accufed Q. Caefo 
the fon of Cincinnati. He increafed the 
number of the tribunes to ten, and diftin- 
guifhed himfelf by his feditions againft the 

patricians.-Another tribune in the age 

of Camillus, fined for his oppofition to a law 

which propofed going to Veii-An augur 

who died of the plague.——Caius, a praetor 
of Sicily, who oppoled the entrance of Cicero 
into his province, though under many obliga¬ 
tions to the orator. Some read Virgilius.-- 

A tribune who encouraged Cinna to criminate 

Sylla.-One of the generals of Nero in 

Germany. He made war againft Vindex 
and conquered him. He was treated with 
great coldnefs by Galba, vvhofe intereft he had 
fupported with lb much luccels. / He refufed 
all dangerous ftations, and though twice offered 
the imperial purple, he reje£led it with dif- 
' dain. Pint. -A Roman orator and rhe¬ 

torician. 

Viriathus, a mean lhapherd of Lufitania, 
who. gradually role to power, and by hrft 
heading a gang of robbers, law himlelf at Lift 
; followed by a numerous army. He made 
war againft the Romans with uncommon l'uc- 
cefs, and for 14 years enjoyed the envied 
title of protestor of public liberty in the pro¬ 
vinces of Spain. Many generals were de¬ 
feated, and Pompey himfelf was afhamed to 
find himfelf beaten. Ca:pio was at laft fent 
againft him. But his delpair of conquering 
him by force" of arms, obliged him to have 
recourfe to artifice, and he had the meanneis 
to bribe the fervants of Viriathus to murder 
their mafter, B. C. 40. Flor. 2 , c. 17.— Pal. 
Max. 6, c. 4.— Liv. 52 & 54. 

Viridomarus, a young man of great 
power among the iEdui. Cazfar greatly ho¬ 
nored him, but he fought at laft againft the 
Romans. Caf. Bell. G. 7, c. 39, &c. 

Viriplaca, a goddels among the Romans 
who prefided over the peace of families, 
whence her name [yirum placare\ If any 
quarrel happened between a man and his wife, 
they generally repaired to the temple of the 
goddefs, which was ere&ed on the Palatine 
mount; and came back reconciled. Pal. 
Max. 2, c. 1. 

Virro, a fi&itious name introduced in 
Juvenal’s 5 Sat. 

Virtus, all virtues were nude deities 

among 





amofcg the Romans. Marcellus eredled two 
temples, one to Virtue, and the other to Ho¬ 
nor. They were built in fuch a manner, that 
to fee the temple of Honor it was neceffary 
to pafs through that of Virtue; a happy alle¬ 
gory among a nation free and independent. 
The principal virtues were diftinguifhed, each 
by their attire. Prudence was known by 
her rule, and her pointing to a globe at her 
feet; Temperance had a bridle; Juftice had 
an equal balance; and Fortitude leant againft 
her Iword; Honefty was clad in a tranl'parent 
veil; Modefty appeared veiled; Clemency 
Wore an olive branch, and Devotion threw 
incenfe upon an altar; Tranquillity was leen 
to lean on a column ; Health was known by- 
her ferpent, Liberty by her cap, and Gaiety 
by her myrtle. Cic. de N. D. a, c. 23.— 
Plant « in impb. firol. — Liv. 29, c. II.— Val. 
Max. I, c. I. — -Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 20. 

Vi sarois, a river of Germany now called 
the IVefer , and falling into the German ocean 
Varus and his legions were cut to pieces there 
by the Germans. Veil. 2, c.105.— Tacit. An. 
I, c. 70.I. 2, c.9. 

Vi 3 Cellje, now IVeltz, a town of No- 
ricum, between the Ens and Mure. Cic. 

Am. II. 

Viselli a lex, was made by Vifellius 
Varro, the conful, A. U. C. 776, to reftrain 
the introdu£tion of improper perlons into the 
offices of the Hate 

L. Vise 1. Lius Varro, a lieutenant in 
Germany under Tiberius. Tacit. An. 3, c. 
41.1. 4, c. 17. 

Vis el lu s, a man vvhofe father-iri-law 
the commentators of Horace believe to have 
been afflidted with a hernia, .on their obfer- 
vitions on this verfe, (1, Sat. 1, v. 105,) EJl 
inter Tanaim quiddam.focerumaue Vifelli. 

Vistula, a river falling into the Bal¬ 
tic, the eaflern boundary of ancient Ger¬ 
many. 

Vitelita, a Roman colony on the bor¬ 
ders of the a*Fqui. Liv. 5, c. 29. 

VrrEi.r.'fbs Aulus, a Roman raifed by 
his vices to the throne. He was defeended 
from one of the molt illullrious families of 
Rome, and as fuch he gained an ealy admif- 
fion to the palace of the emperors. The 
greatell part of his youth was fpent at Ca- 
prete, where his willingnefs and compliance 
to gratify the moft vicious propenfities of 
Tiberius, raifed his father to the dignity of 
conful and governor of Syria. The applaufe 
he gained in this fchool of debauchery, was 
too great and flattering to induce Vitellius to 
alter his conduit, and no longer to be one of 
the votaries of vice. Caligula was pleafed 
with his lkill in driving a chariot. Claudius 
loved him becaufe he was a great gameiter, 
and he recommended himfelf to the favors of 
Nero by wifhing him to fing publicly in the 
crouded theatre. With fuch an infinuating 
dilpolitiep, it is not to be wondered that Vi- 


tellius became fo great. He did not f»U' 
with )iis patrons, like the other favorites, 
but the death of an emperor teemed to raife 
him to greater honors, and to procure him 
frefh applaufe. te palled through all the 
offices of the Hate, and gained the foldiery 
by donations and liberal promiles. He was 
at the head of the Roman legions in Ger» 
many when Otho was proclaimed emperor; 
and the exaltation of his rival was no fooner 
heard in the camp, than he was likewise in¬ 
verted with the purple by his loldiers. He 
accepted with pleafure the dangerous office, 
and inrtantly marched againft Othn. Three 
battles were fought, and in all Vitellius was 
conquered. A fourth however, in the plains 
between Mantua and Cremona, left him 
mailer of the field and of the Roman empire. 
He feafted his eyes in viewing the bodies ot 
the (lain and the ground covered with blood* 
and regardiefs of the infalubrity of the air, 
proceeding from fo many carcafes, he told 
his attendants that the fmell of a dead enemy 
was always tweet. His firft care was not 
like that of a true conqueror, to alleviate the 
dillrefles of the conquered, or patronize the 
friends of the dead, but it was. to infult. their 
misfortunes, and to intoxicate himlelf with" * 
the companions of his debauchery in the field 
of battle. Each fuccellive day exhibited a 
feene of greater extravagance. Vitellius 
feafted four or five times a day, and fuch 
was his excels, that he often made himfelf 
vomit to begin his repalt afrelh, and to gratify 
his palate with more luxury. His food was 
of the moft rare and exquifite nature, the 
delerts of Libya, the (bores of Spain, and 
the waters of the Carpathian lea, were dili¬ 
gently learched to fupply the table of the 
emperor. The moft celebrated of his feaft# 
was that with which he was treated by his 
brother Lucius. The table, among other 
meats, was covered with two thoufand dif¬ 
ferent dirties of filh, and feven thoufand qf 
fowls, and fo expenlive was he in every 
thing, that above feven millions fterling 
were fpent in maintaining his table in the 
fpace of four months, and Jofepbus has pro¬ 
perly obferved, that if Vitellius had reigned 
long, the great opulence of all the Roman 
empire would have been found infufficient *0 
defray the expences of his banquets Thif 
extravagance, which delighted the favorhes, 
foon raifed the indignation of the people. 
Vefpafian was proclaimed emperor hy thq 
army, and his minifter Primus was fen; to 
deftroy the imperial glutton. Vitellius con¬ 
cealed himfelf under the bed of the porter of 
his palace, but this obfeure retreat betrayed 
him, he was dragged naked through ;he 
ftreets, his hands were tied behind his bad?, 
and a drawn fword was placed under hi# 
chin to make him lift his head. After fwffer- 
ing the greatell infults from the populace, he 
wa* at laft carried to the place of execution, 

3 G and 





a«d put to death with repeated blows. 
H'is head was cue off and fixed to a pole, 
and his mutilated body dragged with a 
hook, and thrown into the Tiber, A. D- 69, 
after a reign of one year, except 12 days. 
Suet.^—Tacit. Hijl. 2 . — Eutrop.—Dio. — Pint. 

Lucius, the father of the emperor obtained 
great honors by his flattery to the emperors. 
He was made governor of Syria, and in this 
diftant province he obliged the Parthians to 
fue for peace. His adulation to MeflTalina 
is well known, and he obtained as a particular 
favor the honourable office of pulling off the 

fhoes of the emprefs, See. Suet. &c.-A 

brother of the emperor, who enjoyed his 

favors by encouraging his gluttony, &c.- 

Publius, an uncle of the emperor of that 
name. He was accufed under Nero of at¬ 
tempts to bribe the people with money from 
the treafury againft the emperor. He killed 
himfelf before his trial. — Qne of the flat¬ 
terers of Tiberius.-An officer ef the pre- 

torians under Otho.-A fonof the emperer 

Vitellius, put to death by one of his father’s 

friends.-Some of the family of the Vi- 

tellii confpired with the Aquilii and other 
illultrious Romans to reftore Tarquin to his 
throne. Their confpiracy was difeovered by 
the conluls, and they were feverely punifhed. 
Pint. &c. 

Viter bum, a town of Tufcany, where 
Fanum Voltummc ftood. Tt is not men¬ 
tioned by claflical writers. Liv. 4, c. 23 & 
61.I. 5, c. 17. 

Vitia, a mother put to death by Tibe¬ 
rius, for weeping at the death of her fon, &c. 
Tacit. Ann. 7, c. 10. 

VTfricus, a furname of Mars. Ovid. 

M. Vitruvius Pollio, a celebrated archi¬ 
ve# in the age of Auguftus, born at Formiae. 
He is known only by his writings,' and 
nothing is recorded in hiftory of his life or 
private character. He wrote a treatife on 
his profeffion, which he dedicated to Augul- 
tus, and it is the only book on architecture 
now extant written by the ancients. In 
this work he plainly fhevvs that he was 
mailer of his profeffion, and that he poffefled 
both genius and abilities. The b#ft edition 
ef Vitruvius is that of De Laet, Amft. 1649. 

^itula, a deity among the Romans who 
prefided over fellivals and rejoicings. JMa- 
crob.$,c. 2 . 

V itularia via, a road in the country of 
Arpinum. Cic. Q fr. 3, ep. 1. 

Ulpia Trajana, a Roman colony planted 
in Sarmatiaby Trajan. 

Ulpianus Domitius, a lawyer in tbe 
reign of Alexander Severus, of whom he 
became the fecretary and principal minifter. 
He raifed a periecution againll the Chriftians, 
and was at laft murdered by the praetorian 
guards, of which he had the command, 
A. D. 226. There are fome fragments of 
his compoluiotis on civil law Hill 

T. •'< £ V - 


The Greek commentaries of Ulpian on Be* 
mofthenes, were printed in fol. 1527, apud 

Aldum.- -Marcellus, an officer in the ag® 

of Commodus.-Julianus, a man lent to 

oppofe Heliogabalus, &c. 

Ui.ubr.ze, a fmall town of Latium, on tlie 
river Aftura, where Auguftus was educated. 
Juv. 16, v. 102.— Horat. I, ep. II. 

Ulysses, a king of the iflands of Ithaca 
and Dulichium, lbn of Anticlea and La¬ 
ertes, or according to fome, of Sifyphus* 
[Fid. Sifyphus & Anticlea.] He became, 
like the other princes of Greece, one of the 
luitors of Helen, but as he defpaired of 
fuccefs in his applications, cm account of 
the great number of his competitors, he fo- 
licited the hand of Penelope, the daugh¬ 
ter of Icarius. Tyndarus, the father of Helen, 
favored the addrefles of Ulyfles, as by him 
he was direCled to chufe one of his daugh¬ 
ter’s luitors without offending the others, 
and to bind them all by a folemn oath, that 
they would unite together in protecting 
Helen if any violence was ever offered to her 
perfon. Ulyfles had no fooner obtained the 
hand <?f Penelope, than he returned to 
Ithaca, where his father ’refigned him the 
crown, and retired to peace and rural foli- 
tude. The rape of Helen, however, by 
Paris, did not long permit him to remain in 
his kingdom, and as he was bound to defend 
her againft every intruder, he was iummon- 
ed to the war with the other princes of 
Greece. Pretending to be infane, not tv 
leave his beloved Penelope, he yoked a horle 
and a bull together, and ploughed the lea 
Ihore, where he lowed fait initead of corn. 
This difiimulation was foon dilcovered, and 
Palamedes, by placing before the plough of 
Ulyfles, his infant fon Telemachus, con¬ 
vinced the world, that the father was not 
mad, who had the providence to turn away 
the plough from the furrow, not to hurt his 
child. Ulyfles was therefore obliged to go 
to the war, but he did not forget him who 
"had difeovered his pretended infanity. [ Fid. 
Palamedes.] During the Trojan war, the 
king of Ithaca was courted for his lupexior 
prudence and lagacity. By his means Achil¬ 
les was difeovered among the daughters of 
Lycomedes, king of Scyro6, [Fid. Achilles,] 
and Philodletes was induced to abandon 
Lemnos, and to fight the Trojans, with the 
arrows of Hercules. [Fid. Philodletes.] He 
was not lels diftinguilhed for his activity 
and valor. With the afliftance of Diomedes 
he murdered Rhelus, and flaughtered the 
fleeping Thracians in the midft of their camp, 
[Fid. Rhefws & Dolon,] and he introduced 
himfelf into the city of Priam, and carried 
away the Palladium of the Trojans. [Fid. 
Palladium.] For thefe, eminent fervices he 
was univerfally applauded by the Greeks, 
jand he was rewarded with the arms of 
wVshillee, which Ajax* haddifpuwd .with him. 



UL 


After the Trojan war Ulyfles embarked on 
board his fhips, to return to Greece, but he 
was expofed to a number of misfortunes 
before he reached his native country. He 
was thrown by the winds upon the coafts of 
Africa, and vifited the country of the Lo- 
toph'agi, and of the Cyclops in Sicily. Po¬ 
lyphemus, who was the king of the Cyclops, 
feired Ulyfles with his companions, five of 
whom he devoured, [ Vid. Polyphemus,] but 
the prince of Ithaca intoxicated him and put 
out his eye, and at Lilt elcaped from the 
dangerous cave where he was confined, by 
tying himielf under the belly of the lheep 
of the Cyclops when led to pallure. In 
./Eolia he met with a friendly reception, and 
A£olus gave him, confined in bags, all the 
winds which could obltruft his return to 
Ithaca, but the cutiofity of his companions 
so know what the bags contained, proved 
nearly fatal. The winds ruflied with im- 
petuolity, and all the fleet were destroyed, 
except she (hip which carried Ulyfles. From 
thence he was thrown upon the coafts of the 
Laeftrvgones, and of the ifland iEea, where 
the magician Circe changed all his com¬ 
panions into pigs for their voluptuoufnels. 
He efcaped their fate by means of an herb 
which he had received from Mercury, and 
after he had obliged the magician by force of 
arms to reflore his companions to their ori¬ 
ginal fhape, he yielded to her charms, and 
made her mother of TclegOous. He vifited 
the infernal region?, and 'canfulted Tirefias 
how' - to regain his country in lafety; and 
after he had received every ueceffary inform¬ 
ation, he returned on eauh. He palled 
along the coafts of the Sirens unhurt, by the 
directions of Circe, (/' 7 V. Sirenes,] and ef¬ 
caped the whirlpools and Ihoals of Scylla, 
and Carybdis On the exalts of Sicily his 
■companions liole and killed l'ome oxen that 
verc facred to Apollo, for which the god 
deftroyed the (hips, ajid all were drowned, 
except Ulyfles, who laved himfelf on a 
plank, and l'wam to the ifland of Cajypfo, 
-in Ogygia. There, for feven years, he for¬ 
got Ithaca, in the arms of the goddefs by 
whom he had two children. The gods at 
laft interfered, and Calypfo, by order of 
Mercury, 1'ufFered him to depart after Ihe had 
furnithed him with a fliip, and every thing 
requifite for the voyage. He had.almolt 
reached the ifland of Corcyra, when*Neptune, 
ftdl mindful that his Ion Polyphemus had 
been robbed of his fight by the perfidy of 
Ulyfles, raifed a ftorm and funk bis (hip. 
Ulyfles fwam witlvdifficulty to the ifland of the 
Pincacians, where the kindnels ofNauficaa, 
and the humanity of her father, king Alcinoijs, 
entertained him for a while. He related the 
feries ef his misfortunes to the monarch, and 
at laft, by his benevolence, he was conduced 
in a Ihip’to Ithaca. The Phxacians laid him 
•n-the lea* lhore as he was afleep, and yiyfles 


UM 

found hitnfeJf Cafely reftored -to -his country* 
alter a long abfence of 20 years. He was 
well informed that his palace was -befieged by 
a number of luitors, who continually difturbed 
the peace of Penelope* and therefore ha 
aflumed the habit of a beggar, by the advice 
of Minerva, aud made himielf known to his 
fon, and his faithful lhepherd Eumaeus. With 
them he took mealures to re-eftablifti himielf 
on his throne, he went to the palace, and 
was perfonally convinced of the virtues and 
of the fidelity of Penelope. Before his arrival 
was publicly known, all the importuning 
fuitors were put to death, and Ulyfles reftored 
to the peace and bofom of his family. \Ftd, 
Laertes, Penelope, Telemachus, Eumaeus.] 
He lived about fixteen years after his re¬ 
turn, and was at laft killed by his fon 
Telegsnus, who had landed in Ithaca, with 
the hopes of making himielf known to his 
father. This unfortunate event had been 
foretold to him by Tirefias, who allured him 
that he lhould die by the violence of lome- 
thing that was to ifiue from the bpl'om of the 
fea. [ Vid. Telegonus.] According to l'ome 
authors. Ulvfies went to confult the oracle 
of Apollo after his return to Ithaca, and he 
had tlve meannefs to feduce Erippe, the 
daughter of a king of Epirus, who had 
treated him with great kindnefs. Erippe 
had a fen by him whom (he called Euryalus. 
When come to years of puberty, Euryalus 
was fent to Ithaca by his mother, but Pene¬ 
lope no fooner knew who he was than fhe 
refolved to dellroy him. Therefore when 
Ulyfles returned, he put to immediate death 
his unknown fon, on the crimination e? 
Penelope his wife, who accufed him of 
attempts upon her virtue. The adventures 
of Ulyfles in his return to Ithaca from the 
Trojan war are the fubjeef of Homer’s 
Odyfley. Homer. II. tS 1 Od. — Virg. JE,i. 2, 
&c.— Diflys Cret. I, &c.— Ovid. Met. 13. 
Heroid. I. — Hy girt. fab. 2.01, &C. — Apol'od. 
3, c. ro.— Paiif. r, c. 17 & 2.2. 1 ,3> c. 12. 1 . 7, 
c. 4 ,—JElian. V. H. 13, C. 12.— Horat. 3. 
Od. 29, v. 8.— Partben. Erot. 3.— Plut. — Phn. 
35.— Tzetz. ad Lyc. 

Ulyss-eum, a promontory of Sicily, weft 
of Pachinus. 

Umber, a lake of .Umbria near the Tiber. 
Prcfert. 4, el. I, V. 124. 

Umbra Pompeia, a portico of Pompey 
at Rome. Mart. 5, ep. 10. 

Umbria, a country of Italy, feparated 
from Etruria by the Tiber, bounded on the 
north by the Adriatic fea, eaft by Picenum, 
and the country of the Sabines, and fouth by 
the river Nar. Some derive the word Um¬ 
bria ab imbribus , the frequent Ihovvers that 
were fuppofed to fall there, or from the 
lhadow (umbra) of the Apennines which 
hung over it. Umbria had many cities , of 
note. The Umbrians oppofed the Romans 
in tjje infancy of their empire, but afterwards 
3 G a they. 





VO 


VO 


they became thbiir allied, about the yea? tJ. C. 
434. Catall. 40, V. I I s—StraL $. — Plin. 3, 
C.JZ^Diony/ Hal. 

UmbriGius, a foothfeyer, who foretold 
ipprOaehittg calamities to Galba. Juv. 3, 
/. H. I, c. 27. 

v Umbro, a navigable river of Italy. Plin. 

c> general who affifted Turnus 

agalnft .ffineas, and was killed during the 
War. He could afTuage the fury of ferpents 
J>y hb fobgs, and counterad the poifonous 
tffeds of their bites Vfrg. Ain. 7, v. 752. 
Ji'io, v.544. 

Unca, a furnnme of Minerva among the 
Phoenicians and Thebans. 

U'NCHiE,' a town of Mefopotamia. 
Undecemviri, magilirates at Athens, to 
whom fuch as were publicly condemned were 
delivered to be executed. C. Nep. in Phoc. 

UNEi.Lt, a people of Cotantin in Gaul, 
Conquered by Caefar. Caf. Bell. G. 2, c. 34. 

UNiGENAj'a lurname of Minerva, as fprung 
of Jupiter alone. 

Unxia, a furname of Juno, derived from 
vrtgere, to anoint, becaufe it was ufual among 
the Romans for the bride to anoint the 
threfhold of her hufband, and from this necef- 
{ary ceremony wives were called Unxores , and 
afterwards Uxores , from Unxia, who preTided 
over them. Amob. 3. 

Vocetius, part of mount Jura. Tacit, 

ff. i, e.68. 

VocoNlA LEX, dc tejlamcntis , by Q. Vo- 
coniuS Saxa, the tribune, A. U. C. 584, en¬ 
acted, that no woman fhould be left heirels 
to an eftate, and that no lien perfon fhould 
leave by his will more than the fourth part of 
his fortune to a woman. This ftep was taken 
to prevent the decay of the nobleft and 
molt ilhutrious of the families of Rome. 
This law was abrogated by Auguftus. 

; Vocoxii forom, a town of Gaul, be¬ 
tween Antibes and Marteilles. Cic. 10, 
yew. 17. 

VoconIus, Vidor, a Latin poet, &c. 

Martial , 7, ep. 28.-Saxa, a tribune who 

marie a law.-An officer of Lucullus in 

Afn. 

VoCONTIA, now P^ajto. Sil. 3, V. 167. 

: VogesuS, now Vaugey a mountain of 
Belgic Gaul, which feparates the Sequani 
from the Lingones. Lucan. i,v. 397.— Caf. 
G . 4, c. 10. 

VolXj a city of the iEqui. Liv. 4, 
c. 49 - 

Volaginius, a foldier who afTaffinated 
one of his officers, kc. Tacit. H. 2, c. 75. 
Volana, a town of the Samnites. 
Volandum, 3 fortified place of Ar¬ 
menia. 

Volaterra, an ancient town of Etruria, 
famous for hot baths. Perfeus the fatirift 
was born there. Liv. 10, c. 12.— Strab. 5. 
Cic- 1^,/am. 4. 

Yolcac, cx Voioje, a people of Gaul 


between the Garonne and the Rhonft. Ltth. 
21 , C. 26.— Mela y 2 , C. 5 - 

Volci, an inland town of Lucar.in, now 

Lauria. Liv. 27, c. 15.--* A town o 

Etruria. Plin. 3,0.5. 

Vologeses, a name common to many of 
the kings of Parthia, who made war agaitw 
the Roman emperors. Tacit. 12, ann. 14 * 

Volscens, a Latin chief who dilcovered 
Nifus and Euryalus as they returned from- 
the Rutulian camp loaded with fpoils. He 
killed Euryalus, and was himlelf imme¬ 
diately ftabbed by Nifus. VPg. Ain. 9 ’ v * 
370& 442. ' { 

Volsci, or Volci, a people of Latium^ 
whofe territories are bounded on the fouth 
by the Tyrrhene fea, north by the country 
of the Hernici and Marfi, weft by the La¬ 
tins and Rutulians, and eaft by Campania- 
Their chief cities were Antium, Circea, 
Anxur, Corioli, Fregellae, Arpinum, See. 
Ancus king of Rome made war againft them, 
and in the time of the republic they became 
formidable enemies, till they were at laft 
conquered with the reft of the Latins. Liv. 

3 & 4.— Virg. G. 2, v. 168. Ain. 9, V. 505. 
1 . II, V. 546, kc .— Strab.' $.— Mela, 2 , C- 

4 & 5. 

Vols-inium, a town of Etruria in Italy, 
deftroyed, according to Pliny 2, c. 53, by 
tire from heaven. The inhabitants numbered 
the years, by fixing nails in the temple of 
Nortia, a Tufctm goddefs. Liv. 5, c. 31* 

1 . 7, c. 3.— Juv. 3, V. 191.— Tacit. Anrii 
4.— On it. 

Voltinia, one of the Roman tribes. 

Vo luB ins, a town of Africa, fuppofed 
Fez, the capital of Morocco. Plin. 5, c. 1. 

VoLttMNJE Fanum, a temple in Etruria, 
facred to the goddefs Volumna, who pielidcd 
over the will and over complaifance, where 
the ftates of the country uled to alTemble. 
Viterbo now ftands on the fpot. Liv. 4, c. 
23. I.5, c. 17.I. 6, c. 2. 

Volumnia, the wife of Coriolanus. Liv. 

2, c. 40-The freedwoman of Volumniuf 

Eutrapelus. Cic. Phil. 2, c. 24. 

Volumnus k Volumna, two deities 
who prelided over the will. They were 
chiefly invoked at marriages, to preferve con¬ 
cord between the hufband and wife. They 
were particularly worfhipped by the Etrurians. 
Liv. 4, c. 61. 

1 '. Volummius, a Roman famous for his 
friendfhip towards M. Lucullus, whom M. 
Antony had put to death. His great lamen¬ 
tations were the caule that , he was'dragged 
to the triumvir, of whom he.’ demanded to 
be condu&ed to the body of his friend, and 
there to be put to death. His requeft was 

eafily granted. Liv. 124, c. 20.--A mimic 

whom BrUtus put to death.-An Etrurian 

who wrote tragedies ift his own native lan¬ 
guage.-A coniltl who defeated the Sam¬ 

nites and the Etrurian*, &c, Liv. 9.——^ 

A friend 





UR 


U'f 


Aifriend of M. Brutus. He .-was preferved 
’when that great republican killed hinalelf, 
and he wrote an account of his death and of 
his actions, from which Plutarch feleXed 

fome remarks.-A prefect of Syria, B. C< 

ii-A Roman knight put to death, by 

Catiline. 

Volubtas & Volupia, the goddefs of 
fenfual pleafures, worthipped at Rome, where 
ihe had a temple. She was represented 
as a young and beautiful woman, well dretfed, 
and elegantly adorned, fented on a throne, 
and having virtue under her feet. Cic. Je 
N. D. 2, C. 25. — Mac rob. I, c. 10.— -Aug. dc 
Civ. D. 4, c. 8. 

C. Volusknus, a military tribune in 
Crelar’s army, &c. Ccef. Bell. G. 3. 

Volusianus, a Roman taken as colleague 
011 the imperial throne, by his father Gallus. 
He was killed by his loldiers. 

Volusius, a poet of Patavia who wrote, 
like Ennius, the annals of Rome in veri'e. 

Seneca , ep. 93.— Catull. 96, v. 7.-Satur- 

ainus, a governor of Rome, who died in the 
93d year of his age, beloved and refpeXed, 
under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 13 —— Caius, a 

foldier at the fiege of Cremona, &c- 

One of Nero’s officers. Tacit. Ann. 15. 
c. 51. 

Volusus, a friend of Turnus. Virgo JEn. 
II♦ v. 463. 

Volux, a fon of Bocchus, whom the Ro¬ 
mans defeated. Sylla fufpeXed his fidelity, 
&c. Salluf. Jag. 105. 

Vomanus, a river of Picemim in Italy. 
Plin. 3, c. 13,— Si Lit. 8, v. 438. 

Vo nones, a king of Parthia expelled by 
his t'ubjeCts, and afterwards placed on the 
throne of Armenia. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 14. 

--Another king of Armenia.-A man 

made king of Parthia by Auguftus. 

Vopiscus, a native of Syracufe, 303, 
A. D. who wrote the life of Aureiian, Ta¬ 
citus, Florianus, Probus, Firm us, Cai us, &c. 
He is one -of the fix authors who are called 
Hidoriit Augujla fc-iptor.es, but he excels 
all others in the elegance of his ltyle, and the 
manner in which he relates the various aXions 
of the emperors. He is not however without 
his faults, and we look in vain for the purity or 
perfpicuity of the writers of the Augultan age. 

Voranus, a freed man of Q. LuXatius 
Catulus, famous for his robberies as well as his 
cunning, &c. Herat. I, lat. 8,v. 39. 

Votienus Montanus, a m^ncf learn¬ 
ing banilhed to one of the Baleares for his 
malevolent reflexions upon 1 iberius. Ovid 
has celebrated him as an excellent poet. 
Tacit. Ann. 4,C. 42. 

Upis, the father of one of the Dianas men¬ 
tioned by the ancients, from which tircum- 
Xauce Diana herielf is called Upis. Ctc. de 
Mat. D 3.C.23-— Callim-in Dian. 

Urania, one of the Mules, daughter of 
inciter and Mnemofyne, who preficted* over 
i 


aftroBomy. She is generally called .ffiQthw 
of Linus by Apollo, and of the god Hyffie- 
nseus by Bacchus. She was represented j8S | 
young virgin dreflTed in an azure colored 
robe, crowned -with fters, and holding t 
globe in her hands,, and having many.ma¬ 
thematical inftruments placed round. Hefiod. 
Theogi J^.T—Apollod. I, c- X.—Hygin. .fab. 

161. - — A lurpame of Venus, the lam? 

as CeUJlial, She was fuppofed, in t,hat cha,- 
raXer, to prefidf over beauty and generation 
and was called daughter of Uranus or Caius 
by the Light. Her temples in Afia, Africa, 
Greece, and Italy were numerous, Plato in 
Sytnp. — Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 23.— Pauf..I 

c. 14, iSfc.l. 7, c. 26, &c. -A town of 

Cyprus. 

URANti,or Urii, a people of Gaul. 

Uranoi'Olis, a town at the top of Athos. 

UuANus,or Ouranus, a deity, the fame 
as Coelus, the molt ancient of all the Gods. 
He married Tithea, or the Earth, by whom 
he had Ceus, creus, Hyperion, Mnemofyne, 
Cottus, Phoebe, Briareus, Thetis, Saturn, 
Giges, called from their mother Titans. His 
children confpired agninft him, becaufe he 
confined them in the. boiom of the cattle 
and his fon Saturn mutilated him, and drove 
him from bis throne. 

Uhba, now O/be, a town of*the Helvetii, 
on a river of the fame mine. 

Ursicua, a town of Hifpania Tarrace- 
nenfis. 

Urbicus*, an aXor at Rome., in DomitianV 
reign. Juv. 6. 

Urbinum, now Urbino % a town pf Umbria. 
Plin. 3, c. 14. 

Urgo, now Gotgona , aniflnr.d in the bay 
of Pifa, 25 miles welt ot Leghorn, famous lor 
anchovies. Plin. 3, c. 6. . . A 

Ukia, a town of Calubria. built by a Cretan 
colony, and called ailo Hyria. Pi in. 3, c. it, 
— Strab. 6.-vjt Apuib. 

Urites, a people of Italy. Lit. 4,2, c- a%- 

U&senti/m, a town of the. j^rutii, now’ 
Or Jo. Plin. 3 ,, 0 . II. 

Ursiuu s, .;m ndulterej. J*v, 6, v. 38. 

. Uscana, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 4^, 
c, 18. 

U.sceta, a town of Africa Propria. Ihjl. 
AJ. 89. ; r 

• Usc.udama, 3 town of Thrace. Lvtrep, 
6 , c. 8. . 

UciEETES, or Usirii, a. people of Ger¬ 
many. Caf. Bell. G. 4, c. 1, 

UstIca, a town in -en Hand on the \coaft 
of Sicily, near Panormum. Harai. i,,od. 
i7,v. 11. 

Utens, a river of . Gaul, now Montonc , 
falling into the Adriatic by Ravenna. Li-j. 
J» c - 35* • ■■ 

Lj tIca, now Satccr, a celebrated cjty of 
Africa, on the coglt of-the Medit?rr^ne«i!, 
on the fame bay as Carthage, founded by a 
Tyrian colony above, 28.7 years before. par- 
3 ; 1 ■ ■ thage 









V t) 


thage. It had a large and commodious har¬ 
bour, and it became the metropolis of A- 
frica, after the deftrubtion of \ Caitb.age' in 
the 3d Punic war, and the Romans granted 
it all the lands fituete between Hippo and 
Carthage. It is celebrated for the death of 
Cato, who from thence is called Uticenfts , 
or of Utica. Strab. 17.— Lucan\ 6, v. 306. 
r-Jkflin. 18, C. 4.— Plin. 16, c. 40.— L\v. 
-S > c - Sl-Sil. 3, v. 242.—Herat. 1, ep> 
ao, v-513. 

Vulcan alia, feflivals in honor of Vul¬ 
can, brought to Rome from Pramefte, and 
©bferved in the month of Auguft. The 
fireets were illuminated, fires kindled every 
where, and animals thrown into the flames, as 
a facrifice to the deity. Var/o. de L. L. 5. 
*— Dion. Hal. I.— Columel!. II.— Plin. 18. 
c. 13. 

Vulcani insula, or Vulcania, a name 
given to the iflands between Sicily and Italy, 
now called Lipari. Hirg. JEn. 8, v. 422. 
They received it becaufe there were there 
fubterraneous fires, fuppofed to be excited by 
Vulcan, the god of fire. 

Vulcanius, Terentianus, a Latin hifto- 
rian, who wrote an account of the life of the 
three Gordians, &c. 

Vulcanus, a god of the ancients who 
prefided over fire, and was the patron of all 
artifts who worked iron and metals. He 
Was fon of Juno alone, who in this wiflied 
to imitate Jupiter, who had produced Mi¬ 
nerva from his brains. According to Ho¬ 
mer, he was fon of Jupiter and Juno, and 
the mother was fo difgufted with the defor¬ 
mities of her fon, that lhe threw him into the 
fea, as toon as born, where he remained for 
nine years. According to the more received 
opinion, Vulcan was educated in heaven 
with the reft of the gods, but his father 
kicked him down from Olympus, when he 
attempted to deliver his mother) who had 
been fattened by a golden chain for her in- 
folence. He was nine days in coming from 
heaven upon earth, and he fell in the ifland 
of Lemnos, where, according to Lucian, the 
Inhabitants feeing him in the <lir, caught him 
in tlieir^arms. lie . hpvvever broke bis leg by 
the fall, and ever after remained lame of one 
foot. He fixed his refidence in Lemnos, 
where he built himrlelf a palace, and raifed 
forges to work metals. The inhabitants of 
the ifland became fenfible of his indiiftry, 
and were taught all the ufeful arts which 
could civilize their rude manners, and ren¬ 
der tWdtn ferviceable to the good of fociety. 
The fir ft" work of Y u l can was, according to 
fome, a throne of gold with fecret fprings, 
which he prefented to his mother to avenge 
himfelf for her want of affeblion towards 
him. * Juiio 00 fooner was feated on the 
throne, than flie found herfelf unable to 
move. The gods attempted to deliver her 
by breaking the chains which held her, but 


to no purpofe, and Vulcan alone had the 
power to let her at liberty. Bacchus intoxi¬ 
cated him and prevailed upon him to come 
to Olympus, where he was reconciled to hi* 
parents. Vulcan has been celebrated by the 
ancient poets for the ingenious works and 
automatical figures which he made, and 
many l'peak of two golden ftatues. which 
not only teemed animated, but which wa'ked 
by his fide, and even ..affifted him in the 
working of metals. It is faid, that at the 
requeft of Jupiter he made the firft woman 
that ever appeared on earth, well known un¬ 
der the name of Pandora. \Vidi Pandora.] 
The Cyclops of Sicily were his minifters und 
attendants, and with him they fabricated, 
llot only the thunderbo.ts of Jupiter, but 
alfo arms for the gods and the moft cele¬ 
brated heroes. His forges were fuppoled to 
be under mount ./Etna, in the ifland bf 
Sicily, as well as in every part of the earth 
where there were volcanos. The moft 
known of the works of Vulcan which were 
prefenred to mortals are the arms of Achilles, 
thole of iEneas, the fhield of Hercules de- 
Icribed by Hefiod, a collar given to Her- 
mione the wife of Cadmus* and a feeptre, 
which was in the pofteffion of Agamemnon 
king of Argos and Myceme. 1 he collar 
proved fatal to all thofe that wore it, but the 
lceptre, after the death of Agamemnon, was 
carefully preserved at Cheronaja, and re¬ 
garded as a divinity* The amours o'f Vul¬ 
can are not numerous. He demanded Mi¬ 
nerva from Jupiter, who had promifed him 
in marriage whatever goddefs he ftiould 
chufe, and when lhe refilled his addreftes, he 
attempted to offer her violence. Minerva 
refilled with fuccefs, though there remained 
on her body fome marks of Vulcan’s paflion, 
which lhe threw down upon earth wrapped up 
in wool. [Hid. Erichfithomus.] This- dis¬ 
appointment in his love was repaired hy 
Jupiter, who gave him one of the Graces. 
Venus is univerfally acknowledged to have 
been the wife bf Vulcan; her infidelity is 
well known, as well as her amouts with 
Mars, which were difeovered by Phoebus, 
and expofed to the gods by her own hufhand, 
[Hid. .Aleftryon.] r l he vvorfhip o'f Vulcan 
was well eltabliflied, particularly in Egypt, 
at Athens, and at Rome It was ul'ual in 
the lacrifices that were offered to him to 
burn the whole viblim, and not referve part 
of it as in the immolations to the reft of the 
gods. A calf and a hoar pig were the prin¬ 
cipal vi< 5 lim$ offered. Vulcan was repre- 
fented as covered with fweat, blowing with 
Lis nervous arm the fires of his forges. His 
bread was hairy, and his forehead was 
blackened with I'moke. Some reprefent him 
lame and deformed, holding a hammer 
raifed in the air, ready to ftiike ; while with 
the other hand he turns, with pincers, a 
thufldsrboty on his anvil,.for which an eagle 

waits 



waits by tys -fide-to carry.it to Jupiter, He 
appears op Some monuments with a long 
beard, difhevelled hair, halt' naked, and a 
Small round cap on his head, while he holds 
a hammer and pincers in his hand. The 
Egyptians represented him under the figure 
of a monkey. Vulcan has received the 
names of Mulciber, PampJja(les , C!ytc \cbnes , 
Panda mator > Cy Hop odes, Ghalaipoda , Sec. all 
«xpreflive of his lamenefs and his profefiion. 
He was father of Cupid, by Venus; of Cte- 
cuius, Ceerops, Cacus, Periphetes, Cercyon, 
Ocriiia, Sac. Cicero l'peaks of more than 
one deity of the name of Vulcan. One he 
calls l'on of Ccclus, and father ' of Apollo, 
by Minerva; the Second he mentions is lbn 
of the Nile, and called Phtas by the Egyp¬ 
tians; the third wa? the lbn of Jupiter and 
Juno, and fixed his refidence in Lemnos; 
.and the fourth who built . his forges in 
the Lipari iflands was lbn of Menalius. 
Vulcan Seems to have been admitted into 
heaven more for ridicule than any other 
purpofe. He Seems to be the great cuckold 
of Olympus, and even his wife is reprelented 
as laughing at his deformities, and mimick¬ 
ing his lamenefs to gain the l'miles of her 
lovers. Hefiod. Tbeog. Cf in Scut. Here. 140, 

& 320.— Apollod. I, C. 3, &c.- Homer. 11 . 

I, v. 57. & 1 . 15, v. 18. 1 . II, v. 397. &c. 
— Died. J.— Pauf. I, C. 20. 1. 3, 17 .— Cic. 
dt Nat. D. 3, c. 22.— Hero dot. 2 & 3 — 
Varro de L. L.-~Firg. Jpn. J,$cc. 

Vulcatjus, a Roman knight, who con- 
fpired with Pilo againll Nero, See. Tacit. — 
A Senator in the reign of Dioclefian, who 
attempted to write an hiltory of all Such as 
had reigned at Rome, either as lawful So¬ 
vereigns or by ulurpatjon. Of his works 
nothing is extant but an account of Avidius 
Caffius, who revolted in the ealt during the 
reign of M. Aurelius, which Some afcribe to 
Spartianus. 

VulsInum, a town of Etruria. [Fid. 
Volfinium.J 

Vulso, a Roman conful who invaded 
^Mrica with Regal us.-Another conful. 


He had th« provinces of Afia while .in offieje * 
and triumphed over the Galatians. 

Vultura, or Vulturaria, a mountain on 
the borders of Apulia. Horai. 3, od. 4, v. 9. 
— Lucan. 9, v. 183V 

Vt/LTURKiUs, a man who confpired again# . 
his country with Catiline? 

Vulturius, a Surname of Apollo. \Fid. 
Vulturnus.] 

VulturnuM, a town of Campania, near 
the mouth of the Vulturnus. Lin. 25, c. 20. • 

— P/in. 3, c. 5.-Alia an ancient name of 

Capua. Liv 4,0.37, 

Vulturnus, a river of Campania riling 
in the Apennines, and falling into the Tyr¬ 
rhene lea, after palling by the town of Capua, 

Lucrct. 5, 664 — Firg. AEn. 7, V. 729.- 

The god of the Tiber was alfo known by that 
name. Farro de L. L. 4, c. 5. ■ ■ -The 
wind which received the name of Vulturnus 
when it blew from the fide of the Vultuin is, 
highly incommoded the Romans at the battle 
of Canute. Liv. 22, c- 43 & 46.-A Sur¬ 

name of Apollo on mount Liffus in Ionia, 
near Ephefus. The god received this name 
from a lbepherd who railed him a temple after 
he had been drawn out of a Subterraneous ca« 
vern by vultures. 

Vulsinum, a town of Etruria, where Se» 
janus was born. 

Uxama, a town of Spain on the Iberus. 
Sil. 3, v. 384. 

Ux antis, now UJbant, an ifland on the 
coalt of Britany. 

UxellodunUm, a town of Gaul defended 
by deep rocks, now Puecb d'JJfolu. C'of. B. C. 
8,0.33. 

Uxentum, a town of Calabria, now 
Ugento. ’ • 

Uxu, mountains of Armenia, with a na¬ 
tion of the fame name, conquered byAlexander. 
The Tigris riles in their country. Strab.—> 
Diod. 

Uxisama, an ifiandin the weftern ocean. 

yziTA, an inland town of Africa, deitroy* 
ed by Ctelar. Hirt. de Afric. 41, &c. . 


X A 

X ANTHE, one of the Oceani^M* He - 
ft ad. Tbeog. V. 356. 

Xanthi, a people of Thrace.-The 

Inhabitants of Xanthus it) Alia, [Fid. Xan- 
thus,] 

Xanthi a Piioceus, a Roman whom 
Horace addrefTes in his 2 od. 4, and of 
whom he Speaks as enamoured of a Servant 
tnaid, 

Xanthica, a feltival obferved by the 
Macedonians in the month called Xauthi- 
she lame as April. It was then ufqal 


XA 

to make a luftration of the army with great 
Solemnity. A bitch, was cut into two parts, 
and one half of .the .body placed on one fide, 
and the other part on the other fide,, aft^r 
which the foldiers marched between, and they 
imitated a real battle by alham engagement. 

XanT hi p p£| a daughter ®f Dorns. [ FiJ % 

Xantippe.] 

XANTHipPus/afop ofMelas killed hyTy* 
deus. [Fid. Xantippus.] 

Xantho, one of Cvrene’s attendant 
nymphs, Fi r g- 4> y . 336,,’. . , , 

3 G 4 ’ Xa'nthvi* 








X A 


X E 


Xam f Htts, or Xantho?, a river of Trqas, 
inKAfia minor. It is the fame as the Scam- 
attder , but according to Homer, it was called 
Xanthus by the gods and Scamander by men. 

[PCd. Scamander ."I-A river of Lycia, 

anciently called Sirbes. It was facred to 
Apollo, and fell into the fea, near Patara. 
Homer. II. 6, V. I JZ.—Virg. JEn. 4, v. 143. 

— Mela. I, c. 15.-One of the horfes of 

Achilles, who fpoke to his mafter when chid 
with feverity, and told him that he muft foon 

be killed. Homer. II. 19.-One of the 

horfes given to Juno by Neptune, and after¬ 
wards to the fons of Leda.-An hiftorian 

of Sardes in the reign of Darius.--A Greek 

hiftorian of Lydia who wrote an account of 
his country of which fome fragments remain. 

Dienyf. Hal. -A king of Lefbos.-A 

king of Bmotia, who made war againft the 
Athenians. He was killed by the artifice cf 

Melanthus. [ Vid. Apaturia.]-A Greek 

poet. JElian. V. H. 4, c. 26.— Saidas. - 

A philofopher of Samus, in whofe houfe A£fop 1 

Iked fome time as fervant.-A town of 

Lycia on the river of the fame name, at the 
diftance of about 15 miles from the lea Chore. 
The inhabitants are celebrated for their love 
of liberty and national independence. Brutus 
laid fiege to their city, and when at laft they 
were unable longer to lupport themfelves 
againft the enemy, they fet fire to their houfes 
and deliroyed themfelves. The conqueror 
wiChe i to fpare them, but though he offered 
rewai L to his foldiers, if they brought any of 
the Xanthians alive into his prefence, only 
150 were faved much againft their will. Ap- 
pian. 4- Plat, in Brut. 

Xanticles, one of the leaders of the 
10,000 Greeks, after the battle <?f Cunaxa. 

Xantjippe, a daughter of Dorus who 
married Pleuron, by whom Che had Agertor, 
&c. Apollod. i, c. 7.--The wife of So¬ 

crates, ' remarkable for her ill humor and 
peevifh dilpofition, which are become pro¬ 
verbial. Some fuppofe that the philofopher 
was acquainted with her mofofenels and* in* 
folence before he married her, and that he 
took her for his wife to try his patience, and 
inure himfelf to the malevolent reflexions of 
mankind. She continually tormented him with 
her impertinence; and one diy, not fatisfied 
with ufing the moft litter inveXives, Che emp¬ 
tied a veflel of.dirty water on his head, upon 
which the philofopher Coolly obferved, after 
thunder there generally falls rain. JElian. V. 
H. 7, C. 10 . 1. 9, C. 7. 1. II, c. 12 . — Diog. in 
Soerat. 

Xan’TII’pus, a Lacedaemonian general who 
affifted the Carthaginians in the firft Punic 
vfar: He defeated the Romans, 256 B. C. 
and took the celebrated Regulus prifoner. Such 
fignal l : ervices deferred to be rewarded, but 
the Carthaginians looked with envious jealouly 
upon Xantippus, and he retired to Coiinth 
after he had faved them' from deitruXion. 


Some authors fupport that the Carthaginians 
ordered him to be aflaffinated, and his body to 
be thrown into the fea as he was returning 
home; while others fay that they had pre¬ 
pared a leaky {hip to convey him to Corinth, 
which he artfully avoided. Liv. tB & 2.8, c* 
43.- Appian. de Bun. -An Athenian ge¬ 

neral \-ho defeated the Perfian fleet at Mycale , 
with Leotycbides. A ftatue was ereXed to 
his honor in the citadel of Athens. He made 
fome conquefts in Thrace, and enervated the 
power of Athens. He was father to the 
celebrated Pericles by Agarifte the niece of 
Clifthenes, who expelled the Pififtratidac from 

Athens. Pauf. 3, c. 7. 1 . 8, c. 52. - A 

fon of Pericles who difgraced his father by his 
difobedience, his ingratitude, and his extrava¬ 
gance. He died of the plague in the Pelopon- 
nefian war. Plut. 

Xenagoras, an hiftorian. Dionyf. Hal. 

- - A philofopher who meafured the height 
of mount Olympus. 

Xenarchus, a comic poet.-A peripa¬ 

tetic philofopher of Seleucia, who taught at 
Alexandria and at Rome, and was intimate 

with Auguftus. Strab. 14.--A praetor of 

the Achaean league who wilhed to favor the in- 
tereft of Perfeus, king of Macedonia, againft 
the Romans. 

Xenares, an intimate friend of Cleome- 
nes king of Sparta. ’ * 

Xenetus, a rich Locrian, whofe daughter 
Doris married Dionyfius of Sicily, &c. Arif. 
PA. 5, c. 7. 

Xeneus, a Chian writer who compofed an 
hiflory of his country. 

Xeniades, a Corinthian who went to buy 
Diogenes the C ynic, when fold as a Have. He 
alked him what he could do ? upon which the 
Cynic anfwered, command freemen. This noble 
anfwer fo plea led Xeniades, that he gave the 
Cynic hrs liberty, and entrufted him with the 
care and education of his children. JD/og.— 
Cell 2, c. 18. 

Xenius, a furname given to Jupiter as the 
god of bofpitality. 

Xenocjlea, a prieftefs of Apollo’s tem¬ 
ple at Delphi, from whom Hercules extorted 
an oracle by force when foe refuted to anfwer 
him becaule he was not purified of the blood 
and death of Iphitus. Pauf. 10, c. 13. 

Xenocles, a tragic writer, who obtained 
four times a poetical prize in a contention in 
, which Euripides was competitor, either through 
the ignorance or by the bribery of his judge*. 
The names of his tragedies which obtained 
thp viXory were CEdipus, Lycaon, Bacchae, 
Athamas Satyricus, againft ihe Alexander, 
Palamedes, Trojani, and Sifyphu. Satyricus, 
of Euripides. His grandfon bore alfo the 
name of Xenoeles, and excelled in tragical 

compohtjons. JElian. V. H. 2, c. 8 .-- A 

Spartan officer in the expedition which Age- 

filaus undertook againft the Perfians-An 

architect of Eleufis.-——A friend ©f Arntus. 











X E 


--One of the friends of Cicero. - - A cele¬ 
brated rhetorician of Adramyttium. Strab. 
13 - 

Xenocrates, an ancient philofopher born 
at Calchedonia, and educated in the fchool 
of Plato, whofe friendfhip he gained, and 
whofe approbation he merited. Though of 
a dull and fluggifh difpofition, he fupplied 
the defers of nature by unwearied atten¬ 
tion and induftry, and was at laft found 
capable of fucceeding in the fchool of 
Plato after Speufippus, about 339 years be¬ 
fore Chrift. He was remarkable as a dilci- 
plinarian, and he required that his pupils 
Ihould be acquainted with mathematics be¬ 
fore they came under his care, and he even 
reje&ed fome who had not the neceffary qua 
lification, faying that they had not yet found 
the key of philofophy. He did not only re¬ 
commend himfelf to his pupils by precepts, 
but more powerfully by example, and fince 
the wonderful change he had made upon the 
condudt of one of his auditors, [Fid. Polemon,] 
his company was as much (hunned by the 
diflblute and extravagant, as it was courted 
by the virtuous and benevolent. Philip 
of Macedon attempted to gain his confidence 
with money, but with no fuecels. Alexan¬ 
der in this imitated his father, and fent fome 
of his friends with 50 talents for the philo¬ 
sopher. They were introduced, and fup- 
ped with Xenocrates. The repaft was fmall, 
frugal, and elegant, without oftentation. On 
the morrow, the officers of Alexander wifhed 
to pay down the 50 talents, but the philolo- 
pher afked them whether they had not per¬ 
ceived from the entertainment of the pre¬ 
ceding day, that he was not in want of mo¬ 
ney: Tell your majler , faid he, to keep bis mo - 
Jity, be has more people io maintain than I have. 
Yet not to offend the monarch, he accepted 
a lmall fum, about the 200th part of one ta¬ 
lent. His chara&er was not leis confpicu- 
ous in every other particular, and he has been 
cited as aft inrtance of virtue from the fol¬ 
lowing circumftance : The courtezan Lais had 
pledged herlelf to forfeit an immenie fum of 
money, if fire did not triumph over the virtue 
of Xenocrates. She tried every art, aiTumed 
.the mofl captivating looks, and tiled the moll 
tempting attitudes to gain the philofopher, but 
in vain; and fhe declared at laft that (he had 
not loft her money, as Hie had pledged herlelf 
to conquer an human being, not a lifelefs 
Hone. Though forefpeCted and admired, yet 
Xenocrates was poor, and he was dragged to 
prifon, becaul’e he was unable to pay a lmall 
tribute to the ftate. He was delivered from 
confinement by one of his friends. His in¬ 
tegrity was fo well known that when he ap¬ 
peared in the court as a witnefs, the judges 
difpenfed with his oath. He died B. C. 314, 
in his 82ft year, after he had prefided in the 
academy for above 25 years. It is faid, that 
he fell in the night with his head into a tafon 


of-water, and that he was fuffocated. He 
had written above 60 treatifes on different 
fubjeds, all now loft. He acknowledged no; 
other deity but heaven, and the feven planets. 
Diog. — Cic. ad Attic. IO, ep. I, &c. Tufc. 5, 

C. 32.— Val. Max. 2, C. IO.— Lucian. -A 

phyfidan in the age of Nero, not in great 
efteem. His Greek treatife, de aliment0 e*. 
aquatilibus , is belt edited by Franzius Lipf. 

8vo. 1774.-An excellent painter. Tlin. 

34 , c. 8. 

Xenodamus, an illegitimate fon of Me* 

nelaus, by Gnolfia. Apollod. 3, c. 11.-An 

athlete of Anticyra. Pauf IO, c. 36. 

Xenodice, a daughter of Syleus, killed by 

Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 6.-A daughter 

of Minos and Pafiphae. Ib. 3, c. 1. 

Xenodochus, a Mefienian crowned at 
the Olympic games. Pauf. 4, c. 5.——A 
native of Cardia, &c. 

Xenophanes, a Greek philofopher of 
Colophon, difciple of Archelaus, B. C. 535. 
He wrote feveral poems and treatifes, and 
founded a feCt which was called the Eleatic, 
in Sicily. Wild in his opinions about aftro- 
nomy, he fuppofed that the liars were ex- 
tinguilhed every morning, and rekindled at 
night; that eclipfes were occafioned by the 
temporary extinction of the fun; that the. 
moon was inhabited, and 18 times bigger 
than the earth; and that there were feveral 
funs and moons for the convenience of the. 
different climates of the earth. He further 
imagined that God and the world were the. 
fame, and he credited the eternity of the uni- 
verfe, but his incoherent opinion about the 
divinity, raifed the indignation of his country-' 
men, and he was banifhed. He died -very, 
poor when about lOO years old. Cic. qrurjl. 
4, c. 37. de div. I, c. 3. de Nat. D. I, g. ii*. 
—La ft ant. Div. Inf. 3, c. 23. -A go¬ 

vernor of Olbus, in the age of M. Antony.- 

Strab. 14.-One of the minilters of Philip,. 

who went to Annibal’s camp, and made a 
treaty of alliance between Macedonia and 
Carthage. 

Xenophilus, a Pythagorean philofopher, 
who lived to his 170th year, and enjoyed all 
his faculties to the l.,ft, He wrote upon mufic, 
and thence he was called the mufician. Lu^ 
clan. de Mac rob. — Plin. 7, C. 50. — Val. Max , 

8, c. 13.-One of Alexander’s generals. 

Curt. 5, c. 2.-A robber of whom Aratu* 

hired l'ome troops. 

Xenophon, an Athenian, fon of Gryllus, 
celebrated as a general, an hiftoriau, and a: 
"philofopher. In the fchool of Socrates he 
, received thofe inftruftions and precepts whiclv 
afterwards fo eminently diftinguiihed him at 
the head of an army, in literary folitude, and 
as the prudent father of a family. He was 
invited by Proxenus, one of his' intimate, 
friends, to accompany Cyrus the younger in 
an expedition againft his brother Artaxcrxes, 
king of Perfia ] 'but he refufed to comply 

without 







XE 

without previoufly confuldng his venerable 
raaftcr, and enquiring into the propriety of 
Ittch a meafure. Socrates ftrongly oppofed 
15, and t obferved, that it might raile the re¬ 
sentment of his countrymen, as Sparta had 
made an alliance with the Perfian monarch; 
but, however, before he proceeded further 
he adviled him to confult the oracle of A- 
pollo. Xenophon paid due deference to the 
injunctions of Socrates, but as he was am¬ 
bitious of glory, and eager to engage in a 
diftant expedition, he haftened with precipi¬ 
tation to Sardis, where he was introduced to 
the young prince, and treated with great at¬ 
tention. In the army of Cyrus, Xenophon 
Ihewed that he was a true dilciple of Socra¬ 
tes, and that he had been educated in the 
warlike city of Athens. After the decifive 
battle in the plains of Cunaxa, and the fall 
of young Cyrus, the prudence and vigor of 
his mind were called into aCtion. The ten 
thoufand Greeks who had followed the ftan- 
dard of an ambitious prince, were now at 
the diftance of above 600 leagues from their 
native home, in a country furrounded on 
every iide by a victorious enemy, without mo¬ 
ney, without provifions, and without a leader. 
Xenophon was feleCbed from among the of¬ 
ficers, to luperintend the retreat of hi6 coun¬ 
trymen, and though he was often oppofed by 
malevolence and envy, yet his perfuafive elo¬ 
quence and his activity convinced the Greeks 
that no general could extricate them from 
every difficulty, better than the dilciple of 
Socrates. He rofe fuperior to danger, and 
though under continual alarms from the fuci- 
den attacks of the Perfians, he was enabled 
to crofs rapid rivers, penetrate .through vart 
delarts, gain the tops of mountains, till he 
could reft fecure for a while, and refrefh his 
tired companions. This celebrated retreat 
was at laft happily effected, the Greeks re¬ 
turned home after a march of 1155 para- 
fangs, or leagues, which was performed in 
21 5 days, after an abfence of 15 months. 
The whole perhaps might now be forgotten, 
or at leaft obfcurely known, if the great 
philofopher who planned it, had pot em¬ 
ployed his pen in defcribing the dangers 
which he efcaped, and the difficulties which 
he furmouRted. He was no fooner returned 
from Cunaxa, than he fought new honors in 
following the fortune of Agefilaus in Afia. 
He enjoyed his confidence, he fought under 
bis ftandard, and conquered with him in the 
Afiatic provinces, as well as at the battle of 
Coronaea. His fame, however, did not efcape 
the afperfiens of jealoufy, he was publicly 
banifhed from Athens for accompanying Cy¬ 
rus againft his brother, and being now with¬ 
out a home, he retired to Scillus, a fmall 
town of the Lacedaemonians, in the neigh¬ 
bourhood of Olympia. In this- folitary re¬ 
treat he dedicated his time to literary pur- 
fuits, and as. he had acquired riches in his 
ab 10 


X£ 

' Afiatid expeditions, he began to adorn and 
variegate by the hand of art, for his pleafurb 
and enjoyment, the country which furround-* 
ed Sciilus. He built a magnificent temple 
to Diana, in imitation of that of Epftc-fus, and 
fpcnt part of his time in rural employments, 
or in hunting in the woods and mountains. 
His peaceful occupations, however, were foon 
dilturbed, a war arofe between the Lacedae¬ 
monians and Elis. The fandtity of Diana’s 
temple, and the venerable age of the philofo¬ 
pher, who lived in the delightful retreats of 
Scillus, were difregarded, and Xenophon, 
driven by the Elians from his favorite lpot, 
where he had compofed and written for the 
information of polierity, and honor of his 
country, retired to the city of Corinth.* In 
this place he died in the 90th year of his age, 
359 years before the Chriftian era. The 
works of Xenophon are numerous: He wrote 
an account of the expedition of Cyrus, called 
the Anabafis , and as he had no inconfiderable 
ihare in the enterprize, his defcriptions mult 
be authentic, as lie was himlelf an eye wit- 
nefs. Many however have accufed him of par¬ 
tiality. He appeared often too fond of extoll¬ 
ing the virtues of his favorite Cyrus, and 
while he defcribes with contempt the impru¬ 
dent operations of the Perfians, he does not 
nsglett to Ihow that he was a native of 
Greece. His Cyropadia , divided into eight 
books, has given rite to much criticilm, and- 
while fome warmly maintain that it is*-a 
faithful account of the life and the adVions of 
Cyrus the Great, and declare that it is flip- 
ported by the authority of lcripture; others 
as vehemently deny ifs authenticity. A<> 
cording to the opinions of Plato and of Cice¬ 
ro, the Cyropa?dia of Xenophon was a moral 
romance, and thefe venerable philofophers 
fupport, that the hiftorian did not fo much 
write what Cyrus had been, as what every 
true good and virtuous monarch ought to be. 
His Hellenlca were written as a continuation 
of the hiftory of Thucydides; and in his Mt- 
morabilia of Socrates* and in his Apology^ Ive 
has fhewn himfelf, as Valerius Maximus ob- 
ferves, a perfect mafter of the philofophv of 
that great man, and he has explained hi$ 
do&rines and moral precepts with all the 
fuccefs of perfuafive eloquence and conicious 
integrity. Thefe are the moft famous of hi^ 
compofitions, befides which there are other 
fmall traCts, hiseulogium given on Agefilaus, 
his (economics, on the duties of domeftiq 
life, the dialogue entitled Hiero, in which 
he happily defcribes and compares the mi- 
fery which attended the tyrant, with the fe¬ 
licity of a virtuous prince; a treatife on 
hunting, the fynipofium of the philofophers, 
on the government of Athens and Sparta, a 
treatife on the revenues of Attica, &c. The 
fimplicity and the elegauce of Xenophon’^ 
diction have procured him the name of the 
Athenian mule,- ^nd* the bee -of Greece, and 

they 





XE 


X E 


they have induced Quintilian to fay, that the 
graces di&ated his language, and that the 
goddefs of perfuafion dwelt upon his lips. 
His tenements, as to the divinity and reli¬ 
gion, were the fame as thole of the venera- * 
ble Socrates; he fupported the immortality 
of the foul, and exhorted his friends to culti¬ 
vate .thofe virtues which enfure the happinefs 
of mankind, with all the zeal and fervor of a 
chriuhm. He has been quoted as an inftance 
ol tendernefs and of refignation on provi¬ 
dence. As he was offering a lacrifice, he was 
informed that Gryllus, his eldeft fon, had 
been killed at the battle of Mantinea. Upon 
this he tore the garland from his head, but 
when lie was told that his fon had died like 
a Greek, and had given a mortal wound to 
Epaminondas the enemy’s general, he re¬ 
placed the flowers on his head, and continued 
the lacrifice, exclaiming that the pleafure he 
derived train the valor of his fon, was greater 
than the grief which his unfortunate death 
occ.ifioned. The beft editions of Xenophon 
ate thole of Leunclavius fol. Francof. 1596, 
of Ernelli 4 vols. 8vo. Lipf. 1763, and the 
Glafgow edition nmo. of the Cyropasdia 
1767, the expedition of Cyrus 1764, the Me¬ 
morabilia 1761, and the hillory of Greece 
1762, and likewife the edition of Zeunius, 
publilhed at Leipfic, in 8vo. in 6 vols between 
the years 1778 and 1791. Cic. in Or at- 19. 
— Val. Max. 5, c. IO. — Qaintil. IO, c. 2.— 
JElicn. V. H. 3, C. 13. 1 . 4, C. 5.— Diog. in 
Xsnoph.- —Seneca. -A writer in the begin¬ 

ning of the fourth century, known by his 
Greek romance in five books, JDe Amoribus 
Anthia Abrocoma: , publilhed in 8vo. and 

4:0. by Cocceius Lond. 1726.-A phyfi- 

cian of the emperor Cbudius, born in the 
jfland of Cos, and laid to be defcended from 
the Afclepiades. He enjoyed the em¬ 
peror’s favors, and through him the peo¬ 
ple of Cos were exempt from all taxes. 
He had the meannefs to poifon his benefactor 
at the inftigation of Agrippina. Tacit. 12, 
Atm. c. 61 & 67.——An officer under Adri¬ 
an, &c. 

Xera, a town of Spain, now Xcrex , 
where the Moors gained a battle over Rode- 
ric king of the Goths, and became mailers of 
the country. 

XERotiBi'A, a part of Africa between 
Egypt aud Cyrene. 

Xer*ena, a part of Armenia. Strab. 
11 . 

Xerxes, iff, fucceeded his father Darius 
pn the throne of Perfia, and though but the 
iecond fon of the monarch, he was preferred 
to his elder brother Artaba^anes. The caules 
alleged for this preference were, that Arta- 
bazanes was Ion of Darius when a private 
man, and that Xerxes, was born, after his la¬ 
ther had been railed on the Perfian throne, of 
Atoffa, the daughter of Cyrus. Xerxes 
continued the warlike preparations of his 


father, and added the revolted kingdom of 
Egypt to his eytenfive poffefiions. He after¬ 
wards invaded Europe, and entered Greece 
with an army, which together with the 
numerous retinue of lervants, eunuchs, and 
women, that attended it, amounted to no 
lefs than 5,283,220 fouls. This multitude, 
which the fidelity of hillorians has not ex¬ 
aggerated, was popped ax Thermopylae, by ^ 
the valor of 300 Spartans, under king Leo¬ 
nidas. Xerxes, aftonifhed that iuch a hand¬ 
ful of men fhould dare to oppofe his progrels 
ordered lorne of his loldiers to bring them 
alive into his prefence, but for three fuepef- 
five days the moll valiant of the Perfian 
troops were repeatedly defeated in attempt¬ 
ing to execute the monarch’s injunctions, 
and the courage of the Spartans might per¬ 
haps have triumphed longer, if a Trachinian 
had not led a detachment to the top of the 
mountain, and fuddenjy fallen upon the de¬ 
voted Leonidas. The king himfelf nearly 
perilhed on this occafion, and it has been re¬ 
ported, that in the night, the defperate Spar¬ 
tans fought, for a while, the royal tent, which 
they found deferred, and wandered through 
the Perfian army, llaughtering tbouiands be¬ 
fore them. The battle of Thermopyke was 
the beginning of the difgrace of Xerxes, the 
more he advanced, it was to experience new 
dilappointments, his fleet was defeated at 
Artemifium and Salamis, and though lie 
burnt the deferted city of Athens, and trulled 
to the artful infiuations of Themiitocles, yet 
he found ■ his millions unable to conquer a na¬ 
tion that was fuperior to him in the know¬ 
ledge of war and maritime affairs. Mortified 
with the ill fuccefs of his expedition, and 
apprehennve of imminent danger in an ene* 
my’s country, Xerxes haftened to Peifia, and 
in 30 days he marched over all that territory 
which before he had paffed with much pomp 
and parade in the fpace of fix months. Mar- 
donius, the beft of his generals, was left be* 
hind, with an army of 300,000 men, and the 
reft that had furvived the ravages of war, of 
famine, and peftilence, followed their timid 
monarch into Thrace, where -his fteps were 
marked by the numerous birds of prey that 
hovered round him, and fed upon the- dead 
carcafesof the Perfians. When he reached 
the Hellefpont, Xerxes found the bridge of 
boats which he had eredted there, totally de- 
ftroyed by the florins, and he croffed the 
Hr eights in a fmall filhing veffel Reftored 
to his kingdom and fafety, he forgot his dan¬ 
gers, his Ioffes, and his defeats, and gave him¬ 
felf up to riot and debauchery. His indo¬ 
lence, and luxurious vduptuoulnefs offended 
his fubjedls, and Artabanus the captain of 
his guards, confpired againft him, and mur¬ 
dered him in his bed, in the 21ft year of his 
reign, about 464 years befoVe the Chriftian 
era. The perfonal accomplifhments of Xerxes, 
have been commended by ancient authors, 

and 







and Herodotus obferves that there was not 
one man among the millions of his army, that 
was equal to the monarch in comelinefs or 
ftature, or that was as worthy to prefide over 
a great and extenfive empire. The pidlure is 
finiftied, and the character of Xerxes com¬ 
pletely known when we hear Juftin exclaim, 
that the vaft armament which invaded Greece 
was without a head. Xerxes had been cited 
as an inftance of humanity. When he re¬ 
viewed his millions from a (lately throne in 
the plains of Afia, he fuddenly (hed a torrent 
of tears on the recoiled ion that the multitude 
of men he faw before his eyes, in one hun¬ 
dred years (hould be no more. His pride and 
infolence have been defervedly cenfured, he 
ordered chains to be thrown into the fea, and 
the waves to be whipped becaufe the firft 
bridge he had laid acrofs the Hellefpont had 
been deftroyed by a ftorm. He cut a channel 
through mount Athos, and faw his fleet 
fail in a place which before was dry ground. 
The very rivers were dried up by his army as 
he advanced towards Greece, and the cities 
which he entered reduced to want and po¬ 
verty. Herodot. I, c. 183. 1 . 7, c. 2, See. — 
Diod. II. — Strab. 9. — JElian. 3, V. H. 2 ?. 
— 'JuJiin. 2, c. ‘iO, &c.— Pauf. 3, C. 4 > h 8, 
C. 46. — Lucan. 2, V. 672. — Pint, in Them. 
&C. — Val. Max. — Jfocrat. in Panath. — Se¬ 
neca de Conji. Sap. 4.-The 2d, lucceeded 

his father Artaxerxes I.ongimanus on the 
throne of Perfia, 425 B. C. and was afTaffi- 
nated in the firft year of his reign by his bro¬ 
ther Sogdianus.-A painter of Heraclea, 

who made a beautiful reprefentation of Venus. 

Xeuxes, an officer of Antiochus the Great, 
king of Syria. 


Xiline, a town of Colchis. 

Xiphonia, a promontory of Sicily, at the 

north of Syracufe, now Cruce. Strab. 6 . - 

Alfo a town near it, now Augujla. . . 

Xois, an ifland formed by the mouths of 
the Nile. Strab. 17. >1 

Xutiiia, the ancient name of the plains of 
Leonti urn in Sicily. Diod. 5. 

Xuthus, a fon of Hellen, grandfon of 
Deucalion. He was banifhed from Theffalv 
by his brothers, and came to Athens, where 
he married Creula, the daughter of king 
Erechtheus, by whom he had Achxus and 
Ion. He retired after the death of his father- 
in-law into Achaia, where he died. Accord*, 
ing to fome, he had no children, but adopted 
Ion, the fon whom Creufa, before her mar¬ 
riage, had b'orne to Apollo. Apollod. 1, c. 7. 
— Pauf. 7, c. r.— Euripid. in Ion. l y fc. I. 

Xyciius, a Macedonian who told Philip 
of his crueitv when he had put his fon Deme¬ 
trius to death, at the inftigation of Perleus. 

Xylenopolis, a town at the mouth of 
rhe Indus, built by Alexander, i'uppoled to be 
Laheri. Plin. 6 , c. 23 - 

Xyline, a town of Pamphylia. Liv. 38, 
c. 15. ^ ■ 

Xylopolis, a town of Macedonia. Plin. 
4, c. 10. 

Xynias, a lake ofTheflaly, or, according 
to fome, of Boeotia. Liv. 32, c. 13. 1 . 33, 
c-3- 

Xynoichia, an anniv.erfary day obferved 
at Athens, in honor of Minerva, and in com* 
memoration of the time in which the people 
of Attica left their country feats, and by advice 
of Thefeus, all united in one body. 


Z A 

Z ABATUS, a river of Media, falling 
into the Tigris, near which the ten 
thoufand Greeks (topped in their return. 
Xenophon. 

Zabdicene, a province of Perlia. 
Zabirna, a town of Libya, where Bac¬ 
chus deftroyed a large bead that infefted the 
country. Diod. 3. 

Zabus, a river ©f Aflyria, falling into 
the Tigris. 

Zacynthus, a native of Bocotia, who 
accompanied Hercules when he went into 
Spain to deftroy Geryon. At the end of the 
expedition he was entrufted with the care 
of Geryon’s flocks, by the hero, and ordered 
to conduct them to Thebes. As he wpnt on 
his journey, he was bit by a fer,pent, and 
iome time after died. His companions carried 
his. body away, and buried it in an iiland 


Z A 

of'the Ionian fea, which from that time was 
called Zacynthus. The ifland of Zacynthus, 
now called Zante , is fituate at the foutll of 
Cephalenia, and at the weft of the Pelopon- 
nefus. It is about 60 miles in circumference. 
Liv. 26, C. 24. — Plin. 4, C. 12.— Strab. 2, 
& 8.— Mela , 2, C. 7.— Homer. Od. I, V. Z46. I. 
9, v. 24. — Ovid, de Art. am. 2, v. 432.— 

Pauf. 4,‘c. 23.— Vtrg. JEn. 3, V. 270.--A 

fon of Dardanus. Pavf 8 . 

Zj\DR- is, a town of Colchis. 

ZACRius,a fon of Jupiter and Proterpitre, 
the fame as the firft Bacchus, of whom Ci¬ 
cero fpeaks. Some fay that Jupiter obtained 
Proferpine’s favors in the form of a ierpent 
ip one of the Caves of Sicily, where her mo¬ 
ther had concealed her from his; purluitS, 
and that from this union ZagrCeus was 
born. 







Zacuus, a mountain on the confines of 
Media and Babylonia. Strab. II. 

Zalates, an effeminate youth brought 
to Rome from Armenia as an hoftage, &c. 
Jitv. 20, v. 164. 

Zaleucus, a lawgiver of the Locrians in 
Italy, and one of the difciples of Pythagoras, 
550 B. C. He was very humane, and at the 
lame time very auftere, and he attempted to 
enforce his laws more by infpiring lhame than 
dread. He had wifely decreed, that a perfon 
guilty of adultery ftiould lofe both his eyes. 
His philofophy was called to a trial, when he 
was informed that his fon was an adulterer. 
He ordered the law to he executed ; the peo¬ 
ple interfered, but Zaleucus refitted, and ra¬ 
ther than violate his own inftitutions, he 
commanded one of his own eyes, and one of 
thofe of his fon, to be put out. This made 
tuch an impreffion upon the people, that 
while Zaleucus prefided over the .Locrians, 
no perfon was again found guilty of adultery. 
Val. Max. I, c. 2 . 1 . 6, C 5. — Cic. de leg. 2 , 
C. 6. ad Attic. 6, ep. I.— JElian. V. H. 2 , 
C. 37. 1 . 3, C. 17. 1 . 13 , c. 24. — Strab. 6. 

Zama, or Zagma, a town of Numidia, 
300 miles from Carthage, celebrated for the 
vidovy which Scipio obtained there over the 
great Annibal, B. C. 202. Metellus befieged 
it, and was obliged to retire with great lofs. 
After Juba’s death it was deftroyed by the 
Romans. Hirt. Af. 91.— C. Nep. in Annib. 
— Liv. 30,0.29.— Sallvjl. de Jug. — Flor. 3, 
C, I.— Jtal. 3, v. 26t.— Strab. 17.—A town 
of Cappadocia.-Of Mefopotamia. 

Zaw f.ts, a debauched king of Affyria, fon 
of Semiramis and Ninus, as fome report. He 
reigned 38 years. 

Zamolxis, or Zalmoxis, a Have and- 
difciple of Pythagoras. He accompanied his 
matter in Egypt, and afterwards retired into 
the country of the Geca:, which had given 
him birth. He began to civilize his country¬ 
men, and the more eafily to gain reputation, 
he concealed himfelf for three years in a 
fubterraneous cave, and afterwards made them 
believe, that he was juft railed from the dead. 
Some place him before the age of Pytha¬ 
goras. After death lie received divine honors. 
Diod.—Herodot. 4, C. 19, &c. 

. Zancle, a town of Sicily, or the flra'.ts 
which feparate that ifiand from Italy. It 
received its name from its appearing like a 
ttrythe, which was called ^avxXav, in the lan¬ 
guage of the country, or as others fay, hecaufe 
the feythe with which Saturn mutilated his 
father fell there, or becaufe, as Diddorus re¬ 
ports, a perfon named Zanclusbad either built 
it or exercifed its fovereignty. Zancle fell 
into the hands of the Samians, 497 y enrs be¬ 
fore the Chriftian era, and three years after it 
was recovered by Anaxilaus, the Meffenian 
tyrant of Rhegium, who gave it the name of 
his native country, and called it Meffana. It 
was founded, as moft chronologifts fupport, 
% 


about 105& years before the Chriftian era, by 
the pirates of Cunue in Italy, and peopled by 
Samians, lonians, and Chalcidians. Strab. 6, 
— Diod. 4.— Jtal. I, v. 662.— Ovid. Fajl. 4, 
v. 499. Met. 14, v. 6. 1 . ij, v. 290.— Fauf. 
4> c. 23. 

Zarax, a town of Peloponnefus. 

Zarhiknus, a petty monarch of Afia^ 
who was gained to the intereft of the Romans 
by one of the officers of Lucullus. Tigra- 
nes put him to death for his defertion, and 
his funeral was celebrated with great magni¬ 
ficence by the Roman general. Flut. in Luc . 

Zamaspes, a Perfian who attempted to 
revolt from Alexander, &c. Curt. 9, c. 10. 

-A river, now Dehajh , on which Ba&ria, 

the capital of Ba£lriana, was built. It is call¬ 
ed Baitrus by Curtius 7, c. 4.-—6, 
c. 15 Sc 16. 

Zathes, a river of Armenia. 

Zaueces, a people of Libya, llerodot. 4, 
c. 193. 

Zebina, Alexander, an impoftor who 
ufurped the throne of Syria, at the inftigation 
of Ptolemy Phyfcon. 

Zei.a, or Zelia, a town of Pontus near 
the river-Lycus, where Cajfar defeated Phar- 
naces, fon of Mithridates. In expreffing this 
victory, the general ufedthe words, vent, vidi , 

vici Slut. Catf. 37.— Hirt. Alex. 72. - —A 

town .of Troas at the foot of Ida.—* 
Another in Lycia. 

Zelasium, a promontory of Theffaly. 
Liv. 31, C. 46. 

Zelf.s, a town of Spain. 

Zeu;s, a daughter of Pallas. 

Zeno, a philofopher of Elia or Velia in 
Italy, the dilciple, or according to forae, the 
adopted fon of Parmenides, and the fuppofed 
inventor of dialectic* His opinions about 
the univerfe, the unity, incomprehenfibility, 
and immutability of all things, were the 
fame with thofe of Xenophanes and the 
reft of the Eleatic philofophers. It is faid, 
that he attempted ^o deliver his county from 
the tyranny of Nearchus. His plot was dif- 
covered, and he was expofed to the moll 
excruciating torments to reveal the name of 
his accomplices, but this he bore with unpa¬ 
ralleled fortitude, and not to be at laft con¬ 
quered by tortures, he cut ofF his tongue with 
his teeth and fpit it into tha face of the 
tyrant. Some fay that he was pounded alive 
in a mortar, and thatin the midft of his tor¬ 
ments he called to Nearchus, a9 if to reveal 
fomething of importance; the tyrant ap¬ 
proached him, and Zeno, as if willing to 
whifper to him, caught his ear with his teeth 
and bit it off. Cic. Tup. 2, C. 22. de Hat. 
I). 3, c. 33. — Dtog. in Frag. — Val. Max. 3,. 

c. 3.— Diog. 9.-The founder of the feft 

of the ftoics, born at Citium in the ifland 
of Cyprus. The firft part of his life was 
fpent in commercial purfntts, but he was 
foon called to mors elevated employments. 

As 






As he was returning from Phoenicia, a ftorm 
drove his (hip on the coaft of Attica, and he 
was Ihipwrecked near the Piraeus. This mo¬ 
ment of Calamity he regarded as the begin¬ 
ning of his fame. He entered the houfe of a 
bookfeller, and to diflipate his melancholy 
reflections he began to read. The book was 
written by Xenophon, and the merchant was 
fo pleafed and captivated by the eloquence 
and beauties of the philofopher, that from 
that time he renounced the purfuits of a bufy 
life, and applied himfelf to the ftudy of phi- 
lofophy. Ten years were fpent in frequent¬ 
ing the fchool of Crates, and the lame num¬ 
ber under Stilpo, Xenocrates, and Polemon. 
PerfeCl in every branch of knowledge, and 
improved from experience as well as obser¬ 
vation, Zeno opened a fchool at Athens, and 
loon law himfelf attended by the great, the 
learned, and the powerful. His followers 
were called Stoics, becaufe they received the 
inllruCHons of the philofopher in the portico 
called <?oct. He was fo refpe&ed during his 
life-time, that the Athenians publicly de- 
' creed him a brazen ftatue and a crown of gold, 
and engraved their decree to give it more pub¬ 
licity en two columns in the academy, and in 
the Lyceum. His life was an example of fo- 
bernels and moderation, his manners were 
auftere, and to his temperance and regularity 
he was indebted for the continual flow of 
health which he always enjoyed. After he 
had taught publicly for 48 years, he died in 
the 98th year of his age, B. C. 264, a Granger 
to difeafes, and never incommoded by a real 
iqdifpofition. He was buried in that part of 
the city called Ceramicus, where the Athe¬ 
nians raifed him a monument. The founder 
of the ftoic philofophy (hone before his fol¬ 
lowers as a pure example of imitation. Vir¬ 
tue he perceived to be the ultimate of his re- 
fearches. He wifhed to live in the world as' 
if nothing was properly his own; he loved 
others, and his affeClidns were extended even 
to his enemies. He felt a pleafure in being 
kind, benevolent, and attentive, and he found 
that thefe fentiments of pleafure were reci¬ 
procal. He law a connection and depend¬ 
ence in the fyftern of the univerfe, and per¬ 
ceived that from thence arofe the harmony of 
civil fociety, the tendernefs of parents, and 
filial gratitude. In the attainment of virtue 
the goods of the mind were to be preferred 
to thole of the body, and when that point 
was. once gained, nothing could equal our 
happinels and perfection, and the ftoic could 
view with indifference health or ficknels, 
richnefs or poverty, pain and pleafure, which 
could neither move nor influence the fereiflty 
of his mind. Zeno recommended refignation, 
he knew that the laws of the univerfe can¬ 
not be changed by man, and therefore he 
wilhed that his difciples Ihould not in prayer, 
deprecate impending calamities, but rather 
kefeech Providence to grant them fortitude 


to bear the fevereft trials with pleafure in4 
due refignation to the will of Heaven. Ait 
arbitrary command over the paflions was one 
of the rules of lloicifm, to alii It our friends 
in the hour of calamity was our duty, but tb- 
give way to childillv fenfations was unbe¬ 
coming our nature. Pity,therefore* and anger, 
were tO be banilhed from the heart* propriety 
and decorum were to be the guides in every 
thing, and the external actions of met*/ were 1 
the belt indications of their inward feelings* 
their fecret inclinations, and their character; 
It was the duty of the ftoic to ftudy himfelf j 
in the evening he was enjoined to review with 
critical accuracy the events of <he day, and 
to regulate his future conduct with more care, 
and always to find nn impa‘t?M witnefs within 
his own breaft. Such were the leading 
characters of the ftoic philofophy, whole fol¬ 
lowers .were fo illuitrious, lb perfect, and fo 
numerous, and whole effeCts were productive 
of fuch exemplary virtues in the annals of 
the human mind. Zeno in his maxims- 
ufed to fay, that with virtue men could live 
happy under the molt prelfing calamities. He 
laid that nature had given us two ears, and 
only one mouth, to tell us that we ought to 
liften more than fpeak. He compared thole 
whole aCiions were dilTonant with their pro- 
fedions to the coin of Alexandria, which ap¬ 
peared beautiful to the eye, though made of 
the bafeft metals. He acknowledged only 
one God, the foul of the univerfe, which he 
conceived to be the body, and therefore he 
believed that thofe two together united, the 
foul and the body, formed one perfeCt animal, 
which was the god of the ftoics. Amongft 
the moft illuftrious followers of his doCbrine, 
and as the moft refpe&able writers, may be 
mentioned Epidietus, Seneca, rhe emperor 
Antoninus, Sec. Cic. Acad. I, C. 12. de Nat. 
D. I, C. 14 - 1 - 2 , C. 8 & 24. 1 . 3, c. 24 - pro . 
Afar, de Orat . 32, &c. Finib. — Seneca * 
EpiEletus. — Arrian. — JEliart. V. H. 9, c. 26. 

— Diog. -An Epicurean philofopher of 

Sidon, who numbered among his pupils Ci¬ 
cero, Pomponius Atticus, Cotta, Pompey, 

&c. Cic . de Nat. D. I, c. 21 & 34.-—A 

rhetorician, father to Polemon, who was made 
king of Pontus. The fon of Polemon who 
was king of Armenia, was alio called Zeno. 
Strab 12.— Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 56.-A na¬ 

tive of Lepreos,fon of Calliteles, crowned at 
the Olympic games, and honored with a fta¬ 
tue in the grove of Jupiter, and nt Olympia. 

Pauf. 6, c. 15-A general of Antiochus. 

-A philofopher of Tarius, B. C. 207.-■ 

The wme of Zeno was common to fovne of 
the Roman emperors, on the throne of Cont- 
ftantinople, in the 5th and 6th centuries. 

Zehobia, a queen of Iberia, wife to 
Rhadiimiltus. She accompanied her hulband 
when he was banilhed from his kingdom by 
the Armenians, but as Ihe way'ynable to 
follow him qu account of her pregnancy, lh^ 

entreated 




entreated him to murder her. Rhadanrnrtus 
long hefitated, but fearful of her falling into 
the hands of his enemy, he obeyed, and threw 
her body into the Araxes. Her cloaths kept 
her up on the lurface of the water, where (lie 
was found by ibme lhepherds, and as the 
wound was not mortal, her life was preferved, 
atul Ihe was carried to Tiridate?, who ac¬ 
knowledged her as queen. Tacit. Ann. 12, 
«£» 51*—*—Septimia, a celebrated princefs of 
Palmyra, who married Odenatus, whom 
GaUienus acknowledged as his partner on the 
Roman throne. After the death of her huf- 
band, which, according to fome authors, fhe 
is laid to have haftened, Zenobia reigned in 
the eaft as regent of her infant children, who 
were honored with the title of Caefars. She 
aJTumed the name of Augufta, and fhe ap¬ 
peared in imperial robes, and ordered herfelf 
to be ftyled the queen of the ealt. The trou¬ 
bles which at that time agitated the weftern 
parts of the empire, prevented the emperor 
from checking the infolence and ambition of 
this princefs, who boalted to be fprung from 
the Ptolemies of Egypt. Aurelian was no 
iooner inverted with the inrperial purple than 
he marched into the eart, determined to pu- 
nifh the pride of Zenobia. He well knew 
her valor, and .he was not ignorant that in her 
wars againft the Perlians, Ihe had diftin- 
guilhed herfelf no lefs than Odenatus. She 
was the miftrels of the eart; Egypt acknow¬ 
ledged her power, and all the provinces of 
Alia Minor were l'ubjett to her command. 
When Aurelian approached the plains of 
Syria, the Palmyrean queen appeared at the 
head of 700,000 men. She bore the labors 
of the field like the meaneft of her foldiers, 
and walked on foot fearlefs of danger. Two 
bauWs were fought, the courage of the queen 
gained the luperiority, but an imprudent evo¬ 
lution of the Palmyrean cavalry ruined her 
caule; and while they purfued with lpirit 
the flying enemy, the Roman ihfantry fud- 
denly fell upon the main body of Zenobia’s 
army,i and the defeat was inevitable. 1 he 
queen fled to Palmyra, determined to fupport 
a flege. Aurelian followed her, and after he 
had almoft exhaufted his Hares, he propoled 
terms of accommodation, which were re¬ 
jected with difdain by the warlike princefs. 
Her hopes of victory however foon vanifh- 
ed, and though Ihe haralfed the Romans 
night and day by continual Tallies from her 
walls, and the working of her military engines, 
Ihe deipaired of iuccefs when fhe heard that 
the armies which were marching to her re¬ 
lief from Armenia, Perfia, and the eart, had 
partly been defeated and partly bribed from 
her allegiance. She fled from Palmyra in the 
night, but Aurelian, who was apprized of her 
elcape, .purtued her, and fhe was caught as 
fhe was crofting the river Euphrates. She 
was brought into the prefence of Aurelian, 
?,jad though, ihe foldiers srere clamorous for 


her death, fhe v&sreferved to adorn the tri¬ 
umph of the conqueror. She was treated with"’ 
great humanity, and Aurelian gave her large 
pofleffions near Tibur, where fhe was per¬ 
mitted to live the reft of lief days in peace, 
with all the grandeur and majefly which be¬ 
came a queen of the eaft, and a warlike •prin¬ 
cess. Her children were patronized by the. 
emperor, and married to perfons of the firft 
diftinCtion at Rome. Zenobia has been ad¬ 
mired not ,only for her military abilities, but' 
alfo for her literary talents. " She was ac¬ 
quainted with every branch of ufeful learning, 
and lpoke with fluency the language of the 
Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Latins. She 
compofed an abridgment of the hiftory of the 
oriental nations, and of Egypt, which was' 
greatly commended by the ancients. She re¬ 
ceived no lefs honor from the patronage (he 
afforded to the celebrated Longinus, who was 
one of her favorites, and who taught her the 
Greek tongue. She has alfo been praifed for 1 
her great chaftity, and her conftancy, though 
fhe betrayed too often her propenfities to cru¬ 
elty and intoxication when in the midftof her 
officers. She fell into the hands of Aurelian 
about the 273d year of the Chriftian era. 
Aur. Vi£l .— Zof. Sec. — — A town of Syria 
on the Euphrates. 

Zenobii insult, fmalls iftands at the 
mouth of the Arabian gulf. 

Zenodorus, a fculptor in the age of 
Nero. He made a ftatue of Mercury, as alfo 
a - colofTus for the emperor, which was no or 
120 feet high, and which was confecrated to 
the iun. The head of this ColofTus was fome 
time after broken by Vefpafian, who placed 
there the head of an Apollo furrounded with 
feven beams, each of which was 7 feet and 2 
half long. From this famous colofTus the 
modern colifeum, whole ruins are now fo 
much admired at Rome ; took its name. P/in. 
34 , c. 7. 

Zenodotia, a town of Mefopotamia, near 
Nicephorium. Plut. in Crajf. 

Zenodotus, a native of Trcezene, who 
wrote an hiftory of Umbria. Dion. Hal . 2. 

-A grammarian of Alexandria, in the age v 

of Ptolemy Soter, by whom be was appointed^ 
to take care of the celebrated library of Alex¬ 
andria. He died B. C. 245. 

Zenotiiemis, a Greek writer. JElian, 
V.H. 17,0.30. 

Zephyriom, a promontory of Magna 
Graecia towards the Ionian lea, whence, ac¬ 
cording to lome, the Locrians are called Epi- 
zepbyrii • — -A town of Cilicia. Liv. 33,0. 

20«~-A cape of Crete, now San Zuanek 

-Of Pontus, &c. 

Zephyrum, a promontory in the ifland 
of Cyprus, where Venus had a temple built 
by Ptolemy Philadelphus, whence Ihe was 
called Zephyria. It was in this temple that 
Arfinoe made an offering dT bc-r hair to tho 
goddefs of beauty. 


ZcPHYRia, 






2E 

Zepityrus, cfie of the winds, Ton of A£- 
treus and Aurora, the fame as the Favonius 
of the Latins. He married a nymph called 
Chloris, or Flora, by whom he had a ion called 
Carpos. Zephyr was faid to produce flowers 
and fruits by tiie fweetnefsof his bieath. He 
had a temple at Athens, where he was repre- 
fented as a young man of delicate form, with 
two wines on his (houlders, and with his head 
covered with all forts of flowers. He was 
fuppofed to be the fame as the weft wind. 
Heftod. Theog. 377.— Firg. JEn. I, v. 135. 1 . 
%, V. 417. L 4, v. 223, &c.— Ovid. Met. I, 
v. 64. 1 . 15, v. 700.— Propert. 1, el. 16, v. 
34 , &C. 

Zerynthus, a town of Samothrace, with 
a cave facred to Hecate. The epithet of Ze- 
rynthius is applied to Apollo, and alfoto Venus. 
Ovid. Trijl. I, el. 9, v. 19.— Liv. 38, c. 41. 

Zethes, ZETES,or Zetus, a fon of Bo¬ 
reas, king of Thrace and Orithya, who ac¬ 
companied, with his brother Calais, the Ar¬ 
gonauts to Colchis. In Bithynia, the two 
brothers, who are represented with wings, 
delivered Phineus from the continual perfecu- 
tion of the Harpyes, and drove thefe mon- 
fters as far as the iflands calbd Strophades, 
where at laft they were flopped by Iris, who 
promifed them that Phineus fhould no longer 
be tormented by them. They were both 
killed, as fome lay, by Hercules during the 
Argonautio expedition, and were changed 
into thofe winds which generally blow 8 or 10 
days before the doe-ftar appears, and are called 
Rrodromi by the Greeks. Their lifter Cleo¬ 
patra married Phineus king of Bithynia. Or¬ 
pheus. Arg. — Apollad. 1, c. 9, 1 . 3, c. X 5 -— 
Hygin. fab. 14.— Ovid. Met. 8, V. 716.— Pauf. 
3/c. Flacc. 

Zetta, a town of Africa, near Tbapfus, 
now Zerbi. Strab. IJ. — Hirt. Afr. 68. 

Zetus, or Zethus, a fon of Jupiter and 
Antiope, brother to Amphion. The two bro¬ 
thers were born on mount Cithsron, where 
Antiope had fled to avoid the refentment of 
her father Nydfeus. When they had attained 
the years of manhood, they collected a num¬ 
ber of their friends to avenge the injuries 
which their mother had fuffered from Lycus, 
the fucceflbr of Ny&eus on the throne of 
Thebes, and his wife Dirce. Lycus was put 
to death, and his wife tied to the tail of a wild 
bull, that dragged her over rocks and preci¬ 
pices till (he died. The crown of Thebes 
was feized by the two brothers not only as 
the reward of this victory, but as their inheri¬ 
tance, and Zethus furrounded the capital of 
his dominions with a ftrong wall, while his bro¬ 
ther amufed himfelf with playing on his lyre. 
Mulic and verfes were difagreeable to Zethus, 
and according to fome, he prevailed upon his 
brother no longer to purfue fo unproductive a 
ftudy. Hygitt. fab. 7 ,—Pavf. 2, c. 6, tsfc. — 
Apollod. 3, t.J,& 10.— Horat. ly ep. 18, v. 
4 i- 


ZE 

Zevgis, a portion of Africa, in whic& 
Carthage was. The other divifion was called 
Byzacium. Iftdor. 14, 5.— Plin. 5, c.4. 

Zeugma, a town ef Mefopotamia, on the 
weftern bank of the Euphrates, where was z 
well known paflage acrofs the river. It was 
the eaftern boundary of the Roman empire, 
and in Pliny’s age a chain of iron was faid to 
extend acrofs it. Plin. 5, c. 24. — Strab. 16. 

— Curt. 3, c. 7. — Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 12.-A 

town of Dacia. 

Zeus, a name of Jupiter among the 
Greeks, expreffive of his being the father of 
mankind, and by whom all things live. Died. 
5 - 

Zeuxidamus, a king of Sparta, of the 
family of the Proclida?. He was father of 
Archidamus, and grandfon of Theopompusy 
and was fucceeded by his fon Archidamus. 
Pauf. 3, c. 7. 

Zeuxidas, a prsetor of the Achaean league, 
depofed becaufe he had promifed to his country¬ 
men an alliance with the Romans. 

Zeuxippe, a daughter of Eridanus, mo¬ 
ther of Botes, one of the Argonauts, Sec. 

Apollod. 3, c. 15.-A daughter of Laorne- 

don. She married Sicyon, who after his fa¬ 
ther-in-law’s death became kihg of that city 
of Peloponnefus, which from him has been 
called Sicyon. Pauf. 2, c. 6. 

Zeuxis, a celebrated painter, born at He- 
raclea, which fome fuppofe to be the Heraclea 
of Sicily. He floriflied about 468 years be¬ 
fore the Chriftian era, and was the difciple of 
Apollodorus, and contemporary with Parrha- 
fius. In the art of painting he not only fur-'- 
palled all his contemporaries, but alfo his maf- 
ter, and became fo fenfible, and at the fame 
time fo proud of the value of his pieces, that 
he refufed to fell them, obferving that no fum 
of money, however great, was lufficient to 
buy them. His moll celebrated paintings 
were his Jupiter fitting on a throne, furround¬ 
ed by the gods; his Hercules ftrangling the 
ferpents in the prefence of his affrighted pa¬ 
rents ; his modeft Petfelope; and his Helen,, 
which was afterwards placed in the temple of 
Juno Lacinia, in Italy. This laft piece he 
had painted at the requeft of the people of 
Crotona, and that he might not be without s 
model, they fent him the moft beautiful of 
their virgins. Zeuxis examined their’ naked 
beauties, and retained five, from whofe ele¬ 
gance and graces united, he conceived in his 
mind the form of the moft perfect woman in- 
the univerfe, which his pencil at laft executed 
with wonderful fuccefs. His conteft with Par- 
rhafius is well known; [Fid. Parrhafius,] but 
though he reprefented nature in fuch perfec¬ 
tion, and copied all her beauties with fuch ex- 
a&nefs, he often found himfelf deceived. He 
painted grapes, and formed an idea of the good- 
nels of his piece from the birds which came to 
eat the fruit on the canvafs. But he Iqou ac¬ 
knowledged that the whole was an ill' executed 

piece, 





zo 


piece, as the figure of the man who carried 
the grapes was not done with fufficieni expref- 
fion to terrify the birds. According to iome, 
Zeuxis died from laughing at a comical picture 
he had made of an old woman. Cic. de Inv. 
2, c. I.— Ylut. in Par. life -— Ouinttl. 

ZEUXO.oneof the O canides. Hejiod. 

Zilia, or Zeus, a town in Mauritania, 
at the mouth of a river af the fame name. 
P/in. 5, c. I. 

Zimara, a town of Armenia Minor, 12 
miles from the fourcesof the Euphrates. P/in. 

5 > c. 24. 

Zingis, a promontory of ./Ethiopia, near 
the entrance of the Red Sea, now cape Orfui. 

Zioberis, a river of Hyrcauia, whole 
rapid courfe is deferibed by Curt. 6, c. 4. 

ZiPalTEs, a king of Bithynia, who died 
in his 70th year B. C. 2"9. 

Zitha, a town of Mesopotamia. 

Ziza, a town of Arabia. 

Zoilus, a l'ophill and grammarian of Am- 
phipolis, B C. 259. He rendered himfelf 
known by his fevere criticifms on the works of 
liberates and Plato, and the poems of Homer, 
for which he received the name of Homero- 
maj/icy or the chaftifer of Homer. He pre- 
fented his criticifms to Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
but they were rejected with indignation, though 
the author declared that he flarved for want of 
bread. Some fay, that Zoilus was cruedy 
ftoned to death, or expoled on a croft, by or¬ 
der of Ptolemy, while others lupport, that he 
was burnt alive at Smyrna. The name of 
Zoilus is generally applied to auftere critics. 
The works of this unfortunate grammarian 
are loft. API an. V. H, 11, c. XO.— lYmnyf. 

Hal. — Ovid, de Rem Am. 266.-An officer 

in the army of Alexander. 

Zoippus, a ion in-law of Kiero of Sicily. 

Zona, a town of Africa. Dio. 48.-Of 

Thrace on the iEgean lea, where the wood# 
are laid to have followed the ftrains of Or¬ 
pheus. J'rlela, 2, C. 2 .— Herodot. 

Zonaras, one of the Byzantine hiftorians, 
whofe Greek Annales were edited 2 vols. fol. 
Paris 1686. 

ZopyRIo, one of Alexander’s officers left 
in Greece when the conqueror was in Afia, 
LC. Curt. IO, C. I. 

Zopyrion, a governor of Pontus, who 
made war againft Scythia, Sec: Jajiin. 2,0.3. 

Zo pyr us, a Perfian, fon of Megabyzus, 
who, to fhew his attachment to Darius, the 
fon of Hyftalpes, while he befieeed Babylon, 
cut off his ears and nofe, and fled to the ene¬ 
my, telling them that he had received fuch a 
treatment from his royal mafter becaufe he 
had advifed him to raife the fiege, as the city 
was impregnable. This was credited by the 
Babylonians, and Zopyrus was appointed 
commander of all their forces. When he had 
totally gained their confidence, he betrayed 
the city imo the hands of Darius, for which 
he was liberally rewarded. The regard of 


za 

Darius for Zopyrus cbuld never be more 
ltrungly expr* fled than in what he ufed often 
to fay, that he had rather have Zopyrus not 
mutilated than twenty Rabyluns. Herodot. 3, 
C 154. &c.— Plut. in Apopb. reg. 3— Juf- 

tm, i, c. ic.— - An or.i or of Clazomense. 

Quwtil. 3, c. 6.-A phyfician in the age 

of Mithridates. He gave the monarch a de- 
feription of an ant'dote which would prevail 
againft all lorts of poifon: The experiment 
was tried upon criminals, and fycceeded —— 

A phyfician in the age of Plutarch-An 

officer of Argos, who cut off the head of 
Pyrrhus. Plut. -A man appointed maf¬ 

ter of Alcibiades, by Pericles. Plut. ——A 

phyfiognomift. Cic. de J'at. 5.-A rheto - 

rician of Colophon. Diog. 

Zo roan da, a part of Taurus, between 
* Mefopotamia and Armenia, near which the 
Tigris flows. Plin. 6, c. 27. 

Zoroaster, a king of Badfria, fuppoled 
to have lived in the age of Minus, king of 
Aflyiia, iome time before the Trojan war. 
According to Juftin, he firft invented magic, 
or the dodbrines of the Magi, and rendered 
himlelf known by his deep and acute re- 
le.irches in philofophy, the origin of the world, 
and the ltudy of aftronomy. He was relpedt- 
ed by his fubjedfs and contemporaries for his 
abilities as a monarch, a lawgiver, and a phi- 
lofopher ; and though many of his dodbrines 
are puerile and ridiculous, yet his followers 
are ftill found in numbers in the wilds of 
Peifia, and the extenfive provinces of India. 
Tike Pythagoras, Zoroafter admitted no 
vilible object of devotion, except fire, which 
he confidered as the moft proper emblem of 
a fupreme being; which dodirines leem to 
have been prelerved by Nurmi, in the wor- 
fliip and ceremonies he inllituted in honor 
of Vefta. According to Iome of the moderns, 
the do&rincs, the laws, and regulations of 
this celebrated Bndirian are ftiil extant, and 
they have been lately introduced in Europe 
in a French tranflation by M. Auquetil. The 
age of Zoroafter is lb littie known, that many 
lpeak of two, three, four, and even fix law¬ 
givers of that name. Some authors, who lup- ■ 
porj that two perlbns only of this name 
florifhed, deferibe trie firft as an astronomer, 
living in Babylon, 2459 years B. C. whiht the 
era of the other, who is luppofed to have been 
a native of Perfia, and the reftorer of the re- 
ligion of the Magi, is fixed 589, and by fome 
319 years B. C. Juft In. 1, c. 1 .—Augujl, 
de Civ. 21 , C. 14.— Urcf. l ,— Plin. 7, C. XO. 

1. 30, c. I. 

Zosrnus, an officer in the reign of Ti.eo- 
dofius the younger, about the year 410 ©f the 
Chnftian era. He wrote the hiftory of the x 
Roman emperors ip Greek, from the ago of 
Augultus to the beginning of the 5th cemury, 
of which only the five firft books, and the 
beginning of the fixth, are extant, hi the 
firft of thofe he is very fucdndl in bis ac- 
3 W ccunf 








count from the time of Auguftus to the reign 
of Diocletian, but in the fucceeding he be¬ 
comes more diflfufe and interefting. His corn- 
volition is written with elegance, but not much 
fidelity, and the author fhowed his malevo¬ 
lence againft the Chriftians in his hiflory of 
Conftantine, and fome of his fucceflors. The 
beft editions of Zofimus are that of Cellarius, 
Svo. Jena? 1728, and that of Reitemier, 8vo. 

Lipf- 1784- 

Zo.sinc, jthe wife of.king Tigranes, led in 
triumph by Pompey. Plut. 

Zoster, a town, harbour, and promontory 
of Attica. . Cic.ad Att. 5, ep. 12. 

Zosf erta, a furnanVe of Minerva. She 
had two ftattfes under that name in the 
city of Thebes, in Boeotia. The word (ignified 
girt, or armed for battle, words fynonimous 
among the ancients. Pauf. y, c. 17.— Horn. 
II. 2 , v. 478 .1 II, v. 15. 


Zotale, a place near Antiochia in Mar- 
giana, where the Margos was divided into 
l'mall dreams. Plirt. 6, c. 16. 

Zothraustes, a lawgiver among the 
Arimafpi. Diod. 

Zuchi^, a lake to the eaft of the Syrtis 
Minor, with a town of the fame name, fa¬ 
mous for a purple dye, and falf-fith. Strab. 
I 7 - 

Zvgantes, a people of Africa. 

Zygia, a fur name of Juno, becaufe fhe 
prefided over marriage, ( a Z.ivyvufit jungo). 
She is the fame as the Pronuba of the Latins. 
Pindar. — Pollux. 3, c. 3. 

Zygii, a favage nation at the north of 
Colchis. Strab. 11. 

Zygopolis, a town of Cappadocia, on the 
borders of Colchis. Strab. 12. 

ZygrIt it, a nation of Libya. 


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I 


DR. LEMPRIERE'S DICTIONARIES* 
In O&avo and Quarto. 


This day are publifhed* 

A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY; 


Containing a copious Account of all the proper Names mentioned in 
Ancient Authors; with the Value of Coins, Weights, and Meafures, ufed 
among the Greeks and Romans, and a Chronological Table. 


By J. LEMPRIERE, D.D. 

Seventh Edition, in One large Volume, O&avo. 


The fame Work, upon a very enlarged Scale, for the higher Clalfes 
in Schools and Univerfities, and for Libraries ; handfomely printed in quarto, 
price zl. 5s. in boards, 

UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY; containing a copious Account, 
Critical and Hiftorical, of the Life and Chara&er, Labors and Adlions, 
of eminent Perfons in all Ages and Countries, Conditions and Profeffions, 
arranged in alphabetical order. By the fame Author. In One large 
Volume O&avo, price 18s. in boards. 

*** This fecond Work is alfo, upon a very enlarged Scale, handfomely 
priuted in Quarto, price 3I. 3 s. in Boards. 


Printed for T, Cadell and W. Davies, Strand. 













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